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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill
   Intangible assets and goodwill
 
A.  Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets are comprised of the following:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)
Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Customer relationships
15
 
$
2,462

 
$
(1,212
)
 
$
1,250

Intellectual property
12
 
1,562

 
(933
)
 
629

Other
13
 
198

 
(101
)
 
97

Total finite-lived intangible assets
14
 
$
4,222

 
$
(2,246
)
 
$
1,976

 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Customer relationships
15
 
$
2,441

 
$
(1,122
)
 
$
1,319

Intellectual property
11
 
1,538

 
(851
)
 
687

Other
13
 
198

 
(93
)
 
105

Total finite-lived intangible assets
14
 
$
4,177

 
$
(2,066
)
 
$
2,111

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


During the first quarter of 2018, we acquired finite-lived intangible assets of $112 million and $5 million due to the purchase of ECM S.p.A. and Downer Freight Rail, respectively. See Note 20 for details on these acquisitions.

Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $82 million and $248 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $82 million and $241 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Remaining Three Months of 2018
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
Thereafter
$84
 
$326
 
$311
 
$293
 
$274
 
$688
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B.  Goodwill
 
No goodwill was impaired during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

During the first quarter of 2018, we acquired net assets with related goodwill of $121 million in the Energy & Transportation segment. We recorded goodwill of $109 million related to the acquisition of ECM S.p.A. and $12 million related to the acquisition of Downer Freight Rail. See Note 20 for details on these acquisitions.
 
The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were as follows: 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
December 31,
2017
 
Acquisitions 1
 
Other Adjustments 2
 
September 30,
2018
Construction Industries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Goodwill
 
$
305

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
305

Impairments
 
(22
)
 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
Net goodwill
 
283

 
—

 
—

 
283

Resource Industries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
4,232

 
—

 
(46
)
 
4,186

Impairments
 
(1,175
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,175
)
Net goodwill
 
3,057

 
—

 
(46
)
 
3,011

Energy & Transportation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
2,806

 
121

 
(44
)
 
2,883

All Other 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
54

 
—

 
2

 
56

Consolidated total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
7,397

 
121

 
(88
)
 
7,430

Impairments
 
(1,197
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,197
)
Net goodwill
 
$
6,200

 
$
121

 
$
(88
)
 
$
6,233


1 See Note 20 for additional details.
2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.
3 Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 15).