The Company is the managing member of XPO Holdings and, as a result, consolidates the financial results of XPO Holdings in the consolidated financial statements. XPO Holdings is a pass-through entity for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes following a corporate reorganization effected in connection with the IPO. As an entity classified as a partnership for tax purposes, XPO Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by XPO Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including the Company. The Company is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes with respect to income allocated from XPO Holdings, based on our 51% economic interest in XPO Holdings.

Prior to 2021, the Company was a pass-through entity for income tax purposes. As such, the information below is not applicable for periods prior to 2021.

Loss before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:


U.S. loss before income taxes	$	(50,599	)
Foreign loss before income taxes		(58	)
Loss before income taxes	$	(50,657	)

Income tax expense (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2021 consists of the following:


Current tax provision:
Federal	$	322
State		274
Foreign		187
Total current tax provision		783
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Federal		—
State		—
Foreign		—
Total deferred tax expense		—
Income tax provision	$	783

A reconciliation between the Company's effective tax rate and the applicable U.S. federal statutory income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:


Tax computed at federal statutory rate	21.00	%
State tax, net of federal tax benefit	(0.07	)%
Non-controlling interests	(2.10	)%
Income (loss) from pass-through entities	(5.34	)%
Permanent items	(1.48	)%
Contingent consideration	(10.41	)%
Preferred stock dividend	(1.50	)%
Other	(0.02	)%
Valuation allowance	(1.63	)%
Effective tax rate	(1.55	)%

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes. The components that comprise the Company's net deferred tax assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2021:


Deferred tax assets:
Investment in partnership	$	28,164
Net operating losses		28,844
Tax receivable agreement		59
Interest expense		3,055
Deferred revenue		1,111
Other		379
Total deferred tax assets		61,612
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(61,592	)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance		20
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment and intangible assets		(3	)
Other		(17	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(20	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2021. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as projections for future growth.

On the basis of this evaluation, as of December 31, 2021, a full valuation allowance of $61,592 has been applied against the Company's net deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the DTA considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as projections for growth.

The Company recorded a valuation allowance to equity at the IPO date against its deferred tax assets related to its investment in XPO Holdings of approximately $60,197.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $109,182 and $109,560, respectively. Of the total federal net operating losses, approximately $95,896 were generated after January 1, 2018, and therefore do not expire. Federal net operating losses generated after January 1, 2018 are subject to a taxable income limitation of 80% in accordance with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The remaining federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034, unless previously utilized by the Company. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has foreign tax credits of $137 that begin to expire in 2030.

Utilization of the net operating losses and credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations due to ownership changes that have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating losses and R&D credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an "ownership change" as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50 percentage points of outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders.

On March 27, 2020, the United States enacted the CARES Act. The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the United States economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of COVID-19. The CARES Act provides sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the more significant provisions are amending certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act related to depreciable property and net operating losses, deferral of payroll taxes, and the PPP. At December 31, 2021, the Company has not booked any income tax provision/(benefit) for the impact for the CARES Act due to its recent incorporation and the pass- through treatment of XPO Holdings. The Company has deferred payroll taxes of approximately $325 which will be due on or before December 31, 2022.

The Company is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction, many state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is not currently under examination by income tax authorities in federal, state or other jurisdictions. The Company’s tax returns remain open for examination in the U.S for years 2018 through 2021. The Company's foreign subsidiaries are generally subject to examination three years following the year in which the tax obligation originated. The years subject to audit may be extended if the entity substantially understates corporate income tax.

The Company does not expect a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits during the next 12 months.

Tax Receivable Agreement – In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into a TRA pursuant to which the Company is generally required to pay to the other parties thereto in the aggregate 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that the Company actually realizes as a result of (i) certain favorable tax attributes acquired from the Blocker Companies in the Mergers (including net operating losses and the Blocker Companies’ allocable share of existing tax basis), (ii) increases in the Company's allocable share of existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments that resulted or may result from (x) the IPO Contribution and the Class A-5 Unit Redemption, (y) future taxable redemptions and exchanges of LLC Units by Continuing Pre-IPO LLC Members and (z) certain payments made under the TRA, and (iii) deductions attributable to imputed interest pursuant to the TRA (the “TRA Payments”). The Company expects to benefit from the remaining 15% of any tax benefits that it may actually realize. The TRA Payments are not conditioned upon any continued ownership interest in XPO Holdings or the Company. To the extent that the Company is unable to timely make payments under the TRA for any reason, such payments generally will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.

The timing and amount of aggregate payments due under the TRA may vary based on a number of factors, including the amount and timing of the taxable income the Company generates each year and the tax rate then applicable. The Company calculates the liability under the TRA using a complex TRA model, which includes an assumption related to the fair market value of assets. The payment obligations under the TRA are obligations of XPO Inc. and not of XPO Holdings. Payments are generally due under the TRA within a specified period of time following the filing of the Company’s tax return for the taxable year with respect to which the payment obligation arises, although interest on such payments will begin to accrue at a rate of LIBOR plus 100 basis points from the due date (without extensions) of such tax return.

The TRA provides that if (i) there is a material breach of any material obligations under the TRA; or (ii) the Company elects an early termination of the TRA, then the TRA will terminate and the Company's obligations, or the Company's successor’s obligations, under the TRA will accelerate and become due and payable, based on certain assumptions, including an assumption that the Company would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize all potential future tax benefits that are subject to the TRA and that any LLC Units that have not been exchanged are deemed exchanged for the fair market value of the Company's Class A common stock at the time of termination. The TRA also provides that, upon certain mergers, asset sales or other forms of business combination, or certain other changes of control, the TRA will not terminate but the Company’s or the Company’s successor’s obligations with respect to tax benefits would be based on certain assumptions, including that the Company or the Company’s successor would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits covered by the TRA.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has concluded, based on applicable accounting standards, that it was more likely than not that its deferred tax assets subject to the TRA would not be realized; therefore, the Company has not recorded a liability related to the tax savings it may realize from utilization of such deferred tax assets. Except for $1,440 of the current portion of the TRA, $37,203 of the TRA liability was not recorded as of December 31, 2021. If utilization of the deferred tax asset subject to the TRA becomes more likely than not in the future, the Company will record a liability related to the TRA which will be recognized as expense within its consolidated statements of operations.