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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2012
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management
Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management
 
Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  In addition, the amount of Caterpillar stock that can be repurchased under our stock repurchase program is impacted by movements in the price of the stock.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate, commodity price and Caterpillar stock price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward and option contracts, interest rate swaps, commodity forward and option contracts, and stock repurchase contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually.
 
All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow to be paid (cash flow hedge), or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) to the extent effective on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flow from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  Cash flow from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.
 
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 
Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.
 
Our Machinery and Power Systems operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years.
 
We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Singapore dollar or Swiss franc forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery and Power Systems foreign currency contracts are undesignated, including any hedges designed to protect our competitive exposure.  
 
As of June 30, 2012, $18 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions.  The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.
 
In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward and option contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our receivables and debt. All such foreign currency forward and option contracts are undesignated.
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate changes and, in some cases, lower the cost of borrowed funds.
 
Our Machinery and Power Systems operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements to meet that objective with the intent to designate as fair value hedges at inception of the contract all fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps.  Designation as a hedge of the fair value of our fixed-rate debt is performed to support hedge accounting.
 
Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.
 
Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed, and floating-to-floating interest rate swaps to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

As of June 30, 2012, $3 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), related to Financial Products floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Interest expense of Financial Products in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months.  The actual amount recorded in Interest expense of Financial Products will vary based on interest rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.
 
We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps at both Machinery and Power Systems and Financial Products.  The gains or losses associated with these swaps at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

In anticipation of issuing debt for the planned acquisition of Bucyrus International, Inc., we entered into interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2011, we recognized a net loss of $124 million and $149 million, respectively, included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. These contracts were not designated as hedging instruments, and therefore, did not receive hedge accounting treatment. The contracts were liquidated in conjunction with the debt issuance in May 2011.
 
Commodity Price Risk
 
Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.
 
Our Machinery and Power Systems operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on a share of the price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.
 
Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.
 
The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Financial
 
Asset (Liability) Fair Value
 
Position Location
 
June 30, 2012
 
December 31, 2011
Designated derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 

 
 

Machinery and Power Systems
Receivables – trade and other
 
$
32

 
$
54

Machinery and Power Systems
Long-term receivables – trade and other
 
3

 
19

Machinery and Power Systems
Accrued expenses
 
(60
)
 
(73
)
Machinery and Power Systems
Other liabilities
 
(7
)
 
(10
)
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 

Financial Products
Receivables – trade and other
 
15

 
15

Financial Products
Long-term receivables – trade and other
 
229

 
233

Financial Products
Accrued expenses
 
(7
)
 
(6
)
 
 
 
$
205

 
$
232

Undesignated derivatives
 
 
 

 
 

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 

 
 

Machinery and Power Systems
Receivables – trade and other
 
$
8

 
$
27

Machinery and Power Systems
Accrued expenses
 
(35
)
 
(12
)
Machinery and Power Systems
Other liabilities
 
(28
)
 
(85
)
Financial Products
Receivables – trade and other
 
11

 
7

Financial Products
Accrued expenses
 
(11
)
 
(16
)
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 

Financial Products
Accrued expenses
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
Commodity contracts
 
 
 
 
 

Machinery and Power Systems
Receivables – trade and other
 
1

 
2

Machinery and Power Systems
Accrued expenses
 
(4
)
 
(9
)
 
 
 
$
(60
)
 
$
(87
)
 
 
 
 
 
 

















The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows: 
 
Fair Value Hedges
(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
Classification
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Derivatives
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Borrowings
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Derivatives
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Borrowings
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Financial Products
Other income (expense)
 
$
6

 
$
(5
)
 
$
(3
)
 
$
10

 
 
 
$
6

 
$
(5
)
 
$
(3
)
 
$
10

 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2011
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2011
 
Classification
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Derivatives
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Borrowings
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Derivatives
 
Gains (Losses) 
on Borrowings
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(1
)
 
$
1

Financial Products
Other income (expense)
 
42

 
(40
)
 
(11
)
 
12

 
 
 
$
42

 
$
(40
)
 
$
(12
)
 
$
13

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cash Flow Hedges
(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
 
 
 
Recognized in Earnings
 
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized 
in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Classification of 
Gains (Losses)
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified 
from AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Recognized
in Earnings 
(Ineffective
Portion)
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
Machinery and Power Systems
$
—

 
Other income (expense)
 
$
(4
)
 
$
—

 
Interest rate contracts
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Products
(2
)
 
Interest expense of Financial Products
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
1 
 
$
(2
)
 
 
 
$
(5
)
 
$
(1
)
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2011
 
 
 
 
Recognized in Earnings
 
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized 
in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Classification of 
Gains (Losses)
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified 
from AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Recognized
in Earnings 
(Ineffective
Portion)
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
$
(45
)
 
Other income (expense)
 
$
(9
)
 
$
—

 
Interest rate contracts
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
Machinery and Power Systems
—

 
Other income (expense)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
Financial Products
(1
)
 
Interest expense of Financial Products
 
(6
)
 
—

1 
 
$
(46
)
 
 
 
$
(16
)
 
$
—

 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
 
 
 
Recognized in Earnings
 
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized 
in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Classification of 
Gains (Losses)
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified 
from AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Recognized
in Earnings 
(Ineffective
Portion)
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
$
(42
)
 
Other income (expense)
 
$
1

 
$
—

 
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

 
Machinery and Power Systems
—

 
Other income (expense)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
Financial Products
(2
)
 
Interest expense of Financial Products
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
1 

 
$
(44
)
 
 
 
$
(2
)
 
$
(1
)
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2011
 
 
 
 
Recognized in Earnings
 
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized 
in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Classification of 
Gains (Losses)
 
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified 
from AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Recognized
in Earnings 
(Ineffective
Portion)
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
$
(18
)
 
Other income (expense)
 
$
9

 
$
—

 
Interest rate contracts
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
Machinery and Power Systems
—

 
Other income (expense)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
Financial Products
(1
)
 
Interest expense of Financial Products
 
(12
)
 
1

1 

 
$
(19
)
 
 
 
$
(4
)
 
$
1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 The ineffective portion recognized in earnings is included in Other income (expense).
 
 
 
 
 




The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows: 
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
Classification of Gains (Losses)
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2012
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
$
(35
)
 
$
30

 
Financial Products
Other income (expense)
 
(5
)
 
2

 
Commodity contracts
 
 
 

 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
(6
)
 
—

 
 
 
 
$
(46
)
 
$
32

 
 
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
 
 

 
 
 
Classification of Gains (Losses)
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2011
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2011
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
$
15

 
$
47

Financial Products
Other income (expense)
 
(2
)
 
(2
)
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
(124
)
 
(149
)
Commodity contracts
 
 
 
 
 
Machinery and Power Systems
Other income (expense)
 
(2
)
 
2

 
 
 
$
(113
)
 
$
(102
)
 
 
 
 
 
 

Stock Repurchase Risk

Payments for stock repurchase derivatives are accounted for as a reduction in stockholders’ equity.  In February 2007, the Board of Directors authorized a $7.5 billion stock repurchase program, expiring on December 31, 2011.  In December 2011, the Board of Directors extended the $7.5 billion stock repurchase program through December 31, 2015. The amount of Caterpillar stock that can be repurchased under the authorization is impacted by movements in the price of the stock.  In August 2007, the Board of Directors authorized the use of derivative contracts to reduce stock repurchase price volatility.  There were no stock repurchase derivatives outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 or 2011.