F-1/A

As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on December 4, 2023

Registration No. 333-275503

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM F-1

Amendment No. 3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Québec	3730	N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of	(Primary Standard Industrial	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Classification Code Number)	Identification Number)

730 Boulevard du Curé-Boivin

Boisbriand, Québec J7G 2A7, Canada

Telephone: 450-951-7009

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code)

Corporation Service Company

251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, DE 19808

Telephone: +1 302 636 5401

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent of service)

Copies to:

William Rosenstadt, Esq.
Tim Dockery, Esq.
Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP
366 Madison Avenue, 3rd Floor
New York, New York 10017
Telephone: (212) 588-0022 M. Ali Panjwani, Esq. Pryor Cashman LLP 7 Times Square, New York New York 10036-6569
Telephone: (212) 421-4100

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine

The information contained in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
COMPLETION SUBJECT TO
DATED DECEMBER 4, 2023

Up to 8,108,108 Common Shares

Up to 8,108,108 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase Common Shares

Up to 8,108,108 Common Shares Underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants

8,108,108 Common Warrants

8,108,108 Common Shares Underlying the Common Warrants

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

This is a firm commitment public offering of common shares together with common warrants to purchase common shares of Vision Marine Technologies Inc. Our common shares are quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VMAR”. The last reported sale price of our common shares on November 24, 2023 as reported on Nasdaq, was US$1.85 per common share, which is the per share offering price we have assumed as the combined offering price for each common share and warrant for purposes of this preliminary prospectus.

We are also offering to each purchaser of common shares and common warrants that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding common shares immediately following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to purchase pre-funded warrants and common warrants in lieu of common shares and common warrants. A holder of pre-funded warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its pre-funded warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, such limit may be increased to up to 9.99%) of the number of common shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. Each pre-funded warrant will be exercisable for one common share. The combined purchase price of each pre-funded warrant and common warrant will be equal to the price per common share and common warrant, minus US$0.001, and the remaining exercise price of each pre-funded warrant will equal US$0.001 per common share. The pre-funded warrants will be immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. For each pre-funded warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of common shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. See “Description of Securities Included in this Offering” in this prospectus for more information.

We are also registering the Common shares issuable from time to time upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants offered hereby. We refer to the common shares, pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered hereby as the offered securities.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in the offered securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the matters described under the caption “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

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		Per Pre-
		Funded
		Warrant
		and
		Common
	Per Common	Warrant
	Share and Common Warrant	US$	Total
Public offering price	US$	US$	US$
Underwriter discounts and commissions(1)	US$	US$	US$
Proceeds to us, before expenses(2)	US$	Per	US$

(1) The underwriter will receive compensation in addition to the discounts and commissions. The registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, also registers for sale warrants to purchase common shares to be issued to the representative of the underwriter, referred to herein as the underwriter’s warrants. We have agreed to issue the underwriter’s warrants as a portion of the underwriting compensation payable to the underwriter in connection with this offering. See “Underwriting” for a description of compensation payable to the underwriter.

(2) The total estimated expenses related to this offering are set forth in the section entitled “Expenses Relating to this Offering.”

We have granted a 45-day option to the underwriter to purchase up to an additional 1,216,216 common shares or pre-funded warrants and 1,216,216 common warrants, representing 15% of the common shares and pre-funded warrants initially offered hereby, to cover over-allotments, if any.

The underwriter expects to deliver the offered securities on or about                          , 2023.

JOSEPH GUNNAR & CO., LLC

The date of this prospectus is              , 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	1
RISK FACTORS	13
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS	31
IMPLICATIONS OF BEING A FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER	32
IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY	33
USE OF PROCEEDS	34
DIVIDEND POLICY	35
CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS	36
DILUTION	37
COMPANY INFORMATION	38
BUSINESS OVERVIEW	39
KEY INFORMATION	55
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	57
DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS	63
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	69
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS	78
RELATED -PARTY TRANSACTIONS	80
MATERIAL AGREEMENTS	83
MARKET FOR OUR SECURITIES	84
SECURITIES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	85
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF OUR COMPANY	87
LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF NON-CANADIANS	93
MATERIAL INCOME TAX INFORMATION	95
UNDERWRITING	100
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING	104
LEGAL MATTERS	105
EXPERTS	106
INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL	107
DISCLOSURE OF COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES	108
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES	109
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	110
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus or any free writing prospectus prepared by or on our behalf. Neither we, nor the underwriter, have authorized any other person to provide you with different or additional information. Neither we, nor the underwriter, take responsibility for, nor can we provide assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may provide. The underwriter is not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus or such other date stated in this prospectus, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects may have changed since those dates.

Except as otherwise set forth in this prospectus, neither we nor the underwriter have taken any action to permit a public offering of these securities outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of these securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

Unless the context otherwise requires, in this prospectus, the term(s) “we”, “us”, “our”, “Company”, “our company”, “our business” and “Canadian Electric Boat Company” refer to Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary highlights, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read carefully the entire document, including our historical financial statements and related notes, to understand our business, the offered securities and the other considerations that are important to your investment decision. You should pay special attention to the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 12.

All references to “$” or “dollars”, are expressed in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.

General

We are in the business of designing and manufacturing electric outboard powertrain systems, powerboats and related technology and the renting of electric boats. We believe that our electric outboard powertrain systems are significantly more efficient and powerful than those currently being offered in the market today. In particular, we have recorded powertrain efficiencies of more than 96%, well above the 54% efficiency that we recorded for our principal competitor’s product. Increases in powertrain efficiency allow for more power and range, both of which are highly desirable characteristics for consumers in the marketplace. Although our primary focus is on electric outboard powertrain technology, we will continue to design, manufacture and sell our high-performance, fully-electric boats to commercial and retail customers. According to a June 2022 report from Allied Market Research, the global electric boat market will reach US$16.6 billion in 2031 up significantly from US$5 billion in 2021, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 12.9% from 2022 to 2031.

We have developed our first fully-electric outboard powertrain system that combines an advanced battery pack, inverter, high-efficiency motor with proprietary union assembly between the transmission and the electric motor design and extensive control software. Our technologies used in this powertrain system are designed to improve the efficiency of the outboard powertrain and, as a result, increase range and performance. We believe our approach in marketing and selling our powertrain technology to boat designers and manufacturers will enable us to leverage their distribution and servicing systems with minimal capital outlay. We expect our core intellectual property contained within our outboard electric powertrain systems to form the foundation for our future growth and for such systems to represent the majority of our revenue.

We continue to manufacture hand-crafted, highly durable, low maintenance, environmentally-friendly electric recreational powerboats. In our last two fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we manufactured 46 and 58 powerboats, respectively. We sell powerboats to retail customers and operators of rental fleets of powerboats through which we seek to build brand awareness. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats. We conduct our transactions directly to customers through our website or through a network of marinas, distributors and show rooms.

In an effort to improve air quality and protect local water habitats, cities and local municipalities are beginning to ban or restrict the use of gasoline- and diesel-powered boats from local waterways, lakes and rivers. For example, Teal Lake in Michigan, USA, bans the standard use of powerboat motors fueled by gasoline or diesel. This trend is beginning to take hold in other parts of the United States, including Washington state, which has provided clear examples of the harm that gasoline products cause on local waterways, and New Hampshire, where the Department of Safety has published restrictions on the use of gasoline and diesel-powered boats across its state.

In our fiscal year 2021, we expanded our business to include rentals of electric powerboats by acquiring EB Rental Ltd. (“EBR”), an entity that rents electric boats at two marinas in California. In addition to generating revenues from the rental of our powerboats, EBR builds brand awareness and acts an open-water showroom for potential buyers.

Our Electric Outboard Powertrain Systems

A powertrain system is a vehicle’s infrastructure that converts energy into movement. In an electric boat, that infrastructure starts at the battery pack, continues with an inverter, goes to the motor and ends with the propeller. Electric powertrains have less moving parts than powertrains for boats with an internal combustion engine and, as a result, tend to break less and require less complex servicing.

The efficiency of a powertrain system determines the range of a boat on a single battery charge and the speed at which the boat operates. We find existing electric powertrain systems unsatisfactory because of their insufficient yields and limited power range. In 2015, we decided to research technology to take advantage of this vacuum and develop an in-house system, relying on existing third-party

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components where possible. Our electric powertrain is designed to have 180 hp (horsepower) and 236 Lb. ft at 96% efficiency. Furthermore, the electric powertrain system will be liquid cooled as compared to air cooled.

In October 2021, we entered into a Manufacture and Supply Agreement with Linamar Corporation, a provider of manufacturing solutions and a developer of highly engineered products. Under the terms of the agreement, we intend for McLaren Engineering, Linamar’s technology and product development team for its advanced mobility segment, to manufacture and assemble our E-Motion™ technology through testing, parts, tooling development, and designing the union assembly for mass production of our electric powertrain at Linamar’s facility in Canada.

Once we have scaled up the production of our electric powertrain, we intend for the Linamar Corporation to produce our electric powertrain for mass commercialization. Although we believe that we can produce up to 300 electric powertrains per year in our current facilities in addition to producing 150 boats per year, we believe that contracting out the production of the electric powertrains will allow us to dedicate more time and resources to the development of additional electric powertrains.

The production of our electric powertrains will consist of assembling components from third parties, including battery packs, inverters and high-efficiency motors. We intend to use advanced batteries primarily from two suppliers, Octillion and Neogy, but as we are able to use a wide range of batteries we could use other suppliers. We will source the inverters from UQM (Danfoss Editron) and motors from UQM (Danfoss Editron).

We have received governmental support in connection with our development of electric powertrains. In our 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, we recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $232,882, $1,458,632 and $921,658, respectively, of which $144,032, $1,408,840 and $859,516, respectively, is presented against research and development expenses.

In July 2022, we launched a partnership with Group Beneteau to integrate our outboard motors onboard several models across Group Beneteau’s brand portfolio. In August 2023, our outboard powertrain was included in the boat that broke our previously held world record speed for an all-electric boat when it achieved a speed of 116 mph. In October 2023, we announced the delivery of our E-Motion™ Electric Powertrain Technology to Groupe Beneteau, Four Winns to be the inaugural electric motors integrated on the Four Winns H2e Bowrider. Group Beneteau has announced that they intend for its other brands to also use this technology both in North America and Europe.

Specifications of our First Outboard Electric Powertrain

Specifications of our first outboard electric powertrain:

We have developed our first fully-electric outboard powertrain system that combines an advanced battery pack, inverter, high-efficiency motor with proprietary union assembly between the transmission and the electric motor design and extensive control software. We set out below the current specifications of this outboard electric powertrain.

Maximum power	180 HP, 135 kW
Max torque	250 ft.lb, 340 Nm
Continuous power	90 kW
Voltage	650 V
Efficiency	96%
Weight	413 Lbs., 188 kg
Lithium Battery	60 - 420 kW
Shaft Length	S – XL
Cooling	Water
Control	Can bus

As we develop our electric powertrain systems, we envisage a 335-horsepower version of our electric outboard engine to be released.

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Our Powerboats

We manufacture four models of electric powerboats and are preparing to launch a fifth model. Each model is available in different standard variations or may be customized according to a purchaser’s specifications.

	Bruce 22	Volt 180	Fantail 217	Quietude 156	Phantom
Starting Price	$73,995	$44,995	$49,995	$35,495	$19,123 - $38,252
E-Propulsion Power	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP
E-Motion Power	180 HP	180 HP	n/a	n/a	n/a
Capacity	5-8 passengers	10 Canada, 14 US	8-10 passengers	4 passengers	10 passengers
Dry Weight	1088 Kg (2400 pounds)	720 kg (1600 pounds)	775 kg (1705 lbs.)	800lbs	1,072Ibs
Hull Material	Fiberglass	Fiberglass (Infusion Sandwich)	Fiberglass	Fiberglass	Roto molding
Overall Length	6.7 m (22′)	5.4 m (17’9”)	6.6 m (21’7”)	4.7 m (15’6”)	5.03 m (16’6”)
Overall Width	2.08 m (6’6”)	2.13 m (7’)	2.03 m (6’8”)	1.5 m (4’11”)	1.89 m (6’ 0”)
Draft	0.45 m (18”)	0.30 m (12”)	0.43 m (20”)	0.18 m (8”)	0.305 m (12”)
Homologation	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU
Woodwork	Mahogany, Teak	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic	n/a
Propulsion	E-Motion	E-Propulsion	E-Propulsion	E-Propulsion	n/a
Battery Type	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium ion

For each of our boats, our consumers are able to customize certain aspects including color (for the hull, striping, interior and deck), radio and covers and other storage options. In addition, there are customizations that are just available for some boat models, including propulsion and batteries.

Bruce 22

Reaching speeds of up to approximately 41 miles per hour (66 kph), the Bruce 22 is our flagship boat. We did not sell any Bruce 22s in our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years.

Volt 180

Reaching speeds of up to approximately 30 miles per hour (48 kph), the Volt 180 is a powerful boat that can be used for various watersports. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 19 and 20 Volt 180s, respectively.

Fantail 217

We designed the Fantail 217 with a view towards relaxation rather than speed. The Fantail 217 starts at $49,995, seats up to ten people and has a maximum speed of approximately 10 miles per hour (6 kph). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 22 and 31 Fantail 217s, respectively.

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Quietude 156

As the name suggests, we designed the Quietude 156 with an eye towards tranquility over speed or power. The Quietude 156 starts at $35,495, seats four passengers and reaches a top speed of approximately 6 miles per hour (10 kph). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 2 and 7 Quietude 156s, respectively.

Phantom

We designed the Phantom specifically for the boat rental market. The Phantom starts at $19,123 for the hull only, seats up to ten passengers and reaches a top speed of approximately 6 miles per hour (10 kph). The Phantom is made out of recyclable plastic and is US Coast Guard approved. We launched the Phantom in our 2023 fiscal year and have yet to sell any Phantoms.

Sales

We envision that if we are able to commercialize and mass produce our electric powertrains, a large majority of our revenue will be generated from the sale of our electric powertrains. Although we have yet to commercialize our electric powertrains, we have received non-binding letters of intent from OEMs for the purchase of such powertrains.

In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we generated approximately 33% and 35%, respectively, of our revenue from the sale of our electric powerboats. In our 2023 fiscal year we sold 46 of our electric powerboats for revenue of $1,612,699, and in our 2022 fiscal year, we sold 58 of our electric powerboats for revenue of $2,557,086, in. Our sales are to retail customers and operators of rental fleets of powerboats.

Sales of New Powerboats to Retail Purchasers

We sell our powerboats to retail purchasers. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 14 and 21 powerboats to retail customers, respectively, which was approximately 30% and 36%, respectively, of all sales in those periods.

Sales of Fleets of New Powerboats

We sell our powerboats to persons and entities operating fleets of rental boats. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 7 and 17 powerboats to rental fleet operators, respectively, which was approximately 15% and 29% of all of our sales, respectively, in such years. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats.

In October 2022, we announced a partnership with Nautical Ventures Group (“Nautical”), whereby Nautical will be the sole and exclusive distributor of the Phantom in the United States. The non-binding memorandum of understanding with Nautical includes Nautical’s agreement to purchase a minimum of 50 Phantom boats.

Rentals

In our fiscal year 2021, we expanded our business to include rentals of electric powerboats by acquiring EBR, an entity that rents electric boats at the Lido Marina Village in Newport, California. We acquired this business for approximately $9,020,000, of which $5,546,000 was paid in cash and $3,474,000 of which was paid in the form of 284,495 common shares. At the time of the acquisition, our Chief Executive Officer was an affiliate of EBR.

On April 1, 2023, we opened our second electric boat rental operation in Portside Ventura, California, located at 1196 Portside Drive Ventura. The new rental operations serve multiple purposes, including testing, validating, and training for west coast boat manufacturers. We plan to use the facility to evaluate and provide training on our fully electric E-Motion™ 180E propulsion system and outboard technology.

EBR has a fleet of approximately 30 powerboats. Rental rates range from US$75 per hour to US$215 per hour, plus a booking fee, with a minimum booking of two hours. Once a powerboat in the EBR fleet has over 200 hours of sailing time, EBR offers the powerboat for sale to the public. In our 2023 fiscal year, our rental business generated approximately $4,038,803 of revenue, as compared to $4,794,000 of revenue in 2022. The majority of such revenue in those years was from the rental of our powerboats.

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Competitive Advantages & Operational Strengths

We face competition from manufacturers of:

(i) electric powertrain systems that sell to OEMs,

(ii) traditional fossil fuel-powered recreational powerboats in general and

(iii) electric recreational powerboats in particular.

We intend to sell our electric powertrains to OEMs for use in their boats. We are currently aware of one company (Torqeedo) that produces electric powertrains for OEMs, and as a result we believe that there is a viable and meaningful market opportunity in this market for us. Although, we believe that our electric powertrain systems are more efficient and powerful than current offerings on the market, our competitors, including Torqeedo, may have greater resources than we do and OEMs may find their designs or price to be more attractive than ours. Even if we produce electric powertrains and sell them to OEMs, other competitors may enter the field or the OEMs may decide to produce their own powertrains and cease purchasing ours.

The recreational powerboat industry is highly competitive for consumers and dealers. Competition affects our ability to succeed in the markets we currently serve and new markets that we may enter in the future. Some potential purchasers of powerboats may not have a preference as to whether they will purchase electric powerboats or fossil fuel powered ones. To that end, we compete with several large manufacturers, such as Brunswick Corporation, MasterCraft Boat Holdings, Inc. and Correct Craft, that produce fossil fuel powerboats and have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. To the extent that OEMs incorporate our electric powertrains into their boats, those boats will also compete with traditional fossil fuel powerboats. We compete with large manufacturers who are represented by dealers in the markets in which we now operate and into which we plan to expand. We also compete with a wide variety of small, independent manufacturers. Competition in our industry is based primarily on brand name, price and product performance.

The electric recreational powerboat market is evolving and companies within it must be able to adapt without jeopardizing the timing, quality or quantity of their products. We deem our principal competitors within this market to be Duffy Electric Boat Company, Elctracraft, Pender Harbour, Elco Motor Yachts Company (formerly known as Launch Electric Company), Budsin Wood Craft, Ruban Bleu Electric Boats, Frauscher Boats and Boote Marian GmbH. In addition to the matters mentioned above, we compete with other manufacturers of recreational electric boats on technological developments (such as powertrain efficiency, life of batteries and battery use per charge) and partnerships with battery and motor suppliers. As electric boat technology improves, we anticipate that more manufacturers will market competing products. As they do, we expect that we will experience significant competition.

We believe the primary competitive factors in our market include but are not limited to:

● technological innovation;

● product quality and safety;

● service options;

● product performance;

● environmental friendliness;

● design and styling; and

● brand perception.

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Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Most of our competitors have more extensive customer bases and broader customer and industry relationships than we do. In addition, many of these companies have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do. Our competitors may be in a stronger position to respond quickly to new technologies and may be able to design, develop, market and sell their products more effectively.

Furthermore, certain large manufacturers offer financing options on their powerboats and also have the ability to market powerboats at a substantial discount, provided that the boats are financed through their affiliated financing company. We do not currently offer any form of direct financing on our boats. The lack of direct financing options and the absence of customary boat discounts could put us at a competitive disadvantage.

We might not be able to compete successfully in our market. If our competitors introduce new powertrains, powerboats or services that compete with or surpass the quality, price or performance of our powertrains, powerboats or services, we may be unable to satisfy existing customers or attract new customers at the prices and levels that would allow us to generate attractive rates of return on our investment. Increased competition could result in price reductions and revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We believe that our experience, production capability, product offering and management give us the ability to successfully operate in the recreational electric powerboat market in a way that our competitors cannot. In particular, we believe that we have a number of competitive advantages, including:

● technological innovation: we have demonstrated our capacity to develop our own products through research and development by introducing the Volt 180, which held the speed record for a certified electric boat. Subsequently, we partnered with Hellcat Powerboats LLC to include our outboard powertrain in the boat that achieved a world record speed of 109 mph for an all-electric boat. We believe that the technological design of our electric powertrain will provide efficiency at a price that our competitors will not be able to match.

● product performance: the efficiency of our powertrain systems provides the boats they are in greater speed and range than comparable electric boats, results that are magnified when combined with our ultra-hydrodynamic hull designs.

● certification: unlike some of our competitors, our boats are certified by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard in Canada and meet the European Union’s imported manufactured products standards. We intend to have such certification for our electric powertrain systems as well as that of the ABYC and to receive CE marking indicating their conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards within the European Economic Area.

● product price: although the price of our boats depends on the customer’s specifications, we believe that our products are competitively priced across all models and with all customizations.

● management expertise: our founders have extensive experience in offshore power boating and are aware of what is required by customers in regard to power and efficiency of outboard electric powertrain systems. The inherent reputation of our management team over 25 years has built our brand for quality and technologically advanced products.

Strategy

As a designer, manufacturer, and marketer of premium electric boats and electric powertrain systems, we strive to design new and innovative products that appeal to a broad customer base. Since fiscal 2014, we have successfully launched a number of new products and features with best-in-class quality leading to increased sales and significant margin expansion. Furthermore, our unique product development process enables us to offer products with innovative offerings that we believe will be difficult for our competitors to match without significant additional capital investments, most notably our outboard electric powertrain system.

We are developing innovative electric outboard powertrain systems designed to enable us to capture market share, as the outboard powertrain industry moves to electric powertrain outboard motors to comply with local green initiatives. The National Maratime Mariners Association (the “NMMA”) estimates that after reaching record highs in 2020, outboard engine sales in the U.S had a single

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digit decline in 2021, down 6.6 percent to 307,800 units. Despite the drop from 2020, sales in 2021 were the second highest total in the last 14 years, and 29% above average retail unit sales from 2008–2021. Total retail orders of outboard engines were US$2.9 billion in 2018, and Blueweave Research estimates that global electric boat market will reach US$18 billion by 2026.

We sell our electric boats to retail customers as well as to boat clubs and boat rental operations. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats. We plan to further expand our sales by offering our products via third-party dealerships and by attending more tradeshows. As we launch our innovative electric outboard powertrain systems, we will directly market to OEMs of boats, thereby leveraging their support and distribution systems. We will market our electric powertrains to the OEMs by attending trade shows, inviting the OEMs to test the electric outboard powertrains on a prototype boat, introducing the electric powertrain using social media avenues and advertising the electric powertrain systems in trade journals.

We will continue to implement a number of initiatives to reduce our cost base and to improve the efficiency of our manufacturing process. Additionally, we have fostered a culture of operational improvement within our workforce, which will lead to further operational efficiencies. Finally, we intend to invest in further research and development to ensure that we develop innovative electric powertrain systems thus expanding the number of OEMs that will use our products.

We intend to increase our international sales and expand our network of international distributors and dealers.

Summary Risk Factors

An investment in the offered securities involves a high degree of risk. We set forth a summary of certain of those risks. If any of the factors below or in the section entitled “Risk Factors” occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to our Business and Industry

● There is limited public information on our operating history.

● We currently have a net loss, and if we are unable to obtain and grow a net income in the future our ability to grow our business as planned will be adversely affected.

● In June 2021, we acquired EB Rental, Ltd. (“EBR”), and the acquired company may not perform as we expect.

● A portion of our assets consist of equity in a third-party, and if that third party’s value decreases, our assets could be significantly reduced.

● Our plan of operations entails promoting a product that we may never launch or which may not be commercially accepted if launched.

● To carry out our proposed business plan to build up inventory for order fulfilment, increase brand awareness and develop a new powertrain for our engines, we will require a significant amount of capital.

● Our future growth depends upon consumers’ willingness to purchase electric powerboats.

● Our future growth depends upon consumers’ preference for outboard motors over inboard motors.

● We rely on a limited number of suppliers for key components of our finished products.

● The range of electric powerboats on a single charge declines over time, which may negatively influence potential customers’ decisions whether to purchase our boats or boats containing our electric powertrains.

● Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in the internal combustion engine may materially adversely affect the demand for our electric powerboats.

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● If we are unable to keep up with advances in electric powerboat technology, we may suffer a decline in our competitive position.

● Demand in the powerboat industry is highly volatile.

● We intend to increasingly use our network of independent dealers, and we will face increasing competition for dealers and have little control over their activities.

● We envision that our success will depend, in part, upon the financial health of our dealers and their continued access to financing.

● Changes to trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

● Interest rates and energy prices affect marine products’ sales

● We have a large fixed cost base that will affect our profitability if our sales decrease.

● We depend on certain key personnel, and our success will depend on our continued ability to retain and attract such qualified personnel.

● We are subject to numerous environmental and health and safety laws and any breach of such laws may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

● Our powerboats are subject to mandated safety standards and failure to meet those standards would have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

● We intend to rely on a third-party for the manufacture of what we envision will become our principal product.

● If we are unable to meet our production and development goals, we may need to change our business plans or the timeline in which we expect to carry them out

● Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of raw materials, in particular lithium-ion cells, could harm our business.

● Our software to control our electric powertrain systems contains “open source” software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

● If the governmental grants and tax credits that we receive were to be no longer available, our net earnings would be materially reduced.

● If we fail to manage future growth effectively, we may not be able to market or sell our powerboats or powertrains successfully.

● Our ability to meet our manufacturing workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.

● Our intellectual property is not protected through patents or formal copyright registration. As a result, we do not have the full benefit of patent or copyright laws to prevent others from replicating our products, product candidates and brands.

● Any patent applications that we file may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with our commercialization of our products.

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● Global economic conditions could materially adversely impact demand for our products and services.

● Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and our financial status creates a substantial doubt whether we will continue as a going concern.

● Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly impact our results of operations.

Risks Related to the Offered Securities and this Offering

● If you purchase the common shares, you will experience immediate dilution as a result of this offering.

● Our executive officers and directors beneficially will own approximately 16.6% of our common shares after completion of the proposed offering.

● The market price and liquidity of our common shares may be volatile and may fluctuate in a way that is disproportionate to our operating performance.

● There is no trading market for our common warrants or our pre-funded warrants.

● We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

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Offering Summary

Common Shares and Common Warrants Offered by Us:	Up to 8,108,108 common shares and 8,108,108 common warrants (excluding those that may be sold pursuant to the underwriter’s over-allotment option), assuming a combined offering price of US$1.85.
Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants Offered by Us:	Up to 8,108,108 pre-funded warrants and 8,108,108 common warrants. We are offering to each purchaser of common shares and common warrants that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding common shares immediately following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to purchase pre-funded warrants and common warrants in lieu of common shares and common warrants. A holder of pre-funded warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its pre-funded warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, such limit may be increased to up to 9.99%) of the number of common shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. Each pre-funded warrant will be exercisable for one common share. The combined purchase price of each pre-funded warrant and common warrant will be equal to the price per common share and common warrant, minus US$0.001, and the remaining exercise price of each pre-funded warrant will equal US$0.001 per common share. The pre-funded warrants will be immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. For each pre-funded warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of common shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.
Common Warrants	The terms of the common warrants will be governed by a warrant agreement, dated as of the effective date of this offering, between us and VStock Transfer, LLC, as the warrant agent (the “warrant agent”). This prospectus also relates to the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants. The warrants are exercisable at the combined offering price of the common shares and the common warrants in this offering. The common warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from their issuance. Because a common warrant is being sold together in this offering with each common share and, in the alternative, each pre-funded warrant, the number of common warrants sold in this offering will not change as a result of a change in the mix of the common shares and pre-funded warrants sold.
Public Offering Price:	US$           per common share and common warrant, though purposes of this preliminary prospectus we have assumed a combined offering price of US$1.85 per common share and common warrant, which is the closing price of our common shares on Nasdaq on November 24, 2023. The combined offering price for each pre-funded warrant and common warrant will equal the purchase price for each common share and common warrant less US$0.001.
Over-allotment	We have granted the underwriter a 45-day option (commencing from the date of this prospectus) to purchase up to an additional 1,216,216 common shares, pre-funded warrants and/or common warrants, representing 15% of the common shares, pre-funded warrants and warrants initially offered hereby, at the public offering price to cover over-allotments, using (i) the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 less US$0.001 for the common shares being issued, (ii) the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 less US$0.002 for the pre-funded warrants being issued and (iii) an offering price of US$0.001 for common warrants being issued.
Shares Outstanding After the Offering:	19,757,427 common shares will be outstanding immediately after the offering (or 20,973,643 if the underwriter exercises its over-allotment option in full), using the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 and that we sell no pre-funded warrants in this offering.
Use of Proceeds:	We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for order fulfilment.

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Market for our Common Shares:	Our common shares are currently quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VMAR”, and the closing price of one common share on November 24, 2023 was US$1.85. From the date of the start of our last fiscal year to the date hereof, the highest closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market was US$7.59 and the lowest such closing price was US$1.81.
Market for our Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants:	Neither our common warrants nor our pre-funded warrants are traded on any public market or quotation system, and we do not intend to apply for our common warrants or pre-funded warrants to be traded on any such market or system.
Risk Factors:	See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors you should consider before deciding to invest in our securities.

Shares outstanding after the offering is based on 11,649,319 common shares outstanding as of December 1, 2023 and excludes:

● 1,099,541 common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options outstanding as of December 1, 2023;

● 3,012,441 common share issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of December 1, 2023;

● 8,108,108 common shares issuable upon exercise of the common warrants sold in this offering (or 9,324,324 common share issuable upon exercise of the common warrants if the over-allotment option is exercised in full), using the assumed offering price of US$1.85; and

● 405,405 common shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued to the underwriter (or 466,216 common shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued to the underwriter if the over-allotment option is exercised in full), using the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85.

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Summary Financial Data

The summary financial information set forth below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. You should read the following summary financial data together with our historical financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus and with the information set forth in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations”.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss

	Year Ended August, 31
	2023		2022		2021
Revenue	$	5,651,502	$	7,350,946	$	3,513,788
Gross profit	$	1,536,426	$	3,285,565	$	1,604,182
Net loss	$	(20,877,186)	$	(13,111,785)	$	(15,113,907)
Basic and diluted loss per share	$	(2.25)	$	(1.58)	$	(2.04)

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

	Year Ended August 31, 2023
					Pro Forma
	Actual		Pro Forma(1)(2)		As adjusted (1)(2)
Current Assets	$	8,487,113	$	10,550,485	$	29,163,944
Total Assets	$	24,046,512	$	26,109,884	$	44,723,343
Current Liabilities	$	4,850,177	$	4,850,177	$	4,850,177
Total Liabilities	$	12,482,075	$	13,318,378	$	21,698,691
Total Shareholders’ Equity	$	11,564,437	$	12,791,506	$	23,024,652

Our financial position data as of August 31, 2023 is presented on:

● an actual basis;

● a pro forma basis, giving effect to the issuance of 372,870 common shares and related warrants since September 1, 2023 and the receipt of $2,063,372 in net proceeds in connection with such issuances; and

● a pro forma as adjusted basis, giving further effect to the sale and issuance of common shares and common warrants by us in this offering, for net proceeds of $18,613,459 and assuming no pre-funded warrants are sold in this offering.

(1) U.S. dollars converted into Canadian dollars at US$1.00 = $1.3664 as at November 3, 2023, the exchange rate as reported on Google Finance.

(2) The fair value of the common warrants is presented in total liabilities with the residual proceeds in total shareholders’ equity.

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in the offered securities carries a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as the other information contained in this prospectus, including our historical financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before you decide to purchase the offered securities. Any one of these risks and uncertainties has the potential to cause material adverse effects on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results which could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements expressed by us and a significant decrease in the value of the offered securities. Refer to “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

We may not be successful in preventing the material adverse effects that any of the following risks and uncertainties may cause. These potential risks and uncertainties may not be a complete list of the risks and uncertainties facing us. There may be additional risks and uncertainties that we are presently unaware of, or presently consider immaterial, that may become material in the future and have a material adverse effect on us. You could lose all or a significant portion of your investment due to any of these risks and uncertainties.

Risks Related to our Business and Industry

There is limited public information on our operating history.

Our limited public operating history makes evaluating our business and prospects difficult. Although we were formed in 2012, we did not provide public reports on the results of operations until our 2020 fiscal year. We only have five years of audited financial statements.

We currently have a net loss, and if we are unable to obtain and grow a net income in the future our ability to grow our business as planned will be adversely affected.

We have made significant up-front investments in research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses to rapidly develop and expand our business. We had a net loss of $20,877,186 and $13,111,785 in our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. Net loss may grow or we might never maintain net income in certain circumstances, many of which are beyond our control. Even after the use of the proceeds from this offering, our revenues might not significantly exceed our expenses or could be less than our expenses. It may take us longer to obtain and maintain net income than we anticipate, if at all, or we may only do so at a much lower rate than we anticipate. Failure to obtain our net income would mean that we would have to curtail our planned growth in operations or resort to financings to fund such growth.

In June 2021, we acquired EB Rental, Ltd. (“EBR”), and the acquired company may not perform as we expect.

In June 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests of 7858078 Canada Inc. which wholly-owns EBR, an electric boat rental company. Integrating businesses is a difficult, expensive, and time-consuming process. Our principal executive offices and manufacturing facility are located in Quebec, Canada and EBR’s operations are conducted, and its employees are mostly located, in California.

Revenues from EBR represented 71% and 65% of our total revenues in our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years. Future revenues from EBR may be affected by factors that are outside of our control, including:

● the appearance, safety, economic health and ability to continue to attract visitors willing to rent electric vehicles at our facilities at the Lido Village and Portside Ventura marinas;

● the ability to successfully operate our rental operation in Ventura, California that was opened in the second half of our 2023 fiscal year with 6 boats;

● the continued desirability of boat rentals as a leisure activity; and

● the local economic condition in and around the areas we offer rentals or may offer rentals in the future.

If EBR’s revenues decrease significantly, it may cease to be profitable or our revenues may not be as large as we currently project.

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A portion of our assets consist of equity in a third-party, and if that third party’s value decreases, our assets could be significantly reduced.

On May 14, 2021, we purchased $3,400,000 in debentures (the “Debentures”) from The Limestone Boat Company Limited (“Limestone”). Limestone is a North American designer and manufacturer of recreational and commercial powerboats. Because (i) Limestone announced that in January 2023 that its wholly-owned subsidiaries had filed for voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, (ii) the market price of Limestone’s common shares had fallen significantly below the conversion price set out in the Debentures and (iii) because we deemed it unlikely that we would convert the debt pursuant to the original terms of the Debentures, we agreed with Limestone on July 18, 2023 to convert the Debentures into approximately 7% of Limestones common shares. Prior to the conversion, the Company had recorded an impairment on the entire value of the Debentures at the amount of nil and $2,637,000 in the years ended August 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. If Limestone is not able to perform above expectations, the value of our investment could be significantly reduced.

Our plan of operations entails promoting a product that we may never launch or which may not be commercially accepted if launched.

We have concentrated the majority of our research and development efforts on developing electric powertrain systems that we intend to rent and sell to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”) of boats. We expect the electric powertrain systems to represent the majority of our revenue in coming accounting periods. We have built prototypes of our electronic powertrain. We do not know if OEMs will find our product candidate to be an attractive component in their boats or if they will find the price of our electric powertrains to be acceptable. We do not currently have any significant customers for our electric powertrains. Although we have received LOIs from OEMs for over 1,000 powertrains through the year ended August 31, 2024, such LOIs are non-binding and may never result in any actual sales. Even if we do develop such relationships, we might not be able to maintain them or grow them as anticipated. At the time of our initial public offering, we had expected to begin the commercialization of our electric powertrains in 2020 but were not able to meet that preferred timeline and we may not meet our new timelines. Additionally, we had anticipated developing a 335-horsepower version within 18 months of our last annual report but currently do not believe that we will meet that anticipated date. If we are not successful in commercializing our product or if sales of our electric powertrain are less than we estimate, our business may not grow as expected, if at all, and we may fail.

To carry out our proposed business plan to build up inventory for order fulfilment, increase brand awareness and develop a new powertrain for our engines, we will require a significant amount of capital.

If current cash, cash equivalents and revenue from our business are not sufficient to cover our cash requirements, we will need to raise additional funds through the sale of debt or equity securities, in either private placements or additional registered offerings. By way of example, we have raised approximately US$11.4 million from a hybrid public/private offering of 2,771,135 common shares and warrants to buy 2,771,135 common shares from the start of our 2023 fiscal year to the date hereof. If we are unsuccessful in raising enough funds through such capital-raising efforts, we may review other financing possibilities such as bank loans. Financing might not be available to us or, if available, only on terms that are not favorable or acceptable to us.

Our ability to obtain the necessary financing to carry out our business plan is subject to a number of factors, including general market conditions and investor acceptance of our business plan. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient funds, we will have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned activities or substantially change our current corporate structure. We might not be able to obtain any funding, and we might not have sufficient resources to conduct our business as projected, both of which could mean that we would be forced to curtail or discontinue our operations.

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Terms of subsequent financings may adversely impact your investment.

We may have to engage in common equity, debt, or preferred stock financing in the future. Your rights and the value of your investment in our securities could be reduced. The sale of common shares could dilute your net tangible book value per share and would dilute the voting power of your common shares. Common shares which we sell could be sold into the public market, which could adversely affect the market price. If we sell warrants, the exercise of those warrants, or the belief that they could soon be exercised, could place downward pressure on the market value of our common shares until such warrants are exercised. If we need to raise more equity capital from the sale of equity securities, institutional or other investors may negotiate terms at least as, and possibly more, favorable than the terms of your investment. Preferred stock could be issued in series from time to time with such designation, rights, preferences, and limitations as needed to raise capital. The terms of preferred stock could be more advantageous to those investors than to the holders of common shares.

The sale of debt securities could include interest, which could increase costs and negatively impact operating results, or contain rights to convert such debt into common shares, which could be at conversion price that is significantly below the then market price.

Our future growth depends upon consumers’ willingness to purchase electric powerboats.

Our growth highly depends upon the adoption by consumers of, and we are subject to an elevated risk of any reduced demand for, electric powerboats. Without such growth, sales of our electric powertrain, if any, and our electric boats may not grow at the rate that we anticipate, if such sales grow at all. If the market for electric powerboats does not develop as we expect or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be negatively impacted. Despite the long history of electric powerboats, the market for them is relatively new, rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, additional competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, frequent new electric powerboat announcements and changing consumer demands and behaviors. Powerboats with conventional gas-powered motors may be deemed preferable to electric powerboats as they tend to be more powerful, have a longer range and/or cost less. Other factors that may influence the adoption of electric powerboats include:

● the decline of an electric powerboats range resulting from deterioration over time in the battery’s ability to hold a charge;

● concerns about electric grid capacity and reliability, which could derail our efforts to promote electric powerboats as a practical solution to powerboats which require gasoline;

● improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine;

● the availability of service for electric powerboats;

● the environmental consciousness of consumers;

● volatility in the cost of oil and gasoline;

● consumers’ perceptions about convenience and cost to charge an electric powerboat;

● the availability of tax and other governmental incentives to manufacture electric powerboats; and

● perceptions about and the actual cost of alternative fuel.

The influence of any of the factors described above may cause current or potential customers not to purchase our electric powerboat, which would materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Our future growth depends upon consumers’ preference for outboard motors over inboard motors.

We envision the majority of our growth deriving from the sale of one of our product candidates, an electric powertrain for an outboard motor. If consumer preferences led to a decline in outboard motors, the OEMs we intend to sell to may produce less boats, and we may

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not be able to sell as many electric powertrains as we anticipate, if we sell any at all. We may not be able to adapt the technology behind this powertrain for inboard motors or may only be able to do so in a way that is not cost effective.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for key components of our finished products.

Although we manufacture all of our powerboats, we do so by assembling the component parts that we acquire from third-party suppliers rather than by producing any of those component parts ourselves. We materially depend on some of those third-party suppliers for certain components that we obtain from a limited number of suppliers, namely

● hulls: we purchase all of our hulls from Aqualux and Abitibi & Co.,

● Motors: for our electric powertrains, we intend to purchase motors from Danfoss Technologies and E-Propulsion and for our boats, we purchase approximately 30% from Min-Kota, 35% from E-Tech and 20% from E-Propulsion;

● powertrains: we purchase approximately 100% of our low powered powertrains from E-Propulsion, a Chinese company specialized in the research, development and production of components for electric outboard engines;

● battery packs: we purchase our lithium-ion batteries (approximately 15% of all batteries we purchase) from Octillion and Neogy who in turn rely upon Samsung cells, We have an agreement with Octillion Power Systems (“Octillion”) to provide marine specific batteries to power the E-Motion powertrain; and

● casings:  we purchase the casings for our powertrains from Tohatshu Corporation, a Japanese company.

As we purchase our components and parts through purchase orders and informal arrangements rather than long-term purchase agreements, we have not contractually secured a supply chain for these components and parts. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, some of our third-party suppliers have experienced delays in delivering parts and components for our products. If we continue to experience delays in receiving our supplies from these third-parties, if they significantly increased the cost of these components or if they ceased offering us these components, we would have to find new suppliers, which might not be possible on a timely basis, or cease production of the products in which the components are included.

The range of electric powerboats on a single charge declines over time, which may negatively influence potential customers’ decisions whether to purchase our boats or boats containing our electric powertrains.

The range of electric powerboats on a single charge declines principally as a function of usage, time and charging patterns. For example, a customer’s use of their powerboat as well as the frequency with which they charge the battery can result in additional deterioration of the battery’s ability to hold a charge. During the lifetime of the lead acid batteries in powerboats, 500 to 1000 recharge cycles are possible, and our lithium battery pack will retain approximately 85% of its ability to hold its initial charge after approximately 3,000 charge cycles and 8 years, which will result in a decrease to the boat’s initial range. Such battery deterioration and the related decrease in range may negatively influence potential customer decisions whether to purchase an electric boat, which may harm our ability to market and sell our boats. Likewise, if such reasoning deters potential customers from purchasing boats made by OEMs that use our electric powertrains, they may order fewer electric powertrains from us, if they ever order any at all.

Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in the internal combustion engine may materially adversely affect the demand for our electric powerboats.

Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as advanced diesel, ethanol, fuel cells or compressed natural gas, or improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects in ways we do not currently anticipate. For example, fuel which is abundant and relatively inexpensive in North America, such as compressed natural gas, may emerge as consumers’ preferred alternative to petroleum-based propulsion. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced electric powerboats, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our boats, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors.

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If we are unable to keep up with advances in electric powerboat technology, we may suffer a decline in our competitive position.

We may be unable to keep up with changes in electric powerboats technology, particularly developments with powertrains. As a result, we may suffer a decline in our competitive position. Any failure to keep up with advances in electric powerboat technology would result in a decline in our competitive position which would materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in electric powerboat technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our electric powertrain candidate. We would additionally upgrade our boats and introduce new models to take advantage of these changes. However, our technology and boats may not compete effectively with alternative technology or powerboats if we are not able to source and integrate the latest technology. For example, we do not manufacture either lead or lithium battery cells which makes us depend upon suppliers of battery cell technology for our battery packs.

Demand in the powerboat industry is highly volatile.

Volatility of demand in the powerboat industry, especially for recreational powerboats and electric powerboats, may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. The markets in which we will be competing have been subject to considerable volatility in demand in recent periods. Demand for recreational powerboat and electric powerboat sales depends to a large extent on general, economic and social conditions in a given market. Historically, sales of recreational powerboats decrease during economic downturns. We have fewer financial resources than more established powerboat manufacturers to withstand adverse changes in the market and disruptions in demand.

Unfavorable weather conditions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, especially during the peak boating season.

Adverse weather conditions in any year in any particular geographic region may adversely affect sales in that region, especially during the peak boating season. Sales of our products are generally stronger just before and during spring and summer, which represent the peak boating months in most of our markets, and favorable weather during these months generally has a positive effect on consumer demand. Conversely, unseasonably cool weather, excessive rainfall, reduced rainfall levels, or drought conditions during these periods may close area boating locations or render boating dangerous or inconvenient, thereby generally reducing consumer demand for our products. Our annual results would be materially and adversely affected if our net sales were to fall below expected seasonal levels during these periods. Adverse weather could also affect income from our rental business as we tend to rent significantly less boats on rainy or otherwise unappealing days than on sunny and attractive ones. If we experience more rainy or otherwise unappealing days at our marinas than normal, our income from the rental of electric boats could materially decline.

We may also experience more pronounced seasonal fluctuation in net sales in the future as we continue to expand our businesses. Additionally, to the extent that unfavorable weather conditions are exacerbated by global climate change or otherwise, our sales may be affected to a greater degree than we have previously experienced.

We intend to increasingly use our network of independent dealers, and we will face increasing competition for dealers and have little control over their activities.

Currently, most of our sales are directly placed with us online, but approximately 15% of our sales in our 2023 fiscal year were derived from our network of independent dealers. We have agreements with dealers in our network that typically provide for terms of between 1 and 3 years. While we will continue to market direct sales through our website, we seek to increase revenues and diversify our sales points by expanding our network of independent dealers. We envision an increase in the number of dealers supporting our products and the quality of their marketing and servicing efforts being essential to our ability to increase sales. We may not be successful in our effort to grow our network of independent dealers.

Competition for dealers among recreational powerboat manufacturers continues to increase based on the quality, price, value and availability of the manufacturers’ products, the manufacturers’ attention to customer service and the marketing support that manufacturers provide to dealers. We will face intense competition from other recreational powerboat manufacturers in attracting and retaining dealers, and we might not be able to attract or retain relationships with qualified and successful dealers as well as our competition, if at all. We might not be able to maintain or improve our relationship with dealers or our market share position. In addition, independent dealers in the recreational powerboat industry have experienced significant consolidation in recent years, which could inhibit our ability to retain them or result in the loss of one or more of our dealers in the future if the surviving entity in any such

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consolidation purchases similar products from a competitor. If we do not establish a significant network of dealers, our future sales could fail to meet our projections, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We envision that our success will depend, in part, upon the financial health of our dealers and their continued access to financing.

We seek to increase revenues and diversify our sales points by expanding our network of independent dealers. The financial health of our current and any future dealers is critical to our success. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if the financial health of dealers that sell our products suffers. Their financial health may suffer for a variety of reasons, including a downturn in general economic conditions, rising interest rates, higher rents, increased labor costs and taxes, compliance with regulations and personal financial issues.

In addition, dealers require adequate liquidity to finance operations, including purchases of our products. Dealers are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could unfavorably affect their liquidity positions, including, among other things, continued access to adequate financing sources on a timely basis on reasonable terms. These sources of financing are vital to our ability to sell products through our distribution network. Access to floor plan financing generally facilitates dealers’ ability to purchase powerboats from us, and their financed purchases reduce our working capital requirements. If floor plan financing were not available to our dealers, our sales and our working capital levels could be adversely affected. The availability and terms of financing offered by dealers’ floor plan financing providers will continue to be influenced by:

● their ability to access certain capital markets and to fund their operations in a cost-effective manner;

● the performance of their overall credit portfolios;

● their willingness to accept the risks associated with lending to dealers; and

● the overall creditworthiness of those dealers.

Changes to trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although we manufacture our products in Canada, in our last fiscal year approximately 71% of our sales occurred in the United States, a percentage that could increase as our operations expand. Changes in laws and policies governing foreign trade could adversely affect our business. As a result of recent policy changes, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade. We will particularly be affected by the Agreement Between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada (commonly known as USMCA), if ratified by all participants, the effects of which are not certain. Additionally, a large portion of the parts and components that we use are imported and their price and availability could be subject to changes in export and import tariffs and controls. Such changes have the potential to adversely impact the global and local economies, our industry and global demand for our products and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Interest rates and energy prices affect marine products’ sales

Although our products are not frequently financed by our dealers and retail powerboat consumers, we envision this becoming more common as we expand our operations and grow our network of distributors. This may not occur if interest rates meaningfully rise because higher rates increase the borrowing costs and, accordingly, the cost of doing business for dealers and the cost of powerboat purchases for consumers. Energy costs can represent a large portion of the costs to manufacture our products and increase their ultimate sales price. Therefore, higher interest rates and fuel costs can adversely affect consumers’ decisions relating to recreational powerboating purchases.

We have a large fixed cost base that will affect our profitability if our sales decrease.

The fixed cost levels of operating a recreational powerboat manufacturer can put pressure on profit margins when sales and production decline. Our profitability depends, in part, on our ability to spread fixed costs over a sufficiently large number of products sold and shipped, and if we decide to reduce our rate of production, gross or net margins could be negatively affected. Consequently, decreased demand or the need to reduce production can lower our ability to absorb fixed costs and materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.

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We depend on certain key personnel, and our success will depend on our continued ability to retain and attract such qualified personnel.

Our success depends on the efforts, abilities and continued service of Alexandre Mongeon, our Chief Executive Officer, Xavier Montagne, our Chief Operating Officer, and Kulwant Sandher, our Chief Financial Officer. A number of these key employees and consultants have significant experience in the recreational boating and manufacturing industry. A loss of service from any one of these individuals may adversely affect our operations, and we may have difficulty or may not be able to locate and hire a suitable replacement. We have not obtained any “key person” insurance on certain key personnel.

We are subject to numerous environmental and health and safety laws and any breach of such laws may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

We are subject to numerous environmental and health and safety laws, including statutes, regulations, bylaws and other legal requirements. These laws relate to the generation, use, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of regulated substances, including hazardous substances (such as batteries), dangerous goods and waste, emissions or discharges into soil, water and air, including noise and odors (which could result in remediation obligations), and occupational health and safety matters, including indoor air quality. These regulations also apply to any contamination that our powerboats cause in the lakes and rivers in which they operate. These legal requirements vary by location and can arise under federal, provincial, state or municipal laws. Any breach of such laws and/or requirements would have a material adverse effect on our company and its operating results.

Our powerboats are subject to mandated safety standards and failure to meet those standards would have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Given the inherent dangers involved with powerboats, all powerboats sold must comply with federal, state and provincial safety standards. Additionally, most powerboats sold in the United States meet the safety standards set by the ABYC, a non-profit, member organization that develops voluntary safety standards for the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of recreational powerboats and the NMMA. Our powerboats have been certified by the United States Coast Guard, the Canadian Coast Guard, meet the ABYC safety standards and have received CE marking indicating their conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards within the European Economic Area. Loss of any of these certifications or failure to obtain them for future products could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

We intend to rely on a third-party for the manufacture of what we envision will become our principal product.

If we are able to commercialize our E-Motion™ electric powertrain, we intend to use a third-party to mass produce our powertrains. In October 2021, we entered into a Manufacture and Supply Agreement with Linamar Corporation, a provider of manufacturing solutions and a developer of highly engineered products. Under the terms of the agreement, we intend for McLaren Engineering, Linamar’s technology and product development team for its advanced mobility segment, to manufacture and assemble our E-Motion™ technology through testing, parts, tooling development, and designing the union assembly for mass production of our electric powertrain at Linamar’s facility in Canada. Once we have scaled up the production of our electric powertrain, we intend for the Linamar Corporation to produce our electric powertrain for mass commercialization. If Linamar Corporation is unable to satisfactorily manufacture our E-Motion™ powertrains, we will be forced to find a new third-party manufacturer or to produce such powertrains inhouse (with our current facilities we believe that we are limited to producing 300 electric powertrains per year in addition to producing 150 boats per year). Any such change in manufacturers could lead to a delay in our ability to deliver on purchase orders or the loss of such purchase orders, which in turn could adversely affect our revenue or the timing of our revenue.

If we are unable to meet the service requirements of our customers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

We do not offer warranties or provide service for our boats and do not intend to offer warranties on our powertrains systems. Instead, the purchasers of our boats and of our powertrains may rely upon the warranties and services of the manufacturers of the components used in our boats. As all such warranties are provided by third-party suppliers, the quality and timeliness of such service is outside of our control. Additionally, the terms of such warranties, including the length of time of coverage, and servicing terms, including locations and labor cost, are not uniform. If our purchasers and potential purchasers believe that warranties and servicing capabilities provided by our third-party suppliers are unable to successfully address their service requirements, the reputation of our brand will suffer and business and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

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If we are unable to meet our production and development goals, we may need to change our business plans or the timeline in which we expect to carry them out

Our ability to carry out our business plans depends upon meeting our production and development goals. Delays or failures in meeting these goals could require us to reassess our business plans and the timeline that it will take us to implement those plans. In the past we have not always met our production and development goals. For example, we expected to manufacture approximately 50 powerboats, and begin commercialization of our electric powertrains in calendar 2023, and we will not meet these goals. If any such delays or failures were to cause a material change to our proposed business plans, such change could result materially adverse changes in our projected revenues or expenses.

We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening the Vision Marine Technologies Inc. brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our boats and components and our business, revenues and prospects.

Our business and prospects heavily depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Vision Marine Technologies brand and the brands of our powerboat models. Any failure to develop, maintain and strengthen these brands may materially and adversely affect our ability to sell our products. If we are not able to establish, maintain and strengthen our brands, we may lose the opportunity to build our customer base. We expect that our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Vision Marine Technologies brand will also depend heavily on the success of our marketing efforts. To further promote our brand, we may be required to change our marketing practices, which could result in substantially increased advertising expenses, including the need to use traditional media such as television, radio and print. Many of our current and potential competitors have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than we do. If we do not develop and maintain strong brands, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of raw materials, in particular lithium-ion cells, could harm our business.

Although we do not materially use raw materials in the production of our electronic powerboats, we purchase the necessary parts and components for our boats from third-party suppliers that do. Were those third-party suppliers to experience increases in the cost or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of raw materials, the corresponding parts and components could become more costly or less available (if still available at all). For example, our supply chain has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as some of our third-party suppliers have experienced delays in delivering parts and components for our products. We are particularly exposed to a supply-chain risk as we have not contractually secured long-term supply commitments at fixed prices with our third-party suppliers. The prices for these raw materials fluctuate depending on market conditions and global demand for these materials and price fluctuations and material shortages could adversely affect our business and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations for lithium-ion cells. These risks include:

● the inability or unwillingness of current battery manufacturers to build or operate battery cell manufacturing plants to supply the numbers of lithium-ion cells required to meet demand;

● disruption in the supply of cells due to quality issues or recalls by the battery cell manufacturers; and

● an increase in the cost of raw materials, such as cobalt, used in lithium-ion cells.

Our business depends on the continued supply of battery cells for our boats. We do not currently have any agreements for the supply of batteries and depend upon the open market for their procurement. Any disruption in the supply of battery cells from our supplier could temporarily disrupt the planned production of our boats until such time as a different supplier is fully qualified. Moreover, battery cell manufacturers may choose to refuse to supply electric boat manufacturers to the extent they determine that the boats are not sufficiently safe. Furthermore, current fluctuations or shortages in petroleum and other economic conditions may cause us to experience significant increases in freight charges and raw material costs. Substantial increases in the prices for our raw materials would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased electric boat prices. We might not be able to recoup increasing costs of raw materials by increasing boat prices. We publish the price for the base model of our powerboats. However, any attempts to increase the published prices in response to increased raw material costs could be viewed negatively by our potential customers, result in cancellations of orders and could materially adversely affect our brand, image, business, prospects and operating results.

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If our suppliers sell us parts or components containing conflict minerals, we may be required at significant expense to find suppliers that do not use conflict minerals.

In 2010, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) requiring the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to issue rules specifically relating to the use of “Conflict Minerals” within manufactured products. Conflict Minerals are currently defined by U.S. Law as tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold (also known as “3TG”) and related derivatives. Within a year of becoming a public company, the SEC rules require any SEC registrant whose commercial products contain any 3TG (“3TG Product”) to determine whether the 3TG in the 3TG Product originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“DRC”) or adjoining countries (collectively, the “DRC Region”) and, if so, whether the 3TG is “conflict free”. “3TG Conflict Free” means that the supply chain is transparent and the 3TG in 3TG Products does not directly or indirectly benefit armed groups responsible for serious human rights abuses in the DRC Region. By enacting this provision, Congress intends to further the humanitarian goal of ending the extremely violent conflict in the DRC Region, which has been partially financed by the exploitation and trade of 3TG originating in the DRC Region.

We will need to expend time and money on determining whether our products contain conflict minerals. If our suppliers use conflict minerals in the production of the parts and components that we purchase from them, we may need to find alternative suppliers. If possible, this may only be possible at significant expense or with material delays in production.

Our software to control our electric powertrain systems contains “open source” software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

We use software to control our electric powertrain systems that relies upon “open source” licenses and intend to use such software in the future. Although we do not believe that the open source code we have used imposes any limitations on the use of the software that we have developed, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States or other courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions including requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software or license such modifications or derivative works. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. We cannot be sure that all open source is submitted for approval prior to use in our solutions. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect the performance of our electric powertrains and our business.

We rely on network and information systems and other technologies for our business activities and certain events, such as computer hackings, viruses or other destructive or disruptive software or activities may disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Network and information systems and other technologies are important to our business activities and operations. Network and information systems-related events, such as computer hackings, cyber threats, security breaches, viruses, or other destructive or disruptive software, process breakdowns or malicious or other activities could result in a disruption of our services and operations or improper disclosure of personal data or confidential information, which could damage our reputation and require us to expend resources to remedy any such breaches. Moreover, the amount and scope of insurance we maintain against losses resulting from any such events or security breaches may not be sufficient to cover our losses or otherwise adequately compensate us for any disruptions to our businesses that may result, and the occurrence of any such events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The risk of these systems-related events and security breaches occurring has intensified, in part because we maintain certain information necessary to conduct our businesses in digital form stored on cloud servers. While we develop and maintain systems seeking to prevent systems-related events and security breaches from occurring, the development and maintenance of these systems is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Despite these efforts, there can be no assurance that disruptions and security breaches will not occur in the future. Moreover, we may provide certain confidential, proprietary and personal information to third parties in connection with our businesses, and while we obtain assurances that these third parties will protect this information, there is a risk that this information may be compromised. The occurrence of any of such network or information systems-related events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If the governmental grants and tax credits that we receive were to be no longer available, our net earnings would be materially reduced.

We receive governmental benefits in connection with our operations. In connection with the production of our powerboats and our research into green technology, we have been able to receive tax credits and grants provided by the Quebec provincial government and the Canadian federal government. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $0.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of which $0.14 million and $1.4 million, respectively, is presented against research and development expenses. We intend to continue applying for such grants and receiving such tax credits. Without such grants and tax credits, our net loss in each of the past two fiscal years would have been larger. If they were no longer available, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

The unavailability, reduction or elimination of government regulations on waterways could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

Although we are unaware of substantial governmental economic incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, that customers may receive in connection with the purchase of our products, there are certain governmental regulations whose repeal could affect the desirability of our powerboats. In particular, local and regional restrictions of internal combustion engines on certain waterways make electric boats an attractive alternative for use in such lakes and rivers. Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of such rules because of policy changes or other reasons may result in the diminished competitiveness of electric boats generally. This could materially and adversely affect the growth of our market and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

If we fail to manage future growth effectively, we may not be able to market or sell our powerboats or powertrains successfully.

Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. We plan to expand our operations in the near future. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage this expansion and growth successfully. Risks that we face in undertaking this expansion include:

● training new personnel;

● forecasting production and revenue;

● expanding our marketing efforts, including the marketing of a new powertrain that we use;

● controlling expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations;

● establishing or expanding design, manufacturing, sales and service facilities;

● implementing and enhancing administrative infrastructure, systems and processes; and

● addressing new markets.

We intend to continue to hire a number of additional personnel, including design and manufacturing personnel and service technicians for our electric boats and powertrains. Competition for individuals with experience designing, manufacturing and servicing electric boats is intense, and we may not be able to attract, assimilate, train or retain additional highly qualified personnel in the future. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these additional employees could seriously harm our business and prospects.

Our business may be adversely affected by labor and union activities.

None of our employees are currently represented by a labor union, it is common in Quebec for employees of manufacturers of a certain size to belong to a union. Although we do not believe that we are currently of a size where our employees will unionize, were they to do so now or in the future, we would be at risk for higher employee costs and increased risk of work stoppages. We also directly and indirectly depend upon other companies with unionized work forces, such as parts suppliers and trucking and freight companies, and work stoppages or strikes organized by such unions could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or operating results. If a work stoppage occurs within our business, that of our key suppliers or our network of distributors, it could

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materially reduce the manufacture and sale of our boats and have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating results or financial condition.

Our ability to meet our manufacturing workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.

We rely on the existence of an available hourly workforce to manufacture our products. We cannot assure you that we or any third-party manufacturer that we use will be able to attract and retain qualified employees to meet current or future manufacturing needs at a reasonable cost, or at all. For instance, the demand for skilled employees has increased recently with the low unemployment rates in Quebec. Competition for qualified employees could require us or third-party manufacturers to pay higher wages to attract a sufficient number of employees. Significant increases in manufacturing workforce costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We compete with a variety of other activities for consumers’ scarce leisure time.

Our powerboats are used for recreational and sport purposes, and demand for our powerboats may be adversely affected by competition from other activities that occupy consumers’ leisure time and by changes in consumer lifestyle, usage pattern or taste. Similarly, an overall decrease in consumer leisure time may reduce consumers’ willingness to purchase and enjoy our products.

Product liability, warranty, personal injury, property damage and recall claims may materially affect our financial condition and damage our reputation.

We are engaged in a business that exposes us to claims for product liability and warranty claims in the event our products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in property damage, personal injury or death. Our products involve kinetic energy, produce physical motion and are to be used on the water, factors which increase the likelihood of injury or death. Our products contain Lithium-ion batteries, which have been known to catch fire or vent smoke and flame, and chemicals which are known to be, or could later be proved to be, toxic carcinogenic. Any judgment or settlement for personal injury or wrongful death claims could be more than our assets and, even if not justified, could prove expensive to contest.

We do not provide warranties for our powerboats but instead rely upon the warranties provided by the third-party manufacturers from whom we purchase the components for our powerboats. Although we maintain product and general liability insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all such potential claims. We may experience legal claims in excess of our insurance coverage or claims that are not covered by insurance, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Adverse determination of material product liability and warranty claims made against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and harm our reputation. In addition, if any of our products or components in our products are, or are alleged to be, defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of that product or component if the defect or alleged defect relates to safety. Any such recall and other claims could be costly to us and require substantial management attention.

Our intellectual property is not protected through patents or formal copyright registration. As a result, we do not have the full benefit of patent or copyright laws to prevent others from replicating our products, product candidates and brands.

Apart from trademark applications that we filed with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for our logo and the brand name “E-Motion”, we have not protected our intellectual property rights through patents or formal copyright or trademark registration, and we do not currently have any patent applications pending. As we intend to transition into the production of electric powertrains to OEMs, we envision our intellectual property and its security becoming more vital to our future. Until we protect our intellectual property through patent, trademarks and registered copyrights, we may not be able to protect our intellectual property and trade secrets or prevent others from independently developing substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or from otherwise gaining access to our intellectual property or trade secrets. In such an instance, our competitors could produce products that are nearly identical to ours resulting in us selling less products or generating less revenue from our sales.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protected by patents, to protect the intellectual property behind our electric powertrain and for the construction of our boats. We do not yet use confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, employees,

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consultants, outside scientific collaborators and sponsored researchers and other advisors to protect our proprietary technology and processes. We intend to use such agreements in the future, but these agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such party. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Any patent applications that we file may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with our commercialization of our products.

To date, we have not filed any patent applications, and we might not ever file patent applications. The registration and enforcement of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth and effectiveness of patented claims is uncertain. If we ever file patent applications in connection with our electric outboard powertrain systems or other matters, we cannot be certain that we will be first to file patent applications on those or other inventions, nor can we be certain that such patent applications will result in issued patents or that any of our issued patents will afford sufficient protection against someone creating competing products, or as a defensive portfolio against a competitor who claims that we are infringing its patents. In addition, patent applications filed in foreign countries are subject to laws, rules and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications, if any, will result in issued patents in those foreign jurisdictions or that such patents can be effectively enforced, even if they relate to patents issued in the United States.

We have limited registered trademarks for our products and trade names.

We have submitted applications for registered trademarks for our name and some of our brands, but not all of these applications have been granted. Any pending trademark applications that we filed with a relevant governmental authority for brand names/logos might not be approved as might any such future applications. Failure to obtain such approval could limit our ability to use the brand names/logos in those territories or lead our products to be confused with, and/or tarnished by, competing products. Even if appropriate applications were made and approved, third parties may oppose or otherwise challenge such applications or registrations.

We may need to defend ourselves against patent or trademark infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and would cause us to incur substantial costs.

The status of the protection of our intellectual property is unsettled as we do not have any patents, trademarks or registered copyrights and have not applied for the same. Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our powerboats and electric powertrains or use third-party components, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive communications from third parties that allege our products or components thereof are covered by their patents or trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights. If we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

● cease making, using, selling or offering to sell processes, goods or services that incorporate or use the third-party intellectual property;

● pay substantial damages;

● seek a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all;

● redesign our boats or other goods or services to avoid infringing the third-party intellectual property;

● establish and maintain alternative branding for our products and services; or

● find-third providers of any part or service that is the subject of the intellectual property claim.

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In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology or other intellectual property right, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity and diversion of resources and management attention.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited because we are incorporated under the laws of the Province of Quebec, a substantial portion of our assets are in Canada and the majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States

We are constituted under the laws of the Business Corporations Act (Quebec) (the “Business Corporation Act”) and our executive offices are located outside of the United States in Boisbriand, Quebec. Most of our officers, and directors, as well as our auditor reside outside the United States. In addition, a substantial portion of their assets and our assets are located outside of the United States. As a result, you may have difficulty serving legal process within the United States upon us or any of these persons. You may also have difficulty enforcing, both in and outside of the United States, judgments you may obtain in U.S. courts against us or these persons in any action, including actions based upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. Federal or state securities laws. Furthermore, there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability in Canada against us or against any of our directors, officers and the expert named in this prospectus who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of liabilities based solely upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, shareholders in Quebec corporations may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Global economic conditions could materially adversely impact demand for our products and services.

Our operations and performance depend significantly on economic conditions. Global financial conditions continue to be subject to volatility arising from international geopolitical developments and global economic phenomenon, as well as general financial market turbulence, including a significant market reaction to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the ongoing war in Ukraine and the Middle East, resulting in a significant reduction in many major market indices. Uncertainty about global economic conditions could result in

● customers postponing purchases of our products and services in response to tighter credit, unemployment, negative financial news and/or declines in income or asset values and other macroeconomic factors, which could have a material negative effect on demand for our products and services; and

● third-party suppliers being unable to produce parts and components for our products in the same quantity or on the same timeline or being unable to deliver such parts and components as quickly as before or subject to price fluctuations, which could have a material adverse effect on our production or the cost of such production; and

accordingly, on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Access to public financing and credit can be negatively affected by the effect of these events on Canadian, U.S. and global credit markets. The health of the global financing and credit markets may affect our ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the future and the terms at which financing or credit is available to us. These instances of volatility and market turmoil could adversely affect our operations and the trading price of our common shares.

Our business may be materially affected by the COVID-19 Outbreak

The continued novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, including variations from new strains, may disrupt our business and operational plans. These disruptions may include disruptions resulting from (i) shortages of employees, (ii) unavailability of contractors and subcontractors, (iii) interruption of, or price fluctuations in, supplies from third parties upon which we rely, (iv) restrictions that governments impose to address the COVID-19 outbreak, and (v) restrictions that we and our contractors and subcontractors impose to ensure the safety of employees and others. Although we have not noticed any decrease to orders that we would attribute to COVID-19, we believe that COVID-19 is impacting our supply chain by increasing the amount of time between ordering third-party materials needed for our boats and their delivery. Continued delays in our supply chain could adversely impact our production and, in turn, our revenues. Further, it is presently not possible to predict the extent or durations of these disruptions. These disruptions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such adverse effect could be rapid and unexpected. These disruptions may severely affect our ability to carry out our business plans.

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Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and our financial status creates a substantial doubt whether we will continue as a going concern.

Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis under which an entity is considered to be able to realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Our future operations are dependent upon the identification and successful completion of equity or debt financing and the achievement of profitable operations at an indeterminate time in the future. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in completing an equity or debt financing or in achieving or maintaining profitability. The financial statements do not give effect to any adjustments relating to the carrying values and classification of assets and liabilities that would be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly impact our results of operations.

Our operations are conducted in the United States and Canada, but approximately 90% of our sales and rentals have occurred in the United States. As a result, we are exposed to an exchange rate risk between U.S. and Canadian dollars. The exchange rates between these currencies in recent years have fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future. In our fiscal 2023, the monthly average exchange rate as published by the Bank of Canada ranged from a high of US$1.00:$1.3700 to a low of US$1.00:1.3215. An appreciation of the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar could increase the relative cost of our products outside of Canada, which could lead to decreased sales. Conversely, to the extent that we are required to pay for goods or services in U.S. dollars, the depreciation of the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of such goods and services.

We do not hedge our currency exposure and, therefore, we incur currency transaction risk whenever we enter into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency other than the Canadian dollar. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we might not be able to effectively manage our currency transaction risks, and volatility in currency exchange rates might have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we experience material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common shares.

For our fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, we identified that we did not maintain effective processes and controls over the accounting for and reporting of complex and non-routine transactions due to a material weakness. Specifically, we determined that there was a lack of sufficient accounting and finance personnel to enable appropriate level of internal controls within the financial statement close process, including performing in-depth analysis and review of complex accounting matters and non-routine transactions within the timeframes set by us for filing our consolidated financial statements. Because of this deficiency, we concluded there was a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis at August 31, 2023. We are working on remediating the identified material weakness.

If we fail to identify or remediate any current or future material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, if we are unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting when we are no longer an emerging growth company, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common shares could be negatively affected. As a result of such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and shareholders, which could harm our reputation and financial condition or divert financial and management resources from our regular business activities.

Risks Related to the Offered Securities and this Offering

If you purchase the common shares, you will experience immediate dilution as a result of this offering.

Since the price per share of our common shares being offered is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common shares, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the common shares you purchase in this offering. After giving effect to the sale by us of 8,108,108 common shares and common warrants at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 per common share (as set out on the cover page hereto), if you purchase common shares in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of approximately $1.95 per share in the net tangible book value of the common shares.

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Our executive officers and directors beneficially will own approximately 16.6% of our common shares after completion of the proposed offering.

If we sell 8,108,108 common shares and common warrants in this offering (which excludes any shares that may be sold as a result of the underwriter’s over-allotment option) at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 per share, our executive officers and directors will beneficially own, in the aggregate, 16.6% of our common shares, which includes shares that our executive officers and directors have the right to acquire pursuant to stock options which have vested or will vest within the next 60 days. As a result, they will be able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors, amendments to our Articles of Incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these shareholders.

The market price and liquidity of our common shares may be volatile and may fluctuate in a way that is disproportionate to our operating performance.

Our common shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market in November 2020. From the date of the start of our last fiscal year to the date hereof, the highest closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market was US$7.59 and the lowest such closing price was US$1.75. Additionally, the liquidity of our common shares may decrease, meaning that the demand for the purchase of our shares may not be at a level that allows for your sale at a desirable price or even the then market price when if you wish to sell your common shares. The market value of our common shares and their liquidity will continue to fluctuate due to the impact of any of the following factors:

● sales or potential sales of substantial amounts of our common shares;

● announcements about us or about our competitors;

● litigation and other developments relating to our proprietary rights or those of our competitors;

● conditions in the marine product industry;

● governmental regulation and legislation;

● variations in our anticipated or actual operating results;

● change in securities analysts’ estimates of our performance, or our failure to meet analysts’ expectations;

● change in general economic trends; and

● investor perception of our industry or our prospects.

There is no trading market for our common warrants or our pre-funded warrants.

Unlike our common shares, no trading market exists for our common warrants or pre-funded warrants, and we do not intend to take steps to list our common warrants or pre-funded warrants on any public exchange or quotation system. You should be prepared to only make a return on your investments in the common warrants and pre-funded warrants if you exercise such warrants into common shares and then resell the shares at a price above the exercise price. The market price for our common shares might never be above the exercise price of such warrants. If you exercise such warrants, you might not be able to sell them for a price above which you bought them, if at all.

We do not intend to pay dividends and there will thus be fewer ways in which you are able to make a gain on your investment.

We have never paid any cash or stock dividends, and we do not intend to pay any dividends for the foreseeable future. To the extent that we require additional funding currently not provided for in our financing plan, our funding sources may prohibit the payment of any dividends. Because we do not intend to declare dividends, any gain on your investment will need to result from an appreciation in the

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price of our common shares and the shares underlying the common warrants and the pre-funded warrants. There will therefore be fewer ways in which you are able to make a gain on your investment.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit your ability to buy and sell our common shares, which could depress the price of our shares.

FINRA rules require broker-dealers to have reasonable grounds for believing that an investment is suitable for a customer before recommending that investment to the customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status and investment objectives, among other things. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability such speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, FINRA requirements may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common shares, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares and, thereby, depress their market prices.

Volatility in our common shares price may subject us to securities litigation.

The market for our common shares may have, when compared to seasoned issuers, significant price volatility, and we expect that our share price may continue to be more volatile than that of a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. In the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may, in the future, be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds.”   You will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds from this offering are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:

● we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company;

● for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies;

● we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation;

● we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information;

● we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

● we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction.

Our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important and are accustomed to receiving from U.S. reporting companies.

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As an “emerging growth company” under applicable law, we will be subject to lessened disclosure requirements. Such reduced disclosure may make our common shares less attractive to investors.

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company”, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), we will elect to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies”, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Because of these lessened regulatory requirements, our shareholders would be left without information or rights available to shareholders of more mature companies. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for such securities and their market prices may be more volatile.

We incur significant costs as a result of being a public company, which costs will grow after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the end of the fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of this offering occurs, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the prior February 28^th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an emerging growth company, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we have been required to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We have incurred additional costs in obtaining director and officer liability insurance. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

If we are, or were to become, a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. investors in the offered securities would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. We do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor held offered securities, such investor would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, an additional interest charge on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. If we are characterized as a PFIC, a U.S. investor may be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to the offered securities that would alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status. Although U.S. tax rules also permit a U.S. investor to make a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to the shares of a non-U.S. corporation that is a PFIC if the non-U.S. corporation provides certain information to its investors, we do not currently intend to provide the information that would be necessary for a U.S. investor to make a valid “qualified electing fund” election with respect to the offered securities.

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We may not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants.

Each pre-funded warrant may be exercised by way of a cashless exercise, meaning that the holder may not pay a cash purchase price upon exercise, but instead would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of our common stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants. Accordingly, we may not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants. Even if the remainder of the exercise price on the pre-funded warrants, US$0.001, is paid in cash, such payment will be nominal and will not improve our ability to fund operations.

Each common warrant may be exercised by way of a cashless exercise if at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the common warrants to the holder.

Holders of pre-funded warrants and common warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common shareholders until such holders exercise their pre-funded warrants or common warrants and acquire our common shares.

Until holders of pre-funded warrants or common warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of such warrants, holders of pre-funded warrants and common warrants will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such pre-funded warrants and common warrants. Upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common shareholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains statements that constitute “forward-looking statements”. Any statements that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements appear in a number of different places in this prospectus and, in some cases, can be identified by words such as “anticipates”, “estimates”, “projects”, “expects”, “contemplates”, “intends”, “believes”, “plans”, “may”, “will”, or their negatives or other comparable words, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus may include, but are not limited to, statements and/or information related to: strategy, future operations, projected production capacity, projected sales or rentals, projected costs, expectations regarding demand and acceptance of our products, availability of material components, trends in the market in which we operate, plans and objectives of management.

We believe that we have based our forward-looking statements on reasonable assumptions, estimates, analysis and opinions made in light of our experience and our perception of trends, current conditions and expected developments, as well as other factors that we believe to be relevant and reasonable in the circumstances at the date that such statements are made, but which may prove to be incorrect. Although management believes that the assumption and expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we may have made misjudgments in preparing such forward-looking statements. Assumptions have been made regarding, among other things: our expected production capacity; labor costs and material costs, no material variations in the current regulatory environment and our ability to obtain financing as and when required and on reasonable terms. Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list is not exhaustive of all factors and assumptions which may have been used.

The forward-looking statements, including the statements contained in the sections entitled Risk Factors, Description of Business and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations and elsewhere in this prospectus, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

Although management has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Forward-looking statements might not prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements or we may have mad misjudgments in the course of preparing the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We wish to advise you that these cautionary remarks expressly qualify, in their entirety, all forward-looking statements attributable to our company or persons acting on our company’s behalf. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting such statements, except as, and to the extent required by, applicable securities laws. You should carefully review the cautionary statements and risk factors contained in this prospectus and other documents that we may file from time to time with the securities regulators.

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IMPLICATIONS OF BEING A FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

We are considered a foreign private issuer. In our capacity as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that impose certain disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information.

We may take advantage of these exemptions until such time as we are no longer a foreign private issuer. We would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time as more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (1) the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents, (2) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States or (3) our business is administered principally in the United States.

We have taken advantage of certain reduced reporting and other requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.

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IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY

The U.S. Congress passed the JOBS Act, which provides for certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to reporting companies under the Exchange Act, that qualify as “emerging growth companies.” We are an “emerging growth company” and we will continue to qualify as an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of: (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of US$1.07 billion (as such amount is indexed for inflation every five years by the SEC) or more; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act; (c) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer”, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b–2. Therefore, we expect to continue to be an emerging growth company until May 31, 2026.

An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

● the ability to include only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure in this prospectus; and

● an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than US$1.07 billion in annual revenue, have more than US$700 million in market value of our common shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than US$1 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Upon the sale of US$15,000,000 of our common shares and common warrants in this offering (assuming we do not sell pre-funded warrants in this offering), after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us and assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately US$13,623,000 from this offering. If the underwriter exercises its over-allotment option in full, our net proceeds will be approximately US$15,509,000.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering (assuming no exercise of the over-allotment option) for order fulfilment. Any funds that are not used for order fulfilment, we intend to use for general and administrative purposes.

Pending our use of the net proceeds from this offering, we may invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment grade, interest bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

To date, we have not paid any dividends on our outstanding common shares. The future payment of dividends will depend upon our financial requirements to fund further growth, our financial condition and other factors which our Board of Directors may consider in the circumstances. We do not contemplate paying any dividends in the immediate or foreseeable futures.

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CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of August 31, 2023:

● on an actual basis,

● a pro forma basis, giving effect to the issuance of 372,870 common shares and related warrants since September 1, 2023 and the receipt of $2,063,372 in connection with such issuances and

● on a pro forma as adjusted basis to further reflect the application of net proceeds of US$13,622,661 (or $18,613,459), excluding proceeds from the exercise of the over-allotment option, if any, after deducting the estimated offering expenses and assuming no pre-funded warrants are issued in this offering.

You should read this table in conjunction with our historical financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Use of Proceeds.”

	As of August 31, 2023
					Pro forma as
	Actual		Pro Forma(1)(2)(3)		adjusted(2)(3)
Cash & Cash equivalent	$	3,359,257	$	5,422,629	$	24,036,088
Bank indebtedness	$	155,000	$	155,000	$	155,000
Current portion of long-term debt		271,546		271,546		271,546
Long-term Debt		33,783		33,783		33,783
Shareholders’ Equity/(deficiency)
Capital Stock	$	50,395,717	$	51,622,786	$	62,625,434
Contributed Surplus		11,684,829		11,684,829		11,684,829
Accumulated other comprehensive income		1,032,628		1,032,628		1,032,628
Retained Earnings/(Deficit)		(51,548,737)		(51,548,737)		(52,318,239)
Total Shareholders’ Equity	$	11,564,437	$	12,791,506		23,024,652
Total Capitalization	$	24,046,512		26,109,884		44,723,343

(1) The $2,063,372 in net proceeds received from the issuance of equity securities since August 31, 2023 that has been included in the pro forma column has been used for working capital purposes.

(2) U.S. dollars converted into Canadian dollars at US$1.00 = $1.3664 as at November 3, 2023, the exchange rate as reported on Google Finance.

(3) The fair value of the common warrants is presented in total liabilities with the residual proceeds in total shareholders’ equity.

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common shares, your interest in our common shares will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the offering price per common share and the as adjusted net tangible book value per common share after the offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per common share offering price is substantially in excess of the book value per common share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding common shares. Our net tangible book value attributable to shareholders at August 31, 2023 was approximately $916,772 or approximately $0.08 per common share. Net tangible book value per common share as of August 31, 2023 represents the amount of total assets less intangible assets and total liabilities, divided by the number of common shares outstanding.

After giving effect to the issuance of 372,870 common shares and warrants since September 1, 2023, the receipt of net proceeds of $2,063,372 in connection with such issuances (the “Post-August 31, 2023 Issuances”) and derivative liabilities stemming from the Post-August 31, 2023 Issuances, our pro forma net tangible book value as of August 31, 2023 would have been approximately $2,143,841, or approximately $0.18 per common share, based on 11,649,319 common shares outstanding on a pro forma basis.

Our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of our common shares as of August 31, 2023 gives further effect to the sale of common shares and common warrants at the assumed combined public offering price of US$1.85 per common share and common warrant as set out on the cover page hereof (or $2.53 converted into Canadian dollars at US$1.00 = $1.3664, the US$ to CAD exchange rate on November 3, 2023) and assumes that we sell no pre-funded warrants in the offering, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. At the assumed offering price, we will issue 8,108,108 common shares and common warrants upon completion of the offering (and 9,324,324 common shares and common warrants if the over-allotment option is exercised in full). Our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of August 31, 2023, which gives effect to the Post-August 31, 2023 Issuances, the receipt of the net proceeds from the offering, derivative liabilities stemming from the issuance of the Common Warrants and the issuance of additional shares in the offering but does not take into consideration any other changes in our net tangible book value after August 31, 2023, will be approximately $11,330,649, or $0.57 per common share (or $12,850,541, or $0.61 per common share, if the over-allotment option is exercised in full). This would result in dilution to investors in this offering of approximately $1.95 per common share (or $1.92 per common share if the over-allotment option is exercised in full) or approximately 77.3% (or 75.8% if the over-allotment option is exercised in full) from the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 per common share ($2.53). Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per common share would increase to the benefit of present shareholders using the pro forma net tangible book value per share by $0.39 per share attributable to the purchase of the common shares by investors in this offering (or $0.43 if the over-allotment option is exercised in full).

The following table sets forth the estimated net tangible book value per common share after the offering and the dilution to persons purchasing common shares.

	Offering
	Without		Offering
	Over-		With Over-
	Allotment		Allotment
	(1)		(1)
Offering price per common share and common warrant (US$1.85)	$	2.53	$	2.53
Historical net tangible book value per common share before the offering	$	0.08	$	0.08
Pro Forma net tangible book value per common share before the offering	$	0.18	$	0.18
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to the Post-August 31, 2023 Issuances	$	0.10	$	0.10
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share	$	0.57	$	0.621
Increase per common share attributable to this offering	$	0.39	$	0.43
Pro forma as adjusted dilution per common share to new investors in this offering	$	1.95	$	1.92

(1) U.S. dollars converted into Canadian dollars at US$1.00 = CDN1.3664.

If any common shares are issued upon exercise of outstanding options, you may experience further dilution.

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COMPANY INFORMATION

History and Development of the Company

We were incorporated pursuant to the Business Corporations Act (Quebec) on August 27, 2012, under the name Riopel Marine Inc. On April 23, 2020, we changed our name to Vision Marine Technologies Inc. and our principal activity is the design, development and manufacturing of electric outboard powertrain systems and power boats and the renting of electric boats . We have two wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Our registered agent in the United States is Corporation Service Company. The address of Corporation Service Company is 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, DE 19808.

On November 27, 2020, we issued 2,760,000 Common Shares in our initial public offering. After deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses, the net proceeds from the offering were approximately US$24,940,000. In connection with the offering, we listed our Common Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VMAR”.

On June 3, 2021, we acquired an electric boat rental business in Newport, California for approximately $9,020,000, of which $5,546,000 was paid in cash and $3,474,000 of which was paid in the form of common shares.

Our principal executive offices are located at 730 Boulevard du Curé-Boivin, Boisbriand, Quebec J7G 2A7, Canada. Our phone number is 450-951-7009. Our website address is https://visionmarinetechnologies.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

​ ​ ​ ​

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BUSINESS OVERVIEW

General

We are in the business of designing and manufacturing electric outboard powertrain systems, power boats and related technology and the renting of electric boats. We believe that our electric outboard powertrain systems are significantly more efficient and powerful than those currently being offered in the market today. In particular, we have recorded powertrain efficiencies of more than 96%, well above the 54% efficiency that we recorded for our principal competitor’s product. Increases in powertrain efficiency allow for more power and range, both of which are highly desirable characteristics for consumers in the marketplace. Although our primary focus is on electric outboard powertrain technology, we will continue to design, manufacture and sell our high-performance, fully-electric boats to commercial and retail customers. According to Allied Market Research, the global electric boat market will reach US$16.6 billion in 2031 up significantly from US$5 billion in 2021, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 12.9% from 2022 to 2031.

We have developed our first fully-electric outboard powertrain system that combines an advanced battery pack, inverter, high-efficiency motor with proprietary union assembly between the transmission and the electric motor design and extensive control software. Our technologies used in this powertrain system are designed to improve the efficiency of the outboard powertrain and, as a result, increase range and performance. We believe our approach in marketing and selling our powertrain technology to boat designers and manufacturers will enable us to leverage their distribution and servicing systems with minimal capital outlay. We expect our core intellectual property contained within our outboard electric powertrain systems to form the foundation for our future growth and for such systems to represent the majority of our revenue.

We continue to manufacture hand-crafted, highly durable, low maintenance, environmentally-friendly electric recreational powerboats. In our last two fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we manufactured 46 and 58 powerboats, respectively. We sell powerboats to retail customers and operators of rental fleets of powerboats through which we seek to build brand awareness. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats. We conduct our transactions directly to customers through our website or through a network of marinas, distributors and show rooms.

In an effort to improve air quality and protect local water habitats, cities and local municipalities are beginning to ban or restrict the use of gasoline- and diesel-powered boats from local waterways, lakes and rivers. For example, Teal Lake in Michigan, USA, bans the standard use of powerboat motors fueled by gasoline or diesel. This trend is beginning to take hold in other parts of the United States, including Washington state, which has provided clear examples of the harm that gasoline products cause on local waterways, and New Hampshire, where the Department of Safety has published restrictions on the use of gasoline and diesel-powered boats across its state.

In our fiscal year 2021, we expanded our business to include rentals of electric powerboats by acquiring EBR, an entity that rents electric boats at two marinas in California. In addition to generating revenues from the rental of our powerboats, EBR builds brand awareness and acts an open-water showroom for potential buyers.

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Our Electric Outboard Powertrain Systems

A powertrain system is a vehicle’s infrastructure that converts energy into movement. In an electric boat, that infrastructure starts at the battery pack, continues with an inverter, goes to the motor and ends with the propeller. Electric powertrains have less moving parts than powertrains for boats with an internal combustion engine and, as a result, tend to break less and require less complex servicing.

The efficiency of a powertrain system determines the range of a boat on a single battery charge and the speed at which the boat operates. We find existing electric powertrain systems unsatisfactory because of their insufficient yields and limited power range. In 2015, we decided to research technology to take advantage of this vacuum and develop an in-house system, relying on existing third-party components where possible. We noted the need for innovation in the following areas:

● optimizing the electric motor to improve efficiency and range by customizing the power to the motor from different battery suppliers;

● developing optimization software that reads and calibrates the controller to suit the current use of the outboard electric powertrain system;

● using appropriate components, including the battery;

● customizing gears and propellers to a boat’s specifications. We have recorded the efficiency of our principal competitor’s electric powertrain system as 54%, meaning that only 54% of the power leaving the battery pack reached the propeller, although their technology may have improved since that recording. Our proprietary union and direct transmission system allow our prototype powertrains to have an efficiency of 96% which provides a competitive advantage over current electric outboard motors. We have also chosen a propeller design which when combined with the efficiencies obtained using our proprietary union and transmission system, provides optimal results; and

● developing an innovative controller, in particular, one that:

o improves control over thermal overheating and thus protects the electric powertrain system;

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o incorporates a dual electrical and mechanical cooling system allowing for a better performance of the electric powertrain system;

o detects possible operating problems (for example cavitation); and

o reduces jolts and noise.

Our electric powertrain is designed to have 180 hp (horsepower) and 236 Lb. ft at 96% load. Furthermore, the electric powertrain system will be liquid cooled as compared to air cooled.

In October 2021, we entered into a Manufacture and Supply Agreement with Linamar Corporation, a provider of manufacturing solutions and a developer of highly engineered products. Under the terms of the agreement, we intend for McLaren Engineering, Linamar’s technology and product development team for its advanced mobility segment, to manufacture and assemble our E-Motion™ technology through testing, parts, tooling development, and designing the union assembly for mass production of our electric powertrain at Linamar’s facility in Canada.

Once we have scaled up the production of our electric powertrain, we intend for the Linamar Corporation to produce our electric powertrain for mass commercialization. Although we believe that we can produce up to 300 electric powertrains per year in our current facilities in addition to producing 150 boats per year, we believe that contracting out the production of the electric powertrains will allow us to dedicate more time and resources to the development of additional electric powertrains.

The production of our electric powertrains will consist of assembling components from third parties, including battery packs, inverters and high-efficiency motors. We intend to use advanced batteries primarily from two suppliers, Octillion and Neogy, but as we are be able to use a wide range of batteries we could use other suppliers. We will source the inverters from UQM (Danfoss Editron) and motors from UQM (Danfoss Editron).

In January 2022, we announced our partnership with Octillion to develop a customized high voltage 32 KW high density battery. Octillion will manufacture a new advanced electric battery system, “Polar 35” to power our E-Motion™ outboard powertrain. The configuration of the battery pack is smaller than that of a typical fuel tank, which in turn makes it easier to custom fit in virtually any boat.

During that same period, we partnered with Nextfour Solutions Ltd. to further develop a customized multifunctional display to be integrated within our E-Motion™ 180 fully electric powertrain system.

In February 2022, we partnered with Weismann Marine, LLC to design and develop a lower unit (or gearcase) assembly. We partnered with Hellcat Powerboats to include our outboard powertrain in the boat that achieved a world record speed of 109 mph for an all-electric boat in 2022.

Our electric powertrains will be controlled by control software developed in house. We have used open-source software code to develop our own battery management system software that will be tailored to regulate the power from the battery pack to the electric motor and its related systems.

We have received governmental support in connection with our development of electric powertrains. In our 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, we recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $232,882, $1,458,632 and $921,658, respectively, of which $144,032, $1,408,840 and $859,516, respectively, is presented against research and development expenses.

In July 2022, we launched a partnership with Group Beneteau to integrate our outboard motors onboard several models across Group Beneteau’s brand portfolio. In August 2023, our outboard powertrain was included in the boat that broke our previously held world record speed for an all-electric boat when it achieved a speed of 116 mph. In October 2023, we announced the delivery of our E-Motion™ Electric Powertrain Technology to Groupe Beneteau, Four Winns to be the inaugural electric motors integrated on the Four Winns H2e Bowrider. Group Beneteau has announced that they intend for its other brands to also use this technology both in North America and Europe. In November 2023, we received an initial purchase order from Wired Pontoon for 25 units of the E-Motion™ 180E outboard and powertrain systems.

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Specifications of our First Outboard Electric Powertrain

Specifications of our first outboard electric powertrain:

We have developed our first fully-electric outboard powertrain system that combines an advanced battery pack, inverter, high-efficiency motor with proprietary union assembly between the transmission and the electric motor design and extensive control software. We set out below the current specifications of this outboard electric powertrain.

Maximum power	180 HP, 135 kW
Max torque	250 ft.lb, 340 Nm
Continuous power	90 kW
Voltage	650 V
Efficiency	96%
Weight	413 Lbs., 188 kg
Lithium Battery	60 - 420 kW
Shaft Length	S – XL
Cooling	Water
Control	Can bus

As we develop our electric powertrain systems, we envisage a 335-horsepower version of our electric outboard engine to be released.

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Our Powerboats

We manufacture four models of electric powerboats and are preparing to launch a fifth model. Each model is available in different standard variations or may be customized according to a purchaser’s specifications.

	Bruce 22	Volt 180	Fantail 217	Quietude 156	Phantom
Starting Price	$73,995	$44,995	$49,995	$35,495	$19,123 - $38,252
E-Propulsion Power	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP	5 HP
E-Motion Power	180 HP	180 HP	n/a	n/a	n/a
Capacity	5-8 passengers	10 Canada, 14 US	8-10 passengers	4 passengers	10 passengers
Dry Weight	1088 Kg (2400 pounds)	720 kg (1600 pounds)	775 kg (1705 lbs.)	800lbs	1,072Ibs
Hull Material	Fiberglass	Fiberglass (Infusion Sandwich)	Fiberglass	Fiberglass	Roto molding
Overall Length	6.7 m (22′)	5.4 m (17’9”)	6.6 m (21’7”)	4.7 m (15’6”)	5.03 m (16’6”)
Overall Width	2.08 m (6’6”)	2.13 m (7’)	2.03 m (6’8”)	1.5 m (4’11”)	1.89 m (6’ 0”)
Draft	0.45 m (18”)	0.30 m (12”)	0.43 m (20”)	0.18 m (8”)	0.305 m (12”)
Homologation	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU	USA, Canada, EU
Woodwork	Mahogany, Teak	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic	n/a
Propulsion	E-Motion	E-Propulsion	E-Propulsion	E-Propulsion	n/a
Battery Type	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium ion	Lithium

For each of our boats, our consumers are able to customize certain aspects including color (for the hull, striping, interior and deck), radio and covers and other storage options. In addition, there are customizations that are just available for some boat models, including propulsion and batteries.

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Bruce 22

​ ​ Reaching speeds of up to approximately 41 miles per hour (66 kph), the Bruce 22 is our flagship boat. We offer three variations of the Bruce 22: a Hatchback Classic (a 100 kWh five-seater starting at $279,995), an Open Utility (a 100 kWh eight-seater starting at $289,995) and the Bruce22 T (a 4 kWh eight-seater starting at $73,995). In addition to the customizations that are available for each of our boats, purchasers may customize the Bruce 22 by choosing among various options including type of propulsion (Piktronic, Torqeedo or Min-Kota), inserts (mahogany, permatek and fiber glass) and other options (including ski pole, underwater light and a swim platform). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we did not sell any Bruce 22s.

Volt 180

​ ​ Reaching speeds of up to approximately 30 miles per hour (48 kph), the Volt 180 is a powerful boat that can be used for various watersports. In addition to the customizations that are available for each of our boats, purchasers may customize the Volt 180 by choosing among various options including the power of the motor (available in 2, 3, 6, 10, 60 and 125 kilowatts), accessories (including racing seats, fish rod holder, depth finder and anchor) and other options (including bumper, types of canopies and a premium sound system). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 19 and 20 Volt 180s.

Fantail 217

​ ​ We designed the Fantail 217 with a view towards relaxation rather than speed. The Fantail 217 starts at $49,995, seats up to ten people and has a maximum speed of approximately 10 miles per hour (6 kph). In addition to the customizations that are available for each of our boats, purchasers may customize the Fantail 217 by choosing among various options including the type of motor (Torqeedo Salt Water, E-Tech, Min-Kota or E-Propulsion), number of batteries (up to eight), type of canopy (aluminum, stainless steel or fiberglass) and other options (including night navigation light, a double horn and bottom paint). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 22 and 31 Fantail 217s.

Quietude 156

​ ​ As the name suggests, we designed the Quietude 156 with an eye towards tranquility over speed or power. The Quietude 156 starts at $35,495, seats four passengers and reaches a top speed of approximately 6 miles per hour (10 kph). The Quietude 156 comes with a Min-Kota 36V motor, but purchasers may still customize other aspects of the Quietude 156 by choosing among various options including the type of table to be used, the type of canopy and electronics that can be included (such as a Bluetooth marine radio and a depth meter). In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 2 and 7 Quietude 156s.

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Phantom

​ ​ We designed the Phantom specifically for the boat rental market. The Phantom starts at $19,123 for the hull only, seats up to ten passengers and reaches a top speed of approximately 6 miles per hour (10 kph). The Phantom is made out of recyclable plastic and is US Coast Guard approved. We launched the Phantom in our 2023 fiscal year and have yet to sell any  Phantoms.

Sales

We envision that if we are able to commercialize and mass produce our electric powertrains, a large majority of our revenue will be generated from the sale of our electric powertrains. Although we have yet to commercialize our electric powertrains, we have received non-binding letters of intent from OEMs for the purchase of such powertrains. Under the LOIs, OEMs have indicated their interest in purchasing over 1,000 powertrains through the year ended August 31, 2024. Such LOIs are non-binding and may never result in any actual sales. The projected sales price for our first electric outboard powertrain system is $100,000.

In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we generated approximately 29% and 35%, respectively, of our revenue from the sale of our electric powerboats. In our 2023 fiscal year, we sold 46 of our electric powerboats for revenue of $1,612,699, and in our 2022 fiscal year, we sold 58 of our electric powerboats for revenue of $2,557,086. Our sales are to retail customers and operators of rental fleets of powerboats.

Sales of New Powerboats to Retail Purchasers

We sell our powerboats to retail purchasers. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 14 and 21 powerboats to retail customers, respectively, which was approximately 30% and 36%, respectively, of all sales in those periods.

Sales of Fleets of New Powerboats

We sell our powerboats to persons and entities operating fleets of rental boats. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we sold 7 and 17 powerboats to rental fleet operators, respectively, which was approximately 15% and 29% of all of our sales, respectively, in such periods. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats.

In October 2022, we announced a partnership with Nautical Ventures Group (“Nautical”), whereby Nautical will be the sole and exclusive distributor of the Phantom in the United States. The non-binding memorandum of understanding with Nautical includes Nautical’s agreement to purchase a minimum of 50 Phantom boats.

Rentals

In our fiscal year 2021, we expanded our business to include rentals of electric powerboats by acquiring EBR, an entity that rents electric boats at the Lido Marina Village in Newport, California. We acquired this business for approximately $9,020,000, of which $5,546,000 was paid in cash and $3,474,000 of which was paid in the form of 284,495 common shares. At the time of the acquisition, our Chief Executive Officer was an affiliate of EBR.

On April 1, 2023, we opened our second electric boat rental operation in Portside Ventura, California, located at 1196 Portside Drive Ventura. The new rental operations serve multiple purposes, including testing, validating, and training for west coast boat manufacturers. We plan to use the facility to evaluate and provide training on our fully electric E-Motion™ 180E propulsion system and outboard technology.

EBR has a fleet of approximately 30 powerboats. Rental rates range from US$75 per hour to US$215 per hour, plus a booking fee, with a minimum booking of two hours. Once a powerboat in the EBR fleet has over 200 hours of sailing time, EBR offers the powerboat for sale to the public. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, our rental business generated approximately $4,038,803 and $4,794,000 of revenue, respectively, the majority of which was from the rental of our powerboats.

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Investment in Electric Boat Manufacturer

On May 14, 2021, we purchased $3,400,000 in Debentures from Limestone. Limestone is a North American designer and manufacturer of recreational and commercial powerboats. The Debentures bear interest at the rate of 10% per annum and mature in three years from issuance. We entered into an agreement pursuant to which Limestone agreed to purchase 25 powertrains from us, subject to the completion of satisfactory testing from Limestone, of which it has currently purchased nil. One of our directors is also a director of Limestone. On January 20, 2023, Limestone announced that its wholly-owned subsidiaries have filed for voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. As a result, we had significant doubts about recouping our investment in Limestone pursuant to the terms of the Debentures and entered into an agreement with Limestone on July 18, 2023 whereby we acquired common shares of Limestone, representing approximately 7% of their then outstanding shares, in exchange for the retirement of the Debentures. Prior to the conversion, the Company had recorded an impairment on the entire value of the Debentures at the amount of nil and $2,637,000 in the years ended August 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Suppliers

Although we manufacture all of our powerboats, we do so by assembling the component parts that we acquire from third-party suppliers rather than by producing any of those component parts ourselves. Some of these parts and components are manufactured to our specifications (such as hulls and motors) while others are bought “off the shelf” (such as batteries and canopies). We do not maintain long-term contracts with preferred suppliers, but instead rely on informal arrangements and off-the-shelf purchases. We materially depend on some of those third-party suppliers for certain components that we obtain from a limited number of suppliers.

We have not experienced any material shortages in any of our product parts or components, but as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic some of our third-party suppliers experienced delays, and are continuing to experience delays, in delivering our product parts and components in a timely manner and fluctuations in price for these supplies is a possibility if raw material pricing increases. Temporary shortages, when they do occur, usually involve manufacturers of these products adjusting model mix, introducing new product lines, or limiting production in response to an industry-wide reduction in boat demand, or, as recently experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, in finding persons able to deliver the parts and components in a timely manner.

Electric Powertrains

The most significant parts and components we intend to use in manufacturing our electric powertrains are:

● engines – we rely on two suppliers of engines, Danfoss Editron and E-Propulsion;

● lithium-ion batteries – we intend to use duplicate suppliers, including Neogy and Octillion, to make lithium-ion batteries we can use in at a price and quality that we are looking for;

● inverter – we intend to source our inverters from Danfoss Editron;

● smart navigation system – we intend to rely on our partnership with Nextfour to develop a multifunctional display to be integrated with our E-Motion powertrains.

Powerboats

The most significant parts and components used in manufacturing our boats are:

● engines – we use one supplier of engines, E-Propulsion (for the Quietude, the Fantail 217 and the Volt 180) in addition to our use of our E-Motion for the Volt;

● lithium-ion batteries – we source duplicate suppliers for our lithium-ion batteries, including Neogy and Octillion and believe that we could source batteries at a similar price from the market were these suppliers unable to meet our demand;

● hulls – we have two suppliers of the hulls that we use in our boats, but we believe that we could source hulls of a similar quality and at a similar price without significant delay to our production schedule were these suppliers unable to meet our demands.

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As we do not produce any of the parts of components of our electric powertrains or electric powerboats, we do not materially use, or intend to use, any raw materials in their production. The manufacturers of the parts and components that we use, however, do use raw materials, including resins, fiberglass, hydrocarbon feedstocks, steel and various minerals, especially in the production of the engines and batteries that we use. We do not control how these third parties source the raw materials that they use, and we may suffer production delays if such third parties do not have access to all of the raw materials that they need or source conflict minerals in violation of applicable regulations.

Patents and Licenses

We do not currently have any patents or any patent applications pending, and we do not rely on any licenses from third parties at this time.

Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we intend to rely on a combination of patent and design applications, trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. We intend to file patent applications with respect to components of a powertrain that we are developing. We do not know whether any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims. Even if granted, these pending patent applications might not provide us with adequate protection.

Trademarks

We filed trademark applications with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for our logo and the brand name “E-Motion”. We operate under the trade name “VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES”, but neither this name nor any of the names of the models of our boats are currently registered trademarks.

This prospectus contains references to trademarks and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Industry Overview

In North America, 75 million people go boating every year, according to the U.S. Coast Guard, with approximately 11.8 million recreational vessels registered with the U.S. Coast Guard in 2020. The worldwide recreational boating market size was approximately US$35 billion in 2020 and is set to surpass US$60 billion by 2027, according to a research report by Global Market Insights, Inc. Within the boating market, there is an outboard motor market and an electric boat market. Our products fall into each of those categories, and if produced, our electric powertrains will be used in boats in both those markets.

Outboard Motor Market

An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the boat. As well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as they are designed to pivot over their mountings and thus control the direction of thrust. Outboard motors tend to be found on smaller watercraft as it is more efficient for larger boats to have an inboard system. Although outboard engines powered by fossil fuels have traditionally dominated this market and continue to do so, electric outboard motors are a relatively new phenomenon that have been growing in step with the growth in the electric boat market.

According to the NMMA, after reaching record highs in 2022, sales of outboard engines in the United States (which includes outboard motors) surpassed US$10.5 billion and is expected to grow by 5% (CAGR) by 2032. Consumer demand for higher-performance engines continued to trend upward in 2020, with double digit gains in sales for engines with 200 and greater horsepower. Engines with between 200 and 300 horsepower accounted for 27% of all sales of outboard engines.

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Although many recreational boats can be powered by outboard or inboard motors, many consumers prefer outboard motors. Among the reasons for their preference are that, unlike inboard motors, outboard motors can be easily removed for storage or repairs, they provide more room in the boat as they are attached to the transom outside of the boat, they tend to have a shallower draft and they can be more easily replaced in the event the motor no longer works or a desire to upgrade to a higher horsepower.

There are many manufacturers of outboard motors. Some of these manufacturers are subsidiaries of massive global conglomerates, like Yamaha, Bombardier and Suzuki, that have more resources and experience in the market than we do. Others are relatively new startups, like us, that may be more nimble and adaptive to changes in the outboard motor market than we will be. We deem our biggest competitor in the electric outboard motor market to be Torqeedo.

Electric Boat Market

Although electric boats have been available for over 100 years, interest in them was minimal until the 1990s when the first studies were conducted in the United States following the suspicion that motorboats contaminate aquatic environments significantly through loss of gasoline and lubrication oil. According to Andre Mele, recreational boats pollute as much as cars and trucks in the United States. In the early 2000’s, 8 million speedboats in the United States released 15 times more pollutants annually into the environment than the oil spill produced by the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989. The sinking of this tanker in Alaska had released 11 million U.S. gallons of hydrocarbons into the environment. After conversion, this means that each boat releases an average of 78 L of hydrocarbons into aquatic environments each year. If that average is still current, we estimate that in 2019 oil losses in the environment via motorboats equaled 150,000 tons of hydrocarbon scaly leaks in Canada (based on 2 million vessels), 750,000 tons of hydrocarbon scaly leaks in the United States (based on 10 million vessels) and 450,000 tons of hydrocarbon scaly leaks in Europe (based on 6 million vessels).

This explains why some lakes and bodies of water have recently banned motorboats. The total elimination of gasoline immediately eliminates a large source of marine pollution, with immediate results: possibility of beaches, swimming and reduction of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and DCO (direct chemical oxidation) of ambient water. Specifically, hydrocarbons, similar to the dirt that clings to the walls of a bathtub, contaminate the shores and banks of lakes, rivers and bodies of water, where the development of many living organisms takes place. The ecosystem is then modified with the scarcity or disappearance of certain species.

In an effort to tackle air pollution, cities around the world are beginning to ban all gasoline - and diesel-powered boats from the center of the city. One of the first cities to implement this change is Amsterdam, Netherlands. This movement to electrically powered boats has been implemented in Venice, where the city has restricted the movement of gasoline - and diesel-powered boats, while exempting electrically powered boats.

Interest in electric boats has also been driven by decreases in their cost largely as a result of a decrease in the price of the batteries used to power them. The average price per kilowatt hour of a lithium-ion battery fell from approximately US$1,200 in 2010 to below US$138 in 2020.

The electric boat market is competitive in nature with much of that competition of late focusing on launching new E-boats that have longer range and higher speed than currently available boats. The global electric engine market is set to garner US$15.5 billion by 2032 Research and Markets predicts that the growth in the electric boat market will be caused by:

● advancement in battery technology that offers longer run-time and higher speed;

● decreasing battery prices;

● problems inherent to internal combustion engine boats, including a high pollution rate and the comparatively high fuel prices; and

● other noteworthy advantages offered by electric boats, such as noiseless and smokeless use and less vibration and less engine maintenance than boats that use internal combustion engines.

The electric boat market is segmented into two categories, hybrid and pure electric boats. In 2018, hybrid electric boats represented approximately 70% of the electric boat market. The NMMA anticipates that the market shares of the pure electric boat segment will meaningfully increase during the period from 2019 to 2027 owing to advancements in battery technology. On the basis of passenger capacity, electric boats with a capacity of less than 10 passengers captured the highest share of the global electric boat market in 2018.

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Additionally, the same segment is the fastest-growing segment pertaining to high demand for small boats for recreational purposes from high-income earners in the United States, Canada and Western European.

Government Support

Although the recreational powerboat industry does not generally receive much direct governmental support, we have received tax credits from, and grants provided by, the Quebec provincial government and the Canadian federal government primarily in connection with our development and promotion of green technology. In our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, we recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $232,882 and $1,458,632, respectively, of which $144,032 and $1,408,840, respectively, is presented against research and development expenses. Although we do not consider the receipt of such credits and grants as essential to our operations, if they were no longer available, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

Competitive Advantages & Operational Strengths

We face competition from manufacturers of:

(i) electric powertrain systems that sell to OEMs,

(ii) traditional fossil fuel-powered recreational powerboats in general and

(iii) electric recreational powerboats in particular.

We intend to sell our electric powertrains to OEMs for use in their boats. We are currently aware of one company (Torqeedo) that produces electric powertrains for OEMs, and as a result we believe that there is a viable and meaningful market opportunity in this market for us. Although, we believe that our electric powertrain systems are more efficient and powerful than current offerings on the market, our competitors, including Torqeedo, may have greater resources than we do and OEMs may find their designs or price to be more attractive than ours. Even if we produce electric powertrains and sell them to OEMs, other competitors may enter the field or the OEMs may decide to produce their own powertrains and cease purchasing ours.

The recreational powerboat industry is highly competitive for consumers and dealers. Competition affects our ability to succeed in the markets we currently serve and new markets that we may enter in the future. Some potential purchasers of powerboats may not have a preference as to whether they will purchase electric powerboats or fossil fuel powered ones. To that end, we compete with several large manufacturers, such as Brunswick Corporation, MasterCraft Boat Holdings, Inc. and Correct Craft, that produce fossil fuel powerboats and have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. To the extent that OEMs incorporate our electric powertrains into their boats, those boats will also compete with traditional fossil fuel powerboats. We compete with large manufacturers who are represented by dealers in the markets in which we now operate and into which we plan to expand. We also compete with a wide variety of small, independent manufacturers. Competition in our industry is based primarily on brand name, price and product performance.

The electric recreational powerboat market is evolving and companies within it must be able to adapt without jeopardizing the timing, quality or quantity of their products. We deem our principal competitors within this market to be Duffy Electric Boat Company, Elctracraft, Pender Harbour, Elco Motor Yachts Company (formerly known as Launch Electric Company), Budsin Wood Craft, Ruban Bleu Electric Boats, Frauscher Boats and Boote Marian GmbH. In addition to the matters mentioned above, we compete with other manufacturers of recreational electric boats on technological developments (such as powertrain efficiency, life of batteries and battery use per charge) and partnerships with battery and motor suppliers. As electric boat technology improves, we anticipate that more manufacturers will market competing products. As they do, we expect that we will experience significant competition.

We believe the primary competitive factors in our market include but are not limited to:

● technological innovation;

● product quality and safety;

● service options;

● product performance;

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● environmental friendliness;

● design and styling; and

● brand perception.

Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Most of our competitors have more extensive customer bases and broader customer and industry relationships than we do. In addition, many of these companies have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do. Our competitors may be in a stronger position to respond quickly to new technologies and may be able to design, develop, market and sell their products more effectively.

Furthermore, certain large manufacturers offer financing options on their powerboats and also have the ability to market powerboats at a substantial discount, provided that the boats are financed through their affiliated financing company. We do not currently offer any form of direct financing on our boats. The lack of direct financing options and the absence of customary boat discounts could put us at a competitive disadvantage.

We might not be able to compete successfully in our market. If our competitors introduce new powertrains, powerboats or services that compete with or surpass the quality, price or performance of our powertrains, powerboats or services, we may be unable to satisfy existing customers or attract new customers at the prices and levels that would allow us to generate attractive rates of return on our investment. Increased competition could result in price reductions and revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We believe that our experience, production capability, product offering and management give us the ability to successfully operate in the recreational electric powerboat market in a way that our competitors cannot. In particular, we believe that we have a number of competitive advantages, including:

● technological innovation: we have demonstrated our capacity to develop our own products through research and development by introducing the Volt 180, which held the speed record for a certified electric boat. Subsequently, we partnered with Hellcat Powerboats to include our outboard powertrain in the boat that achieved a world record speed of 109 mph for an all-electric boat. We believe that the technological design of our electric powertrain will provide efficiency at a price that our competitors will not be able to match.

● product performance: the efficiency of our powertrain systems provides the boats they are in greater speed and range than comparable electric boats, results that are magnified when combined with our ultra-hydrodynamic hull designs.

● certification: unlike some of our competitors, our boats are certified by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard in Canada and meet the European Union’s imported manufactured products standards. We intend to have such certification for our electric powertrain systems as well as that of the ABYC and to receive CE marking indicating their conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards within the European Economic Area.

● product price: although the price of our boats depends on the customer’s specifications, we believe that our products are competitively priced across all models and with all customizations.

● management expertise: our founders have extensive experience in offshore powerboating and are aware of what is required by customers in regard to power and efficiency of outboard electric powertrain systems. The inherent reputation of our management team over 25 years has built our brand for quality and technologically advanced products.

Strategy

As a designer, manufacturer, and marketer of premium electric boats and electric powertrain systems, we strive to design new and innovative products that appeal to a broad customer base. Since fiscal 2014, we have successfully launched a number of new products and features with best-in-class quality leading to increased sales and significant margin expansion. Furthermore, our unique product

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development process enables us to offer products with innovative offerings that we believe will be difficult for our competitors to match without significant additional capital investments, most notably our outboard electric powertrain system.

We are developing innovative electric outboard powertrain systems designed to enable us to capture market share, as the outboard powertrain industry moves to electric powertrain outboard motors to comply with local green initiatives. The NMMA estimates that after reaching record highs in 2020, outboard engine sales in the U.S had a single digit decline in 2021, down 6.6 percent to 307,800 units. Despite the drop from 2020, sales in 2021 were the second highest total in the last 14 years, and 29% above average retail unit sales from 2008–2021. Total retail orders of outboard engines were US$2.9 billion in 2018, and Blueweave Research estimates that global electric boat market will reach US$18 billion by 2026.

We sell our electric boats to retail customers as well as to boat clubs and boat rental operations. We intend to continue to build brand awareness by partnering with marina operators to offer rental fleets of electric boats. We plan to further expand our sales by offering our products via third-party dealerships and by attending more tradeshows. As we launch our innovative electric outboard powertrain systems, we will directly market to OEMs of boats, thereby leveraging their support and distribution systems. We will market our electric powertrains to the OEMs by attending trade shows, inviting the OEMs to test the electric outboard powertrains on a prototype boat, introducing the electric powertrain using social media avenues and advertising the electric powertrain systems in trade journals.

We will continue to implement a number of initiatives to reduce our cost base and to improve the efficiency of our manufacturing process. Additionally, we have fostered a culture of operational improvement within our workforce, which will lead to further operational efficiencies. Finally, we intend to invest in further research and development to ensure that we develop innovative electric powertrain systems thus expanding the number of OEMs that will use our products.

We intend to increase our international sales and expand our network of international distributors and dealers.

Manufacturing

We produce our electric recreational powerboats and related components at our 15,000 square foot assembly warehouse in Quebec and intend to use Linamar as our production partner for our E-Motion powertrains. In our last two fiscal years, 2023 and 2022, we manufactured 46 and 58 powerboats. We run one assembly line and have a production capacity that allows us to produce up to seven boats a week depending on the type of boats and the specifications of each order.

Marketing

As we intend to sell our electric powertrains to a handful of OEMs, we will market the powertrains to them in a direct and focused manner. This will entail visits to the OEMs and visits from the OEMs at our production facility as well as general exposure of our powertrains at trade shows and in trade journals.

We primarily use our website and social media to sell our boats. We support this effort by attendance at trades shows (boat shows) that expose our products to the boat buying public and to industry specialists. We intend to continue to expand our social media presence and attend more trade shows in North America and internationally. We also rely on a network of distributors and dealers, and their marketing efforts, for the sale of our boats and seek to grow this network. We do not currently have a coordinated marketing effort with our network of distributors and dealers.

Sales and Service Model

As we do not have a direct relationship with the purchasers of the boats that incorporate our electric powertrains, we do not intend to service such purchasers directly if there is a problem with the powertrain. Rather, the OEMs of the boats incorporating the powertrains will service such purchasers, and we will provide OEMs instruction on their repair and provide training to OEM personnel at our facilities on a periodic basis, so that the OEMs can provide maintenance, repair and customer support to their customers. As we introduce new electric powertrain systems, we will continue to provide training to OEM personnel.

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Sales Model

We sell directly to the customer via online, social media marketing and attendance at boat shows. We also sell our boats through a limited number of dealers and distributors. We will further expand our product offerings to third-party dealerships and by selling directly to OEMs.

Service Model

We do not offer direct servicing of our boats and do not offer a warranty for our boats. Purchasers of our boats are able to rely on the warranties provided by the manufacturers of the parts used in our boats, including the motors, the batteries and certain other components.

Government Regulation

Our operations are subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state, provincial, local and foreign laws and regulations, including those concerning product safety, environmental protection and occupational health and safety. We believe that our operations and products are in compliance with these regulatory requirements. Historically, the cost of achieving and maintaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations has not been material. However, future costs and expenses required for us to comply with such laws and regulations, including any new or modified regulatory requirements, or an inability to address newly discovered environmental conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, or cash flows.

The regulatory programs that impact our business include the following:

Regulations on Hazardous Materials

Certain materials used in our manufacturing, including the resins used in production of our boats, are toxic, flammable, corrosive, or reactive and are classified by the federal, state and provincial governments as “hazardous materials.” Control of these substances is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state pollution control agencies under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and related state programs in the United States, and by Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada and provincial pollution control agencies under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (“CEPA”) and related provincial legislation in Canada. Storage of these materials must be maintained in appropriately labeled and monitored containers, and disposal of wastes requires completion of detailed waste manifests and recordkeeping requirements. Any failure by us to properly store or dispose of our hazardous materials could result in liability, including fines, penalties, or obligations to investigate and remediate any contamination originating from our operations.

The United States Clean Air Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act

The United States Clean Air Act (the “CAA”) and CEPA and corresponding state and provincial rules regulate emissions of air pollutants. Because our manufacturing operations involve molding and coating of fiberglass materials, which involves the emission of certain volatile organic compounds, hazardous air pollutants, and particulate matter, we are required to comply with Canadian federal and provincial environmental protection regulations. The hulls used in our products are all manufactured by third parties. The additional cost of complying with these regulations has increased our cost to purchase hulls and, accordingly, has increased the cost to manufacture our products.

In addition to the regulation of our manufacturing operations, the EPA has adopted regulations stipulating that many marine propulsion engines meet certain air emission standards. The engines used in our products, all of which are manufactured by third parties, are warranted by the manufacturers to be in compliance with the EPA’s emission standards. Furthermore, the engines used in our products must comply with the applicable emission standards under the CEPA and corresponding provincial legislation. The additional cost of complying with these regulations has increased our cost to purchase the engines and, accordingly, has increased the cost to manufacture our products.

If we are not able to pass these additional costs along to our customers, it may have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.

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Boat Manufacturing Standards

As a manufacturer of small vessels established in Canada, we are required to ensure that:

● our boats comply with all the applicable construction requirements of Part 7 of the Small Vessel Regulations (Canada) and Transport Canada’s Construction Standards for Small Vessels (TP 1332E);

● for each boat, a Declaration of Conformity is produced to Transport Canada in accordance with Part 8 of the Small Vessel Regulations (Canada) stating that the boat meets all the construction requirements and that a Compliance Notice is attached to the boat; and

● each boat is marked with a Hull Serial Number (HIN) (also known as a Hull Identification Number) in accordance with Part 9 of the Small Vessel Regulations (Canada).

Boat Safety Standards

Our powerboats must be manufactured to meet the standards of certification in the jurisdictions in which they are used or to which they are imported. This means that our powerboats must meet the standards of certification required by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard in Canada and they must be certified to meet the European Union’s imported manufactured products standards in the European Union. These certifications specify standards for the design and construction of powerboats. We believe that all our boats meet these standards. In addition to those standards, we believe that our powerboats meet the safety standards set by the ABYC, a non-profit, member organization that develops voluntary safety standards for the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of recreational powerboats.

Safety of recreational boats in the United States is subject to federal regulation under the Boat Safety Act of 1971, which requires boat manufacturers to recall products for replacement of parts or components that have demonstrated defects affecting safety. Any recall of our boats or components in our boats could result in large expenditures and tarnish our brand.

Labor regulations

The Act respecting occupational health and safety (Quebec) and the regulations made thereunder impose standards of conduct for and regulate workplace safety, including limits on the amount of emissions to which an employee may be exposed without the need for respiratory protection or upgraded plant ventilation. Our facilities are subject to inspection by Canadian, Quebec and local agencies and departments. We believe that our facilities comply in all material aspects with these regulations. We have made a considerable investment in safety awareness programs and provide ongoing safety training for all of our employees.

Research and Development

Among other factors, our boats are distinguished from their competitors as a result of design and technological features. We invest in research and development to develop and improve these features so that we may innovate future product offerings in boat and electric powertrain systems. For example, our Volt 180 was developed in conjunction with a Canadian government grant.

Seasonality

Our current operating results are subject to annual and seasonal fluctuations resulting from a variety of factors, including:

● seasonal variations in retail demand for boats, with a significant majority of sales occurring during peak boating season;

● product mix, which is driven by boat model mix and higher option order rates; while sales of all our boats generate comparable margins, sales of larger boats and boats with optional content produce higher absolute profits;

● inclement weather, which can affect production at our manufacturing facilities as well as consumer demand, particularly for rentals;

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● competition from other recreational boat manufacturers; and

● general economic conditions.

We do not envision the sales of our electric powertrains to OEMs will be seasonal. As building a boat is a time-consuming process, we expect that OEMs will build their boats and increase their inventory even in those seasons where sales are generally lower in preparation for the seasons of higher sales.

Legal Proceedings

We are not involved in, or aware of, any legal or administrative proceedings contemplated or threatened by any governmental authority or any other party. As of the date of this prospectus, no director, officer or affiliate is a party adverse to us in any legal proceeding or has an adverse interest to us in any legal proceeding.

Employees

As of November 24, 2023, we employed a total of 38 people full-time and 8 part-time. All of our employees were employed at our principal executive offices in Boisbriand, Québec and Newport, California. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

The breakdown of full-time employees by main category of activity is as follows:

	Number of
	Employees
Activity	Full-Time
Administration	39
Manufacturing	7

Property, Plant and Equipment

Our manufacturing and office space is located in Boisbriand, Quebec, just outside of Montreal. This space is in three adjacent units each under a separate lease with a related party. One lease is for approximately 4,100 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $5,400 and expires on March 31, 2027. The second lease is for approximately 4,100 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $5,400 and expires on March 31, 2027. The third lease is for approximately 16,800 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $21,700 and expires on March 31, 2027. We consider our office and manufacturing space sufficient to meet our current needs and our needs for at least the next 12 months.

We lease office space and marina space for our rental business at the Lido Marina Village in Newport Beach, California and office, warehousing and storage space in Huntington Beach, California. One lease is for an office space of approximately 232 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately USD$1,945 and expires on February 1, 2027. We lease marina space of approximately four moorings, for a monthly rent of approximately USD$9,380, which lease expires on March 31, 2027. We also lease office, warehousing and storage space of approximately 4,500 square feet for a monthly rent of approximately USD$6,450, which lease expires on January 31, 2027.

We lease a kiosk and three slips for our rental business at the Ventura Portside Marina in Ventura, California. In exchange for use of the space and common areas in the facility, we pay a monthly rent of approximately USD$3,500. The lease expires in October 2024 and may be renewed at our discretion for an additional two-year period.

On October 1, 2021, we entered into a lease agreement with the developers of Waves at Dania Beach, to rent office space as well as slip space for twenty-five electric boats, for monthly rent of approximately US$10,000, which lease expires on October 1, 2027. Monthly rent is payable upon the completion of Dania Beach.

We do not own any real property and do not lease any other properties.

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KEY INFORMATION

Selected Historical Financial Data

You should read the following selected financial data together with our historical financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus and with the information set forth in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations”.

Selected Historical Financial Data

The selected historical financial information set forth below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive (Loss)

	Year Ended August 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenue	$	5,651,502	$	7,350,946	$	3,513,788
Gross Profit	$	1,536,426	$	3,285,565	$	1,604,182
Net Loss	$	(20,877,186)	$	(13,111,785)	$	(15,113,907)
Loss per Share – Basic and Fully Diluted	$	(2.25)	$	(1.58)	$	(2.04)

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

	At August 31,
	2023		2022
Cash	$	3,359,257	$	5,824,716
Current Assets	$	8,487,113	$	11,600,940
Total Assets	$	24,046,512	$	29,100,209
Current Liabilities	$	4,850,177	$	2,873,929
Total Liabilities	$	12,482,075	$	5,071,613
Total Shareholders’ Equity	$	11,564,437	$	24,028,596

Outstanding Share Data

Our authorized share capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares without nominal or par value, issuable in four series (“Common Shares”), of which an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Founder, an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Investor 1, an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Investor 2, an unlimited number are designated as Non-Voting Common Shares and an unlimited number are designated as Preferred Shares. As at August 31, 2023, our outstanding equity and convertible securities were as follows:

Securities	Outstanding
Voting Common Shares issued and outstanding	11,172,800
Preferred shares	nil
Non-Voting Common Shares	nil
Securities convertible or exercisable into Voting Common shares – stock options	1,099,541
Securities convertible or exercisable into Voting Common Shares – warrants	2,600,065

Common Shares

The holders of our Voting Common Shares are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders, to receive dividends if, as and when declared by the directors and to participate pro rata in any distribution of property or assets upon our liquidation, winding-up or other dissolution. The holders of our Non-Voting Common Shares are not entitled to vote at meetings of shareholders but are entitled to receive dividends if, as and when, declared by the directors and to participate pro rata in any distribution of property or assets upon our liquidation, winding-up or other dissolution. Our common shares carry no pre-emptive rights, conversion or exchange rights,

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redemption, retraction, repurchase, sinking fund or purchase fund provisions. There are no provisions requiring the holders of our common shares to contribute additional capital and no restrictions on the issuance of additional securities by us. There are no restrictions on the repurchase or redemption of common shares by us except to the extent that any such repurchase or redemption would render us insolvent pursuant to the Business Corporations Act.

For additional information regarding our common shares, please see the discussion under the heading entitled “Articles of Incorporation of Our Company - Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Our Shares”.

Non-cumulative voting

Holders of our common shares do not have cumulative voting rights, which means that the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares, voting for the election of directors, can elect all of the directors to be elected, if they so choose, and, in that event, the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect any of our directors.

Preferred Shares

We do not have any preferred shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

Stock transfer agent

Our stock transfer agent for our securities is VStock Transfer, LLC, 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598, Phone: (212) 828-8436.

Indebtedness as of August 31, 2023:

	Payments due by period
			Less than 1						Greater than 5
Contractual Obligations	Total		year		2-3 years		4-5 years		years
Lease Obligations	$	3,139,502	$	782,790	$	1,651,680	$	705,032	$	Nil
Bank Indebtedness	$	235,000	$	235,000	$	Nil	$	Nil	$	Nil
Other Long-Term Liabilities Reflected on the Registrant’s Balance Sheet under IFRS	$	431,923	$	313,118	$	118,805	$	Nil	$	Nil

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This prospectus should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements and related notes. The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based upon the financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with these accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the financial statement date and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we review our estimates and assumptions. The estimates were based on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results are likely to differ from those estimates or other forward-looking statements under different assumptions or conditions, but we do not believe such differences will materially affect our financial position or results of operations. Our actual results may differ materially as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the headings entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Critical accounting policies, the policies we believe are most important to the presentation of our financial statements and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments, are outlined below under the heading “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and have not changed significantly since our founding.

Overview

The Company was incorporated on August 27, 2012, under the laws of the province of Quebec, Canada, and its principal activity is the design, development and manufacturing of electric outboard powertrain systems and electric boats.

Our head office and principal address is located at 730 Boulevard du Cure-Boivin, Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada, V7G 2A7.

Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Year Ended August 31, 2023 as Compared to the Year Ended August 31, 2022

Revenue for the year ended August 31, 2023 was $5,651,502 (2022: $7,350,946); the decrease of 23% resulted from a decrease in revenue from the Company’s boat and rental operations. The Company’s gross profit decreased to $1,536,426 (2022: $3,285,565) due to reductions in boat sales and rental revenue, additional costs of sales for the construction of boats and the provision on the sale of the E-Motion powertrains. The following provides an analysis of the sale of electric boats and revenue from rental operations:

	Year ended		Year ended
	August 31, 2023		August 31, 2022		Increase/(Decrease)
Sale of Electric Boats		1,612,699		2,557,086	(37)	%
Rental of electric boats		4,038,803		4,793,860	(16)	%
	$	5,651,502	$	7,350,946	(23)	%

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $(20,877,186) compared to a net loss of $(13,111,785) for the corresponding prior period. The increase in comprehensive loss was due to a decrease in revenue and an increase in expenses for the year ended August 31, 2023, increasing to $22,694,487 (2022: $16,139,007). The largest expense items that are included in expenses for the year ended August 31, 2023 were:

● Research and development for the year ended August 31, 2023 was $5,704,912 (2022: $2,242,794); the increase was due to the fitting of the Company’s E-Motion powertrains to third party prototypes for testing purposes. During the year ended August 31, 2023 the Company recorded $144,032 (2022: $1,408,840) in government grants during the period.

● Office salaries and benefits for year ended August 31, 2023 increased to $4,014,181 compared to $3,335,799 for the year ended August 31, 2022. The increase was due to share-based payments and the addition of support staff as it scales to complete testing of prototypes.

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● Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended August 31, 2023 increased to $3,470,772 (2022: $1,972,306) due to an increase in attendance at boat shows, an increase in marketing of the Company’s E-Motion powertrains and an increase in marketing and promotion of the Company.

● Professional fees for the year ended August 31, 2023 increased to $3,764,465 (2022: $3,590,816) due to an increase in costs related to media campaigns, a severance payment to a former officer and director and an increase in legal fees.

● Office and general expenses for the year ended August 31, 2023, increased to $3,100,024 (2022: $1,949,583) due to an increase in leasing of motor vehicles and costs related to directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

● Share-based compensation for the year ended August 31, 2023 decreased to $1,136,182 (2022: $2,699,481), as the Company granted 88,500 stock options during the year ended August 31, 2023. The costs include past grants of stock options which are recognized when the stock options are vested. The Company recognizes compensation expense for option grants based on the fair value at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model.

● Net finance (income)/expenses for the year ended August 31, 2023 realized a gain of $1,604,536 (2022: $223,660 loss). This was caused by a gain in foreign currency of $208,132 (2022: $251,947 gain) due to fluctuations in the Canadian dollar against the US Dollar which was offset by an increase in interest and bank charges of $142,117 (2022: $184,895) due to the Company utilizing its line of credit; which was partially offset by interest income of $113,334 (2022: $379,288) and a gain on the remeasurement of a derivative liability of $2,055,688 (2022: $nil), related to the issuance of warrants with an exercise price in US dollars while the Company’s functional currency is in Canadian dollars. The Company also incurred $719,167 (2022: $nil) in transaction costs related to the various capital raises that were conducted through the year and recorded in net loss.

● The Company impaired its investment in convertible debentures in The Limestone Boat Company due to Limestone announcing that its wholly-owned subsidiaries have filed for voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. As a result, the Company has impaired 100% of the value of its investment in Limestone during the year ended August 31, 2023 realizing a loss of $2,637,000 (2022: $nil).

Results of Operations for the Year Ended August 31, 2022 as Compared to the Year Ended August 31, 2021

Revenue for the year ended August 31, 2022 was $7,350,946 (2021: $3,513,788); the increase of 109% resulted from the acquisition of 7858078 Canada Inc., the parent of EBR. This resulted in an increase in gross profit to $3,285,565 (2021: $1,604,182). Excluding the revenue from the acquisition, the Company’s segment of sales of electric boats generated revenue of $2,557,085 (2021: $2,150,764); the Company experienced an increase in revenue from boat sales due to the easing of supply chain issues.

			2022	2021
	Sale of electric	Rental of
	boats	electric boats	Total	Total
	$	$	$	$
Canada	557,639	—	557,639	571,216
USA	1,292,666	4,793,861	6,086,527	2,692,599
Other	706,780	—	706,780	249,973
	2,557,085	4,793,861	7,350,946	3,513,788

During the year ended August 31, 2022, we incurred a total comprehensive loss of $(12,802,680) compared to a comprehensive loss of $(14,725,341) for the corresponding prior year period. The decrease in comprehensive loss was due to expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022, decreasing to $16,139,007 (2021: $16,612,499). The largest expense items that are included in expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022 were:

● Research and development expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022 was $2,242,794 (2021: $1,489,953) the increase was due to the fitting of our E-Motion powertrains to third party boats which was offset by the receipt of grants related to MEI and Technoclimat.

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● Office salaries and benefits expenses for year ended August 31, 2022 increased to $3,335,799 compared to $1,754,613 for the year ended August 31, 2021. The increase was caused by increases in staff, additional staff related to the acquisition of 7858078 Canada Inc., and increases in executive salaries.

● Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022 increased to $1,972,306 (2021: $1,086,057) due to an increase in attendance at boat shows, increased marketing of our E-Motion powertrains and incurred additional costs related to the acquisition of 7858078 Canada Inc.

● Professional fees for the year ended August 31, 2022 increased to $3,590,816 (2021: $1,633,477) due to legal, accounting, fees paid to recruitment consultants, public relation agency and consulting fees.

● Office and general expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022, increased to $1,949,583 (2021: $1,239,457) as we increased our operational staff, insurance costs and incurred additional costs related to the acquisition of 7858078 Canada Inc.

● Share-based compensation decreased to $2,699,481 (2021: $7,121,444), as we granted 152,500 stock options during the year ended August 31, 2022, at an exercise price of $5.65 and $8.85 to our directors, officers, employees and consultants. We recognize compensation expense for option grants based on the fair value at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model.

● Net finance (income)/expenses for the year ended August 31, 2022 realized a loss of $223,660 (2021: $2,256,392). During the year ended August 31, 2022, income was generated by interest income of $379,288 (2021: $nil) and a loss from debentures and currency of $418,053 (2021: $2,133,292) as we incurred unrealized losses from its investment in debentures and the Canadian dollar increasing its value against the US Dollar.

We incurred an increase in income taxes for the year ended August 31, 2022, of $258,343 (2021: $105,590), primarily caused by an increase in current and deferred income taxes related to the acquisition.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The Company’s operations consist of the designing, developing and manufacturing of electric outboard powertrain systems, rental of electric boats and electric boats sales. The Company’s financial success is dependent upon its ability to market and sell its outboard powertrain systems and electric boats; and to raise sufficient working capital to enable the Company to execute its business plan. The Company’s historical capital needs have been met by internally generated cashflow from operations and the support of its shareholders. During the year ended August 31, 2021, the Company raised gross proceeds of US$27,600,000 from its initial public offering onto the Nasdaq and during the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company raised $12,437,523. However, should the Company need further funding, there is no assurance that equity funding will be possible at the times required by the Company. If no funds can be raised and sales of its outboard powertrain systems and electric boats does not produce sufficient net cash flow, then the Company may require a significant curtailing of operations to ensure its survival.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The Company incurred a loss before tax of $21,158,061 and net loss of $20,877,186 during the year ended August 31, 2023 and has a cash balance and a working capital surplus of $3,359,257 and $3,676,936, respectively, as at August 31, 2023. The Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they fall due and to continue to operate as a going concern is dependent on the continued financial support of the creditors and the shareholders. In the past, the Company has relied on the support of its shareholders to meet its cash requirements. There can be no assurance that funding from this or other sources will be sufficient in the future to continue its operations. Even if the Company is able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or terms that are acceptable to it. Failure to obtain such financing on a timely basis could cause the Company to reduce or terminate its operations.

As of November 20, 2023, the Company had 11,649,319 issued and outstanding shares and 15,761,301 on a fully diluted basis.

The Company had $3,676,936, of working capital surplus as at August 31, 2023 compared to $8,727,011 working capital surplus as at August 31, 2022. The decrease in working capital surplus during the year ended August 31, 2023 resulted from the cash used in

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operations of $14,007,923 (2022: $10,996,819); cash used in investing activities of $537,020 (2022: $964,503) resulting from the additions to property and equipment of $938,802 (2022: $1,175,931); which was offset by proceeds from disposal of equipment of $401,782 (2022: $243,630); financing activities provided cash of $12,079,484 (2022: $361,783), caused by the issuance of shares of $12,437,523 (2022: $nil); increase in the Company’s credit facility of $155,000 (2022: $nil) which was offset by the repayment of lease liabilities of $726,893 (2022: $695,749) and the repayment of long term debt of $258,000 (2022: $282,424).

Capital Resources

As at August 31, 2023, the Company had cash of $3,359,257 (August 31, 2022: $5,824,716).

As of the date of this MD&A, the Company has no outstanding commitments, other than rent and lease commitments and purchase commitments as disclosed in Note 15 and 28 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended August 31, 2023. The Company has pledged its future accounts receivable and inventory as security for its credit facility.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements. As of August 31, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet debt nor did we have any transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations) or other relationships with any unconsolidated entities or other persons that may have material current or future effect on financial conditions, changes in the financial conditions, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, capital resources, or significant components of revenue or expenses.

Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

We incur research and development costs associated with the development of our outboard electric powertrains as well as the design of new boats. We have not patented any of our technology.

Going Concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which assumes that we will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. We incurred a loss before tax of $21,158,061 and net loss of $20,877,186 during the year ended August 31, 2023 and had a cash balance and a working capital surplus of $3,359,257 and $3,676,936, respectively, as at August 31, 2023. Our ability to meet our obligations as they fall due and to continue to operate as a going concern depends on the continued financial support of the creditors and the shareholders. In the past, we have relied on the support of our shareholders to meet our cash requirements. Funding from this or other sources might not be sufficient in the future to continue our research and development. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or terms that are acceptable to us. Failure to obtain such financing on a timely basis could cause us to reduce or terminate our operations.

The Company is evaluating several different strategies and is actively pursuing actions that are expected to increase its liquidity position, including, but not limited to, pursuing additional cost savings initiatives and seeking additional financing from both the public and private markets through the issuance of equity securities. However, the Company's management cannot provide assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its proposed financing plans. These matters, when considered in aggregate, indicate the existence of a material uncertainty that raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended August 31, 2023.

Internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Exchange Act in Rule 13a-15(f ) and 15d-15(f ) defines this as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

● pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

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● provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

● provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that may have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as at August 31, 2023. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based upon this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as at August 31, 2023. As a result of the year-end assessment process for the year ended August 31, 2023, we identified that we did not maintain effective processes and controls over the financial statement close process and the accounting for and reporting of complex and non-routine transactions due to a material weakness. Specifically, we determined that there was a lack of sufficient accounting and finance personnel to enable an appropriate level of internal controls within the financial statement close process, including performing in-depth analysis and review of complex accounting matters and non-routine transactions within the timeframes set by us for filing our consolidated financial statements. Because of this deficiency, we concluded there was a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis at August 31, 2023.

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected.

To remediate the identified material weakness, management is in the process of hiring additional personnel and of designing and implementing revised controls and procedures which management believes will address the material weakness. These controls and procedures include establishing a more comprehensive schedule for management review of financial information and establishing additional review procedures over the accounting for complex and non-routine transactions. We are working on remediating the identified material weakness.

Notwithstanding the material weakness, management has concluded that our consolidated financial statements as at the year ended August 31, 2023, present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, changes in equity and cash flows in accordance with IFRS.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The CEO and the CFO have designed disclosure controls and procedures, or have caused them to be designed under their supervision, in order to provide reasonable assurance that:
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● material information relating to the Company has been made known to them; and

● information required to be disclosed in the Company’s filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation.

An evaluation was carried out, under the supervision of the CEO and the CFO, of the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures at August 31, 2023 were not effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with, or submit to, the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and regulations., solely due to the presence of a material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting as described below, which management is in the process of remediating.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of

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revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual outcomes can differ from these estimates.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. We concluded the fair value less costs of disposal will yield a higher recoverable amount, which is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The fair value measurement is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The cash flows are derived from cash flow projections over a 5-year period, including future investments and expansion activities that will enhance the performance of the assets of the CGU.

As at August 31, 2023, all of our goodwill is allocated to the boat rental operation CGU, which represents the lowest level at which we monitor the goodwill internal management purposes. For the year ended August 31, 2023, there was no impairment of goodwill.

The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model, as well as the expected future cash-inflows, gross profit and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. The post-tax discount rate of 27% used in the DCF is based on a weighted average cost of capital calculated using observable market-based inputs or a benchmark of a sample of representative publicly traded companies. The long-term growth rate of 2% used for extrapolation purposes is based on published research growth rates. Any reasonable negative change in the key assumptions used could cause the carrying value of this CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

Financial instruments measured at fair value

In measuring financial instruments at fair value, we make estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about interest rates, credit spreads and other market conditions.

Provision for impairment of inventories

The provision for impairment of inventories assessment requires a degree of estimation and judgment. The level of the provision is assessed by taking into account the recent sales experience, the ageing of inventories and other factors that affect inventory obsolescence.

Income tax

Provisions for taxes are made using the best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors. We review the adequacy of these provisions at the end of the reporting period. However, it is possible that at some future date an additional liability could result from audits by taxing authorities. Where the final outcome of these tax-related matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will affect the tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, we rely on the same forecast assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements and in other management reports, which, among other things, reflect the potential impact of climate-related development on the business.

Share-based payments

We measure the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instrument at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by using the Black-Scholes model taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the instruments were granted. Judgment is exercised in determining the expected life and historical volatility. The accounting estimates and assumptions relating to equity-settled share-based payments would have no impact on the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities but may impact profit or loss and equity.

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Lease term

The lease term is a significant component in the measurement of both the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Judgment is exercised in determining whether there is reasonable certainty that an option to extend the lease will be exercised, when ascertaining the periods to be included in the lease term. In determining the lease term, all facts and circumstances that create an economical incentive to exercise an extension option are considered at the lease commencement date. We reassess whether we are reasonably certain to exercise an extension option if there is a significant event or significant change in circumstances.

Incremental borrowing rate

Where the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, an incremental borrowing rate is estimated to discount future lease payments to measure the present value of the lease liability at the lease commencement date. Such a rate is based on what we estimate we would have to pay a third party to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-use asset, with similar terms, security and economic environment.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Onerous Contracts – Costs of Fulfilling a Contract – Amendments to IAS 37

In May 2020, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 37 to specify which costs an entity needs to include when assessing whether a contract is onerous or loss-making. The amendments apply a “directly related cost approach”. The costs that relate directly to a contract to provide goods or services include both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities. General and administrative costs do not relate directly to a contract and are excluded unless they are explicitly chargeable to the counterparty under the contract. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended August 31, 2023.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Proceeds before Intended Use – Amendments to IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment

The amendment prohibits entities from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment, any proceeds of the sale of items produced while bringing that asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Instead, an entity recognizes the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and must be applied retrospectively to items of property, plant and equipment made available for use on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented when the entity first applies the amendment. The amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended August 31, 2023.

DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Board of Directors

Our Articles of Incorporation are attached as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Our Articles of Incorporation provide that our company shall have a minimum of one (1) and a maximum of ten (10) directors.

Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) consists of six directors. Four of our six directors satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our directors are elected annually at each annual meeting of our company’s shareholders. The Board assesses potential Board candidates to fill perceived needs on the Board for required skills, expertise, independence and other factors.

Our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing our company’s officers.

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Board Committees

On November 27, 2020, we established three committees under the board of directors: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each committee is governed by a charter approved by our Board of Directors.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee consists of Steve P. Barrenechea, Dr. Philippe Couillard and Luisa Ingargiola and is chaired by Ms. Ingargiola. Each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our Audit Committee Financial Expert is Luisa Ingargiola who qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules and possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Audit Committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:

● selecting our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

● reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

● annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our Audit Committee charter;

● meeting separately and periodically with the management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

● reporting regularly to the full board of directors;

● reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposure; and

● such other matters that are specifically delegated to our Audit Committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee consists of Carter Murray, Steve P. Barrenechea and Luisa Ingargiola and is chaired by Mr. Barrenechea. Each of the Compensation Committee members satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Our Compensation Committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. No officer may be present at any committee meeting during which such officer’s compensation is deliberated upon. The Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things:

● reviewing and approving to the board with respect to the total compensation package for our most senior executive officers;

● approving and overseeing the total compensation package for our executives other than the most senior executive officers;

● reviewing and recommending to the board with respect to the compensation of our directors;

● reviewing periodically and approving any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans;

● selecting compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisors after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management; and

● programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Carter Murray, Mario Saucier and Steve P. Barrenechea and is chaired by Mr. Saucier. Each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for overseeing the selection of persons to be nominated to serve on our board of directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers persons identified by its members, management, shareholders, investment bankers and others.

Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth the names and ages of all of our directors and executive officers.

Name, Province/State and			Director/Officer
Country of Residence	Age	Position	Since
Alexandre Mongeon Quebec, Canada	45	Chief Executive Officer and Director	August 2014
Patrick Bobby Quebec, Canada	50	President of Special Operations, Secretary and Director	August 2014
Xavier Montagne Quebec, Canada	49	Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer	April 2021
Kulwant Sandher British Columbia, Canada	62	Chief Financial Officer	July 2019
Carter Murray Bahamas	48	Chairman	March 2023
Mario Saucier Quebec, Canada	52	Director	March 2023
Steve P. Barrenechea California, United States	62	Director	September 2020
Luisa Ingargiola Florida, United States	57	Director	September 2020
Dr. Phillipe Couillard Quebec, Canada	66	Director	September 2023

Business Experience

The following summarizes the occupation and business experience during the past five years or more for our directors, and executive officers as of the date of this prospectus:

Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer

Alexandre Mongeon has been employed by us since 2014 as our Chief Executive Officer. From 1999 to 2015, he imported high-performance boats from the United States to Canada. During much of that time, 1999 to 2016, he also worked as a designer and contractor for a Contractor 91340489 QC and managed several new construction projects on the waterfront in and around Montreal. Mr. Mongeon is a graduate of the School of Construction in Laval, Quebec with a specialization in electricity.

Patrick Bobby, President of Special Operations

Patrick Bobby has been employed by us since 2014. From 1999 to 2015, he imported high-performance boats from the United States to Canada. During much of that time, 1999 to 2016, he also worked as a designer and contractor for Contractor 91340489 QC Inc. and created a condominium syndicate. Mr. Bobby attended Georgian College in Barrie, Ontario.

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Xavier Montagne, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer

Prior to joining us, Xavier Montagne was the CEO of Mac Engineering from 2015 to 2021. In the past six years, he has helped develop 12 marine prototypes and concept-cars. While there, Mr. Montagne was the electric powerline architect of the Renault Trezor Concept-car (reward of the best concept-car of the world in 2016), the technical designer of the Zoe E-sport race car driven by Alain PROST during Formula-E races 2016-2019, the real-time system expert for Defense Department (Agenium simulator, Thalès cameras, NATO Awacs Cobham scrambler), The Senior designer in low and high voltage batteries Forsee Power, SAFT, Renault and Peugeot in Europe, a power electric architect for UQM, DANFOSS and DANA based projects, the technical supervisor for Rally Raid and Dakar race teams (France & NL) and the electric architect of the first 18-ton fully electric truck with 2-speed gearbox (FNM). Mr. Montagne received an electronic engineer diploma from IFITEP PARIS POLYTECH (France).

Kulwant Sandher, Chief Financial Officer

Kulwant Sandher is a Chartered Professional Accountant with over 25 years of experience in business and finance. Mr. Sandher graduated from Queen Mary, University of London (formerly known as Queen Mary College) in 1986 with a B.Sc. (Eng.) in Avionics. Mr. Sandher became a Chartered Accountant in England in 1991 and received his Chartered Professional Accountant designation in Canada in 1997.

Mr. Sandher has considerable private and public company experience. He served as CFO of ElectraMeccanica Vehicles Corp., a Nasdaq listed electric car manufacturer from June 2016 to November 2018; as CFO of MineSense Technologies Inc. from August 2013 until July 2015; as CFO of Alba Mineral Ltd. from June 2017 to April 1, 2018; as CFO of Delta Oil & Gas from October 2008 to September 2017; as CFO of Astorius Resources Ltd. from June 2017 to February 1, 2018; as CFO of Hillcrest Petroleum from December 2011 to April 2015; as CFO of Intigold Mines Ltd. from December 2010 to April 2017; and as COO & CFO for Marketrend Interactive Inc., from March 2004 to March 2006. Currently, Mr. Sandher serves as President of Hurricane Corporate Services Ltd. and as CFO of Alba Resources Ltd. (TSX-V). Furthermore, Mr. Sandher served as a director of The Cloud Nine Education Group Inc from December 2015 to August 2022. Prior to August 2013, Mr. Sandher had also served as CFO of several publicly listed companies, including Hillcrest Petroleum (TSX-V), Millrock Resources Inc. (TSX-V) and St. Elias Mines (TSX-V).

Carter Murray – Chairman

From October 2013 to April 2022, Mr. Murray was the Global Chief Executive Officer of Foote, Cone & Belding, a subsidiary of Interpublic Group and one of the world’s largest global advertising agency networks. From October 2011 to September 2013, Mr. Murray was the President and Chief Executive Officer, North America, of Young & Rubicam, a global marketing communications company. From 2007 to 2011, Mr. Murray worked for Publicis advertising, where he held various positions, including Chief Marketing Officer, Worldwide New Business Director and Worldwide Account Director for Nestlé. Mr. Murray began his career at Leo Burnett, a communications agency and one of the world’s largest agency networks. During his time at Leo Burnett, Mr. Murray held various positions, including Regional Account Director and Regional New Business Director EMEA. Mr. Murray earned his undergraduate degree from Duke University in 1997.

Mario Saucier -- Director

Mr. Saucier has served as the Chair of the board of directors of E-Smart Control Inc. since November 2017 and as a member of the board of directors of Transtex Inc. since February 2016. From December 2015 to March 2017, Mr. Saucier was the Chief Financial Officer of BioAmber Inc., which was a sustainable chemicals company. From May 2014 to November 2015, Mr. Saucier served as Chief Financial Officer of Norduyn, operating in the aerospace industry and concurrently acted as President for Transtex inc., an affiliated company of Norduyn, operating in the aerodynamic trucking industry. Prior to Norduyn, Mr. Saucier served as Chief Financial Officer at Englobe Corp., a global bio-remediation company from November 2008 to November 2012. Mr. Saucier was subsequently appointed as interim President and Chief Executive Officer for a six month period with Englobe Corp. Previous positions also include Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer of Quebecor World, from 2005 to 2008, Vice President Strategy & Performance of Total Transit System, a division of Bombardier Transportation, from 2002 to 2004, as well as Vice President Implementation of SAP, from 2000 to 2002. Mr. Saucier holds a B.B.A. from the Université du Québec à Montréal and has been a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants since 1991.

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Steve P. Barrenechea -- Director

Steve Barrenechea is an accomplished entrepreneur and advisor, with over 30 years of primary hands on expertise covering the hospitality and renewable and alternative energy industries, with a focus on electric vehicles and battery technologies. Mr. Barrenechea has held numerous senior management and primary consulting positions with both public and private companies throughout his career, with particular emphasis in corporate governance, directorships, corporate development, investor relations, and early stage operations. He has in the past sat on the Board of Directors of The Creative Coalition (sponsors discussion of issues such as education policy, the role of media, campaign reform), Child Guidance Center of Connecticut, and The American Red Cross. Mr. Barrenechea holds a BBA in Economics from The Stern School, New York University.

Luisa Ingargiola -- Director

Luisa Ingargiola has served as Chief Financial Officer of Avalon GloboCare since 2017. From 2007 to 2016, Ms. Ingargiola served as Chief Financial Officer of MagneGas Corporation (and board member from 2016 to June 2018). Ms. Ingargiola currently serves as board member and audit committee chair of FTE Networks and ElectraMeccanica Vehicles Corp. She also serves as a board member for Globe Photos, Inc., Operation Transition Assistance Corporation and The JBF Foundation Worldwide. Ms. Ingargiola received her Bachelors of Science from Boston University and her Masters of Business Administration from the University of Florida.

Dr. Phillipe Couillard -- Director

From 2014 to 2018, Dr. Couillard served as the 31st Premier (First Minister) of Quebec. Prior to that, Dr. Couillard served as the Minister of Health for the province of Quebec from 2003 to 2008. Dr. Couillard also served as a Member of the National Assembly from 2003 to 2008 and from 2013 to 2018. Dr. Couillard is currently a member of various boards of directors, including the boards of the Atlantic Salmon Federation (2020-present); and Carebook Technologies Inc. (2020-present) (TSX-V: CRBK.V). Dr. Couillard was previously a member of the board of directors of the Canadian Cancer Society (2019-2023). Dr. Couillard began his career practicing neurosurgery internationally from 1985 to 2003. Dr. Couillard served as Chief Surgeon in the Department of Neurosurgery at the Hôpital Saint-Luc in Montréal from 1989 to 1992 and was chairman of surgery at the University of Sherbrooke from 1996 to 2003. Dr. Couillard also co-founded the Dhahran Department of Neurosurgery in Saudi Arabia, where he practiced from 1992 to 1996. Dr. Couillard received his medical degree in 1979 and completed his specialty training in neurosurgery in 1985 at the Université de Montréal.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers.

Term of Office

Each director of our company is to serve for a term of one year ending on the date of the subsequent annual meeting of shareholders following the annual meeting at which such director was elected. Notwithstanding the foregoing, each director is to serve until his successor is elected and qualified or until his death, resignation or removal. Our Board of Directors appoints our officers and each officer is to serve until his successor is appointed and qualified or until his or her death, resignation or removal.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

During the past ten years, none of our directors or executive officers have been the subject of the following events:

1. a petition under the Federal bankruptcy laws or any state insolvency law was filed by or against, or a receiver, fiscal agent or similar officer was appointed by a court for the business or property of such person, or any partnership in which he was a general partner at or within two years before the time of such filing, or any corporation or business association of which he was an executive officer at or within two years before the time of such filing;

2. convicted in a criminal proceeding or is a named subject of a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);

3. the subject of any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining him from, or otherwise limiting, the following activities;

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i) acting as a futures commission merchant, introducing broker, commodity trading advisor, commodity pool operator, floor broker, leverage transaction merchant, any other person regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, or an associated person of any of the foregoing, or as an investment adviser, underwriter, broker or dealer in securities, or as an affiliated person, director or employee of any investment company, bank, savings and loan association or insurance company, or engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice in connection with such activity;

ii) engaging in any type of business practice; or

iii) engaging in any activity in connection with the purchase or sale of any security or commodity or in connection with any violation of Federal or State securities laws or Federal commodities laws;

4. the subject of any order, judgment or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any Federal or State authority barring, suspending or otherwise limiting for more than 60 days the right of such person to engage in any activity described in paragraph 3.i in the preceding paragraph or to be associated with persons engaged in any such activity;

5. was found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the SEC to have violated any Federal or State securities law, and the judgment in such civil action or finding by the SEC has not been subsequently reversed, suspended, or vacated;

6. was found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated any Federal commodities law, and the judgment in such civil action or finding by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has not been subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated;

7. was the subject of, or a party to, any Federal or State judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, relating to an alleged violation of:

i) any Federal or State securities or commodities law or regulation; or

ii) any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or

iii) any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or

8. was the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(26))), any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1(a)(29))), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.

Director Independence

Our Board has determined that the following directors are “independent” as such directors do not have a direct or indirect material relationship with our company: Carter Murray, Mario Saucier, Steve P. Barrenechea, Luisa Ingargiola and Dr. Phillipe Couillard. A material relationship is a relationship which could, in the view of our Board of Directors, be reasonably expected to interfere with the exercise of a director’s independent judgment.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and other employees prior to the consummation of the offering.

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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

This section sets out the objectives of our company’s executive compensation arrangements, our company’s executive compensation philosophy and the application of this philosophy to our company’s executive compensation arrangements. It also provides an analysis of the compensation design, and the decisions that the Board made in fiscal 2023 with respect to our Named Executive Officers (as defined below). When determining the compensation arrangements for the Named Executive Officers, our Board of Directors acting as the Compensation Committee considers the objectives of: (i) retaining an executive critical to our success and the enhancement of shareholder value; (ii) providing fair and competitive compensation; (iii) balancing the interests of management and our shareholders; and (iv) rewarding performance, both on an individual basis and with respect to the business in general.

Benchmarking

Our Board of Directors handles matters relating to compensation, including benchmarking, but upon the closing of this offering, we will form a Compensation Committee for matters of management’s compensation. The Compensation Committee will consider a variety of factors when designing and establishing, reviewing and making recommendations for executive compensation arrangements for all our executive officers. The Compensation Committee does not intend to position executive pay to reflect a single percentile within the industry for each executive. Rather, in determining the compensation level for each executive, the Compensation Committee will look at factors such as the relative complexity of the executive’s role within the organization, the executive’s performance and potential for future advancement and pay equity considerations.

Elements of Compensation

The compensation paid to Named Executive Officers in any year consists of two primary components:

(a) base salary; and

(b) long-term incentives in the form of stock options granted under our Stock Option Plan (as defined below).

The key features of these two primary components of compensation are discussed below:

Base Salary

Base salary recognizes the value of an individual to our company based on his or her role, skill, performance, contributions, leadership and potential. It is critical in attracting and retaining executive talent in the markets in which we compete for talent. Base salaries for the Named Executive Officers are intended to be reviewed annually. Any change in base salary of a Named Executive Officer is generally determined by an assessment of such executive’s performance, a consideration of competitive compensation levels in companies similar to our company (in particular, companies in the EV industry) and a review of our performance as a whole and the role such executive officer played in such corporate performance.

Stock Option Awards

We provide long-term incentives to Named Executive Officers in the form of stock options as part of our overall executive compensation strategy. Our Board of Directors acting as the Compensation Committee believes that stock option grants serve our executive compensation philosophy in several ways: firstly, it helps attract, retain, and motivate talent; secondly, it aligns the interests of the Named Executive Officers with those of the shareholders by linking a specific portion of the officer’s total pay opportunity to the share price; and finally, it provides long-term accountability for Named Executive Officers.

Risks Associated with Compensation Policies and Practices

The oversight and administration of our executive compensation program requires the Board of Directors acting as the Compensation Committee to consider risks associated with our compensation policies and practices. Potential risks associated with compensation policies and compensation awards are considered at annual reviews and also throughout the year whenever it is deemed necessary by the Board of Directors acting as the Compensation Committee.

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Our executive compensation policies and practices are intended to align management incentives with the long-term interests of the Corporation and its shareholders. In each case, the Corporation seeks an appropriate balance of risk and reward. Practices that are designed to avoid inappropriate or excessive risks include (i) financial controls that provide limits and authorities in areas such as capital and operating expenditures to mitigate risk taking that could affect compensation, (ii) balancing base salary and variable compensation elements and (iii) spreading compensation across short and long-term programs.

Compensation Governance

The Compensation Committee intends to conduct a yearly review of directors’ compensation having regard to various reports on current trends in directors’ compensation and compensation data for directors of reporting issuers of comparative our size. Director compensation is currently limited to the grant of stock options pursuant to the Stock Option Plan. It is anticipated that the Chief Executive Officer will review the compensation of our executive officers for the prior year and in comparison to industry standards via information disclosed publicly and obtained through copies of surveys. The Board expects that the Chief Executive Officer will make recommendations on compensation to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee will review and make suggestions with respect to compensation proposals, and then makes a recommendation to the Board.

The Compensation Committee will be comprised of independent directors.

The Compensation Committee’s responsibility is to formulate and make recommendations to our directors in respect of compensation issues relating to our directors and executive officers. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Compensation Committee has the following duties:

(a) to review the compensation philosophy and remuneration policy for our executive officers and to recommend to our directors’ changes to improve our ability to recruit, retain and motivate executive officers;

(b) to review and recommend to the Board the retainer and fees, if any, to be paid to our directors;

(c) to review and approve corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of the CEO, evaluate the CEO’s performance in light of those corporate goals and objectives, and determine (or make recommendations to our directors with respect to) the CEO’s compensation level based on such evaluation;

(d) to recommend to our directors with respect to non-CEO officer and director compensation including reviewing management’s recommendations for proposed stock options and other incentive-compensation plans and equity-based plans, if any, for non-CEO officer and director compensation and make recommendations in respect thereof to our directors;

(e) to administer the stock option plan approved by our directors in accordance with its terms including the recommendation to our directors of the grant of stock options in accordance with the terms thereof; and

(f) to determine and recommend for the approval of our directors’ bonuses to be paid to our executive officers and employees and to establish targets or criteria for the payment of such bonuses, if appropriate. Pursuant to the mandate and terms of reference of the Compensation Committee, meetings of the Compensation Committee are to take place at least once per year and at such other times as the Chair of the Compensation Committee may determine.

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Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth all annual and long-term compensation for services in all capacities to our Company during the fiscal periods indicated in respect of the executive officers set out below (the “Named Executive Officers”):

			Share-	Option-	Annual	Long-		All
Named Executive			based	based	Incentive	term	Pension	Other	Total
Officer		Salary	awards	awards	Plan	Incentive	Value	Compensation	Compensation
and Principal Position	Year	($)	($)	($)	($)	Plan ($)	($)	($)	($)
Alexandre Mongeon	2023	605,461	Nil	14,893	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	620,354
Chief Executive Officer	2022	567,016	Nil	14,472	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	581,488
Patrick Bobby(1)	2023	400,000	Nil	14,893	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	414,893
President of Special Operations	2022	411,472	Nil	14,472	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	425,944
Kulwant Sandher	2023	380,533	Nil	14,893	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	395,426
Chief Financial Officer	2022	328,790	Nil	14,472	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	343,262
Xavier Montagne	2023	280,690	Nil	252,413	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	533,103
Chief Technology Officer & COO	2022	229,804	Nil	883,703	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	1,113,507

(1) Mr. Bobby had been our Chief Operating Officer through December 14, 2021, at which time he resigned from that role and became our Head of Performance & Special Projects which has been rebranded President of Special Operations.

Executive Compensation Agreements

Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer

On March 1, 2021, we entered into an executive employment agreement with Alexandre Mongeon with a term commencing on March 1, 2021 and expiring on February 28, 2024 (the “Mongeon Agreement”). The Mongeon Agreement replaced our prior executive services agreement with Alexander Mongeon.

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the Mongeon Agreement: (a) Mr. Mongeon was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer and undertook to perform the duties and responsibilities normally and reasonably associated with such office; (b) we shall pay to Mr. Mongeon a gross annual base salary (“Annual Base Salary”) of USD$400,000; (c)  Mr. Mongeon is entitled to employee benefits, if and when such benefits have been adopted by us, including group health insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, travel accident insurance, group life insurance, short-term disability insurance, long-term disability insurance, drug coverage and dental coverage (the “Group Benefits”); (d) Mr. Mongeon is eligible to receive a discretionary bonus of between 50% and 100% of his Annual Base Salary; and (e) Mr. Mongeon is entitled to four weeks’ paid annual vacation per calendar year.

We may terminate the employment of Mr. Mongeon under the Mongeon Agreement without any notice or any payment in lieu of notice for a serious reason. Mr. Mongeon may terminate his employment under the Mongeon Agreement for any reason by providing not less than 60 calendar days’ notice in writing to us, provided, however, that we may waive or abridge any notice period specified in such notice in our sole and absolute discretion.

The employment of Mr. Mongeon will terminate upon the death of Mr. Mongeon. Upon the death of Mr. Mongeon during the continuance of the Mongeon Agreement, we will provide Mr. Mongeon’s estate with (a) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the date of his death, (b) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan or any other employee benefit plan or program, (c) a pro-rata share of any discretionary annual bonus to which he otherwise would have been entitled for the fiscal year in which his death occurs at no less than the target bonus percentage, paid at the time discretionary annual bonuses are paid to our still-employed executives and (d) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

If we elect to terminate the Mongeon Agreement without a serious reason, and provided that Mr. Mongeon is in compliance with the relevant terms and conditions of the Mongeon Agreement, we shall be obligated to provide a severance package to Mr. Mongeon as follows: (a) a cash payment equating to the Annual Base Salary to be paid over a period of twelve months, less any required statutory deductions, if any; (b) that pro-rata portion of any discretionary bonus to which Mr. Mongeon would have been entitled as determined

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in good faith; (c) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the effective date of termination; (d) reimbursement for any outstanding reasonable business expense he has incurred in performing his duties hereunder in accordance with the Mongeon Agreement; (e) continued insurance benefits to the extent required by law; (f) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan, or any other employee benefit plan or program and (g) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

Patrick Bobby, Chief Operating Officer

On March 1, 2021, we entered into an executive employment agreement with Patrick Bobby with a term commencing on March 1, 2021 and expiring on February 28, 2024 (the “Bobby Agreement”). The Bobby Agreement replaced our prior executive services agreement with Patrick Bobby.

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the Bobby Agreement: (a) Mr. Bobby was appointed as our Chief Operating Officer and undertook to perform the duties and responsibilities normally and reasonably associated with such office; (b) we shall pay to Mr. Bobby an Annual Base Salary of CAD$400,000; (c)  Mr. Bobby is entitled to employee benefits, if and when such benefits have been adopted by us, including group health insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, travel accident insurance, group life insurance, short-term disability insurance, long-term disability insurance, drug coverage and dental coverage (the “Group Benefits”); (d) Mr. Bobby is eligible to receive a discretionary bonus of between 50% and 100% of his Annual Base Salary; and (e) Mr. Bobby is entitled to four weeks’ paid annual vacation per calendar year.

As of December 14, 2021, Mr. Bobby is no longer our Chief Operating Officer but instead became our Head of Performance and Special Projects. Our agreement with him for his executive services remains otherwise unchanged.

We may terminate the employment of Mr. Bobby under the Bobby Agreement without any notice or any payment in lieu of notice for a serious reason. Mr. Bobby may terminate his employment under the Bobby Agreement for any reason by providing not less than 60 calendar days’ notice in writing to us, provided, however, that we may waive or abridge any notice period specified in such notice in our sole and absolute discretion.

The employment of Mr. Bobby will terminate upon the death of Mr. Bobby. Upon the death of Mr. Bobby during the continuance of the Bobby Agreement, we will provide Mr. Bobby’s estate with (a) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the date of his death, (b) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan or any other employee benefit plan or program, (c) a pro-rata share of any discretionary annual bonus to which he otherwise would have been entitled for the fiscal year in which his death occurs at no less than the target bonus percentage, paid at the time discretionary annual bonuses are paid to our still-employed executives and (d) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

If we elect to terminate the Bobby Agreement without a serious reason, and provided that Mr. Bobby is in compliance with the relevant terms and conditions of the Bobby Agreement, we shall be obligated to provide a severance package to Mr. Bobby as follows: (a) a cash payment equating to the Annual Base Salary to be paid over a period of twelve months, less any required statutory deductions, if any; (b) that pro-rata portion of any discretionary bonus to which Mr. Bobby would have been entitled as determined in good faith; (c) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the effective date of termination; (d) reimbursement for any outstanding reasonable business expense he has incurred in performing his duties hereunder in accordance with the Bobby Agreement; (e) continued insurance benefits to the extent required by law; (f) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan, or any other employee benefit plan or program and (g) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

Kulwant Sandher, Chief Financial Officer

On March 1, 2021, we entered into an executive employment agreement with Kulwant Sandher with a term commencing on March 1, 2021 and expiring on February 28, 2024 (the “Sandher Agreement”). The Sandher Agreement replaced our prior executive services agreement with Kulwant Sandher.

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the Sandher Agreement: (a) Mr. Sandher was appointed as our Chief Financial Officer and undertook to perform the duties and responsibilities normally and reasonably associated with such office; (b) we shall pay to Mr. Sandher an Annual Base Salary of CAD$250,000; (c) Mr. Sandher is entitled employee benefits, if and when such benefits have been adopted

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by us, including group health insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, travel accident insurance, group life insurance, short-term disability insurance, long-term disability insurance, drug coverage and dental coverage (the “Group Benefits”); (d) Mr. Sandher is eligible to receive minimum bonus of 25% of his Annual Base Salary and a discretionary bonus of between 50% and 100% of his Annual Base Salary; and (e) Mr. Sandher is entitled to four weeks’ paid annual vacation per calendar year.

We may terminate the employment of Mr. Sandher under the Sandher Agreement without any notice or any payment in lieu of notice for a serious reason. Mr. Sandher may terminate his employment under the Sandher Agreement for any reason by providing not less than 60 calendar days’ notice in writing to us, provided, however, that we may waive or abridge any notice period specified in such notice in our sole and absolute discretion.

The employment of Mr. Sandher will terminate upon the death of Mr. Sandher. Upon the death of Mr. Sandher during the continuance of the Sandher Agreement, we will provide Mr. Sandher’s estate with (a) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the date of his death, (b) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan or any other employee benefit plan or program, (c) a pro-rata share of any discretionary annual bonus to which he otherwise would have been entitled for the fiscal year in which his death occurs at no less than the target bonus percentage, paid at the time discretionary annual bonuses are paid to our still-employed executives and (d) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

If we elect to terminate the Sandher Agreement without a serious reason, and provided that Mr. Sandher is in compliance with the relevant terms and conditions of the Sandher Agreement, we shall be obligated to provide a severance package to Mr. Sandher as follows: (a) a cash payment equating to the Annual Base Salary to be paid over a period of twelve months, less any required statutory deductions, if any; (b) that pro-rata portion of any discretionary bonus to which Mr. Sandher would have been entitled as determined in good faith; (c) payment of any unpaid portion of his Annual Base Salary through the effective date of termination; (d) reimbursement for any outstanding reasonable business expense he has incurred in performing his duties hereunder in accordance with the Sandher Agreement; (e) continued insurance benefits to the extent required by law; (f) payment of any fully vested but unpaid rights as required by the terms of any bonus or other incentive pay plan, or any other employee benefit plan or program and (g) CAD$500 per month for twelve months to help defray costs of procuring health, dental or drug insurance coverage for health care.

Xavier Montagne, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer

On February 23, 2021, we entered into an employment agreement with Xavier Montagne with a term commencing on April 1, 2021 (the “Montagne Agreement”).

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the Montagne Agreement: (a) Mr. Montagne is appointed as our Chief Technology Officer and undertook to perform the duties and responsibilities normally and reasonably associated with such office; (b) we shall pay to Mr. Montagne an Annual Base Salary of CAD$215,000; (c)  Mr. Montagne is entitled to employee benefits, if and when such benefits have been adopted by us, including group health insurance, group life insurance, disability insurance, and dental coverage; and (d) Mr. Montagne is entitled to four weeks’ paid annual vacation per reference period of May 1st to April 30th. Furthermore, we granted Mr. Montagne an equity award of 100,000 Options under the Share Option Plan.

We may terminate the employment of Mr. Montagne under the Montagne Agreement for a serious reason upon written notice. Mr. Montagne may terminate his employment under the Montagne Agreement for any reason by providing not less than two (2) weeks’ notice in writing to us.

The employment of Mr. Montagne will terminate upon the death of Mr. Montagne. Upon the death of Mr. Montagne during the continuance of the Montagne Agreement, we will not be obligated to provide any payment to Mr. Montagne’s estate.

If we elect to terminate the Montagne Agreement without a serious reason, we shall be obligated to provide Mr. Montagne with the period of notice or the payment of such amounts in lieu of notice as may be required by applicable law.

On December 14, 2021, Mr. Montagne also became our Chief Operating Officer, and as a result his Annual Base Salary increased to $250,000.

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Stock Option Plans and Stock Options

The following table sets forth, as at August 31, 2023, the equity compensation plans pursuant to which our equity securities may be issued:

				Number of
				securities remaining
				available
				for future
	Number of			issuance
	securities to			under equity
	be issued	Weighted-		compensation
	upon exercise	average exercise		plans
	of outstanding	price		(excluding
	options, warrants	of outstanding		Securities
	and	options, warrants		reflected in
	rights	and rights ($)		column (a))
Plan Category	(a)	(b)		(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by securityholders(1)	1,099,541	$	5.22	665,411
Equity compensation plans not approved by securityholders	—	$	—	—
Total	1,099,541	$	5.22	665,411

(1) Includes 440,000 options included in agreements with management entered into in November 2020 for options to be issued pursuant to the Share Option Plan

2020 Stock Option Plan

On January 20, 2020, our Board of Directors adopted our 2020 Stock Option Plan (as amended on April 22, 2020, the “Stock Option Plan”) under which an aggregate of 1,764,952 shares may be issued, subject to adjustment as described in the Stock Option Plan.

The purpose of the Stock Option Plan is to retain the services of our valued key employees, directors and consultants and such other persons as the plan administrator, which is currently the Board of Directors, shall select in accordance with the eligibility requirements of the Stock Option Plan, and to encourage such persons to acquire a greater proprietary interest in our Company, thereby strengthening their incentive to achieve the objectives of our shareholders, and to serve as an aid and inducement in the hiring of new employees and to provide an equity incentive to consultants and other persons selected by the plan administrator. The Stock Option Plan shall be administered initially by our Board of Directors, except that the Board may, in its discretion, establish a committee composed of two or more members of the Board to administer the Stock Option Plan, which committee may be an executive, compensation or other committee, including a separate committee especially created for this purpose.

Unless accelerated in accordance with the Stock Option Plan, in the event an Option holder’s Continuous Service terminates (other than upon the Option holder’s death or Disability), the Option holder may exercise his or her Option (to the extent that the Option holder was entitled to exercise such Option as of the date of termination) but only within such period of time ending on the earlier of (a) the date three months following the termination of the Option holder’s Continuous Service or (b) the expiration of the term of the Option as set forth in the Award Agreement; provided that, if we terminate Continuous Service for Cause, all outstanding Options (whether or not vested) shall immediately terminate and cease to be exercisable. If, after termination, the Option holder does not exercise his or her Option within the time specified in the Award Agreement, the Option shall terminate. In the event an Option holder’s Continuous Service terminates as a result of the Option holder’s death or disability, then the Option may be exercised (to the extent the Option holder was entitled to exercise such Option as of the date of death) by the Option holder’s estate, by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance or by a person designated to exercise the Option upon the Option holder’s death, but only within the period ending on the earlier of (a) the date 12 months following the date of death or (b) the expiration of the term of such Option as set forth in the Award Agreement. If, after the Option holder’s death, the Option is not exercised within the time specified herein or in the Award Agreement, the Option shall terminate.

For purposes of the Stock Option Plan, unless otherwise defined in the stock option agreement between us and the optionee, “disability” shall mean unless the applicable Award Agreement says otherwise, that the Participant is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment. The Committee shall determine whether an optionee has incurred a disability on the basis of medical evidence acceptable to the plan administrator. Upon making a determination of disability,

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the Committee shall, for purposes of the Stock Option Plan, determine the date of an optionee’s termination of employment or contractual relationship.

As of August 31, 2023, we had 1,099,541 stock options outstanding under the stock option plan:

● In May 2020, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 333,231 options to purchase common shares at $3.70 per share.

● In May 2020, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 110,000 options to purchase common shares at $2.78 per share.

● In October 2020, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 10,810 options to purchase common shares at $3.70 per share.

● In November 2020, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 35,000 options to purchase common shares at $16.29 per share.

● In September 2021, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 25,000 options to purchase common shares at $8.85 per share.

● In January 2022, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 102,500 options to purchase common shares at $5.65 per share.

● In November 2022, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 5,000 options to purchase common shares at $6.09 per share.

● In December 2022, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 30,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.83 per share.

● In March 2023, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 405,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.77 per share and 393,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.77 per share.

● In April 2023, we issued our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 43,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.75 per share.

Although the exercise prices of all of these options were based on what we deemed to be the fair market value on the date that we entered into agreements to issue the options, by the date that we actually granted the 162,162 options at $2.775, we deemed the fair market value to have increased to $3.70. As a result, we recorded an expense of $259,410 for the year ended August 31, 2020, in connection with the issuance of those options.

In November 2020, we entered into agreements with members of our management to issue 440,000 stock options. These options vested in monthly 1/12th increments over the course of a year. The options are exercisable for ten years at US$12.50 per common share.

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Outstanding Option-based Awards for Named Executive Officers and Directors

The following table reflects all option-based awards for each Named Executive Officer and director outstanding as at August 31, 2023. We do not have any other equity incentive plans other than our Stock Option Plan.

Option–based Awards
	Number of
	Securities
Named	Underlying
Executive	Unexercised
Officer	Options	Option exercise		Option expiration
or Director	(#)(1)	price ($)		date
Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer	64,864	$	3.70	May 27, 2025
Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer	21,000	$	5.68	November 24, 2030
Patrick Bobby, President of Special Operations (2)	64,864	$	3.70	May 27, 2025
Patrick Bobby, President of Special Operations	21,000	$	5.68	November 24, 2030
Kulwant Sandher, Chief Financial Officer	59,459	$	3.70	May 27, 2025
Kulwant Sandher, Chief Financial Officer	21,000	$	5.68	November 24, 2030
Xavier Montagne, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer	60,000	$	5.68	February 23, 2026
	90,000	$	5.65	January 22, 2027
	3,000		5.83	December 22, 2027
Steven Barrenechea, Director	60,000	$	5.68	November 24, 2025
Luisa Ingargiola, Director	60,000	$	5.68	November 24, 2025

(1) These options to purchase common shares were issued pursuant to our Share Option Plan which is summarized in this prospectus in the section entitled “Executive Compensation - Share Option Plans and Share options- 2020 Share Option Plan ”. The options were granted on May 27, 2020 and have all vested

(2) Mr. Bobby had been our Chief Operating Officer through December 14, 2021, at which time he resigned from that role and became our Head of Performance & Special Projects (President of Special Operations).

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Director Compensation for Fiscal 2023

The following table sets forth the value of all compensation paid to the directors, excluding Alexandre Mongeon and Patrick Bobby who are paid as officers and not as directors:

				Non-equity
				incentive
	Fees	Share-based	Option-based	plan	Pension	All other
	earned	awards	awards	compensation	value	compensation	Total
Name	($)	($)	($)	($)	($)	($)	($)
Alan D. Gaines, Chairman (1)	Nil	285,602	Nil	Nil	Nil	319,666	605,268
Steve P. Barrenechea, Director	184,895	51,925	42,552	Nil	Nil	Nil	279,372
Renaud Cloutier, Director	24,559	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	24,559
Luisa Ingargiola, Director	66,032	51,925	42,552	Nil	Nil	Nil	160,509
Carter Murray	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	127,705	127,705
Mario Saucier	58,286	43,811	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	102,097

(1) Mr. Gaines resigned as our Chairman in our 2023 fiscal year.

Pension Benefits

We do not have any defined benefit pension plans or any other plans providing for retirement payments or benefits.

Termination of Employment and Change of Control Benefits

Details with respect to termination of employment and change of control benefits for our directors and executive officers is reported above under the section titled “Executive Compensation Agreements.”

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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of December 1, 2023 by (a) each shareholder who is known to us to own beneficially 5% or more of our outstanding common shares; (b) all directors; (c) our executive officers, and (d) all executive officers and directors as a group. Except as otherwise indicated, all persons listed below have (i) sole voting power and investment power with respect to their common shares, except to the extent that authority is shared by spouses under applicable law, and (ii) record and beneficial ownership with respect to their common shares.

				Percentage of
		Percentage of		Shares
	Common Shares	Common Shares		Beneficially
	Beneficially	Beneficially		Owned After
Name	Owned (1)	Owned (2)		Offering(8)
Directors and Executive Officers:
Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer, Director (3)(4)	2,522,973	21.5	%	11.3	%
Patrick Bobby, President of Special Operations (3)(5)	2,237,183	19.1	%	10.2	%
Xavier Montagne, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer(9)	162,500	1.4	%	*	%
Kulwant Sandher, Chief Financial Officer (6)	286,254	2.4	%	1.4	%
Mario Saucier, Director	9,000	*	%		%
Steve P. Barrenechea, Director (7)	80,667	*	%	*	%
Luisa Ingargiola, Director (7)	80,667	*	%	*	%
Carter Murray, Chairman	118,765	1.0	%	*	%
Dr. Phillipe Couillard, Director	nil	nil	%	*	%
Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (Nine Persons)	3,357,503	27.6	%	16.6	%
Other 5% or more Shareholders:
James Stafford	959,797	8.2	%	4.6	%
Société De Placements Robert Ghetti Inc.	1,066,895	9.2	%	5.1	%

* Under 1%

(1) Under Rule 13d-3, a beneficial owner of a security includes any person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, or otherwise has or shares: (i) voting power, which includes the power to vote, or to direct the voting of shares; and (ii) investment power, which includes the power to dispose or direct the disposition of shares. Certain shares may be deemed to be beneficially owned by more than one person (if, for example, persons share the power to vote or the power to dispose of the shares). In addition, shares are deemed to be beneficially owned by a person if the person has the right to acquire the shares (for example, upon exercise of an option) within 60 days of the date as of which the information is provided. In computing the percentage ownership of any person, the amount of shares outstanding is deemed to include the number of shares beneficially owned by such person (and only such person) by reason of these acquisition rights. As a result, the percentage of outstanding shares of any person as shown in this table does not necessarily reflect the person’s actual ownership or voting power with respect to the number of common shares actually outstanding on December 1, 2023.

(2) The percentage is calculated based on (i) 11,649,319 common shares that were outstanding as of December 1, 2023 and (ii) common shares deemed to be beneficially owned by such person or group if the person or group has the right to acquire the common shares within 60 days of the date as of which the information is provided.

(3) Includes 2,140,506 shares held by 9134-0489 Quebec Inc. This entity is jointly owned by Alexandre Mongeon and Patrick Bobby who each have dispositive and voting control over it.

(4) Includes 85,865 common shares underlying options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days.

(5) Includes 85,865 common shares underlying options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days.

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(6) 205,795 of these shares are held by KPAC Holding Ltd., an entity over which Kulwant Sandher has dispositive and voting control. Also includes common shares underlying 80,459 options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days.

(7) Includes 70,000 shares underlying options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days.

(8) As estimated using gross proceeds of US$15,00,000 and the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 per common share and common warrant as set out on the cover page hereto and assuming that we sell no pre-funded warrants in this offering.

(9) Includes 132,500 shares underlying options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days.

The information as to shares beneficially owned, not being within our knowledge, has been furnished by the officers and directors.

As at November 24, 2023 , there were 26 holders of record of our common shares in the United States.

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RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS

In addition to employment and consulting agreements described elsewhere in this prospectus, we have entered into the following transactions with our directors, officers, promoters and shareholders who beneficially own more than 10% of our common shares:

● In February 2021, we acquired intellectual property from Mac Engineering, SASU for $1,035,070. At the time of the acquisition, Mac Engineering, SASU was not a related party, but immediately upon the acquisition the Chief Executive Officer and sole shareholder of Mac Engineering, SASU became our Chief Technology Officer and he subsequently became our Chief Operating Officer;

● We sold $101,684 of boats, parts, services and other items to EBR in our 2021 fiscal year and $84,149 for that portion of our 2022 fiscal year prior to acquiring EBR. Our Chief Executive Officer was an affiliate of EBR at the time of those sales. There was no written agreement for any of these sales;

● We pay rent to California Electric Boat Company Inc. for the use of our manufacturing space and offices. Our Chief Executive Officer is an affiliate of California Electric Boat Company. This space is in three adjacent units each under a separate lease with a related party. One lease is for approximately 4,100 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $5,400 and expires on March 31, 2027. The second lease is for approximately 4,100 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $5,400 and expires on March 31, 2027. The third lease is for approximately 16,800 square feet, has a monthly rent of approximately $21,700 and expires on March 31, 2027. We respectively paid rent to California Electric Boat Company Inc. for rent $[--------], $253,397 and $175,296 in our 2023, 2022 and 2021fiscal years.

● We entered into an agreement with Montana Strategies  Inc. to rent a fork lift truck in connection with EBRs operations pursuant to which we paid $29,059 and $62,462 in the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. This agreement has been terminated.

● We received advances from related parties. All of these advances to and from related parties were non-interest bearing and had no specified terms of repayment. Pursuant to the terms of subscription agreements with these related parties, we converted the debt due to them into common shares at US$10 per share, the per share price in our November 2020 initial public offering. We also converted amounts we owed to related parties as trade and other payables on the same terms. These amounts that we owed related parties were converted as follows:

			Common
			Shares
	Amount of		upon
Related Party Debt (Current at Conversion):	Debt		Conversion
Alexandre Mongeon	$	141,972	11,006
Patrick Bobby	$	139,472	10,812
Robert Ghetti	$	64,750	5,019
Immobilier R. Ghetti Inc.	$	16,487	1,278
Société de Placement Robert Ghetti Inc.	$	279,376	21,657
Gestion Toyma	$	151,500	11,744
Related Party Debt (Current at Conversion)
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	$	129,932	10,072
Alexandre Mongeon	$	14,201	1,101

In addition, we paid some debt due to related parties in cash including (i) $24,394 due to Gestion Toyma Inc., (ii) $39,668 that was due to Alexandre Mongeon for trade and other payables and (iii) $5,091 due to Patrick Bobby for trade and other payables.

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As at August 31, 2023, the amounts due to and from related parties are as follows:

	As at August 31,
	2023
	$
Share subscription receivable
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	25,000
Alexandre Mongeon	14,200
	39,200
Current advances to related party
Alexandre Mongeon	20,135
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable
Alexandre Mongeon	19,348
Patrick Bobby	13,847
Kulwant Sandher	8,654
Xavier Montagne	10,454
Mac Engineering, SASU	9,935
	62,274

Advances from related parties are non-interest bearing and have no specified terms of repayment.

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The following table summarizes our related party transactions for the years ended August 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Revenues
Sales of boats
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	84,149
Patrick Bobby			—
Sale of parts and boat maintenance
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	40,310
Other
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	—
7858078 Canada Inc. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	—
Expenses
Cost of sales
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,444
Research and Development
9335‑1427 Quebec Inc.	—	—	75,020
Mac Engineering, SASU	545,892	666,178	176,500
Travel and entertainment
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	8,926
Advertising and promotion
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,245
Rent expense
California Electric Boat Company Inc.	—	—	—
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	—
Office salaries and benefits
Montana Strategies Inc.	29,059	62,462	—

The Company leases its Boisbriand premises from California Electric Boat Company Inc. with a right-of-use assets as at August 31, 2023 of $1,270,955 (August 31, 2022 – $889,866) and lease liability of $1,395,732 (August 31, 2022 – $971,399).

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MATERIAL AGREEMENTS

We have not entered into any material agreements other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in this prospectus.

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MARKET FOR OUR SECURITIES

Our common shares are presently quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VMAR”. As of November 24, 2023, the last reported sale price of our common share on the Nasdaq Capital Market was US$1.85 per share. The market for our common shares is limited and may become volatile and sporadic. There is no market four our common warrants or pre-funded warrants, and we do not intend to apply for or create any such market for such warrants.

Holders

As of December 1, 2023, the registrar and transfer agent for our common shares reported that there were 11,649,319 common shares issued and outstanding. Of these, 15 were registered to Canadian residents, including nil shares registered to CDS & Co., which is a nominee of the Canadian Depository for Securities Limited. 3,079,497 of our common  shares were registered to 15 shareholders in Canada, one of which is CDS & Co. 8,426,342 of our shares were registered to residents of the United States, including 8,211,548 shares registered to CEDE & Co., which is a nominee of the Depository Trust Company. 138,045 of our shares were registered to residents of other foreign countries.

Dividends

We have not declared any common share dividends to date. We have no present intention of paying any cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future, as we intend to use earnings, if any, to generate growth. The payment by us of dividends, if any, in the future, is within the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings, capital requirements and financial condition, as well as other relevant factors. There are no material restrictions in our articles that restrict us from declaring dividends.

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SECURITIES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Common Shares

Upon completion of this offering (assuming that we issue US$15,000,000 of common shares at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 as set out on the cover page and assuming that we sell no pre-funded warrants in this offering), we will have 19,757,427 common shares outstanding, not including (i) shares underlying outstanding warrants and options, (ii) shares underlying the common warrants to be sold in this offering (including the pursuant to the exercise of the over-allotment option), (iii) shares underlying the underwriter’s warrants (please see below “Underwriter’s Warrants”), (iv) any shares that may be sold pursuant to the underwriter’s over-allotment option and (v) any shares underlying warrants that may be sold pursuant to the underwriter’s over-allotment option. All of the common shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than by our “affiliates” without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. Sales of substantial amounts of our common share in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common share. Our common shares are quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VMAR.”

Additionally, we had 1,099,539 options outstanding as of December 1, 2023. We had 3,012,441 warrants outstanding as of December 1, 2023.

Pre-Funded Warrants

We are offering to each purchaser of common shares and common warrants that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding common shares immediately following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to purchase pre-funded warrants and common warrants in lieu of common shares and common warrants. For each pre-funded warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of common shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. The remaining exercise price on the common shares underlying the pre-funded warrants is nominal, and such common shares could be obtained, and eligible for future sale, at nominal cost to the holders of pre-funded warrants.

Common Warrants

Upon completion of this offering (assuming that we issue US$15,000,000 of common shares at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 as set out on the cover page), we will issue 8,108,108 common warrants to purchase common shares (assuming no exercise of the over-allotment option). Although no trading market exists for the common warrants sold in this offering and we do not intend to establish any such market, the common shares underlying such common warrants will be freely transferable by persons other than by our “affiliates” without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act provided that the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part remains effective and a current prospectus is available thereunder.

Because a common warrant is being sold together in this offering with each common share and, in the alternative, each pre-funded warrant, the number of common warrants sold in this offering will not change as a result of a change in the mix of the common shares and pre-funded warrants sold.

Underwriter’s Warrants

In addition to cash compensation, we have agreed to issue to the underwriter warrants to purchase up to a total of 405,405 common shares (equal to 5% of the common shares and pre-funded warrants sold in this offering, at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85 as set out on the cover page hereto), or 466,216 common shares if the underwriter exercises its option in full (at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85). The underwriter’s warrants will be exercisable from time to time, in whole or in part, from six months after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part until five years from the effective date of the registration statement. The underwriter’s warrants are exercisable at a per share price equal to 125% of the per share offering price. The underwriter’s warrants are also exercisable on a cashless basis. The underwriter’s warrants have been deemed compensation by FINRA and are therefore subject to a 180-day lock-up pursuant to Rule 5110(g)(1) of FINRA. The underwriter (or permitted assignees under FINRA Rule 5110(g)(1)) will not sell, transfer, assign, pledge, or hypothecate the underwriter’s warrants or the securities underlying the underwriter’s warrants, nor will it engage in any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the underwriter’s warrants or the underlying securities for a period of 180 days from the effective date of the offering, except as provided for in FINRA Conduct Rule 5110(g)(2). The exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise of the underwriter’s warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, subdivisions, combinations, reclassification, merger or consolidation.

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Rule 144

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, once we have been subject to public company reporting requirements for at least 90 days, a person who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates for purposes of the Securities Act at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale and who has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, is entitled to sell those shares without complying with the manner of sale, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144, subject to compliance with the public information requirements of Rule 144. If such a person has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, then that person is entitled to sell those shares without complying with any of the requirements of Rule 144.

In general, under Rule 144, as currently in effect, our affiliates or persons selling shares on behalf of our affiliates are entitled to sell within any three-month period beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of:

● 1% of the number of common shares then outstanding, which will equal 191,816 shares immediately after this offering at the assumed offering price set out on the cover page hereto, or

● the average weekly trading volume of the common shares during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to such sale.

Sales under Rule 144 by our affiliates or persons selling shares on behalf of our affiliates are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.

Rule 701

In general, under Rule 701 as currently in effect, any of our employees, consultants or advisors who purchase shares from us in connection with a compensatory stock or option plan or other written agreement in a transaction before the effective date of this offering that was completed in reliance on Rule 701 and complied with the requirements of Rule 701 will be eligible to resell such shares 90 days after the date of this prospectus in reliance on Rule 144, but without compliance with certain restrictions, including the holding period, contained in Rule 144.

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ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF OUR COMPANY

Our company was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Québec, Canada on August 27, 2012 under the name Riopel Marine, Inc. The following is a description of certain sections of our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and as modified by our Bylaws.

Remuneration of Directors

Our directors are entitled to remuneration for acting as directors as the directors may from time to time determine. Unless otherwise provided for in a unanimous shareholder’s agreement, the board Directors fixes, from time to time, by resolution, the remuneration of the directors. In addition, the board of directors may, by resolution, grant special compensation to a director who performs a specific or additional mandate on behalf of the Corporation. Directors also have the right to be reimbursed for travel expenses and all reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the exercise of their duties.

Number of Directors

According to Article 11 of our Internal By-laws, under Section D. Interpretation, the number of directors is indicated in the articles. If the articles provide for a minimum and a maximum number of directors, the board of directors is composed of the fixed number of directors, between these minimum and maximum numbers, determined by resolution of the board of directors, or failing that by shareholder resolution. An amendment to the articles which reduces the number of directors does not end the mandate of the directors in office.

Directors

Our directors are elected each year at the annual shareholder’s meeting. The election of a director is made by plurality of votes; the candidates who collect the greatest number of votes are elected in descending order, up to the number of positions to be filled. Our Articles provide that the Board may, between annual meetings, appoint one or more additional directors to serve until the next annual meeting, but the number of additional directors must not at any time exceed the fixed or maximum number of directors provided for by the articles.

Our By-laws provide that our directors may from time to time on behalf of our company, without shareholder approval:

● Take out loans;

● Issue, reissue, sell or mortgage its debt securities;

● Give security for the performance of another person’s obligation;

● Mortgage all or part of his property, present or future, in order to guarantee the performance of any obligation;

● Fill vacancies in the directors or the auditor or to appoint additional directors;

● Appoint the chairman of the Corporation and the chairman of the board of directors, the head of management, the head of operations or the head of finance, and fix their remuneration;

● Authorize the issue of shares;

● Approve the transfer of unpaid shares;

● Declare dividends;

● Acquire, in particular by purchase, redemption or exchange, shares issued by the Corporation;

● Subdivide, redesign or convert shares;

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● Authorize the payment of a commission to a person who purchases shares or other securities in the Corporation, or who undertakes to buy or to have these shares or values purchased;

● Approve the financial statements presented at annual meetings of shareholders;

● Adopt the rules of procedure, modify or repeal them;

● Authorize calls for payments;

● Authorize the confiscation of shares;

● Approve an amendment to the articles allowing the series division of a class of unissued shares and establish the designation, rights and restrictions;

● Approve a simplified merger.

Authorized Capital

Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended by our Articles of Amendment, provides that our authorized capital consists of two classes of shares, (1) an unlimited number of common shares without par value, issuable in four series, of which an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Founder, an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Investor 1, an unlimited number are designated as Voting Common Shares – Series Investor 2 and an unlimited number are designated as Non-Voting Common Shares; and (2) an unlimited number of Preferred shares without par value, issuable in one (1) or more series, each series to consist of such number of shares as may before issuance thereof be determined by the directors. The holders of Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive from the amounts which the Corporation may set aside for the payment of dividends.

Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Our Shares

Our Voting Common Shares, subject to the Business Corporations Act, are entitled to the following rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to our Voting Common Shares:

● To vote at every shareholders’ meeting and receive a notice of meeting; each shareholder has one vote per share during the meeting;

● Voting Common Shares carry the right to receive any dividend;

● Voting Common Shares have the right to share the remainder of the assets in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Corporation.

Our Non-Voting Common Shares, subject to the Business Corporations Act, are entitled to the following rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to our Non-Voting Common Shares:

● Non-Voting Common Shares do not carry the right to vote at shareholder meetings or to receive notice of such meetings;

● Non-Voting Common Shares carry the right to receive any dividend;

● Non-Voting Common Shares have the right to share the remainder of the assets in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Corporation.

Our Preferred Shares, subject to the Business Corporations Act, are entitled to the following rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to our Preferred Shares:

● Preferred Shares do not carry the right to vote at shareholder meetings or to receive notice of such meetings;

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● Preferred Shares shall be entitled to preference over the Common Shares of the Corporation and over any other shares of the Corporation ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to the payment of any dividend;

● Preferred Shares shall be entitled to preference over the Common Shares of the Corporation and over any other shares of the Corporation ranking junior to the Preferred Shares to share the remainder of the assets in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Corporation.

Shareholder Meetings

The Business Corporations Act provides that: (i) the corporation must hold an annual meeting of shareholders; if necessary, it can hold one or more special shareholder’s meetings; (ii) shareholders meeting may be held in Quebec, in any place chosen by the board of directors, or may be held at a location outside Quebec if the articles allow it, or if all the shareholders entitled to vote agree; (iii) an annual meeting must be held within 18 months of the incorporation of the Corporation and, thereafter, within 15 months of the previous annual meeting; (iv) the board of directors may at any time call a special meeting; (v) shareholders holding at least 10% of the shares giving the right to vote at the special meeting requested to be convened may, by means of a notice, request the board of directors to convene a special meeting for the purposes set out in their request.

Pursuant to Article 69 of our By-laws, a shareholder or proxy holder who is entitled to participate in a meeting of shareholders may do so by any means, if all shareholders and proxy holders participating in the meeting are able to communicate with each other; each shareholder participating by such means shall be deemed to be present at the meeting.

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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING

The following is a summary of the offered securities. You should review the underwriting agreement, our Articles of Incorporation, the Warrant Agreement (including the form of warrant therein) and the form of the pre-funded warrant, each of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, for a complete description of the terms and conditions applicable to the applicable offered security.

Common Shares

The description of our common shares under the section “Articles of Incorporation of our Company” in this prospectus is incorporated herein by reference.

Pre-Funded Warrants

General

The term “pre-funded” refers to the fact that the purchase price of the Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering includes almost the entire exercise price that will be paid under the pre-funded warrants, except for a nominal remaining exercise price of US$0.001. The purpose of the Pre-Funded Warrants is to enable investors that may have restrictions on their ability to beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of such purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common shares following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to invest capital into the Company without triggering their ownership restrictions, by receiving Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of common shares which would result in such ownership of more than 4.99% or 9.99%, as applicable, and receiving the ability to exercise their option to purchase the shares underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants at a nominal price at a later date.

The following is a brief summary of certain terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants being offered by us. The following description is subject in all respects to the provisions contained in the form of Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Exercise price

The exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant is equal to the offering price of each common share sold in this offering, of which all but US$0.001, the remaining nominal exercise price, has been paid. The exercise price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our common shares and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our shareholders.

Exercisability

The pre-funded warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and until exercised in full. The pre-funded warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and by payment in full of the exercise price in immediately available funds for the number of common shares purchased upon such exercise. As an alternative to payment in immediately available funds, the holder may elect to exercise the pre-funded warrant through a cashless exercise, in which the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of common shares determined according to the formula set forth in the pre-funded warrant. No fractional common shares will be issued in connection with the exercise of a pre-funded warrant.

Exercise limitations

The pre-funded warrants may not be exercised by the holder to the extent that the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own, after such exercise more than 4.99% of the common shares then outstanding (including for such purpose the common shares issuable upon such exercise). However, any holder may increase or decrease such beneficial ownership limitation upon notice to us, provided that such limitation cannot exceed 9.99%, and provided that any increase in the beneficial ownership limitation shall not be effective until 61 days after such notice is delivered. Purchasers of pre-funded warrants in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of the pre-funded warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding common shares.

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Transferability

Subject to applicable laws, the pre-funded warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.

Exchange listing

There is no established trading market for the pre-funded warrants. We do not intend to list the pre-funded warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants will be limited.

Fundamental transactions

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the pre-funded warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common shares, upon consummation of such a fundamental transaction, the holders of the pre-funded warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the pre-funded warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction without regard to any limitations on exercise contained in the pre-funded warrants.

No rights as a shareholder

Except as otherwise provided in the pre-funded warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of common shares, the holders of pre-funded warrants do not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our common shares, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the pre-funded warrant. The pre-funded warrants will provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on our common shares.

Common Warrants

General

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the common warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the common warrant, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of common warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the common warrants.

Duration and Exercise price

Each common warrant offered hereby has an initial exercise price per share equal to the combined offering price of each common share and common warrant in this offering. The common warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire five years following the date of issuance. The exercise price and number of common shares issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common shares and the exercise price. common warrants will be issued in registered form only.

Exercisability

The common warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of common shares purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such holder’s warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or 9.99%, at the holder’s election) of our outstanding common shares immediately after exercise, except that upon notice from the holder to us, the holder may decrease or increase the limitation of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s warrants up to 9.99% of the number of common shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the common warrants, provided that any increase in such limitation shall not be effective until 61 days following notice to us.

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Cashless Exercise

If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of the common shares issuable upon exercise of the common warrants, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of common shares determined according to a formula set forth in the common warrants.

Transferability

A common warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the common warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Fractional Shares

No fractional common shares will be issued upon the exercise of the common warrants. Rather, the number of common shares to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the nearest whole number or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Trading Market

There is no established trading market for any of the common warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to apply for a listing for any of the common warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants will be limited.

Rights as a Shareholder

Except as otherwise provided in the common warrants or by virtue of the holders’ ownership of common shares, the holders of warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common shares, including any voting rights, until such warrant holders exercise their common warrants.

Fundamental Transaction

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the common warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common shares, the holders of the common warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the common warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the common warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.

Waivers and Amendments

No term of the common warrants may be amended or waived without the written consent of the holder of such common warrant.

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LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF NON-CANADIANS

Vision Marine Technologies Inc. is incorporated pursuant to the laws of the Province of Quebec, Canada. There is no law or governmental decree or regulation in Canada that restricts the export or import of capital, or affects the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to a non-resident holder of common shares, other than withholding tax requirements. Any such remittances to United States residents are generally subject to withholding tax, however no such remittances are likely in the foreseeable future. See “Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations For Non-Canadian Holders,” below.

There is no limitation imposed by Canadian law or by the charter or other constituent documents of our company on the right of a non-resident to hold or vote common shares of our company. However, the Investment Canada Act (Canada) (the “Investment Act”) has rules regarding certain acquisitions of shares by non-residents, along with other requirements under that legislation.

The following discussion summarizes the principal features of the Investment Act for a non-resident who proposes to acquire common shares of our company. The discussion is general only; it is not a substitute for independent legal advice from an investor’s own advisor; and it does not anticipate statutory or regulatory amendments.

The Investment Act is a federal statute of broad application regulating the establishment and acquisition of Canadian businesses by non-Canadians, including individuals, governments or agencies thereof, corporations, partnerships, trusts or joint ventures (each an “entity”). Investments by non-Canadians to acquire control over existing Canadian businesses or to establish new ones are either reviewable or notifiable under the Investment Act. If an investment by a non-Canadian to acquire control over an existing Canadian business is reviewable under the Investment Act, the Investment Act generally prohibits implementation of the investment unless, after review, the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development, is satisfied that the investment is likely to be of net benefit to Canada.

A non-Canadian would acquire control of our company for the purposes of the Investment Act through the acquisition of common shares if the non-Canadian acquired a majority of the common shares of our company.

Further, the acquisition of less than a majority but one-third or more of the common shares of our company would be presumed to be an acquisition of control of our company unless it could be established that, on the acquisition, our company was not controlled in fact by the acquirer through the ownership of common shares.

For a direct acquisition that would result in an acquisition of control of our company, subject to the exception for “WTO-investors” that are controlled by persons who are resident in World Trade Organization (“WTO”) member nations, a proposed investment would be reviewable where the value of the acquired assets is $5 million or more, or if an order for review was made by the federal cabinet on the grounds that the investment related to Canada’s cultural heritage or national identity, where the value of the acquired assets is less than $5 million.

For a proposed indirect acquisition that by an investor other than a so-called WTO investor that would result in an acquisition of control of our company through the acquisition of a non-Canadian parent entity, the investment would be reviewable where the value of the assets of the entity carrying on the Canadian business, and of all other entities in Canada, the control of which is acquired, directly or indirectly is $50 million or more. The threshold is reduced to $5 million or more for a direct acquisition of control of the company by a non-WTO investor.

In the case of a direct acquisition by or from a “WTO investor”, the threshold is significantly higher. An investment in common shares of our company by a WTO investor would be reviewable only if it was an investment to acquire control of the company and the enterprise value of the assets of the company was equal to or greater than a specified amount, which is published by the Minister after its determination for any particular year. This amount is currently $1.075 billion (unless the WTO member is party to one of a list of certain free trade agreements, in which case the amount is currently $1.613 billion); beginning January 1, 2019, both thresholds will be adjusted annually by a GDP (Gross Domestic Product) based index.

The higher WTO threshold for direct investments and the exemption for indirect investments do not apply where the relevant Canadian business is carrying on a “cultural business”. The acquisition of a Canadian business that is a “cultural business” is subject to lower review thresholds under the Investment Act because of the perceived sensitivity of the cultural sector.

In 2009, amendments were enacted to the Investment Act concerning investments that may be considered injurious to national security. If the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development has reasonable grounds to believe that an investment by a non-

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Canadian “could be injurious to national security,” the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development may send the non-Canadian a notice indicating that an order for review of the investment may be made. The review of an investment on the grounds of national security may occur whether or not an investment is otherwise subject to review on the basis of net benefit to Canada or otherwise subject to notification under the Investment Act. To date, there is neither legislation nor guidelines published, or anticipated to be published, on the meaning of “injurious to national security.” Discussions with government officials suggest that very few investment proposals will cause a review under these new sections. In 2016, the government of Canada released a set of guidelines for the national security review process. The guidelines state that, in assessing a proposed investment under the national security provisions of the Investment Act, the nature of the asset or business activities and the parties, including the potential for third party influence, involved in the transaction will be considered. The guidelines also provide a list of factors that may be taken into account to determine whether a review of an investment on national security grounds will be conducted.

Certain transactions, except those to which the national security provisions of the Investment Act may apply, relating to common shares of our company are exempt from the Investment Act, including

(a) the acquisition of our common shares by a person in the ordinary course of that person’s business as a trader or dealer in securities,

(b) the acquisition of control of our company in connection with the realization of security granted for a loan or other financial assistance and not for a purpose related to the provisions on the Investment Act, and

I the acquisition of control of our company by reason of an amalgamation, merger, consolidation or corporate reorganization following which the ultimate direct or indirect control in fact of our company, through the ownership of common shares, remained unchanged.

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MATERIAL INCOME TAX INFORMATION

Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for Non-Canadian Holders

The following summary describes, as of the date hereof, the material Canadian federal income tax considerations generally applicable to a purchaser who acquires, as a beneficial owner, offered securities pursuant to this offering and who, at all relevant times, for the purposes of the application of the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Income Tax Regulations, or, collectively, the Canadian Tax Act, (1) is not, and is not deemed to be, resident in Canada for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act and any applicable income tax treaty or convention; (2) deals at arm’s length with us; (3) is not affiliated with us; (4) does not use or hold, and is not deemed to use or hold, offered securities in a business carried on in Canada; (5) has not entered into, with respect to the offered securities, a “derivative forward agreement” as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act and (6) holds the offered securities as capital property (a “Non-Canadian Holder”). Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a Non-Canadian Holder that is an insurer carrying on an insurance business in Canada and elsewhere.

This summary is based on the current provisions of the Canadian Tax Act, and an understanding of the current administrative policies of the Canada Revenue Agency published in writing prior to the date hereof. This summary takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act and the Canada-United States Tax Convention (1980), as amended, or the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof the (“Proposed Amendments”) and assumes that all Proposed Amendments will be enacted in the form proposed. However, no assurances can be given that the Proposed Amendments will be enacted as proposed, or at all. This summary does not otherwise take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policy or assessing practice whether by legislative, regulatory, administrative or judicial action nor does it take into account tax legislation or considerations of any province, territory or foreign jurisdiction, which may differ from those discussed herein.

This summary is of a general nature only and is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any particular Non-Canadian Holder and no representation with respect to the Canadian federal income tax consequences to any particular Non-Canadian Holder or prospective Non-Canadian Holder is made. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, prospective purchasers should consult with their own tax advisors for advice with respect to their own particular circumstances.

Generally, for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of the offered securities must be converted into Canadian dollars based on the exchange rates as determined in accordance with the Canadian Tax Act. The amount of any dividends required to be included in the income of, and capital gains or capital losses realized by, a Non-Canadian Holder may be affected by fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate.

Dividends

Dividends paid or credited on the common shares or deemed to be paid or credited on the common shares to a Non-Canadian Holder will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25%, subject to any reduction in the rate of withholding to which the Non-Canadian Holder is entitled under any applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Non-Canadian Holder is resident. For example, under the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, where dividends on the common shares are considered to be paid to or derived by a Non-Canadian Holder that is the beneficial owner of the dividends and a U.S. resident for the purposes of, and is entitled to benefits of, the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, the applicable rate of Canadian withholding tax is generally reduced to 15% (or 5% in the case of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation beneficially owning at least 10% of all of the issued voting shares). We will be required to withhold the applicable withholding tax from any dividend and remit it to the Canadian government for the Non-Canadian Holder’s account. Non-Canadian Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors to determine their entitlement to relief under an applicable income tax treaty.

Dispositions

A Non-Canadian Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act on any capital gain realized on a disposition or deemed disposition of an offered security, nor will capital losses arising therefrom be recognized under the Canadian Tax Act, unless (i) the offered securities are “taxable Canadian property” to the Non-Canadian Holder for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act at the time of disposition; and (ii) the Non-Canadian Holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Non-Canadian Holder is resident.

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Generally, the offered securities will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” to a Non-Canadian Holder at a particular time provided that the offered securities are listed at that time on a “designated stock exchange” (as defined in the Canadian Tax Act), which includes Nasdaq and the CSE unless at any particular time during the 60-month period that ends at that time:

● at least 25% of the issued shares of any class or series of our capital stock was owned by or belonged to any combination of (a) the Non-Canadian Holder, (b) persons with whom the Non-Canadian Holder does not deal at arm’s length, and (c) partnerships in which the Non-Canadian Holder or a person described in (b) holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships, and

● more than 50% of the fair market value of the offered securities was derived, directly or indirectly, from one or any combination of : (i) real or immoveable property situated in Canada, (ii) “Canadian resource properties” (as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act), (iii) “timber resource properties” (as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act) and (iv) options in respect of, or interests in, or for civil law rights in, property in any of the foregoing whether or not the property exists.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in certain circumstances, offered securities could be deemed to be “taxable Canadian property.”

A Non-Canadian Holder’s capital gain (or capital loss) of a disposition or deemed disposition of offered securities that constitute or are deemed to constitute taxable Canadian property (and are not “treaty-protected property” as defined in the Canadian Tax Act) generally will be computed and taxed as though the Non-Canadian Holder were a resident of Canada for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act. Such Non-Canadian Holder may be required to report the disposition or deemed disposition of offered securities by filing a tax return in accordance with the Canadian Tax Act. Non-Canadian Holders whose offered securities may be taxable Canadian property should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax and compliance considerations that may be relevant to them.

Allocation of Purchase Price

No statutory, administrative or judicial authority directly addresses the treatment of a unit or instruments similar to a unit (including the purchase of a common share and common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) for a combined purchase price) for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act and, therefore, that treatment is not entirely clear. For purposes of the Canadian Tax Act, each purchaser of common shares and common warrants (or pre-funded warrant and common warrants) must allocate the purchase price paid by such purchaser between the common share and the common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) based on the relative fair market value of each at the time of issuance. For purposes of the Canadian Tax Act, each investor must make his or her own determination of such value based on all the relevant facts and circumstances. Therefore, we strongly urge each investor to consult his or her tax adviser regarding the determination of value for these purposes. The price allocated to each common share and common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) should be the investor’s tax basis in such security.

Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of the offered securities by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds offered securities as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations and may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (for example, banks or other financial institutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, pension plans, cooperatives, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships and their partners, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), holders who are not U.S. holders, holders who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our voting shares, holders who will hold their offered securities as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or investors that have a functional currency other than the United States dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not discuss any non-United States, alternative minimum tax, state, or local tax considerations, or the Medicare tax on net investment income. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisors regarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations with respect to the ownership and disposition of the offered securities.

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General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of offered securities that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person under applicable United States Treasury regulations.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of offered securities, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding offered securities and partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the particular United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in the offered securities.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” for United States federal income tax purposes, if, in any particular taxable year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock.

The discussion below under “Dividends” and “Sale or Other Disposition of Offered Securities” is written on the basis that we will not be or become a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are a PFIC for the current taxable year or any subsequent taxable year are generally discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Dividends

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any tax withheld) paid on our common shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution paid will generally be reported as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-corporate recipient of dividend income will generally be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at a reduced United States federal tax rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met.

Dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be “qualified dividend income,” which is taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate, provided that (1) our common shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (2) we are neither a passive foreign investment company (as discussed below) nor treated as such with respect to the U.S. Holder for our taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year, (3) the U.S. Holder satisfies certain holding period requirements, and (4) the U.S. Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Under IRS authority, common shares generally are considered for purposes of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, as our common shares are expected to be. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our common shares.

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Sale or Other Disposition of Offered Securities

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of offered securities in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such offered security. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the offered securities have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gain of non-corporate U.S. holders is generally eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. U.S. holders are advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of offered securities.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our common shares, and unless the U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, for subsequent taxable years, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. holder’s holding period for the common shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of common shares. Under the PFIC rules:

● such excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the common shares;

● such amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, or pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income; and

● such amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year; and an interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our common shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election. Since we plan to have our common shares listed on the Nasdaq, and provided that the common shares will be regularly traded on the Nasdaq, a U.S. holder holds common shares will be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of common shares held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such common shares and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the common shares over the fair market value of such common shares held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the common shares will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the common shares are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the Internal Revenue Service consents to the revocation of the election.

If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be a PFIC, the U.S. holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not a PFIC.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our common shares may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. holder’s indirect interest in any of our non-United States subsidiaries if any of them is a PFIC.

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We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

Dividends that we pay on our common shares will not be eligible for the reduced tax rate that applies to qualified dividend income if we are a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year. In addition, if a U.S. holder owns our common shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder would generally be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

Allocation of Purchase Price

No statutory, administrative or judicial authority directly addresses the treatment of a unit or instruments similar to a unit (including the purchase of a common share and common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) for a combined purchase price) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, therefore, that treatment is not entirely clear. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, each purchaser of common shares and common warrants (or pre-funded warrant and common warrants) must allocate the purchase price paid by such purchaser between the common share and the common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) based on the relative fair market value of each at the time of issuance. Under U.S. federal income tax law, each investor must make his or her own determination of such value based on all the relevant facts and circumstances. Therefore, we strongly urge each investor to consult his or her tax adviser regarding the determination of value for these purposes. The price allocated to each common share and common warrant (or pre-funded warrant and common warrant) should be the investor’s tax basis in such security.

Treatment of Pre-Funded Warrants

Although not free from doubt, a pre-funded warrant should be treated as a share of our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and a holder of pre-funded warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of common stock, as described below. Accordingly, no gain or loss should be recognized (other than with respect to cash paid in lieu of a fractional share) upon the exercise of a pre-funded warrant (except in the case of a cashless exercise, the treatment of which for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not clear) and, upon exercise, the holding period of a pre-funded warrant should carry over to the share of common stock received. Similarly, the tax basis of the pre-funded warrant should carry over to the share of common stock received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.0001. The discussion below assumes the characterization described above is respected for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of pre-funded warrants pursuant to this offering (including alternative characterizations).

Information Reporting

Certain U.S. holders may be required to report information to the IRS relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” including shares issued by a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds US$50,000 (or a higher dollar amount prescribed by the IRS), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a United States financial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so.

In addition, U.S. holders may be subject to information reporting to the IRS with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of offered securities. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United States information reporting rules to their particular circumstances.

THE DISCUSSION ABOVE IS A GENERAL SUMMARY. IT DOES NOT COVER ALL TAX MATTERS THAT MAY BE IMPORTANT TO YOU. EACH PROSPECTIVE PURCHASER SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF AN INVESTMENT IN THE OFFERED SECURITIES UNDER THE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.

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UNDERWRITING

Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC is acting as sole book-running manager for this offering and as representative of the underwriters named below (“Joseph Gunnar” or the “Representative”). Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus between us and the Representative, the underwriters named below, through the Representative, have severally agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, the following respective number of shares and warrants and pre-funded warrants and warrants set forth opposite the underwriter’s name in the following table:

Name of Underwriters	Shares
Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligation of the underwriters to purchase all of the shares being offered to the public, other than those covered by the over-allotment option, are subject to certain conditions, and the underwriters are obligated to purchase all of the common shares offered hereby if any of the shares are purchased.

Underwriting Discounts, Commissions and Expenses

Securities sold by the underwriters to the public will be offered at the offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. Any securities sold by the underwriters to securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up to $      per share from the public offering price of the common shares and common warrants. The underwriters may offer the securities through one or more of their affiliates or selling agents. If all the securities are not sold at the public offering price, the Representative may change the offering price and the other selling terms. Upon execution of the underwriting agreement, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase the securities at the prices and upon the terms stated therein.

The underwriting discount is equal to the public offering price per share, less the amount paid by the underwriters to us per share. The underwriting discount was determined through an arms’ length negotiation between us and the underwriters. We have agreed to sell the common shares and common warrants to the underwriters at the offering price of $     per common share and warrant, and we have agreed to sell the pre-funded warrants and common warrants to the underwriters at the same combined offering price less US$0.001 per pre-funded warrant and common warrant.

We have also agreed to reimburse the underwriters for legal and other expenses incurred by them in connection with the Offering in an amount not to exceed $194,950 and to pay the Representative a non-accountable expense allowance equal to 1% of the gross proceeds received at the closing of this Offering (excluding any proceeds received upon any subsequent exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option). We estimate the total offering expenses of this offering that will be payable by us, excluding the underwriting discount and commissions, will be approximately $631,000.

Representative Warrants

We have also agreed to issue to the Representative warrants (the “Representative Warrants”) to purchase that number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of common shares and pre-funded warrants sold in this offering, subject to any reductions necessary to comply with the rules and regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). The Representative Warrants shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, after 180 days from the commencement of sales of securities in this offering and will expire on the five-year anniversary the commencement of sales of securities in this offering.

The Representative Warrants and underlying common shares are being registered pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and we have agreed to maintain such registration during the term of the Representative Warrants. Pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(g), the Representative Warrants and any shares issued upon exercise of the Representative Warrants shall not be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person for a period of 180 days immediately following the date of commencement of sales of this offering, except the transfer of any security: (i) by operation of law or by reason of our reorganization; (ii) to any FINRA member firm participating in the offering and the officers or partners thereof, if all securities so transferred remain subject to the lock-up restriction set forth below for the remainder of the time period; (iii) if the aggregate amount of our securities held by the underwriters or related persons do not exceed 1% of the securities being offered; (iv) that is beneficially owned on a pro rata basis by all equity owners of an investment fund, provided that no participating member manages or otherwise directs investments by the

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fund and the participating members in the aggregate do not own more than 10% of the equity in the fund; or (v) the exercise or conversion of any security, if all securities remain subject to the lock-up restriction set forth below for the remainder of the time period.

In addition, the Representative Warrants provide for certain demand and piggyback registration rights. The warrants provide for one demand registration right in accordance with Rule 5110(g)(8)(b) and unlimited piggyback registration rights. The demand registration rights and piggyback registration rights provided will terminate 5 years from the commencement of the sales of securities to the public in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8(c), (d) and (e), respectively. We will bear all fees and expenses attendant to registering the securities issuable on exercise of the Representative Warrants other than underwriting commissions incurred and payable by the holders. The exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise of the Representative Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary cash dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation.

Over-Allotment Option

We have granted the underwriters an over-allotment option. This option, which is exercisable for up to 45 days after the date of this prospectus, permits the underwriters to purchase up to 1,216,216 common shares, pre-funded warrants and/or common warrants from us to cover over-allotments (equal to 15% of the total number of common warrants and common shares or pre-funded warrants sold in this offering at the assumed combined offering price of US$1.85), at (i) the offering price for the common shares being issued less US$0.001, (ii) the offering price of the pre-funded warrants being issued less US$0.002 and (iii) an offering price of US$0.001 for common warrants being issued, less the underwriting discounts and commissions.

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the Securities Act. We have also agreed to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

Listing

Our common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “VMAR”. Neither our common warrants nor pre-funded warrants are traded on any exchange or quotation system, and we do not intend to apply to trade such warrants on any such market or system.

Right of First Refusal

Subject to the consummation of this offering, we have granted a right of first refusal to the Representative pursuant to which it has the right to act as investment banker, co-manager, co-placement agent, or co-advisor, whichever is applicable, and at the Representative’s sole discretion, for each and every public and private equity and debt offering and business combination by the Company, or any successor to or any subsidiary of the Company, during the 12 month period following the consummation of this offering, with minimally 35% of the total economics paid, which right of first refusal shall not have a duration of more than three years from the commencement of sales of this offering or the termination date of the Letter of Engagement (as defined below) in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(6)(A).

Tail

Subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Letter of Engagement dated as of October 27, 2023, issued by Joseph Gunnar to the Company (the “Letter of Engagement”), if the Company terminates the Letter of Engagement and subsequently completes any public or private financing, at any time during the twelve (12) months following either the closing of this offering or termination of the Letter of Engagement, with any investors contacted by Joseph Gunnar in connection with the offering, then Joseph Gunnar shall be entitled to receive the compensation set forth above unless the Company has a pre-existing and documented business relationship with the respective investor.

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Lock-Up Agreements

Pursuant to “lock-up” agreements, our executive officers and directors have agreed, without the prior written consent of the Representative, not to, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, pledge or otherwise transfer or dispose of any of shares of (or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the transfer or disposition by any person at any time in the future of) our common shares, enter into any swap or other derivatives transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of common shares, make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any common sharesor securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common shares or any other of our securities or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing, for a period of 60 days from the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, except in connection with (i) transfers of securities as a bona fide gift, by will or intestacy or to a family member or trust for the benefit of a family member, (ii) transfers of securities to a charity or educational institution, or (iii) if the shareholder controls a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other business entity, any transfers of securities to any shareholder, partner or member of, or owner of similar equity interests, in the shareholder, as the case may be; provided that in the case of any transfer pursuant to the foregoing clauses, it shall be a condition to any such transfer that the transferee agrees to be bound by the terms of the applicable lock-up agreement and the transferor notifies the Representative at least two (2) business days prior to the proposed transfer or disposition.

We have agreed (and will cause any successor entity to agree), for a period of 60 days from the closing, that each it will not (a) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our capital stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of our capital stock (except to officers, directors, employees, consultants and/or agents for services rendered or to be rendered); (b) file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any shares of our capital stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of our capital stock; (c) complete any offering of debt securities, other than entering into a line of credit with a traditional bank or (d) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our capital stock, whether any such transaction described in clause (a), (b), (c) or (d) above is to be settled by delivery of shares of our capital stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise.

Stabilization

The rules of the SEC generally prohibit the underwriters from trading in our securities on the open market during this offering. However, the underwriters are allowed to engage in some open market transactions and other activities during this offering that may cause the market price of our securities to be above or below that which would otherwise prevail in the open market. These activities may include stabilization, short sales and over-allotments, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M.

● Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made by the representative for the purpose of preventing or slowing a decline in the market price of our securities while this offering is in progress.

● Short sales and over-allotments occur when the representative sells more of our common shares than it purchases from us in this offering. To cover the resulting short position, the representative may exercise the over-allotment option described above or may engage in syndicate covering transactions. There is no contractual limit on the size of any syndicate covering transaction. The representative will make available a prospectus in connection with any such short sales. Purchasers of shares sold short by the representative are entitled to the same remedies under the federal securities laws as any other purchaser of shares covered by the registration statement.

● Syndicate covering transactions are bids for or purchases of our securities on the open market by the representative in order to reduce a short position.

● Penalty bids permit the representative to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the common shares originally sold by the syndicate member are purchased in a syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions.

Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the prices of our securities. These transactions may occur on any trading market. If any of these transactions are commenced, they may be discontinued without notice at any time.

102

Other Activities and Relationships

From time to time, the underwriters and/or their affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, various investment banking, financial advisory and other services to us and our affiliates for which services they have received, and may in the future receive, customary fees. In the course of its business, the underwriters and their affiliates may actively trade our securities or loans for their own account or for the accounts of customers, and, accordingly, the underwriters and their affiliates may at any time hold long or short positions in such securities or loans. Except for services provided in connection with this offering, none of the underwriters have provided any investment banking or other financial services during the 180-day period preceding the date of this prospectus and we do not expect to retain any of the underwriters to perform any investment banking or other financial services for at least 90 days after the date of this prospectus.

Offer and Sale Restrictions Outside the United States

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the Offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

Electronic Distribution

This prospectus may be made available in electronic format on websites or through other online services maintained by the underwriters, or by their affiliates. Other than this prospectus in electronic format, the information on any of the underwriters’ websites and any information contained in any other website maintained by the underwriters is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the underwriters, and should not be relied upon by any purchaser of the securities offered pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

103

EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding placement discounts and commissions, the underwriter’s non-accountable expenses and the underwriter’s accountable expenses, that we expect to incur in connection with this offering. With the exception of the SEC registration fee, the FINRA filing fee and the Nasdaq Capital Market listing fee, all amounts are estimates.

Securities and Exchange Commission Registration Fee	US$	3,608
FINRA	US$	4,188
Legal Fees and Expenses	US$	192,500
Accounting Fees and Expenses	US$	50,000
Printing and Engraving Expenses	US$	5,000
Miscellaneous Expenses	US$	72,043
Total Expenses	US$	327,339

104

LEGAL MATTERS

Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP is acting as counsel to our company regarding U.S. securities law matters. The current address of Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP is 366 Madison Avenue, 3^rd Floor, New York, NY 10017. Dentons Canada LLP is acting as our Canadian counsel. The current address of Dentons Canada LLP is 1 Place Ville-Marie, Suite 3900, Montreal, Quebec, H3B 4M7.

Pryor Cashman LLP is acting as counsel to the underwriter. The current address of Pryor Cashman LLP is 7 Times Square, New York, New York 10036-6569.

105

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Vision Marine Technologies Inc. as of August 31, 2023, and August 31, 2022 and for the three years in the period ended August 31, 2023, included in this prospectus and registration statement have been so included in reliance on the report of Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. Ernst & Young LLP has offices at 900, blvd. de Maisonneuve West, Suite 2300, Montréal, Québec H3A 0A8, Canada. Their telephone number is 514-875-6060.

106

INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL

None of the named experts or legal counsel was employed on a contingent basis, owns an amount of shares in our company which is material to that person, or has a material, direct or indirect economic interest in our company or that depends on the success of the offering.

107

DISCLOSURE OF COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

108

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are a corporation organized under the laws of Canada, and all of our directors and officers, as well as the Canadian independent registered chartered accountants named in the “Experts” section of this prospectus, reside outside of the United States. Service of process upon such persons may be difficult or impossible to effect within the United States. Furthermore, because a substantial portion of our assets, and substantially all the assets of our directors and officers and the Canadian experts named herein, are located outside of the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States, including a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws, against us or any of such persons may not be collectible within the United States.

In addition, there is doubt as to the applicability of the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities law to original actions instituted in Canada. It may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to assert United States securities laws claims in original actions instituted in Canada. However, subject to certain time limitations, a foreign civil judgment, including a United States court judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws, may be enforced by a Canadian court, provided that:

● the judgment is enforceable in the jurisdiction in which it was given;

● the judgment was obtained after due process before a court of competent jurisdiction that recognizes and enforces similar judgments of Canadian courts, and the court had authority according to the rules of private international law currently prevailing in Canada;

● adequate service of process was effected and the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to be heard;

● the judgment is not contrary to the law, public policy, security or sovereignty of Canada and its enforcement is not contrary to the laws governing enforcement of judgments;

● the judgment was not obtained by fraud and does not conflict with any other valid judgment in the same matter between the same parties;

● the judgment is no longer appealable; and

● an action between the same parties in the same matter is not pending in any Canadian court at the time the lawsuit is instituted in the foreign court.

Foreign judgments enforced by Canadian courts generally will be payable in Canadian dollars. A Canadian court hearing an action to recover an amount in a non-Canadian currency will render judgment for the equivalent amount in Canadian currency.

The name and address of our agent for service of process in the United States is Corporation Service Company, 251 Little Falls Road, Wilmington, DE 19808.

109

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the offered securities. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits thereto, to which reference is hereby made. With respect to each contract, agreement or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, reference is made to such exhibit for a more complete description of the matter involved. The registration statement and the exhibits thereto filed by us with the SEC may be inspected at the public reference facility of the SEC listed below.

The registration statement, reports and other information filed or to be filed with the SEC by us can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F. Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20549. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system.

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to foreign private issuers, and under those requirements are filing reports with the SEC. Those other reports or other information may be inspected without charge at the locations described above. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we will file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, and will submit to the SEC, on Form 6-K, unaudited quarterly financial information.

110

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Table of Contents

Annual Financial Statements for the Year Ended August 31, 2023 and 2022
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Ernst & Young LLP	F-2
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder’s Equity	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6
Notes to Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Vision Marine Technologies Inc. [the “Company”] as of August 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity (deficit), comprehensive loss and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2023, and the related notes [collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”]. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at August 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2023, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards [“IFRS”] as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) [“PCAOB”] and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Montréal, Canada

November 27, 2023

F-2

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Consolidated statements of financial position

[Going concern uncertainty – see note 2]

As at August 31,

	2023	2022
	$	$
Assets
Current
Cash	3,359,257	5,824,716
Trade and other receivables [note 6]	550,836	472,548
Income tax receivable	98,540	—
Inventories [note 7]	2,445,554	2,093,776
Prepaid expenses	1,973,591	2,472,301
Grants and investment tax credits receivable [note 21]	—	681,663
Share subscription receivable [note 17]	39,200	39,200
Advances to related parties [note 17]	20,135	16,736
Total current assets	8,487,113	11,600,940
Investment in Limestone [note 8]	—	2,435,000
Right-of-use assets [note 9]	2,414,593	2,261,100
Property and equipment [note 10]	2,313,926	2,218,982
Intangibles [note 11]	966,724	1,112,670
Deferred income taxes [note 23]	68,460	—
Goodwill [note 5]	9,680,941	9,352,640
Other financial assets	114,755	118,877
Total assets	24,046,512	29,100,209
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current
Credit facility [note 12]	155,000	—
Trade and other payables [notes 13 & 17]	1,754,900	1,030,331
Provision on onerous contracts	91,667	—
Income tax payable	—	3,188
Contract liabilities [note 14]	1,815,731	1,029,318
Current portion of lease liabilities [note 15]	647,638	561,168
Current portion of long-term debt [note 16]	271,546	72,090
Other financial liabilities	113,695	177,834
Total current liabilities	4,850,177	2,873,929
Lease liabilities [note 15]	1,994,156	1,854,381
Long-term debt [note 16]	33,783	155,259
Derivative liabilities [note 18]	5,558,822	—
Deferred income taxes [note 23]	45,137	188,044
Total liabilities	12,482,075	5,071,613
Shareholders’ equity
Capital stock [note 18]	50,395,717	43,441,591
Contributed surplus [note 19]	11,684,829	10,560,886
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,032,628	697,671
Deficit	(51,548,737)	(30,671,552)
Total shareholders’ equity	11,564,437	24,028,596
	24,046,512	29,100,209

See accompanying notes

F-3

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity (deficit)

[Going concern uncertainty – see note 2]

Year ended August 31,

					Accumulated
					other
			Contributed		comprehensive
	Capital stock		surplus	Deficit	income	Total
	Units	$	$	$	$	$
Shareholders’ equity as at August 31, 2020	4,585,001	2,497,813	739,961	(2,445,859)	—	791,915
Total comprehensive loss	—	—	—	(15,113,907)	388,566	(14,725,341)
Share issuance, net of transactions costs of nil [note 18]	595,715	2,231,999	—	—	—	2,231,999
Initial Public Offering, net of transactions costs of $3,328,687	2,760,000	33,158,513	—	—	—	33,158,513
Conversion of related party loans into shares [note 17 &18]	69,650	898,489	—	—	—	898,489
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets [note 11 & 18]	30,000	573,936	—	—	—	573,936
Shares issued as consideration in a business combination [note 5 & 18]	284,495	3,474,232	—	—	—	3,474,232
Share-based compensation [note 19]	—	—	7,121,444	—	—	7,121,444
Shareholders’ equity as at August 31, 2021	8,324,861	42,834,982	7,861,405	(17,559,766)	388,566	33,525,187
Total comprehensive loss	—	—	—	(13,111,785)	309,105	(12,802,680)
Share issuance, net of transactions costs of nil [note 18]	93,062	606,609	—	—	—	606,609
Share-based compensation [note 19]	—	—	2,699,481	—	—	2,699,481
Shareholders’ equity as at August 31, 2022	8,417,923	43,441,591	10,560,886	(30,671,551)	697,671	24,028,597
Total comprehensive loss	—	—	—	(20,877,186)	334,957	(20,542,229)
Share issuance – options exercised	57,219	175,699	(12,239)	—	—	163,460
Share issuance, net of transactions costs of $800,744 [note 18]	2,697,658	6,778,427	—	—	—	6,778,427
Share-based compensation [note 19]	—	—	1,136,182	—	—	1,136,182
Shareholders’ equity as at August 31, 2023	11,172,800	50,395,717	11,684,829	(51,548,737)	1,032,628	11,564,437

See accompanying notes

F-4

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss

[Going concern uncertainty – see note 2]

Year ended August 31,

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Revenues [note 20]	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788
Cost of sales [note 7]	4,023,409	4,065,381	1,909,606
Cost of sales – E-Motion	91,667	—	—
Gross profit	1,536,426	3,285,565	1,604,182
Expenses
Research and development [note 17]	5,704,912	2,242,794	1,489,953
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	4,014,181	3,335,799	1,754,613
Selling and marketing expenses	3,470,772	1,972,306	1,086,057
Professional fees	3,764,465	3,590,816	1,633,477
Office and general	3,100,024	1,949,583	1,239,457
Share-based compensation [note 19]	1,136,182	2,699,481	7,121,444
Impairment loss on debentures [note 8]	2,637,000	—	—
Depreciation	588,957	268,490	184,855
Net finance income (expense) [note 22]	(1,604,536)	223,660	2,256,392
Other income	(117,470)	(143,922)	(153,749)
	22,694,487	16,139,007	16,612,499
Loss before tax	(21,158,061)	(12,853,442)	(15,008,317)
Income taxes [note 23]
Current tax expense (recovery)	(70,607)	182,854	131,403
Deferred tax expense (recovery)	(210,268)	75,489	(25,813)
	(280,875)	258,343	105,590
Net loss for the period	(20,877,186)	(13,111,785)	(15,113,907)
Items of comprehensive income that will be subsequently reclassified to earnings:
Foreign currency translation differences for foreign operations, net of tax	334,957	309,105	388,566
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	334,957	309,105	388,566
Total comprehensive loss for the year, net of tax	(20,542,229)	(12,802,680)	(14,725,341)
Weighted average shares outstanding	9,268,709	8,318,121	7,412,899
Basic and diluted loss per share	(2.25)	(1.58)	(2.04)

See accompanying notes

F-5

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Consolidated statements of cash flows

[Going concern uncertainty – see note 2]

Year ended August 31,

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Operating activities
Net loss	(20,877,186)	(13,111,785)	(15,113,907)
Depreciation	1,060,897	955,513	417,050
Accretion on long-term debt and lease liability	166,719	157,270	70,379
Share-based compensation – options	1,136,182	2,699,481	7,121,444
Shares issued for services	1,670,415	596,608	109,069
Net loss on debentures	2,435,000	330,000	550,000
Gain on disposal of property and equipment	173,375	—	—
Interest income received	—	85,000	—
Income tax expense	(280,875)	258,343	105,590
Income tax received	—	—	13,415
Income tax paid	(14,040)	(373,196)	—
Gain on derivative liabilities	(1,770,689)	—	—
Gain on lease termination	(50,329)	(5,652)	(7,230)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation	49,670	17,398	(6,542)
	(16,300,861)	(8,391,020)	(6,740,732)
Net change in non-cash working capital items
Trade and other receivables	(78,288)	(152,808)	(232,715)
Provision for onerous contracts	91,667	—	—
Inventories	(351,778)	(117,692)	(1,471,693)
Grants and investment tax credits receivable	681,663	(573,361)	293,937
Other financial assets	4,121	(85,597)	(25,595)
Prepaid expenses	498,710	(1,927,459)	(552,196)
Trade and other payables	724,569	182,277	96,615
Contract liabilities	786,413	130,605	396,097
Other financial liabilities	(64,139)	(61,764)	(15,156)
Cash used in operating activities	(14,007,923)	(10,996,819)	(8,251,438)
Investing activities
Subscription to debentures [note 8]	—	—	(3,400,000)
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired [note 5]	—	—	(5,029,416)
Additions to property and equipment	(938,802)	(1,175,931)	(544,354)
Proceeds from the disposal of property and equipment	401,782	243,630	34,101
Additions to intangible assets	—	(32,202)	(528,726)
Cash used in investing activities	(537,020)	(964,503)	(9,468,395)
Financing activities
Credit facility	155,000	—	(170,000)
Addition in long-term debts	258,000	282,424	—
Repayment of long-term debt	(207,607)	(135,230)	(419,090)
Advances from related parties	—	176,771	—
Initial public offering, net of transaction costs paid	—	—	33,430,239
Issuance of shares and warrants, net of transaction costs paid	12,437,523	—	2,025,000
Shares issued upon options conversion	163,461	10,001	—
Repayment of lease liabilities	(726,893)	(695,749)	(295,316)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities	12,079,484	(361,783)	34,570,833
Net (decrease) increase in cash during the year	(2,465,459)	(12,323,105)	16,851,000
Cash, beginning of year	5,824,716	18,147,821	1,296,821
Cash, end of year	3,359,257	5,824,716	18,147,821

See accompanying notes

F-6

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

1. Incorporation and nature of business

Vision Marine Technologies Inc. [the “Company”] was incorporated on August 29, 2012 and its principal business is to manufacture and sell or rent electric boats. The Voting Common Shares of the Company are listed under the trading symbol “VMAR” on Nasdaq.

The Company is incorporated in Canada and its head office and registered office is located at 730 Curé-Boivin boulevard, Boisbriand, Quebec, J7G 2A7.

Business seasonality

The Company’s operating results generally vary from quarter to quarter as a result of changes in general economic conditions and seasonal fluctuations, among other things, in each of its reportable segments. This means the Company’s results in one quarter are not necessarily indicative of how the Company will perform in a future quarter.

Sale of electric boats

The sale of electric boats segment has a seasonal aspect to its operations. Most customers purchase their electric boats from the Company with the intention of utilizing them during the summer period which typically runs from early June to late August and corresponds to the Company’s fourth quarter of a financial year. As such, the revenues in this operating segment fluctuate based on the level of boat deliveries, with a high and a low in the fourth quarter and the first quarter, respectively.

Rental of electric boats

Revenue generated by the rental of electric boats segment also has a seasonal aspect to its operations. Boat rental as an activity is highly sought by customers when the weather is milder, which is typically the case during the period from May to August. A colder-than-expected or rainier summer in any given year could have an impact on the segment’s revenues and hence on its profitability. Revenue from the boat club memberships is not impacted by seasonality as the memberships are typically on an annual basis.

2. Basis of preparation and going concern uncertainty

Compliance with IFRS

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards [“IFRS”] as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board [“IASB”] and interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee [“IFRIC”] in effect on August 31, 2023.

The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on November 27, 2023.

Going concern uncertainty

As of August 31, 2023, the Company has cash of $3,359,257 and working capital of $3,676,936. The Company has incurred recurring losses, has not yet achieved profitable operations and has a deficit of $51,548,737 since its inception. The cash flows from operations were negative for the three years ended August 31, 2023. Additional financing will be needed by the Company to fund its operations and to commercialize the E-Motion powertrain business. These matters, when considered in aggregate, indicate the existence of a material uncertainty that raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. In view of these matters, continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the continued operations of the Company which will be determined by the Company’s ability to meet its financial requirements, including its ability to raise additional capital.

F-7

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

The Company is evaluating several different strategies and is actively pursuing actions that are expected to increase its liquidity position, including, but not limited to, pursuing additional cost savings initiatives and seeking additional financing from both the public and private markets through the issuance of equity securities. For the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company was able to raise net proceeds from issuance of shares of $12,437,523. However, the Company's management cannot provide assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its proposed financing plans. Management also cannot provide any assurance as to unforeseen circumstances that could occur within the next 12 months which could increase the Company’s need to raise additional capital on an immediate basis, which additional capital may not be available to the Company.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. These consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended August 31, 2023 do not include any adjustments to the carrying amounts and classification of assets, liabilities and reported expenses that may otherwise be required if the going concern basis was not appropriate. Such adjustments could be material.

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, and the subsidiaries that it controls. Control exists when the Company has the power over the subsidiary, when it is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the subsidiary and when it has the ability to use its power to affect its returns. Subsidiaries that the Company controls are consolidated from the effective date of acquisition up to the effective date of disposal or loss of control.

Details of the Company’s significant subsidiaries at the end of the reporting period are set out below.

Name of subsidiary	Principal activity	Country of incorporation and operation	Proportion of ownership held by the Company
7858078 Canada Inc.	Owns an electric boat rental center	Canada	100%
EB Rental Ltd.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
EB Rental Ventura Corp.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
Vision Marine Technologies Corp.	Operates an electric boat service center	United States	100%

Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of the amount, event or actions, actual results ultimately may differ from those estimates. Areas where estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in note 4.

3. Significant accounting policies

Business combination

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held on trust, deposits held at call with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

F-8

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Trade and other receivables

Trade receivables are initially recognized at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any allowance for expected credit losses. Trade receivables are generally due for settlement within 30 days.

The Company has applied the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance. To measure the expected credit loss, trade receivables have been grouped based on days overdue.

Other receivables are recognized at amortized cost, less any allowance for expected credit loss.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Raw materials are valued on a first-in first-out basis. Cost of work in progress and finished goods comprises direct materials and delivery costs, direct labour, import duties and other taxes, and appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure based on normal operating capacity. Cost of purchased inventory is determined after deducting rebates and discounts received or receivable.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Grants and investment tax credits

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. Where retention of a government grant is dependent on the Company satisfying certain criteria, it is initially recognized as deferred income. When the criteria for retention have been satisfied, the deferred income balance is released to the statement of consolidated comprehensive loss or netted against the asset purchased.

Leases

Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease [i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use]. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognized right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term ranging from two to six years. Right-of-use assets are subject to impairment.

F-9

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments [including in-substance fixed payments] less any lease incentives receivable and variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expense in the period on which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. Interest accretion is recorded as interest expense in finance costs. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered of low value [i.e., below $5,000]. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the year-ended August 31, 2023, the expense for leases of low-value assets is insignificant.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

Depreciation is recorded to recognize the cost of assets over their useful lives. The estimated useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Computer equipment	Declining balance method	55%
Machinery and equipment	Declining balance method	20%
Rolling stock	Declining balance method	30%
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line method	Over the term of the lease
Boat rental fleet	Straight-line method	15 years
Moulds	Straight-line method	25 years

Any item of property and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an asset is determined as the difference between the sales and proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

Repairs and maintenance costs that do not improve or extend productive life are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which the costs are incurred.

F-10

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Intangible assets and goodwill

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in net earnings as incurred.

Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Otherwise, it is recognized in net earnings as incurred. The Company has not capitalized any development costs. When awarded with government grants and income tax credits, the Company recognizes the income either in net loss, netted with the related expenses, or as a reduction of the cost, when related with capitalized development expenditure.

Goodwill arising from business combinations is initially recognized when the fair value of the separately identifiable assets the Company acquired and liabilities the Company assumed is lower than the consideration paid [including the recognized amount of the non-controlling interest, if any]. If the fair value of the consideration transferred is lower than that of the separately identified assets and liabilities, the Company immediately recognizes the difference as a gain in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Other intangible assets, including intellectual property, software, trade name, backlog and website that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Amortization is calculated over the cost of the asset less its residual value. Amortization is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Intellectual property	Straight-line method	10 years
Software	Straight-line method	7 years
Trade name	Straight-line method	5 years
Backlog	Straight-line method	3 years
Website	Straight-line method	5 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Non-financial assets other than goodwill

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets, other than goodwill, to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets [the “cash-generating unit”, or “CGU”].

Recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is lower than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised recoverable amount, to the extent that the carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

F-11

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Goodwill

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company’s CGU [or groups of CGUs] that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. A CGU to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is indication that the CGU may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the goodwill allocated to the CGU and then, to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro-rata basis. Any impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the entity prior to the end of the financial year and which are unpaid. Due to their short-term nature, they are measured at amortized cost and are not discounted. The amounts are unsecured and are usually paid within 30 days of recognition.

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. If the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate specific to the liability. The increase in the provision resulting from the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Onerous contracts

An onerous contract is a contract under which the unavoidable costs (i.e., the costs that the Company cannot avoid because it has the contract) of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it. The cost of fulfilling a contract comprises the costs that relate directly to the contract (i.e., both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities).

When the Company has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognized and measured as a provision. However, before a separate provision for an onerous contract is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss that has occurred on assets used in fulfilling the contract.

Fair value measurement

When an asset or liability, financial or non-financial, is measured at fair value for recognition or disclosure purposes, the fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; and assumes that the transaction will take place either: in the principal market; or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market.

Fair value is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming they act in their economic best interests. For non-financial assets, the fair value measurement is based on its highest and best use. Valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, are used, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

F-12

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into three levels, using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. Classifications are reviewed at each reporting date and transfers between levels are determined based on a reassessment of the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Financial instruments

Classification and measurement of financial instruments

The Company measures its financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on initial recognition, which is typically the transaction price unless a financial instrument contains a significant financing component. Subsequent measurement is dependent on the financial instrument’s classification which in the case of financial assets, is determined by the context of the Company’s business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Financial assets are classified into two categories: [1] measured at amortized cost and [2] fair value through profit and loss [“FVTPL”]. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost at the effective interest rate, other than financial liabilities that are measured at FVTPL or designated as FVTPL where any change in fair value resulting from an entity’s own credit risk is recorded as other comprehensive income [“OCI”].

The Company assesses the classification of warrants to purchase common shares of the Company, whether the warrants issued meet the criteria of an equity instrument (i.e. the warrants would be settled by the issuance of fixed number of common shares of the Company at a fixed exercise price) or a financial liability. Since the exercise price of these warrants is denominated in U.S. dollars, while the functional currency of the Company is Canadian dollar, the value of the proceeds on exercise of the warrants is not fixed and will vary based on the foreign exchange rate movements. As such, the Company classified the warrants, other than warrants issued as compensation for goods and services, as derivative liabilities, measured at fair value at initial recognition and at each reporting period. Any changes in fair value are recorded as gain or loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Refer to note 19 and 25 for details on the warrants issued and outstanding for the year ended August 31, 2023, the derivative liabilities recorded and the assumptions used to determine the fair value.

Amortized cost

The Company classifies trade and other receivables, other financial assets, trade and other payables, other financial liabilities, long-term debt and advances to/from related parties as financial instruments measured at amortized cost. The contractual cash flows received from the financial assets are solely payments of principal and interest and are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows.

Fair value through profit and loss

The Company classifies debentures as financial instruments measured at fair value through profit and loss since the contractual cash flows received from the financial asset are not solely payments of principal and interest.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The measurement of the loss allowance depends upon the Company’s assessment at the end of each reporting period as to whether the financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, based on reasonable and supportable information that is available, without undue cost or effort to obtain. Where there has not been a significant increase in exposure to credit risk, a 12-month expected credit loss allowance is estimated. The amount of expected credit loss recognized is measured on the basis of the probability weighted present value of anticipated cash shortfalls over the life of the instrument discounted at the original effective interest rate. Impairment provisions for current and non-current trade receivables are recognized based on the simplified approach within IFRS 9 using a provision matrix in the determination of the lifetime expected credit losses.

F-13

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Equity instruments

Financial instruments issued by the Company are classified as equity only to the extent that they do not meet the definition of a financial liability or financial asset. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issuance costs.

The Company’s shares are classified as equity instruments.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. For each contract with a customer, the Company:

● identifies the contract with the customer;

● identifies the performance obligations in the contract;

● determines the transaction price which takes into account estimates of variable consideration and the time value of money;

● allocates the transaction price to separate performance obligations on the basis of relative stand-alone selling price of each distinct good or service to be delivered; and,

● recognizes revenue when or as each performance obligation is satisfied in a manner that depicts the transfer to the customer of the goods or services promised.

The Company enters into contracts with customers, as well as distributor agreements with specific distributors for the sale of boats.

Sale of boats

Revenue from the sale of boats, including incidental shipping fees, is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally at the shipping point. In the context of its distributor agreements, control is passed at the shipping point to the distributor as the Company has no further performance obligations at that point. The Company concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the boats before transferring them to the customer. The amount of consideration the Company receives, and the revenue recognized varies with volume rebate programs offered to distributors. When the Company offers retrospective volume rebates, it estimates the expected volume rebates based on an analysis of historical experience, to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The Company adjusts its estimate of revenue related to volume rebates at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration expected to be received changes or when the consideration becomes fixed.

The Company recognizes customer deposits on the sale of boats as contract liabilities.

Boat rental and boat club membership revenue

Revenue from boat rentals is recognized at a point in time when the services are completed given the short term rental period. Boat club membership revenue is recognized over time as the service is provided. These services are typically provided, and thus revenue is typically recognized, on a monthly basis.

The Company recognizes customer prepayments on boat rentals and boat club memberships as contract liabilities.

Sale of parts and boat maintenance

Revenue from the sale of parts and related maintenance services are recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the parts and when services are completed.

F-14

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Other

Other revenue is recognized when it is received or when the right to receive payment is established.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is recognized if a payment is received, or a payment is due [whichever is earlier] from a customer before the Company transfers the related goods or services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the Company performs under the contract [i.e., transfers control of the related goods or services to the customer].

Share-based payments

The Company has a share option plan for key employees, consultants, advisors, officers and directors from which options to purchase common stock of the Company are issued. The Company also issues warrants to non-employees granting the right to purchase common stock of the Company at a determined exercise price. Share-based compensation costs are accounted for on a fair value basis, as measured at the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. An individual is classified as an employee when the individual is an employee for legal or tax purposes or provides services similar to those performed by an employee. In situations where options or warrants have been issued to non-employees and some or all of the services received by the Company can be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the services received. If the services cannot be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the options issued.

All share-based remuneration is ultimately recognized as an expense in profit or loss with a corresponding credit to contributed surplus. If vesting periods or other vesting conditions apply, the expense is allocated over the vesting period, based on the best available estimate of the number of share options expected to vest. Any adjustment to cumulative share-based compensation resulting from a revision is recognized in the current period. The number of vested options ultimately exercised by holders does not impact the expense recorded in any period.

Foreign currency translation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars, which is also the parent company’s functional currency. The functional currencies of 7858078 Canada Inc. and EB Rental Ltd. are the Canadian dollar and the US dollar, respectively. The Company and its subsidiaries each determine their functional currency based on the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. Transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of an entity are translated at the exchange rate in effect on the transaction date. The resulting exchange gains and losses are included in each entity’s net loss in the period in which they arise.

The Company’s foreign operations are translated to the Company’s presentation currency, for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements. Foreign-denominated monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period and revenue and expenses are translated at exchange rates in effect at the transaction date. The resulting translation gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income with the cumulative gain or loss reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss.

F-15

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

The exchange rates for the currencies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements were as follows:

	Exchange rate as at		Average exchange rate for year ended
	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
US dollar	1.3535	1.3076	1.3465	1.2717

Taxes

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in net loss except to the extent it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax

Current tax expense is based on the results for the period as adjusted for items that are not taxable or not deductible. Current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that were enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities.

Deferred tax

Deferred taxes are the taxes expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets in the statement of financial position and their corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and their corresponding tax bases. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized. Such assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or from the initial recognition [other than in a business combination] of other assets in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the year.

Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential common stock. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company assumes the exercise of dilutive options and warrants of the entity. The assumed proceeds from these instruments are regarded as having been received from the issue of common stock at the average market price of common shares during the period. The difference between the number of common shares issued and the number of common shares that would have been issued at the average market price of common shares during the period is treated as an issue of common shares for no consideration.

F-16

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

New and amended standards and interpretations

The Company applied certain amendments to the accounting standards, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. The Company has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

Onerous Contracts – Costs of Fulfilling a Contract – Amendments to IAS 37

In May 2020, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 37 to specify which costs an entity needs to include when assessing whether a contract is onerous or loss-making. The amendments apply a “directly related cost approach”. The costs that relate directly to a contract to provide goods or services include both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities. General and administrative costs do not relate directly to a contract and are excluded unless they are explicitly chargeable to the counterparty under the contract. The amendments were effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The amendments did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Proceeds before Intended Use – Amendments to IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment

The amendment prohibits entities from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment, any proceeds of the sale of items produced while bringing that asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Instead, an entity recognizes the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and must be applied retrospectively to items of property, plant and equipment made available for use on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented when the entity first applies the amendment. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards issued but yet not effective

The new and amended standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Company’s financial statements are disclosed below. The Company intends to adopt these new and amended standards and interpretations, if applicable, when they become effective.

Definition of Accounting Estimates - Amendments to IAS 8

The amendments to IAS 8 clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. They also clarify how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure of Accounting Policies - Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2

The amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements provide guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their ‘significant’ accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their ‘material’ accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the disclosures in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-17

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12

The amendments to IAS 12 Income Tax narrow the scope of the initial recognition exception, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences such as leases and decommissioning liabilities. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback

In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16, Leases, to specify the requirements that a seller- lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

● What is meant by a right to defer settlement

● That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period

● That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right

● That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must be applied retrospectively. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

4. Significant accounting estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual outcomes can differ from these estimates.

Going concern uncertainty

In assessing whether the going concern assumption is appropriate and whether there are material uncertainties that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, management must estimate future cash flows for a period of at least twelve months following the end of the reporting period by considering relevant available information about the future. In addition, management must make assumptions about what actions it will take to increase the Company’s liquidity position. Given that it is difficult to adequately predict future cash flows and the Company’s ability to raise additional financing, management has concluded that there are material uncertainties related to events or conditions that raise substantial doubt upon the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least the next twelve months.

F-18

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The Company concluded the fair value less costs of disposal will yield a higher recoverable amount, which is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The fair value measurement is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The cash flows are derived from cash flow projections over a 5-year period, including future investments and expansion activities that will enhance the performance of the assets of the CGU.

As at August 31, 2023, all of the Company’s goodwill is allocated to the boat rental operation CGU, which represents the lowest level within the Company at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. For the year ended August 31, 2023, there was no impairment of goodwill.

The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model, as well as the expected future cash-inflows, gross profit and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. The post-tax discount rate of 28% used in the DCF is based on a weighted average cost of capital calculated using observable market-based inputs or a benchmark of a sample of representative publicly traded companies. The long-term growth rate of 2% used for extrapolation purposes is based on published research growth rates. Any reasonable negative change in the key assumptions used could cause the carrying value of this CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

Financial instruments measured at fair value

In measuring financial instruments at fair value, the Company makes estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about interest rates, credit spreads and other market conditions. Financial instruments measured at fair value include derivative liabilities [note 19] and investment in Limestone [note 8].

Provision for impairment of inventories

The provision for impairment of inventories assessment requires a degree of estimation and judgment. The level of the provision is assessed by taking into account the recent sales experience, the ageing of inventories and other factors that affect inventory obsolescence.

Income tax

Provisions for taxes are made using the best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors. The Company reviews the adequacy of these provisions at the end of the reporting period. However, it is possible that at some future date an additional liability could result from audits by taxing authorities. Where the final outcome of these tax-related matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will affect the tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, the Company relies on the same forecast assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements and in other management reports, which, among other things, reflect the potential impact of climate-related development on the business.

Share-based payments

The Company measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instrument at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by using the Black-Scholes model taking into account the terms and

F-19

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

conditions upon which the instruments were granted. Judgment is exercised in determining the expected life and historical volatility. The accounting estimates and assumptions relating to equity-settled share-based payments would have no impact on the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities but may impact profit or loss and equity.

Lease term

The lease term is a significant component in the measurement of both the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Judgment is exercised in determining whether there is reasonable certainty that an option to extend the lease will be exercised, when ascertaining the periods to be included in the lease term. In determining the lease term, all facts and circumstances that create an economical incentive to exercise an extension option are considered at the lease commencement date. The Company reassesses whether it is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option if there is a significant event or significant change in circumstances.

Incremental borrowing rate

Where the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, an incremental borrowing rate is estimated to discount future lease payments to measure the present value of the lease liability at the lease commencement date. Such a rate is based on what the Company estimates it would have to pay a third party to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-use asset, with similar terms, security and economic environment.

5. Goodwill

On June 3, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of EB Rental Ltd. [“EBR”] by acquiring all the issued and outstanding shares of 7858078 Canada Inc. EBR operates an electric boat rental operation located in Newport beach, California, with a fleet of over 20 ships. All boats operated by EBR are supplied by the Company, which offers the Company the ability to showcase its products and provide brand awareness. Before the acquisition, the Company and EBR were related through common ownership.

EBR was acquired for cash consideration of U.S.$4,582,367 ($5,546,039), financed entirely by the Company’s available cash on hand, and equity consideration of $3,474,232 representing 284,495 shares at U.S.$10.09 [approximately $12.21] per share.

The balance of goodwill related to the acquisition of EBR is at $9,680,941 as at August 31, 2023 [2022 – $9,352,640], with the change since acquisition date due to foreign exchange translation.

6. Trade and other receivables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade receivables	59,364	108,716
Sales taxes receivable	159,114	194,523
Other receivables	332,358	169,309
	550,836	472,548

Trade receivable disclosed above include amounts that are past due at the end of the reporting period for which the Company has not recognized an allowance for expected credit losses because there has not been a significant change in credit quality and the amounts are still considered recoverable.

F-20

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

As at August 31, 2023, trade receivables of $59,364 [2022 – $108,706] were past due but not impaired. They relate to customers with no default history. The aging analysis of these receivables is as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
0 – 30	13,986	77,625
31 – 60	—	—
61 – 90	—	14,212
91 and over	45,378	16,879
	59,364	108,716

There were no movements in the allowance for expected credit losses for years ended August 31, 2023 and August 31, 2022.

7. Inventories

	2023	2022
	$	$
Raw materials	1,553,501	1,709,368
Work-in-process	369,753	75,170
Finished goods	522,300	309,238
	2,445,554	2,093,776

For the year ended August 31, 2023, inventories recognized as an expense amounted to $4,023,409 [2022 – $4,065,381; 2021 – $1,909,606].

For the year ended August 31, 2023, cost of sales includes depreciation of $471,940 [2022 – $687,023; 2021 - $232,195].

8. Investment in Limestone

On May 14, 2021, the Company subscribed for and purchased 3,400 senior unsecured subordinated convertible debentures of The Limestone Boat Company Limited [“Limestone”], a publicly traded company listed under the trading symbol "BOAT" on the TSX Venture Exchange [the "Debentures"], for an aggregate amount of $3,400,000.

The Debentures bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, payable annually in arrears, and have a 36-month term [the “Term”]. The Debentures are convertible at any time at the option of the Company into common shares of Limestone [“Common Shares”] at a conversion price of $0.36 per Common Share [the “Conversion Price”]. If at any time following 120 days from the date of issuance of the Debentures [the “Closing Date“] and prior to the date that is 30 days prior to the end of the Term, the volume weighted average closing price of the Common Shares on the TSX Venture Exchange, or such other exchange on which the Common Shares may be listed, is equal to or higher than $0.50 per Common Share for 20 consecutive trading days, Limestone may notify the Company that the Debentures will be automatically converted into Common Shares at the Conversion Price 30 days following the date of such notice.

The Debentures are carried at fair value through profit and loss and are considered as Level 2 financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy.

On January 20, 2023, Limestone announced that Limestone’s U.S. subsidiaries filed for voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment on the entire value of the Debentures at the amount $2,637,000 in the year ended August 31, 2023 [2022 – nil, 2021 - nil].

F-21

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

For the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company recorded a loss of $88,866 [2022 - $670,000; 2021 – $550,000] for the change in fair value of the Debentures and interest income of $113,334 [2022 - $340,000; 2021 – $85,000] in net loss as a net financial income (expense).

On July 18, 2023, the Company agreed with Limestone to convert the Debentures into common shares of Limestone at a conversion price of $0.071, which was approved by the shareholders of Limestone and awaiting the issuance of the Company’s shareholder certificate. The Company maintained the fair value of its investment in Limestone at nil as at August 31, 2023.

9. Right-of-use assets

		Computer		Boat rental
	Premises	equipment	Rolling stock	fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	2,746,118	3,646	202,536	326,868	3,279,168
Additions	93,565	—	141,043	—	234,608
Disposals	—	—	(255,953)	(115,409)	(371,362)
Currency translation	40,356	—	394	—	40,750
Balance at August 31, 2022	2,880,039	3,646	88,020	211,459	3,183,164
Additions	921,498	—	—	—	921,498
Disposals	—	—	(46,200)	(170,298)	(216,498)
Transferred to Property and equipment	—	(3,646)	—	(41,161)	(44,807)
Currency translation	38,255	—	2,099	—	40,354
Balance at August 31, 2023	3,839,792	—	43,919	—	3,883,711
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	334,357	576	14,949	24,087	373,969
Depreciation	488,050	2,302	71,488	89,617	651,457
Disposal	—	—	(66,122)	(37,240)	(103,362)
Balance at August 31, 2022	822,407	2,878	20,315	76,464	922,064
Depreciation	615,937	768	23,934	21,442	662,081
Disposal	—	(3,646)	(13,475)	(97,906)	(115,027)
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,438,344	—	30,774	—	1,469,118
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	2,057,632	768	67,705	134,995	2,261,100
As at August 31, 2023	2,401,448	—	13,145	—	2,414,593

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company exercised a purchase option and paid in full a lease liability related to a computer and boat rental fleet that was previously included in the right-of-use assets. As a result, the Company transferred the assets to property and equipment assets at its net book value of $44,807 [note 11].

F-22

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

10. Property and equipment

	Machinery
	and	Rolling	Computer		Leasehold	Boat
	equipment	stock	equipment	Moulds	improvements	rental fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	302,938	32,175	14,647	691,005	131,233	513,317	1,685,315
Additions	30,146	197,739	11,284	220,919	133,123	582,720	1,175,931
Disposals	—	(111,215)	(4,899)	—	—	(154,714)	(270,828)
Currency translation	—	(35)	—	—	—	30,154	30,119
Balance at August 31, 2022	333,084	118,664	21,032	911,924	264,356	971,477	2,620,537
Additions	62,409	69,029	565	30,501	97,699	678,599	938,802
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	—	—	3,646	—	—	41,161	44,807
Disposals	—	(136,072)	—	—	—	(499,770)	(635,842)
Currency translation	—	(2,347)	—	—	—	(70,115)	(72,462)
Balance at August 31, 2023	395,493	49,274	25,243	942,425	362,055	1,121,352	2,895,842
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	167,604	24,362	8,398	50,420	11,579	8,443	270,806
Depreciation	30,200	23,938	5,079	22,608	32,926	43,196	157,947
Disposal	—	(18,301)	(674)	—	—	(8,223)	(27,198)
Balance at August 31, 2022	197,804	29,999	12,803	73,028	44,505	43,416	401,555
Depreciation	31,495	25,875	4,485	37,696	69,332	72,163	241,046
Disposal	—	(21,864)	—	—	—	(38,821)	(60,685)
Balance at August 31, 2023	229,299	34,010	17,288	110,724	113,837	76,758	581,916
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	135,280	88,665	8,229	838,896	219,851	928,061	2,218,982
As at August 31, 2023	166,194	15,264	7,955	831,701	248,218	1,044,594	2,313,926

As at August 31, 2023, moulds of $377,253 [August 31, 2022 – $346,752] are not depreciated because they are not ready for use.

F-23

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

11. Intangible assets

	Intellectual		Trade
	property	Software	name	Backlog	Website	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,035,070	73,573	93,856	79,220	18,771	1,300,490
Additions	—	28,202	4,000	—	—	32,202
Currency translation	—	—	438	330	87	855
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,035,070	101,775	98,294	79,550	18,858	1,333,547
Additions
Currency translation	—	—	6,057	4,556	1,211	11,824
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,035,070	101,775	104,351	84,106	20,069	1,345,371
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	55,581	7,107	4,633	6,520	927	74,768
Depreciation	103,508	17,593	9,806	13,310	1,892	146,109
Balance at August 31, 2022	159,089	24,700	14,439	19,830	2,819	220,877
Depreciation	103,508	12,920	20,426	16,911	4,005	157,770
Balance at August 31, 2023	262,597	37,620	34,865	36,741	6,824	378,647
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	875,981	77,075	83,855	59,720	16,039	1,112,670
As at August 31, 2023	772,473	64,155	69,486	47,365	13,245	966,724

On February 16, 2021, the Company acquired intellectual property in exchange for cash consideration of EUR 300,000 ($461,134) and the issuance of 30,000 shares of the Company [note 18] at a price of U.S.$15.07 [approximately $19.13] for total consideration of $1,035,070.

12. Credit facility

The Company has an authorized line of credit of $250,000, renewable annually, bearing interest at prime rate plus 1%, secured by a first ranking movable hypothec of $750,000 on all present and future accounts receivable and inventory. As at August 31, 2023, the Company has drawn an amount of 155,000 [2022 – Nil] on the line of credit.

13. Trade and other payables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade payables	1,107,310	737,946
Sales taxes payable	62,398	21,547
Government remittances	—	9,450
Salaries, vacation and other employee benefits payables	585,192	261,388
	1,754,900	1,030,331

F-24

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

14. Contract liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	1,029,318	898,713
Payments received in advance	3,330,235	2,502,080
Boat sale deposits	151,572	87,609
Payments reimbursed	(8,131)	(2,615)
Transferred to revenues	(2,718,943)	(2,475,307)
Currency translation	31,680	18,838
Closing balance	1,815,731	1,029,318

15. Lease liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	2,415,549	2,966,816
Additions	921,498	234,608
Repayment	(726,893)	(695,749)
Interest on lease liability	139,132	141,994
Lease termination	(151,800)	(273,652)
Currency translation	44,308	41,532
Closing balance	2,641,794	2,415,549
Current	647,638	561,168
Non-current	1,994,156	1,854,381
	2,641,794	2,415,549

Future undiscounted lease payments as at August 31, 2023 are as follows:

	$
Less than one year	775,991
One to five years	2,221,910
	2,997,901

Included in rent expense is $127,511 of short-term lease expense [2022 – $58,663, 2021 - $50,186]. The lease liabilities have a weighted average interest rate of 5.79% [2022 – 5.4%, 2021 – 5.2%].

F-25

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

16. Long-term debt

	2023	2022
	$	$
The government assistance loan is non-interest bearing until December 31, 2022 at which time the loan bears interest at 5% per annum. The loan must be repaid by December 31, 2025.	40,000	39,342
Term loans, bearing interest at rates varying between 9.44% and 10.71%, repayable in monthly instalments of $23,337,  ending January 2025.	265,329	188,007
	305,329	227,349
Current portion of long-term debt	271,546	72,090
	33,783	155,259

17. Related party transactions

Companies related through common ownership

EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021] [note 5]

7858078 Canada Inc. [prior to June 3, 2021] [note 5]

Montana Strategies Inc.

Key management personnel of the Company have control over the following entities

California Electric Boat Company Inc.

9335-1427 Quebec Inc.

Hurricane Corporate Services Ltd.

Mac Engineering, SASU – Since February 16, 2021

Ultimate founder shareholders and their individually controlled entities

Alexandre Mongeon

Patrick Bobby

Robert Ghetti

Immobilier R. Ghetti Inc.

Société de Placement Robert Ghetti Inc.

F-26

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

The following table summarizes the Company’s related party transactions for the year:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Revenues
Sales of boats
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	84,149
Patrick Bobby	—	—	—
Sale of parts and boat maintenance
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	40,310
Expenses
Cost of sales
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,444
Research and Development
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	—	—	75,020
Mac Engineering, SASU	545,892	666,178	176,500
Travel and entertainment
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	8,926
Advertising and promotion
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,245
Office salaries and benefits
Montana Strategies Inc.	29,059	62,462	—

The Company leases its Boisbriand premises from California Electric Boat Company Inc. with a right-of-use assets as at August 31, 2023 of $1,270,955 [August 31, 2021 – $889,866] and lease liability of $1,395,732 [August 31, 2021 – $971,399] [notes 9 and 15].

Remuneration of directors and key management of the Company

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Wages	2,447,827	2,324,770	1,299,402
Share-based payments – capital stock	433,263	—	—
Share-based payments – stock options	382,196	2,560,031	6,081,900
	3,263,286	4,884,801	7,381,302

F-27

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

At the end of the year, the amounts due to and from related parties are as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
Share subscription receivable
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	25,000	25,000
Alexandre Mongeon	14,200	14,200
	39,200	39,200
Current advances to related party
Alexandre Mongeon	20,135	16,736
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable
Alexandre Mongeon	19,384	16,000
Patrick Bobby	13,847	12,308
Kulwant Sandher	8,654	8,062
Xavier Montagne	10,454	8,292
Mac Engineering, SASU	9,935	—
	62,274	44,662

18. Capital stock

Authorized

Voting Common Shares – Series Founder, Series Investor 1, Series Investor 2, voting and participating

Non-Voting Common Shares, non-voting

Preferred shares, without par value, non-cumulative annual dividend, redeemable at their issue price, non-participating, non-voting

Issued

	2023	2022
	$	$
11,171,800 voting common shares [2022 – 8,471,923]	50,395,717	43,441,591

Subscription and issuance of Voting Common Shares

On January 12, 2022 and February 1, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 25,000 Voting Common Shares and 5,435 Voting Common Shares respectively to a third party in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

On January 31, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 6,479 Voting Common Shares to a third party in exchange for sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to research and development.

During the six-month period ended August 31, 2022, the Company issued 53,445 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

On August 25, 2022, the Company issued 2,703 Voting Common Shares upon the exercise of a former employee’s stock options.

F-28

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued a total of 299,393 Voting Common Shares, respectively, to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 57,219 Voting Common Shares upon the exercises of two former employees and a consultant’s stock options.

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 2,398,265 Voting Common Shares and warrants to purchase Voting Common Shares, respectively, as part of the financing rounds for a total cash consideration price of $12,012,591, net of transaction costs of $1,225,676. During the year ended August 31, 2023, the warrants issued are to purchase 2,398,265 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the issuance date at an exercise price at U.S. $4.21.

As at August 31, 2023, the derivative liabilities related to the warrants issued amounted to $5,558,822 [August 31, 2022 – Nil], with the allocated transaction costs of $718,546 recorded in net finance income (expense) [note 22].

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	—	—
Additions	7,614,510	—
Change in estimate	(2,055,688)	—
Closing balance	5,558,822	—

19. Share-based payments

Description of the plan

The Company has a fixed option plan. The Company’s stock option plan is administered by the Board of Directors. Under the plan, the Company’s Board of Directors may grant stock options to employees, advisors and consultants, and designates the number of options and the share price pursuant to the new options, subject to applicable regulations. The options, when granted, will have an exercise price of no less than the estimated fair value of shares at the date of grant.

Stock options

On multiple grant dates, the Company granted a total of 1,664,526 stock options at exercise prices varying between $2.78 and $16.29 per share to directors, officers, employees and consultants of the Company. The stock options will expire 5 to 10 years from the grant dates.

The Company recognizes share-based payments expense for option grants based on the fair value at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The share-based payments expense recognized for the year ended August 31, 2023 amounts to $1,136,182 [2022 – $2,699,481; 2021 - $7,121,444]. The table below lists the assumptions used to determine the fair value of these option grants. Volatility is based on the historical share price volatility of the Company and other public companies with characteristics similar to the Company.

F-29

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

	Exercise	Market	Expected	Risk-free	Expected
Grant date	price	price	volatility	interest rate	life
	$	$	%	%	[years]
May 27, 2020	3.70	3.70	84	0.4	5
May 27, 2020	2.78	3.70	84	0.4	5
October 23, 2020	3.70	3.70	97	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	16.29	13.03	101	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	4
February 23, 2021	15.75	15.05	103	0.6	5
May 14, 2021	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	3
July 14, 2021	9.25	9.01	105	0.7	5
September 21, 2021	8.85	8.58	106	0.9	5
January 22, 2022	5.65	5.52	107	1.5	5
November 30, 2022	6.09	6.09	107	3.1	5
December 1, 2022	5.83	5.83	107	3.0	5
March 22, 2023	5.76	5.14	75	3.6	2
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	3
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	4
April 20, 2023	5.79	5.27	75	3.6	5

The following tables summarize information regarding the option grants outstanding as at August 31, 2023:

		Weighted
	Number of	average
	options	exercise price
	#	$
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,659,121	9.95
Granted	152,500	6.70
Forfeited	(102,500)	13.59
Exercised	(2,703)	3.70
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,706,418	9.45
Granted	88,500	5.80
Forfeited	(268,158)	9.65
Stock options modifications	(370,000)	5.78
Exercised	(57,219)	2.86
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,099,541	5.22

On March 25, 2023, 425,000 options previously granted to directors and officers of the Company with exercise price ranging from U.S. $7.42 ($8.98) to U.S. $12.50 ($16,29) and five-year term were cancelled and the Company agreed to issue 255,000 stock options with an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.78). The modification of these stock options granted resulted in an increase in the fair value of the stock options at the date of modification of $129,800, recorded as stock-based compensation expense for the year ended August 31, 2023.

	Number of	Weighted average	Weighted average
Exercise price	options	grant date	remaining	Exercisable
range	outstanding	fair value	contractual life	options
$	#	$	[years]	#
2.78 – 3.70	454,041	2.48	2.13	497,869
5.65 – 5.83	580,500	2.94	4.51	498,300
6.09 – 8.85	30,000	6.26	7.83	25,000
16.29	35,000	9.33	7.50	35,000

F-30

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

Warrants

On November 23, 2020, the Company granted the underwriter the option to purchase 151,800 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of five years from the date of the initial public offering at an exercise price of U.S. $12.50 ($16.53).

On August 5, 2022, the Company granted the underwriter the option to purchase 50,000 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of four years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $8.00 ($10.30).

On January 19, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 554,253 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.63).

On February 17, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 475,059 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.67).

On April 19, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 381,293 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.64).

On June 16, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 493,828 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.35).

On August 2, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 493,832 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.37).

The table below lists the assumptions used to determine the fair value of these warrants granted or issued at the grant or issuance date. Volatility is based on the historical share price volatility of the Company and other public companies with characteristics similar to the Company.

				Risk-free
	Exercise	Market	Expected	interest	Expected
	price	price	volatility	rate	life
Grant or Issuance date	$	$	%	%	[years]
August 5, 2022	10.30	7.20	100	2.9	3
January 19, 2023	5.63	5.63	100	3.4	3
February 17, 2023	5.67	6.05	100	4.0	3
April 19, 2023	5.64	5.55	75	3.9	3
June 16, 2023	5.35	5.50	75	4.1	3
August 2, 2023	5.37	5.10	75	4.8	3

		Number of	Weighted average
		warrants	remaining
	Exercise price	outstanding	contractual life
Grant or Issuance date	$	#	[years]
November 23, 2020	16.53	151,800	2.23
August 5, 2022	10.30	50,000	1.93
January 19, 2023	5.63	554,253	2.39
February 17, 2023	5.67	475,059	2.47
April 19, 2023	5.64	381,293	2.64
June 16, 2023	5.35	493,828	2.79
August 2, 2023	5.37	493,832	2.92

F-31

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

20. Revenues

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Sales of boats	1,287,979	2,459,365	2,080,110
Sales of parts and boat maintenance	324,720	97,721	75,205
Boat rental and boat club membership revenue	4,038,803	4,793,860	1,355,548
Other	—	—	2,925
	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788

The geographical distribution of revenues from external customers is as follows:

	Sale of	Rental of	2023
	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$
Canada	348,570	—	348,570
USA	1,078,124	4,038,803	5,116,927
Other	186,005	—	186,005
	1,612,699	4,038,803	5,651,502

			2022	2021
	Sale of	Rental of
	electric  boats	electric boats	Total	Total
	$	$	$	$
Canada	557,639	—	557,639	571,216
USA	1,292,666	4,793,861	6,086,527	2,692,599
Other	706,780	—	706,780	249,973
	2,557,085	4,793,861	7,350,946	3,513,788

21. Grants and investment tax credits

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $232,882 [August 31, 2022 – $1,458,632; August 31, 2021 - $921,658], of which $144,032 are presented against research and development expenses [August 31, 2022 – $1,408,840; August 31, 2021 - $859,516], $Nil against cost of sales [August 31, 2022 – $8,535; August 31, 2021 - $Nil] and $Nil as a reduction of property and equipment and intangible assets [August 31, 2022 – $40,584; August 31, 2021 - $44,939]. Office salaries and benefits are presented net of $88,850 [August 31, 2022 – $Nil; August 31, 2021 - $17,203] of grants.

22. Net finance expense (income)

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Interest and bank charges	142,117	184,895	123,100
Interest income	(113,334)	(379,288)	—
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(208,132)	(251,947)	1,583,292
Transaction costs	719,167	—	—
Gain on derivative liabilities	(2,055,688)	—	—
Loss (gain) on Debentures [note 8]	(88,666)	670,000	550,000
	(1,604,536)	223,660	2,256,392

F-32

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

23. Income taxes

The income tax expense on the Company’s loss before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the federal, provincial and foreign statutory tax rates applicable. The difference is as follows:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Income taxes at the applicable tax rate of 26.5% [2022 – 26.5%; 2021 – 26.5%]	(5,606,886)	(3,406,162)	(3,977,204)
Change in tax status following the initial public offering	—	—	(127,979)
Adjustment in respect of current and deferred income tax of previous year	(72,894)	(4,396)	(207,601)
Permanent differences	70,418	823,119	2,100,615
Change in recognition of deferred income tax assets	5,328,487	2,816,417	2,317,759
Other	—	29,365	—
Total income tax expense (recovery)	(280,875)	258,343	105,590

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax impact of temporary differences between the value of assets and liabilities for accounting and tax purposes. The main components of the deferred tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

	Balance as at	Recognized			Balance as at
	August 31,	in net	Recognized		August 31,
	2022	loss	in equity	Other	2023
	$	$	$	$	$
Temporary differences
Property and equipment	(155,298)	(20,228)	—	(8,650)	(184,176)
Intangibles	(294,385)	39,009	—	98	(255,278)
Net operating losses	4,790,012	4,564,752	—	—	9,354,764
Financing fees	705,594	(107,450)	134,225	—	732,369
Research and development	430,835	557,162	—	—	987,997
Difference in timing of recognition	259,118	493,379	—	3,403	755,900
Right-of-use asset	(616,907)	19,531	—	(6,613)	(603,989)
Lease liability	658,847	(7,400)	—	12,861	664,308
Net capital losses	50,418	—	—	—	50,418
Unrecognized deferred tax assets	(6,016,278)	(5,328,487)	(134,225)	—	(11,478,990)
Deferred tax liability	(188,044)	210,268	—	1,099	23,323

The net operating losses carried forward and deductible temporary differences for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized amounted to $45,415,000 as at August 31, 2023 [2022 - $23,849,000]. Of these amounts, $35,333,000 [2022 - $18,194,000] relates to net operating losses carried forward, that will expire between 2040 and 2043 and $3,541,000 [2022 - $1,439,000] relates to research and development expenditures, which can be carried forward indefinitely.

As of August 31, 2023, the Company has available Canadian federal non-refundable investment tax credits of $642,000 (2022 - $240,000) related to research and development expenditures which may be used to reduce Canadian federal income taxes payable in future years. These non-refundable investment tax credits begin to expire in 2041. The benefits of these non-refundable investment tax credits have not been recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

24. Capital disclosures

The Company’s objectives in managing capital are:

●to safeguard the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, so that it can continue to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders; and

F-33

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

●to provide an adequate return to shareholders by pricing products and services commensurately with the level of risk.

Capital is regarded as total equity, as recognized in the statement of financial position, plus net debt. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents.

The Company manages and adjusts its capital structure considering changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust its capital structure, the Company may issue debt or new shares. Financing decisions are generally made on a specific transaction basis and depend on such things as the Company’s needs, capital markets and economic conditions at the time of the transaction. Management reviews its capital management approach on an ongoing basis and believes that this approach is reasonable, given the size of the Company.

The Company does not have any externally imposed capital compliance requirements at August 31, 2023.

25. Financial risk management and fair value measurement

Fair value measurement and hierarchy

The fair value measurement of the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and liabilities utilizes market observable inputs and data as far as possible. Inputs used in determining fair value measurements are categorized into different levels based on how observable the inputs used in the valuation technique utilized are (the “fair value hierarchy”):

● Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical items [unadjusted];

● Level 2: Observable direct or indirect inputs other than Level 1 inputs; and

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs [i.e., not derived from market data].

The classification of an item into the above levels is based on the lowest level of the inputs used that has a significant effect on the fair value measurement of the item. Transfers of items between levels are recognized in the period they occur.

The carrying amount of trade and other receivables, advances from related parties and trade and other payables are assumed to approximate their fair value due to their short-term nature.

The fair value of financial liabilities is estimated by discounting the remaining contractual maturities at the current market interest rate that is available for similar financial liabilities.

Classified as Level 2, the fair value of Debentures was estimated using the partial differential equation model to value convertible debentures that include a call feature. Key assumptions used in the model include volatility, which was based on actual trading data, difference in volatility since initial issuance of the instrument and similar instruments on the market, and credit spread, which was based on corporate bond yield spreads in the market and credit spread data for similar public companies. The model included a fair value adjustment based on an initial calibration exercise. During the three months ended February 28, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment loss on the Debentures based on the estimated recoverable amount of the financial asset [note 8].

The fair value of the derivative liabilities related to the warrants issued is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and is calculated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model using the historical volatility of comparable companies as an estimate of future volatility. As at August 31, 2023, the Company used volatility of approximately 75% over the remaining contractual life in order to determine the fair value of the derivative liabilities. As at August 31, 2023, if the volatility used was increased by 10% the impact would be an increase of $628,000 to the derivative liabilities with corresponding increase in total comprehensive loss.

Financial risk management

The Company is exposed to risks that arise from its use of financial instruments. This note describes the Company’s objectives, policies and processes for managing those risks and the methods used to measure them.

F-34

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

[a] Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company has a strict code of credit, including obtaining instalment payments, obtaining agency credit information and setting appropriate credit limits. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date, is the carrying amount of financial assets. The Company does not hold any collateral.

Credit risk related with the Debentures is reflected in the fair value of the instrument [note 8].

Trade and other receivables are generally written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. Indicators of this include the failure for a debtor to engage in a repayment plan, no active enforcement activity and a failure to make contractual payments.

[b] Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company is exposed to liquidity risk primarily from its trade and other payables, other financial liabilities and long-term debt.

	Contractual	Less than
	cash flows	one year	1-5 years
	$	$	$
August 31, 2023
Trade and other payables	550,836	550,836	—
Other financial liabilities	113,694	113,694	—
Long-term debt	305,329	231,546	73,783
	969,859	896,076	73,783
August 31, 2022
Trade and other payables	1,030,331	1,030,331	—
Other financial liabilities	177,834	177,834	—
Long-term debt	227,349	72,090	155,259
	1,435,514	1,280,255	155,259

[c] Interest rate risk

The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its variable rate bank indebtedness and variable and fixed rate long-term debt. Fixed-rate borrowings expose the Company to fair value risk while variable rate borrowings expose the Company to cash flow risk.

[d] Foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk is the risk that future cash flows or fair value of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates.

The Company is exposed to transactional foreign currency risk to the extent that there is a mismatch between the currencies in which sales, purchases, receivables and borrowings are denominated and the respective functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries.

F-35

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

The Company has certain financial assets and liabilities denominated in United States dollars. The Canadian dollar equivalent carrying amounts of these assets and liabilities are as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
Cash	3,258,419	5,142,703
Trade and other receivables	188,001	103,116
Trade and other payables	800,149	172,871

Sensitivity

A reasonably possible 5% strengthening (weakening) of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian Dollar at the reporting date would have increased (decreased) net loss and other comprehensive loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables remain constant.

	Net loss		Other comprehensive income
	+5%	-5%	+5%	-5%
	$	$	$	$
August 31, 2023	24,281	(24,281)	350,586	(350,586)

26. Segment information

The Company operates in two reportable business segments.

The two reportable business segments offer different products and services, require different processes and are based on how the financial information is produced internally for the purposes of monitoring operating results and making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker.

The following summary describes the operations of each of the Company’s reportable business segments:

● Sale of electric boats – manufacture of customized electric boats for consumer market and sale of boat parts maintenance, and

● Rental of electric boats – short-term rental operation and boat club membership.

Sales between segments are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. No business segments have been aggregated to form the above reportable business segments.

	Year ended August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	1,612,699	4,038,803	—	5,651,502
Revenue from other segments	867,097	336,683	(1,203,780)	—
Segment revenues	2,479,796	4,375,486	(1,203,780)	5,651,502
Segment gross profit (loss)	(242,590)	1,966,466	(187,450)	1,536,426
Segment loss before tax	(20,363,838)	(623,856)	(170,367)	(21,158,061)
Research and development	5,938,010	—	(233,098)	5,704,912
Office salaries and benefits	2,769,196	1,237,246	7,739	4,014,181

F-36

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

	Year ended August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,557,086	4,793,860	—	7,350,946
Revenue from other segments	820,383	80,842	(901,225)	—
Segment revenues	3,377,469	4,874,702	(901,225)	7,350,946
Segment gross profit (loss)	596,570	2,839,970	(150,975)	3,285,565
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(13,632,377)	872,787	(93,852)	(12,853,442)
Research and development	2,242,794	—	—	2,242,794
Office salaries and benefits	2,384,746	951,053	—	3,335,799

	August 31, 2021
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,158,240	1,355,548	—	3,513,788
Revenue from other segments	142,007	7,476	(149,483)	—
Segment revenues	2,300,247	1,363,024	(149,483)	3,513,788
Segment gross profit (loss)	640,228	1,003,596	(39,642)	1,604,182
Segment (loss) profit before tax
Research and development	(15,517,319)	541,257	(32,255)	(15,008,317)
Office salaries and benefits	1,489,953	—	—	1,489,953

	August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	20,344,002	13,941,898	(10,239,388)	24,046,512
Cash	3,025,565	333,692	—	3,359,257
Additions to property and equipment	194,820	974,533	(185,744)	983,609
Segment liabilities	10,154,031	3,341,868	(1,013,824)	12,482,075

	August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	24,499,107	14,039,428	(9,438,326)	29,100,209
Cash	4,146,260	1,678,456	—	5,824,716
Additions to property and equipment	412,158	859,176	(162,446)	1,108,888
Segment liabilities	2,023,368	3,311,128	(262,883)	5,071,613

The Company has disclosed the above amounts for each reportable segment because they are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker.

F-37

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Notes to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

August 31, 2023

27. Additional cash flows information

Financing and investing activities not involving cash:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Advances to related parties converted to shares	—	—	898,489
Unpaid share subscription	—	—	39,200
Right-of-use assets transferred to intangibles, net of accumulated depreciation	—	—	5,981
Additions to right-of-use assets	921,498	234,608	852,467
Lease termination	101,471	273,652	37,033
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets	—	—	573,936
Shares issued as consideration for business acquisition	—	—	3,474,232
Transaction costs for share issuance transferred from prepaid	—	—	213,019

28. Commitments

In addition to the obligations under leases [note 15], the Company is subject to supply agreements with minimum spend commitments. The amount of the minimum fixed and determinable portion of the unconditional purchase obligations over the next years, is as follows:

	$
2024	10,943,420

In October 2021, EB Rental Ltd. has entered into lease arrangement for premises, which have not commenced yet and therefore related right-of-use asset and lease liability are not recorded as at August 31, 2023. The lease offers EB Rental Ltd. a termination clause in case certain contractual requirements are not met by the lessor at the lease commencement date.

The Company’s undiscounted lease commitments related to this lease are as follows as at August 31, 2023:

	$
2024	67,675
2025	163,774
2026	167,049
2027 and thereafter	446,736

29. Subsequent events

During the months of September, October and November 2023, the Company issued a total of 103,650 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange of sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to marketing and investor relations.

On September 20, 2023, the Company issued 372,870 Voting Common Shares and warrants to purchase Voting Common Shares, respectively as part of the financing rounds for a total cash consideration price of $1,695,388, net of transaction costs of $334,672. The warrants issued are to purchase 372,870 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price at U.S. $4.05.

F-38

8,108,108 Common Shares

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

PROSPECTUS

JOSEPH GUNNAR & CO., LLC

, 2023

Through and including                   , 2023 (the 25^th day after the date of this offering), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

105

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

ITEM 6: INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

The corporate laws of Quebec and our By-laws require us (subject to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act noted below), to indemnify our directors and officers and former directors and officers, our mandataries, or any other person who acts or acted at our request as a director or an officer of another group, of all their costs and reasonable expenses incurred in the exercise of their functions, to the greatest extent permitted by Division VII of Chapter VI of the Business Corporations Act.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may not indemnify a person referred to in the preceding paragraph if a court or any other competent authority judges that the following conditions are not fulfilled:

(1) the person acted with honesty and loyalty in the interest of the corporation or, as the case may be, in the interest of the other group for which the person acted as director or officer or in a similar capacity at the corporation’s request; and

(2) in the case of a proceeding that is enforced by a monetary penalty, the person had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her conduct was lawful.

Furthermore, we may not indemnify a person referred to in the preceding paragraph if the court determines that the person has committed an intentional or gross fault.

ITEM 7. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES

In the past three years, we have issued and sold the securities described below without registering the securities under the Securities Act. None of these transactions involved any underwriters’ underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. We believe that each of the following issuances was exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act regarding sales by an issuer in offshore transactions, Regulation D under the Securities Act, Rule 701 under the Securities Act or pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act regarding transactions not involving a public offering.

In November 2020, we issued 151,800 warrants exercisable at US$12.50 per common share to the underwriter in our initial public offering as compensation for services.

In November 2020, we issued our directors and officers an aggregate of 440,000 options to purchase common shares at US$12.50 per share.

On December 22, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 69,650 Voting Common Shares, being the conversion of the advances from related parties of $898,489.

On December 22, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 3,067 Voting Common Shares for a total consideration of $39,200 to a related party.

On January 12, 2022 and February 1, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 25,000 Voting Common Shares and 5,435 Voting Common Shares respectively to a third party in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

On January 31, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 6,479 Voting Common Shares to a third party in exchange for sub-contracting services provided to the Company and related to research and development.

In February, 2021. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 190,000 options to purchase common shares at $15.75 per share.

On February 16, 2021, the Company acquired certain intellectual property from Mac Engineering, SASU. The Company acquired the intellectual property for $1,035,070, consisting of cash consideration of $461,134 and the issuance of 30,000 common shares at approximately US$15.07 (approximately $19.13) per share.

106

In May, 2021. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 500,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.68 per share.

On June 3, 2021, the Company acquired EBR, which rents electric boats at the Lido Marina Village in Newport, California. The Company acquired this business for approximately $9,020,271, of which $5,546,039 was paid in cash and $3,474,232 of which was paid in the form of 284,495 common shares at a price of U.S. $10.09 (approximately $12.21) per share.

In July, 2021. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 7,500 options to purchase common shares at $9.25 per share.

On August 5, 2022, the Company granted the underwriter the option to purchase 50,000 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of four years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $8.00 ($10.30).

In September, 2021. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 50,000 options to purchase common shares at $8.85 per share.

In January, 2022. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 102,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.65 per share.

In November, 2022. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 10,000 options to purchase common shares at $6.09 per share.

In December, 2022. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 30,500 options to purchase common shares at $5.83 per share.

On January 24, 2023, the Company issued 554,253 warrants in a private placement closed concurrently with a registered direct offering of common shares. The Company has not received proceeds from the private placement and will not unless the warrants are exercised for cash.

On February 21, 2023, the Company issued 475,059 warrants in a private placement closed concurrently with a registered direct offering of common shares. The Company has not received proceeds from the private placement and will not unless the warrants are exercised for cash.

In March, 2023. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 12,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.76 per share and 210,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.77 per share.

On March 22, 2023, the Company issued 49,485 Voting Common Shares to a former director of the Company, as part of the financing rounds, for a total consideration of $285,602.

In April, 2023. we issued to our employees, directors and officers an aggregate of 48,000 options to purchase common shares at $5.79 per share.

On April 20, 2023, the Company issued 381,293 warrants in a private placement closed concurrently with a registered direct offering of common shares. The Company has not received proceeds from the private placement and will not unless the warrants are exercised for cash.

On June 16, 2023, the Company issued 493,828 warrants in a private placement closed concurrently with a registered direct offering of common shares. The Company has not received proceeds from the private placement and will not unless the warrants are exercised for cash.

On July 31, 2023, the Company issued 494,832 warrants in a private placement closed concurrently with a registered direct offering of common shares. The Company has not received proceeds from the private placement and will not unless the warrants are exercised for cash.

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During the nine months ended May 31, 2023, the Company issued a total of 48,915 Voting Common Shares, respectively, to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

During the six-month period ended August 31, 2022, the Company issued 53,445 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

During the there months ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued a total of 170,659 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange of sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to investor relations and marketing services.

During the three months ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 52,162 Voting Common Shares, respectively, upon the exercises of a former employee’s stock options.

During the three months ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 30,334 Voting Common Shares to directors as part of their board fees.

During the months of September, October and November 2023, the Company issued a total of 103,650 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange of sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to investor relations and marketing services.

In September 2023, the Company sold an aggregate of 372,870 units at a purchase price of US$4.05 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately US$1.5 million. Each of the units issued pursuant to the private placement was comprised of one common share and one common share purchase warrant. Each full warrant will be exercisable six months from the date of issuance and entitle its holder to acquire one additional common share at a price of US$4.05 per common share, subject to adjustments as set forth therein, and will expire three years from the date of issuance.

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ITEM 8. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following exhibits are filed with this registration statement.

1.1	Form of Underwriting Agreement
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation (1)
3.2	Certificate of Amendment (1)
3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended (4)
3.4	General By laws (7)
4.1	Share Certificate – Common Shares (2)
4.2	Form of Warrant Agreement between the Company and VStock Transfer, LLC

4.3 Form of Warrant (included in Exhibit 4.2)

4.4	Form of Underwriter’s Warrant (8)
4.5	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant
5.1	Opinion of Dentons Canada LLP regarding the validity of the common shares being registered
5.2	Opinion of Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP regarding the validity of the warrants
10.1	Commercial Lease Agreement, dated June 10, 2017, between California Electric Boat Company Inc. and the Company (as translated into English from its original text in French) (1)
10.2	Commercial Lease Agreement, dated April 1, 2019, between California Electric Boat Company Inc. and the Company (as translated into English from its original text in French) (1)
10.3	Amended and Restated Shares Option(s) Plan (1)
10.4	Executive Services Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between the Company and Alexandre Mongeon (3)
10.5	Executive Services Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between the Company and Patrick Bobby (3)
10.6	Consulting Services Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between the Company and Kulwant Sandher (3)
10.7	Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 3, 2021, for the Sale of 7858078 Canada Inc. (5)
10.8	Manufacturing and Supply Agreement, dated October 21, 2021, between the Company and Linamar Corporation (5)
10.9	Summary translation of Mac Engineering Agreement with the Company, dated February 16, 2021 (5)
14.1	Code of Conduct and Ethics (2)
23.1	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
23.2	Consent of Dentons Canada LLP (contained in exhibit 5.1)
23.3	Consent of Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP (contained in exhibit 5.2)
24.1	Powers of Attorney (8)
107	Filing Fee Table

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Notes:

(1) Filed as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 as filed with the SEC on July 9, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

(2) Filed as an exhibit to amendment number 2 to our registration statement on Form F-1 as filed with the SEC on September 22, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

(3) Filed as an exhibit to our current report on Form 6-K as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.

(4) Filed as an exhibit to our current report on Form 6-K as filed with the SEC on September 30, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

(5) Filed as an exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F as filed with the SEC on December 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.

(6) Filed as an exhibit to our current report on Form 6-k as filed with the SEC on August 30, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

(7) Filed as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-3 as filed with the SEC on October 5, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

(8) Filed as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 as filed with the SEC on November 13, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 9. UNDERTAKINGS

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales of securities are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement to:

(i) Include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

(ii) Reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

(iii) Include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post- effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A. of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering. Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Act need not be furnished, provided that the Registrant includes in the prospectus,

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by means of a post- effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph (4) and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to registration statements on Form F-3, a post-effective amendment need not be filed to include financial statements and information required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Act or Rule 3-19 of Regulation S- X if such financial statements and information are contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the Form F-3.

(5) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described herein, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(6) Each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Boisbriand, Province of Québec, Canada on December 4, 2023.

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(Registrant)
By:	/s/ Alexandre Monegon
	Alexandre Mongeon, Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Alexandre Mongeon	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	December 4, 2023
Alexandre Mongeon
/s/ Kulwant Sandher	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	December 4, 2023
Kulwant Sandher
*	Chairman	December 4, 2023
Carter Murray
*	Director	December 4, 2023
Patrick Bobby
*	Director	December 4, 2023
Luisa Ingargiola
*	Director	December 4, 2023
Steve Barrenechea
*	Director	December 4, 2023
Mario Saucier
*	Director	December 4, 2023
Dr. Phillipe Couillard

*By:	/s/ Alexandre Mongeon
	Alexandre Mongeon
	Attorney-in-fact

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SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of Vision Marine Technologies Inc., has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto in New York, New York, on December 4, 2023.

Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP
By:	/s/ William S. Rosenstadt
Name:	William S. Rosenstadt
Title:	Managing Partner

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EX-1.1

Exhibit 1.1

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT

[], 2023

Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC

30 Broad Street, 11^th Floor

New York, NY 10004

Representative of the Underwriters As

named on Schedule I hereto

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned, Vision Marine Technologies Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of Quebec, Canada (the  "Company"), hereby confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”) to issue and sell to the underwriter or underwriters, as the case may be, named in Schedule I hereto (each, an “Underwriter” and, collectively, the “Underwriters”), for whom Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC is acting as representative (in such capacity, the “Representative”), an aggregate of (i) [  ] common shares (the “Firm Shares”), no par value, of the Company (the “Common Shares”), (ii) [  ] pre-funded warrants (each a “Pre-Funded Warrant” and collectively, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), with each Pre-Funded Warrant exercisable to purchase one Common Share (the “Pre-Funded Warrant Shares”) at a remaining exercise price of $0.001 per share and (iii) warrants to purchase [  ] Common Shares (each a “Warrant” and collectively, the “Warrants”). The Firm Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants are referred to herein as the “Firm Securities.” The Underwriters, severally and not jointly, agree to purchase from the Company the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite their respective names on Schedule A attached hereto and made a part hereof at a purchase price of $[  ] per Firm Share and accompanying Warrant or $[  ] per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant. The Firm Securities are to be offered initially to the public at the offering price set forth on the cover page of the Prospectus (as defined below).

For the purposes of covering any over-allotments in connection with the distribution and sale of the Firm Securities, the Company hereby grants to the Underwriters an option (the “Over-allotment Option”) to purchase additional Common Shares (the “Option Shares”) and/or Pre-Funded Warrants (the “Option Pre-Funded Warrants”) and/or Warrants (the “Option Warrants”, and together with the Option Shares and Option Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Option Securities”) up to, and not to exceed, [   ] Common Shares and [   ] Pre-Funded Warrants and [   ] Warrants.  The purchase price to be paid for each Option Share will be the same purchase price allocated to each Firm Share and accompanying Warrant, minus $0.001.  The purchase price to be paid for each Option Pre-Funded Warrant will be the same purchase price allocated to each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant, minus $0.001.  The purchase price to be paid for each Option Warrant shall be $0.001.

The Firm Securities and the Option Securities are hereinafter referred to together as the "Public Securities." The offering and sale of the Public Securities is hereinafter referred to as the “Offering.”

1. Purchase, Sale, and Delivery of the Securities

(a)Purchase of Firm Securities. Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company agrees to sell to the several Underwriters, and on the basis of the representations, warranties, and agreements herein contained and upon the terms but subject to the conditions herein set forth, the Underwriters agree, severally and not jointly to purchase from the Company, the Firm Securities at a purchase price set forth in the first paragraph hereof, which represents a six percent (6%) discount to the public offering price per Firm Security.

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(b)Closing Date. Delivery and payment for the Firm Securities shall be made at 10:00 a.m., New York time, on the second (2^nd) Business Day following the date of this Agreement (or the third (3^rd) Business Day following the dated of this Agreement if executed after 4:30 p.m. New York time) or at such other time as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company at the offices of the Representative or at such other place as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company. The hour and date of delivery and payment for the Firm Securities is called the “Closing Date.”  The closing of the payment of the purchase price for, and delivery of the Firm Securities is referred to herein as the “Closing.”  Payment for the Firm Securities shall be made on the Closing Date by wire transfer in federal (same day) funds upon delivery to the Underwriters of the Firm Shares through the full fast transfer facilities of the Depository Trust Company (the “DTC”) through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) for the account of the Underwriters as provided to the Company in writing. The Firm Securities shall be registered in such name or names and in such authorized denominations as the Representative may request in writing at least one (1) Business Day prior to the Closing Date. The Company will permit the Representative to examine and package the Firm Securities for delivery at least one (1) Business Day prior to the Closing Date. The Company shall not be obligated to sell or deliver the Firm Securities except upon tender of payment by the Representative for all the Firm Securities. The term “Business Day” shall mean any day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or any day on which the major stock exchanges in New York, New York are not open for business.

(c)Option Securities; Option Closing Date. In addition, on the basis of the representations, warranties, and agreements herein contained, and upon the terms but subject to the conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants the Over-Allotment Option to the several Underwriters, severally and not jointly, to purchase the Option Securities at a price per Option Security set forth in the second paragraph hereof. The Over-Allotment Option granted hereunder may be exercised at any time and from time to time in whole or in part upon notice by the Representative to the Company, which notice may be given at any time within forty-five (45) days from the date of this Agreement. Such notice shall set forth (i) the aggregate number of Option Securities as to which the Underwriters are exercising the option and (ii) the time, date, and place at which book-entry entitlements for the Option Shares will be delivered (which time and date may be simultaneous with, but not earlier than, the Closing Date; and in the event that such time and date are simultaneous with the Closing Date, the term “Closing Date” shall refer to the time and date of delivery of the Firm Securities and such Option Securities). Any such time and date of delivery, if subsequent to the Closing Date, is called an “Option Closing Date,” shall be determined by the Representative and shall not be earlier than one (1) or later than five (5) Business Days after delivery of such notice of exercise.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Pre-Funded Warrant or Warrant for which an Exercise Notice (as defined therein) is delivered on or prior to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Trading Day prior to the Closing Date, which Exercise Notice may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of this Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares or Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing Date.

If any Option Securities are to be purchased, (1) each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase the number of Option Securities (subject to such adjustments to eliminate fractional shares as the Representative may determine) that bears the same proportion to the total number of Option Securities to be purchased as the number of Firm Securities set forth on Schedule A opposite the name of such Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm Securities and (b) the Company agrees to sell up to the number of Option Securities set forth in the applicable notice up to the maximum number of Option Securities set forth in the second paragraph hereof (subject to such adjustments to eliminate fractional shares as the Representative may determine).  The Representative may cancel the Over-Allotment Option at any time prior to its expiration by giving written notice of such cancellation to the Company.

(d)Public Offering of the Securities. The Representative hereby advises the Company that the Underwriters intend to offer for sale to the public, initially on the terms set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, their respective portions of the Firm Securities as soon after this Agreement has been executed as the Representative, in its sole judgment, has determined is advisable and practicable.

(e)Payment for the Securities. Payment for the Firm Securities shall be made at the Closing Date (and, if applicable, the Option Securities at each Option Closing Date) by wire transfer of immediately available funds to

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the order of the Company. It is understood that the Representative has been authorized, for its own account and the accounts of the several Underwriters, to accept delivery of and receipt for, and make payment of the purchase price for, the Firm Securities and any Option Securities the Underwriters have agreed to purchase. Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC, individually and not as the Representative of the Underwriters, may (but shall not be obligated to) make payment for any Firm Securities and any Option Securities to be purchased by any Underwriter whose funds shall not have been received by the Representative by the Closing Date or the applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be, for the account of such Underwriter, but any such payment shall not relieve such Underwriter from any of its obligations under this Agreement.

(f)Delivery of the Securities. The Company shall deliver, or cause to be delivered to the Representative book-entry entitlements for the Firm Shares in such denominations and registered in such names as the Underwriter or its designees request, at the Closing Date, against the irrevocable release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds for the amount of the purchase price therefor. Delivery of the Firm Shares shall be made through DWAC to a participant designated by the Underwriter.

The Company shall also deliver, or cause to be delivered to the Representative book-entry entitlements for the Option Shares in such denominations and registered in such names as the Underwriter or its designees request, at the Option Closing Date, against the irrevocable release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds for the amount of the purchase price therefor.

If the Representative so elects, delivery of the Firm Shares and Option Shares, if any, will be made by credit to the accounts designated by the Representative (and as provided to the Company in writing) through DWAC. Time shall be of the essence, and delivery at the time and place specified in this Agreement is a further condition to the obligations of the Underwriters.

(g)Representative Warrants. The Company shall issue to Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC or its designees on each of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date, warrants (the “Representative Warrants”) to purchase that number of Common Shares equal to five percent (5%) of the aggregate number of Common Shares issued on each of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date. The Representative Warrants shall be in a customary form reasonably acceptable to the Underwriter and the Company, shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, immediately and shall expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of commencement of sales of the Firm Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement at an initial exercise price per Common Share equal to 125% of the price per Firm Share set forth in paragraph one hereof. The Representative Warrants shall be subject to the limitation on exercise set forth in FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8); provided, however, that pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1) the Representative Warrants shall not be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person for a period of 180 days commencing on the date of sales of the Firm Securities, consistent with FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1), except for the transfers enumerated in FINRA Rule 5110(e)(2). The Representative Warrants and the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Representative Warrants are hereinafter referred to collectively as the “Representative's Securities.” The form of the Representative Warrant is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.

2.Representation and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents, warrants, and covenants to, and agrees with, each of the Underwriters, that, as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date:

(a)The Company has prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) a registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-[      ]), and amendments thereto, and related preliminary prospectuses for the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), of the Public Securities which registration statement, as so amended (including post-effective amendments, if any), has been declared effective by the Commission and copies of which have heretofore been delivered to the Underwriters. The registration statement, as amended at the time it became effective, including the prospectus, financial statements, schedules, exhibits, and other information (if any) deemed to be part of the registration statement at the time of effectiveness pursuant to Rule 430A under the Securities Act, is hereinafter referred to as the “Registration Statement.”  If the Company has filed or is required pursuant to the terms hereof to file a registration statement pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act registering additional Public Securities (a “Rule 462(b) Registration Statement”), then, unless otherwise specified, any reference herein to the term “Registration Statement” shall be deemed to include such Rule 462(b) Registration Statement. Other than a Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, which, if filed, becomes effective upon filing, no other document with respect to the Registration Statement has heretofore been filed with the Commission. All of the Public Securities have been registered under the Securities Act pursuant to the Registration Statement or, if any Rule

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462(b) Registration Statement is filed, will be duly registered under the Securities Act with the filing of such Rule 462(b) Registration Statement. The Company has responded to all requests of the Commission for additional or supplemental information. Based on communications from the Commission, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of either the Registration Statement or the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, if any, has been issued and no proceeding for that purpose has been initiated or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened by the Commission. The Company, if required by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission (the “Rules and Regulations”), proposes to file the Prospectus (as defined below) with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (“Rule 424(b)”). The prospectus, in the form in which it is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), or, if the prospectus is not to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), the prospectus in the form included as part of the Registration Statement at the time the Registration Statement became effective, is hereinafter referred to as the “Prospectus,” except that if any revised prospectus or prospectus supplement shall be provided to the Underwriters by the Company for use in connection with the Offering which differs from the Prospectus (whether or not such revised prospectus or prospectus supplement is required to be filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 424(b)), the term “Prospectus” shall also refer to such revised prospectus or prospectus supplement, as the case may be, from and after the time it is first provided to the Underwriters for such use. Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus subject to completion included in the Registration Statement or filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424 under the Securities Act is hereafter called a “Preliminary Prospectus.” Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the exhibits and schedules thereto and any information incorporated by reference therein pursuant to the Rules and Regulations on or before the Effective Date of the Registration Statement, the date of such Preliminary Prospectus or the date of the Prospectus, as the case may be. Any reference herein to the terms “amend,” “amendment,” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include: (i) the filing of any document under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and together with the Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Exchange Act”) after the Effective Date, the date of such Preliminary Prospectus or the date of the Prospectus, as the case may be, which is incorporated therein by reference, and (ii) any such document so filed. All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, a Preliminary Prospectus, and the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing, shall be deemed to include any copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (“EDGAR”). The Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with the Offering was or will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T promulgated by the Commission.

(b)At the time of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement or the effectiveness of any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement, when the Prospectus is first filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), when any supplement to or amendment of the Prospectus is filed with the Commission, when any document filed under the Exchange Act was or is filed, at all other subsequent times until the completion of the public offer and sale of the Securities, and at the Closing Date, if any, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any amendments thereof and supplements or exhibits thereto complied or will comply in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Rules and Regulations, and did not and will not, as of the date of such amendment or supplement, contain an untrue statement of a material fact and did not and will not, as of the date of such amendment or supplement, omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein: (i) in the case of the Registration Statement, not misleading, and (ii) in the case of the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made as of its date, not misleading. When any Preliminary Prospectus was first filed with the Commission (whether filed as part of the registration statement for the registration of the Public Securities or any amendment thereto or pursuant to Rule 424(a) under the Securities Act) and when any amendment thereof or supplement thereto was first filed with the Commission, such Preliminary Prospectus and any amendments thereof and supplements thereto complied in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Rules and Regulations and did not contain an untrue statement of a material fact and did not omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. No representation and warranty is made in this subsection (b), however, with respect to any information contained in or omitted from

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the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any related Preliminary Prospectus or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representative specifically for use therein. The parties acknowledge and agree that such information provided by or on behalf of any Underwriter consists solely of: the statements set forth in the “Underwriting” section of the Prospectus only insofar as such statements relate to the names and corresponding Security amounts set forth in the table of Underwriters, the amount of selling concession and re-allowance, the over-allotment option, and related activities that may be undertaken by the Underwriters under the “Underwriting Discounts, Commissions and Expenses,” “Over-Allotment Option,” “Stabilization,” “Other Activities and Relationships,” and “Electronic Distribution” sub sections (the “Underwriters' Information”).

(c)Neither: (i) the Pricing Disclosure Package (“Pricing Disclosure Package”), nor (ii) any individual Issuer-Represented Limited-Use Free Writing Prospectus(es) (as defined below) when considered together with the Pricing Disclosure Package, includes or included as of the Applicable Time any untrue statement of a material fact or omits or omitted as of the Applicable Time to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The preceding sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from the Pricing Disclosure Package, or any Issuer-Represented Limited-Use Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) in conformity with the Underwriters' Information. Each of (i) any electronic road show or investor presentation (including without limitation any “bona fide electronic road show” as defined in Rule 433(h)(5) under the Securities Act) delivered to and approved by the Underwriters for use in connection with the marketing of the Offering as of the time of their use and at the Closing Date and on each Option Closing Date, if any and (ii) any individual Written Testing-the-Waters Communication (as defined herein), when considered together with the Pricing Disclosure Package at the Closing Date and on each Option Closing Date, if any, did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The term “Applicable Time” means [     ], 2023, [ ]:00 [a.m./p.m.] (Eastern time). The term “Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus” means any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, relating to the Shares that (A) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, or (B) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) under the Securities Act because it contains a description of the Shares or of the Offering that does not reflect the final terms or pursuant to Rule 433(d)(8)(ii) because it is a “bona fide electronic road show,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company's records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act. The term “Issuer-Represented General Free Writing Prospectus” means any Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus that is intended for general distribution to prospective investors, as evidenced by its being specified in Schedule III to this Agreement. The term “Issuer-Represented Limited-Use Free Writing Prospectus” means any Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus that is not an Issuer-Represented General Free Writing Prospectus. The term Issuer-Represented Limited-Use Free Writing Prospectus also includes any “bona fide electronic road show,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, that is made available without restriction pursuant to Rule 433(d)(8)(ii), even though not required to be filed with the Commission. The term “Pricing Disclosure Package” means the Preliminary Prospectus, as amended or supplemented immediately prior to the Applicable Time, together with any Issuer Represented General Free Writing Prospectus, if any, identified on Schedule III hereto and the pricing information set forth on Schedule IV hereto.

(d)Each Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and at all subsequent times until the Closing Date or until any earlier date that the Company notified or notifies the Representative as described in the next sentence, did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts, or will conflict with the information contained in the then-current Registration Statement, Preliminary Prospectus, or Prospectus. If at any time following issuance of an Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which such Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the then-current Registration Statement, Preliminary Prospectus, or Prospectus relating to the Public Securities or included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances prevailing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company has notified or will notify promptly the Representative so that any use of such Issuer represented Free Writing Prospectus may cease until it is promptly amended or supplemented by the Company, at its own expense, to eliminate or correct such conflict, untrue statement, or omission. The preceding two sentences do not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus in conformity with the Underwriters' Information.

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(e)The Company has not distributed and will not distribute any prospectus or other offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares other than the Pricing Disclosure Package, any Issuer Represented Limited-Use Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus or other materials permitted by the Securities Act to be distributed by the Company. Unless the Company obtains the prior written consent of the Representative, the Company has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Public Securities that would constitute an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act, required to be filed with the Commission; provided that the prior written consent of the Representative shall be deemed to have been given in respect of any free writing prospectus referenced on Schedule III attached hereto. The Company has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act applicable to any Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus as of its issue date and at all subsequent times through the Closing Date, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending, and record keeping. To the extent an electronic road show is used, the Company has satisfied and will satisfy the conditions in Rule 433 under the Securities Act to avoid a requirement to file with the Commission any electronic road show.

(f)The Company has full legal right, power, and authority to enter into this Agreement, the Warrant Agreement, the Warrants, the Pre-Funded Warrants and any other related agreements (such documents collectively, the “Transaction Documents”) and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. The Company has duly and validly authorized the Transaction Documents and each of the transactions contemplated thereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed, and delivered by the Company and is a legal, valid, and binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles.

(g)The Firm Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and the Option Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company against payment therefor pursuant to this Agreement, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, mortgage, hypothecation, lien, encumbrance, security interest, or other claim, including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal, or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. The Public Securities, when issued, will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus.  The Pre-Funded Warrant Shares and Warrant Shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants, respectively, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company.  The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum number of Common Shares issuable pursuant to the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants.

(h)Ernst & Young LLP (the “Auditor”), whose reports relating to the Company are included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, is an independent registered public accounting firm as required by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Rules and Regulations and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”). To the Company's knowledge, the Auditor is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley”). The Auditor has not, during the periods covered by the financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, provided to the Company any non-audit services, as such term is used in Section 10A(g) of the Exchange Act.

(i)Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is presented in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, and except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus: (i) the Company has not declared, paid, or made any dividends or other distributions of any kind on or in respect of its capital stock, and (ii) there has been no material adverse change (or, to the knowledge of the Company, any development which could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse change in the future), whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, in or affecting: (A) the business, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations, shareholders' equity, properties, or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (as hereinafter defined) considered as a whole; (B) the long-term debt or capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or (C) the Offering or consummation of any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Representative's Warrants, the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus (a “Material Adverse Change”). Since

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the date of the latest balance sheet presented in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, the Company has not incurred or undertaken any liabilities or obligations, whether direct or indirect, liquidated or contingent, matured or unmatured, or entered into any transactions, including any acquisition or disposition of any business or asset, which are material to the Company, except for liabilities, obligations, and transactions which are disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus.

(j)The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal, or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued, and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than the grant of additional options under the Company's existing option plans, or changes in the number of outstanding Common Shares of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Shares outstanding on the date hereof) and such authorized capital stock conforms in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus. The description of the securities of the Company in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus, as of the date referred to therein, the Company does not have outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities.

(k)Except as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, (A) there are no outstanding rights (contractual or otherwise), warrants, or options to acquire, or instruments convertible into or exchangeable for, or agreements or understandings with respect to the sale or issuance of, any shares of capital stock of or other equity interest in the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and (B) there are no contracts, agreements, or understandings between the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries and any person granting such person the right to require the Company to file a registration statement under the Securities Act or otherwise register any securities of the Company owned or to be owned by such person and any such rights so disclosed have been waived by the holders thereof in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby including the Offering.

(l)Reserved.

(m)The subsidiaries of the Company (the “Subsidiaries”), together with their respective jurisdictions of incorporation are listed on Schedule V hereto. Each of the Subsidiaries is wholly-owned (directly or indirectly) by the Company and no person or entity has any right to acquire any equity interest in any of the Subsidiaries. Except for the Subsidiaries, the Company does not own any equity interest in any other corporation, limited liability company, or other entity.

(n)The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has been duly incorporated, organized, or formed and validly exists as a corporation or limited liability company in good standing under the laws of the state of its incorporation, organization or formation. Except as described in the Registration Statement, the Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and such as could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (as defined below), the Company and each of its Subsidiaries has all requisite power and authority to carry on its business as it is currently being conducted and as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, and to own, lease and operate its properties. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation, partnership, or limited liability company in each jurisdiction in which the character or location of its properties (owned, leased, or licensed) or the nature or conduct of its business makes such qualification necessary, except, in each case, for those failures to be so qualified or in good standing which (individually and in the aggregate) would not reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on: (i) the business, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations, shareholders' equity, properties, or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries considered as a whole; (ii) the long-term debt or capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or (iii) the Offering or consummation of any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Representative's Warrants, the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus (any such effect being a “Material Adverse Effect”).

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(o)Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is: (i) in violation of its certificate or bylaws, operating agreement, or other organizational documents, (ii) in default under any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its property or assets is subject; and no event has occurred which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a default under or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, security interest, charge, or other encumbrance (a “Lien”) upon any of its property or assets pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its property or assets is subject, or (iii) in violation in any respect of any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, directive, judgment, decree, or order of any judicial, regulatory, or other legal or governmental agency or body, foreign, or domestic, except, in the case of subsections (ii) and (iii) above, for such violations or defaults which (individually or in the aggregate) would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(p)Reserved.

(q)The execution, delivery, and performance by the Company of each of the Transaction Documents and all other agreements, documents, certificates, and instruments required to be delivered pursuant to the Transaction Documents and consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not: (i) conflict with, require consent under, or result in a breach of any of the terms and provisions of, or constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any Lien upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, or other agreement, instrument, franchise, license, or permit to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective properties, operations, or assets may be bound, or (ii) violate or conflict with any provision of the certificate of incorporation, by-laws, operating agreement, or other organizational documents of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (iii) violate or conflict with any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, directive, judgment, decree, or order of any judicial, regulatory, or other legal or governmental agency or body, domestic or foreign applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (iv) except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, trigger a reset or repricing of any outstanding securities of the Company; except in the case of subsection (i) for any default, conflict, or violation that would not have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(r)Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, the Company and each of its Subsidiaries have all material consents, approvals, authorizations, orders, registrations, qualifications, licenses, filings, and permits of, with and from all judicial, regulatory, and other legal or governmental agencies and bodies and all third parties, foreign and domestic (collectively, the “Consents”), to own, lease, and operate their respective properties and conduct their respective businesses as they are now being conducted and as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, and each such Consent is valid and in full force and effect, except which (individually or in the aggregate), in each such case, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received notice of any investigation or proceedings which results in or, if decided adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries could reasonably be expected to result in, the revocation of, or imposition of a materially burdensome restriction on, any Consent. No Consent contains a materially burdensome restriction not adequately disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus.

(s)The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is in compliance with all applicable material laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, directives, judgments, decrees, and orders, foreign and domestic, except for any noncompliance the consequences of which would not have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(t)The Company has filed with the Commission a Form 8-A (File Number 001-39730) providing for the registration of the Common Shares (the “Form 8-A Registration Statement”). The Common Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) under the Exchange Act. The Form 8-A Registration Statement was certified by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on or prior to the date hereof. The Company has taken no action designed to, or likely

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to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Shares under the Exchange Act, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration.

(u)The Common Shares are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (the “Exchange”), and the Company has taken no action designed to, or likely to have the effect of, delisting its Common Shares, including the Firm Shares and Option Shares, from the Exchange, nor has the Company received any notification that the Exchange is contemplating terminating such listing. All applicable forms have been properly and timely submitted to the Exchange with regard to the offering of the Public Securities.

(v)No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration, or qualification of or with any Governmental Authority is required for the execution, delivery, and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the issuance and sale by the Company of the Shares, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders, notifications, and registrations or qualifications as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the bylaws and rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) or the Exchange in connection with the sale of the Shares.

(w)Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, there is no judicial, regulatory, arbitral, or other legal or governmental proceeding or other litigation or arbitration, domestic or foreign, pending to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or of which any property, operations, or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject which, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company's knowledge, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, no such proceeding, litigation, or arbitration is threatened or contemplated and the defense of any such proceedings, litigation, and arbitration against or involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(x)The financial statements, including the notes thereto, included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and present fairly in all material respects the financial position as of the dates indicated and the cash flows and results of operations for the periods specified of the Company. Except as otherwise stated in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved, except in the case of unaudited financials which are subject to normal yearend adjustments and do not contain certain footnotes. No other financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus. The other financial information included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus present fairly in all material respects the information included therein and have been prepared on a basis consistent with that of the financial statements that are included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus and the books and records of the respective entities presented therein.

(y)There are no pro forma or as adjusted financial statements which are required to be included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus in accordance with Regulation S-X, which have not been included as so required. The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted financial information included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus has been properly compiled and prepared in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act and the Rules and Regulations and include all adjustments necessary to present fairly in accordance with GAAP the pro forma and as adjusted financial position of the respective entity or entities presented therein at the respective dates indicated and their cash flows and the results of operations for the respective periods specified. The assumptions used in preparing the pro forma and pro forma as adjusted financial information included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus provide a reasonable basis for presenting the significant effects directly attributable to the transactions or events described therein. The related pro forma and pro forma as adjusted adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions; and the pro forma and pro forma as adjusted financial information reflect the proper application of those adjustments to the corresponding historical financial statement amounts.

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(z)The statistical, industry-related, and market-related data included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources which the Company reasonably and in good faith believes are reliable and accurate, and such data agree with the sources from which they are derived.

(aa)The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) and such controls and procedures designed to ensure that information relating to the Company that will be required to be disclosed in the reports that it will file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(bb)Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) has not been informed, nor is the Company aware, of: (i) any significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; or (ii) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

(cc)Neither the Company nor any of its Affiliates (as defined in the Securities Act) has taken, directly or indirectly, any action which constitutes or is designed to cause or result in, or which could reasonably be expected to constitute, cause or result in, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares.

(dd)Neither the Company nor any of its Affiliates has, prior to the date hereof, made any offer or sale of any securities which are required to be “integrated” pursuant to the Securities Act or the Rules and Regulations with the offer and sale of the Public Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, other than securities issued pursuant to the Company's existing equity incentive or stock option plans or Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of then outstanding options, warrants and convertible securities or de minimus issuances of securities in amounts totaling in the aggregate less than 1% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, neither the Company nor any of its Affiliates has sold or issued any securities during the six (6)-month period preceding the date of the Prospectus, including, but not limited to, any sales pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation D or Regulation S under the Securities Act.

(ee)To the knowledge of the Company, all information contained in the questionnaires completed by each of the Company's officers and directors immediately prior to the Offering, including any certificates, and provided to the Representative as well as the biographies of such officers and directors in the Registration Statement are true and correct in all material respects and the Company has not become aware of any information which would cause the information disclosed in the questionnaires completed by the directors and officers to become inaccurate and incorrect.

(ff)To the knowledge of the Company, no director or officer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is subject to any non-competition agreement or non-solicitation agreement with any current employer or prior employer which could materially affect his ability to be and act in his respective capacity of the Company.

(gg)The Company is not and, at all times up to and including consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and after giving effect to application of the net proceeds of the Offering, will not be, subject to registration as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and is not and will not be an entity “controlled” by an “investment company” within the meaning of such act.

(hh)No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among any of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any Affiliate of the Company, on the one hand, and any director, officer, shareholder, customer, or supplier of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any Affiliate of the Company, on the other hand, which is required by the Securities Act or the Rules and Regulations to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus which is not so described as required. There are no outstanding loans, advances (except

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normal advances for business expenses in the ordinary course of business), or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any of their respective family members. The Company has not, in violation of Sarbanes-Oxley directly or indirectly extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer of the Company.

(ii)The Company is in material compliance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Exchange or any other governmental or self-regulatory entity or agency, except for such violations which, singly or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect. All members of the Board who are required to be “independent” (as that term is defined under applicable laws, rules, and regulations), including, without limitation, all members of the audit committee of the Board, meet the qualifications of independence as set forth under applicable laws, rules, and regulations. The audit committee of the Board has at least one member who is an “audit committee financial expert” (as that term is defined under applicable laws, rules, and regulations). The audit committee of the Board was validly appointed, and its composition satisfies the requirements of the rules and regulations of the Exchange. The charter of the audit committee was validly adopted and satisfies the requirements of the rules and regulations of the Exchange.

(jj)Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, the Company and each of its Subsidiaries owns or leases all such properties (other than intellectual property, which is covered by Section 2(kk)) as are necessary to the conduct of its business as presently operated as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property and good and marketable title to all personal property owned by it, in each case free and clear of all Liens except such as are described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus or such as do not (individually or in the aggregate) materially affect the business or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, any real property and buildings held under lease or sublease by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are held by it under valid, subsisting and, to the Company's knowledge, enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material to, and do not materially interfere with, the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company or its Subsidiaries. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice of any claim adverse to its ownership of any real or personal property or of any claim against the continued possession of any real property, whether owned or held under lease or sublease by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(kk)The Company and each of its Subsidiaries: (i) owns, possesses, or has the adequate right to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks, service marks, trade names, trademark registrations, service mark registrations, copyrights, licenses, formulae, customer lists, and know-how and other intellectual property (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems, or procedures, “Intellectual Property”) necessary for the conduct of its businesses as being conducted and as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure, and Prospectus and (ii) has no knowledge that the conduct of its business conflicts or will conflict with the rights of others, and it has not received any notice of any claim of conflict with, any right of others. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has granted or assigned to any other Person any right to sell any of the products or services of the Company or its Subsidiaries. To the Company's knowledge, there is no infringement by third parties of any such Intellectual Property; there is no pending or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding, or claim by others challenging the rights of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in or to any such Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such claim; and there is no pending or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding, or claim by others that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries infringes or otherwise violates any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, or other proprietary rights of others, and the Company is unaware of any other fact which would form a reasonable basis for any such claim. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any claim for royalties or other compensation from any Person, including any employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries who made inventive contributions to the technology or products of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that are pending or unsettled, and except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has or will have any obligation to pay royalties or other compensation to any Person on account of inventive contributions.

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(ll)The agreements and documents described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus conform in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained therein and there are no agreements or other documents required by the applicable provisions of the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus or to be filed with the Commission as exhibits to the Registration Statement, that have not been so described or filed. Each agreement or other instrument (however characterized or described) to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which any of their respective properties or businesses are or may be bound or affected and (i) that is referred to in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus or attached as an exhibit thereto, or (ii) is material to the business of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, has been duly and validly executed by the Company or its Subsidiary, as applicable, is in full force and effect in all material respects and is enforceable against the Company or its Subsidiary in accordance with its terms, except (x) as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, (y) as enforceability of any indemnification or contribution provision may be limited under the foreign, federal, and state securities laws, and (z) that the remedy of specific performance and injunctive and other forms of equitable relief may be subject to the equitable defenses and to the discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefor may be brought, and none of such agreements or instruments has been assigned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and neither the Company, any Subsidiary nor, to the Company's knowledge, any other party is in breach or default thereunder and, to the Company's knowledge, no event has occurred that, with the lapse of time or the giving of notice, or both, would constitute a breach or default thereunder, in any such case, which would result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(mm)The disclosures in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus concerning the effects of foreign, federal, state, and local regulation on the Company's business as currently contemplated are correct in all material respects and do not omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading.

(nn)The Company and its Subsidiaries each (i) has made or filed all United States federal, state, and local income and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports, and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports, and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports, or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim. The provisions for taxes payable, if any, shown on the financial statements filed with or as part of the Registration Statement are sufficient for all accrued and unpaid taxes, whether or not disputed, and for all periods to and including the dates of such consolidated financial statements. No deficiency assessment with respect to a proposed adjustment of the Company's federal, state, local, or foreign taxes is pending or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened. There is no tax lien, whether imposed by any federal, state, foreign, or other taxing authority, outstanding against the assets, properties, or business of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than liens for taxes not yet delinquent, or being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and for which reserves in accordance with GAAP have been established in the Company's books and records. The term “taxes” mean all federal, state, local, foreign, and other net income, gross income, gross receipts, sales, use, ad valorem, transfer, franchise, profits, license, lease, service, service use, withholding, payroll, employment, excise, severance, stamp, occupation, premium, property, windfall profits, customs, duties or other taxes, fees, assessments, or charges, together with any interest and any penalties, additions to tax, or additional amounts with respect thereto. The term “returns” means all returns, declarations, reports, statements, and other documents required to be filed in respect to taxes.

(oo)No labor disturbance or dispute by or with the employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, currently exists or, to the Company's knowledge, is threatened. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is in compliance in all material respects with the labor and employment laws and collective bargaining agreements and extension orders applicable to its employees.

(pp)The Company operates and is currently in material compliance with the applicable laws and rules and regulations of all applicable government agencies except where the failure to be in compliance would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Disclosure Package, and the

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Prospectus, there is no pending, completed or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened, action (including any lawsuit, arbitration, or legal or administrative or regulatory proceeding, charge, complaint, or investigation) against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice, warning letter, or other communication from any governmental entity or any non-U.S. counterparts thereof.

(qq)Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, and would not be reasonably expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and each of its Subsidiaries has at all times operated its business in material compliance with all Environmental Laws (as hereinafter defined), and no material expenditures are or will be required in order to comply therewith. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice or communication that relates to or alleges any actual or potential violation or failure to comply with any Environmental Laws that would, individually or in the aggregate, be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. As used herein, the term
“Environmental Laws” means all applicable laws and regulations, including any licensing, permits, or reporting requirements, and any action by a federal state or local government entity pertaining to the protection of the environment, protection of public health, protection of worker health and safety, or the handling of hazardous materials, including without limitation, the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq., the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. 9601, et seq., the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. 1321, et seq., the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, 49 U.S.C. 1801, et seq., the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. 690-1, et seq., and the Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U.S.C. 2601, et seq.

(rr)The Company and each of its Subsidiaries maintains insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company reasonably considers adequate for the conduct of their respective businesses and the value of their respective properties and as is customary for companies engaged in similar businesses in similar industries, all of which insurance is in full force and effect, except where the failure to maintain such insurance could not reasonably be expected to have Material Adverse Effect. The Company reasonably believes that it and each of its Subsidiaries will be able to renew its existing insurance as and when such coverage expires or will be able to obtain replacement insurance adequate for the conduct of its respective business and the value of its respective properties at a cost that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(ss)Except as would not result in a Material Adverse Effect, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has failed to file with the applicable regulatory authorities any filing, declaration, listing, registration, report, or submission that is required to be so filed for the business operation of the Company or such Subsidiary as currently conducted. All such filings were in material compliance with applicable laws when filed and no deficiencies have been asserted in writing by any applicable regulatory authority with respect to any such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports, or submissions. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries holds, and is in material compliance with, all material franchises, grants, authorizations, licenses, permits, easements, consents, certificates, and orders (“Permits”) of any governmental or self-regulatory agency, authority, or body required for the conduct of the business of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries as currently conducted, and all such Permits are in full force and effect, in each case except where the failure to hold, or comply with, any of them is not reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(tt)Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries including, without limitation, any director, officer, agent, or employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries, has, directly or indirectly, while acting on behalf of the Company or its Subsidiaries: (i) used any corporate funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment, or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity; (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds; (iii) violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended; or (iv) made any other unlawful payment.

(uu)Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to

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regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.

(vv)The operations of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance in all material respects with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements and money laundering statutes of the United States and, to the Company's knowledge, all other jurisdictions to which the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is subject, the rules and regulations thereunder, and any related or similar rules, regulations, or guidelines, issued, administered, or enforced by any applicable governmental agency (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”) and no action, suit, or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority, or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(ww)Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, or Affiliate of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (“OFAC”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the Offering, or lend, contribute, or otherwise make available such proceeds to any joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of any person currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.

(xx)Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, no brokerage or finder's fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor, or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank, or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, to the Company's knowledge, there are no other arrangements, agreements, or understandings of the Company or, to the Company's knowledge, any of its stockholders that may affect the Underwriters' compensation, as determined by FINRA. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus, the Company has not made any direct or indirect payments (in cash, securities or otherwise) to (i) any person, as a finder's fee, investing fee, or otherwise, in consideration of such person raising capital for the Company or introducing to the Company persons who provided capital to the Company, (ii) any FINRA member, or (iii) any person or entity that has any direct or indirect affiliation or association with any FINRA member participating in the Offering within the twelve (12)-month period prior to the date on which the Registration Statement was filed with the Commission (the “Filing Date”) or thereafter. To the Company's knowledge, no (i) officer or director of the Company or its subsidiaries, (ii) owner of five percent (5%) or more of the Company's unregistered securities or that of its subsidiaries, or (iii) owner of any amount of the Company's unregistered securities acquired within the one hundred eighty (180)-day period prior to the Filing Date, has any direct or indirect affiliation or association with any FINRA member participating in the Offering. The Company will advise the Underwriters and their respective counsel if it becomes aware that any officer, director, or stockholder of the Company or its subsidiaries is or becomes an affiliate or associated person of a FINRA member participating in the Offering.

(yy)As used in this Agreement, references to matters being “material” with respect to the Company shall mean a material event, change, condition, status, or effect related to the condition (financial or otherwise), properties, assets (including intangible assets), liabilities, business, prospects, operations, or results of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries either individually or taken as a whole, as the context requires.

(zz)As used in this Agreement, the term “knowledge of the Company” (or similar language) shall mean the knowledge of the executive officers and directors of the Company who executed the Registration Statement, with the assumption that such executive officers and directors shall have made reasonable and diligent inquiry of the matters presented (with reference to what is customary and prudent for the applicable individuals in connection with the discharge by the applicable individuals of their duties as executive officers or directors of the Company).

(aaa)Any certificate signed by or on behalf of the Company and delivered to the Underwriters or its counsel (“Underwriters' Counsel”) shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company to each Underwriter listed on Schedule I hereto as to the matters covered thereby.

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3.Offering. Upon authorization of the release of the Public Securities by the Representative, the Underwriters shall offer the Public Securities for sale to the public upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus.

4.Covenants of the Company. The Company acknowledges, covenants, and agrees with the Representative, and as applicable, the Representative acknowledges, covenants, and agrees with the Company, that:

(a)The Registration Statement and any amendments thereto have been declared effective, and if Rule 430A is used or the filing of the Prospectus is otherwise required under Rule 424(b), the Company will file the Prospectus (properly completed if Rule 430A has been used) pursuant to Rule 424(b) within the prescribed time period and will provide evidence satisfactory to the Representative of such timely filing. The Company will file with the Commission all Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses in the time and manner required under Rules 433(d) or 163(b)(2), as the case may be.

(b)During the period beginning on the date hereof and ending on the later of the Closing Date or such date as, in the opinion of Underwriters' Counsel, the Prospectus is no longer required by law to be delivered (or in lieu thereof the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the Securities Act is no longer required to be provided), in connection with sales by an underwriter or dealer (the “Prospectus Delivery Period”), prior to amending or supplementing the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company shall furnish to the Representative for review a copy of each such proposed amendment or supplement, and the Company shall not file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Representative reasonably object within twenty-four (24) hours of delivery thereof to the Representative and Underwriters' Counsel.

(c)After the date of this Agreement, the Company shall promptly advise the Representative in writing (i) of the receipt of any comments of, or requests for additional or supplemental information from, the Commission, (ii) of the time and date of any filing of any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to any prospectus, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus, (iii) of the time and date that any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement becomes effective, and (iv) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto or of any order preventing or suspending its use or the use of any prospectus, the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, or any Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus, or of any proceedings to remove, suspend, or terminate from listing the Common Shares from any securities exchange upon which they are listed for trading, or of the threatening or initiation of any proceedings for any of such purposes. If the Commission shall enter any such stop order at any time, the Company will use its reasonable efforts to obtain the lifting of such order at the earliest possible moment. Additionally, the Company agrees that it shall comply with the provisions of Rules 424(b), 430A and 430B, as applicable, under the Securities Act and will use its reasonable best efforts to confirm that any filings made by the Company under Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 were received in a timely manner by the Commission (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8) or Rule 164(b)).

(d)(i) During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will comply in all material respects with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as now and hereafter amended, and by the Rules and Regulations, as from time to time in force, and by the Exchange Act so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of or dealings in the Public  Securities as contemplated by the provisions hereof, the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus (or if the Prospectus is not yet available to prospective purchasers, the Pricing Disclosure Package) would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary or appropriate in the opinion of the Company or its counsel or the Representative or Underwriters' Counsel to amend the Registration Statement or supplement the Prospectus (or if the Prospectus is not yet available to prospective purchasers, the Pricing Disclosure Package) to comply with the Securities Act or to file under the Exchange Act any document which would be deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Prospectus in order to comply with the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, the Company will promptly notify the Representative and will amend the Registration Statement or supplement the Prospectus (or if the Prospectus is not yet available to prospective purchasers, the Pricing Disclosure Package) or file such document (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance.

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(ii) If at any time following issuance of an Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which such Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances prevailing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company has promptly notified or promptly will notify the Representative and has promptly amended or will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer-Represented Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate or correct such conflict, untrue statement, or omission.

(e)The Company will promptly deliver to the Representative and Underwriters' Counsel a signed copy of the Registration Statement, as initially filed and all amendments thereto, including all consents and exhibits filed therewith, and will maintain in the Company's files manually signed copies of such documents for at least five (5) years after the date of filing thereof. The Company will promptly deliver to the Representative such number of copies of any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, the Registration Statement, and all amendments of and supplements to such documents, if any, and all documents which are exhibits to the Registration Statement and Prospectus or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, as the Underwriters may reasonably request. Prior to 10:00 a.m., New York time, on the Business Day next succeeding the date of this Agreement and from time to time thereafter, the Company will furnish the Representative with copies of the Prospectus in New York City in such quantities as the Underwriters may reasonably request.

(f)The Company consents to the use and delivery of the Preliminary Prospectus by the Underwriters in accordance with Rule 430 and Section 5(b) of the Securities Act.

(g)If the Company elects to rely on Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, the Company shall both file a Rule 462(b) Registration Statement with the Commission in compliance with Rule 462(b) and pay the applicable fees in accordance with Rule III of the Securities Act by the earlier of: (i) 10:00 p.m., New York City time, on the date of this Agreement, and (ii) the time that confirmations are given or sent, as specified by Rule 462(b)(2).

(h)The Company will use its reasonable best efforts, in cooperation with the Representative, at or prior to the time of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, to qualify the Public Securities for offering and sale under the securities laws relating to the offering or sale of the Public Securities of such jurisdictions, domestic or foreign, as the Representative may reasonably designate and to maintain such qualification in effect for so long as required for the distribution thereof, except that in no event shall the Company be obligated in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign corporation or other entity or as a dealer in securities in any such jurisdiction, to execute a general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction, or to subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction if it is otherwise not so subject.

(i)During the sixty (60) day period following the date of this Agreement (the “Company Lock-up Period”), the Company and its Subsidiaries may not, without the prior written consent of the Representative, (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company (except that the Company may grant awards under the Company's existing equity incentive or stock option plans in the ordinary course of business as long as the Company does not file a Form S-8 or other registration statement covering common stock underlying the awards or otherwise issued as awards during the Company Lock-Up Period); (ii) file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the Commission relating to the Offering of any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company, except such amendments to previously filed registration statements regarding the resale of securities of the Company pursuant to existing registration rights agreements between the Company and such holders; (iii) complete any Offering of debt securities of the Company, other than entering into a line of credit with a traditional bank, or (iv) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of capital stock of the Company, whether any such transaction described in clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above is to be settled by delivery of shares of capital stock of the Company or such other securities, in cash or otherwise.

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(j)Schedule II attached hereto contains a complete and accurate list of the Company's executive officers and directors, (collectively, the “Lock-Up Parties”). The Company has caused each of the Lock-Up Parties to deliver to the Representative an executed Lock-Up Agreement, substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 2 (the “Lock-Up Agreement”), prior to the execution of this Agreement. During the applicable lock-up period, the Company will enforce all agreements between the Company and any of its security holders that restrict or prohibit, expressly or in operation, the offer, sale, or transfer of Common Shares or related securities or any of the other actions restricted or prohibited under the terms of the form of Lock-up Agreement. In addition, the Company will direct the transfer agent to place stop transfer restrictions upon any such securities of the Company that are bound by such “lock-up” agreements for the duration of the periods contemplated in such agreements, including, without limitation, “lock-up” agreements entered into by the Lock-Up Parties.

(k)If the Representative, in its sole discretion, agrees to release or waive the restrictions set forth in a Lock-Up Agreement described in Section 4(j) hereof for an officer or director of the Company and provide the Company with notice of the impending release or waiver at least three (3) business days before the effective date of the release or waiver, the Company agrees to announce the impending release or waiver by (i) a press release substantially in the form of Exhibit 3 hereto through a major news service or (ii) any other method that satisfies the obligations described in FINRA Rule 5131 (d)(2) at least two (2) business days before the effective date of the release or waiver.

(l)For a period of one (1) year from the Closing Date, the Company shall retain VStock Transfer, LLC as the Company's transfer agent and registrar for the Common Shares or an alternative transfer and registrar agent for the Common Shares reasonably acceptable to the Representative.

(m)For a period of at least one (1) year from the Effective Date, the Company shall retain a nationally recognized PCAOB registered independent public accounting firm

(n)During the period of one (1) year from the Effective Date, the Company will make available to the Representative copies of all reports or other communications (financial or other) furnished to security holders or from time to time published or publicly disseminated by the Company, and will deliver to the Representative: (i) as soon as practicable after they are available, copies of any reports, financial statements, and proxy or information statements furnished to or filed with the Commission or any national securities exchange on which any class of securities of the Company is listed; and (ii) such additional information concerning the business and financial condition of the Company as the Representative may from time to time reasonably request in writing pursuant to a specific regulatory or liability issue; provided, that any such item which is available on the EDGAR system (or successor thereto) need not be furnished in physical form.

(o)The Company will not issue press releases or engage in any other publicity without the Representative's prior written consent, for a period ending at 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on the first (1^st) Business Day following the fortieth (40th) day following the Closing Date, other than normal and customary releases issued in the ordinary course of the Company's business, or as required by law.

(p)The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Public Securities as set forth under the caption “Use of Proceeds” in the Prospectus.

(q)The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to effect and maintain the listing of the Common Shares on the Exchange, the NYSE, or the NYSE American, for at least one (1) year after the Closing Date.

(r)The Company, during the Prospectus Delivery Period, will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Rules and Regulations within the time periods required thereby.

(s)The Company will use its reasonable best efforts to do and perform all things required to be done or performed under this Agreement by the Company prior to the Closing Date, and to satisfy all conditions precedent to the delivery of the Public Securities.

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(t)The Company will not take and will use its reasonable best efforts to cause its Affiliates not to take, directly or indirectly, any action which constitutes or is designed to cause or result in, or which could reasonably be expected to constitute, cause or result in, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security to facilitate the sale or resale of the Public Securities.

(u)The Company shall cause to be prepared and delivered to the Representative, at its expense, within two (2) Business Days from the effective date of this Agreement, an Electronic Prospectus to be used by the Underwriters in connection with the Offering. As used herein, the term “Electronic Prospectus” means a form of prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, that meets each of the following conditions: (i) it shall be encoded in an electronic format, satisfactory to the Representative, that may be transmitted electronically by the other Underwriters to offerees and purchasers of the Shares for at least the period during which a Prospectus relating to the Public Securities is required to be delivered under the Securities Act; (ii) it shall disclose the same information as the paper prospectus and prospectus filed pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent that graphic and image material cannot be disseminated electronically, in which case such graphic and image material shall be replaced in the electronic prospectus with a fair and accurate narrative description or tabular representation of such material, as appropriate; and (iii) it shall be in or convertible into a paper format or an electronic format, satisfactory to the Representative, that will allow recipients thereof to store and have continuously ready access to the prospectus at any future time, without charge to such recipients (other than any fee charged for subscription to the Internet as a whole and for online time).

(v)The Company represents and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Representative, and the Representative represents and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Company, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Public Securities that would constitute an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act, required to be filed with the Commission; provided that the prior written consent of the parties hereto shall be deemed to have been given in respect of the free writing prospectuses included in Schedule III. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Company and the Representative is hereinafter referred to as a “Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.”  Each of the Company and the Representative represents that it has treated or agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely Commission filing where required, legending, and record keeping.

(w)The Company hereby grants the Representative the right of first refusal for a period of twelve (12) months from the Closing Date to act as underwriter and bookrunner or placement agent for any and all future public and private equity and debt offerings of the Company or any successor or any Subsidiary of the Company during such twelve (12) month period or as financial advisor for any strategic transaction, including a merger, acquisition, joint venture, minority investment, or asset sale during such twelve (12) month period, with the Representative due a minimum of 35% of the total economics paid in any such transaction(s) (“Right of First Refusal”). The Company shall provide written notice to the Representative with the terms of any such proposed offering including the material terms thereof, by email, registered mail, or overnight courier service addressed to the Representative. If the Representative fails to exercise its Right of First Refusal with respect to any such transaction within ten (10) Business Days after written notice is delivered, then the Representative will have no further claim or right with respect to the transaction. The Representative may elect, in its sole and absolute discretion, not to exercise its Right of First Refusal with respect to any transaction; provided that any such election by the Representative will not adversely affect its Right of First Refusal with respect to any other transaction during the period of the Right of First Refusal.

(x)Provided that the Firm Securities are sold in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, in the event any individual or entity (including affiliates of such persons) that was contacted by the Representative in connection with the Offering subsequently provides the Company capital via any transaction during the period commencing on the Closing Date and ending twelve (12) months thereafter, the Company shall be obligated to pay the applicable Underwriter a cash fee of six percent (6%) of the gross proceeds of any such investments.

(y)The Company will not take, and will use its reasonable best efforts to ensure that no affiliate of the Company will take, directly or indirectly, without giving effect to activities by the Underwriters, any action designed

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to or that might cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Shares or any reference security with respect to the Common Shares, whether to facilitate the sale or resale of the Public Securities or otherwise, and the Company will, and shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause each of its affiliates to, comply with all applicable provisions of Regulation M.

5.Payment of Expenses.

(a)Whether or not the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus are consummated, or this Agreement is terminated, the Company hereby agrees to pay all reasonable and documented costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder including the following:

(i)all filing fees and communication expenses related to the registration of the Public Securities to be sold in the Offering including all expenses in connection with the preparation, printing, formatting for EDGAR, and filing of the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, and the Prospectus and any and all amendments and supplements thereto and the mailing and delivering of copies thereof to the Underwriters and dealers;

(ii)all fees and expenses in connection with filings with FINRA;

(iii)all fees, disbursements, and expenses of the Company's counsel and accountants in connection with the registration of the Shares under the Securities Act and the Offering;

(iv)the costs, if any, of all mailing and printing of the underwriting documents (including this

Agreement, any blue sky surveys and, if appropriate, any Agreement Among Underwriters, Selected Dealers' Agreement, Underwriters' Questionnaire and Power of Attorney);

(v)all reasonable travel expenses of the Company's officers and employees and any other expense of the Company incurred in connection with attending or hosting meetings with prospective purchasers of the Shares;

(vi)any stock transfer taxes payable upon the transfer of securities by the Company to the Underwriters and any other taxes incurred by the Company in connection with this Agreement or the Offering;

(vii)up to $19,950 of the costs associated with book building, prospectus tracking, and compliance software and the cost of preparing certificates representing the Public Securities.

(viii)the cost and charges of any transfer agent or registrar for the Firm Shares or Option Shares;

(ix)up to $10,000 of the cost and expenses in conducting background checks of the Company's officers and directors by a background search firm acceptable to the Representative;

(x)the reasonable and documented fees and expenses of Underwriter's legal counsel not to exceed $125,000;

(xi)the cost of preparing, printing, and delivering certificates representing each of the Shares;

(xii)all other costs, fees, and expenses incident to the performance of the Company obligations hereunder which are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Section;

(xiii)up to $25,000 of the Representative's accountable “road show” expenses for the Offering; and

(b)The Representative's total out-of-pocket accountable expenses (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses) in connection with the Offering shall not exceed $194,950. This $194,950

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amount shall be inclusive of any advance for accountable expenses previously paid by the Company to the Representative (the “Advance”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, any amounts paid or payable under this Section 5 in no way limits or impairs the indemnification and contribution obligations set forth in Section 7 hereof and any advance received by the Representative will be reimbursed to the Company to the extent not actually incurred in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(4)(A).

(c)Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 5, in the event that this Agreement is terminated, pursuant to Section 11(b) hereof, or subsequent to the occurrence of a Material Adverse Change, the Company will pay the out-of-pocket expenses actually incurred as allowed under FINRA Rule 5110 by the Underwriters through the date of such termination (including the fees and disbursements of Underwriters' Counsel). In the event the Offering is terminated prior to the Closing Date, the Representative's total out-of-pocket accountable expenses (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses) in connection with the Offering shall not exceed $50,000. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Advance received by the Representative will be reimbursed to the Company to the extent not actually incurred in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(4)(A).

(d)The Company further agrees that, in addition to the expenses payable pursuant to Section 5(a), on the Closing Date it shall pay to the Representative, by deduction from the net proceeds of the Offering contemplated herein, a non-accountable expense allowance equal to one percent (1%) of the gross proceeds received by the Company from the sale of the Firm Shares.

6.Conditions of Underwriters' Obligations. The obligations of the Underwriters to purchase and pay for the Firm Shares or the Option Shares, as the case may be, as provided herein shall be subject to: (i) the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company herein contained, as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date, (ii) the absence from any certificates, opinions, written statements, or letters furnished to the Representative or to Underwriters' Counsel pursuant to this Section 6 of any misstatement or omission, (iii) the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, and (iv) each of the following additional conditions. For purposes of this Section 6, the terms “Closing Date” and “Closing” shall refer to the Closing Date for the Firm Shares or the Option Shares, as the case may be, and each of the foregoing and following conditions must be satisfied as of each Closing.

(a)The Registration Statement shall have become effective and all necessary regulatory or listing approvals shall have been received not later than 5:30 p.m., New York time, on the date of this Agreement, or at such later time and date as shall have been consented to in writing by the Representative. If the Company shall have elected to rely upon Rule 430A under the Securities Act, the Prospectus shall have been filed with the Commission in a timely fashion in accordance with the terms hereof and a form of the Prospectus containing information relating to the description of the Public Securities and the method of distribution and similar matters shall have been filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) within the applicable time period; and, at or prior to the Closing Date or the actual time of the Closing, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any part thereof, or any amendment thereof, nor suspending or preventing the use of the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall have been issued; no proceedings for the issuance of such an order shall have been initiated or threatened; any request of the Commission for additional information (to be included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or otherwise) shall have been complied with to the Representative's satisfaction; and FINRA shall have raised no objection to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.

(b)The Representative shall not have reasonably determined, and advised the Company, that the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package, or the Prospectus, or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, contains an untrue statement of fact which, in the Representative's reasonable opinion, is material, or omits to state a fact which, in the Representative's reasonable opinion, is material and is required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; provided, however, that if in the Representative's opinion such deficiency is curable, the Representative shall have given the Company reasonable notice of such deficiency and a reasonable chance to cure such deficiency.

(c)The Representative shall have received the written opinion and negative assurance letter of the securities counsel for the Company, dated as of the Closing Date and addressed to the Representative substantially in the form reasonably acceptable to the Representative.

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(d)The Representative shall have received a certificate of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, dated as of each Closing Date to the effect that: (i) the condition set forth in subsection (a) of this Section 6 has been satisfied, (ii) as of the date hereof and as of the applicable Closing Date, the representations and warranties of the Company set forth in Sections 1 and 2 hereof are accurate, (iii) as of the applicable Closing Date, all agreements, conditions, and obligations of the Company to be performed or complied with hereunder on or prior thereto have been duly performed or complied with, (iv) the Company has not sustained any material loss or interference with its business, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or any legal or governmental proceeding, (v) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any part thereof, amendment thereof has been issued and no proceedings therefor have been initiated or threatened by the Commission, (vi) there are no pro forma or as adjusted financial statements that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus pursuant to the Rules and Regulations which are not so included or incorporated by reference, and (vii) subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus there has not been any Material Adverse Change or any development involving a prospective Material Adverse Change, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business.

(e)On the date of this Agreement and on each Closing Date, the Representative shall have received a “cold comfort” letter from the Auditor as of the date of delivery and addressed to the Representative and in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative and Underwriters' Counsel, confirming that they are independent certified public accountants with respect to the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Rules and Regulations, and stating, as of the date of delivery (or, with respect to matters involving changes or developments since the respective dates as of which specified financial information is given in the Prospectus, as of a date not more than five (5) days prior to the date of such letter), the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters relating to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus covered by such letter.

(f)Subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement and prior to the Closing Date, there shall not have been any change in the capital stock or long-term debt of the Company or any change or development involving a change, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, in the business, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations, shareholders' equity, properties, or prospects of the Company including but not limited to the occurrence of any fire, flood, storm, explosion, accident, act of war, or terrorism or other calamity, the effect of which, in any such case described above, is, in the sole judgment of the Representative, so material and adverse as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the Offering on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.

(g)Prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Representative shall have received a lock-up agreement from each Lock-Up Party, duly executed by the applicable Lock-Up Party, in each case substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 2.

(h)As of the Closing Date, the Firm Shares, Option Shares, Pre-Funded Warrant Shares and Warrant Shares shall be listed and admitted and authorized for trading on the Exchange and satisfactory evidence of such action shall have been provided to the Representative. The Company shall have taken no action designed to, or likely to have the effect of terminating the registration of the Common Shares under the Exchange Act or delisting or suspending from trading the Common Shares from the Exchange, nor has the Company received any information suggesting that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating such registration of listing. The Firm Shares, Warrants, Option Shares, Option Warrants and Warrant Shares shall be DTC eligible.

(i)FINRA shall have confirmed that it has not raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.

(j)No action shall have been taken and no statute, rule, regulation, or order shall have been enacted, adopted, or issued by any federal, state, or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that would, as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Public Securities; and no injunction or order of any federal, state, or foreign court shall have been issued that would, as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Public Securities or materially and adversely affect or potentially and adversely affect the business or operations of the Company.

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(k)The Company shall have furnished the Representative with a Certificate of Attestation for the Company certified by the Registraire des Entreprises du Québec.

(l)On the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date as the case may be, there shall have been issued to the Representative, a Representative's Warrant in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1.

(m)The Company shall have furnished the Representative and Underwriters' Counsel with such other certificates, opinions, or other documents as they may have reasonably requested.

(n)The Company and the Company's transfer agent, as warrant agent for the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, shall have executed and delivered a warrant agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) and the Warrant Agreement shall be in full force and effect.

If any of the conditions specified in this Section 6 shall not have been fulfilled or waived when and as required by this Agreement, or if any of the certificates, opinions, written statements, or letters furnished to the Representative or to Underwriters' Counsel pursuant to this Section 6 shall not be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Representative and to Underwriters' Counsel, all obligations of the Underwriters hereunder may be cancelled by the Representative at, or at any time prior to, the consummation of the Closing. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the Company in writing or by telephone. Any such telephone notice shall be confirmed promptly thereafter in writing.

7.Indemnification.

(a)The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its officers, directors, and employees, and each Person, if any, who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, against any losses, liabilities, claims, damages, and expenses whatsoever as incurred (including but not limited to reasonable attorneys' fees and any and all expenses whatsoever incurred in investigating, preparing, or defending against any litigation, commenced, or threatened, or any claim whatsoever, and any and all amounts paid in settlement of any claim or litigation), joint or several, to which they or any of them may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation if such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company), insofar as such losses, liabilities, claims, damages, or expenses (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon (i) an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in (A) the Registration Statement, including the information deemed to be a part of the Registration Statement at the time of effectiveness and at any subsequent time pursuant to Rules 430A and 430B of the Rules and Regulations, the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto (including any documents filed under the Exchange Act and deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Prospectus), (B) any materials or information provided to investors by, or with the approval of, the Company in connection with the marketing of the offering of the Public Securities, including any road show or investor presentations made to investors by the Company (whether in person or electronically) (collectively “Marketing Materials”), or (C) any filings or reports filed by the Company under the Exchange Act or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; or (ii) in whole or in part upon any inaccuracy in the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein; or (iii) in whole or in part upon any failure of the Company to perform its obligations hereunder or under law, and, in each case, will reimburse such indemnified party for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by it in connection with investigating or defending against such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; provided, however, that the Company shall not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, or any such amendment or supplement, any Marketing Materials, in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriters' Information. With respect to any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in the Preliminary Prospectus, the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 7(a) shall not inure to the benefit of an Underwriter to the extent that any loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense of such Underwriter results from the fact that a copy of the Prospectus was not given or sent to the Person asserting any such loss, liability, claim, or damage at or prior to the written confirmation of sale of the Shares to such Person as required by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, and if the untrue statement or omission has been corrected in the

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Prospectus, unless such failure to deliver the Prospectus was a result of non-compliance by the Company with its obligations under this Agreement.

(b)Each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of the directors of the Company, each of the officers of the Company who shall have signed the Registration Statement, and each other Person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, against any losses, liabilities, claims, damages, and expenses whatsoever as incurred (including but not limited to attorneys' fees and any and all expenses whatsoever incurred in investigating, preparing, or defending against any litigation, commenced, or threatened, or any claim whatsoever, and any and all amounts paid in settlement of any claim or litigation), joint or several, to which they or any of them may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or otherwise, insofar as such losses, liabilities, claims, damages, or expenses (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, as originally filed or any amendment thereof, or any related Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, or in any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that any such loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense arises out of or is based upon any such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made therein in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriters' Information; provided, however, that in no case shall any Underwriter be liable or responsible for any amount in excess of the aggregate underwriting discount applicable to the Shares to be purchased by such Underwriter hereunder. The parties agree that such information provided by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representative consists solely of the material referred to in the last sentence of Section 2(b) hereof.

(c)Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under subsection (a) or (b) above of notice of any claims or the commencement of any action, such indemnified party shall, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under such subsection, notify each party against whom indemnification is to be sought in writing of the claim or the commencement thereof (but the failure so to notify an indemnifying party shall not relieve the indemnifying party from any liability which it may have under this Section 7 to the extent that it is not materially prejudiced as a result thereof and in any event shall not relieve it from any liability that such indemnifying party may have otherwise than on account of the indemnity agreement hereunder). In case any such claim or action is brought against any indemnified party, and it notifies an indemnifying party of the commencement thereof, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate, at its own expense in the defense of such action, and to the extent it may elect by written notice delivered to the indemnified party promptly after receiving the aforesaid notice from such indemnified party, to assume the defense thereof with counsel satisfactory to such indemnified party; provided, however, that counsel to the indemnifying party shall not (except with the written consent of the indemnified party) also be counsel to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the indemnified party or parties shall have the right to employ its or their own counsel in any such case, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such indemnified party or parties unless (i) the employment of such counsel shall have been authorized in writing by one of the indemnifying parties in connection with the defense of such action, (ii) the indemnifying parties shall not have employed counsel to have charge of the defense of such action within a reasonable time after notice of commencement of the action, (iii) the indemnifying party does not diligently defend the action after assumption of the defense, or (iv) such indemnified party or parties shall have reasonably concluded that a conflict may arise between the positions of the indemnifying party and the indemnified party, or any of them, in conducting the defense of any such action or there may be legal defenses available to it or them which are different from or additional to those available to one or all of the indemnifying parties (in which case the indemnifying parties shall not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party or parties), in any of which events such fees and expenses shall be borne by the indemnifying parties and shall be paid as incurred. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties (which consent shall not be unreasonably delayed, withheld, or denied), effect any settlement or compromise of, or consent to the entry of judgment with respect to, any pending or threatened claim, investigation, action, or proceeding in respect of which indemnity or contribution may be or could have been sought by an indemnified party under this Section 7 or Section 8 hereof (whether or not the indemnified party is an actual or potential party thereto), unless (x) such settlement, compromise, or judgment (i) includes an unconditional release of the indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, investigation, action, or proceeding and (ii) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or any failure to act, by or on behalf of the indemnified party, and (y) the indemnifying party

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confirms in writing its indemnification obligations hereunder with respect to such settlement, compromise or judgment.

8.Contribution. In order to provide for contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in Section 7 is for any reason held to be unavailable from any indemnifying party or is insufficient to hold harmless a party indemnified thereunder, the Company and the Underwriters shall contribute to the aggregate losses, claims, damages, liabilities, and expenses of the nature contemplated by such indemnification provision (including any investigation, legal, and other expenses incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit, or proceeding or any claims asserted, but after deducting in the case of losses, claims, damages, liabilities, and expenses suffered by the Company, any contribution received by the Company from Persons, other than the Underwriters, who may also be liable for contribution, including Persons who control the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company) as incurred to which the Company and one or more of the Underwriters may be subject, in such proportions as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company and the Underwriters from the Offering or, if such allocation is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportions as are appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to above but also the relative fault of the Company and the Underwriters in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, claims, damages, liabilities, or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Company and the Underwriters shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as (x) the total proceeds from the Offering (net of underwriting discounts and commissions but before deducting expenses) received by the Company bears to (y) the underwriting discount or commissions received by the Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover page of the Prospectus. The relative fault of each of the Company and of the Underwriters shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Underwriters and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information, and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 8 were determined by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above in this Section. The aggregate amount of losses, liabilities, claims, damages, and expenses incurred by an indemnified party and referred to above in this Section 8 shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in investigating, preparing, or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any judicial, regulatory, or other legal or governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 8: (i) no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the aggregate discounts and commissions applicable to the Public Securities underwritten by it and distributed to the public and (ii) no Person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section II(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 8, each Person, if any, who controls an Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as such Underwriter, and each Person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, each officer of the Company who shall have signed the Registration Statement and each director of the Company shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to clauses (i) and (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence. Any party entitled to contribution will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action, suit or proceeding against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made against another party or parties, notify each party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify such party or parties shall not relieve the party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any obligation it or they may have under this Section 8 or otherwise. The obligations of the Underwriters to contribute pursuant to this Section 8 are several in proportion to the respective number of Securities to be purchased by each of the Underwriters hereunder and not joint.

9.Underwriter Default.

(a)If any Underwriter or Underwriters shall default in its or their obligation to purchase Firm Securities hereunder, and if the securities with respect to which such default relates (the “Default Securities”) do not (after giving effect to arrangements, if any, made by the Representative pursuant to subsection (b) below) exceed

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in the aggregate of the number of Firm Securities, each non-defaulting Underwriter, acting severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company that number of Default Securities that bears the same proportion of the total number of Default Securities then being purchased as the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter on Schedule I hereto bears to the aggregate number of Firm Securities set forth opposite the names of the non-defaulting Underwriters, subject, however, to such adjustments to eliminate fractional shares as the Representative in its sole discretion shall make.

(b)In the event that the aggregate number of Default Securities exceeds ten percent (10%) of the number of Firm Securities, the Representative may in its discretion arrange for themselves or for another party or parties (including any non defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters who so agree) to purchase the Default Securities on the terms contained herein. In the event that within forty-eight (48) hours after such a default the Representative does not arrange for the purchase of the Default Securities as provided in this Section 9, this Agreement shall thereupon terminate, without liability on the part of the Company with respect thereto (except in each case as provided in Sections 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11(d)) or the Underwriters, but nothing in this Agreement shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters of its or their liability, if any, to the other Underwriters and the Company for damages occasioned by its or their default hereunder.

(c)In the event that any Default Securities are to be purchased by the non-defaulting Underwriters, or are to be purchased by another party or parties as aforesaid, the Representative or the Company shall have the right to postpone the Closing Date for a period, not exceeding five (5) Business Days, in order to effect whatever changes may thereby be necessary in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or in any other documents and arrangements, and the Company agrees to file promptly any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus which, in the reasonable opinion of Underwriters' Counsel, may thereby be made necessary or advisable. The term “Underwriter” as used in this Agreement shall include any party substituted under this Section 9 with like effect as if it had originally been a party to this Agreement with respect to such Firm Securities.

10.Survival of Representations and Agreements. All representations and warranties, covenants, and agreements of the Company and the Underwriters contained in this Agreement or in certificates of officers of the Company submitted pursuant hereto, including the agreements contained in Sections 5, 10, 14, and 15, the indemnity agreements contained in Section 7 and the contribution agreements contained in Section 8 hereof, shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any controlling Person thereof or by or on behalf of the Company, any of its officers and directors, or any controlling Person thereof, and shall survive delivery of and payment for the Public Securities to and by the Underwriters. The representations contained in Section 2 hereof and the covenants and agreements contained in Sections 5, 7, 8, this Section 10 and Sections 12, 13, 14, and 15 hereof shall survive any termination of this Agreement, including termination pursuant to Section 9 or 11 hereof. The representations and covenants contained in Sections 2, 3, and 4 hereof shall survive termination of this Agreement if any Public Securities are purchased pursuant to this Agreement.

11.Effective Date of Agreement; Termination.

(a)This Agreement shall become effective upon the later of: (i) receipt by the Representative and the Company of notification of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement; and (ii) the execution of this Agreement. Notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement, the provisions of this Section 11 and of Sections 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, and 15, inclusive, shall remain in full force and effect at all times after the execution hereof. If this Agreement is terminated after any Public Securities have been purchased hereunder, the provisions of Sections 2, 3, and 4 hereof shall survive termination of this Agreement.

(b)The Representative shall have the right to terminate this Agreement at any time prior to the consummation of the Closing if: (i) any domestic or international event or act or occurrence has materially disrupted, or in the opinion of the Representative will in the immediate future materially disrupt, the market for the Company's securities or securities in general; (ii) trading on the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq Stock Market shall have been suspended or been made subject to material limitations, or minimum or maximum prices for trading shall have been fixed, or maximum ranges for prices for securities shall have been required, on the New York Stock Exchange or the Exchange or by order of the Commission, FINRA, or any other governmental authority having jurisdiction; (iii) a banking moratorium has been declared by any state or federal authority or if any material disruption in commercial banking or securities settlement or clearance services shall have occurred; (iv) any

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downgrading shall have occurred in the Company's corporate credit rating or the rating accorded the Company's debt securities by any “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” (as defined for purposes of Rule 436(g) under the Securities Act) or if any such organization shall have been publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, with possible negative implications, its rating of any of the Company's debt securities; or (v) (A) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities or acts of terrorism involving the United States or there is a declaration of a national emergency or war by the United States or (B) there shall have been any other calamity or crisis or any change in political, financial, or economic conditions if the effect of any such event in (A) or (B), in the judgment of the Representative, is so material and adverse that such event makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale and delivery of the Firm Securities on the terms and in the manner contemplated by the Prospectus.

(c)Any notice of termination pursuant to this Section 11 shall be in writing.

(d)Except in the case of a default by the Underwriters, pursuant to Section 9(b) above, if this Agreement shall be terminated prior to the Closing Date pursuant to any of the provisions hereof or if the sale of the Public Securities provided for herein is not consummated, the Company will, subject to demand by the Representative, reimburse the Underwriters for those out-of-pocket expenses (including the reasonable fees and expenses of Underwriters' Counsel) actually incurred, up to $50,000, provided, however, that such expense cap shall in no way limit or impair the indemnification and contribution provisions set forth herein. .

12.Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or e-mail attachment at the email address set forth below at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or e-mail attachment at the e-mail address as provided by the applicable party on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second (2^nd) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.  Notices shall be addressed to the respective parties as follows, or to such other address as a party shall specify to the others in accordance with these notice provisions:

If to the Underwriter:

Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC

30 Broad Street, 11^th Floor
New York, NY 10004

Attn: Peter R. Serra, Executive Managing Director

Email: Pserra@jgunnar.com

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

Pryor Cashman LLP

7 Times Square

New York, NY 10036

Attn: M. Ali Panjwani, Esq.

Email: ali.panjwani@pryorcashman.com

If to the Company:

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

730 Boulevard du Cure-Boivin

Boisbriand, Quebec J7G 2A7, Canada

Attention:

Email:

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

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Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP

366 Madison Ave., 3^rd Floor

New Yor, NY 10017

Attention: Bill Rosenstadt, Esq.

Email: wsr@orllp.legal

13.Parties; Limitation of Relationship. This Agreement shall inure solely to the benefit of, and shall be binding upon, the Underwriters, the Company and the controlling Persons, directors, officers, employees, and agents referred to in Sections 7 and 8 hereof, and their respective successors and assigns, and no other Person shall have or be construed to have any legal or equitable right, remedy, or claim under or in respect of or by virtue of this Agreement or any provision herein contained. This Agreement and all conditions and provisions hereof are intended to be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the parties hereto and said controlling Persons and their respective successors, officers, directors, heirs, and legal representative, and it is not for the benefit of any other Person. The term “successors and assigns” shall not include a purchaser, in its capacity as such, of Shares from any of the Underwriters.

14.Submission of Jurisdiction; Governing Law.

This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The Company irrevocably (a) submits to the jurisdiction the federal courts of the United States of America or the courts of the State of New York, in each case located in the City of New York and County of New York, for the purpose of any suit, action, or other proceeding arising out of this Agreement, or any of the agreements or transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (each, a “Proceeding”), (b) agrees that all claims in respect of any Proceeding may be heard and determined in any such court, (c) waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any immunity from jurisdiction of any such court or from any legal process therein, (d) agrees not to commence any Proceeding other than in such courts, and (e) waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claim that such Proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum. EACH PARTY (ON BEHALF OF ITSELF AND, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ON BEHALF OF ITS RESPECTIVE EQUITY HOLDERS AND CREDITORS) HEREBY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY CLAIM BASED UPON, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT, THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT, AND THE PROSPECTUS.

15.Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with the exhibits, schedules, and annexes attached hereto and as the same may be amended from time to time in accordance with the terms hereof, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties to this Agreement and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous written or oral agreements, understandings, promises, and negotiations with respect to the subject matter hereof.

16.Severability. If any term or provision of this Agreement or the performance thereof shall be invalid or unenforceable to any extent, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect or render invalid or unenforceable any other provision of this Agreement and this Agreement shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law.

17.Amendment. This Agreement may only be amended by a written instrument executed by each of the parties hereto.

18.Waiver, etc. The failure of any of the parties hereto to at any time enforce any of the provisions of this Agreement shall not be deemed or construed to be a waiver of any such provision, nor to in any way effect the validity of this Agreement or any provision hereof or the right of any of the parties hereto to thereafter enforce each and every provision of this Agreement. No waiver of any breach, non-compliance, or non-fulfillment of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be effective unless set forth in a written instrument executed by the party or parties against whom or which enforcement of such waiver is sought; and no waiver of any such breach, non-compliance, or non-fulfillment shall be construed or deemed to be a waiver of any other or subsequent breach, non-compliance, or non-fulfillment.

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19.No Fiduciary Relationship. The Company hereby acknowledges that the Underwriters are acting solely as underwriters in connection with the offering of the Shares. The Company further acknowledge that the Underwriters are acting pursuant to a contractual relationship created solely by this Agreement entered into on an arm's length basis and in no event do the parties intend that the Underwriters act or be responsible as a fiduciary to the Company, its management, shareholders, creditors, or any other person in connection with any activity that the Underwriters may undertake or have undertaken in furtherance of the offering of the Shares, either before or after the date hereof. The Underwriters hereby expressly disclaim any fiduciary or similar obligations to the Company, either in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any matters leading up to such transactions, and the Company hereby confirms its understanding and agreement to that effect. The Company hereby further confirms its understanding that no Underwriter has assumed an advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the Offering contemplated hereby or the process leading thereto, including any negotiation related to the pricing of the Shares; and the Company has consulted its own legal and financial advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate in connection with this Agreement and the Offering. The Company and the Underwriters agree that they are each responsible for making their own independent judgments with respect to any such transactions, and that any opinions or views expressed by the Underwriters to the Company regarding such transactions, including but not limited to any opinions or views with respect to the price or market for the Company's securities, do not constitute advice or recommendations to the Company. The Company hereby waives and releases, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims that the Company may have against the Underwriters with respect to any breach or alleged breach of any fiduciary or similar duty to the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any matters leading up to such transactions.

20.Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of a signed counterpart of this Agreement by facsimile or other electronic transmission shall constitute valid and sufficient delivery thereof.

21.Headings. The headings herein are inserted for convenience of reference only and are not intended to be part of, or to affect the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement.

22.Time is of the Essence. Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement.

[Signature page follows]

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If the foregoing correctly sets forth your understanding, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement among us.

Very truly yours,
VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
By:
	Name: John Farlinger
	Title: Chief Executive Officer

Accepted by the Representative, acting for themselves and as

Representative of the Underwriters named on Schedule I attached hereto,

as of the date first written above:

JOSEPH GUNNAR & CO., LLC

By:
	Name: Stephan A. Stein
	Title: President

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SCHEDULE I

Underwriter	Firm Shares Being Purchased	Pre-Funded Warrants Being Purchased	Warrants Being Purchased
Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC
Total

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SCHEDULE II

Lock-Up Parties

Directors and Executive Officers

Alexandre Mongeon

Kulwant Sandher

Carter Murray

Steve P. Barrenechea

Patrick Bobby

Philippe Couillard

Luisa Ingargiola

Mario Saucier

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SCHEDULE III

Free Writing Prospectus

None.

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SCHEDULE IV

Pricing Information

1. The public offering price per Firm Share and accompanying Warrant shall be $[  ].  The public offering price per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant shall be $[  ].

2. The Company is selling [  ] Firm Shares, [  ] Pre-Funded Warrants and [  ] Warrants.

3. The Company has granted an option to the Representative, on behalf of the Underwriters, to purchase up to an additional [  ] Firm Shares and/or [   ] Pre-Funded Warrants and/or [  ] Warrants.

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SCHEDULE IV

Subsidiaries

SUBSIDIARIES Legal Name Jurisdiction Ownership

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Exhibit 1

Form of Representative Warrant

(See attached.)

35

Exhibit 2

Form of Lock-Up Agreement

(See attached.)

36

Exhibit 3

Form of Press Release

(See attached.)

37

EX-4.2

Exhibit 4.2

WARRANT AGREEMENT

This Warrant Agreement made as of December [_____], 2023, is between Vision Marine Technologies Inc, a [_______] corporation, with offices at [_______] (the “Company”), and VStock Transfer, LLC, with offices at 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, New York (the “Warrant Agent”).

WHEREAS, the Company has determined to issue and deliver up to [_________] warrants (the “Warrants”) to investors, each Warrant evidencing the right of the holder thereof to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $[___] per share (the “Common Stock”), for $[___], subject to adjustment as described herein;

WHEREAS, the Company desires the Warrant Agent to act on behalf of the Company, and the Warrant Agent is willing to so act, in connection with the issuance, registration, transfer, exchange, redemption and exercise of the Warrants;

WHEREAS, the Company desires to provide for the form and provisions of the Warrants, the terms upon which they shall be issued and exercised, and the respective rights, limitation of rights and immunities of the Company, the Warrant Agent and the holders of the Warrants; and

WHEREAS, all acts and things have been done and performed which are necessary to make the Warrants, when executed on behalf of the Company and countersigned by or on behalf of the Warrant Agent, as provided herein, the legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, and to authorize the execution and delivery of this Warrant Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1.Appointment of Warrant Agent. The Company hereby appoints the Warrant Agent to act as agent for the Company for the Warrants, and the Warrant Agent hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to perform the same in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

2.Warrants.

2.1Form of Warrant. Each Warrant shall be (a) issued in registered form only, (b) in substantially the form of Exhibit A attached hereto, the provisions of which are incorporated herein, (c) signed by, or bear the facsimile signature of, the Chairman of the Board or, the Chief Executive Officer or the President, and the Treasurer, Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Company, and (d) signed by the Warrant Agent. In the event the person whose facsimile signature has been placed upon any Warrant shall have ceased to serve in the capacity in which such person signed the Warrant before such Warrant is issued, it may be issued with the same effect as if he or she had not ceased to be such at the date of issuance.

2.2Effect of Countersignature. Unless and until countersigned by the Warrant Agent pursuant to this Agreement, a Warrant shall be invalid and of no effect and may not be exercised by the holder thereof.  Warrant certificates shall be dated the date of countersignature by the Warrant Agent.

2.3Registration.

2.3.1Warrant Register. The Warrant Agent shall maintain books (“Warrant Register”), for the registration of the original issuance and transfers of the Warrants. Upon the initial issuance of the Warrants, the Warrant Agent shall issue and register the Warrants in the names of the respective holders thereof in such denominations and otherwise in accordance with instructions delivered to the Warrant Agent by the Company.

2.3.2Registered Holder. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer of any Warrant, the Company and the Warrant Agent may deem and treat the person in whose name such Warrant shall be registered upon the Warrant Register (“Registered Holder”), as the absolute owner of such Warrant and of each Warrant represented thereby (notwithstanding any notation of ownership or other writing on the warrant certificate made by anyone other than the Company or the Warrant Agent), for the purpose of any exercise thereof, and for all other purposes, and neither the Company nor the Warrant Agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

3.Terms and Exercise of Warrants.

3.1Warrant Price. Each Warrant shall, when countersigned by the Warrant Agent, entitle the Registered Holder thereof, subject to the provisions of such Warrant and of this Warrant Agreement, to purchase from the Company the number of shares of Common Stock and at the price, subject to the adjustments provided in Section 4 hereof. The term “Warrant Price” as used in this Warrant Agreement refers to the price per share at which Common Stock may be purchased at the time a Warrant is exercised.

3.2Duration of Warrants. A Warrant may be exercised only during the period (“Exercise Period”) commencing on the date of issuance. For purposes of this Warrant Agreement, the “Expiration Time” shall have the meaning set forth in the Warrant.  Each Warrant not exercised on or before the Expiration Date shall become void, and all rights thereunder and all rights in respect thereof under this Agreement shall cease at the close of business on the Expiration Date.

3.3Exercise of Warrants.

3.3.1Payment. Subject to the provisions of the Warrant and this Warrant Agreement, a Warrant, when countersigned by the Warrant Agent, may be exercised by the Registered Holder thereof by surrendering it, at the office of the Warrant Agent, or at the office of its successor as Warrant Agent, with the subscription form, as set forth in the Warrant, duly executed, and by paying in full, in lawful money of the United States, in cash, good certified check or good bank draft payable to the order of the Company (or as otherwise agreed to by the Company), the Warrant Price for each full share of Common Stock as to which the Warrant is exercised and any and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise of the Warrant, the exchange of the Warrant for the Common Stock, and the issuance of the Common Stock.  In no event shall the Registered Holder of any Warrant be entitled to “net cash settle” the Warrant.

3.3.2Issuance of Certificates. As soon as practicable after the exercise of any Warrant and the clearance of the funds in payment of the Warrant Price, the Company shall issue to the Registered Holder of such Warrant a certificate or certificates

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representing the number of full shares of Common Stock to which he, she or it is entitled, registered in such name or names as may be directed by him, her or it, and, if such Warrant shall not have been exercised or surrendered in full, a new countersigned Warrant for the number of shares as to which such Warrant shall not have been exercised or surrendered.  Warrants may not be exercised by, or securities issued to, any Registered Holder in any state in which such exercise or issuance would be unlawful. In the event a registration statement under the Act with respect to the Common Stock underlying the Warrants is not effective or a prospectus is not available, or because such exercise would be unlawful with respect to a Registered Holder in any state, the Registered Holder shall not be entitled to exercise such Warrants and such Warrants may have no value and expire worthless.

3.3.3Valid Issuance. All shares of Common Stock issued upon the proper exercise or surrender of a Warrant in conformity with this Agreement shall be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

3.3.4Date of Issuance. Each person or entity in whose name any such certificate for shares of Common Stock is issued shall, for all purposes, be deemed to have become the holder of record of such shares on the date on which the Warrant was surrendered and payment of the Warrant Price was made, irrespective of the date of delivery of such certificate, except that, if the date of such surrender and payment is a date when the stock transfer books of the Company are closed, such person shall be deemed to have become the holder of such shares at the close of business on the next succeeding date on which the stock transfer books are open.

4.Adjustments.

4.1Notices of Changes in Warrant. Upon every adjustment of the Warrant Price or the number of shares issuable upon exercise of a Warrant, the Company shall give written notice thereof to the Warrant Agent, which notice shall state the Warrant Price resulting from such adjustment and the increase or decrease, if any, in the number of shares purchasable at such price upon the exercise of a Warrant, setting forth in reasonable detail the method of calculation and the facts upon which such calculation is based. Upon the occurrence of any such adjustment the Company shall give written notice to each Warrant holder, at the last address set forth for such holder in the Warrant Register, of the record date or the effective date of the event. Failure to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not affect the legality or validity of such event.

4.2No Fractional Shares. Notwithstanding any provision contained in this Warrant Agreement to the contrary, the Company shall not issue fractional shares upon exercise of Warrants. If, by reason of any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 4, the holder of any Warrant would be entitled, upon the exercise of such Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in a share, the Company shall, upon such exercise, round up to the nearest whole number the number of the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the Warrant holder.

4.3Form of Warrant. The form of Warrant need not be changed because of any adjustment pursuant to this Section 4, and Warrants issued after such adjustment may state the same Warrant Price and the same number of shares as is stated in the Warrants initially issued pursuant to this Agreement. However, the Company may, at any time, in its sole discretion, make any change in the form of Warrant that the Company may deem appropriate and that does not affect the substance thereof, and any Warrant thereafter issued or

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countersigned, whether in exchange or substitution for an outstanding Warrant or otherwise, may be in the form as so changed.

5.Transfer and Exchange of Warrants.

5.1Registration of Transfer. The Warrant Agent shall register the transfer, from time to time, of any outstanding Warrant into the Warrant Register, upon surrender of such Warrant for transfer, properly endorsed with signatures properly guaranteed and accompanied by appropriate instructions for transfer. Upon any such transfer, a new Warrant representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants shall be issued and the old Warrant shall be cancelled by the Warrant Agent. The Warrants so cancelled shall be delivered by the Warrant Agent to the Company from time to time upon the Company’s request.

5.2Procedure for Surrender of Warrants. Warrants may be surrendered to the Warrant Agent, together with a written request for exchange or transfer, and, thereupon, the Warrant Agent shall issue in exchange therefor one or more new Warrants as requested by the Registered Holder of the Warrants so surrendered, representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants; provided, however, that, in the event a Warrant surrendered for transfer bears a restrictive legend, the Warrant Agent shall not cancel such Warrant and shall issue new Warrants in exchange therefor until the Warrant Agent has received an opinion of counsel for the Company stating that such transfer may be made and indicating whether the new Warrants must also bear a restrictive legend.

5.3Fractional Warrants. The Warrant Agent shall not be required to effect any registration of transfer or exchange which will result in the issuance of a warrant certificate for a fraction of a warrant.

5.4Warrant Execution and Countersignature. The Warrant Agent is hereby authorized to countersign and to deliver, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Warrants required to be issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section 5, and the Company, whenever required by the Warrant Agent, will supply the Warrant Agent with Warrants duly executed on behalf of the Company for such purpose.

6.Other Provisions Relating to Rights of Holders of Warrants.

6.1No Rights as Stockholder. A Warrant does not entitle the Registered Holder thereof to any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company, including, without limitation, the right to receive dividends, or other distributions, exercise any preemptive rights to vote or to consent or to receive notice as stockholders in respect of the meetings of stockholders or the election of directors of the Company or any other matter.

6.2Lost, Stolen Mutilated or Destroyed Warrants. If any Warrant is lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed, the Company and the Warrant Agent may, on such terms as to indemnity or otherwise as they may in their discretion impose (which terms shall, in the case of a mutilated Warrant, include the surrender thereof), issue a new Warrant of like denomination, tenor and date as the Warrant so lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed. Any such new Warrant shall constitute a substitute contractual obligation of the Company, whether or not the allegedly lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed Warrant shall be at any time enforceable by anyone.

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6.3Reservation of Common Stock. The Company shall at all times reserve and keep available a number of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock that will be sufficient to permit the exercise in full of all outstanding Warrants issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement.

7.Concerning the Warrant Agent and Other Matters.

7.1Payment of Taxes. The Company will, from time to time, promptly pay all taxes and charges that may be imposed upon the Company or the Warrant Agent in respect of the issuance or delivery of shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of Warrants, but the Company shall not be obligated to pay any transfer taxes in respect of the Warrants or such shares.

7.2Resignation, Consolidation, or Merger of Warrant Agent.

7.2.1Appointment of Successor Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent, or any successor to it hereafter appointed, may resign its duties and be discharged from all further duties and liabilities hereunder after giving sixty (60) days’ notice in writing to the Company. If the office of the Warrant Agent becomes vacant by resignation or incapacity to act or otherwise, the Company shall appoint, in writing, a successor Warrant Agent in place of the Warrant Agent. If the Company shall fail to make such appointment within a period of 30 days after it has been notified in writing of such resignation or incapacity by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of the Warrant (who shall, with such notice, submit his, her or its Warrant for inspection by the Company), then the holder of any Warrant may apply to the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of New York for the appointment of a successor Warrant Agent. Any successor Warrant Agent, whether appointed by the Company or by such court, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, in good standing and have its principal office in the Borough of Manhattan, City and State of New York, and be authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers and subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. After appointment, any successor Warrant Agent shall be vested with all the authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties and obligations of its predecessor Warrant Agent with like effect as if originally named as Warrant Agent hereunder, without any further act or deed; but, if for any reason it becomes necessary or appropriate, the predecessor Warrant Agent shall execute and deliver, at the expense of the Company, an instrument transferring to such successor Warrant Agent all the authority, powers, and rights of such predecessor Warrant Agent hereunder; and, upon request of any successor Warrant Agent, the Company shall make, execute, acknowledge, and deliver any and all instruments in writing for more fully and effectually vesting in and confirming to such successor Warrant Agent all such authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties and obligations.

7.2.2Notice of Successor Warrant Agent. In the event a successor Warrant Agent shall be appointed, the Company shall give notice thereof to the predecessor Warrant Agent and the transfer agent for the Common Stock not later than the effective date of any such appointment.

7.2.3Merger or Consolidation of Warrant Agent. Any corporation into which the Warrant Agent may be merged or with which it may be consolidated or any corporation resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Warrant Agent shall be a party shall be the successor Warrant Agent under this Warrant Agreement without any further act on the part of the Company or the Warrant Agent.

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7.3Fees and Expenses of Warrant Agent.

7.3.1Remuneration. The Company agrees to pay the Warrant Agent reasonable remuneration for its services as Warrant Agent hereunder as set forth on Exhibit B hereto and will reimburse the Warrant Agent upon demand for all expenditures that the Warrant Agent may reasonably incur in the execution of its duties hereunder.

7.3.2Further Assurances. The Company agrees to perform, execute, acknowledge and deliver, or cause to be performed, executed, acknowledged and delivered, all such further and other acts, instruments and assurances as may reasonably be required by the Warrant Agent for the carrying out or performing of the provisions of this Warrant Agreement.

7.4Liability of Warrant Agent.

7.4.1Reliance on Company Statement. Whenever, in the performance of its duties under this Warrant Agreement, the Warrant Agent shall deem it necessary or desirable that any fact or matter be proved or established by the Company prior to taking or suffering any action hereunder, such fact or matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by a statement signed by the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Chairman of the Board of the Company and delivered to the Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent may rely upon such statement for any action taken or suffered in good faith by it pursuant to the provisions of this Warrant Agreement.

7.4.2Indemnity. The Warrant Agent shall be liable hereunder only for its own negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith. The Company agrees to indemnify the Warrant Agent and save it harmless against any and all liabilities, including judgments, costs and reasonable counsel fees, for anything done or omitted by the Warrant Agent in the execution of this Warrant Agreement, except as a result of the Warrant Agent’s negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith.

7.4.3Exclusions. The Warrant Agent shall have no responsibility with respect to the validity of this Warrant Agreement or with respect to the validity or execution of any Warrant (except its countersignature thereof); nor shall it be responsible for any breach by the Company of any covenant or condition contained in this Warrant Agreement or in any Warrant; nor shall it be responsible to make any adjustments required under the provisions of Section 4 hereof or responsible for the manner, method or amount of any such adjustment or the ascertaining of the existence of facts that would require any such adjustment; nor shall it, by any act hereunder, be deemed to make any representation or warranty as to the authorization or reservation of any shares of Common Stock to be issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement or any Warrant or as to whether any shares of Common Stock will when issued be valid and fully paid and nonassessable.

7.5Acceptance of Agency. The Warrant Agent hereby accepts the agency established by this Warrant Agreement and agrees to perform the same upon the terms and conditions herein set forth and, among other things, shall account promptly to the Company with respect to Warrants exercised and concurrently account for, and pay to the Company, all moneys received by the Warrant Agent for the purchase of shares of the Company’s Common Stock through the exercise of Warrants.

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8.Miscellaneous Provisions.

8.1Successors. All the covenants and provisions of this Warrant Agreement by or for the benefit of the Company or the Warrant Agent shall bind and inure to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns.

8.2Notices. Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of any Warrant to or on the Company shall be delivered by hand or sent by registered or certified mail or overnight courier service, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Warrant Agent) as follows:

[_______]

[_______]

[_______]

Attn: [_______], Chief Executive Officer

Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the holder of any Warrant or by the Company to or on the Warrant Agent shall be delivered by hand or sent by registered or certified mail or overnight courier service, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Warrant Agent with the Company), as follows:

VStock Transfer, LLC
18 Lafayette Place
Woodmere, NY 11598
Attn: Warrant Department

Any notice, sent pursuant to this Warrant Agreement shall be effective, if delivered by hand, upon receipt thereof by the party to whom it is addressed, if sent by overnight courier, on the next business day of the delivery to the courier, and if sent by registered or certified mail on the third day after registration or certification thereof

8.3Applicable Law. The validity, interpretation, and performance of this Warrant Agreement and of the Warrants shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to conflict of laws. The Company hereby agrees that any action, proceeding or claim against it arising out of or relating in any way to this Warrant Agreement shall be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be exclusive. The Company hereby waives any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. Any such process or summons to be served upon the Company may be served by transmitting a copy thereof by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, addressed to it at the address set forth in Section 9.2 hereof. Such mailing shall be deemed personal service and shall be legal and binding upon the Company in any action, proceeding or claim.

8.4Examination of the Warrant Agreement. A copy of this Warrant Agreement shall be available at all reasonable times at the office of the Warrant Agent for inspection by the Registered Holder of any Warrant. The Warrant Agent may require any such holder to submit his, her or its Warrant for inspection.

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8.5Counterparts- Facsimile Signatures. This Warrant Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, and each of such counterparts shall, for all purposes, be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Facsimile signatures shall constitute original signatures for all purposes of this Warrant Agreement.

8.6Effect of Headings. The section headings herein are for convenience only and are not part of this Warrant Agreement and shall not affect the interpretation thereof

8.7Amendments.

8.7.1This Agreement and any Warrant certificate may be amended by the parties hereto by executing a supplemental warrant agreement (a “Supplemental Agreement”), without the consent of any of the Warrant holders, for the purpose of (i) curing any ambiguity, or curing, correcting or supplementing any defective provision contained herein, or making any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this agreement that is not inconsistent with the provisions of this agreement or the Warrant certificates, (ii) evidencing the succession of another corporation to the Company and the assumption by any such successor of the covenants of the Company contained in this agreement and the Warrants, (iii) evidencing and providing for the acceptance of appointment by a successor Warrant Agent with respect to the Warrants, (iv) adding to the covenants of the Company for the benefit of the Holders or surrendering any right or power conferred upon the Company under this Agreement, or (viii) amending this agreement and the Warrants in any manner that the Company may deem to be necessary or desirable and that will not adversely affect the interests of the Warrant holders in any material respect.

8.7.2The Company and the Warrant Agent may amend this Warrant Agreement and the Warrants by executing a Supplemental Agreement with the consent of the Holders of not fewer than a majority of the unexercised Warrants affected by such amendment, for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Agreement or of modifying in any manner the rights of the Holders under this Warrant Agreement; provided, however, that, without the consent of each of the Warrant holders affected thereby, no such amendment may be made that (i) changes the Warrants so as to reduce the number of shares purchasable upon exercise of the Warrants or so as to increase the Warrant Price (other than as provided by Section 4), (ii) shortens the period of time during which the Warrants may be exercised, (iii) otherwise adversely affects the exercise rights of the Holders in any material respect, or (iv) reduces the number of unexercised Warrants the holders of which must consent for amendment of this agreement or the Warrants.

8.8Severability. This Warrant Agreement shall be deemed severable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision hereof shall not affect the validity or enforceability of this Warrant Agreement or of any other term or provision hereof. Furthermore, in lieu of any such invalid or unenforceable term or provision, the parties hereto intend that there shall be added as a part of this Warrant Agreement a provision as similar in terms to such invalid or unenforceable provision as may be possible and be valid and enforceable.

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Warrant Agreement has been duly executed by the parties hereto as of the day and year first above written.

[_______]
By:
	[Name, Title]
VSTOCK TRANSFER, LLC
By:
	[Name, Title]

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EXHIBIT A

Form of Warrant

COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

Warrant Shares: [●]	Initial Exercise Date: [●]
CUSIP:
ISIN:

THIS COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on [●]¹ (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Vision Marine Technologies Inc., a corporation incorporated under the Quebec Business Corporations Act (the “Company”), up to [●] common shares (“Common Shares”), no par value, of the Company (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”). The purchase price of one Common Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b). This Warrant shall initially be issued and maintained in the form of a security held in book-entry form and the Depository Trust Company or its nominee (“DTC”) shall initially be the sole registered holder of this Warrant, subject to a Holder’s right to elect to receive a Warrant in certificated form pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agency Agreement, in which case this sentence shall not apply.

Section 1. Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the meanings indicated in this Section 1:

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Shares so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a Common Shares as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee” or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Common Shares” means the common shares of the Company, no par value, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.

¹ Note to Draft: To be the 5-year anniversary of the Initial Exercise Date.

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“Common Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Shares.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“Registration Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-275503).

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof.

“Trading Day” means a day on which the Common Shares are traded on a Trading Market.

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

“Transfer Agent” means VStock Transfer, LLC, the current transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.

“Underwriting Agreement” means that certain Underwriting Agreement, dated as of [●], 2023, between the Company and the underwriter signatory thereto.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Shares so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Shares as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the reasonable and documented fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Warrant Agency Agreement” means that certain warrant agency agreement, dated on or about the Initial Exercise Date, between the Company and the Warrant Agent.

“Warrant Agent” means the Transfer Agent and any successor warrant agent of the Company.

“Warrants” means this Warrant and other Common Share purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.

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Section 2. Exercise.

(a) Exercise of Warrant. Subject to the provisions of Section 2(e), exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company and, for informational purposes only, the Warrant Agent, of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier’s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within five (5) Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased. The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Business Day of receipt of such notice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise delivered on or prior to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Trading Date prior to the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by such Warrant Share Delivery Date. The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing in this Section 2(a), a holder whose interest in this Warrant is a beneficial interest in certificate(s) representing this Warrant held in book-entry form through DTC (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions), shall effect exercises made pursuant to this Section 2(a) by delivering to DTC (or such other clearing corporation, as applicable) the appropriate instruction form for exercise, complying with the procedures to effect exercise that are required by DTC (or such other clearing corporation, as applicable), subject to a Holder’s right to elect to receive a Warrant in certificated form pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agency Agreement, in which case this sentence shall not apply. For purposes of Regulation SHO, a holder whose interest in this Warrant is a beneficial interest in certificate(s) representing this Warrant held in book-entry form through DTC (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) shall be deemed to have exercised its interest in this Warrant upon instructing its broker that is a DTC Participant to exercise its interest in such Warrant, provided that in each such case payment of the applicable aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) trading days and (ii) the number of trading days comprising the Standard Settlement Period, in each case following such instruction.

(b) Exercise Price. The exercise price of Common Shares under this Warrant shall be $[●] per share, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

(c) Cashless Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering or  the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of the Warrant Shares to the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

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(A) =as applicable: (i) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) at the option of the Holder, either (y) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (z) the Bid Price of the Common Shares on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. as of the time of the Holder’s execution of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is executed during “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day and is delivered within two (2) hours thereafter (including until two (2) hours after the close of “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day) pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof or (iii) the VWAP on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof after the close of “regular trading hours” on such Trading Day;

(B) = the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) = the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised. The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, on the Termination Date, this Warrant shall be automatically exercised via cashless exercise pursuant to this Section 2(c).

(d) Mechanics of Exercise.

(i) Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”). Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise.

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(ii) Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

(iii) Rescission Rights. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.

(iv) Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Common Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder was entitled to receive upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Common Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Common Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Shares having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of this Warrant to purchase Common Shares with an aggregate actual sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Common Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

(v) No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round down to the next whole share.

(vi) Charges, Taxes and Expenses. Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

(vii) Closing of Books. The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.

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(e) Holder’s Exercise Limitations. The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below). For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Common Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Common Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other Common Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties. Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination and shall have no liability for exercises of this Warrant that are not in compliance with the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, provided this limitation of liability shall not apply if the Holder has detrimentally relied on outstanding share information provided by the Company or the Transfer Agent. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Common Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Common Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Common Shares outstanding. Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within two Trading Days confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Common Shares then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding Common Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Common Shares was reported. The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by a Holder prior to the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant. The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply. Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

Section 3. Certain Adjustments.

(a) Stock Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on Common Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of Common Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not

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include any Common Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Common Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding Common Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of Common Shares any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Common Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged. Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.

(b) Subsequent Rights Offerings. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Common Shares Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of Common Shares (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of Common Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Shares are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such Common Shares as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

(c) Pro Rata Distributions. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of Common Shares, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Common Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Common Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

(d) Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company or any Subsidiary, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Shares or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the

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Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires 50% or more of the outstanding Common Shares are or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Common Shares are of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Common Shares are for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one Common Shares are in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Shares are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Company or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant on the date of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; provided, however, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company's control, including not approved by the Company's Board of Directors, the Holder shall only be entitled to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Shares are of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of Common Shares are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; provided, further, that if holders of Common Shares are of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Common Shares are will be deemed to have received common stock of the Successor Entity (which Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction. “Black Scholes Value” means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the “OV” function on Bloomberg, L.P. (“Bloomberg”) determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date, (B) an expected volatility equal to the greater of (1) the 30 day volatility, (2) the 100 day volatility or (3) the 365 day volatility, each of clauses (1)-(3) as obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, (C) the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall be the highest VWAP during the period beginning on the Trading Day immediately preceding the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction (or the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, if earlier) and ending on the Trading Day of the Holder’s request pursuant to this Section 3(d), (D) a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date and (E) a zero cost of borrow. The payment of the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds (or such other consideration) within five (5) Business Days of the Holder’s election (or, if later, on the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction). The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this

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Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Common Shares are acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Common Shares are pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall be added to the term “Company” under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to each of the Company and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally with the Company, may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if the Company and such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein.  For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(d) regardless of (i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Common Shares are for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.

(e) Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Common Shares are deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Common Shares are (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

(f) Notice to Holder.

(i) Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Warrant, as to any Warrant not held in certificated form, where this Warrant provides for notice of any event to a Holder, such notice shall be sufficiently given if given to DTC (or any successor depository) pursuant to the procedures of DTC (or such successor depository).

(ii) Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Shares are, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Shares are, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Shares are rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Common Shares are, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or all of its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of its assets, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Shares are is converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified (or less than 20 calendar days if sent concurrently upon the notice sent to the Company’s stockholders or public disclosure by the Company of such events), a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Shares are of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Shares are of record shall be entitled to exchange their Common Shares are for securities, cash or other property

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deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.

Section 4. Transfer of Warrant.

(a) Transferability. Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

(b) New Warrants. If this Warrant is not held in global form through DTC (or any successor depositary), this Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the initial issuance date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

(c) Warrant Register. The Warrant Agent (or to the extent this Warrant is not held in global form through DTC (or any successor depositary), the Company) shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Warrant Agent (or to the extent this Warrant is not held in global form through DTC (or any successor depositary), the Company) for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time. The Company and the Warrant Agent may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

Section 5. Miscellaneous.

(a) No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3. Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.

(b) Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond),

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and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.

(c) Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day or Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day or Trading Day, respectively.

(d) Authorized Shares. The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common Shares are a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant. The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Shares are may be listed. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue). Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

(e) Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Warrant and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this paragraph shall limit or restrict the federal district court in which a Holder may bring a claim under the federal securities laws.

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(f) Nonwaiver and Expenses. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

(g) Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holder hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 730 Boulevard du Cure-Boivin, Boisbriand, Quebec J7G 2A7, Canada, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, email address: [], or such other email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holder. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K.

(h) Remedies. The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

(i) Successors and Assigns. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

(j) Amendment. This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder or the beneficial owner of this Warrant, on the other hand.

(k) Severability. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

(l) Headings. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

(m) Warrant Agency Agreement. If this Warrant is held in global form through DTC (or any successor depositary), this Warrant is issued subject to the Warrant Agency Agreement. To the extent any provision of this Warrant conflicts with the express provisions of the Warrant Agency Agreement, the provisions of this Warrant shall govern and be controlling.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

By:

Name:

Title:

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NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO: VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

(1) The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

☐ in lawful money of the United States; or

☐ if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3) Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below: The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity:

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing

Entity:

Name of Authorized

Signatory:

Title of Authorized

Signatory:

Date:

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ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:
	(Please Print)
Address:
	(Please Print)
Phone Number:
Email Address:
Dated:
Holder’s Signature:
Holder’s Address:

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EXHIBIT B

Warrant Agent Fees

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EX-4.5

Exhibit 4.5

PRE-FUNDED COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

Warrant Shares: Initial Exercise Date: , 2023

THIS PRE-FUNDED COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, _____________ or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and until this Warrant is exercised in full (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Vision Marine Technologies Inc., a corporation incorporated under the Quebec Business Corporations Act (the “Company”), up to ______ (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”) Common Shares.  The purchase price of one Common Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).

Section 1.Definitions.  Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”), dated December __, 2023, among the Company and the underwriter signatory thereto.

Section 2.Exercise.

a)Exercise of Warrant.  Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”).  Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier’s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise.  No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation as soon as reasonably practicable of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares

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purchased.  The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Business Day of receipt of such notice.  The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.

b)Exercise Price.  The aggregate exercise price of this Warrant, except for a nominal exercise price of US$0.001 per Warrant Share, was pre-funded to the Company on or prior to the Initial Exercise Date and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal exercise price of US$0.001 per Warrant Share) shall be required to be paid by the Holder to any Person to effect any exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder shall not be entitled to the return or refund of all, or any portion, of such pre-paid aggregate exercise price under any circumstance or for any reason whatsoever, including in the event this Warrant shall not have been exercised prior to the Termination Date.  The remaining unpaid exercise price Common Share under this Warrant shall be US$0.001, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

c)Cashless Exercise.  This Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) = as applicable: (i) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) at the option of the Holder, either (y) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (z) the Bid Price of the Common Shares on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) as of the time of the Holder’s execution of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is executed during “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day and is delivered within two (2) hours thereafter (including until two (2) hours after the close of “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day) pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof or (iii) the VWAP on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof after the close of “regular trading hours” on such Trading Day;

(B) = the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

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(X) = the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the holding period of the Warrant Shares being issued may be tacked on to the holding period of this Warrant.  The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Common Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a Common Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Purchasers of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Common Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a Common Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Purchasers of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, on the Termination Date, this Warrant shall be automatically exercised via cashless exercise pursuant to this Section 2(c).

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d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i.Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) the Warrant Shares are eligible for resale by the Holder without volume or manner-of-sale limitations pursuant to Rule 144 (assuming cashless exercise of the Warrants), and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”).   Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided  that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each US$1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), US$10 per Trading Day (increasing to US$20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise.

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ii.Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise.  If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii.Rescission Rights.  If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.

iv.Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date, and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Common Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Common Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Common Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder.  For example, if the Holder purchases Common Shares having a total purchase price of US$11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Common Shares with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of US$10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder US$1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss.  Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the

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Company’s failure to timely deliver Common Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

v.No Fractional Shares or Scrip.  No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant.  As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

vi.Charges, Taxes and Expenses.  Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto.  The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

vii.Closing of Books.  The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.

e)Holder’s Exercise Limitations.  The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).  For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Common Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Common Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or

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nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other  Common Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.  Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Common Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Common Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Common Shares outstanding.  Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Common Shares then outstanding.  In any case, the number of outstanding Common Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Common Shares was reported.  The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be [9.99/4.99%] of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply.  Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61^st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.  The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict

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conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

f)[Reserved].

g)[Reserved].

Section 3.Certain Adjustments.

a)Stock Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on its Common Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in Common Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any Common Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Common Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding Common Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of the Common Shares any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Common Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.  Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.

b)[Reserved].

c)Subsequent Rights Offerings.  If the Company, at any time while the Warrant is outstanding, shall issue rights, options or warrants to all holders of Common Shares (and not to the Holder) entitling them to subscribe for or purchase Common Shares at a price per share less than the VWAP on the record date mentioned below, then the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction, of which the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares outstanding on the date of issuance of such rights, options or warrants plus the number of additional Common Shares offered for subscription or purchase, and of which the numerator shall be the number of Common Shares outstanding on the date of issuance of such rights, options or warrants plus the number of shares which the aggregate offering price of the total number of shares so offered (assuming receipt by the Company in full of all consideration payable upon exercise of such rights, options or warrants) would purchase at such VWAP.  Such adjustment shall be made whenever such rights, options or warrants are issued, and shall become effective

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immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such rights, options or warrants.

d)Pro Rata Distributions.  During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of Common Shares, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Common Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Common Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

e)Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Shares or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires 50% or more of the outstanding Common Shares or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the

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option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Common Shares of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Common Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant).  For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one Common Share in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration.  If holders of Common Shares are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction.  The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(e) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Common Shares acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Common Shares pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall be added to the term “Company” under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to each of the Company and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally with the Company, may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if the Company and such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(e) regardless of

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(i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Common Shares for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.

f)Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Common Shares deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Common Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

g)Notice to Holder.

i.Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

ii.Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Shares, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Shares, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of Common Shares rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Common Shares, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its Subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of its assets, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Shares are converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of Common Shares of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of Common Shares of record shall be entitled to exchange their Common Shares for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the

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failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.  To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.  The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.

h)Voluntary Adjustment By Company.  Subject to the rules and regulations of the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed and with the prior written consent of the Holder, the Company may at any time during the term of this Warrant reduce the then current Exercise Price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by the board of directors of the Company.

Section 4.Transfer of Warrant.

a)Transferability.  Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.  Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full.  The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

b)New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.  Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the original Issue Date and shall

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be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

c)Warrant Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.  The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

Section 5.Miscellaneous.

a)No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash.  This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3.  Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.

b)Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.

c)Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.  If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day.

d)Authorized Shares.

The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common Shares a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the

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Common Shares may be listed.  The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).

Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.

e)Jurisdiction. This Warrant shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The Company irrevocably (a) submits to the jurisdiction the federal courts of the United States of America or the courts of the State of New York, in each case located in the City of New York and County of New York, for the purpose of any suit, action, or other proceeding arising out of this Warrant, or any of the agreements or transactions contemplated by this or the Underwriting Agreement (each, a “Proceeding”), (b) agrees that all claims in respect of any Proceeding may be heard and determined in any such court, (c) waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any immunity from jurisdiction of any such court or from any legal process therein, (d) agrees not to commence any Proceeding other than in such courts, and (e) waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claim that such Proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum.  THE COMPANY (ON BEHALF OF ITSELF AND, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ON BEHALF OF ITS RESPECTIVE EQUITY HOLDERS AND CREDITORS) HEREBY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY CLAIM

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BASED UPON, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS WARRANT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS WARRANT AND THE UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT.

f)Restrictions.  The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.

g)Nonwaiver and Expenses.  No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies.  Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

h)Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by facsimile or e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 730 Boulevard du Cure-Boivin, Boisbriand, Quebec J7G 2A7, Canada, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, facsimile number: [     ], email address: [     ], or such other facsimile number, email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by facsimile or e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the facsimile number, e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.

i)Limitation of Liability.  No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Shares or as a stockholder

15

of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

j)Remedies.  The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant.  The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

k)Successors and Assigns.  Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.  The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

l)Amendment.  This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company and the Holder.

m)Severability.  Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

n)Headings.  The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

16

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
By:
	Name:
	Title:

17

NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO:VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

(1)The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2)Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

[  ] in lawful money of the United States; or

[ ] if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3)Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity:

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity:

Name of Authorized Signatory:

Title of Authorized Signatory:

Date:

EXHIBIT B

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:
		(Please Print)
Address:
		(Please Print)
Phone Number:
Email Address:
Dated:	_________________ ___, _______
Holder’s Signature:
Holder’s Address:

EX-5.1

Exhibit 5.1

	Dentons Canada LLP 1, Place Ville Marie, Suite 3900Montréal, QC, Canada H3B 4M7 dentons.com

December 1, 2023

VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
730 Boulevard du Curé-Boivin
Boisbriand, Québec J7G 2A7

Attention: Board of Directors

Dear Sirs:

Re: Vision Marine Technologies Inc.
Registration Statement on Form F-1

We have acted as special legal counsel to Vision Marine Technologies Inc., a Québec corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (as amended and supplemented to date, the “Registration Statement”) filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), under which the Company offered (the “Offering”) (i) an aggregate of up to US$15,000,000 of shares of the Company’s common shares, (plus up to US$2,250,000 pursuant to the over-allotment) (collectively, the “Common Shares”), (ii) warrants exercisable into US$15,000,000 of Common Shares (plus Warrants exercisable into an additional US$2,250,000 of Common Shares pursuant to the over-allotment) (collectively, the “Warrants”), (iii) pre-funded warrants exercisable into US$15,000,000 of Common Shares (plus pre-funded warrants exercisable into an additional US$2,250,000 of Common Shares pursuant to the over-allotment) (collectively, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) (iv) the Common Shares underlying the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, as the case may be (the “Warrant Shares”), (v) warrants issued to the underwriters (the “Underwriter Warrants”) to purchase Common Shares in an amount equal to 5.0% of the Shares sold in the Offering (excluding common shares exercisable upon exercise of the Warrants) and (vi) the common shares underlying the Underwriter Warrants (the “Underwriter Warrant Shares” which, together with the Common Shares, the Warrants, the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Warrant Shares, the Underwriter Warrants and the Underwriter Warrant Shares are hereby collectively referred to as the “Securities”). The Securities are to be sold pursuant to an Underwriting Agreement (the “Agreement”) to be entered into between the Company and Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC as described in the Registration Statement. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Agreement.

This opinion letter is being furnished to the Company in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K.

Zaanouni Law Firm & Associates ► LuatViet ► Fernanda Lopes & Associados ► Guevara & Gutierrez ► Paz Horowitz Abogados ► Sirote ► Adepetun Caxton-Martins Agbor & Segun ► Davis Brown ► East African Law Chambers ► For more information on the firms that have come together to form Dentons, go to dentons.com/legacyfirms

	December 1, 2023 Page 2	dentons.com

This opinion letter is limited to the laws, including the rules and regulations, as in effect on the date hereof. We undertake no responsibility to monitor the Company’s future compliance with applicable laws, rules or regulations of the Commission or other governmental body. In connection with this opinion, we have reviewed and relied upon the following:

(i) The Registration Statement including the prospectus (the “Prospectus”) contained therein;

(ii) The Company’s Articles of Incorporation (as amended), by-laws, records of the Company’s corporate proceedings relating to the Securities; and

(iii) Such other documents, records, certificates, memoranda and other instruments as we deem necessary as a basis for this opinion.

With respect to the foregoing documents, we have assumed:

(a) the authenticity of all records, documents, and instruments submitted to us as originals;

(b) the genuineness of all signatures on all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us;

(c) the legal capacity and authority of all persons or entities (other than the Company) executing all agreements, instruments or other documents submitted to us;

(d) the authenticity and the conformity to the originals of all records, documents, and instruments submitted to us as copies;

(e) that the statements contained in the certificates and comparable documents of public officials, officers and representatives of the Company and other persons on which we have relied for purposes of this opinion are true and correct; and

(f) the due authorization, execution and delivery of all agreements, instruments and other documents by all parties thereto (other than the due authorization, execution and delivery of each such agreement, instrument and document by the Company).

We have also obtained from officers of the Company certificates as to certain factual matters and, insofar as this opinion is based on matters of fact, we have relied on such certificates without independent investigation.

Our opinion is limited to law of the Province of Québec, including all applicable provisions of the Business Corporations Act (Québec) (the “Business Corporations Act”), and the federal laws of Canada applicable in the Province of Québec. We have not considered, and have not expressed any opinion with regard to, or as to the effect of, any other law, rule, or regulation, state or federal, applicable to the Company. In particular, we express no opinion as to United States federal securities laws.

Based upon the foregoing and in reliance thereon, and subject to the qualifications and limitations set forth herein, we are of the opinion that (i) the Common Shares have been duly authorized, validly issued,

	December 1, 2023 Page 3	dentons.com

and, upon the payment of the consideration therefor, are fully paid and non-assessable, (ii) the Warrants have been duly authorized and, when issued in accordance with and in the manner described in the Registration Statement and the Agreement, will be validly issued, (iii) the Pre-Funded Warrants have been duly authorized and, when issued in accordance with and in the manner described in the Registration Statement and the Agreement, will be validly issued, (iv) the Warrant Shares and the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares have been duly authorized, and, when issued and paid for upon exercise of the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, as the case may be as contemplated by the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, as the case may be, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable (iv) the Underwriter Warrants have been duly authorized, and, when issued in accordance with and in the manner described in the Registration Statement and the Agreement, will be validly issued, and (v) the Underwriter Warrant Shares have been duly authorized, and, when issued and paid for upon exercise of the Underwriter Warrants as contemplated by the Underwriter Warrants, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

We hereby consent to the inclusion of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of our firm’s name in the section of the Registration Statement and the Prospectus entitled “Legal Matters”. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations of the Commission.

Yours truly,

/s/ Dentons Canada LLP

EX-5.2

Exhibit 5.2

Ortoli | Rosenstadt LLP	366 Madison Avenue, 3rd Fl.
	New York, NY 10017
	tel: (212) 588-0022
	fax: (212) 826-9307

December 4, 2023

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

730 Boulevard du Curé-Boivin

Boisbriand, Québec J7G 2A7, Canada

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are acting as United States legal counsel to Vision Marine Technologies Inc., a Québec corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the registration statement on Form F-1 (the “Registration Statement”), including all amendments and supplements thereto, and accompanying prospectus filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), with respect to the offering by the Company of (i) common shares, no par value per share, (collectively the “Shares” and each a “Share”) (ii)  warrants to purchase common shares (collectively, the “Common Warrants”) and (iii) pre-funded warrants to purchase (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”). The Shares, the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants are to be sold by the Company pursuant to an underwriting agreement, substantially in the form filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registration Statement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) to be entered into by and between the Company and Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC., acting as the sole book-running manager for the offering and as representative of the several underwriters (the “Representative”). The Company is also registering (i) warrants to purchase up to 5% of the Shares sold in the offering to be issued to the Representative as compensation pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement (the “Representative’s Warrants”), and (ii) the common shares of the Company issuable upon exercise of the Underwriters’ Warrants (the “Representative’s Warrant Shares”). The Common Warrants shall be governed under the terms of a Warrant Agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) by and between the Company and VStock Transfer, LLC.

This opinion is being furnished to you in connection with the Registration Statement.

In connection with this opinion, we have examined the following documents:

1.the Registration Statement,

2.the form of the Underwriting Agreement filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registration Statement,

3.the form of the Representative’s Warrant Agreement filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement,

4.the form of the Pre-Funded Warrants filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement,

5.the form of the Warrant Agreement, and

6.such other documents and corporate records as we have deemed necessary or appropriate in order to enable us to render the opinion below.

For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed (i) the validity and accuracy of the documents and corporate records that we have examined, (ii) the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies and the authenticity of the originals of such documents and (iii) that all relevant documents have been, or will be, validly authorized, executed, delivered and performed by all of the relevant parties. As to any facts material to the opinion expressed herein that we did not independently establish or verify, we have relied upon statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Company and have assumed that such statements and representations are true, correct, and complete without regard to any qualification as to knowledge or belief. Our opinion is conditioned upon, among other things, the initial and continuing truth, accuracy, and completeness of the items described above on which we are relying.

Ortoli | Rosenstadt LLP

December 1, 2023

Subject to the foregoing and the qualifications set forth in the Registration Statement, we are of the opinion that each of

(i) the Representative’s Warrants, when issued, executed and delivered in accordance with the terms of the Underwriting Agreement as described in the Registration Statement,

(ii) the Warrant Agreement when issued, executed and delivered in accordance as described in the Registration Statement,

(iii) the Common Warrants when issued, executed and delivered in accordance with the terms of the Underwriting Agreement and the Warrant Agreement as described in the Registration Statement and

(iv) the Pre-Funded Warrants when issued, executed and delivered in accordance with the terms of the Underwriting Agreement as described in the Registration Statement

will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms under the law of New York.

Our opinion is limited to the application of the laws of the State of New York, the Securities Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder only and we express no opinion with respect to the applicability of other federal laws, the laws of other countries, the laws of any state of the United States or any other jurisdiction, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any other local agencies within any state. No opinion is expressed as to any federal securities laws except as specifically set forth herein, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any other local agencies within any state. No opinion is expressed as to any federal securities laws except as specifically set forth herein. Our opinion represents only our interpretation of the law and has no binding, legal effect on, without limitation, any court. It is possible that contrary positions may be asserted and that one or more courts may sustain such contrary positions. Our opinion is expressed as of the date hereof, and we are under no obligation to supplement or revise this opinion to reflect any changes, including changes which have retroactive effect (i) in applicable law, or (ii) in any fact, information, document, corporate record, covenant, statement, representation, or assumption stated herein that becomes untrue, incorrect or incomplete.

This letter is furnished to you for use in connection with the Registration Statement and is not to be used, circulated, quoted, or otherwise referred to for any other purpose without our express written permission. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of our name in the Registration Statement wherever it appears. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Ortoli Rosenstadt

Ortoli Rosenstadt LLP

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption “Experts” in Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (No. 333-275503) and the related Prospectus of Vision

Marine Technologies Inc. (the “Company”) for the registration of its common stock and to the inclusion therein of our report dated November 27, 2023 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of August 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the three years in the period ended August 31, 2023.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Montreal, Canada

December 4, 2023

1

EX-FILING FEES

Exhibit 107

Calculation of Filing Fee Tables

F-1

(Form Type)

Vision Marine Technologies Inc.

Table 1: Newly Registered Securities

		Security Type	Security Class Title	Fee Calculation or Carry Forward Rule			Amount Registered		Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit		Maximum Aggregate Offering Price (1)		Fee Rate		Amount of Registration Fee
	Newly Registered Securities
Fees to Be Paid		Equity	Common Shares, no par value		457	(o)					$	17,250,000	$	0.0001476	$	2,547
Fees to Be Paid		Other	Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase Common Shares		457	(g)		—		—		—		—(4)(5)
Fees to Be Paid		Equity	Common Shares underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants		457	(o)		—		—		—		—(4)
Fees to Be Paid		Other	Warrants to purchase Common Shares (2)		other			—		—		—		—(4)
Fees to Be Paid		Equity	Common Shares, no par value, underlying the Warrants(2)		457	(o)					$	17,250,000	$	0.0001476	$	2,547
Fees to Be Paid		Other	Underwriter’s Warrants(3)		other			—		—		—		—(4)
Fees to Be Paid		Equity	Common Shares, no par value, underlying the Underwriter’s Warrants(3)		457	(o)					$	1,078,125	$	0.0001476	$	160
Fees Previously Paid
		Total Offering Amounts									$	35,578,125
		Total Fees Previously Paid									$	2,707
		Total Fee Offsets									$	0
		Net Fee Due									$	2,547

(1) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o). In accordance with Rule 416(a), the Registrant is also registering an indeterminate number of additional common shares that shall be issuable pursuant to Rule 416 to prevent dilution resulting from share splits, share dividends or similar transactions.

(2) The Registrant will issue one warrant to purchase a common share for each common share sold in the offering (the “Warrants”). The exercise price of the Warrants is equal to 100% of the aggregate offering price of the common shares and Warrants offered hereby.

(3) The Registrant will issue to the underwriter warrants to purchase a number of common shares equal to an aggregate of 5% of the common shares sold in the offering (the “Underwriter’s Warrants”). The exercise price of the Underwriter’s Warrants is equal to 125% of the offering price of the common shares offered hereby.

(4) No registration fee required pursuant to Rule 457(g) of the Securities Act.

(5) The proposed maximum aggregate offering price of the Common Shares will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis based on the offering price of any pre-funded warrants issued in the offering, and the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of the pre-funded warrants to be issued in the offering will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis based on the offering price of any Common Shares issued in the offering. Accordingly, the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of the Common Shares and pre-funded warrants (including the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants), if any, is $15,000,000 (or $17,250,000 if the underwriter exercises its over-allotment option).

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	F-1/A
Entity Registrant Name	VISION MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001813783
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Consolidated statements of financial position - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Current
Cash	$ 3,359,257	$ 5,824,716
Trade and other receivables [note 6]	550,836	472,548
Income tax receivable	98,540
Inventories [note 7]	2,445,554	2,093,776
Prepaid expenses	1,973,591	2,472,301
Grants and investment tax credits receivable [note 21]		681,663
Share subscription receivable [note 17]	39,200	39,200
Advances to related parties [note 17]	20,135	16,736
Total current assets	8,487,113	11,600,940
Investment in Limestone [note 8]		2,435,000
Right-of-use assets [note 9]	2,414,593	2,261,100
Property and equipment [note 10]	2,313,926	2,218,982
Intangibles [note 11]	966,724	1,112,670
Deferred income taxes [note 23]	68,460
Goodwill [note 5]	9,680,941	9,352,640
Other financial assets	114,755	118,877
Total assets	24,046,512	29,100,209
Current
Credit facility [note 12]	155,000
Trade and other payables [notes 13 & 17]	1,754,900	1,030,331
Provision on onerous contracts	91,667
Income tax payable		3,188
Contract liabilities [note 14]	1,815,731	1,029,318
Current portion of lease liabilities [note 15]	647,638	561,168
Current portion of long-term debt [note 16]	271,546	72,090
Other financial liabilities	113,695	177,834
Total current liabilities	4,850,177	2,873,929
Lease liabilities [note 15]	1,994,156	1,854,381
Long-term debt [note 16]	33,783	155,259
Derivative liabilities [note 18]	5,558,822	0
Deferred income taxes [note 23]	45,137	188,044
Total liabilities	12,482,075	5,071,613
Shareholders' equity
Capital stock [note 18]	50,395,717	43,441,591
Contributed surplus [note 19]	11,684,829	10,560,886
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,032,628	697,671
Deficit	(51,548,737)	(30,671,552)
Total shareholders' equity	11,564,437	24,028,596
Total shareholders' equity and liabilities	$ 24,046,512	$ 29,100,209

XML

Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity (deficit) - CAD ($)	Capital stock Initial Public Offering	Capital stock	Contributed surplus	Deficit	Accumulated other comprehensive income	Initial Public Offering	Total
Shareholders' equity at Aug. 31, 2020		$ 2,497,813	$ 739,961	$ (2,445,859)			$ 791,915
Shareholders' equity (in shares) at Aug. 31, 2020		4,585,001
Total comprehensive loss				(15,113,907)	$ 388,566		(14,725,341)
Net of transactions costs	$ 33,158,513	$ 2,231,999				$ 33,158,513	2,231,999
Net of transactions costs (in shares)	2,760,000	595,715
Conversion of related party loans into shares [note 17 &18]		$ 898,489					898,489
Conversion of related party loans into shares [note 17 &18] (in shares)		69,650
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets [note 11 & 18]		$ 573,936					573,936
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets [note 11 & 18] (in shares)		30,000
Shares issued as consideration in a business combination [note 5 & 18]		$ 3,474,232					3,474,232
Shares issued as consideration in a business combination [note 5 & 18] (Shares)		284,495
Share-based compensation [note 19]			7,121,444				7,121,444
Shareholders' equity at Aug. 31, 2021		$ 42,834,982	7,861,405	(17,559,766)	388,566		33,525,187
Shareholders' equity (in shares) at Aug. 31, 2021		8,324,861
Total comprehensive loss				(13,111,785)	309,105		(12,802,680)
Net of transactions costs		$ 606,609					606,609
Net of transactions costs (in shares)		93,062
Share-based compensation [note 19]			2,699,481				2,699,481
Shareholders' equity at Aug. 31, 2022		$ 43,441,591	10,560,886	(30,671,551)	697,671		24,028,596
Shareholders' equity (in shares) at Aug. 31, 2022		8,417,923
Total comprehensive loss				(20,877,186)	334,957		(20,542,229)
Share issuance - options exercised		$ 175,699	(12,239)				163,460
Share issuance - options exercised (in shares)		57,219
Net of transactions costs		$ 6,778,427					6,778,427
Net of transactions costs (in shares)		2,697,658
Share-based compensation [note 19]			1,136,182				1,136,182
Shareholders' equity at Aug. 31, 2023		$ 50,395,717	$ 11,684,829	$ (51,548,737)	$ 1,032,628		$ 11,564,437
Shareholders' equity (in shares) at Aug. 31, 2023		11,172,800

XML

Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity (deficit) (Parenthetical)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)
Transaction costs	$ 0
Initial Public Offering
Transaction costs	$ 3,328,687

XML

Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss
Revenues [note 20]	$ 5,651,502	$ 7,350,946	$ 3,513,788
Cost of sales [note 7]	4,023,409	4,065,381	1,909,606
Cost of sales - EMotion	91,667
Gross profit	1,536,426	3,285,565	1,604,182
Expenses
Research and development [note 17]	5,704,912	2,242,794	1,489,953
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	4,014,181	3,335,799	1,754,613
Selling and marketing expenses	3,470,772	1,972,306	1,086,057
Professional fees	3,764,465	3,590,816	1,633,477
Office and general	3,100,024	1,949,583	1,239,457
Share-based compensation [note 19]	1,136,182	2,699,481	7,121,444
Impairment loss on debentures [note 8]	2,637,000	0	0
Depreciation	588,957	268,490	184,855
Net finance income (expense) [note 22]	(1,604,536)	223,660	2,256,392
Other income	(117,470)	(143,922)	(153,749)
Operating expense	22,694,487	16,139,007	16,612,499
Loss before tax	(21,158,061)	(12,853,442)	(15,008,317)
Income taxes [note 23]
Current tax expense (recovery)	(70,607)	182,854	131,403
Deferred tax expense (recovery)	(210,268)	75,489	(25,813)
Total income tax expense (recovery)	(280,875)	258,343	105,590
Net loss for the period	(20,877,186)	(13,111,785)	(15,113,907)
Items of comprehensive income that will be subsequently reclassified to earnings:
Foreign currency translation differences for foreign operations, net of tax	334,957	309,105	388,566
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	334,957	309,105	388,566
Total comprehensive loss for the year, net of tax	$ (20,542,229)	$ (12,802,680)	$ (14,725,341)
Weighted average shares outstanding, Basic	9,268,709	8,318,121	7,412,899
Weighted average shares outstanding, Diluted	9,268,709	8,318,121	7,412,899
Basic loss per share	$ (2.25)	$ (1.58)	$ (2.04)
Diluted loss per share	$ (2.22)	$ (1.58)	$ (2.04)

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Consolidated statements of cash flows - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (20,877,186)	$ (13,111,785)	$ (15,113,907)
Depreciation	1,060,897	955,513	417,050
Accretion on long-term debt and lease liability	166,719	157,270	70,379
Share-based compensation - options	1,136,182	2,699,481	7,121,444
Shares issued for services	1,670,415	596,608	109,069
Net loss on debentures	2,435,000	330,000	550,000
Gain on disposal of property and equipment	173,375
Interest income received		85,000
Income tax expense	(280,875)	258,343	105,590
Income tax received			13,415
Income tax paid	(14,040)	(373,196)
Gain on derivative liabilities	(1,770,689)
Gain on lease termination	(50,329)	(5,652)	(7,230)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation	49,670	17,398	(6,542)
Operating activities before working capital items	(16,300,861)	(8,391,020)	(6,740,732)
Net change in non-cash working capital items
Trade and other receivables	(78,288)	(152,808)	(232,715)
Provision for onerous contracts	91,667
Inventories	(351,778)	(117,692)	(1,471,693)
Grants and investment tax credits receivable	681,663	(573,361)	293,937
Other financial assets	4,121	(85,597)	(25,595)
Prepaid expenses	498,710	(1,927,459)	(552,196)
Trade and other payables	724,569	182,277	96,615
Contract liabilities	786,413	130,605	396,097
Other financial liabilities	(64,139)	(61,764)	(15,156)
Cash used in operating activities	(14,007,923)	(10,996,819)	(8,251,438)
Investing activities
Subscription to debentures [note 8]			(3,400,000)
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired [note 5]			(5,029,416)
Additions to property and equipment	(938,802)	(1,175,931)	(544,354)
Proceeds from the disposal of property and equipment	401,782	243,630	34,101
Additions to intangible assets		(32,202)	(528,726)
Cash used in investing activities	(537,020)	(964,503)	(9,468,395)
Financing activities
Credit facility	155,000		(170,000)
Addition in long-term debts	258,000	282,424
Repayment of long-term debt	(207,607)	(135,230)	(419,090)
Advances from related parties		176,771
Initial public offering, net of transaction costs paid			33,430,239
Issuance of shares and warrants, net of transaction costs paid	12,437,523		2,025,000
Shares issued upon options conversion	163,461	10,001
Repayment of lease liabilities	(726,893)	(695,749)	(295,316)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities	12,079,484	(361,783)	34,570,833
Net (decrease) increase in cash during the year	(2,465,459)	(12,323,105)	16,851,000
Cash, beginning of year	5,824,716	18,147,821	1,296,821
Cash, end of year	$ 3,359,257	$ 5,824,716	$ 18,147,821

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Incorporation and nature of business

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Incorporation and nature of business

Incorporation and nature of business

1. Incorporation and nature of business

Vision Marine Technologies Inc. [the “Company”] was incorporated on August 29, 2012 and its principal business is to manufacture and sell or rent electric boats. The Voting Common Shares of the Company are listed under the trading symbol “VMAR” on Nasdaq.

The Company is incorporated in Canada and its head office and registered office is located at 730 Curé-Boivin boulevard, Boisbriand, Quebec, J7G 2A7.

Business seasonality

The Company’s operating results generally vary from quarter to quarter as a result of changes in general economic conditions and seasonal fluctuations, among other things, in each of its reportable segments. This means the Company’s results in one quarter are not necessarily indicative of how the Company will perform in a future quarter.

Sale of electric boats

The sale of electric boats segment has a seasonal aspect to its operations. Most customers purchase their electric boats from the Company with the intention of utilizing them during the summer period which typically runs from early June to late August and corresponds to the Company’s fourth quarter of a financial year. As such, the revenues in this operating segment fluctuate based on the level of boat deliveries, with a high and a low in the fourth quarter and the first quarter, respectively.

Rental of electric boats

Revenue generated by the rental of electric boats segment also has a seasonal aspect to its operations. Boat rental as an activity is highly sought by customers when the weather is milder, which is typically the case during the period from May to August. A colder-than-expected or rainier summer in any given year could have an impact on the segment’s revenues and hence on its profitability. Revenue from the boat club memberships is not impacted by seasonality as the memberships are typically on an annual basis.

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Basis of preparation

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Basis of preparation

Basis of preparation

2. Basis of preparation and going concern uncertainty

Compliance with IFRS

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards [“IFRS”] as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board [“IASB”] and interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee [“IFRIC”] in effect on August 31, 2023.

The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on November 27, 2023.

Going concern uncertainty

As of August 31, 2023, the Company has cash of $3,359,257 and working capital of $3,676,936. The Company has incurred recurring losses, has not yet achieved profitable operations and has a deficit of $51,548,737 since its inception. The cash flows from operations were negative for the three years ended August 31, 2023. Additional financing will be needed by the Company to fund its operations and to commercialize the E-Motion powertrain business. These matters, when considered in aggregate, indicate the existence of a material uncertainty that raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. In view of these matters, continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the continued operations of the Company which will be determined by the Company’s ability to meet its financial requirements, including its ability to raise additional capital.

The Company is evaluating several different strategies and is actively pursuing actions that are expected to increase its liquidity position, including, but not limited to, pursuing additional cost savings initiatives and seeking additional financing from both the public and private markets through the issuance of equity securities. For the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company was able to raise net proceeds from issuance of shares of $12,437,523. However, the Company's management cannot provide assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its proposed financing plans. Management also cannot provide any assurance as to unforeseen circumstances that could occur within the next 12 months which could increase the Company’s need to raise additional capital on an immediate basis, which additional capital may not be available to the Company.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. These consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended August 31, 2023 do not include any adjustments to the carrying amounts and classification of assets, liabilities and reported expenses that may otherwise be required if the going concern basis was not appropriate. Such adjustments could be material.

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, and the subsidiaries that it controls. Control exists when the Company has the power over the subsidiary, when it is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the subsidiary and when it has the ability to use its power to affect its returns. Subsidiaries that the Company controls are consolidated from the effective date of acquisition up to the effective date of disposal or loss of control.

Details of the Company’s significant subsidiaries at the end of the reporting period are set out below.

Name of subsidiary	Principal activity	Country of incorporation and operation	Proportion of ownership held by the Company
7858078 Canada Inc.	Owns an electric boat rental center	Canada	100%
EB Rental Ltd.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
EB Rental Ventura Corp.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
Vision Marine Technologies Corp.	Operates an electric boat service center	United States	100%

Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of the amount, event or actions, actual results ultimately may differ from those estimates. Areas where estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in note 4.

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Significant accounting policies

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Significant accounting policies

Significant accounting policies

3. Significant accounting policies

Business combination

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held on trust, deposits held at call with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Trade and other receivables

Trade receivables are initially recognized at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any allowance for expected credit losses. Trade receivables are generally due for settlement within 30 days.

The Company has applied the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance. To measure the expected credit loss, trade receivables have been grouped based on days overdue.

Other receivables are recognized at amortized cost, less any allowance for expected credit loss.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Raw materials are valued on a first-in first-out basis. Cost of work in progress and finished goods comprises direct materials and delivery costs, direct labour, import duties and other taxes, and appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure based on normal operating capacity. Cost of purchased inventory is determined after deducting rebates and discounts received or receivable.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Grants and investment tax credits

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. Where retention of a government grant is dependent on the Company satisfying certain criteria, it is initially recognized as deferred income. When the criteria for retention have been satisfied, the deferred income balance is released to the statement of consolidated comprehensive loss or netted against the asset purchased.

Leases

Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease [i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use]. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognized right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term ranging from two to six years. Right-of-use assets are subject to impairment.

Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments [including in-substance fixed payments] less any lease incentives receivable and variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expense in the period on which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. Interest accretion is recorded as interest expense in finance costs. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered of low value [i.e., below $5,000]. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the year-ended August 31, 2023, the expense for leases of low-value assets is insignificant.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

Depreciation is recorded to recognize the cost of assets over their useful lives. The estimated useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Computer equipment	Declining balance method	55%
Machinery and equipment	Declining balance method	20%
Rolling stock	Declining balance method	30%
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line method	Over the term of the lease
Boat rental fleet	Straight-line method	15 years
Moulds	Straight-line method	25 years

Any item of property and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an asset is determined as the difference between the sales and proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

Repairs and maintenance costs that do not improve or extend productive life are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which the costs are incurred.

Intangible assets and goodwill

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in net earnings as incurred.

Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Otherwise, it is recognized in net earnings as incurred. The Company has not capitalized any development costs. When awarded with government grants and income tax credits, the Company recognizes the income either in net loss, netted with the related expenses, or as a reduction of the cost, when related with capitalized development expenditure.

Goodwill arising from business combinations is initially recognized when the fair value of the separately identifiable assets the Company acquired and liabilities the Company assumed is lower than the consideration paid [including the recognized amount of the non-controlling interest, if any]. If the fair value of the consideration transferred is lower than that of the separately identified assets and liabilities, the Company immediately recognizes the difference as a gain in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Other intangible assets, including intellectual property, software, trade name, backlog and website that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Amortization is calculated over the cost of the asset less its residual value. Amortization is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Intellectual property	Straight-line method	10 years
Software	Straight-line method	7 years
Trade name	Straight-line method	5 years
Backlog	Straight-line method	3 years
Website	Straight-line method	5 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Non-financial assets other than goodwill

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets, other than goodwill, to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets [the “cash-generating unit”, or “CGU”].

Recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is lower than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised recoverable amount, to the extent that the carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Goodwill

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company’s CGU [or groups of CGUs] that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. A CGU to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is indication that the CGU may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the goodwill allocated to the CGU and then, to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro-rata basis. Any impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the entity prior to the end of the financial year and which are unpaid. Due to their short-term nature, they are measured at amortized cost and are not discounted. The amounts are unsecured and are usually paid within 30 days of recognition.

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. If the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate specific to the liability. The increase in the provision resulting from the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Onerous contracts

An onerous contract is a contract under which the unavoidable costs (i.e., the costs that the Company cannot avoid because it has the contract) of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it. The cost of fulfilling a contract comprises the costs that relate directly to the contract (i.e., both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities).

When the Company has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognized and measured as a provision. However, before a separate provision for an onerous contract is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss that has occurred on assets used in fulfilling the contract.

Fair value measurement

When an asset or liability, financial or non-financial, is measured at fair value for recognition or disclosure purposes, the fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; and assumes that the transaction will take place either: in the principal market; or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market.

Fair value is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming they act in their economic best interests. For non-financial assets, the fair value measurement is based on its highest and best use. Valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, are used, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into three levels, using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. Classifications are reviewed at each reporting date and transfers between levels are determined based on a reassessment of the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Financial instruments

Classification and measurement of financial instruments

The Company measures its financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on initial recognition, which is typically the transaction price unless a financial instrument contains a significant financing component. Subsequent measurement is dependent on the financial instrument’s classification which in the case of financial assets, is determined by the context of the Company’s business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Financial assets are classified into two categories: [1] measured at amortized cost and [2] fair value through profit and loss [“FVTPL”]. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost at the effective interest rate, other than financial liabilities that are measured at FVTPL or designated as FVTPL where any change in fair value resulting from an entity’s own credit risk is recorded as other comprehensive income [“OCI”].

The Company assesses the classification of warrants to purchase common shares of the Company, whether the warrants issued meet the criteria of an equity instrument (i.e. the warrants would be settled by the issuance of fixed number of common shares of the Company at a fixed exercise price) or a financial liability. Since the exercise price of these warrants is denominated in U.S. dollars, while the functional currency of the Company is Canadian dollar, the value of the proceeds on exercise of the warrants is not fixed and will vary based on the foreign exchange rate movements. As such, the Company classified the warrants, other than warrants issued as compensation for goods and services, as derivative liabilities, measured at fair value at initial recognition and at each reporting period. Any changes in fair value are recorded as gain or loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Refer to note 19 and 25 for details on the warrants issued and outstanding for the year ended August 31, 2023, the derivative liabilities recorded and the assumptions used to determine the fair value.

Amortized cost

The Company classifies trade and other receivables, other financial assets, trade and other payables, other financial liabilities, long-term debt and advances to/from related parties as financial instruments measured at amortized cost. The contractual cash flows received from the financial assets are solely payments of principal and interest and are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows.

Fair value through profit and loss

The Company classifies debentures as financial instruments measured at fair value through profit and loss since the contractual cash flows received from the financial asset are not solely payments of principal and interest.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The measurement of the loss allowance depends upon the Company’s assessment at the end of each reporting period as to whether the financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, based on reasonable and supportable information that is available, without undue cost or effort to obtain. Where there has not been a significant increase in exposure to credit risk, a 12-month expected credit loss allowance is estimated. The amount of expected credit loss recognized is measured on the basis of the probability weighted present value of anticipated cash shortfalls over the life of the instrument discounted at the original effective interest rate. Impairment provisions for current and non-current trade receivables are recognized based on the simplified approach within IFRS 9 using a provision matrix in the determination of the lifetime expected credit losses.

Equity instruments

Financial instruments issued by the Company are classified as equity only to the extent that they do not meet the definition of a financial liability or financial asset. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issuance costs.

The Company’s shares are classified as equity instruments.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. For each contract with a customer, the Company:

● identifies the contract with the customer;

● identifies the performance obligations in the contract;

● determines the transaction price which takes into account estimates of variable consideration and the time value of money;

● allocates the transaction price to separate performance obligations on the basis of relative stand-alone selling price of each distinct good or service to be delivered; and,

● recognizes revenue when or as each performance obligation is satisfied in a manner that depicts the transfer to the customer of the goods or services promised.

The Company enters into contracts with customers, as well as distributor agreements with specific distributors for the sale of boats.

Sale of boats

Revenue from the sale of boats, including incidental shipping fees, is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally at the shipping point. In the context of its distributor agreements, control is passed at the shipping point to the distributor as the Company has no further performance obligations at that point. The Company concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the boats before transferring them to the customer. The amount of consideration the Company receives, and the revenue recognized varies with volume rebate programs offered to distributors. When the Company offers retrospective volume rebates, it estimates the expected volume rebates based on an analysis of historical experience, to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The Company adjusts its estimate of revenue related to volume rebates at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration expected to be received changes or when the consideration becomes fixed.

The Company recognizes customer deposits on the sale of boats as contract liabilities.

Boat rental and boat club membership revenue

Revenue from boat rentals is recognized at a point in time when the services are completed given the short term rental period. Boat club membership revenue is recognized over time as the service is provided. These services are typically provided, and thus revenue is typically recognized, on a monthly basis.

The Company recognizes customer prepayments on boat rentals and boat club memberships as contract liabilities.

Sale of parts and boat maintenance

Revenue from the sale of parts and related maintenance services are recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the parts and when services are completed.

Other

Other revenue is recognized when it is received or when the right to receive payment is established.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is recognized if a payment is received, or a payment is due [whichever is earlier] from a customer before the Company transfers the related goods or services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the Company performs under the contract [i.e., transfers control of the related goods or services to the customer].

Share-based payments

The Company has a share option plan for key employees, consultants, advisors, officers and directors from which options to purchase common stock of the Company are issued. The Company also issues warrants to non-employees granting the right to purchase common stock of the Company at a determined exercise price. Share-based compensation costs are accounted for on a fair value basis, as measured at the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. An individual is classified as an employee when the individual is an employee for legal or tax purposes or provides services similar to those performed by an employee. In situations where options or warrants have been issued to non-employees and some or all of the services received by the Company can be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the services received. If the services cannot be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the options issued.

All share-based remuneration is ultimately recognized as an expense in profit or loss with a corresponding credit to contributed surplus. If vesting periods or other vesting conditions apply, the expense is allocated over the vesting period, based on the best available estimate of the number of share options expected to vest. Any adjustment to cumulative share-based compensation resulting from a revision is recognized in the current period. The number of vested options ultimately exercised by holders does not impact the expense recorded in any period.

Foreign currency translation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars, which is also the parent company’s functional currency. The functional currencies of 7858078 Canada Inc. and EB Rental Ltd. are the Canadian dollar and the US dollar, respectively. The Company and its subsidiaries each determine their functional currency based on the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. Transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of an entity are translated at the exchange rate in effect on the transaction date. The resulting exchange gains and losses are included in each entity’s net loss in the period in which they arise.

The Company’s foreign operations are translated to the Company’s presentation currency, for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements. Foreign-denominated monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period and revenue and expenses are translated at exchange rates in effect at the transaction date. The resulting translation gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income with the cumulative gain or loss reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss.

The exchange rates for the currencies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements were as follows:

	Exchange rate as at		Average exchange rate for year ended
	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
US dollar	1.3535	1.3076	1.3465	1.2717

Taxes

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in net loss except to the extent it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax

Current tax expense is based on the results for the period as adjusted for items that are not taxable or not deductible. Current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that were enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities.

Deferred tax

Deferred taxes are the taxes expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets in the statement of financial position and their corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and their corresponding tax bases. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized. Such assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or from the initial recognition [other than in a business combination] of other assets in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the year.

Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential common stock. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company assumes the exercise of dilutive options and warrants of the entity. The assumed proceeds from these instruments are regarded as having been received from the issue of common stock at the average market price of common shares during the period. The difference between the number of common shares issued and the number of common shares that would have been issued at the average market price of common shares during the period is treated as an issue of common shares for no consideration.

New and amended standards and interpretations

The Company applied certain amendments to the accounting standards, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. The Company has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

Onerous Contracts – Costs of Fulfilling a Contract – Amendments to IAS 37

In May 2020, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 37 to specify which costs an entity needs to include when assessing whether a contract is onerous or loss-making. The amendments apply a “directly related cost approach”. The costs that relate directly to a contract to provide goods or services include both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities. General and administrative costs do not relate directly to a contract and are excluded unless they are explicitly chargeable to the counterparty under the contract. The amendments were effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The amendments did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Proceeds before Intended Use – Amendments to IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment

The amendment prohibits entities from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment, any proceeds of the sale of items produced while bringing that asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Instead, an entity recognizes the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and must be applied retrospectively to items of property, plant and equipment made available for use on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented when the entity first applies the amendment. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards issued but yet not effective

The new and amended standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Company’s financial statements are disclosed below. The Company intends to adopt these new and amended standards and interpretations, if applicable, when they become effective.

Definition of Accounting Estimates - Amendments to IAS 8

The amendments to IAS 8 clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. They also clarify how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure of Accounting Policies - Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2

The amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements provide guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their ‘significant’ accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their ‘material’ accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the disclosures in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12

The amendments to IAS 12 Income Tax narrow the scope of the initial recognition exception, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences such as leases and decommissioning liabilities. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback

In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16, Leases, to specify the requirements that a seller- lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

● What is meant by a right to defer settlement

● That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period

● That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right

● That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must be applied retrospectively. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Significant accounting estimates and assumptions

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Significant accounting estimates and assumptions

Significant accounting estimates and assumptions

4. Significant accounting estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual outcomes can differ from these estimates.

Going concern uncertainty

In assessing whether the going concern assumption is appropriate and whether there are material uncertainties that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, management must estimate future cash flows for a period of at least twelve months following the end of the reporting period by considering relevant available information about the future. In addition, management must make assumptions about what actions it will take to increase the Company’s liquidity position. Given that it is difficult to adequately predict future cash flows and the Company’s ability to raise additional financing, management has concluded that there are material uncertainties related to events or conditions that raise substantial doubt upon the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least the next twelve months.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The Company concluded the fair value less costs of disposal will yield a higher recoverable amount, which is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The fair value measurement is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The cash flows are derived from cash flow projections over a 5-year period, including future investments and expansion activities that will enhance the performance of the assets of the CGU.

As at August 31, 2023, all of the Company’s goodwill is allocated to the boat rental operation CGU, which represents the lowest level within the Company at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. For the year ended August 31, 2023, there was no impairment of goodwill.

The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model, as well as the expected future cash-inflows, gross profit and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. The post-tax discount rate of 28% used in the DCF is based on a weighted average cost of capital calculated using observable market-based inputs or a benchmark of a sample of representative publicly traded companies. The long-term growth rate of 2% used for extrapolation purposes is based on published research growth rates. Any reasonable negative change in the key assumptions used could cause the carrying value of this CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

Financial instruments measured at fair value

In measuring financial instruments at fair value, the Company makes estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about interest rates, credit spreads and other market conditions. Financial instruments measured at fair value include derivative liabilities [note 19] and investment in Limestone [note 8].

Provision for impairment of inventories

The provision for impairment of inventories assessment requires a degree of estimation and judgment. The level of the provision is assessed by taking into account the recent sales experience, the ageing of inventories and other factors that affect inventory obsolescence.

Income tax

Provisions for taxes are made using the best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors. The Company reviews the adequacy of these provisions at the end of the reporting period. However, it is possible that at some future date an additional liability could result from audits by taxing authorities. Where the final outcome of these tax-related matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will affect the tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, the Company relies on the same forecast assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements and in other management reports, which, among other things, reflect the potential impact of climate-related development on the business.

Share-based payments

The Company measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instrument at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by using the Black-Scholes model taking into account the terms and

conditions upon which the instruments were granted. Judgment is exercised in determining the expected life and historical volatility. The accounting estimates and assumptions relating to equity-settled share-based payments would have no impact on the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities but may impact profit or loss and equity.

Lease term

The lease term is a significant component in the measurement of both the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Judgment is exercised in determining whether there is reasonable certainty that an option to extend the lease will be exercised, when ascertaining the periods to be included in the lease term. In determining the lease term, all facts and circumstances that create an economical incentive to exercise an extension option are considered at the lease commencement date. The Company reassesses whether it is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option if there is a significant event or significant change in circumstances.

Incremental borrowing rate

Where the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, an incremental borrowing rate is estimated to discount future lease payments to measure the present value of the lease liability at the lease commencement date. Such a rate is based on what the Company estimates it would have to pay a third party to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-use asset, with similar terms, security and economic environment.

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Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Goodwill.

Goodwill

5. Goodwill

On June 3, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of EB Rental Ltd. [“EBR”] by acquiring all the issued and outstanding shares of 7858078 Canada Inc. EBR operates an electric boat rental operation located in Newport beach, California, with a fleet of over 20 ships. All boats operated by EBR are supplied by the Company, which offers the Company the ability to showcase its products and provide brand awareness. Before the acquisition, the Company and EBR were related through common ownership.

EBR was acquired for cash consideration of U.S.$4,582,367 ($5,546,039), financed entirely by the Company’s available cash on hand, and equity consideration of $3,474,232 representing 284,495 shares at U.S.$10.09 [approximately $12.21] per share.

The balance of goodwill related to the acquisition of EBR is at $9,680,941 as at August 31, 2023 [2022 – $9,352,640], with the change since acquisition date due to foreign exchange translation.

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Trade and other receivables

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Trade and other receivables

Trade and other receivables

6. Trade and other receivables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade receivables	59,364	108,716
Sales taxes receivable	159,114	194,523
Other receivables	332,358	169,309
	550,836	472,548

Trade receivable disclosed above include amounts that are past due at the end of the reporting period for which the Company has not recognized an allowance for expected credit losses because there has not been a significant change in credit quality and the amounts are still considered recoverable.

As at August 31, 2023, trade receivables of $59,364 [2022 – $108,706] were past due but not impaired. They relate to customers with no default history. The aging analysis of these receivables is as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
0 – 30	13,986	77,625
31 – 60	—	—
61 – 90	—	14,212
91 and over	45,378	16,879
	59,364	108,716

There were no movements in the allowance for expected credit losses for years ended August 31, 2023 and August 31, 2022.

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Inventories

Inventories

7. Inventories

	2023	2022
	$	$
Raw materials	1,553,501	1,709,368
Work-in-process	369,753	75,170
Finished goods	522,300	309,238
	2,445,554	2,093,776

For the year ended August 31, 2023, inventories recognized as an expense amounted to $4,023,409 [2022 – $4,065,381; 2021 – $1,909,606].

For the year ended August 31, 2023, cost of sales includes depreciation of $471,940 [2022 – $687,023; 2021 - $232,195].

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Investment in Limestone

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Investment in Limestone

Investment in Limestone

8. Investment in Limestone

On May 14, 2021, the Company subscribed for and purchased 3,400 senior unsecured subordinated convertible debentures of The Limestone Boat Company Limited [“Limestone”], a publicly traded company listed under the trading symbol "BOAT" on the TSX Venture Exchange [the "Debentures"], for an aggregate amount of $3,400,000.

The Debentures bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, payable annually in arrears, and have a 36-month term [the “Term”]. The Debentures are convertible at any time at the option of the Company into common shares of Limestone [“Common Shares”] at a conversion price of $0.36 per Common Share [the “Conversion Price”]. If at any time following 120 days from the date of issuance of the Debentures [the “Closing Date“] and prior to the date that is 30 days prior to the end of the Term, the volume weighted average closing price of the Common Shares on the TSX Venture Exchange, or such other exchange on which the Common Shares may be listed, is equal to or higher than $0.50 per Common Share for 20 consecutive trading days, Limestone may notify the Company that the Debentures will be automatically converted into Common Shares at the Conversion Price 30 days following the date of such notice.

The Debentures are carried at fair value through profit and loss and are considered as Level 2 financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy.

On January 20, 2023, Limestone announced that Limestone’s U.S. subsidiaries filed for voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment on the entire value of the Debentures at the amount $2,637,000 in the year ended August 31, 2023 [2022 – nil, 2021 - nil].

For the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company recorded a loss of $88,866 [2022 - $670,000; 2021 – $550,000] for the change in fair value of the Debentures and interest income of $113,334 [2022 - $340,000; 2021 – $85,000] in net loss as a net financial income (expense).

On July 18, 2023, the Company agreed with Limestone to convert the Debentures into common shares of Limestone at a conversion price of $0.071, which was approved by the shareholders of Limestone and awaiting the issuance of the Company’s shareholder certificate. The Company maintained the fair value of its investment in Limestone at nil as at August 31, 2023.

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Right-of-use assets

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Right-of-use assets

Right-of-use assets

9. Right-of-use assets

		Computer		Boat rental
	Premises	equipment	Rolling stock	fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	2,746,118	3,646	202,536	326,868	3,279,168
Additions	93,565	—	141,043	—	234,608
Disposals	—	—	(255,953)	(115,409)	(371,362)
Currency translation	40,356	—	394	—	40,750
Balance at August 31, 2022	2,880,039	3,646	88,020	211,459	3,183,164
Additions	921,498	—	—	—	921,498
Disposals	—	—	(46,200)	(170,298)	(216,498)
Transferred to Property and equipment	—	(3,646)	—	(41,161)	(44,807)
Currency translation	38,255	—	2,099	—	40,354
Balance at August 31, 2023	3,839,792	—	43,919	—	3,883,711
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	334,357	576	14,949	24,087	373,969
Depreciation	488,050	2,302	71,488	89,617	651,457
Disposal	—	—	(66,122)	(37,240)	(103,362)
Balance at August 31, 2022	822,407	2,878	20,315	76,464	922,064
Depreciation	615,937	768	23,934	21,442	662,081
Disposal	—	(3,646)	(13,475)	(97,906)	(115,027)
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,438,344	—	30,774	—	1,469,118
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	2,057,632	768	67,705	134,995	2,261,100
As at August 31, 2023	2,401,448	—	13,145	—	2,414,593

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company exercised a purchase option and paid in full a lease liability related to a computer and boat rental fleet that was previously included in the right-of-use assets. As a result, the Company transferred the assets to property and equipment assets at its net book value of $44,807 [note 11].

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Property and equipment

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Property and equipment.

Property and equipment

10. Property and equipment

	Machinery
	and	Rolling	Computer		Leasehold	Boat
	equipment	stock	equipment	Moulds	improvements	rental fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	302,938	32,175	14,647	691,005	131,233	513,317	1,685,315
Additions	30,146	197,739	11,284	220,919	133,123	582,720	1,175,931
Disposals	—	(111,215)	(4,899)	—	—	(154,714)	(270,828)
Currency translation	—	(35)	—	—	—	30,154	30,119
Balance at August 31, 2022	333,084	118,664	21,032	911,924	264,356	971,477	2,620,537
Additions	62,409	69,029	565	30,501	97,699	678,599	938,802
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	—	—	3,646	—	—	41,161	44,807
Disposals	—	(136,072)	—	—	—	(499,770)	(635,842)
Currency translation	—	(2,347)	—	—	—	(70,115)	(72,462)
Balance at August 31, 2023	395,493	49,274	25,243	942,425	362,055	1,121,352	2,895,842
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	167,604	24,362	8,398	50,420	11,579	8,443	270,806
Depreciation	30,200	23,938	5,079	22,608	32,926	43,196	157,947
Disposal	—	(18,301)	(674)	—	—	(8,223)	(27,198)
Balance at August 31, 2022	197,804	29,999	12,803	73,028	44,505	43,416	401,555
Depreciation	31,495	25,875	4,485	37,696	69,332	72,163	241,046
Disposal	—	(21,864)	—	—	—	(38,821)	(60,685)
Balance at August 31, 2023	229,299	34,010	17,288	110,724	113,837	76,758	581,916
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	135,280	88,665	8,229	838,896	219,851	928,061	2,218,982
As at August 31, 2023	166,194	15,264	7,955	831,701	248,218	1,044,594	2,313,926

As at August 31, 2023, moulds of $377,253 [August 31, 2022 – $346,752] are not depreciated because they are not ready for use.

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Intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Intangible assets

Intangible assets

11. Intangible assets

	Intellectual		Trade
	property	Software	name	Backlog	Website	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,035,070	73,573	93,856	79,220	18,771	1,300,490
Additions	—	28,202	4,000	—	—	32,202
Currency translation	—	—	438	330	87	855
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,035,070	101,775	98,294	79,550	18,858	1,333,547
Additions
Currency translation	—	—	6,057	4,556	1,211	11,824
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,035,070	101,775	104,351	84,106	20,069	1,345,371
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	55,581	7,107	4,633	6,520	927	74,768
Depreciation	103,508	17,593	9,806	13,310	1,892	146,109
Balance at August 31, 2022	159,089	24,700	14,439	19,830	2,819	220,877
Depreciation	103,508	12,920	20,426	16,911	4,005	157,770
Balance at August 31, 2023	262,597	37,620	34,865	36,741	6,824	378,647
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	875,981	77,075	83,855	59,720	16,039	1,112,670
As at August 31, 2023	772,473	64,155	69,486	47,365	13,245	966,724

On February 16, 2021, the Company acquired intellectual property in exchange for cash consideration of EUR 300,000 ($461,134) and the issuance of 30,000 shares of the Company [note 18] at a price of U.S.$15.07 [approximately $19.13] for total consideration of $1,035,070.

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Credit facility

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Credit facility

Credit facility

12. Credit facility

The Company has an authorized line of credit of $250,000, renewable annually, bearing interest at prime rate plus 1%, secured by a first ranking movable hypothec of $750,000 on all present and future accounts receivable and inventory. As at August 31, 2023, the Company has drawn an amount of 155,000 [2022 – Nil] on the line of credit.

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Trade and other payables

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Trade and other payables.

Trade and other payables

13. Trade and other payables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade payables	1,107,310	737,946
Sales taxes payable	62,398	21,547
Government remittances	—	9,450
Salaries, vacation and other employee benefits payables	585,192	261,388
	1,754,900	1,030,331

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Contract liabilities

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities

14. Contract liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	1,029,318	898,713
Payments received in advance	3,330,235	2,502,080
Boat sale deposits	151,572	87,609
Payments reimbursed	(8,131)	(2,615)
Transferred to revenues	(2,718,943)	(2,475,307)
Currency translation	31,680	18,838
Closing balance	1,815,731	1,029,318

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Lease liabilities

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Lease liabilities

Lease liabilities

15. Lease liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	2,415,549	2,966,816
Additions	921,498	234,608
Repayment	(726,893)	(695,749)
Interest on lease liability	139,132	141,994
Lease termination	(151,800)	(273,652)
Currency translation	44,308	41,532
Closing balance	2,641,794	2,415,549
Current	647,638	561,168
Non-current	1,994,156	1,854,381
	2,641,794	2,415,549

Future undiscounted lease payments as at August 31, 2023 are as follows:

	$
Less than one year	775,991
One to five years	2,221,910
	2,997,901

Included in rent expense is $127,511 of short-term lease expense [2022 – $58,663, 2021 - $50,186]. The lease liabilities have a weighted average interest rate of 5.79% [2022 – 5.4%, 2021 – 5.2%].

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Long-term debt

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Long-term debt.

Long-term debt

16. Long-term debt

	2023	2022
	$	$
The government assistance loan is non-interest bearing until December 31, 2022 at which time the loan bears interest at 5% per annum. The loan must be repaid by December 31, 2025.	40,000	39,342
Term loans, bearing interest at rates varying between 9.44% and 10.71%, repayable in monthly instalments of $23,337,  ending January 2025.	265,329	188,007
	305,329	227,349
Current portion of long-term debt	271,546	72,090
	33,783	155,259

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Related party transactions

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Related party transactions

Related party transactions

17. Related party transactions

Companies related through common ownership

EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021] [note 5]

7858078 Canada Inc. [prior to June 3, 2021] [note 5]

Montana Strategies Inc.

Key management personnel of the Company have control over the following entities

California Electric Boat Company Inc.

9335-1427 Quebec Inc.

Hurricane Corporate Services Ltd.

Mac Engineering, SASU – Since February 16, 2021

Ultimate founder shareholders and their individually controlled entities

Alexandre Mongeon

Patrick Bobby

Robert Ghetti

Immobilier R. Ghetti Inc.

Société de Placement Robert Ghetti Inc.

The following table summarizes the Company’s related party transactions for the year:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Revenues
Sales of boats
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	84,149
Patrick Bobby	—	—	—
Sale of parts and boat maintenance
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	40,310
Expenses
Cost of sales
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,444
Research and Development
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	—	—	75,020
Mac Engineering, SASU	545,892	666,178	176,500
Travel and entertainment
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	8,926
Advertising and promotion
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,245
Office salaries and benefits
Montana Strategies Inc.	29,059	62,462	—

The Company leases its Boisbriand premises from California Electric Boat Company Inc. with a right-of-use assets as at August 31, 2023 of $1,270,955 [August 31, 2021 – $889,866] and lease liability of $1,395,732 [August 31, 2021 – $971,399] [notes 9 and 15].

Remuneration of directors and key management of the Company

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Wages	2,447,827	2,324,770	1,299,402
Share-based payments – capital stock	433,263	—	—
Share-based payments – stock options	382,196	2,560,031	6,081,900
	3,263,286	4,884,801	7,381,302

At the end of the year, the amounts due to and from related parties are as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
Share subscription receivable
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	25,000	25,000
Alexandre Mongeon	14,200	14,200
	39,200	39,200
Current advances to related party
Alexandre Mongeon	20,135	16,736
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable
Alexandre Mongeon	19,384	16,000
Patrick Bobby	13,847	12,308
Kulwant Sandher	8,654	8,062
Xavier Montagne	10,454	8,292
Mac Engineering, SASU	9,935	—
	62,274	44,662

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Capital stock

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Capital stock.

Capital stock

18. Capital stock

Authorized

Voting Common Shares – Series Founder, Series Investor 1, Series Investor 2, voting and participating

Non-Voting Common Shares, non-voting

Preferred shares, without par value, non-cumulative annual dividend, redeemable at their issue price, non-participating, non-voting

Issued

	2023	2022
	$	$
11,171,800 voting common shares [2022 – 8,471,923]	50,395,717	43,441,591

Subscription and issuance of Voting Common Shares

On January 12, 2022 and February 1, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 25,000 Voting Common Shares and 5,435 Voting Common Shares respectively to a third party in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

On January 31, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 6,479 Voting Common Shares to a third party in exchange for sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to research and development.

During the six-month period ended August 31, 2022, the Company issued 53,445 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

On August 25, 2022, the Company issued 2,703 Voting Common Shares upon the exercise of a former employee’s stock options.

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued a total of 299,393 Voting Common Shares, respectively, to third parties in exchange for marketing services provided to the Company.

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 57,219 Voting Common Shares upon the exercises of two former employees and a consultant’s stock options.

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company issued 2,398,265 Voting Common Shares and warrants to purchase Voting Common Shares, respectively, as part of the financing rounds for a total cash consideration price of $12,012,591, net of transaction costs of $1,225,676. During the year ended August 31, 2023, the warrants issued are to purchase 2,398,265 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the issuance date at an exercise price at U.S. $4.21.

As at August 31, 2023, the derivative liabilities related to the warrants issued amounted to $5,558,822 [August 31, 2022 – Nil], with the allocated transaction costs of $718,546 recorded in net finance income (expense) [note 22].

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	—	—
Additions	7,614,510	—
Change in estimate	(2,055,688)	—
Closing balance	5,558,822	—

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Share-based payments

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Share-based payments

Share-based payments

19. Share-based payments

Description of the plan

The Company has a fixed option plan. The Company’s stock option plan is administered by the Board of Directors. Under the plan, the Company’s Board of Directors may grant stock options to employees, advisors and consultants, and designates the number of options and the share price pursuant to the new options, subject to applicable regulations. The options, when granted, will have an exercise price of no less than the estimated fair value of shares at the date of grant.

Stock options

On multiple grant dates, the Company granted a total of 1,664,526 stock options at exercise prices varying between $2.78 and $16.29 per share to directors, officers, employees and consultants of the Company. The stock options will expire 5 to 10 years from the grant dates.

The Company recognizes share-based payments expense for option grants based on the fair value at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The share-based payments expense recognized for the year ended August 31, 2023 amounts to $1,136,182 [2022 – $2,699,481; 2021 - $7,121,444]. The table below lists the assumptions used to determine the fair value of these option grants. Volatility is based on the historical share price volatility of the Company and other public companies with characteristics similar to the Company.

	Exercise	Market	Expected	Risk-free	Expected
Grant date	price	price	volatility	interest rate	life
	$	$	%	%	[years]
May 27, 2020	3.70	3.70	84	0.4	5
May 27, 2020	2.78	3.70	84	0.4	5
October 23, 2020	3.70	3.70	97	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	16.29	13.03	101	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	4
February 23, 2021	15.75	15.05	103	0.6	5
May 14, 2021	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	3
July 14, 2021	9.25	9.01	105	0.7	5
September 21, 2021	8.85	8.58	106	0.9	5
January 22, 2022	5.65	5.52	107	1.5	5
November 30, 2022	6.09	6.09	107	3.1	5
December 1, 2022	5.83	5.83	107	3.0	5
March 22, 2023	5.76	5.14	75	3.6	2
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	3
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	4
April 20, 2023	5.79	5.27	75	3.6	5

The following tables summarize information regarding the option grants outstanding as at August 31, 2023:

		Weighted
	Number of	average
	options	exercise price
	#	$
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,659,121	9.95
Granted	152,500	6.70
Forfeited	(102,500)	13.59
Exercised	(2,703)	3.70
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,706,418	9.45
Granted	88,500	5.80
Forfeited	(268,158)	9.65
Stock options modifications	(370,000)	5.78
Exercised	(57,219)	2.86
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,099,541	5.22

On March 25, 2023, 425,000 options previously granted to directors and officers of the Company with exercise price ranging from U.S. $7.42 ($8.98) to U.S. $12.50 ($16,29) and five-year term were cancelled and the Company agreed to issue 255,000 stock options with an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.78). The modification of these stock options granted resulted in an increase in the fair value of the stock options at the date of modification of $129,800, recorded as stock-based compensation expense for the year ended August 31, 2023.

	Number of	Weighted average	Weighted average
Exercise price	options	grant date	remaining	Exercisable
range	outstanding	fair value	contractual life	options
$	#	$	[years]	#
2.78 – 3.70	454,041	2.48	2.13	497,869
5.65 – 5.83	580,500	2.94	4.51	498,300
6.09 – 8.85	30,000	6.26	7.83	25,000
16.29	35,000	9.33	7.50	35,000

Warrants

On November 23, 2020, the Company granted the underwriter the option to purchase 151,800 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of five years from the date of the initial public offering at an exercise price of U.S. $12.50 ($16.53).

On August 5, 2022, the Company granted the underwriter the option to purchase 50,000 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of four years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $8.00 ($10.30).

On January 19, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 554,253 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.63).

On February 17, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 475,059 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.67).

On April 19, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 381,293 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.64).

On June 16, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 493,828 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.35).

On August 2, 2023, as part of a share subscription, the Company issued warrants with the option to purchase 493,832 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price of U.S. $4.21 ($5.37).

The table below lists the assumptions used to determine the fair value of these warrants granted or issued at the grant or issuance date. Volatility is based on the historical share price volatility of the Company and other public companies with characteristics similar to the Company.

				Risk-free
	Exercise	Market	Expected	interest	Expected
	price	price	volatility	rate	life
Grant or Issuance date	$	$	%	%	[years]
August 5, 2022	10.30	7.20	100	2.9	3
January 19, 2023	5.63	5.63	100	3.4	3
February 17, 2023	5.67	6.05	100	4.0	3
April 19, 2023	5.64	5.55	75	3.9	3
June 16, 2023	5.35	5.50	75	4.1	3
August 2, 2023	5.37	5.10	75	4.8	3

		Number of	Weighted average
		warrants	remaining
	Exercise price	outstanding	contractual life
Grant or Issuance date	$	#	[years]
November 23, 2020	16.53	151,800	2.23
August 5, 2022	10.30	50,000	1.93
January 19, 2023	5.63	554,253	2.39
February 17, 2023	5.67	475,059	2.47
April 19, 2023	5.64	381,293	2.64
June 16, 2023	5.35	493,828	2.79
August 2, 2023	5.37	493,832	2.92

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Revenues

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Revenues

Revenues

20. Revenues

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Sales of boats	1,287,979	2,459,365	2,080,110
Sales of parts and boat maintenance	324,720	97,721	75,205
Boat rental and boat club membership revenue	4,038,803	4,793,860	1,355,548
Other	—	—	2,925
	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788

The geographical distribution of revenues from external customers is as follows:

	Sale of	Rental of	2023
	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$
Canada	348,570	—	348,570
USA	1,078,124	4,038,803	5,116,927
Other	186,005	—	186,005
	1,612,699	4,038,803	5,651,502

			2022	2021
	Sale of	Rental of
	electric  boats	electric boats	Total	Total
	$	$	$	$
Canada	557,639	—	557,639	571,216
USA	1,292,666	4,793,861	6,086,527	2,692,599
Other	706,780	—	706,780	249,973
	2,557,085	4,793,861	7,350,946	3,513,788

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Grants and investment tax credits

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Grants and investment tax credits

Grants and investment tax credits

21. Grants and investment tax credits

During the year ended August 31, 2023, the Company recognized grants and investment tax credits amounting to $232,882 [August 31, 2022 – $1,458,632; August 31, 2021 - $921,658], of which $144,032 are presented against research and development expenses [August 31, 2022 – $1,408,840; August 31, 2021 - $859,516], $Nil against cost of sales [August 31, 2022 – $8,535; August 31, 2021 - $Nil] and $Nil as a reduction of property and equipment and intangible assets [August 31, 2022 – $40,584; August 31, 2021 - $44,939]. Office salaries and benefits are presented net of $88,850 [August 31, 2022 – $Nil; August 31, 2021 - $17,203] of grants.

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Net finance expense (income)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Net finance expense (income)

Net finance expense

22. Net finance expense (income)

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Interest and bank charges	142,117	184,895	123,100
Interest income	(113,334)	(379,288)	—
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(208,132)	(251,947)	1,583,292
Transaction costs	719,167	—	—
Gain on derivative liabilities	(2,055,688)	—	—
Loss (gain) on Debentures [note 8]	(88,666)	670,000	550,000
	(1,604,536)	223,660	2,256,392

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Income taxes

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Income taxes

Income taxes

23. Income taxes

The income tax expense on the Company’s loss before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the federal, provincial and foreign statutory tax rates applicable. The difference is as follows:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Income taxes at the applicable tax rate of 26.5% [2022 – 26.5%; 2021 – 26.5%]	(5,606,886)	(3,406,162)	(3,977,204)
Change in tax status following the initial public offering	—	—	(127,979)
Adjustment in respect of current and deferred income tax of previous year	(72,894)	(4,396)	(207,601)
Permanent differences	70,418	823,119	2,100,615
Change in recognition of deferred income tax assets	5,328,487	2,816,417	2,317,759
Other	—	29,365	—
Total income tax expense (recovery)	(280,875)	258,343	105,590

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax impact of temporary differences between the value of assets and liabilities for accounting and tax purposes. The main components of the deferred tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

	Balance as at	Recognized			Balance as at
	August 31,	in net	Recognized		August 31,
	2022	loss	in equity	Other	2023
	$	$	$	$	$
Temporary differences
Property and equipment	(155,298)	(20,228)	—	(8,650)	(184,176)
Intangibles	(294,385)	39,009	—	98	(255,278)
Net operating losses	4,790,012	4,564,752	—	—	9,354,764
Financing fees	705,594	(107,450)	134,225	—	732,369
Research and development	430,835	557,162	—	—	987,997
Difference in timing of recognition	259,118	493,379	—	3,403	755,900
Right-of-use asset	(616,907)	19,531	—	(6,613)	(603,989)
Lease liability	658,847	(7,400)	—	12,861	664,308
Net capital losses	50,418	—	—	—	50,418
Unrecognized deferred tax assets	(6,016,278)	(5,328,487)	(134,225)	—	(11,478,990)
Deferred tax liability	(188,044)	210,268	—	1,099	23,323

The net operating losses carried forward and deductible temporary differences for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized amounted to $45,415,000 as at August 31, 2023 [2022 - $23,849,000]. Of these amounts, $35,333,000 [2022 - $18,194,000] relates to net operating losses carried forward, that will expire between 2040 and 2043 and $3,541,000 [2022 - $1,439,000] relates to research and development expenditures, which can be carried forward indefinitely.

As of August 31, 2023, the Company has available Canadian federal non-refundable investment tax credits of $642,000 (2022 - $240,000) related to research and development expenditures which may be used to reduce Canadian federal income taxes payable in future years. These non-refundable investment tax credits begin to expire in 2041. The benefits of these non-refundable investment tax credits have not been recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

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Capital disclosures

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Capital disclosures

Capital disclosures

24. Capital disclosures

The Company’s objectives in managing capital are:

●to safeguard the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, so that it can continue to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders; and

●to provide an adequate return to shareholders by pricing products and services commensurately with the level of risk.

Capital is regarded as total equity, as recognized in the statement of financial position, plus net debt. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents.

The Company manages and adjusts its capital structure considering changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust its capital structure, the Company may issue debt or new shares. Financing decisions are generally made on a specific transaction basis and depend on such things as the Company’s needs, capital markets and economic conditions at the time of the transaction. Management reviews its capital management approach on an ongoing basis and believes that this approach is reasonable, given the size of the Company.

The Company does not have any externally imposed capital compliance requirements at August 31, 2023.

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Financial risk management and fair value measurement

Financial risk management and fair value measurement

25. Financial risk management and fair value measurement

Fair value measurement and hierarchy

The fair value measurement of the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and liabilities utilizes market observable inputs and data as far as possible. Inputs used in determining fair value measurements are categorized into different levels based on how observable the inputs used in the valuation technique utilized are (the “fair value hierarchy”):

● Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical items [unadjusted];

● Level 2: Observable direct or indirect inputs other than Level 1 inputs; and

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs [i.e., not derived from market data].

The classification of an item into the above levels is based on the lowest level of the inputs used that has a significant effect on the fair value measurement of the item. Transfers of items between levels are recognized in the period they occur.

The carrying amount of trade and other receivables, advances from related parties and trade and other payables are assumed to approximate their fair value due to their short-term nature.

The fair value of financial liabilities is estimated by discounting the remaining contractual maturities at the current market interest rate that is available for similar financial liabilities.

Classified as Level 2, the fair value of Debentures was estimated using the partial differential equation model to value convertible debentures that include a call feature. Key assumptions used in the model include volatility, which was based on actual trading data, difference in volatility since initial issuance of the instrument and similar instruments on the market, and credit spread, which was based on corporate bond yield spreads in the market and credit spread data for similar public companies. The model included a fair value adjustment based on an initial calibration exercise. During the three months ended February 28, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment loss on the Debentures based on the estimated recoverable amount of the financial asset [note 8].

The fair value of the derivative liabilities related to the warrants issued is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and is calculated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model using the historical volatility of comparable companies as an estimate of future volatility. As at August 31, 2023, the Company used volatility of approximately 75% over the remaining contractual life in order to determine the fair value of the derivative liabilities. As at August 31, 2023, if the volatility used was increased by 10% the impact would be an increase of $628,000 to the derivative liabilities with corresponding increase in total comprehensive loss.

Financial risk management

The Company is exposed to risks that arise from its use of financial instruments. This note describes the Company’s objectives, policies and processes for managing those risks and the methods used to measure them.

[a] Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company has a strict code of credit, including obtaining instalment payments, obtaining agency credit information and setting appropriate credit limits. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date, is the carrying amount of financial assets. The Company does not hold any collateral.

Credit risk related with the Debentures is reflected in the fair value of the instrument [note 8].

Trade and other receivables are generally written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. Indicators of this include the failure for a debtor to engage in a repayment plan, no active enforcement activity and a failure to make contractual payments.

[b] Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company is exposed to liquidity risk primarily from its trade and other payables, other financial liabilities and long-term debt.

	Contractual	Less than
	cash flows	one year	1-5 years
	$	$	$
August 31, 2023
Trade and other payables	550,836	550,836	—
Other financial liabilities	113,694	113,694	—
Long-term debt	305,329	231,546	73,783
	969,859	896,076	73,783
August 31, 2022
Trade and other payables	1,030,331	1,030,331	—
Other financial liabilities	177,834	177,834	—
Long-term debt	227,349	72,090	155,259
	1,435,514	1,280,255	155,259

[c] Interest rate risk

The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its variable rate bank indebtedness and variable and fixed rate long-term debt. Fixed-rate borrowings expose the Company to fair value risk while variable rate borrowings expose the Company to cash flow risk.

[d] Foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk is the risk that future cash flows or fair value of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates.

The Company is exposed to transactional foreign currency risk to the extent that there is a mismatch between the currencies in which sales, purchases, receivables and borrowings are denominated and the respective functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries.

The Company has certain financial assets and liabilities denominated in United States dollars. The Canadian dollar equivalent carrying amounts of these assets and liabilities are as follows:

	2023	2022
	$	$
Cash	3,258,419	5,142,703
Trade and other receivables	188,001	103,116
Trade and other payables	800,149	172,871

Sensitivity

A reasonably possible 5% strengthening (weakening) of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian Dollar at the reporting date would have increased (decreased) net loss and other comprehensive loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables remain constant.

	Net loss		Other comprehensive income
	+5%	-5%	+5%	-5%
	$	$	$	$
August 31, 2023	24,281	(24,281)	350,586	(350,586)

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Segment information

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Segment information

Segment information

26. Segment information

The Company operates in two reportable business segments.

The two reportable business segments offer different products and services, require different processes and are based on how the financial information is produced internally for the purposes of monitoring operating results and making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker.

The following summary describes the operations of each of the Company’s reportable business segments:

● Sale of electric boats – manufacture of customized electric boats for consumer market and sale of boat parts maintenance, and

● Rental of electric boats – short-term rental operation and boat club membership.

Sales between segments are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. No business segments have been aggregated to form the above reportable business segments.

	Year ended August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	1,612,699	4,038,803	—	5,651,502
Revenue from other segments	867,097	336,683	(1,203,780)	—
Segment revenues	2,479,796	4,375,486	(1,203,780)	5,651,502
Segment gross profit (loss)	(242,590)	1,966,466	(187,450)	1,536,426
Segment loss before tax	(20,363,838)	(623,856)	(170,367)	(21,158,061)
Research and development	5,938,010	—	(233,098)	5,704,912
Office salaries and benefits	2,769,196	1,237,246	7,739	4,014,181

	Year ended August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,557,086	4,793,860	—	7,350,946
Revenue from other segments	820,383	80,842	(901,225)	—
Segment revenues	3,377,469	4,874,702	(901,225)	7,350,946
Segment gross profit (loss)	596,570	2,839,970	(150,975)	3,285,565
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(13,632,377)	872,787	(93,852)	(12,853,442)
Research and development	2,242,794	—	—	2,242,794
Office salaries and benefits	2,384,746	951,053	—	3,335,799

	August 31, 2021
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,158,240	1,355,548	—	3,513,788
Revenue from other segments	142,007	7,476	(149,483)	—
Segment revenues	2,300,247	1,363,024	(149,483)	3,513,788
Segment gross profit (loss)	640,228	1,003,596	(39,642)	1,604,182
Segment (loss) profit before tax
Research and development	(15,517,319)	541,257	(32,255)	(15,008,317)
Office salaries and benefits	1,489,953	—	—	1,489,953

	August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	20,344,002	13,941,898	(10,239,388)	24,046,512
Cash	3,025,565	333,692	—	3,359,257
Additions to property and equipment	194,820	974,533	(185,744)	983,609
Segment liabilities	10,154,031	3,341,868	(1,013,824)	12,482,075

	August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	24,499,107	14,039,428	(9,438,326)	29,100,209
Cash	4,146,260	1,678,456	—	5,824,716
Additions to property and equipment	412,158	859,176	(162,446)	1,108,888
Segment liabilities	2,023,368	3,311,128	(262,883)	5,071,613

The Company has disclosed the above amounts for each reportable segment because they are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker.

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Additional cash flows information

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Additional cash flows information.

Additional cash flows information

27. Additional cash flows information

Financing and investing activities not involving cash:

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Advances to related parties converted to shares	—	—	898,489
Unpaid share subscription	—	—	39,200
Right-of-use assets transferred to intangibles, net of accumulated depreciation	—	—	5,981
Additions to right-of-use assets	921,498	234,608	852,467
Lease termination	101,471	273,652	37,033
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets	—	—	573,936
Shares issued as consideration for business acquisition	—	—	3,474,232
Transaction costs for share issuance transferred from prepaid	—	—	213,019

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Commitments

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Commitments

Commitments

28. Commitments

In addition to the obligations under leases [note 15], the Company is subject to supply agreements with minimum spend commitments. The amount of the minimum fixed and determinable portion of the unconditional purchase obligations over the next years, is as follows:

	$
2024	10,943,420

In October 2021, EB Rental Ltd. has entered into lease arrangement for premises, which have not commenced yet and therefore related right-of-use asset and lease liability are not recorded as at August 31, 2023. The lease offers EB Rental Ltd. a termination clause in case certain contractual requirements are not met by the lessor at the lease commencement date.

The Company’s undiscounted lease commitments related to this lease are as follows as at August 31, 2023:

	$
2024	67,675
2025	163,774
2026	167,049
2027 and thereafter	446,736

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Subsequent events

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Subsequent events

Subsequent events

29. Subsequent events

During the months of September, October and November 2023, the Company issued a total of 103,650 Voting Common Shares to third parties in exchange of sub-contracting services provided to the Company related to marketing and investor relations.

On September 20, 2023, the Company issued 372,870 Voting Common Shares and warrants to purchase Voting Common Shares, respectively as part of the financing rounds for a total cash consideration price of $1,695,388, net of transaction costs of $334,672. The warrants issued are to purchase 372,870 Voting Common Shares of the Company for a period of three years from the grant date at an exercise price at U.S. $4.05.

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Significant accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Significant accounting policies

Business combination

Business combination

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held on trust, deposits held at call with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Trade and other receivables

Trade and other receivables

Trade receivables are initially recognized at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any allowance for expected credit losses. Trade receivables are generally due for settlement within 30 days.

The Company has applied the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance. To measure the expected credit loss, trade receivables have been grouped based on days overdue.

Other receivables are recognized at amortized cost, less any allowance for expected credit loss.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Raw materials are valued on a first-in first-out basis. Cost of work in progress and finished goods comprises direct materials and delivery costs, direct labour, import duties and other taxes, and appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure based on normal operating capacity. Cost of purchased inventory is determined after deducting rebates and discounts received or receivable.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Grants and investment tax credits

Grants and investment tax credits

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. Where retention of a government grant is dependent on the Company satisfying certain criteria, it is initially recognized as deferred income. When the criteria for retention have been satisfied, the deferred income balance is released to the statement of consolidated comprehensive loss or netted against the asset purchased.

Leases

Leases

Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease [i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use]. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognized right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term ranging from two to six years. Right-of-use assets are subject to impairment.

Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments [including in-substance fixed payments] less any lease incentives receivable and variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expense in the period on which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. Interest accretion is recorded as interest expense in finance costs. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option. It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered of low value [i.e., below $5,000]. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the year-ended August 31, 2023, the expense for leases of low-value assets is insignificant.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

Depreciation is recorded to recognize the cost of assets over their useful lives. The estimated useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Computer equipment	Declining balance method	55%
Machinery and equipment	Declining balance method	20%
Rolling stock	Declining balance method	30%
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line method	Over the term of the lease
Boat rental fleet	Straight-line method	15 years
Moulds	Straight-line method	25 years

Any item of property and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an asset is determined as the difference between the sales and proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

Repairs and maintenance costs that do not improve or extend productive life are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which the costs are incurred.

Intangible assets and goodwill

Intangible assets and goodwill

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in net earnings as incurred.

Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Otherwise, it is recognized in net earnings as incurred. The Company has not capitalized any development costs. When awarded with government grants and income tax credits, the Company recognizes the income either in net loss, netted with the related expenses, or as a reduction of the cost, when related with capitalized development expenditure.

Goodwill arising from business combinations is initially recognized when the fair value of the separately identifiable assets the Company acquired and liabilities the Company assumed is lower than the consideration paid [including the recognized amount of the non-controlling interest, if any]. If the fair value of the consideration transferred is lower than that of the separately identified assets and liabilities, the Company immediately recognizes the difference as a gain in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Other intangible assets, including intellectual property, software, trade name, backlog and website that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Amortization is calculated over the cost of the asset less its residual value. Amortization is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Intellectual property	Straight-line method	10 years
Software	Straight-line method	7 years
Trade name	Straight-line method	5 years
Backlog	Straight-line method	3 years
Website	Straight-line method	5 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment of non-financial assets

Non-financial assets other than goodwill

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets, other than goodwill, to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets [the “cash-generating unit”, or “CGU”].

Recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is lower than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised recoverable amount, to the extent that the carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

Goodwill

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company’s CGU [or groups of CGUs] that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. A CGU to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is indication that the CGU may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the goodwill allocated to the CGU and then, to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro-rata basis. Any impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

Trade and other payables

Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the entity prior to the end of the financial year and which are unpaid. Due to their short-term nature, they are measured at amortized cost and are not discounted. The amounts are unsecured and are usually paid within 30 days of recognition.

Provisions

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. If the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate specific to the liability. The increase in the provision resulting from the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Onerous contracts

Onerous contracts

An onerous contract is a contract under which the unavoidable costs (i.e., the costs that the Company cannot avoid because it has the contract) of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it. The cost of fulfilling a contract comprises the costs that relate directly to the contract (i.e., both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities).

When the Company has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognized and measured as a provision. However, before a separate provision for an onerous contract is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss that has occurred on assets used in fulfilling the contract.

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurement

When an asset or liability, financial or non-financial, is measured at fair value for recognition or disclosure purposes, the fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; and assumes that the transaction will take place either: in the principal market; or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market.

Fair value is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming they act in their economic best interests. For non-financial assets, the fair value measurement is based on its highest and best use. Valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, are used, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into three levels, using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. Classifications are reviewed at each reporting date and transfers between levels are determined based on a reassessment of the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments

Classification and measurement of financial instruments

The Company measures its financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on initial recognition, which is typically the transaction price unless a financial instrument contains a significant financing component. Subsequent measurement is dependent on the financial instrument’s classification which in the case of financial assets, is determined by the context of the Company’s business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Financial assets are classified into two categories: [1] measured at amortized cost and [2] fair value through profit and loss [“FVTPL”]. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost at the effective interest rate, other than financial liabilities that are measured at FVTPL or designated as FVTPL where any change in fair value resulting from an entity’s own credit risk is recorded as other comprehensive income [“OCI”].

The Company assesses the classification of warrants to purchase common shares of the Company, whether the warrants issued meet the criteria of an equity instrument (i.e. the warrants would be settled by the issuance of fixed number of common shares of the Company at a fixed exercise price) or a financial liability. Since the exercise price of these warrants is denominated in U.S. dollars, while the functional currency of the Company is Canadian dollar, the value of the proceeds on exercise of the warrants is not fixed and will vary based on the foreign exchange rate movements. As such, the Company classified the warrants, other than warrants issued as compensation for goods and services, as derivative liabilities, measured at fair value at initial recognition and at each reporting period. Any changes in fair value are recorded as gain or loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Refer to note 19 and 25 for details on the warrants issued and outstanding for the year ended August 31, 2023, the derivative liabilities recorded and the assumptions used to determine the fair value.

Amortized cost

The Company classifies trade and other receivables, other financial assets, trade and other payables, other financial liabilities, long-term debt and advances to/from related parties as financial instruments measured at amortized cost. The contractual cash flows received from the financial assets are solely payments of principal and interest and are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows.

Fair value through profit and loss

The Company classifies debentures as financial instruments measured at fair value through profit and loss since the contractual cash flows received from the financial asset are not solely payments of principal and interest.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The measurement of the loss allowance depends upon the Company’s assessment at the end of each reporting period as to whether the financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, based on reasonable and supportable information that is available, without undue cost or effort to obtain. Where there has not been a significant increase in exposure to credit risk, a 12-month expected credit loss allowance is estimated. The amount of expected credit loss recognized is measured on the basis of the probability weighted present value of anticipated cash shortfalls over the life of the instrument discounted at the original effective interest rate. Impairment provisions for current and non-current trade receivables are recognized based on the simplified approach within IFRS 9 using a provision matrix in the determination of the lifetime expected credit losses.

Equity instruments

Financial instruments issued by the Company are classified as equity only to the extent that they do not meet the definition of a financial liability or financial asset. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issuance costs.

The Company’s shares are classified as equity instruments.

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. For each contract with a customer, the Company:

● identifies the contract with the customer;

● identifies the performance obligations in the contract;

● determines the transaction price which takes into account estimates of variable consideration and the time value of money;

● allocates the transaction price to separate performance obligations on the basis of relative stand-alone selling price of each distinct good or service to be delivered; and,

● recognizes revenue when or as each performance obligation is satisfied in a manner that depicts the transfer to the customer of the goods or services promised.

The Company enters into contracts with customers, as well as distributor agreements with specific distributors for the sale of boats.

Sale of boats

Revenue from the sale of boats, including incidental shipping fees, is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally at the shipping point. In the context of its distributor agreements, control is passed at the shipping point to the distributor as the Company has no further performance obligations at that point. The Company concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the boats before transferring them to the customer. The amount of consideration the Company receives, and the revenue recognized varies with volume rebate programs offered to distributors. When the Company offers retrospective volume rebates, it estimates the expected volume rebates based on an analysis of historical experience, to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The Company adjusts its estimate of revenue related to volume rebates at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration expected to be received changes or when the consideration becomes fixed.

The Company recognizes customer deposits on the sale of boats as contract liabilities.

Boat rental and boat club membership revenue

Revenue from boat rentals is recognized at a point in time when the services are completed given the short term rental period. Boat club membership revenue is recognized over time as the service is provided. These services are typically provided, and thus revenue is typically recognized, on a monthly basis.

The Company recognizes customer prepayments on boat rentals and boat club memberships as contract liabilities.

Sale of parts and boat maintenance

Revenue from the sale of parts and related maintenance services are recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the parts and when services are completed.

Other

Other revenue is recognized when it is received or when the right to receive payment is established.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is recognized if a payment is received, or a payment is due [whichever is earlier] from a customer before the Company transfers the related goods or services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the Company performs under the contract [i.e., transfers control of the related goods or services to the customer].

Share-based payments

Share-based payments

The Company has a share option plan for key employees, consultants, advisors, officers and directors from which options to purchase common stock of the Company are issued. The Company also issues warrants to non-employees granting the right to purchase common stock of the Company at a determined exercise price. Share-based compensation costs are accounted for on a fair value basis, as measured at the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. An individual is classified as an employee when the individual is an employee for legal or tax purposes or provides services similar to those performed by an employee. In situations where options or warrants have been issued to non-employees and some or all of the services received by the Company can be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the services received. If the services cannot be specifically identified, the options or warrants are measured at the fair value of the options issued.

All share-based remuneration is ultimately recognized as an expense in profit or loss with a corresponding credit to contributed surplus. If vesting periods or other vesting conditions apply, the expense is allocated over the vesting period, based on the best available estimate of the number of share options expected to vest. Any adjustment to cumulative share-based compensation resulting from a revision is recognized in the current period. The number of vested options ultimately exercised by holders does not impact the expense recorded in any period.

Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency translation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars, which is also the parent company’s functional currency. The functional currencies of 7858078 Canada Inc. and EB Rental Ltd. are the Canadian dollar and the US dollar, respectively. The Company and its subsidiaries each determine their functional currency based on the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. Transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of an entity are translated at the exchange rate in effect on the transaction date. The resulting exchange gains and losses are included in each entity’s net loss in the period in which they arise.

The Company’s foreign operations are translated to the Company’s presentation currency, for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements. Foreign-denominated monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period and revenue and expenses are translated at exchange rates in effect at the transaction date. The resulting translation gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income with the cumulative gain or loss reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss.

The exchange rates for the currencies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements were as follows:

	Exchange rate as at		Average exchange rate for year ended
	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
US dollar	1.3535	1.3076	1.3465	1.2717

Taxes

Taxes

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in net loss except to the extent it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax

Current tax expense is based on the results for the period as adjusted for items that are not taxable or not deductible. Current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that were enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities.

Deferred tax

Deferred taxes are the taxes expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets in the statement of financial position and their corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and their corresponding tax bases. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized. Such assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or from the initial recognition [other than in a business combination] of other assets in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Earnings per share

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the year.

Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential common stock. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company assumes the exercise of dilutive options and warrants of the entity. The assumed proceeds from these instruments are regarded as having been received from the issue of common stock at the average market price of common shares during the period. The difference between the number of common shares issued and the number of common shares that would have been issued at the average market price of common shares during the period is treated as an issue of common shares for no consideration.

New and amended standards and interpretations

New and amended standards and interpretations

The Company applied certain amendments to the accounting standards, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. The Company has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

Onerous Contracts – Costs of Fulfilling a Contract – Amendments to IAS 37

In May 2020, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 37 to specify which costs an entity needs to include when assessing whether a contract is onerous or loss-making. The amendments apply a “directly related cost approach”. The costs that relate directly to a contract to provide goods or services include both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities. General and administrative costs do not relate directly to a contract and are excluded unless they are explicitly chargeable to the counterparty under the contract. The amendments were effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The amendments did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Proceeds before Intended Use – Amendments to IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment

The amendment prohibits entities from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment, any proceeds of the sale of items produced while bringing that asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Instead, an entity recognizes the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and must be applied retrospectively to items of property, plant and equipment made available for use on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented when the entity first applies the amendment. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards issued but yet not effective

Standards issued but yet not effective

The new and amended standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Company’s financial statements are disclosed below. The Company intends to adopt these new and amended standards and interpretations, if applicable, when they become effective.

Definition of Accounting Estimates - Amendments to IAS 8

The amendments to IAS 8 clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. They also clarify how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure of Accounting Policies - Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2

The amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements provide guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their ‘significant’ accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their ‘material’ accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the disclosures in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12

The amendments to IAS 12 Income Tax narrow the scope of the initial recognition exception, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences such as leases and decommissioning liabilities. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback

In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16, Leases, to specify the requirements that a seller- lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

● What is meant by a right to defer settlement

● That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period

● That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right

● That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must be applied retrospectively. The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Basis of preparation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Basis of preparation

Schedule of significant subsidiaries

Name of subsidiary	Principal activity	Country of incorporation and operation	Proportion of ownership held by the Company
7858078 Canada Inc.	Owns an electric boat rental center	Canada	100%
EB Rental Ltd.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
EB Rental Ventura Corp.	Operates an electric boat rental center	United States	100%
Vision Marine Technologies Corp.	Operates an electric boat service center	United States	100%

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Significant accounting policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Significant accounting policies

Summary of estimated useful lives and depreciation methods

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Computer equipment	Declining balance method	55%
Machinery and equipment	Declining balance method	20%
Rolling stock	Declining balance method	30%
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line method	Over the term of the lease
Boat rental fleet	Straight-line method	15 years
Moulds	Straight-line method	25 years

Schedule of estimated useful lives of intangible assets

Asset type	Methods	Rates
Intellectual property	Straight-line method	10 years
Software	Straight-line method	7 years
Trade name	Straight-line method	5 years
Backlog	Straight-line method	3 years
Website	Straight-line method	5 years

Schedule of exchange rates for the currencies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements

	Exchange rate as at		Average exchange rate for year ended
	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,	August 31,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
US dollar	1.3535	1.3076	1.3465	1.2717

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Trade and other receivables (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Trade and other receivables

Schedule of trade and other receivables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade receivables	59,364	108,716
Sales taxes receivable	159,114	194,523
Other receivables	332,358	169,309
	550,836	472,548

Schedule of aging analysis of receivables

	2023	2022
	$	$
0 – 30	13,986	77,625
31 – 60	—	—
61 – 90	—	14,212
91 and over	45,378	16,879
	59,364	108,716

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Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Inventories

Schedule of inventories

	2023	2022
	$	$
Raw materials	1,553,501	1,709,368
Work-in-process	369,753	75,170
Finished goods	522,300	309,238
	2,445,554	2,093,776

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Right-of-use assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Right-of-use assets

Schedule of right-of-use assets

		Computer		Boat rental
	Premises	equipment	Rolling stock	fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	2,746,118	3,646	202,536	326,868	3,279,168
Additions	93,565	—	141,043	—	234,608
Disposals	—	—	(255,953)	(115,409)	(371,362)
Currency translation	40,356	—	394	—	40,750
Balance at August 31, 2022	2,880,039	3,646	88,020	211,459	3,183,164
Additions	921,498	—	—	—	921,498
Disposals	—	—	(46,200)	(170,298)	(216,498)
Transferred to Property and equipment	—	(3,646)	—	(41,161)	(44,807)
Currency translation	38,255	—	2,099	—	40,354
Balance at August 31, 2023	3,839,792	—	43,919	—	3,883,711
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	334,357	576	14,949	24,087	373,969
Depreciation	488,050	2,302	71,488	89,617	651,457
Disposal	—	—	(66,122)	(37,240)	(103,362)
Balance at August 31, 2022	822,407	2,878	20,315	76,464	922,064
Depreciation	615,937	768	23,934	21,442	662,081
Disposal	—	(3,646)	(13,475)	(97,906)	(115,027)
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,438,344	—	30,774	—	1,469,118
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	2,057,632	768	67,705	134,995	2,261,100
As at August 31, 2023	2,401,448	—	13,145	—	2,414,593

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Property and equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Property and equipment.

Schedule of property and equipment

	Machinery
	and	Rolling	Computer		Leasehold	Boat
	equipment	stock	equipment	Moulds	improvements	rental fleet	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	302,938	32,175	14,647	691,005	131,233	513,317	1,685,315
Additions	30,146	197,739	11,284	220,919	133,123	582,720	1,175,931
Disposals	—	(111,215)	(4,899)	—	—	(154,714)	(270,828)
Currency translation	—	(35)	—	—	—	30,154	30,119
Balance at August 31, 2022	333,084	118,664	21,032	911,924	264,356	971,477	2,620,537
Additions	62,409	69,029	565	30,501	97,699	678,599	938,802
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	—	—	3,646	—	—	41,161	44,807
Disposals	—	(136,072)	—	—	—	(499,770)	(635,842)
Currency translation	—	(2,347)	—	—	—	(70,115)	(72,462)
Balance at August 31, 2023	395,493	49,274	25,243	942,425	362,055	1,121,352	2,895,842
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	167,604	24,362	8,398	50,420	11,579	8,443	270,806
Depreciation	30,200	23,938	5,079	22,608	32,926	43,196	157,947
Disposal	—	(18,301)	(674)	—	—	(8,223)	(27,198)
Balance at August 31, 2022	197,804	29,999	12,803	73,028	44,505	43,416	401,555
Depreciation	31,495	25,875	4,485	37,696	69,332	72,163	241,046
Disposal	—	(21,864)	—	—	—	(38,821)	(60,685)
Balance at August 31, 2023	229,299	34,010	17,288	110,724	113,837	76,758	581,916
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	135,280	88,665	8,229	838,896	219,851	928,061	2,218,982
As at August 31, 2023	166,194	15,264	7,955	831,701	248,218	1,044,594	2,313,926

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Intangible assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Intangible assets

Summary of intangible assets

	Intellectual		Trade
	property	Software	name	Backlog	Website	Total
	$	$	$	$	$	$
Cost
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,035,070	73,573	93,856	79,220	18,771	1,300,490
Additions	—	28,202	4,000	—	—	32,202
Currency translation	—	—	438	330	87	855
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,035,070	101,775	98,294	79,550	18,858	1,333,547
Additions
Currency translation	—	—	6,057	4,556	1,211	11,824
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,035,070	101,775	104,351	84,106	20,069	1,345,371
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at August 31, 2021	55,581	7,107	4,633	6,520	927	74,768
Depreciation	103,508	17,593	9,806	13,310	1,892	146,109
Balance at August 31, 2022	159,089	24,700	14,439	19,830	2,819	220,877
Depreciation	103,508	12,920	20,426	16,911	4,005	157,770
Balance at August 31, 2023	262,597	37,620	34,865	36,741	6,824	378,647
Net carrying amount
As at August 31, 2022	875,981	77,075	83,855	59,720	16,039	1,112,670
As at August 31, 2023	772,473	64,155	69,486	47,365	13,245	966,724

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Trade and other payables (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Trade and other payables.

Schedule of trade and other payables

	2023	2022
	$	$
Trade payables	1,107,310	737,946
Sales taxes payable	62,398	21,547
Government remittances	—	9,450
Salaries, vacation and other employee benefits payables	585,192	261,388
	1,754,900	1,030,331

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Contract liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Contract liabilities

Schedule of contract liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	1,029,318	898,713
Payments received in advance	3,330,235	2,502,080
Boat sale deposits	151,572	87,609
Payments reimbursed	(8,131)	(2,615)
Transferred to revenues	(2,718,943)	(2,475,307)
Currency translation	31,680	18,838
Closing balance	1,815,731	1,029,318

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Lease liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Lease liabilities

Summary of lease liabilities

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	2,415,549	2,966,816
Additions	921,498	234,608
Repayment	(726,893)	(695,749)
Interest on lease liability	139,132	141,994
Lease termination	(151,800)	(273,652)
Currency translation	44,308	41,532
Closing balance	2,641,794	2,415,549
Current	647,638	561,168
Non-current	1,994,156	1,854,381
	2,641,794	2,415,549

Future undiscounted lease payments

Future undiscounted lease payments as at August 31, 2023 are as follows:

	$
Less than one year	775,991
One to five years	2,221,910
	2,997,901

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Long-term debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Long-term debt.

Summary of long term debt

	2023	2022
	$	$
The government assistance loan is non-interest bearing until December 31, 2022 at which time the loan bears interest at 5% per annum. The loan must be repaid by December 31, 2025.	40,000	39,342
Term loans, bearing interest at rates varying between 9.44% and 10.71%, repayable in monthly instalments of $23,337,  ending January 2025.	265,329	188,007
	305,329	227,349
Current portion of long-term debt	271,546	72,090
	33,783	155,259

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Related party transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Related party transactions

Summarizes the related party transactions and the amounts due to and from related parties

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Revenues
Sales of boats
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	84,149
Patrick Bobby	—	—	—
Sale of parts and boat maintenance
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	40,310
Expenses
Cost of sales
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,444
Research and Development
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	—	—	75,020
Mac Engineering, SASU	545,892	666,178	176,500
Travel and entertainment
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	8,926
Advertising and promotion
EB Rental Ltd. [prior to June 3, 2021]	—	—	11,245
Office salaries and benefits
Montana Strategies Inc.	29,059	62,462	—

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Wages	2,447,827	2,324,770	1,299,402
Share-based payments – capital stock	433,263	—	—
Share-based payments – stock options	382,196	2,560,031	6,081,900
	3,263,286	4,884,801	7,381,302

	2023	2022
	$	$
Share subscription receivable
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.	25,000	25,000
Alexandre Mongeon	14,200	14,200
	39,200	39,200
Current advances to related party
Alexandre Mongeon	20,135	16,736
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable
Alexandre Mongeon	19,384	16,000
Patrick Bobby	13,847	12,308
Kulwant Sandher	8,654	8,062
Xavier Montagne	10,454	8,292
Mac Engineering, SASU	9,935	—
	62,274	44,662

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Capital stock (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Capital stock.

Summary of issued capital

	2023	2022
	$	$
11,171,800 voting common shares [2022 – 8,471,923]	50,395,717	43,441,591

Summary of the derivative liabilities related to the warrants

	2023	2022
	$	$
Opening balance	—	—
Additions	7,614,510	—
Change in estimate	(2,055,688)	—
Closing balance	5,558,822	—

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Share-based payments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Share-based payments

Summary of share based payments

	Exercise	Market	Expected	Risk-free	Expected
Grant date	price	price	volatility	interest rate	life
	$	$	%	%	[years]
May 27, 2020	3.70	3.70	84	0.4	5
May 27, 2020	2.78	3.70	84	0.4	5
October 23, 2020	3.70	3.70	97	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	16.29	13.03	101	0.4	5
November 24, 2020	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	4
February 23, 2021	15.75	15.05	103	0.6	5
May 14, 2021	5.68	5.72	75	3.6	3
July 14, 2021	9.25	9.01	105	0.7	5
September 21, 2021	8.85	8.58	106	0.9	5
January 22, 2022	5.65	5.52	107	1.5	5
November 30, 2022	6.09	6.09	107	3.1	5
December 1, 2022	5.83	5.83	107	3.0	5
March 22, 2023	5.76	5.14	75	3.6	2
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	3
March 25, 2023	5.77	5.23	75	3.6	4
April 20, 2023	5.79	5.27	75	3.6	5

Summary of number options granted outstanding

		Weighted
	Number of	average
	options	exercise price
	#	$
Balance at August 31, 2021	1,659,121	9.95
Granted	152,500	6.70
Forfeited	(102,500)	13.59
Exercised	(2,703)	3.70
Balance at August 31, 2022	1,706,418	9.45
Granted	88,500	5.80
Forfeited	(268,158)	9.65
Stock options modifications	(370,000)	5.78
Exercised	(57,219)	2.86
Balance at August 31, 2023	1,099,541	5.22

Summary of range of number of options outstanding and weighted average remaining contractual life

	Number of	Weighted average	Weighted average
Exercise price	options	grant date	remaining	Exercisable
range	outstanding	fair value	contractual life	options
$	#	$	[years]	#
2.78 – 3.70	454,041	2.48	2.13	497,869
5.65 – 5.83	580,500	2.94	4.51	498,300
6.09 – 8.85	30,000	6.26	7.83	25,000
16.29	35,000	9.33	7.50	35,000

Schedule of warrants

				Risk-free
	Exercise	Market	Expected	interest	Expected
	price	price	volatility	rate	life
Grant or Issuance date	$	$	%	%	[years]
August 5, 2022	10.30	7.20	100	2.9	3
January 19, 2023	5.63	5.63	100	3.4	3
February 17, 2023	5.67	6.05	100	4.0	3
April 19, 2023	5.64	5.55	75	3.9	3
June 16, 2023	5.35	5.50	75	4.1	3
August 2, 2023	5.37	5.10	75	4.8	3

		Number of	Weighted average
		warrants	remaining
	Exercise price	outstanding	contractual life
Grant or Issuance date	$	#	[years]
November 23, 2020	16.53	151,800	2.23
August 5, 2022	10.30	50,000	1.93
January 19, 2023	5.63	554,253	2.39
February 17, 2023	5.67	475,059	2.47
April 19, 2023	5.64	381,293	2.64
June 16, 2023	5.35	493,828	2.79
August 2, 2023	5.37	493,832	2.92

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Revenues (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Revenues

Summary of revenues by product type and geographical distribution of revenues from external customers

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Sales of boats	1,287,979	2,459,365	2,080,110
Sales of parts and boat maintenance	324,720	97,721	75,205
Boat rental and boat club membership revenue	4,038,803	4,793,860	1,355,548
Other	—	—	2,925
	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788

	Sale of	Rental of	2023
	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$
Canada	348,570	—	348,570
USA	1,078,124	4,038,803	5,116,927
Other	186,005	—	186,005
	1,612,699	4,038,803	5,651,502

			2022	2021
	Sale of	Rental of
	electric  boats	electric boats	Total	Total
	$	$	$	$
Canada	557,639	—	557,639	571,216
USA	1,292,666	4,793,861	6,086,527	2,692,599
Other	706,780	—	706,780	249,973
	2,557,085	4,793,861	7,350,946	3,513,788

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Net finance expense (income) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Net finance expense (income)

Net finance expense

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Interest and bank charges	142,117	184,895	123,100
Interest income	(113,334)	(379,288)	—
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(208,132)	(251,947)	1,583,292
Transaction costs	719,167	—	—
Gain on derivative liabilities	(2,055,688)	—	—
Loss (gain) on Debentures [note 8]	(88,666)	670,000	550,000
	(1,604,536)	223,660	2,256,392

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Income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Income taxes

Disclosure of income tax expense

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Income taxes at the applicable tax rate of 26.5% [2022 – 26.5%; 2021 – 26.5%]	(5,606,886)	(3,406,162)	(3,977,204)
Change in tax status following the initial public offering	—	—	(127,979)
Adjustment in respect of current and deferred income tax of previous year	(72,894)	(4,396)	(207,601)
Permanent differences	70,418	823,119	2,100,615
Change in recognition of deferred income tax assets	5,328,487	2,816,417	2,317,759
Other	—	29,365	—
Total income tax expense (recovery)	(280,875)	258,343	105,590

Disclosure of temporary differences

	Balance as at	Recognized			Balance as at
	August 31,	in net	Recognized		August 31,
	2022	loss	in equity	Other	2023
	$	$	$	$	$
Temporary differences
Property and equipment	(155,298)	(20,228)	—	(8,650)	(184,176)
Intangibles	(294,385)	39,009	—	98	(255,278)
Net operating losses	4,790,012	4,564,752	—	—	9,354,764
Financing fees	705,594	(107,450)	134,225	—	732,369
Research and development	430,835	557,162	—	—	987,997
Difference in timing of recognition	259,118	493,379	—	3,403	755,900
Right-of-use asset	(616,907)	19,531	—	(6,613)	(603,989)
Lease liability	658,847	(7,400)	—	12,861	664,308
Net capital losses	50,418	—	—	—	50,418
Unrecognized deferred tax assets	(6,016,278)	(5,328,487)	(134,225)	—	(11,478,990)
Deferred tax liability	(188,044)	210,268	—	1,099	23,323

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Financial risk management and fair value measurement

Summary of maturity analysis for financial instruments, liquidity risk

	Contractual	Less than
	cash flows	one year	1-5 years
	$	$	$
August 31, 2023
Trade and other payables	550,836	550,836	—
Other financial liabilities	113,694	113,694	—
Long-term debt	305,329	231,546	73,783
	969,859	896,076	73,783
August 31, 2022
Trade and other payables	1,030,331	1,030,331	—
Other financial liabilities	177,834	177,834	—
Long-term debt	227,349	72,090	155,259
	1,435,514	1,280,255	155,259

Summary of foreign exchange risk

	2023	2022
	$	$
Cash	3,258,419	5,142,703
Trade and other receivables	188,001	103,116
Trade and other payables	800,149	172,871

Summary of reasonably possible 1% strengthening (weakening) of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian Dollar at the reporting date would have increased (decreased) net income (loss) and other comprehensive income

	Net loss		Other comprehensive income
	+5%	-5%	+5%	-5%
	$	$	$	$
August 31, 2023	24,281	(24,281)	350,586	(350,586)

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Segment information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Segment information

Summary of reportable business segments

	Year ended August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	1,612,699	4,038,803	—	5,651,502
Revenue from other segments	867,097	336,683	(1,203,780)	—
Segment revenues	2,479,796	4,375,486	(1,203,780)	5,651,502
Segment gross profit (loss)	(242,590)	1,966,466	(187,450)	1,536,426
Segment loss before tax	(20,363,838)	(623,856)	(170,367)	(21,158,061)
Research and development	5,938,010	—	(233,098)	5,704,912
Office salaries and benefits	2,769,196	1,237,246	7,739	4,014,181

	Year ended August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Inter-segment
	electric boats	electric boats	eliminations	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,557,086	4,793,860	—	7,350,946
Revenue from other segments	820,383	80,842	(901,225)	—
Segment revenues	3,377,469	4,874,702	(901,225)	7,350,946
Segment gross profit (loss)	596,570	2,839,970	(150,975)	3,285,565
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(13,632,377)	872,787	(93,852)	(12,853,442)
Research and development	2,242,794	—	—	2,242,794
Office salaries and benefits	2,384,746	951,053	—	3,335,799

	August 31, 2021
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Revenue from external customers	2,158,240	1,355,548	—	3,513,788
Revenue from other segments	142,007	7,476	(149,483)	—
Segment revenues	2,300,247	1,363,024	(149,483)	3,513,788
Segment gross profit (loss)	640,228	1,003,596	(39,642)	1,604,182
Segment (loss) profit before tax
Research and development	(15,517,319)	541,257	(32,255)	(15,008,317)
Office salaries and benefits	1,489,953	—	—	1,489,953

	August 31, 2023
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	20,344,002	13,941,898	(10,239,388)	24,046,512
Cash	3,025,565	333,692	—	3,359,257
Additions to property and equipment	194,820	974,533	(185,744)	983,609
Segment liabilities	10,154,031	3,341,868	(1,013,824)	12,482,075

	August 31, 2022
	Sale of	Rental of	Sale of
	electric boats	electric boats	electric boats	Total
	$	$	$	$
Segment assets	24,499,107	14,039,428	(9,438,326)	29,100,209
Cash	4,146,260	1,678,456	—	5,824,716
Additions to property and equipment	412,158	859,176	(162,446)	1,108,888
Segment liabilities	2,023,368	3,311,128	(262,883)	5,071,613

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Additional cash flows information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Additional cash flows information.

Summary of financing and investing activities not involving cash

	2023	2022	2021
	$	$	$
Advances to related parties converted to shares	—	—	898,489
Unpaid share subscription	—	—	39,200
Right-of-use assets transferred to intangibles, net of accumulated depreciation	—	—	5,981
Additions to right-of-use assets	921,498	234,608	852,467
Lease termination	101,471	273,652	37,033
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets	—	—	573,936
Shares issued as consideration for business acquisition	—	—	3,474,232
Transaction costs for share issuance transferred from prepaid	—	—	213,019

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Commitments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Aug. 31, 2023

Commitments

Summary of amount of the minimum fixed and determinable portion of the unconditional purchase obligations over the next years

	$
2024	10,943,420

Summary of undiscounted lease commitments

	$
2024	67,675
2025	163,774
2026	167,049
2027 and thereafter	446,736

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Basis of preparation (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2021	Aug. 31, 2022
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Cash	$ 3,359,257		$ 5,824,716
Working capital	3,676,936
Deficit	(51,548,737)		$ (30,671,552)
Issuance of shares and warrants, net of transaction costs paid	$ 12,437,523	$ 2,025,000
7858078 Canada Inc.
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Proportion of ownership held by the Company	100.00%
EB Rental Ltd.
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Proportion of ownership held by the Company	100.00%
EB Rental Ventura Corp.
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Proportion of ownership held by the Company	100.00%
Vision Marine Technologies Corp.
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Proportion of ownership held by the Company	100.00%

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Significant accounting policies - Property and equipment (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023
Computer equipment
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Depreciation rate	55.00%
Machinery and equipment
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Depreciation rate	20.00%
Rolling stock
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Depreciation rate	30.00%
Boat rental fleet
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment	15 years
Moulds
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment	25 years

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Significant account policies - Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023
Intellectual property
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets	10 years
Software
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets	7 years
Trade name
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets	5 years
Backlog
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets	3 years
Website
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets	5 years

XML

Significant accounting policies - Exchange rates for the currencies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Foreign exchange rates [abstract]
Exchange rate as at end of year	1.3535	1.3076
Average exchange rate for year ended	1.3465	1.2717

XML

Significant accounting policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023
Minimum
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Estimated useful life of leases	2 years
Maximum
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Estimated useful life of leases	6 years

XML

Significant accounting estimates and assumptions (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
Significant accounting estimates and assumptions
Period of projected cash inflows	5 years
Impairment of goodwill	$ 0
Post tax discount rate	28.00%
Long term growth rate	2.00%

XML

Goodwill (Details) - EBR		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 03, 2021 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Jun. 03, 2021 CAD ($) $ / shares shares
Disclosure of detailed information about business combination [line items]
Shares Issued	7,858,078			7,858,078
Shares outstanding	7,858,078			7,858,078
Number of operating fleet over ships in California | item	20
Cash consideration	$ 4,582,367			$ 5,546,039
Equity consideration | $				$ 3,474,232
Shares Issued	284,495			284,495
Per Share Value | (per share)	$ 10.09			$ 12.21
Share Issue Related Cost | $		$ 9,680,941	$ 9,352,640

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Trade and other receivables (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Ifrs Trade And Other Receivables [Line items]
Trade receivables	$ 59,364	$ 108,716
Sales taxes receivable	159,114	194,523
Other receivables	332,358	169,309
Total trade and other current receivables	550,836	472,548
Past Due But Not Impaired
Ifrs Trade And Other Receivables [Line items]
Trade receivables	$ 59,364	$ 108,706

XML

Trade and other receivables - Aging analysis (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Ifrs Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Trade receivables	$ 59,364	$ 108,716
0 - 30
Ifrs Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Trade receivables	13,986	77,625
61-90
Ifrs Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Trade receivables		14,212
91 and over
Ifrs Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Trade receivables	$ 45,378	$ 16,879

XML

Trade and other receivables - Allowance for expected credit losses (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Trade and other receivables
Change during the period	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Inventories (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 1,553,501	$ 1,709,368
Work-in-process	369,753	75,170
Finished goods	522,300	309,238
Total current inventories	$ 2,445,554	$ 2,093,776

XML

Inventories - Additional Information (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Inventories
Inventories recognized as an expense	$ 4,023,409	$ 4,065,381	$ 1,909,606
Cost of sales including depreciation	$ 471,940	$ 687,023	$ 232,195

XML

Investment in Limestone- Additional Information (Details)		12 Months Ended
	May 14, 2021 CAD ($) item	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($) $ / shares	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)	Jul. 18, 2023 $ / shares
Investment in Limestone
Purchase of senior unsecured subordinated convertible debentures | item	3,400
Aggregate amount of debentures	$ 3,400,000	$ 113,334	$ 340,000	$ 85,000
Borrowings interest rate	10.00%
Debt Term	36 months
Conversion price | $ / shares		$ 0.36
Closing date of issuance of debentures		120 days
Days prior to end of term		30 days
Share price | $ / shares		$ 0.50
Common Share for consecutive trading days		20 days
Period for conversion		30 days
Impairment loss on debentures		$ 2,637,000	0	0
Net income (loss) for change in the fair value of the Debentures		88,866	$ 670,000	$ 550,000
Conversion price of debenture into common shares | $ / shares					$ 0.071
Fair value of investment		$ 0

XML

Right-of-use assets (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	$ 2,261,100
Additions	921,498	$ 234,608	$ 852,467
Balance at end of the year	2,414,593	2,261,100
Net book value	44,807
Premises
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	2,057,632
Balance at end of the year	2,401,448	2,057,632
Computer equipment
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	768
Balance at end of the year		768
Rolling stock
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	67,705
Balance at end of the year	13,145	67,705
Boat rental fleet
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	134,995
Balance at end of the year		134,995
Cost
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	3,183,164	3,279,168
Additions	921,498	234,608
Disposals	(216,498)	(371,362)
Transferred to Property and equipment	(44,807)
Currency translation	40,354	40,750
Balance at end of the year	3,883,711	3,183,164	3,279,168
Cost | Premises
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	2,880,039	2,746,118
Additions	921,498	93,565
Currency translation	38,255	40,356
Balance at end of the year	3,839,792	2,880,039	2,746,118
Cost | Computer equipment
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	3,646	3,646
Transferred to Property and equipment	(3,646)
Balance at end of the year		3,646	3,646
Cost | Rolling stock
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	88,020	202,536
Additions		141,043
Disposals	(46,200)	(255,953)
Currency translation	2,099	394
Balance at end of the year	43,919	88,020	202,536
Cost | Boat rental fleet
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	211,459	326,868
Disposals	(170,298)	(115,409)
Transferred to Property and equipment	(41,161)
Balance at end of the year		211,459	326,868
Accumulated depreciation
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	(922,064)	(373,969)
Depreciation	662,081	651,457
Disposals	(115,027)	(103,362)
Balance at end of the year	(1,469,118)	(922,064)	(373,969)
Accumulated depreciation | Premises
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	(822,407)	(334,357)
Depreciation	615,937	488,050
Balance at end of the year	(1,438,344)	(822,407)	(334,357)
Accumulated depreciation | Computer equipment
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	(2,878)	(576)
Depreciation	768	2,302
Disposals	(3,646)
Balance at end of the year		(2,878)	(576)
Accumulated depreciation | Rolling stock
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	(20,315)	(14,949)
Depreciation	23,934	71,488
Disposals	(13,475)	(66,122)
Balance at end of the year	(30,774)	(20,315)	(14,949)
Accumulated depreciation | Boat rental fleet
Right-of-use assets
Balance at beginning of the year	(76,464)	(24,087)
Depreciation	21,442	89,617
Disposals	$ (97,906)	(37,240)
Balance at end of the year		$ (76,464)	$ (24,087)

XML

Property and equipment (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	$ 2,218,982
Ending balance	2,313,926	$ 2,218,982
Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	2,620,537	1,685,315
Additions	938,802	1,175,931
Disposals	(635,842)	(270,828)
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	44,807
Currency translation	(72,462)	30,119
Ending balance	2,895,842	2,620,537
Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(401,555)	(270,806)
Depreciation	241,046	157,947
Disposals	(60,685)	(27,198)
Ending balance	(581,916)	(401,555)
Machinery and equipment
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	135,280
Ending balance	166,194	135,280
Machinery and equipment | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	333,084	302,938
Additions	62,409	30,146
Ending balance	395,493	333,084
Machinery and equipment | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(197,804)	(167,604)
Depreciation	31,495	30,200
Ending balance	(229,299)	(197,804)
Rolling stock
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	88,665
Ending balance	15,264	88,665
Rolling stock | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	118,664	32,175
Additions	69,029	197,739
Disposals	(136,072)	(111,215)
Currency translation	(2,347)	(35)
Ending balance	49,274	118,664
Rolling stock | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(29,999)	(24,362)
Depreciation	25,875	23,938
Disposals	(21,864)	(18,301)
Ending balance	(34,010)	(29,999)
Computer equipment
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	8,229
Ending balance	7,955	8,229
Computer equipment | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	21,032	14,647
Additions	565	11,284
Disposals		(4,899)
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	3,646
Ending balance	25,243	21,032
Computer equipment | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(12,803)	(8,398)
Depreciation	4,485	5,079
Disposals		(674)
Ending balance	(17,288)	(12,803)
Moulds
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	838,896
Ending balance	831,701	838,896
Moulds | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	911,924	691,005
Additions	30,501	220,919
Ending balance	942,425	911,924
Moulds | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(73,028)	(50,420)
Depreciation	37,696	22,608
Ending balance	(110,724)	(73,028)
Leasehold improvements
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	219,851
Ending balance	248,218	219,851
Leasehold improvements | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	264,356	131,233
Additions	97,699	133,123
Ending balance	362,055	264,356
Leasehold improvements | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(44,505)	(11,579)
Depreciation	69,332	32,926
Ending balance	(113,837)	(44,505)
Boat rental fleet
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	928,061
Ending balance	1,044,594	928,061
Boat rental fleet | Cost
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	971,477	513,317
Additions	678,599	582,720
Disposals	(499,770)	(154,714)
Transferred from Right-of-use assets	41,161
Currency translation	(70,115)	30,154
Ending balance	1,121,352	971,477
Boat rental fleet | Accumulated depreciation
Property and equipment
Beginning balance	(43,416)	(8,443)
Depreciation	72,163	43,196
Disposals	(38,821)	(8,223)
Ending balance	$ (76,758)	$ (43,416)

XML

Property and equipment - Additional Information (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Moulds
Property and equipment
Asset not depreciated and not ready for use	$ 377,253	$ 346,752

XML

Intangible assets (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	$ 1,112,670
Balance at the end	966,724	$ 1,112,670
Intellectual property
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	875,981
Balance at the end	772,473	875,981
Software
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	77,075
Balance at the end	64,155	77,075
Trade name
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	83,855
Balance at the end	69,486	83,855
Backlog
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	59,720
Balance at the end	47,365	59,720
Website
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	16,039
Balance at the end	13,245	16,039
Cost
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	1,333,547	1,300,490
Additions		32,202
Currency translation	11,824	855
Balance at the end	1,345,371	1,333,547
Cost | Intellectual property
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	1,035,070	1,035,070
Balance at the end	1,035,070	1,035,070
Cost | Software
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	101,775	73,573
Additions		28,202
Balance at the end	101,775	101,775
Cost | Trade name
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	98,294	93,856
Additions		4,000
Currency translation	6,057	438
Balance at the end	104,351	98,294
Cost | Backlog
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	79,550	79,220
Currency translation	4,556	330
Balance at the end	84,106	79,550
Cost | Website
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	18,858	18,771
Currency translation	1,211	87
Balance at the end	20,069	18,858
Accumulated depreciation
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(220,877)	(74,768)
Depreciation	157,770	146,109
Balance at the end	(378,647)	(220,877)
Accumulated depreciation | Intellectual property
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(159,089)	(55,581)
Depreciation	103,508	103,508
Balance at the end	(262,597)	(159,089)
Accumulated depreciation | Software
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(24,700)	(7,107)
Depreciation	12,920	17,593
Balance at the end	(37,620)	(24,700)
Accumulated depreciation | Trade name
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(14,439)	(4,633)
Depreciation	20,426	9,806
Balance at the end	(34,865)	(14,439)
Accumulated depreciation | Backlog
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(19,830)	(6,520)
Depreciation	16,911	13,310
Balance at the end	(36,741)	(19,830)
Accumulated depreciation | Website
Reconciliation of changes in intangible assets other than goodwill [abstract]
Balance at the beginning	(2,819)	(927)
Depreciation	4,005	1,892
Balance at the end	$ (6,824)	$ (2,819)

XML

Intangible assets - Additional Information (Details)			12 Months Ended
	Feb. 16, 2021 CAD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 16, 2021 EUR (€) shares	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 16, 2021 $ / shares
Intangible assets
Additions to intangible assets			$ 32,202	$ 528,726
Share price | $ / shares					$ 0.50
Intellectual property
Intangible assets
Additions to intangible assets	$ 461,134	€ 300,000
Shares issued for purchase of intangible assets | shares	30,000	30,000
Share price | (per share)	$ 19.13					$ 15.07
Total consideration	$ 1,035,070

XML

Credit facility (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Credit facility
Authorized line of credit	$ 250,000
Amount drawn on line of credit	$ 155,000	$ 0
Prime rate
Credit facility
Spread on variable interest rate	1.00%
Secured First Ranking Movable Hypothec
Credit facility
Secured first ranking movable hypothec on accounts payable and inventory	$ 750,000

XML

Trade and other payables (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Trade and other payables.
Trade payable	$ 1,107,310	$ 737,946
Sales taxes payable	62,398	21,547
Government remittances		9,450
Salaries, vacation and other employees benefits payables	585,192	261,388
Trade and other payables	$ 1,754,900	$ 1,030,331

XML

Contract liabilities (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Contract liabilities
Opening balance	$ 1,029,318	$ 898,713
Payments received in advance	3,330,235	2,502,080
Boat sale deposits	151,572	87,609
Payments reimbursed	(8,131)	(2,615)
Transferred to revenues	(2,718,943)	(2,475,307)
Currency translation	31,680	18,838
Closing balance	$ 1,815,731	$ 1,029,318

XML

Lease liabilities (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Lease liabilities
Opening balance	$ 2,415,549	$ 2,966,816
Additions	921,498	234,608
Repayment	(726,893)	(695,749)
Interest on lease liability	139,132	141,994
Lease termination	(151,800)	(273,652)
Currency translation	44,308	41,532
Closing balance	2,641,794	2,415,549
Current	647,638	561,168
Non-current	$ 1,994,156	$ 1,854,381

XML

Lease liabilities - Undiscounted lease payments (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Lease liabilities
Undiscounted lease payments	$ 2,997,901
Short-term lease expense	$ 127,511	$ 58,663	$ 50,186
Weighted average interest rate	5.79%	5.40%	5.20%
Less than one year
Lease liabilities
Undiscounted lease payments	$ 775,991
One year to five years
Lease liabilities
Undiscounted lease payments	$ 2,221,910

XML

Long-term debt (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	May 14, 2021
Long-term debt
Total borrowings	$ 305,329	$ 227,349
Current portion of long-term debt	271,546	72,090
Long-term debt, noncurrent	33,783	155,259
Borrowings interest rate			10.00%
The government assistance loan maturing by December 31, 2025
Long-term debt
Total borrowings	$ 40,000	39,342
Borrowings interest rate	5.00%
Term loan maturing January 2025
Long-term debt
Total borrowings	$ 265,329	$ 188,007
Monthly instalments	$ 23,337
Term loan maturing January 2025 | Minimum.
Long-term debt
Borrowings interest rate	9.44%
Term loan maturing January 2025 | Maximum.
Long-term debt
Borrowings interest rate	10.71%

XML

Related party transactions (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Advertising and promotion			$ 11,245
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	$ 4,014,181	$ 3,335,799	1,754,613
Right-of-use assets	2,414,593	2,261,100
Lease liability	2,641,794	2,415,549	2,966,816
EB Rental Ltd.
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Sales of boats			84,149
Sale of parts and boat maintenance			40,310
Cost of sales			11,444
Travel and entertainment			8,926
9335-1427 Quebec Inc.
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Research and Development			75,020
Mac Engineering, SASU
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Research and Development	545,892	666,178	176,500
Montana Strategies Inc.
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	29,059	$ 62,462
California Electric Boat Company Inc.
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Right-of-use assets	1,270,955		889,866
Lease liability	$ 1,395,732		$ 971,399

XML

Related party transactions - Remuneration of directors and key management of the Company (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Related party transactions
Wages	$ 2,447,827	$ 2,324,770	$ 1,299,402
Share-based payments - capital stock	433,263
Share-based payments - stock options	382,196	2,560,031	6,081,900
Remuneration of directors and key management of the Company	$ 3,263,286	$ 4,884,801	$ 7,381,302

XML

Related party transactions - Amounts due to and from related parties (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Share subscription receivable	$ 39,200	$ 39,200
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	62,274	44,662
9335-1427 Quebec Inc
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Share subscription receivable	25,000	25,000
Alexandre Mongeon
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Share subscription receivable	14,200	14,200
Current advances to related party	20,135	16,736
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	19,384	16,000
Patrick Bobby
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	13,847	12,308
Kulwant Sandher
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	8,654	8,062
Xavier Montagne
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	10,454	$ 8,292
Mac Engineering, SASU
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Amounts due to related parties included in trade and other payable	$ 9,935

XML

Capital stock - Voting Common Shares (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021	Aug. 31, 2020
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Issued capital	$ 50,395,717	$ 43,441,591
Capital stock
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Shares outstanding	11,172,800	8,417,923	8,324,861	4,585,001

XML

Capital stock - Additional Information (Details)												6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Aug. 25, 2022 shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares shares	Feb. 01, 2022 shares	Jan. 31, 2022 shares	Jan. 12, 2022 shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares shares	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($) shares	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($) shares employee	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares employee	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($) shares	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Number of Voting Common Shares issued to third parties in exchange for services | shares												53,445	299,393	299,393
Number of Voting Common Shares issued upon exercises of stock options | shares						2,703							57,219	57,219	2,703
Number of former employees | employee													2	2
Number of warrants to purchase voting common shares issued | shares	493,832	493,828	381,293	475,059	554,253		50,000				151,800		2,398,265	2,398,265
Total cash consideration price, net of transaction costs | $													$ 12,012,591
Transaction costs | $													800,744		$ 0	$ 0
Net transaction costs | $													$ 1,225,676
Warrants exercise term	3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years		4 years				5 years		3 years	3 years
Exercise price of warrants | (per share)	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21		$ 8.00				$ 12.50						$ 4.21	$ 5.37	$ 5.35	$ 5.64	$ 5.67	$ 5.63	$ 10.30	$ 16.53
Derivative liabilities | $												$ 0	$ 5,558,822		$ 0
Allocated transaction costs													$ 719,167	$ 718,546
Board of directors
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Number of Voting Common Shares issued to third parties in exchange for services | shares								5,435	6,479	25,000

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Capital stock - Derivative liabilities (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
Capital stock.
Opening balance	$ 0
Additions	7,614,510
Change in estimate	(2,055,688)
Closing balance	$ 5,558,822

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Share-based payments - Stock options (Details)			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 25, 2023 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Mar. 25, 2023 shares $ / shares	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of share options granted			1,664,526
Share-based compensation expense | $			$ 1,136,182	$ 2,699,481	$ 7,121,444
Directors and officers of the company
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of share options granted	255,000	255,000
Exercise price | (per share)	$ 5.78	$ 4.21
Expiration period	5 years
Number of stock options cancelled	425,000
Stock based compensation expense | $	$ 129,800
Minimum.
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price | $ / shares			$ 2.78
Expiration period			5 years
Minimum. | Directors and officers of the company
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price of stock cancelled | (per share)	$ 8.98	7.42
Maximum.
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price | $ / shares			$ 16.29
Expiration period			10 years
Maximum. | Directors and officers of the company
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price of stock cancelled | (per share)	$ 16.29	$ 12.50

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Share-based payments - Assumptions used to determine the fair value of option grants (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 Y $ / shares
May 27, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 3.70
Market Price	$ 3.70
Expected volatility	84.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.40%
Expected life | Y	5
May 27, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 2.78
Market Price	$ 3.70
Expected volatility	84.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.40%
Expected life | Y	5
October 23, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 3.70
Market Price	$ 3.70
Expected volatility	97.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.40%
Expected life | Y	5
November 24, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 16.29
Market Price	$ 13.03
Expected volatility	101.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.40%
Expected life | Y	5
November 24, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.68
Market Price	$ 5.72
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	4
February 23, 2021
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 15.75
Market Price	$ 15.05
Expected volatility	103.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.60%
Expected life | Y	5
May 14, 2021
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.68
Market Price	$ 5.72
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	3
July 14, 2021
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 9.25
Market Price	$ 9.01
Expected volatility	105.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.70%
Expected life | Y	5
September 21, 2021
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 8.85
Market Price	$ 8.58
Expected volatility	106.00%
Risk-free interest rate	0.90%
Expected life | Y	5
January 22, 2022
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.65
Market Price	$ 5.52
Expected volatility	107.00%
Risk-free interest rate	1.50%
Expected life | Y	5
November 30, 2022
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 6.09
Market Price	$ 6.09
Expected volatility	107.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.10%
Expected life | Y	5
December 1, 2022
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.83
Market Price	$ 5.83
Expected volatility	107.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.00%
Expected life | Y	5
March 22, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.76
Market Price	$ 5.14
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	2
March 25, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.77
Market Price	$ 5.23
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	3
March 25, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.77
Market Price	$ 5.23
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	4
April 20, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.79
Market Price	$ 5.27
Expected volatility	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.60%
Expected life | Y	5

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Share-based payments - Option grants outstanding (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 25, 2022 shares	Aug. 31, 2023 shares $ / shares	Aug. 31, 2022 shares $ / shares
Share-based payments
Number of options, Beginning balance | shares		1,706,418	1,659,121
Number of options, Granted | shares		88,500	152,500
Number of options, Forfeited | shares		(268,158)	(102,500)
Number of options, Stock options modifications | shares		(370,000)
Number of options, Exercised | shares	(2,703)	(57,219)	(2,703)
Number of options, Ending Balance | shares		1,099,541	1,706,418
Weighted average exercise price, Beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 9.45	$ 9.95
Weighted average exercise price, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		5.80	6.70
Weighted average exercise price, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		9.65	13.59
Weighted average exercise price, Stock options modifications (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		5.78
Weighted average exercise price, Exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		2.86	3.70
Weighted average exercise price, Ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 5.22	$ 9.45

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Share-based payments - Warrants (Details)								12 Months Ended
	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares shares	Aug. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares
Share-based payments
Number of warrants to purchase voting common shares issued	493,832	493,828	381,293	475,059	554,253	50,000	151,800	2,398,265
Warrants term	3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years	4 years	5 years	3 years
Exercise price of warrants | (per share)	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 8.00	$ 12.50	$ 4.21	$ 5.37	$ 5.35	$ 5.64	$ 5.67	$ 5.63	$ 10.30	$ 16.53

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Share-based payments - Exercise price range of warrants (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 shares $ / shares	Aug. 31, 2022 shares	Aug. 31, 2021 shares
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of options outstanding | shares	1,099,541	1,706,418	1,659,121
Exercise Price 2.78 - 3.70
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of options outstanding | shares	454,041
Weighted average grant date fair value	$ 2.48
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 1 month 17 days
Exercisable options | shares	497,869
Exercise Price 2.78 - 3.70 | Minimum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 2.78
Exercise Price 2.78 - 3.70 | Maximum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 3.70
Exercise Price 5.65 - 5.83
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of options outstanding | shares	580,500
Weighted average grant date fair value	$ 2.94
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	4 years 6 months 3 days
Exercisable options | shares	498,300
Exercise Price 5.65 - 5.83 | Minimum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.65
Exercise Price 5.65 - 5.83 | Maximum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 5.83
Exercise Price 6.09 - 8.85
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number of options outstanding | shares	30,000
Weighted average grant date fair value	$ 6.26
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	7 years 9 months 29 days
Exercisable options | shares	25,000
Exercise Price 6.09 - 8.85 | Minimum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 6.09
Exercise Price 6.09 - 8.85 | Maximum
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	8.85
Exercise Price 16.29
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise price	$ 16.29
Number of options outstanding | shares	35,000
Weighted average grant date fair value	$ 9.33
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	7 years 6 months
Exercisable options | shares	35,000

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Share-based payments - Fair value of option grants relating to warrants (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 Y $ / shares $ / shares shares	Aug. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants | (per share)	$ 4.21		$ 4.21	$ 5.37	$ 4.21	$ 5.35	$ 4.21	$ 5.64	$ 4.21	$ 5.67	$ 4.21	$ 5.63	$ 8.00	$ 10.30	$ 12.50	$ 16.53
November 23, 2020
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 16.53
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	151,800	151,800
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 2 months 23 days
August 5, 2022
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 10.30
Market price of warrant options	$ 7.20
Expected volatility (%)	100.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	2.90%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	50,000	50,000
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	1 year 11 months 4 days
January 19, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 5.63
Market price of warrant options	$ 5.63
Expected volatility (%)	100.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	3.40%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	554,253	554,253
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 4 months 20 days
February 17, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 5.67
Market price of warrant options	$ 6.05
Expected volatility (%)	100.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	4.00%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	475,059	475,059
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 5 months 19 days
April 19, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 5.64
Market price of warrant options	$ 5.55
Expected volatility (%)	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	3.90%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	381,293	381,293
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 7 months 20 days
June 16, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 5.35
Market price of warrant options	$ 5.50
Expected volatility (%)	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	4.10%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	493,828	493,828
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 9 months 14 days
August 2, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 5.37
Market price of warrant options	$ 5.10
Expected volatility (%)	75.00%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	4.80%
Expected life (years) | Y	3
Number of warrants outstanding | shares	493,832	493,832
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)	2 years 11 months 1 day

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Revenues (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	$ 5,651,502	$ 7,350,946	$ 3,513,788
Sales of boats
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	1,287,979	2,459,365	2,080,110
Sales of parts and boat maintenance
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	324,720	97,721	75,205
Boat rental and boat club membership revenue
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	$ 4,038,803	$ 4,793,860	1,355,548
Others
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues			$ 2,925

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Revenues - geographical distribution of revenues from external customers (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	$ 5,651,502	$ 7,350,946	$ 3,513,788
Canada
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	348,570	557,639	571,216
USA
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	5,116,927	6,086,527	2,692,599
Other
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	186,005	706,780	$ 249,973
Sale of electric boats
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	1,612,699	2,557,085
Sale of electric boats | Canada
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	348,570	557,639
Sale of electric boats | USA
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	1,078,124	1,292,666
Sale of electric boats | Other
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	186,005	706,780
Rental of electric boats
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	4,038,803	4,793,861
Rental of electric boats | USA
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Revenues	$ 4,038,803	$ 4,793,861

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Grants and investment tax credits (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Grants and investment tax credits
Grants and investment tax credits	$ 232,882	$ 1,458,632	$ 921,658
Grants and investment tax credits excluded from cost of sales		8,535
Grants and investment tax credits excluded from research and development expense	144,032	1,408,840	859,516
Grants and investment tax credits excluded from property and equipment and intangible asset		40,584	44,939
Grants Excluded From Office Salaries And Benefits	$ 88,850	$ 0	$ 17,203

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Net finance expense (income) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)
Net finance expense (income)
Interest and bank charges	$ 142,117		$ 184,895	$ 123,100
Interest income	(113,334)		(379,288)
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(208,132)		(251,947)	1,583,292
Transaction costs	719,167	$ 718,546
Gain on derivative liabilities	2,055,688
Loss (gain) on Debentures [note 8]	(88,666)		670,000	550,000
Net finance expense	$ (1,604,536)		$ 223,660	$ 2,256,392

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Income taxes - Income tax expense (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Income taxes at the applicable tax rate of 26.5% [2022 - 26.5%; 2021 - 26.5%]	$ (5,606,886)	$ (3,406,162)	$ (3,977,204)
Change in tax status following the initial public offering			(127,979)
Adjustment in respect of current and deferred income tax of previous year	(72,894)	(4,396)	(207,601)
Permanent differences	70,418	823,119	2,100,615
Change in recognition of deferred income tax assets	5,328,487	2,816,417	2,317,759
Other		29,365
Total income tax expense (recovery)	$ (280,875)	$ 258,343	$ 105,590
Income taxes at the applicable tax rate (Percent)	26.50%	26.50%	26.50%
Research and development expenditures for income tax	$ 3,541,000	$ 1,439,000
Research and development
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unused investment tax credit related to research and development expenditure carried for future payables	$ 642,000	$ 240,000

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Income taxes - Deferred tax asset and liability (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	$ (188,044)
Recognized in net loss	210,268
Others	1,099
Ending Balance	23,323
Net operating losses carried forward for income tax purposes	35,333,000	$ 18,194,000
Net operating losses carried forward and deductible temporary differences not been recognized	45,415,000	$ 23,849,000
Property and equipment
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	(155,298)
Recognized in net loss	(20,228)
Others	(8,650)
Ending Balance	(184,176)
Intangibles
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	(294,385)
Recognized in net loss	39,009
Others	98
Ending Balance	(255,278)
Net operating losses
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	4,790,012
Recognized in net loss	4,564,752
Ending Balance	9,354,764
Financing fees
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	705,594
Recognized in net loss	(107,450)
Recognized in equity	134,225
Ending Balance	732,369
Research and development
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	430,835
Recognized in net loss	557,162
Ending Balance	987,997
Difference in timing of recognition
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	259,118
Recognized in net loss	493,379
Others	3,403
Ending Balance	755,900
Right-of-use asset
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	(616,907)
Recognized in net loss	19,531
Others	(6,613)
Ending Balance	(603,989)
Lease liability
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	658,847
Recognized in net loss	(7,400)
Others	12,861
Ending Balance	664,308
Net capital losses
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	50,418
Ending Balance	50,418
Unrecognized deferred tax assets
Income taxes
Beginning Balance	(6,016,278)
Recognized in net loss	(5,328,487)
Recognized in equity	(134,225)
Ending Balance	$ (11,478,990)

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement - Fair value measurement and hierarchy (Details) - Derivatives - Volatility	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Percentage of fair value of derivative liability to determine remaining contractual life	75.00%
Percentage of reasonably possible increase in unobservable input liabilities	10.00%
Change in fair value of derivatives by percentage of reasonably possible increase in unobservable input liabilities	$ 628,000

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement - Maturity analysis of liquidity risk (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	$ 969,859	$ 1,435,514
Less than one year
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	896,076	1,280,255
One year to five years
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	73,783	155,259
Trade and other payables
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	550,836	1,030,331
Trade and other payables | Less than one year
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	550,836	1,030,331
Other financial liabilities
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	113,694	177,834
Other financial liabilities | Less than one year
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	113,694	177,834
Long-term debt
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	305,329	227,349
Long-term debt | Less than one year
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	231,546	72,090
Long-term debt | One year to five years
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Contractual cash flows	$ 73,783	$ 155,259

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement - Foreign exchange risk (Details) - CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022
Trade and other payables
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Carrying amount of financial instruments	$ 800,149	$ 172,871
Cash
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Carrying amount of financial instruments	3,258,419	5,142,703
Trade and other receivables
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Carrying amount of financial instruments	$ 188,001	$ 103,116

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Financial risk management and fair value measurement - Sensitivity analysis (Details) - Currency risk	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
Financial risk management and fair value measurement
Percentage of reasonably possible increase in risk assumption	5.00%
Percentage of reasonably possible decrease in risk assumption	(5.00%)
Increase in net income (loss) due to reasonably possible increase in risk assumption	$ 24,281
Decrease in net income (loss) due to reasonably possible decrease in risk assumption	(24,281)
Increase in other comprehensive income due to reasonably possible increase in risk assumption	350,586
Decrease in other comprehensive income due to reasonably possible decrease in risk assumption	$ (350,586)

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Segment information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($) segment	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)
Segment information
Number of reportable business segments | segment	2
Segment revenues	$ 5,651,502	$ 7,350,946	$ 3,513,788
Segment gross profit (loss)	1,536,426	3,285,565	1,604,182
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(21,158,061)	(12,853,442)	(15,008,317)
Research and development	5,704,912	2,242,794	1,489,953
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	4,014,181	3,335,799	1,754,613
Segment assets	24,046,512	29,100,209
Cash	3,359,257	5,824,716
Additions to property and equipment	938,802	1,175,931	544,354
Segment liabilities	12,482,075	5,071,613
Operating segments
Segment information
Revenue from external customers	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788
Segment revenues	5,651,502	7,350,946	3,513,788
Segment gross profit (loss)	1,536,426	3,285,565	1,604,182
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(21,158,061)	(12,853,442)
Research and development	5,704,912	2,242,794	15,008,317
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	4,014,181	3,335,799	1,489,953
Segment assets	24,046,512	29,100,209
Cash	3,359,257	5,824,716
Additions to property and equipment	983,609	1,108,888
Segment liabilities	12,482,075	5,071,613
Inter-segment eliminations
Segment information
Revenue from other segments	(1,203,780)	(901,225)	(149,483)
Segment revenues	(1,203,780)	(901,225)	(149,483)
Segment gross profit (loss)	(187,450)	(150,975)	(39,642)
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(170,367)	(93,852)
Research and development	(233,098)		(32,255)
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	(7,739)
Segment assets	(10,239,388)	(9,438,326)
Additions to property and equipment	(185,744)	(162,446)
Segment liabilities	(1,013,824)	(262,883)
Sale of electric boats | Operating segments
Segment information
Revenue from external customers	1,612,699	2,557,086	2,158,240
Revenue from other segments	867,097	820,383	142,007
Segment revenues	2,479,796	3,377,469	2,300,247
Segment gross profit (loss)	(242,590)	596,570	640,228
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(20,363,838)	(13,632,377)
Research and development	5,938,010	2,242,794	(15,517,319)
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	2,769,196	2,384,746	1,489,953
Segment assets	20,344,002	24,499,107
Cash	3,025,565	4,146,260
Additions to property and equipment	194,820	412,158
Segment liabilities	10,154,031	2,023,368
Rental of electric boats | Operating segments
Segment information
Revenue from external customers	4,038,803	4,793,860	1,355,548
Revenue from other segments	336,683	80,842	7,476
Segment revenues	4,375,486	4,874,702	1,363,024
Segment gross profit (loss)	1,966,466	2,839,970	1,003,596
Segment (loss) profit before tax	(623,856)	872,787
Research and development			$ 541,257
Office salaries and benefits [note 17]	1,237,246	951,053
Segment assets	13,941,898	14,039,428
Cash	333,692	1,678,456
Additions to property and equipment	974,533	859,176
Segment liabilities	$ 3,341,868	$ 3,311,128

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Additional cash flows information (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Aug. 31, 2021
Additional cash flows information.
Advances to related parties converted to shares			$ 898,489
Unpaid share subscription			39,200
Right-of-use assets transferred to intangibles, net of accumulated depreciation			5,981
Additions to right-of-use assets	$ 921,498	$ 234,608	852,467
Lease termination	$ 101,471	$ 273,652	37,033
Shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of intangible assets			573,936
Shares issued as consideration for business acquisition			3,474,232
Transaction costs for share issuance transferred from prepaid			$ 213,019

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Commitments (Details)	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
2024
Commitments
Amount of the minimum fixed and determinable portion of the unconditional purchase obligations over the next years	$ 10,943,420

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Commitments - Summary of undiscounted lease commitments (Details)	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($)
2024
Commitments
Undiscounted lease commitments	$ 67,675
2025
Commitments
Undiscounted lease commitments	163,774
2026
Commitments
Undiscounted lease commitments	167,049
2027 and thereafter
Commitments
Undiscounted lease commitments	$ 446,736

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Subsequent events (Details)									1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Sep. 20, 2023 CAD ($) $ / shares shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares shares	Nov. 30, 2023 shares	Oct. 31, 2023 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 shares	Aug. 31, 2023 CAD ($) shares	Aug. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 CAD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 02, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 16, 2023 $ / shares	Apr. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 17, 2023 $ / shares	Jan. 19, 2023 $ / shares	Aug. 05, 2022 $ / shares	Nov. 23, 2020 $ / shares
Subsequent events
Transaction costs | $												$ 800,744	$ 0	$ 0
Number of warrants to purchase voting common shares issued		493,832	493,828	381,293	475,059	554,253	50,000	151,800				2,398,265
Warrants exercise term		3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years	3 years	4 years	5 years				3 years
Exercise price of warrants | (per share)		$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 4.21	$ 8.00	$ 12.50							$ 4.21	$ 5.37	$ 5.35	$ 5.64	$ 5.67	$ 5.63	$ 10.30	$ 16.53
Issue of voting common shares
Subsequent events
Shares issued for services									103,650	103,650	103,650
Number of shares and warrants issued	372,870
Proceeds from issuing shares and warrants | $	$ 1,695,388
Transaction costs | $	$ 334,672
Number of warrants to purchase voting common shares issued	372,870
Warrants exercise term	3 years
Exercise price of warrants | $ / shares	$ 4.05