20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from       to      

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-39349

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter and translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Republic of Korea

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

13F, Gangnam Finance Center

152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu

Seoul 06236, Republic of Korea

+82-2-501-7216

(Address of principal executive offices)

Joseph A. Sigrist, Chief Financial Officer

c/o DoubleDown Interactive, LLC

605 5th Avenue, Suite 300

Seattle, Washington 98104

+1-206-408-1545

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each twenty (20) ADSs representing one (1) Common Share	DDI	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Common Shares, par value KRW10,000 per share*		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC*

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

2,477,672 Common Shares

(as of December 31, 2023)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	iii
PART I	1
Item 1: Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	1
Item 2: Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	1
Item 3: Key Information	1
Item 4: Information on the Company	27
Item 4A: Unresolved Staff Comments	42
Item 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	42
Item 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees	63
Item 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	69
Item 8: Financial Information	72
Item 9: The Offer and Listing	73
Item 10: Additional Information	74
Item 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	90
Item 12: Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	90
PART II	93
Item 13: Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	93
Item 14: Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	93
Item 15: Controls and Procedures	93
Item 16A: Audit Committee Financial Expert	93
Item 16B: Code of Ethics	94
Item 16C: Principal Accountant Fees and Services	94
Item 16D: Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	94
Item 16E: Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	95
Item 16F: Change in Registrants’ Certifying Accountant	95
Item 16G: Corporate Governance	96
Item 16H: Mine Safety Disclosure	96
Item 16I: Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	96
Item 16J: Insider Trading Policies	97
Item 16K: Cybersecurity	97
PART III	98
Item 17: Financial Statements	98
Item 18: Financial Statements	98
Item 19: Exhibits	98
EXHIBIT INDEX	98

About this annual report

As used in this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires or otherwise states, (a) references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” “our Company” and similar references refer to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea, which is sometimes referred to in this annual report as “DDI,” its Korean subsidiary, Double8 Games Co., Ltd. (“Double8 Games”), its U.S. subsidiary, DoubleDown Interactive, LLC, a Washington limited liability company (“DDI-US”), and DDI-US’ wholly-owned subsidiary, SuprNation AB, a Swedish limited liability company with operations based in Malta (“SuprNation”), and (b) references to “DoubleU Games” or “DUG” refer to DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., a Korean company and our controlling shareholder.

References herein to “STIC” refer to STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund and its wholly-owned affiliate, unless the context otherwise requires.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this annual report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them. The terms “dollar,” “USD,” “US$” or “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States. Currency amounts in this annual report are stated in dollars, unless otherwise indicated. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and our functional currencies are the Korean Won, or KRW or “(Won)”, and the Euro (“EUR” or “€”). Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations included in this annual report of Korean Won into U.S. dollars and the Euro into U.S. dollars have been made at the rate of KRW1,290.97 = US$1.00 and €1.1062 = US$1.00, respectively, as reported by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on December 29, 2023. Historical and current exchange rate information of the Korean Won against the U.S. dollar may be found at https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/hist/dat00_ko.htm. Historical and current exchange rate information of the Euro against the U.S. dollar may be found at https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/hist/dat00_eu.htm.

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year as does our reporting year. Therefore, any references to 2023, 2022 and 2021 are references to the fiscal and reporting years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. See Note 2: Significant accounting policies to our audited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the basis of presentation, functional currency and translation of financial statements.

Non-GAAP measures

In addition to U.S. GAAP measures, we also use Adjusted EBITDA, as described under “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Other key performance indicators and non-GAAP metrics and trends—Adjusted EBITDA,” and Adjusted EBITDA margin in various places in this annual report. These financial measures are presented as supplemental disclosure and should not be considered in isolation of, as a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

Please see “Item 5B. Operating Results—Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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Market and industry data

This annual report contains references to industry market data and certain industry forecasts. Industry market data and industry forecasts are obtained from publicly available information and industry publications. Industry publications generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of that information is not guaranteed. Although we believe industry information to be accurate, it is not independently verified by us. In general, we believe there is less publicly available information concerning international social gaming industries than the same industries in the United States. Some data is also based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from our review of internal surveys or data, as well as the independent sources referenced above. Assumptions and estimates of our and our industry’s future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Item 3D. Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause future performance to differ materially from our assumptions and estimates. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Various statements contained in this annual report, including those that express a belief, expectation or intention, as well as those that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include projections and estimates concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, financial condition, business strategies and plans, market opportunity, competitive position, industry environment, and potential growth opportunities. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “believe”, “expect”, “could”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “continue”, “predict”, “project”, “potential”, “target,” “goal” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, because forward-looking statements relate to matters that have not yet occurred, they are inherently subject to significant business, competitive, economic, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These and other important factors, including, among others, those discussed in this annual report under the headings “Risk Factors”, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Our Business”, may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this annual report. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this annual report include:

• our ability to attract and retain players;

• our expectations regarding the growth rates of our active users, payer conversion rate and revenue per daily active user;

• our reliance on third-party platforms;

• our ability to continue to launch and enhance games that attract and retain a significant number of paying players;

• our reliance on a small percentage of our players for nearly all of our revenue;

• our ability to adapt to, and offer games that keep pace with, changing technology and evolving industry standards;

• competition;

• our ability to use the intellectual property rights of our controlling shareholder, DoubleU Games, and other third parties, including the third-party intellectual property rights licensed to us by International Game Technology PLC (“IGT”);

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any resulting social, political, economic and financial complications;

• protection of our proprietary information and intellectual property, inability to license third-party intellectual property and the intellectual property rights of others;

• security and integrity of our games and systems;

• security breaches, cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents, challenges or disruptions;

• reliance on or failures in information technology and other systems;

• the impact of legal and regulatory restrictions on our business, including significant opposition in some jurisdictions to interactive social gaming, including social casino gaming, and how such opposition could lead these jurisdictions to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming or social casino gaming specifically, and how this could result in a

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prohibition on interactive social gaming or social casino gaming altogether, restrict our ability to advertise our games, or substantially increase our costs to comply with these regulations;

• laws and government regulations, both foreign and domestic, and to data privacy and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, transmission, sharing and protection of personal information and other consumer data, and those laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the internet, including ours;

• the continuing evolution of the scope of data privacy and security regulations, and our belief that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulations in this area is likely within the U.S. and other jurisdictions;

• our ability to complete acquisitions and integrate businesses successfully;

• our ability to pursue and execute new business initiatives; and

• U.S. and international economic and industry conditions.

Given the foregoing risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements in this annual report. The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are not guarantees of future performance and our actual results of operations and financial condition may differ materially from such forward-looking statements. In addition, even if our results of operations and financial condition are consistent with the forward-looking statements in this annual report, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods.

Any forward-looking statement that we make in this annual report speaks only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to update or revise, or to publicly announce any update or revision to, any of the forward-looking statements in this annual report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this annual report.

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PART I.

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [RESERVED]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

We operate in a dynamic and rapidly changing industry that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the factors described below, together with all of the other information contained in this annual report, including our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this annual report. These risk factors are not presented in the order of importance or probability of occurrence. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Some statements in this annual report, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

As used in this annual report, the terms “the Company”, “our Company”, “DDI”, “we”, “our” or “us” may, depending upon the context, refer solely to the Company, to one or more of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries or to all of them taken as a whole.

Summary Risk Factors

The following is a summary of some of the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

• Our profitability may be affected by the rate and manner at which we successfully manage our current and future growth.

• We rely on a small percentage of our players for all of our revenue.

• To date, we have been reliant upon our DoubleDown Casino game for substantially all of our revenue.

• We rely substantially on third-party platforms to make our games available to players and to collect revenue.

• Certain social opposition to interactive gaming or potential issues relating to social casino games could adversely impact our business and limit the growth of our operations.

• We rely on the ability to use the intellectual property of third parties, particularly IGT and DUG, for a substantial portion or our content and other features incorporated into our games.

• Our business depends on our ability to protect proprietary information and our owned and licensed intellectual property.

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• The intellectual property rights of others may prevent us from developing new games and/or entering new markets, or may expose us to costly litigation.

• Our success depends upon our ability to adapt to and offer games that keep pace with changing technology and evolving industry standards.

• Legal proceedings can materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

• Data privacy and security laws and regulations could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions or penalties.

• We operate in a highly competitive industry, and our success depends on our ability to effectively compete.

• Our success depends on the security and integrity of the games we offer, and cyber-attacks, security breaches, or other disruptions could compromise our information or the information of our players and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our profitability may be affected by the rate at which we grow our business. The inability to successfully manage our current and future growth may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We have grown the business since the acquisition of DDI-US from IGT in 2017 and we intend to continue to expand the scope and geographic relevance of the games we provide. Achieving our growth strategy will depend, in large part, upon the rate at which we are able to attract and retain paying players to our games, create engaging content, and expand geographically.

Our ability to increase the number of players of our games will depend on continued player adoption of online social casino and other forms of casual online gaming. Growth in the online gaming industry and the level of demand for and market acceptance of our games are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. We expect that the overall number of our customers and the amount that they are willing to invest in our games will fluctuate from time to time. The rate at which we acquire paying players may be affected by increased competition, general economic conditions, and other factors. In addition, we may not be successful in providing sufficient incentives and creating engaging content to retain our existing customers and attract new customers. If we are unable to successfully acquire, retain, and monetize players who make purchases in our games, our operations and financial condition will be adversely affected and our profitability may decline.

In addition, we hope to grow our player base through geographic expansion of our markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Western Europe. However, significant growth in such markets may not be successful if we do not plan the timing of the expansion appropriately, understand the social and other factors driving player participation in such markets so that we can adapt our content accordingly, and effectively navigate the regulatory environment in which we may be required to operate. If we are unable to properly and prudently manage our operations as we continue to grow, if the quality of our games deteriorates, or if we are unable to provide suitable incentives and content, our name and reputation could be severely harmed, and our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We rely on a small percentage of our players for all of our revenue.

Our games are available to players for free, and we generate revenue from players only if they voluntarily purchase virtual chips above and beyond the level of free virtual chips provided periodically as part of the games. In particular, we monitor the number of players who make a purchase to assess any periodic changes in behavior and associated trends. Average MPUs, or the average number of players who made a purchase at least once in a

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month, decreased from 2022 to 2023, while our overall payer conversion rate has increased from 5.4% in 2022 to 6.4% in 2023. Our paying players may stop making purchases in our games or playing our games altogether at any time. In order to sustain or increase our revenue levels, we must increase the amount our players spend in our games and/or increase the number of players who purchase virtual chips. To retain paying players, we must devote significant resources so that the games they play retain their interest and motivate them to purchase virtual chips through incentives and engaging content. If the average amount spent by our paying players declines, if we fail to offer games that sufficiently incentivize players to purchase our virtual chips, or if we fail to properly manage the economics of free versus paid chips, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our DoubleDown Casino game has generated substantially all of our revenue, and we intend to continue to refresh content and launch new games in order to attract and retain a significant number of paying players to grow our revenue and sustain our competitive position.

Historically, DoubleDown Casino has accounted for substantially all our revenue (2023: 96.3%; 2022: 96.7%), and we expect that this dependency will continue for the foreseeable future while we endeavor to further diversify our portfolio through the addition of new games. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—Our games.” Our growth will depend, in part, on our ability to consistently refresh content for our existing games to promote engagement with our players, as well as launch new games that achieve significant popularity. However, as we add new games to our portfolio, certain of our players may leave existing games, such as DoubleDown Casino, and move to a new offering. As we refresh content and develop new games, we expend significant resources in research and development, analytics, marketing, and others to design, test, and launch refreshed content and our new games.

Our ability to successfully and timely design, test, and launch our games and provide refreshed content, as well as attract and retain paying players, largely depends on our ability to, among other things:

• analyze player demographics and effectively respond to changing player interests and preferences and the competitive landscape;

• enhance existing games with refreshed content and develop new games that, in each case, are interesting and compelling and that incentivize players to purchase virtual chips on a regular basis;

• effectively develop new social and geographic markets for our games;

• minimize delays and cost overruns on development and launch of refreshed content for existing games and of new games; and

• expand our proprietary portfolio of games through organic growth and licensed third-party content.

If we do not successfully extend the life of our existing games and launch games that attract and retain a significant number of paying players, our market share, reputation, and financial results could be harmed. In addition, if the popularity of any of our most successful games decreases significantly, it would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. We cannot assure that our initiatives to improve our player experience will always be successful.

We rely substantially on third-party platforms to make our games available to players and to collect revenue.

Our games are distributed through several main platform providers, including Apple, Facebook, Google, and Amazon, which also provide us valuable information and data, such as the rankings of our games. Substantially all of our revenue is generated by players using those platforms. Consequently, our expansion and prospects depend on our continued relationships with these providers, and any emerging platform providers that are widely adopted by our target player base in the geographic markets in which we operate.

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We are subject to the standard terms and conditions that these platform providers have for application developers, which govern the promotion, distribution and operation of games and other applications on their platforms, and which the platform providers can change unilaterally on short or no notice. Our business would be harmed if:

• the platform providers discontinue or limit our access to their platforms;

• governments or private parties, such as internet providers, impose bandwidth restrictions, increase charges, or restrict or prohibit access to those platforms;

• the platforms modify their current discovery mechanisms, communication channels available to developers, respective terms of service, or other policies, including fees;

• the platforms adopt changes or updates to their technology that impede integration with other software systems, such as Adobe Flash or others, or otherwise require us to modify our technology or update our games in order to ensure players can continue to access our games and content with ease;

• the platforms impose restrictions or make it more difficult for players to buy our virtual chips; or

• the platforms develop their own competitive offerings.

If alternative platforms increase in popularity, we could be adversely impacted if we fail to create compatible versions of our games in a timely manner, or if we fail to establish a relationship with such alternative platforms. Likewise, if our existing platform providers alter their operating platforms or browsers, we could be adversely impacted as our offerings may not be compatible with the altered platforms or browsers or may require significant and costly modifications in order to become compatible. If our platform providers were to develop competitive offerings, either on their own or in cooperation with one or more competitors, our growth prospects could be negatively impacted. If our platform providers do not perform their obligations in accordance with our platform agreements, we could be adversely impacted.

In the past, some of these providers’ platforms have been unavailable for short periods of time or experienced issues with certain features. If such events occur on a prolonged basis or other similar issues arise that impact players’ ability to download our games, access social features, or purchase virtual chips, it could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, operating results, and reputation.

Certain social opposition to interactive gaming or potential issues relating to social casino games could adversely impact our business and limit the growth of our operations.

There is certain opposition in some jurisdictions to interactive online gaming, including social casino games. In September 2018, the World Health Organization added “gaming disorder” to the International Classification of Diseases, defining the disorder as a pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control over gaming and an increase in the priority of gaming over other interests and daily activities. Some states or countries have anti-gaming groups that specifically target social casino games. Such opposition could lead these jurisdictions to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming or social casino games specifically and which could require us to comply with stringent regulations and/or require us to modify our operations in order to comply. These could result in a prohibition on interactive online gaming or social casino games altogether, restrict our ability to advertise our games, encourage our existing platform partners to restrict our ability to deploy our games through their media, or substantially increase our costs to comply with these regulations, all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope, or terms of any such legislation or regulation or the extent to which they may affect our business. In addition, certain third-party distribution platforms on which we rely have had lawsuits brought against them for servicing social casino games, which may limit our access to such platforms.

On September 17, 2018, 15 international gambling regulators, plus the Washington State Gambling Commission, signed a declaration expressing concern “with the risks posed by the blurring of lines between

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gambling and other forms of digital entertainments such as video gaming,” including, among others, social casino gaming. The regulators committed to work together to analyze the characteristics of video games and social gaming, and to engage in an informed dialogue with the video game and social gaming industries to ensure the appropriate and efficient implementation of applicable laws and regulations. The regulators also indicated they would work closely with their consumer protection enforcement agencies. Several other gambling regulators have joined as new signatories to the declaration since its publication. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope, or terms of any actions taken as a result of the declaration.

Consumer protection concerns regarding games such as ours have been raised in the past and may again be raised in the future. These concerns include (i) whether social casino games may be shown to serve as a gateway for adolescents to monetary gambling, and (ii) a concern that social casino gaming companies are using big data and advanced technology to predict and target “vulnerable” users who may spend significant time and money on social casino games in lieu of other activities. Such concerns could lead to increased scrutiny, including the potential imposition of a regulatory framework, over the manner in which our games are designed, developed, distributed, and presented. It is difficult for us to monitor and enforce age or other jurisdictional restrictions with respect to players who download or play our games, as we rely on third-party distribution platforms such as Apple App Store, Facebook, Google Play Store, and Amazon Appstore. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, or scope of any concern reaching a level that will impact our business, or whether, as a result, we would suffer any adverse impacts to our results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and reputation.

We rely on the ability to use the intellectual property rights of third parties, and we may lose the benefit of some of the intellectual property licensed to us if the license agreements are terminated.

Substantially all of the content and related intellectual property incorporated into our games are licensed from third parties, in particular IGT and DUG. Since June 2017, we have been party to a Game Development, Distribution and Services Agreement with IGT (which we refer to as the “IP License Agreement”), pursuant to which we are granted the right to develop and distribute certain IGT game titles and related intellectual property. Under the IP License Agreement, we expect, but cannot guarantee, that we will be able to continue to receive those rights on favorable or reasonable terms. In addition, although IGT has the right to terminate the IP License Agreement for cause, we will retain exclusive, perpetual, and irrevocable use of any IGT intellectual property already used by us for games launched before June 1, 2020 (excluding third party rights that IGT no longer has rights to itself), except in limited circumstances. For each slot game first launched in the social online game field starting on June 1, 2020, the license from IGT is non-exclusive, perpetual and irrevocable. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—Intellectual property.” In addition, we have licensing arrangements with our controlling shareholder, DUG, since March 2018, pursuant to which we are granted an exclusive license to develop and distribute certain of their social casino game titles and sequels, subject to our payment of customary terms and license fees. As of December 31, 2023, we license approximately 49 game titles that are actively offered to players. We expect, but cannot guarantee, that we will be able to continue to receive those rights on favorable or reasonable terms. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—Intellectual property.”

The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to retain or expand intellectual property licenses. We cannot assure that these third-party licenses will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Further, existing and future license arrangements containing royalty provisions could cause us to incur impairment charges in connection with minimum guarantees. To address these risks, we have increased our research and development capabilities in order to create proprietary intellectual property, including content, although there is no guarantee we will be able to create content that receives sufficient acceptance from the market or that is developed in a timely manner. In the event that we are unable to create such content and, in addition, if we lose the benefit of, or cannot renew and/or expand existing licenses with IGT and DUG, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of certain game titles and related technologies that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property.

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Our business depends on the protection of our proprietary information and our owned and licensed intellectual property.

We believe that our success depends in part on protecting our owned and licensed intellectual property in the United States and other countries. Our intellectual property includes certain patents, trademarks and copyrights relating to our games, and proprietary or confidential information that is not subject to formal intellectual property protection. Much of our intellectual property that is significant to our business is owned by DoubleU Games or IGT and licensed to us, and we do not control the protection and maintenance of such intellectual property from third parties and must rely on DoubleU Games or IGT to protect and maintain such intellectual property. Our success may depend, in part, on our and our licensors’ ability to protect the trademarks, trade dress, names, logos, or symbols under which we market our games and to obtain and maintain patent, copyright, and other intellectual property protection for the technologies, designs, software, and innovations used in our games and our business. We cannot assure that we will be able to build and maintain consumer value in our proprietary trademarks and copyrights or otherwise protect our technologies, designs, software, and innovations or that any patent, trademark, copyright, or other intellectual property right will provide us with competitive advantages.

We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary knowledge. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and independent contractors regarding our trade secrets and proprietary information, but we cannot assure that the obligation to maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets and proprietary information will be honored by such individuals.

In the future we may make claims of infringement against third parties or make claims that third-party intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. These claims could cause us to incur greater costs and expenses in the protection of our intellectual property and could potentially negatively impact our intellectual property rights, for example, by causing one or more of our intellectual property rights to be ruled or rendered unenforceable or invalid.

Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, the steps we take in this regard might not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property by competitors or other third parties.

The intellectual property rights of others may prevent us from developing new games and/or entering new markets, or may expose us to liability or costly litigation.

Our success depends in part on our ability to continually adapt our games to incorporate new technologies as well as intellectual property related to game mechanics and procedures, and to expand into markets that may be created by these new developments. If technologies are protected by the intellectual property rights of our competitors or other third parties, we may be prevented from introducing games based on these technologies or expanding into markets created by these technologies.

We cannot assure that our business activities and games will not infringe upon the proprietary rights of others, or that other parties will not assert infringement claims against us. A successful claim of infringement by a third party against us, our games or one of our licensees in connection with the use of our technologies, game mechanics or procedures, or an unsuccessful claim of infringement made by us against a third party or its products or games, could adversely affect our business or cause us financial harm. Any such claim and any resulting litigation, should it occur, could:

• be expensive and time-consuming to defend or require us to pay significant amounts in damages;

• result in invalidation of our proprietary rights or render our proprietary rights unenforceable;

• cause us to cease making, licensing, or using games that incorporate the intellectual property;

• require us to redesign, reengineer, or rebrand our games or limit our ability to bring new games to the market in the future;

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• require us to enter into costly or burdensome royalty, licensing, or settlement agreements in order to obtain the right to use a product or process;

• impact the commercial viability of the games that are the subject of the claim during the pendency of such claim; or

• require us to stop offering the infringing games.

Our success depends upon our ability to acquire and retain players, as well as adapt to and offer games that keep pace with changing technology and evolving industry standards.

Our ability to acquire and retain players is largely driven by our success in maintaining and increasing the quantity and quality of games in our portfolio. To satisfy players, we need to continue to improve their online gaming experience and innovate and introduce games that our players find more rewarding to play than those of our competitors. This will require us to, among other things, continue to improve our technology, game mechanics, and procedures to optimize search results for our games, tailor our game offerings to additional geographic and demographic market segments, and improve the user-friendliness of our games, while working to minimize the risk that players will be diverted from our existing games to one of our new games resulting in reduced purchases by those players. Our ability to anticipate or respond to changing technology and evolving industry standards and to develop and introduce new and enhanced games on a timely basis, or at all, is a significant factor affecting our ability to remain competitive and expand and attract new players. We cannot assure that we will have the financial and technical resources needed to introduce new games on a timely basis, or at all.

Further, as technological or regulatory standards change and we modify our games to comply with those standards, we may need players to take certain actions to continue playing, such as downloading a new game, performing age-gating checks or accepting new terms and conditions. Players may stop using our games at any time, including if the quality of the player experience on our games and our support capabilities in the event of a problem do not meet their expectations or keep pace with the quality of the player experience generally offered by competitive games and services.

Our players depend on our support organization to resolve any issues relating to our games. Our ability to provide effective support is largely dependent on our ability to attract, resource, and retain employees who are not only qualified to support players of our games, but are also well versed in our games. Any failure to maintain high-quality support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to sell virtual chips within our games to existing and prospective players, and adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Legal proceedings can materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

We have been party to, and in the future may become subject to additional, legal proceedings in the operation of our business, including, but not limited to, with respect to consumer protection, gaming-related matters, employee matters, alleged service and system malfunctions, alleged intellectual property infringement, and claims relating to our contracts, licenses, and strategic investments.

For example, in April 2018, a class-action lawsuit was filed against DDI-US demanding a return of unfair benefit under the pretext that our social casino games are not legal in the State of Washington, United States (the “Benson case”). On August 29, 2022, DDI-US entered into an agreement in principle to settle the Benson case and associated proceedings, pursuant to which, among other things, DDI-US would contribute $145.25 million to the settlement fund. As a result of the settlement, we accrued $141.8 million and $3.5 million in expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the incremental loss associated with the Benson case and related claims. See Note 12: Commitments and contingencies to our audited consolidated financial statements included

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elsewhere in the annual report. This agreement in principle received final court approval with the final contribution to the settlement fund made in June 2023. We had an accrual of $95.25 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was cleared by a $95.25 million payment in the second quarter of 2023.

In the future, additional legal proceedings or regulatory investigations targeting our social casino games and claiming violations of state or federal laws could also occur in other states, based on the unique and particular laws of each jurisdiction. We could, in connection with any such proceedings or regulatory actions, including as a result of the Benson case, be restricted from operating social casino games in certain states, or be required to make modifications to the operation of one or more of our games, or have to pay significant damage awards or settlement amounts. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, or scope of the consequences of such an outcome, or the outcome of any other legal proceedings to which we may be a party, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Our global operations expose us to business and legal risks, which could restrict or limit our ability to execute our strategy.

Substantially all of our revenues are currently generated through DDI-US in the United States. Our headquarters and significant game development operations are based in Seoul, Korea. We are subject to risks customarily associated with such global operations, including: the complexity of laws, regulations, and markets in the countries in which we operate; the uncertainty of enforcement of remedies in certain jurisdictions; the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuations; export control laws; the impact of foreign labor laws and disputes; the ability to attract and retain key personnel; the economic, tax, and regulatory policies of local governments; compliance with applicable anti-money laundering, anti-bribery, and anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, The Improper Solicitation and Graft Act of Korea, and other anti-corruption laws that generally prohibit persons and companies and their agents from offering, promising, authorizing, or making improper payments to foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business; and compliance with applicable sanctions regimes regarding dealings with certain persons or countries. Certain of these laws also contain provisions that require accurate recordkeeping and further require companies to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

If we adopt policies and controls that are ineffective or an employee or intermediary fails to comply with the applicable regulations, we may be subject to criminal and civil sanctions and other penalties. Any such violation could disrupt our business and adversely affect our reputation, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. In addition, our business operations could be interrupted and negatively affected by terrorist activity, political unrest, or other economic or political uncertainties. Moreover, countries, including in particular Korea, the United States, and Malta could impose tariffs, quotas, trade barriers, and other similar restrictions that adversely impact the international nature of our business.

Further, our ability to expand successfully in other countries involves other risks, including difficulties in integrating local operations, risks associated with entering jurisdictions in which we may have little experience in the day-to-day management of a growing and increasingly geographically diverse company. We may not realize the operating efficiencies, competitive advantages or financial results that we anticipate from our investments in countries other than Korea and the United States.

In addition, from time to time, we pursue strategic acquisitions. Our ability to succeed in implementing our strategy will depend, to a certain degree, upon our ability to identify and complete commercially viable acquisitions. We cannot assure that acquisition opportunities will be available on acceptable terms or at all, or that we will be able to obtain necessary financing or regulatory approvals to complete potential acquisitions. Furthermore, we may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses that we acquire or do so within the intended timeframes. We could face significant challenges in managing and integrating our acquisitions and our combined operations, and the expected cost synergies or any other anticipated benefits associated with such acquisitions may not be fully realized in the anticipated amounts or within the contemplated timeframes or cost

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expectations, which could result in increased costs and have an adverse effect on our prospects, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In October 2023, we completed the acquisition of SuprNation, an iGaming operator with its main operations in Western Europe. See Note 14: Acquisition to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. SuprNation’s growth prospects depend on the legal status of real-money gaming in various jurisdictions, and legalization may not occur in as many jurisdictions as we expect, or may occur at a slower pace than we anticipate. Additionally, even if jurisdictions legalize real money gaming, this may be accompanied by legislative or regulatory restrictions and/or taxes that make it impracticable or less attractive to operate in those jurisdictions, or the process of implementing regulations or securing the necessary licenses to operate in a particular jurisdiction may take longer than we anticipate, or existing laws or regulations may be changed or interpreted adversely, any of which could adversely affect SuprNation’s future results of operations and make it more difficult to meet our expectations for its financial performance.

Failure to comply with regulatory requirements in a particular jurisdiction, or the failure to successfully obtain a license or permit applied for in a particular jurisdiction, could impact SuprNation’s ability to comply with licensing and regulatory requirements in other jurisdictions, or could cause the rejection of license applications or cancellation of existing licenses in other jurisdictions, or could cause financial institutions, online and mobile platforms, advertisers and distributors to stop providing services to Supernation which it relies upon to receive payments from, or distribute amounts to, its users, or otherwise to deliver and promote our product offerings and services.

Compliance with the various regulations applicable to iGaming is costly and time-consuming. Although our wholly-owned subsidiary, SuprNation, currently has its main operations in Europe, non-U.S. regulatory authorities have broad powers with respect to the regulation and licensing of real money gaming operations and may revoke, suspend, condition or limit SuprNation’s real money gaming licenses, impose substantial fines on SuprNation and take other actions, any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. These laws and regulations are dynamic and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current laws or regulations or enact new laws and regulations regarding these matters. We endeavor to ensure that SuprNation will comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to its business. It is possible, however, that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules. Non-compliance with any such law or regulations could expose us, through SuprNation, to claims, proceedings, litigation and investigations by private parties and regulatory authorities, as well as substantial fines and negative publicity, each of which may materially and adversely affect our business.

Any real money gaming license could be revoked, suspended or conditioned at any time. The loss of a license in one jurisdiction could trigger the loss of a license or affect our eligibility for such a license in another jurisdiction, and any of such losses, or potential for such loss, could cause us to cease offering some or all of SuprNation’s product offerings in the impacted jurisdictions. We may be unable to obtain or maintain all necessary registrations, licenses, permits or approvals, and could incur fines or experience delays related to the licensing process, which could adversely affect SuprNation’s operations. Our delay or failure to obtain or maintain licenses in any jurisdiction may prevent us from distributing SuprNation’s product offerings, increasing its customer base and/or generating revenues. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain and maintain the licenses and related approvals necessary to conduct our iGaming operations. Any failure to maintain or renew our existing licenses, registrations, permits or approvals could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Data privacy and security laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions and other penalties.

We collect, process, store, use, and share data, some of which contains limited personal information. Consequently, our business is subject to a number of U.S. and international laws and regulations governing data

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privacy and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, transmission, sharing, and protection of personal information. Data privacy protection laws are rapidly changing and likely will continue to do so for the foreseeable future and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

We are subject to U.S. federal and state and foreign laws related to the privacy and protection of player data. Such regulations such as the General Data Protections Regulation (“GDPR”) from the European Union (“EU”), the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act of 2018, the UK GDPR, and the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, and newly enacted privacy laws in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah, which went into effect in 2023, are new, untested laws and regulations that could affect our business, and the potential impact is unknown. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—Regulation of the industry.” The U.S. government, including the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce, also continue to review the need for greater regulation over the collection of personal information and information about consumer behavior, and the U.S. Congress is considering a number of legislative proposals to regulate this area. Currently, there are various legislation related to data privacy and security pending before several legislative and regulatory bodies in the United States and worldwide that if passed could impact our operations.

We are also subject to evolving laws and regulations that dictate under what circumstances we can transfer, process and/or receive personal information that is critical to our operations, including data shared between countries or regions in which we operate. For example, in July 2020, the European Union-U.S. Privacy Shield was invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”). While the EU and the UK issued new Standard Contractual Clauses, such transfers of European personal information continue to be subjected to regulatory and judicial scrutiny. If we are unable to transfer data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, or if we are restricted from sharing data among our products and services, it could affect the manner in which we operate and require us to change our data processing policies and measures, which may be burdensome and difficult to undertake successfully, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Due to the rapidly changing nature of these data protection laws, there is not always clear guidance from the respective governments and regulators regarding the interpretation of the law, which may create the risk of an inadvertent violation. Efforts to comply with these and other data privacy and security restrictions that may be enacted could require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and could significantly increase the cost of our operations. Failure to comply with such restrictions could subject us to criminal and civil sanctions and other penalties. In part due to the uncertainty of the legal climate, complying with regulations, and any applicable rules or guidance from self- regulatory organizations relating to privacy, data protection, information security, and consumer protection, may result in substantial costs and may necessitate changes to our business practices, which may compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract or retain players, and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies or terms of use, our privacy-related obligations to players or other third parties, or any other legal obligations or regulatory requirements relating to privacy, data protection, or information security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to us may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our games.

Additionally, if third parties we work with violate applicable laws, regulations, or agreements, such violations may put our players’ data at risk, or result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Further, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data

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handling or data protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry, or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny of technology companies, including us, and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities, which may increase our costs and risks.

Security breaches or other disruptions could compromise our information or the information of our players. If we sustain cyber-attacks or other security incidents that result in data breaches, we could suffer a loss of players and associated revenue, increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm, and other negative consequences.

Our business involves the storage, processing, and transmission of certain proprietary, confidential, and personal information of our players. We also maintain certain other proprietary and confidential information relating to our business and personal information of our personnel. Despite our security measures, our information technology may be subject to cyber-attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, theft, computer hacking, employee error or malfeasance, or other security breaches. Hackers and data thieves are increasingly sophisticated and operate large-scale and complex automated attacks. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise sensitive personal, proprietary, or confidential information, create system disruptions, or cause shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities.

Our systems and the data stored on those systems may also be vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, acts of vandalism or theft, coordinated attacks by activist entities, misplaced or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our systems, the data stored on those systems, and the data of our business partners. Data security breaches and other data security incidents may also result from non-technical means, for example, actions by employees or contractors. Further, third parties, such as hosted solution providers, that provide services to us, could also be a source of security risks in the event of a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. An increasing number of online services have disclosed security breaches, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on portions of their services. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not foreseeable or recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any security breach or incident that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, misuse of, or unauthorized acquisition of our or our players’ data, the loss, corruption or alteration of this data, interruptions in our operations, or damage to our computers or systems or those of our players or third-party platforms. Any of these could expose us to claims, litigation, fines, and potential liability.

The costs to eliminate or address the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities before or after a cyber incident could be significant. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service, and loss of existing or potential suppliers or players. As threats related to cyber-attacks develop and grow, we may also find it necessary to make further investments to protect our data and infrastructure, which may impact our operations. Although we have insurance coverage for protecting against cyber-attacks, it may not be sufficient to cover all possible claims, and we may suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We could also be negatively impacted by existing and proposed laws and regulations, and government policies and practices related to cybersecurity, data privacy, data localization, and data protection in the United States, Korea, the European Union, and other countries.

If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures for our games and content could be harmed, and we could lose players. Any compromise of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions, and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability that is not always limited to the amounts covered by our insurance. Any such compromise could also result in damage

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to our reputation and a loss of confidence in our security measures. If we are subject to a data security breach, we may have a loss in sales or increased costs arising from the restoration or implementation of additional security measures which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business depends on our ability to collect and use data to deliver relevant content and advertisements, and any limitation on the collection and use of this data could cause us to lose revenues.

When our players use our games, we may process, store, use, and share data about our players, some of which contains personal information. We use some of this data to provide a better experience for the player by delivering relevant content and advertisements. As a result of new data protection laws, which expand the definition of “personal information” to include identifiers used for advertising purposes, our players in certain jurisdictions may decide not to allow us to collect some or all of this data or may limit our use of this data. Any limitation on our ability to collect data about players and game interactions would likely make it more difficult for us to deliver targeted content and advertisements to our players. Interruptions, failures or defects in our data collection, mining, analysis and storage systems, as well as privacy concerns and regulatory restrictions regarding the collection of data, could also limit our ability to aggregate and analyze player data. If that happens, we may not be able to successfully adapt to player preferences to improve and enhance our games, retain existing players and maintain the popularity of our games, which could cause our business, financial condition, or results of operations to suffer.

Additionally, Internet-connected devices and operating systems controlled by third parties increasingly contain features that allow device users to disable functionality that allows for the delivery of advertising on their devices, including through Apple’s Identifier for Advertising, or IDFA, or Google’s Advertising ID, or AAID, for Android devices. More device and browser manufacturers are including these features as part of their standard device specifications. For example, Apple requires app developers to ask for permission before they can track an individual’s activity across apps or websites they do not own in order to target advertising to the individual, measure an individual’s actions due to advertising, or to share the individual’s information with data brokers. Similarly, Android devices allow an individual to delete their advertising ID, which prevents such tracking. If players elect to utilize the opt-out mechanisms in greater numbers, our ability to deliver effective advertisements would suffer, which could adversely affect our revenues from in-game advertising.

We are subject to certain risks as an environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) driven company, and increasing scrutiny of, and evolving expectations for, sustainability and ESG initiatives could increase our costs or otherwise adversely impact our business.

We believe that a contributor to our success has been our commitment to environmental, social and governance based values, and we strive to operate our gaming business in a socially responsible manner. Internally, attracting, developing, and retaining top talent in an environment that promotes employee well-being, safety, development, diversity and inclusion is a part of our long-term strategy. However, we may be affected by negative reports or publicity if we fail, or are perceived to have failed, to live up to these values. For example, providing a safe and responsible online gaming environment for users is central to our operations. As a result, our brands and reputation may be negatively affected by the actions of users that are deemed to be irresponsible while using our apps. Similarly, any negative publicity about activity in the business that is perceived to be contrary to our human capital management policies would negatively affect our brands and reputation.

In addition, we may make decisions regarding our business and games in accordance with our values that may negatively impact our short-or medium-term operating results if we believe those decisions are consistent with such values and will improve the aggregate user experience or promotes employee well-being, safety, development, diversity and inclusion. Although we expect that our commitment to environmental, social and governance based values will, accordingly, improve our financial performance over the long term, these decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and any longer-term benefits may not materialize within the time frame we expect or at all, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.

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Furthermore, public companies are facing increasing scrutiny related to ESG practices and disclosures from certain investors, capital providers, shareholder advocacy groups, other market participants and other stakeholder groups. With this increased focus, public reporting regarding ESG practices is becoming more broadly expected. Such increased scrutiny may result in increased costs, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our ESG practices and reporting do not meet investor or other stakeholder expectations, which continue to evolve, we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement regarding such matters. In addition, new sustainability rules and regulations have been adopted and may continue to be introduced in various states and other jurisdictions. Our failure to comply with any applicable rules or regulations could lead to penalties and adversely impact our reputation, access to capital and employee retention. Such ESG matters may also impact our platform partners and other third parties on which we rely, which may augment or cause additional impacts on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

If the use of mobile devices as gaming platforms and the proliferation of mobile devices generally do not increase, our business could be adversely affected.

The number of people using mobile devices has increased significantly over time and we expect that this trend will continue. However, the mobile market, particularly the market for mobile games, may not grow in the way that we anticipate. Approximately 75% of our revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was attributable to mobile device use. If the mobile devices on which our games are available decline in popularity or become obsolete faster than anticipated, we could experience a decline in revenue and may not achieve the anticipated return on our development efforts. Any such decline in the growth of the mobile market or in the use of mobile devices for games could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and our success depends on our ability to effectively compete.

Online gaming is a rapidly evolving industry with low barriers to entry. Businesses can easily launch online or mobile platforms and applications at nominal cost by using commercially available software or partnering with various established companies in these markets, but may not offer the same level of sophistication or capabilities as our games. The market for our games is also characterized by rapid technological developments, frequent launches of new games and content, changes in player needs and behavior, disruption by innovative entrants, and evolving business models and industry standards. As a result, our industry is constantly changing games and business models in order to adopt and optimize new technologies, increase cost efficiency, and adapt to player preferences.

We face competition for leisure time and discretionary spending of our players. Other forms of leisure activities, such as offline, traditional online, personal computer and console games, television, movies, sports, and the internet, offer much larger and more well-established options for consumers. Consumer tastes and preferences for leisure activities are also subject to sudden or unpredictable change due to new innovations. If consumers do not find our games to be compelling or if other existing or new leisure activities are perceived by our players to offer greater variety, affordability, interactivity, and overall enjoyment, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We also compete with online gaming companies, including those that offer social casino games such as Playtika, Aristocrat, SciPlay, Netmarble, Take-Two Interactive, and others, and some of these companies have a base of existing players that is larger than ours. In addition, our controlling shareholder, DoubleU Games, also creates and markets online games and represents a potential source of competition for talent, content development, and players. The interests of DoubleU Games may, from time to time, conflict or compete with our interests. Some of our current and potential competitors, including DoubleU Games, enjoy substantial competitive advantages, such as greater financial, technical, and other resources and, in some cases, the ability to rapidly combine online platforms with traditional staffing solutions. These companies may use these advantages

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to develop different platforms and services to compete with our games, spend more on advertising and marketing, invest more in research and development or respond more quickly and effectively than we do to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, regulatory conditions, or player preferences or requirements. If we are not able to respond to and manage competitive pressure on our business effectively, it could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

If we do not successfully invest in, establish and maintain awareness of our games, if we incur excessive expenses promoting and maintaining our games, or if our games contain defects or objectionable content, our business, financial condition, results of operations, or reputation could be harmed.

We believe that establishing and maintaining our awareness of our games is critical to developing and maintaining favorable relationships with players, platform providers, advertisers, and content licensors, as well as competing for key management and technical talent. Increasing awareness and recognition of our games is particularly important in connection with our strategic focus on developing games based on our own intellectual property and successfully cross-promoting our games. In addition, globalizing and extending awareness and recognition of our games require significant investment and extensive management time to execute successfully. Although we make significant sales and marketing expenditures in connection with the launch of our games, these efforts may not succeed in increasing awareness of our existing or new games. In addition, if a game contains objectionable content or the messaging functionality of our games is abused, our reputation could be damaged. Despite reasonable precautions, some consumers may be offended by certain of our game content or by treatment of other players. If consumers believe that a game we published contains objectionable content, consumers could refuse to play it and could pressure the platform providers to remove the game from their platforms. Further, if we fail to increase and maintain awareness and consumer recognition of our games, our potential revenues could be limited, our costs could increase, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, or reputation could suffer.

Our applications enable us to track certain performance metrics with internal and third-party tools and we do not independently verify such metrics. Certain of our performance metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We track certain performance metrics, including the number of active and paying players of our games. Our all-in-one app strategy, in particular, provides us with large amounts of data on users and participation rates, among other things. Our performance metrics tools have a number of limitations and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we report. If the internal or third-party tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithm or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data (or the data that we measure) may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our longer-term strategies.

Furthermore, our performance metrics may be perceived as unreliable or inaccurate by players, analysts, or business partners. If our performance metrics are not accurate representations of our business, player base, or traffic levels, if we discover material inaccuracies in our metrics, or if the metrics do not provide an accurate measurement of our business, our reputation may be harmed and our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on information technology and other systems, and any failures in our systems or errors, defects, or disruptions in our games could diminish our reputation, subject us to liability, disrupt our business, and adversely impact our results.

We rely on information technology systems that are important to the operation of our business, some of which are managed by third parties. These third parties are typically under no obligation to renew agreements and there is no guarantee that we will be able to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or at

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all. These systems are used to process, transmit, and store electronic information, to manage and support our business operations, and to maintain internal control over our financial reporting. In addition, we collect and store certain data, including proprietary business information, and may have access to confidential or personal information in certain of our businesses that is subject to privacy and security laws, and regulations. We could encounter difficulties in developing new systems, maintaining and upgrading current systems, and preventing security breaches. Among other things, our systems are susceptible to damage, outages, disruptions, or shutdowns due to fire, floods, power loss, break-ins, cyber-attacks, network penetration, denial of service attacks, and similar events. Any failures in our computer systems or telecommunications services could affect our ability to operate our games or otherwise conduct business.

Portions of our information technology infrastructure, including those operated by third parties, may experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with systems integration or migration work that takes place from time to time. We may not be successful in implementing new systems and transitioning data, which could cause business disruptions and be more expensive, time-consuming, disruptive, and resource-intensive. We have no control over third parties that provide services to us and those parties could suffer problems or make decisions adverse to our business. We have contingency plans in place to prevent or mitigate the impact of these events. However, such disruptions could materially and adversely impact our ability to deliver games to players and interrupt other processes. If our information systems do not allow us to transmit accurate information, even for a short period of time, to key decision-makers, the ability to manage our business could be disrupted and our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Failure to properly or adequately address these issues could impact our ability to perform necessary business operations, which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Substantially all of our games rely on data transferred over the internet, including wireless internet. Access to the internet in a timely fashion is necessary to provide a satisfactory player experience to the players of our games. Third parties, such as telecommunications companies, could prevent access to the internet or limit the speed of our data transmissions, with or without reason, causing an adverse impact on our player experience that may materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. In addition, telecommunications companies may implement certain measures, such as increased cost or restrictions based on the type or amount of data transmitted, that would impact consumers’ ability to access our games, which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Furthermore, internet penetration may be adversely affected by difficult global economic conditions or the cancellation of government programs to expand broadband access.

Our games and other software applications and systems, and the third-party platforms upon which they are made available, could contain undetected errors.

Our games and other software applications and systems, as well as the third-party platforms upon which they are made available, could contain undetected errors, bugs, flaws, corrupted data, defects, and other vulnerabilities that could adversely affect the performance of our games. For example, these errors could prevent the player from making in-app purchases of virtual chips, which could harm our operating results. They could also harm the overall game-playing experience for our players, which could cause players to reduce their playing time or in game purchases, discontinue playing our games altogether, or not recommend our games to other players. Such errors could also result in our games being non-compliant with applicable laws or create legal liability for us.

Some of these errors may only become apparent after a game is launched, particularly as we often launch new content and release new features to existing games under tight time constraints. Any such errors may be exploited by cheating programs and other forms of misappropriation, disrupt our operations, adversely affect the gaming experience of our players, harm our reputation, cause our players to stop playing our games, divert our

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resources, and delay market acceptance of our games, any of which could result in legal liability to us or harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We may use open-source software in a manner that could be harmful to our business.

We use open-source software in connection with our technology and games on a limited basis. The original developers of the open-source code provide no warranties on such code. Moreover, some open-source software licenses require players who distribute open-source software as part of their proprietary software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. We try to use open-source software in a manner that will not require the disclosure of the source code to our proprietary software or prevent us from charging fees to our players for use of our proprietary software. However, we cannot guarantee that these efforts will be successful, and thus, there is a risk that the use of such open source code may ultimately preclude us from charging fees for the use of certain software, require us to replace certain code used in our games, pay a royalty to use some open source code, make the source code of our games publicly available, or discontinue certain games. Our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of the above requirements.

Our inability to complete potential acquisition opportunities and integrate those businesses successfully could limit our growth or disrupt our plans and operations.

In the future, we may pursue additional strategic acquisitions to further expand our operations. Our ability to succeed in implementing our strategy will depend to some degree upon our ability to identify and complete commercially viable acquisitions. We cannot assure that acquisition opportunities will be available on acceptable terms, or at all, or that we will be able to obtain necessary financing or regulatory approvals to complete potential acquisitions.

We may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses that we acquire or do so within the intended timeframes. We could face significant challenges in managing and integrating our acquisitions and our combined operations, including acquired assets, operations, and personnel. In addition, the expected cost synergies associated with such acquisitions may not be fully realized in the anticipated amounts or within the contemplated timeframes or cost expectations, which could result in increased costs and have an adverse effect on our prospects, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Our business may be adversely impacted by reductions in discretionary consumer spending as a result of downturns in the economy, global pandemics, or other factors beyond our control.

Consumer demand for entertainment and social casino games, such as ours, is sensitive to downturns in the economy and the corresponding impact on discretionary spending on leisure activities. Changes in discretionary consumer spending or consumer preferences brought about by factors such as perceived or actual general economic conditions, effects of declines in consumer confidence in the economy, public health concerns or pandemics, such as the COVID-19 coronavirus, the impact of high energy and food costs, the increased cost of travel, decreased disposable consumer income and wealth, political and regulatory uncertainty, or fears of war and future acts of terrorism could further reduce customer demand for the games that we offer and the amounts, if any, our players are willing to spend. These factors could impose practical limits on pricing and negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

The online gaming industry, in particular, was identified in industry and media reports, such as Eilers & Krejcik and AppsFlyer, as an unintended beneficiary of this pandemic as people are quarantined in their homes, and we are not an exception to this benefit. Through 2020 and 2021, we experienced increased player engagement resulting from the stay-at-home orders across the United States, and our monthly revenue benefited from the effects of the pandemic, particularly in those months when stay-at-home orders and quarantines were broadly imposed across the United States. However, the extent to which we are able to sustain this increased player engagement is uncertain and player engagement may recede, and we already noticed changes in player

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behaviors and consumer spending in 2022 and 2023. We expect such benefit to diminish over time as COVID-related restrictions expire and consumers return to pre-COVID routines. Consequently, any change resulting in a diversion of player discretionary income to other uses, including for essential items, could adversely impact our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the continuation of COVID-19 has led to economic and financial uncertainty for many consumers and may continue to reduce or maintain at low amounts the disposable incomes of social casino game players resulting in a lower number of players purchasing coins or chips, or in players purchasing fewer coins or chips, which would negatively impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—COVID-19.”

Inflation could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

While inflation in the United States and global markets has been relatively low in recent years, during 2022 and 2023, the economy in the United States and global markets encountered a material increase in the level of inflation. The impact of global pandemics such as COVID-19, geopolitical developments such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and global supply chain disruptions continue to increase uncertainty in the outlook of near-term and long-term economic activity, including whether inflation will continue and how long, and at what rate. Increases in inflation raise our costs for R&D, talent acquisition and services and other costs required to grow and operate our business, and failure to secure these on reasonable terms may adversely impact our financial condition. Additionally, increases in inflation, along with the uncertainties surrounding global pandemics, geopolitical developments and global supply chain disruptions, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty, concerns of which may cause the players of our games to change their behaviors, such as to spend less on in-game purchases, which, in turn, could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We rely on skilled employees with creative and technical backgrounds.

We rely on our highly skilled, technically trained, and creative employees to develop new technologies and create innovative games. Such employees, particularly game designers, engineers, and project managers with desirable skill sets are in high demand, and we devote significant resources to identifying, hiring, training, successfully integrating, and retaining these individuals. A lack of skilled technical workers could delay or negatively impact our business plans, ability to compete, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition could be affected by natural events in the locations in which we or our key platform providers or content suppliers operate.

We may be impacted by severe weather and other geological events, including hurricanes, earthquakes, floods or tsunamis that could disrupt our operations or the operations of our key platform providers or content suppliers. Natural disasters or other disruptions at any of our facilities, those of our key providers, such as Apple, Google, Facebook, and Amazon, or those of our content suppliers, may impair the operation, development or provision of our games. While we insure against certain business interruption risks, we cannot assure that such insurance will compensate us for any losses incurred as a result of natural or other disasters. Any serious disruption to our operations, or those of our key providers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Our results of operations fluctuate due to seasonality and other factors and, therefore, our periodic operating results are not guarantees of future performance.

Our results of operations can fluctuate due to seasonal trends and other factors. Player activity is generally slower in the second and third quarters of the year, particularly during the summer months. Certain other seasonal trends and factors that may cause our results to fluctuate include:

• holiday and vacation seasons;

• climate and weather conditions that could cause players to pursue other activities;

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• economic and political conditions; and

• the timing of the release of new games or refreshed content, including those of our competitors.

Consequently, results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved in another quarter or for the full fiscal year. We cannot assure that the seasonal trends and other factors that have impacted our historical results will repeat in future periods as we do not have the ability to influence these factors.

We are subject to a variety of laws worldwide, many of which are still untested and still developing and which could subject us to further extensive governmental regulation, claims, or otherwise, as well as federal, state, and local laws affecting business in general, which may harm or restrict our business.

We are subject to a variety of laws in the United States, Korea, Malta and other jurisdictions, including laws regarding consumer protection, intellectual property, virtual items and currency, export, and national security, all of which are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws outside of Korea, Malta and the United States. It is also likely that as our business grows and evolves and our games are played in larger volume in a greater number of countries, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. If we are not able to comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources, modify our games, or block users from a particular jurisdiction, each of which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and operating results.

It is possible that a number of laws and regulations may be adopted or construed to apply to us in the United States, Korea, Malta, and elsewhere that could restrict the online and mobile industries, including player privacy, advertising, taxation, gaming, copyright, distribution, and antitrust. Our ability to access potentially key markets in the future, such as Korea and China, which currently restrict or otherwise limit entry for social casino gaming companies, will be dependent in part upon changes to the current legal and regulatory environment.

Furthermore, the growth and development of electronic commerce, social gaming, and virtual items and currency may lead to more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on or limitations on operations of companies such as ours conducting business through the internet and mobile devices. If scrutiny and regulation of our industry increases, we will be required to devote additional legal and other resources to addressing such regulation. Such new compliance costs or jurisdictional restrictions on our ability to offer online games could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—Regulation of the industry.”

Changes in tax laws or tax rulings, or the examination of our tax positions, could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Our existing corporate structure and intercompany arrangements have been implemented in a manner we believe is in compliance with current prevailing tax laws and related regulatory guidance. However, the tax benefits that we intend to eventually derive could be undermined due to changing tax laws. In addition, the taxing authorities in Korea and the United States regularly examine income and other tax returns and we expect that we may become subject to examinations of our income and other tax returns from time to time. The ultimate outcome of these examinations cannot be predicted with certainty.

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There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to United States Holders of ADSs.

A non-U.S. corporation is classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year in which, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of its subsidiaries, either: (i) 50% or more of the value of the corporation’s assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets; or (ii) at least 75% of the corporation’s gross income is passive income. For purposes of the asset test, any cash and cash equivalents (such as bank deposits) will count as passive assets, and goodwill should be treated as an active asset to the extent that it is associated with activities that produce or are intended to produce active income. “Passive income” generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions.

As of the date hereof, we have not made a determination as to our PFIC status for our current or preceding taxable year. Whether we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Further, because the value of our goodwill may be influenced by the market price of our ADSs (and the common shares represented thereby), a decrease in the market price of our ADSs could increase the relative percentage of our passive assets for this purpose. In addition, because the determination of whether a corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year can only be made after the close of such taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which you hold the common shares or ADSs, then U.S. investors could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences (regardless of whether we continue to be a PFIC), including increased tax liability on disposition gains and certain “excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. investors to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs. U.S. investors should consult their tax advisers regarding our PFIC status for any taxable year and the potential application of the PFIC rules to an investment in our common shares or ADSs, including the availability and the advisability of making certain elections under the PFIC rules.

We may be subject to additional tax liabilities in connection with our operations or due to future legislation, which may include a “global minimum tax,” each of which could materially impact our financial position and results of operation.

We are subject to federal and state income, sales, use, value added, and other taxes in Korea, the United States and other countries in which we conduct business and such laws and rates vary by jurisdictions. In recent years, non-U.S. jurisdictions have imposed or proposed digital services taxes, including in connection with the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project. As part of the BEPS Project, the OECD has published a package of model standards, which include the reallocation of global profits of large multinational companies to market jurisdictions based on customer location as well as the introduction of a global minimum tax. These standards, whether imposed unilaterally by non-U.S. jurisdictions or in response to multilateral measures (e.g., the BEPS Project), could result in taxation of companies that have customers in a particular jurisdiction but do not operate there through a permanent establishment. Changes to tax law or administration such as these, whether at the state level or the international level, could increase our tax administrative costs and tax risk, and negatively affect our overall business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.

We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to

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insure. Moreover, any loss incurred could exceed policy limits and policy payments made to us may not be made on a timely basis. Such losses could adversely affect our business prospects, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

There can be no assurance that the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, will not adversely affect our reported results of operations or financial condition.

Our controlling shareholder, DUG, as a listed company in Korea, is required to report its annual financial statements under Korean IFRS as adopted by the Financial Services Commission of Korea. To facilitate the consolidation of our financial statements with those of DUG, we may determine in the future that there is a benefit to reporting our financial statements using IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB (IFRS/IASB). If we change our financial reporting standards to IFRS/IASB, we may implement such change as early as the current fiscal year; however, there can be no certainty as to timing of any such change. All standards and interpretations issued by the IASB and the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee have been adopted by the Korean IFRS. Consequently, if we comply with IFRS/IASB, we will also be in full compliance with Korean IFRS. Although our accounting department is analyzing the effects of adoption on our financial reporting, it is not possible to estimate with any degree of certainty the extent of any impact on the future presentation of our financial results under IFRS at this time.

Risks related to doing business in Korea

Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are incorporated in Korea and certain of our operations are located in Korea. As a result, we are subject to geopolitical uncertainties and risks involving Korea and North Korea.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated over the years and may increase or change abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Over the years, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Korean government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea. Over the years, the United States and the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, including impact of COVID-19, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. In recent years, a series of bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May, and September 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018 and February and June 2019. The United States-North Korea meeting in February 2019 ended abruptly and without an agreement after the United States refused to lift sanctions until North Korea relinquished all of its nuclear weapons. In June 2019, the United States and North Korea had another one-day summit at the Korean Demilitarized Zone, following which both sides announced a resumption of denuclearization talks. Despite attempted new outreach to North Korea by the United States under the presidency of Joe Biden in early 2021, North Korea continued to launch its missile testing programs, and heightening tensions remains and the outlook of further discussions remains uncertain.

Further tensions in North Korean relations may develop due to events such as North Korea’s leadership crisis, breakdown in high-level inter-Korea contacts, or any military hostilities. Alternatively, tensions may be

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resolved through reconciliatory efforts, which include peace talks, alleviation of sanctions, or reunification. There can be no assurance that future negotiations will result in a final agreement on North Korea’s nuclear program, including critical details such as implementation and timing, or that the level of tensions between Korea and North Korea will not escalate. Any increase in tensions, an outbreak in military hostilities or other actions or occurrences, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

It may not be possible for investors to enforce U.S. judgments against us.

Our headquarters facility is located in Seoul, Korea. In addition, four of our directors are non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for U.S. investors to serve process within the United States upon us (other than our subsidiaries) or our directors and officers or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in Korea (i) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (ii) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.

Risks related to our relationship with DoubleU Games

As a foreign private issuer, we intend to follow “home country” practice even though we may be considered a “controlled company” under NASDAQ corporate governance rules since DoubleU Games is our majority shareholder and has voting control over key decisions affecting our Company and our shareholders.

As of the date of this annual report, DoubleU Games holds approximately 67.1% of our shares. We have not entered into any voting agreement with DoubleU Games with respect to its voting of our shares in the future. Consequently, DoubleU Games, as our major shareholder, is able to exercise voting control over most decisions upon which shareholders are entitled to vote.

As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ corporate governance rules. Under the NASDAQ rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group, or another company, is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain NASDAQ corporate governance standards, including the requirements that:

• a majority of its board of directors consist of independent directors;

• its director nominations be made, or recommended to the full board of directors, by its independent directors or by a nominations committee that is comprised entirely of independent directors and that it adopt a written charter or board resolution addressing the nominations process; and

• it has a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities.

However, as a “foreign private issuer,” NASDAQ corporate governance rules allow us to follow our “home country,” Korea, rules and practice with respect to appointments to our board of directors and committees. We intend to follow home country practice as permitted by NASDAQ rather than rely on the “controlled company” exception to the corporate governance rules. Three members of our board of directors are considered “independent” under NASDAQ corporate governance rules.

The interests of DoubleU Games may differ significantly from those of our Board and our other shareholders. As a result, decisions by DoubleU Games could materially affect our continuing activities, including the sale of our Company to a third party or the ability of our shareholders to obtain a premium on any such sale or on a sale by DoubleU Games of all or part of its shareholding.

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Our relationship with DoubleU Games could create potential conflicts of interest in management decisions, which could adversely impact our shareholders.

Although we have substantial contractual arrangements with our controlling shareholder, DoubleU Games, no person is serving concurrently as a director of both companies. Consequently, we have not entered into any agreement intended to govern any conflicts of interest between the two companies. However, under the Korean Commercial Code, or “KCC”, if a company, such as DDI, intends to enter into any arrangement with any of its major shareholders, such as DUG, such company is required to disclose the intended arrangement to its board of directors and obtain a resolution from the board approving such arrangement. Such approval requires the consent of not less than two-thirds of the board members. Under the KCC, a person would constitute a company’s major shareholder if such person holds 10% or more of equity interests in such company (without taking into account any non-voting shares issued by the company) or makes de facto influence on such company’s key managerial decisions (such as appointment and removal of directors and statutory auditors). Accordingly, in order for the Company and DUG to enter into any arrangement, the Company must seek and obtain a resolution from its board of directors approving the intended arrangement. Given the current board structure, the Company’s board resolution would be adopted independently from DUG. To date, the Company and DUG have entered into certain license agreements and loan agreements, all of which have been approved by the Company’s board in accordance with the KCC.

Further, unlike U.S. corporate law, Korean law does not recognize the concept of the controlling shareholder’s fiduciary duty to a company or any of such company’s minority shareholders. Under the KCC, only such company’s directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company. However, to the extent such controlling shareholder provides any instruction to a director of such company and any action or inaction taken by such director based on such instruction is found to be in violation of law, such action or inaction taken by the director may be regarded as that taken by such controlling shareholder. In such a case, the controlling shareholder would be required to indemnify the company for any loss incurred as a result of such action or inaction.

We are subject to certain loan agreements with DoubleU Games that could impede our available working capital and adversely impact our business operations and growth strategy.

We entered into several loans with DoubleU Games as our lender in 2018 and 2019, and the aggregate outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023 of such loans was KRW50 billion (US$38.8 million). These loans mature in 2024, subject to certain prepayment rights. Each loan has a fixed interest rate of 4.60% per annum, with a default interest rate of an additional 5.0% per annum. Interest accrues quarterly, commencing as of May 2019, and is due and payable in full upon maturity. Further, if we are unable to repay the loans at maturity in 2024, we may not be able to continue our operations if we are unable to secure additional financing or otherwise restructure the loans. Although these loans are unsecured, we could nonetheless be forced by DoubleU Games to liquidate our operations and dissolve. See “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Short-term and long-term borrowings.”

A significant portion of our intellectual property portfolio is subject to license agreements with DoubleU Games and our operations could be adversely affected by the amount of royalty payments we are required to make under the agreements.

We are subject to a number of licensing and research and development agreements with DoubleU Games. As of the date of this annual report, DoubleU Games controlled approximately 67.1% of our shares. DoubleU Games has granted us exclusive rights during the term of the agreements for development and distribution of social casino game titles and sequels in social online gaming. As of December 31, 2023, we license approximately 49 slot gaming intellectual property rights from DoubleU Games that are actively offered to end users through our games. We are obligated to pay royalties and license fees to DoubleU Games in connection with these rights. The agreement remains in effect until either DUG no longer holds an interest, directly or indirectly, in DDI, or DDI no longer holds an interest, directly or indirectly, in DDI-US. In such event, the

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agreement provides that the parties will mutually renegotiate the terms of the agreement. If the parties decide to terminate, it could materially adversely affect our ability to continue to use and exploit these rights and the associated gaming content we distribute through our channels. In such event, our business operations, including our revenues and profitability, could be materially harmed unless and until we are able to create or acquire new revenue streams of comparable financial impact. In addition, our reputation would suffer from the loss of this content and we could lose all or a substantial portion of our players for an indefinite period.

Risks related to the ownership of our common shares and ADSs

As a “foreign private issuer” we are permitted, and intend, to follow certain home country corporate governance and other practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and stock exchange requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Our status as a foreign private issuer exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of NASDAQ, including certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. Three members of our board of directors are considered “independent” under NASDAQ corporate governance rules, and we intend to appoint more independent directors over time. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we are generally exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Also, we are not required to provide the same executive compensation disclosures regarding the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated senior executives on an individual basis as are required of U.S. domestic issuers. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to disclose executive compensation on an aggregate basis and need not supply a Compensation Discussion & Analysis, as is required for domestic companies. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

The requirements of being a public reporting company require significant resources and management attention and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.

As a public reporting company, we incur legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not previously incur as a private company. We are subject to the Exchange Act, including the reporting requirements thereunder, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the NASDAQ rules, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” Further, these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, once we are no longer an emerging growth company, we may be required to furnish an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. When our independent registered public accounting firm is required to undertake an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, the cost of complying with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will significantly increase, and management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will further increase our cost and expense. In addition, enhanced legal and regulatory regimes and heightened standards relating to corporate governance and disclosure for public companies result in increased legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming.

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As a result of disclosure of information in this annual report and in filings required of a public reporting company, our business and financial condition has become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we fail to put in place appropriate and effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may suffer harm to our reputation and investor confidence level.

We are in the early stages of the process of designing, implementing, and testing our internal control over financial reporting, which process is time consuming, costly, and complex. If we fail to implement the requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the required timeframe once we are no longer an emerging growth company, we may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and NASDAQ. Furthermore, if we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities. Failure to implement or maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures required of public companies could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common shares for the foreseeable future.

We currently do not intend to pay any dividends to holders of our common shares for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and subject to limitations under applicable law. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends for the foreseeable future. Moreover, any ability to pay dividends will be restricted by the terms of the current term loan and may be restricted by the terms of any future credit agreement or any future debt or preferred equity securities of us or our subsidiaries. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of our common shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders under Korean law, and their voting rights are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

The rights of shareholders under Korean law to take actions, including voting their shares, receiving dividends and distributions, bringing derivative actions, examining our accounting books and records, and exercising appraisal rights, are available only to shareholders of record. Because the depositary, through its custodian agents, is the record holder of our common shares underlying the ADSs, only the depositary can exercise those rights under Korean law in connection with the deposited shares. ADS holders will not be able to bring a derivative action, examine our accounting books and records, or exercise appraisal rights through the depositary.

Holders of ADSs may exercise their voting rights only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Upon receipt of voting instructions from them in the manner set forth in the deposit agreement, the depositary will make efforts to vote the shares underlying the ADSs in accordance with the instructions of ADS holders. The depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast, or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote.

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If Korea experiences certain economic, political or other events, the government may restrict holders of our ADSs and the depositary from converting and remitting dividends and other amounts in U.S. dollars.

Under the Korean Foreign Exchange Transaction Law, if the Korean government deems that certain emergency circumstances, including sudden fluctuations in interest rates or exchange rates, extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments or substantial disturbance in the Korean financial and capital markets, are likely to occur, it may impose any necessary restrictions as requiring Korean or foreign investors to obtain prior approval from the Minister of Economy and Finance of Korea for the acquisition of Korean securities or the repatriation of interest, dividends, or sales proceeds arising from disposition of such securities or other transactions involving foreign exchange.

We may be subject to securities class actions, which may harm our business and operating results.

Companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and damages and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

We may also be called on to defend ourselves against lawsuits relating to our business operations and/ or the industry in which we operate. Some of these claims may seek significant damage amounts due to the nature of our business. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such proceedings. A future unfavorable outcome in a legal proceeding could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, current and future litigation, regardless of its merits, could result in substantial legal fees, settlement or judgment costs, and a diversion of management’s attention and resources that are needed to successfully run our business.

We may amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs and, if such holders disagree with our amendments, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying common shares.

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs. If an amendment increases fees to be charged to ADS holders or prejudices a material right of ADS holders, it will not become effective until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, ADS holders are considered, by continuing to hold their ADSs, to have agreed to the amendment and to be bound by the amended deposit agreement. If holders of ADSs do not agree with an amendment to the deposit agreement, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying common shares. No assurance can be given that a sale of ADSs could be made at a price satisfactory to the holder in such circumstances.

The right of holders of ADSs to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to their holdings and holders of ADSs may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to them.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make any such rights available to our ADS holders in the United States unless we register such rights and the securities to which such rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. In addition, the deposit agreement provides that the depositary bank will not make rights available to ADS holders unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

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The depositary has agreed to pay ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our common shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. However, because of these deductions, ADS holders may receive less, on a per share basis with respect to their ADS than they would if they owned the number of shares or other deposited securities directly. ADSs holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of common shares the ADSs represent. In addition, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is not lawful or practical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and ADS holders will not receive such distribution.

Holders of ADSs may not receive distributions on our common shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to such holders.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay holders of ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian for our ADSs receives on our common shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. Holders of ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our common shares that such ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible for making such payments or distributions if it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed pursuant to an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary is not responsible for making a distribution available to any holders of ADSs if any government approval or registration required for such distribution cannot be obtained after reasonable efforts made by the depositary. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit distributions on our common shares to holders of ADSs. This means that holders of ADSs may not receive the distributions we make on our common shares if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to such holders. These restrictions may materially reduce the value of our ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.

ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer, or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our common shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial for any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs, or the deposit agreement, which may include any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary were to oppose a jury trial based on this waiver, the court would have to determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of the case in accordance with applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, or by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We

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believe that this would be the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including outcomes that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation, or provision of the deposit agreement or the ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Dividend payments and the amount you may realize upon a sale of our common shares or ADSs that you hold will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Korean Won.

Cash dividends, if any, in respect of our common shares represented by our ADSs will be paid to the depositary in Korean Won and then converted by the depositary into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Korean Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a holder of ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds that a holder of ADSs would receive upon sale in Korea of our common shares obtained upon surrender of ADSs, and the secondary market price of ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar value of dividends and sales proceeds received by holders of our common shares.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

Our Company was originally established as The8Games Co., Ltd., in Seoul, Korea in 2008, an interactive entertainment studio focused on the development and publishing of casual games and mobile applications. In 2016, DUG acquired a controlling stake in our Company and, in 2017, DUG acquired the remaining stake in our Company, making us a wholly-owned subsidiary of DUG. Later in 2017, DUG also acquired DDI-US through our Company, believing that our strengths could be highly complementary to DDI-US for creating more powerful social casino gaming content. We changed our name to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. in December 2019. In February 2020, we acquired Korea-based Double8 Games from DUG. In October 2023, we acquired SuprNation, a European iGaming operator, which is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US. See

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“—B. Business Overview” below and Note 14: Acquisition to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our current corporate structure is as follows:

Our ADSs representing common shares have been listed and traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “DDI” since August 31, 2021.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is DoubleDown Interactive, LLC, 605 5th Avenue, Suite 300, Seattle, Washington 98104. Our principal executive offices are located at 13F, Gangnam Finance Center, 152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06236, Korea. Our main telephone number is +82-2-501-7216. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings through its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (“EDGAR”) system. All our Exchange Act reports and other SEC filings will be available through the EDGAR system. Our internet website is https://doubledowninteractive.com. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this annual report. We have included our website address in this annual report solely for informational purposes.

B. Business Overview

We are a leading developer and publisher of digital games on mobile and web-based platforms. We are the creators of multi-format interactive entertainment experiences for casual players. We have been an early pioneer in the social casino gaming segment of casual gaming and were among the initial publishers to launch a social casino game on the Facebook platform in 2010 with the release of DoubleDown Casino. As the market has shifted materially to mobile platforms in recent years, we have also embraced new distribution channels for our games, which have significantly expanded our overall reach and market opportunity. Our games attract players of social casino and casual games, and have been installed over 117 million times to date. During 2023, an average of 1.8 million players played our games each month.

Our market opportunity includes casual gaming globally, which includes slots, puzzle, card, match three and other similar games. Within the social casino segment of casual gaming, which includes free-to-play online slots, poker, table games, and bingo, DoubleDown Casino was ranked the fifth among the top game titles by gross revenue during 2023, according to Eilers & Krejcik, which estimated that the global social casino market was

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approximately $7.3 billion in 2023. As one of the leading players in social casino today, we believe we are well-positioned to combine our social casino expertise with additional game elements to deliver entertaining playing experiences for our players.

We believe that success in casual gaming requires a combination of creativity and data science to acquire, engage and retain players. We have a deep understanding of our players which allows us to hone our game development, content strategy, and live game operations. Our all-in-one approach that combines numerous pieces of content within a single game streamlines the player experience while our best-in-class gaming elements, including graphics, user interface, and meta-features, such as daily challenges and loyalty programs, keep our players engaged. Collectively, our players exhibit higher monetization compared to that of our social casino peers, which we believe reflects our successful approach. Our average revenue per daily active user (“ARPDAU”) was $1.09 during 2023.

We believe our access to content is among the broadest in the gaming industry. In addition to our internally- developed content, we also have access to content from IGT, one of the largest casino equipment suppliers in the world, and creator of well-known slot games such as Cleopatra, Wolf Run, and Megabucks, as well as from DoubleU Games, our controlling shareholder and a leading developer and publisher of social casino games based in Korea. Since 2008, we have had access to over 2,000 slot titles through our partnerships with IGT and DUG and we have internally developed a catalogue of over 49 original slot titles. We continue to provide our players with a superior gaming experience by leveraging our three content pillars: DDI, IGT, and DUG.

In October 2023, we acquired SuprNation, a European iGaming operator, which is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US. As a result, we now operate three real-money iGaming sites in certain Western European countries where SuprNation is licensed. During fiscal year 2023, SuprNation contributed a total revenue of $4.3 million for the 61 days we owned and operated the business. Going forward, we are seeking to grow this revenue and to exploit the estimated $40 billion per year iGaming market opportunity in Europe (estimated by European Gaming & Betting Association in 2023), primarily by expanding player engagement in those countries where SuprNation currently operates. See Note 14: Acquisition to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

The roots of our business

Our Company was originally established as The8Games Co., Ltd., in Seoul, Korea in 2008, an interactive entertainment studio focused on the development and publishing of casual games and mobile applications. In 2016, DUG acquired a controlling stake in our Company and the remaining stake was acquired by DUG in 2017, making us a wholly-owned subsidiary. Later in 2017, DUG also acquired DDI-US from IGT through our Company, believing that our strengths are highly complementary to DDI-US for creating more powerful social casino gaming content. Following the acquisition, DDI-US began to leverage IGT’s expansive selection of land-based casino content, which we continue to utilize through a licensing agreement, to release proven slot titles designed to enrich the authentic playing experience of our games. Additionally, DUG provides our Company with a strong catalogue of casino content and the operating expertise of an early mover and leader in social casino gaming. We currently operate in the United States through DDI-US, our wholly-owned subsidiary. We changed our name to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. in December 2021.

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Our proprietary capabilities, coupled with our access to IGT’s content and DUG’s content and capabilities, give rise to three fundamental pillars through which we provide our players with high-quality content and superior gaming experiences.

• Proven creative and technological competencies of DDI: We have a sophisticated approach in developing original slot content and have demonstrated our innovation and creativity across social casino and casual mobile games. Furthermore, our centralized slot research and development function can quickly and efficiently incorporate slot content from IGT and DUG through a process known as “porting,” in which existing slot content from a third-party library is adapted into our games. Our technological competencies extend to live game operations, our use of data and analytics to tailor the gaming experience on a player segment-specific level to improve user acquisition, drive increased gameplay, and boost player spending in the in-game economy.

• Proven authentic land-based content from IGT: IGT offers us access to over 2,000 slot titles that we can port into our games. We closely monitor their land-based market performance and select top-performing titles to incorporate into our games. Content from IGT features iconic slot titles and authentic casino gameplay mechanics that appeal to a large audience of loyal players, with a particular focus on those who enjoy land-based slot machines. Current and future land-based slot titles from IGT provide a large and growing pipeline of slot content.

• Exclusive original social casino content and proven execution capabilities from DUG: DUG has built a collection of over 400 original slot titles that have been optimized for social casino experiences. We have exclusive access to DUG’s growing slot content that appeals to both dedicated and casual players. In addition, DUG provides expertise in operating social casino mobile games, which enables us to improve execution across numerous aspects of our business including game development, marketing and user acquisition, and live game operations.

Industry overview and market opportunity

Gaming has gained widespread popularity over the last decade and has become one of the largest forms of entertainment globally. Consumer spending on gaming was estimated to be approximately $184 billion in 2023, according to data from Newzoo 2023, of which approximately 49% was generated by mobile device activity. This has been driven by a number of technology and consumer trends:

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• Growth of mobile platforms and entertainment increasingly consumed through mobile. According to data from Newzoo Online, mobile gaming revenue will exceed $95 billion by 2026. We believe this trend presents an opportunity for greater engagement with players on mobile devices.

• Role of app stores as distribution and payment gateways. Developers are now able to distribute apps to global audiences and regularly update the apps with new content and features. App stores are now a popular destination for users to find and access content, and also serve as integrated payment systems where users can conveniently make purchases in a trusted and secure setting.

• Success of the free-to-play model has widened appeal of gaming to the masses. Free-to-play games have significantly increased the revenue potential of mobile and web-based games by eliminating upfront barriers and facilitating purchases throughout the player lifecycle. Free-to-play games allow for a wider audience, increasing the number of potential paying players and enhancing the overall game experience by facilitating greater social interaction among players. Through offering a variety of in-game purchase options, players can spend according to their entertainment value derived from the game which allows developers to maximize revenue from their existing player base.

We also believe that the competencies required to succeed in the market have evolved:

• Scale is increasingly important. While developer tools and app store distribution have lowered the technical barriers to entry, long-term success generally favors larger gaming companies. Only a small fraction of games reaches meaningful scale. As games compete for limited playing time, gaming companies with an ability to invest significant amounts of resources to marketing, research and development, and ongoing costs are able to improve the probability of success. There is also a virtuous cycle whereby top-ranked games drive greater organic growth, which promotes higher social engagement and sharing. This translates to a potential larger player base which provides more data from which more effective user acquisition and engagement strategies can be formulated.

• Content is a key differentiator. Gaming companies face significantly higher costs to develop, market, and operate games. As greater resources are invested in these games, players have become more engaged and deeply invested in the games they play, resulting in higher switching costs. We believe both new and existing games have shown a higher inclination towards proven and recognizable content as a key form of differentiation to improve the likelihood of success in the long-term.

• Increasing longevity of games. Games have evolved into services, significantly extending the lifecycles of successful games. It is generally considered more efficient to grow an existing game with an established player base than to develop a new game and acquire players. Facilitated by a shift in monetization strategy towards more in-game purchases, greater ability to update games post-launch via app store platforms, and the incorporation of social aspects into the games, players stay engaged longer, which in turn drives higher and more stable monetization. As the lifecycles of games continue to increase, we believe that strong, data-driven live operations capabilities are crucial to optimize games to drive long-term and sustainable value.

We believe that our market opportunity includes casual gaming globally, which includes slots, puzzle, card, match three and other similar games. The global social casino market was estimated to be $7.3 billion in 2023 according to Eilers & Krejcik. We believe that casual and social casino genres are converging, blending elements into new games. As one of the leading players in social casino gaming today, we believe we are well-positioned to combine our social casino expertise with additional game elements to deliver entertaining playing experiences for our players. Our management and development teams have experience developing both social casino and casual games.

Our data-driven approach

We employ a data-driven approach throughout our business, from new game strategy to live operations of existing games. We have been operating in this manner for over ten years, and have developed a system of analysis leveraging our longevity and depth of player information. Our analytic capabilities allow for real-time

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and more accurate analysis, thereby reducing our reliance on third-party providers. We continually analyze and test granular changes to features, content, and live game operations to hone our offering.

Feature development

We build features that are designed to enhance the gaming experience for our players and drive engagement and monetization. Prior to full launch, we employ a variety of testing processes, including alpha testing, beta testing, and targeted launches, to estimate granular impacts on player behavior. Based on our analysis of test results, we are able to predict whether implementation of the feature will drive increased playing time or session frequency, or generate additional purchases in the in-game economy for particular player segments. We hone our features in an iterative process prior to full release. We develop features to continue to grow our player base, increase our current players’ engagement with our games, and boost player monetization within our games. For example, to drive higher monetization of players, we tested an enhanced jackpot feature designed to provide greater jackpot wins during a limited period of time. Our testing confirmed that such a feature motivated higher wager levels and related purchases. As a result, the Jackpot Happy Hour feature was introduced to all players in DoubleDown Casino.

Content strategy

We release new content with a high velocity cadence, typically every 1.5 to 2 weeks. Fresh content is important in heightening player engagement, providing new opportunities for players to utilize virtual chips, and motivating additional purchases. We continually analyze in real-time how our slot titles are performing across our games to provide insights into which content in our development pipeline is optimal to introduce next. We extend our performance analysis to all in-market titles, and our development speed enables us to be a fast- follower for any type of content gaining traction in the market. If our data analytics show a particular style of content driving increases in monetization or number of playing sessions per player, we believe we can quickly and efficiently introduce related content. For example, our decision to expand the scope of our content beyond authentic slot titles to include more original social casino content was based on the strong positive data trends seen in the performance of initial content launches of this type.

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Live game operations

We use our data and analytics to tailor the application of meta-features on a player segment-specific level to improve user acquisition, drive increased gameplay, and boost spend in the in-game economy. Based on our real-time analysis of how a specific player reacts to specific changes in gameplay mechanics or communications, we can tailor the gaming experience of the player or the special offers the player receives. We can utilize these insights to optimize our user acquisition spend, gameplay mechanics, and monetization efforts to other players with similar behavior. Our customized analytics improve over time as we optimize these live operations functions daily. Our data-driven live game operations is a core capability that we believe helps to boost our marketing efficiency and increase engagement and monetization of existing players. For example, we are able to deliver optimized purchase offers to first-time payers based on initial playing behavior of each new player cohort.

Our strengths

• All-in-one strategy offers scalability, player insights, and operational efficiency. Our all-in-one approach allows our players to access our extensive library of slot content through a single game download. The all-in-one approach provides an enhanced understanding of our players as all of their behaviors take place within the same game. By centralizing our content into fewer games, we can also adopt a more focused and efficient approach to user acquisition. Our all-in-one approach improves our marketing efficiency, promotes awareness of our games, and reduces cannibalization across multiple games.

• Access to deep content libraries and proven track record of developing new content. We have access to hundreds of highly recognizable, branded land-based slot titles through our partnership with IGT which enables us to deliver an authentic casino floor experience to our players. Our parent company, DUG, also has deep experience in developing social casino games. More than 400 titles are available to us exclusively, further enriching our content library. In addition to IGT and DUG content, our in-house research and development team develops proprietary slot content. Collectively, we have had access to over 2,000 slot titles through our partnerships with IGT and DUG and we have internally developed a proprietary catalogue of over 49 original slot titles.

• Comprehensive player lifecycle management. We employ a rigorous, data-driven approach to player lifecycle management from user acquisition to ongoing engagement and monetization. We use internally-developed analytic tools to segment and target players and to optimize user acquisition spend across multiple channels. We believe our comprehensive, data-driven approach to managing players throughout the entirety of their lifecycle drives better monetization than our competitors, resulting in ARPDAU of $1.09 for 2023.

• Robust technology platform. We operate on a centralized, cloud-based technology platform which enables us to consistently launch high-quality slot content and operate our games on a global level. In addition, we have proprietary porting capabilities that allow us to implement content from DUG and IGT quickly and efficiently. Lastly, our high-capacity servers minimize loading time and service outage risks, contributing to a streamlined and consistent gaming experience for our players.

• Deep talent pool and shareholder support. We have a global development team with extensive experience across multiple geographies and functions. Our management team and employee base have a proven track record of creating and scaling social casino and casual games. We also benefit from our controlling shareholder DUG, a leader in the social casino gaming industry, with whom we regularly engage to share best practices.

Our strategies

Maximize

We plan to develop new content and features within our existing games to grow the number of active players in our existing player segments. We intend to improve engagement and monetization of our existing players by leveraging enhanced data insights gained from our analytic capabilities. In addition, we aim to utilize

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our rich data to hone our development, marketing, and live game operations efforts to drive additional player engagement and monetization. We also aim to efficiently deploy our marketing spend to attract new players to our platform for both our existing games and future new games in our existing gaming categories.

Expand

We intend to build, launch and scale additional games in adjacent gaming segments using our skilled and experienced creative and technical experts many of whom have worked on successful mobile games outside social casino. This includes expansion into new gaming categories such as action role-playing games, or RPG, casual casino, and hyper-casual to capture an increased share of the fast-growing mobile games market. We believe we can further leverage our existing content to grow in regions that share familiarity with our current content and gameplay features, such as Australia and Western Europe.

Acquire

We intend to pursue selective merger and acquisition opportunities to expand our capabilities and grow our industry and geographic footprint. Our management team has a demonstrated track record of execution and integration for strategic mergers and acquisitions, having been successful in integrating content and capabilities from our controlling shareholder, DUG. We believe we can further maximize the value of acquired assets by leveraging our scalable platform and deep talent pool.

Our games

DoubleDown Casino (launched in April 2010)

Start screen	Lobby
Slot game start screen	Hall of Fame History showing player ranking

DoubleDown Casino, our flagship game, targets social casino gamers who value authentic Vegas-style gameplay. The game replicates the land-based casino environment and utilizes our internally-developed slot titles, as well as those from IGT and DUG. A pioneer in the social casino gaming industry, DoubleDown Casino

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was first introduced in April 2010 on Facebook and achieved 10 million cumulative downloads in just 23 months. In February 2012, the DoubleDown Casino mobile app was launched on Apple App Store, Google Play Store, and Amazon Appstore. In 2018, we fully renewed the game by incorporating additional content, including from DUG, along with additional engaging in-app features such as High Limit Room, Jackpot Happy Hour, vouchers and coupon systems, and more granular membership segmentation. DoubleDown Casino features 310 free-to-play slots as of December 31, 2023. Almost a decade after its initial launch, DoubleDown Casino remains one of the most recognized social casino games, and ranked the fifth among the top game titles by gross revenue during 2023, according to Eilers & Krejcik.

DoubleDown Fort Knox (launched in April 2018)

Start screen	Lobby	Slot game start screen	Time-based bonuses

DoubleDown Fort Knox is offered as a mobile app on Apple App Store and Google Play Store. DoubleDown Fort Knox utilizes an advanced technology platform allowing for an immersive experience which appeals to a younger player demographic. Additionally, DoubleDown Fort Knox offers a suite of compelling meta-features, including daily bingo challenges and progress boosters. DoubleDown Fort Knox features 99 slots and had recorded over 3.9 million cumulative installations as of December 31, 2023.

DoubleDown Classic (launched in July 2017)

Start screen	Lobby

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Slot game start screen	Daily Bonus

DoubleDown Classic focuses on players with a strong appetite for classic wheel-based slot games, who prefer an old-fashioned, mechanical, reel-based gaming experience. In this game, players can find some of the most traditional and popular 3-reel and 5-reel slots seen in land-based casinos, which are designed to maximize authenticity of the gaming experience. DoubleDown Classic is offered through Apple App Store and Google Play Store, with over 2.0 million cumulative installations as of December 31, 2023.

Technology infrastructure

We operate our games on robust technology infrastructure. We utilize an Amazon Web Service-based data infrastructure that enables stable and agile data management. We designed our platform with multiple layers of redundancy to guard against data loss and to deliver high availability. Our data centers are currently located in Virginia and California. Our high-capacity servers support our data and analytics capabilities.

Our technology platform enables us to port new content ourselves. Our systematic ability to port gaming content from both DUG and IGT has enabled us to customize content for our gaming environment, so that we can provide a more consistent interface with improved aesthetics to ensure a seamless experience for our players.

We operate using a shared code base. Our shared code base improves speed to market and minimizes development costs. Our shared global architecture enables every innovation and upgrade to our infrastructure to be simultaneously available to all of our games and development teams. We are able to continuously incorporate learnings across our platform to optimize performance.

Our platform partners

Our games are primarily distributed, marketed, and promoted through third party platform providers, primarily Apple App Store, Facebook, Google Play Store, and Amazon Appstore. Most of the virtual chips we sell are purchased using the payments processing systems of these platform providers. These platforms generally charge us approximately 30% of the gross receipts they collect from our players.

Our use of mobile and web-based platforms and data derived from such platforms is subject to each platform provider’s standard terms and conditions for application developers, which govern the promotion, distribution and operation of games and other applications on their platforms. Our platform providers have the ability to make unilateral changes to their platforms, their terms of service, the amounts of or method by which our players obtain content and make payments, how they are paid, and any other aspect of their platforms and services. Those changes may negatively impact how our games work, how players interact with our games, and our ability to attract and monetize players.

Technology and content development

We have a dedicated technology and content development team that works to expand our player reach, and impact with new, innovative games. Since the acquisition of DDI-US from IGT in 2017, we have endeavored to

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strengthen our in-house development capabilities to enable us to be less reliant on third-party licensing arrangements, primarily with IGT and DUG, by developing proprietary intellectual property. We consider it important to create new and innovative games on a continuing basis in order to attract and retain players and, ultimately, to increase our market share.

Our development operations are based in our Seoul headquarters facility, which includes a Korea game development center. The Korea center has approximately 129 employees who focus on the design, development, testing and delivery of our social casino games as well as the integration of our gaming platform with other internet applications and platforms. Our expenditures on technology and content development were approximately $19.1 million in 2023 and approximately $18.2 million in 2022.

Marketing

We focus our marketing efforts on acquiring new players and retaining existing players. We acquire players both organically and through paid channels. Our paid marketing includes performance marketing and dynamic media buying on Facebook, Google, and other channels such as mobile ad networks. Underlying our paid marketing efforts are our data analytics that allow us to estimate the expected value of a player and adjust our user acquisition spend to a targeted payback period. Our broad capabilities in promotions allow us to tailor promotional activity around new releases, execute differentiated multi-channel campaigns, and reach players with preferred creative content. In addition to our paid player acquisition efforts, we acquire players organically. Our expansive base of players attracts other players to our games through the viral and sharing features provided by social networks, the social innovations in our games, and the network effects of our business. The social innovations in our games include tournaments, bonuses for friend invites, and social network leaderboards. Our games’ prominent rankings on app store distribution channels also boost organic installations.

Our player retention marketing includes advertising on Facebook as well as outreach through email, push notifications, and social media posts on channels such as Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest. Our data and analytics also inform our retention marketing efforts. Campaigns are specially designed for each channel based upon player preferences for dimensions such as time of day and creative content. We consistently monitor marketing results and return on investment, replacing ineffective marketing tactics to optimize and improve channel performance.

Competition

We face significant competition in all aspects of our business. Our primary social casino game competitors include Playtika (acquired by a group of investors led by Shanghai Giant Network Technology Co.), Product Madness/Big Fish Games (subsidiaries of Aristocrat), Take-Two Interactive, and SciPlay. Our principal competitors in the broader casual game market include Electronic Arts, Activision Blizzard, Electronic Arts, Take Two Interactive, Kabam, Rovio, and Tencent Holdings. On the broadest scale, we compete for the leisure time, attention, and discretionary spending of our players versus other forms of online entertainment, including social media, reading, and other video games on the basis of a number of factors, including:

• quality of player experience,

• breadth and depth of gameplay,

• innovative game mechanics,

• ability to create or license compelling content,

• ability to invest in leading technology,

• game awareness and reputation, and

• access to distribution channels.

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We believe these factors, among other things, enable us to compete favorably in the market. Our industry and the markets for our games, however, are highly competitive, rapidly evolving, fragmented, and subject to changing technology, shifting needs, and frequent introductions of new games, development platforms, and services. Successful execution of our strategy depends on our continuous ability to attract and retain players, expand the market for our games, maintain a technological edge, and offer new capabilities to players.

Many of our current and potential competitors enjoy substantial competitive advantages, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, greater financial, technical, and other resources, and, in some cases, the ability to rapidly combine online platforms with full-time and temporary employees. Internationally, local competitors may have greater recognition than us in their local country and a stronger understanding of local culture and commerce. They may also offer their products and services in local languages we do not offer.

Intellectual property

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws to protect our intellectual property rights. As of December 31, 2023, we have five registered patents in the United States, one registered patent in Canada, 18 registered trademarks in the United States, 18 trademarks pending in the United States, and 45 registered trademarks in jurisdictions outside of the United States. As of December 31, 2023, our wholly-owned subsidiary, SuprNation, directly and indirectly holds one registered trademark in the United States, six registered trademarks and four registered logo trademarks in the EU, and 24 registered trademarks, 12 registered logo trademarks and one pending trademark outside of the United States and the EU.

We also license a significant amount of the intellectual property that we use in our business from IGT pursuant to the IP License Agreement. We entered into the IP License Agreement with IGT on June 1, 2017, and it was subsequently amended on October 4, 2018 and May 30, 2020. Pursuant to the IP License Agreement, as amended, IGT has granted us an exclusive, perpetual and irrevocable license to license and distribute certain IGT social casino game titles in the social online game field of use launched before June 1, 2020. For each slot game first launched in the social online game field by DDI-US starting on June 1, 2020, the license from IGT is non-exclusive, perpetual and irrevocable. The IP License Agreement has an initial term of ten years, and may be renewed, if certain conditions are met, for two additional five-year periods. The IP License Agreement may be terminated by either us or IGT for cause. Pursuant to the IP License Agreement, as of December 31, 2023, we license from IGT approximately 320 slot gaming intellectual property rights that are actively offered to end users through our game titles.

We entered into the DoubleU Games License Agreement on March 7, 2018, and it was subsequently amended on July 1, 2019, and November 27, 2019. In March 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a new Game License Agreement with DoubleU Games with effect from January 1, 2023, which supersedes the prior DoubleU Games License Agreement. Pursuant to the new Game License Agreement, DoubleU Games grants us, through DDI-US, a non-exclusive and worldwide license to service and distribute certain DoubleU Games social casino game titles and sequels thereto in the social online game field of use. As of December 31, 2023, we license approximately 49 game titles that are actively offered to end users. Such license is subject to our payment of license fees.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology. In addition, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring their non-infringement of our intellectual property rights.

Regulation of the industry

We are subject to foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies operating online, including over the internet and mobile networks, many of which are still evolving and could be interpreted in ways that could negatively impact our business, revenue, and results. Our social casino games, like many of those operated by our competitors, are not regulated under gambling or gaming laws. Certain jurisdictions, such as China, prohibit the operation of online social casino games completely within their country.

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There is certain opposition in some jurisdictions to interactive online gaming, including social casino games. In September 2018, the World Health Organization added “gaming disorder” to the International Classification of Diseases, defining the disorder as a pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control over gaming and an increase in the priority of gaming over other interests and daily activities. Some states or countries have anti-gaming groups that specifically target social casino games. Such opposition could lead these jurisdictions to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming or social casino games specifically and which could require us to comply with stringent regulations and/or require us to modify our operations in order to so comply. These could result in a prohibition on interactive online gaming or social casino games altogether, restrict our ability to advertise our games, encourage our existing platform partners to restrict our ability to deploy our games through their media, or substantially increase our costs to comply with these regulations, all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope, or terms of any such legislation or regulation or the extent to which they may affect our business.

On September 17, 2018, 15 international gambling regulators, plus the Washington State Gambling Commission, signed a declaration expressing concern “with the risks posed by the blurring of lines between gambling and other forms of digital entertainments such as video gaming,” including, among others, social casino gaming. The regulators committed to work together to analyze the characteristics of video games and social gaming and to engage in an informed dialogue with the video game and social gaming industries to ensure the appropriate and efficient implementation of applicable laws and regulations. The regulators also indicated they would work closely with their consumer protection enforcement agencies. Several other gambling regulators have joined as new signatories to the declaration since its publication. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope, or terms of any actions taken as a result of the declaration.

Consumer protection concerns regarding games such as ours have been raised in the past and may again be raised in the future. These concerns include (i) whether social casino games may be shown to serve as a gateway for adolescents to money gambling, and (ii) a concern that social casino gaming companies are using big data and advanced technology to predict and target “vulnerable” users who may spend significant time and money on social casino games in lieu of other activities. Such concerns could lead to increased scrutiny, including the potential imposition of a regulatory framework, over the manner in which our games are designed, developed, distributed, and presented. It is difficult for us to monitor and enforce age restrictions with respect to players who download or play our games, as we rely on third-party distribution platforms such as Apple App Store, Facebook, Google Play Store, and Amazon Appstore. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, or scope of any concern reaching a level that will impact our business, or whether we would suffer any adverse impacts to our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

In a 2018 case, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided that a social casino game produced by one of our competitors should be considered illegal gambling under Washington state law. Similar lawsuits have been filed against other defendants, including DDI-US. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal and Administrative Proceedings.”

Data privacy and security

We collect, process, store, use, and share data, some of which contains personal information. Consequently, our business is subject to a number of U.S. and international laws and regulations governing data privacy and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, transmission, sharing, and protection of personal information. Data privacy protection laws are rapidly changing and likely will continue to do so for the foreseeable future and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

The European Union, or EU, has adopted strict data privacy and security regulations. The “GDPR”, effective May 2018, created new compliance obligations applicable to even non-EU businesses that offer their services to individuals located in the European Union. Companies that fail to comply with their GDPR

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obligations can face large financial penalties (including fines of up to four percent of global annual revenue for the preceding financial year or €20 million (whichever is higher) for the most serious violations).

In addition, rulings from the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) may have a great impact on how companies subject to the GDPR process EU personal data. For example, in July 2020 the CJEU ruled that the EU—U.S. Privacy Shield certification was no longer a valid mechanism for transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States. While the EU and the UK issued new Standard Contractual Clauses, such transfers of European personal information continue to be subjected to regulatory and judicial scrutiny. We have taken appropriate steps to legitimize the transfer of such data that previously relied on EU—U.S. Privacy Shield certification.

In addition, the scope of data privacy regulations worldwide continues to evolve. New, increasingly restrictive regulations are coming into force all around the world, such as in Thailand and Brazil, but also within the United States. The California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, became effective on January 1, 2020.

In short, the CCPA:

• provides California consumers with new rights—specifically the right to notice, access, deletion, and to opt-out of sales of their personal information,

• will affect several marketing activities due to the CCPA’s broad definitions of personal information and sale, and

• provides for private actions and permits for class action which could result in businesses being subject to substantial statutory fines in cases involving thousands of impacted consumers where the business is found to have failed to implement and maintain reasonable and appropriate security procedures.

The interpretation and practical implication of several provisions remain somewhat uncertain. Moreover, the California Privacy Rights Act, which was passed by ballot proposition in November 2020, amends the CCPA to provide even more expansive rights to California residents, and took effect on January 1, 2023. It is clear that the effects of the CCPA/CPRA are significant and that they will require us to modify our data, security, and marketing practices and policies, and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply with the CCPA and other applicable data protection/privacy laws, such as the newly enacted privacy laws in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah, which went into effect in 2023. The U.S. government, including the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce, also continue to review the need for greater regulation over the collection of personal information and information about consumer behavior, and the U.S. Congress is considering a number of legislative proposals to regulate this area. Currently, there are various legislation related to data privacy and security pending before several legislative and regulatory bodies in the United States and worldwide that if passed could impact our operations.

Due to the rapidly changing nature of these data protection laws, there is not always clear guidance from the respective governments and regulators regarding the interpretation of the law, which may create the risk of an inadvertent violation. Efforts to comply with these and other data privacy and security restrictions that may be enacted could require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and could significantly increase the cost of our operations. Failure to comply with such restrictions could subject us to criminal and civil sanctions and other penalties. In part due to the uncertainty of the legal climate, complying with regulations, and any applicable rules or guidance from self-regulatory organizations relating to privacy, data protection, information security, and consumer protection, may result in substantial costs and may necessitate changes to our business practices, which may compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract or retain players, and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to players or other third parties, or any other legal obligations or regulatory requirements relating to

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privacy, data protection, or information security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to us may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our games.

Additionally, if third parties we work with violate applicable laws, regulations, or agreements, such violations may put our players’ data at risk, or result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Further, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data handling or data protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry, or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny of technology companies, including us, and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities, which may increase our costs and risks.

As we offer our games worldwide, foreign jurisdictions may claim we are required to comply with local laws, including in jurisdictions where we have no local presence, offices, or other equipment. We are subject to a variety of laws in the United States and other non-U.S. jurisdictions, including laws regarding consumer protection, intellectual property, virtual items and currency, export, and national security, all of which are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws outside the United States. It is also likely that as our business grows and evolves and our games are played in a greater number of countries, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. If we are not able to comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources, modify our games, or block users from a particular jurisdiction, each of which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and operating results.

It is possible that a number of laws and regulations may be adopted or construed to apply to us in the United States, Korea, Europe, and elsewhere that could restrict the online and mobile industries, including player privacy, advertising, taxation, gaming, copyright, distribution, and antitrust. Furthermore, the growth and development of electronic commerce, social gaming, and virtual items and currency may lead to more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on or limitations on operations of companies such as ours conducting business through the internet and mobile devices. If scrutiny and regulation of our industry increase, we will be required to devote additional legal and other resources to addressing such regulation. For example, certain jurisdictions may seek to regulate social games. If a jurisdiction important to our business regulates social games, we would incur additional costs associated with compliance with such regulation, or depending on the nature of the regulation, we could be prohibited from providing social games in such jurisdiction altogether. Such new compliance costs or jurisdictional restrictions on our ability to offer social games could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 240 full-time employees worldwide, of whom approximately 129 are based in our Seoul facility, 54 are based in our Seattle facility and 57 are based in our Malta facility. We have 141 employees dedicated to technology and content development, 42 in marketing, and 57 in general administration. We do not have any part-time employees nor do we have any unions or collective bargaining agreements with any of our employees.

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C. Organizational Structure

Our principal operating subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

Legal Entity Name	Jurisdiction	Percentage Interest Held
DoubleDown Interactive LLC	Washington		100	%
SuprNation AB	Sweden		100	%
Double8 Games Co., Ltd.	Republic of Korea		100	%

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

We currently lease three facilities located in Seoul, Korea, Seattle, Washington, and Swieqi, Malta, each of which comprises approximately 28,497 square feet, 49,375 square feet, and 4,770 square feet, respectively. The Seoul facility is our principal office, serving as our management headquarters and providing research and development activities. The Seattle facility serves as our center of human resources and administrative activities for the U.S. operations. The Swieqi facility serves as our operation center for SuprNation. We lease our principal office from DoubleU Games, and each of DDI-US and SuprNation leases their respective office from an independent third party. Our Seoul lease was renewed in 2023 and expires on September 30, 2028. The terms of the Seoul lease provide for annual rent increases of $3,314, or an increase of approximately 3.0% per year. Our Seattle lease was originally entered into in July 2012 and expires on October 31, 2024. The terms of the Seattle lease provide for annual rent increases of $4,115, or an increase of approximately 2.5% per year. Our Swieqi lease was assumed as part of the SuprNation acquisition in October 2023, and expires on October 31, 2024.

We believe our existing facilities are sufficient for our current needs. We may add new facilities or expand our existing facilities as we continue to add employees and expand into new markets. We expect that suitable additional space will be available to us as and when needed to accommodate our future growth.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Item 4. Information on the Company” of this annual report, and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current plans, expectations, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report, particularly in the sections entitled “Item 3D. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a leading developer and publisher of digital games on mobile and web-based platforms. We are the creators of multi-format interactive entertainment experiences for casual players.

All of our games are downloadable and playable for free on mobile platforms, and DoubleDown Casino is also available on web platforms. We designed our games to provide free virtual chips to players at various time intervals based on our players’ playing behaviors and patterns. We generate substantially all of our revenue from

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the sale of additional virtual chips, which players can choose to purchase at any time to enhance their playing experience. Our virtual chips cannot be withdrawn from the game, transferred from one game to another or from one player to another, or be redeemed for monetary value. We also generate a small portion of our revenue from our recently-launched subscription model, which allows subscribers to further enhance their gaming experience by gaining early access to new content and earning free virtual chips at a faster rate.

In October 2023, we acquired SuprNation, a European iGaming operator, which is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US. As a result, we now operate three real-money iGaming sites in certain Western European countries where SuprNation is licensed. During fiscal year 2023, SuprNation contributed a total revenue of $4.3 million for the 61 days we owned and operated the business. Going forward, we are seeking to grow this revenue and to exploit the estimated $40 billion per year iGaming market opportunity in Europe (estimated by European Gaming & Betting Association in 2023), primarily by expanding player engagement in those countries where SuprNation currently operates. See Note 14: Acquisition to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Our revenue decreased to $308.9 million in 2023 from $321.0 million in 2022. We recorded net income of $100.9 million in 2023, compared to a net loss of $234.0 million in 2022. Our Adjusted EBITDA increased to $118.9 million in 2023 from $101.6 million in 2022. See “Item 5. Operating and financial review and prospect—Other key performance indicators and non-GAAP metrics and trends” below for a description of Adjusted EBITDA and for a reconciliation to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

COVID-19

The global pandemic associated with COVID-19 has caused major disruption to all aspects of the global economy and societies in recent months, particularly as quarantine and stay-at-home orders have been imposed by all levels of government.

The online gaming industry, in particular, was identified in industry and media reports, such as Eilers & Krejcik and AppsFlyer, as an unintended beneficiary of this pandemic as people are quarantined in their homes, and we are not an exception to this benefit. Through 2020 and 2021, we experienced increased player engagement resulting from the stay-at-home orders across the United States, and our monthly revenue benefited from the effects of the pandemic, particularly in those months when stay-at-home orders and quarantines were broadly imposed across the United States. However, as player engagement started to recede, and we noticed changes in player behaviors and consumer spending in 2022 and 2023. We expect such benefit to diminish over time as COVID-related restrictions expire and consumers return to pre-COVID routines. Consequently, any change resulting in a diversion of player discretionary income to other uses, including for essential items, could adversely impact our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the continuation of COVID-19 has led to economic and financial uncertainty for many consumers and may continue to reduce or maintain at low amounts the disposable incomes of social casino game players resulting in a lower number of players purchasing coins or chips, or in players purchasing fewer coins or chips, which would negatively impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our cohort dynamics

The success of our business model depends on our ability to acquire, retain and monetize players over time. We have a history of driving sustained monetization, or player spend, within our games. We measure this by tracking annual cohorts of players. We define an annual cohort as all of the game installs in a given year. We then track the total revenue amount of all players in each cohort over time. If a player installs a different game in two different years or the same game on two different devices, they may, in certain circumstances, be included in two different cohorts.

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We believe that cohort behavior provides insight into the overall revenue retention dynamics of our business, reflecting our ability to convert players into paying players and drive monetization of our games over time. In 2023, 94% of our revenue was generated by installations prior to 2022. Our 2010 to 2022 cohorts experienced an 88% revenue retention in 2023, demonstrating our ability to consistently retain and monetize players. The chart below represents our quarterly gross player purchases by yearly installations subsequent to our acquisition by DUG in June 2017.

Other key performance indicators and non-GAAP metrics and trends

In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key performance indicators and non-GAAP financial metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

	Three months ended
	December 31, 2023			September 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			September 30, 2022			June 30, 2022			March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021			September 30, 2021			June 30 2021
Average MAU (000s)		1,488			1,675			1,804			2,032			2,084			2,267			2,328			2,309			2,433			2,447			2,544
Average DAU (000s)		703			749			793			841			855			907			940			975			1,022			1,033			1,057
Payer Conversion Rate (%)		6.4	%		5.9	%		6.0	%		5.8	%		5.4	%		5.2	%		5.2	%		5.5	%		5.5	%		5.7	%		5.8	%
ARPDAU ($)	$	1.24		$	1.06		$	1.05		$	1.03		$	0.98		$	0.96		$	0.95		$	0.97		$	0.97		$	0.96		$	0.99
Adjusted EBITDA ($ in millions)	$	36.17		$	29.73		$	30.21		$	25.45		$	24.71		$	24.96		$	24.96		$	24.70		$	25.80		$	30.20		$	31.10
Adjusted EBITDA Margin (%)		43.5	%		40.7	%		40.2	%		32.8	%		32.4	%		31.7	%		31.0	%		31.5	%		29.9	%		34.7	%		34.4	%

(1) For a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” below.

Average monthly active users (MAU)

We define Monthly Active Users, or MAU, as the average number of players who played one of our games in a particular month during the period presented. An individual who plays two different games or from two

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different devices may in certain circumstances, be counted twice. However, we use third-party data and registration for our loyalty program to limit the occurrence of double counting. Average MAU for a period is the average of MAUs for each month for the period presented.

MAU is one key indicator of the scale of our player base and the potential number of paying players. Our MAU has fluctuated as we have reduced investment in our web platform and moderated our sales and marketing spend as we made investments to modernize our technology platform. We expect MAU to continue to fluctuate in the future, with the potential to increase in the near-term, as we adjust our sales and marketing spend, create new content in new and existing market segments, and invest in new games. We also expect external factors to further cause MAU to fluctuate, including market growth, shift to mobile comprising a larger portion of our active player base, and competition.

Average daily active users (DAU)

We define Daily Active Users, or DAU, as the average number of players who played one or more of our games on each day during the period presented. As with MAU, an individual who plays two different games or from two different devices may, in certain circumstances, be counted twice. Average DAU for a period is the average of the monthly average DAUs for the period presented. Our use of third-party data and registration for our loyalty program enables us to limit the occurrence of double counting. DAU is one key indicator of our ability to drive engagement of our player base. Our DAU has fluctuated over time in line with MAU trends.

Payer conversion rate

We define payer conversion rate as the percentage of MAU that made at least one purchase in a month during the same period. Payer conversion rate is a key indicator of our ability to monetize our active player base. Our payer conversion rate has remained relatively stable over time due to the ongoing engagement of our active players and the consistent introduction of new content and features into our games. Increases in payer conversion in recent periods have been primarily driven by increases in our mobile penetration.

Average revenue per daily active user (ARPDAU)

We define ARPDAU as quarterly revenue divided by quarterly average DAU. ARPDAU is a key indicator of our ability to monetize our paying players. Our ARPDAU has increased over time as we have increased our player engagement, payer conversion, and monetization of paying players. Increases in our monetization of paying players has been driven by several factors, including enhanced meta-features in our games, higher registration rates for our player loyalty program, greater variety of content across our games that appeals to a wider range of players, and significant investments in our technology platform that enables the release of new content more quickly and improves our live game operations capabilities.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as operating income before interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gains and losses, other income (expense), net (including interest income), and impairments and significant loss contingencies. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA for a period by revenue for the same period. Management has presented the performance measure Adjusted EBITDA because it monitors performance at a consolidated level and believes that this measure is relevant to an understanding of the Company’s financial performance. In addition, we believe this metric provides useful information in understanding our operating performance and trends in our business. Adjusted EBITDA is not a defined performance measure in U.S. GAAP. The Company’s definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with similarly titled performance measures and disclosures by other entities. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, see “— Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” below.

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Key factors affecting our performance

Monetizing our active players

While our games are free-to-play, we generate substantially all of our revenue from players’ purchases of in-game virtual chips. Our financial performance will be dependent on our ability to increase monetization of existing paying players and our effectiveness in converting more active players to paying players. Our players’ willingness to pay for the virtual chips is driven by our ability to deliver engaging content and meta-features combined with our sales and marketing strategies. Our subscription model is designed to further improve our monetization of active players.

Sustaining and growing our player network

Establishing and maintaining a loyal network of players is vital for our business as the size of the network determines our maximum addressable audience for engagement and purchase of virtual chips. In order to grow our player network, we will spend on sales and marketing across various user acquisition channels and invest in content development to attract and engage players. In the near-term, as the market backdrop for user acquisition channels continues to be favorable, we may increase spend on sales and marketing as a percentage of revenue to grow our player network. The scale of our player network is determined by a number of factors, including our ability to strengthen player engagement by producing content that players play regularly and our effectiveness in acquiring new players, both of which may in turn affect our financial performance.

Strategic relationships with DUG and IGT

We have access to over 2,000 slot titles from DUG and IGT in addition to our self-developed titles. Our parent company, DUG, has expertise in developing social casino games, which are available to us on an exclusive basis. We have a long-term relationship with IGT, which includes access to IGT’s library of highly recognizable authentic land-based content. Slot titles that we license from DUG and IGT generally require ongoing royalty payments. Our strategic relationships with DUG and IGT also allow for valuable knowledge sharing across numerous aspects of our operations. Our financial results may be affected by our relationship with DUG and IGT and our ability to create self-developed titles.

International growth and expansion

We currently generate most of our revenue from the United States, though we plan to expand our reach internationally over time, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Western Europe. For example, in October 2023, we completed the acquisition of SuprNation AB, a European-based i-gaming company providing differentiated casino gaming experiences. Our international expansion will require us to devote additional resources to marketing, user acquisition, and localization of content. Our financial performance may be impacted by our geographic expansion initiatives.

Investments in our technology platform

As we further develop the content and features for our games, we plan to continue investing in technology infrastructure. A robust technology platform will enable us to further scale our business and improve the efficiency of our operations. A powerful technology platform also allows for more agile product development and optimized live game operations, which further supports our growth. Continued investment in our technology platform may affect our financial performance.

Relationships with third-party distribution platforms

We derive nearly all of our revenue from the sale of our virtual chips through third-party distribution platforms such as Apple App Store, Facebook, Google Play Store, and Amazon Appstore. These platforms have

46

policies that may impact our reachability to our potential audience. Apple, Facebook, Google, and Amazon have discretion to amend their terms of service which might affect our current operations and in turn impact our financial performance. As we expand to new markets, we anticipate similar relationships with additional distribution partners that could similarly impact our performance.

Summarized consolidated results

Revenue

We generate substantially all of our revenue from the sale of in-game virtual chips, which players of our games can use to enhance their game-playing experience. We also generate a small portion of our revenue from our subscription model, which offers early access to new slot contents and daily bonus virtual chips to certain of our DoubleDown Fort Knox users for a monthly subscription fee. Purchases of virtual chips by individual players are made on mobile and web-based platforms, such as the Apple, Facebook, Google, and Amazon platforms. These platforms typically charge us a fixed percentage fee for their payment processing and other services, and remit payments to us net of their fees. We recognize revenue on a gross basis for amounts we charge to players and record a corresponding cost of revenue for the amount paid to our platform partners.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses consist primarily of cost of revenue, sales and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and depreciation and amortization, each as more fully described below.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue includes payment processing fees, royalties, customer service, and hosting fees. Platform providers (such as Apple, Facebook, Google, and Amazon) charge a transactional payment processing fee to accept payments from our players for in-app consumable virtual goods purchased. Royalty fees are incurred and paid in accordance with the license agreements of the applicable intellectual property. Customer service consists of salaries, bonuses, benefits, and general and administrative expenses incurred to operate this service to our players. Depreciation and amortization expenses are excluded from cost of revenue and are separately presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

We expect cost of revenue to fluctuate proportionately with revenue; however, such proportionality may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue depending on our mix of games with royalty-bearing content.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing consists of costs related to advertising, player acquisition, engagement and retention, including costs related to salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance payments, and other compensation.

We plan to continue to invest in sales and marketing to retain and acquire users. However, sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue depending on the timing and efficiency of our performance marketing.

Research and development

Research and development, or R&D, consists of salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance payments, and other compensation related to engineering, research, maintenance, development, and ongoing technical support.

We expect R&D expenses will increase in absolute dollars as our business expands and as we increase our personnel headcount to support the expected growth in our technical development and operating activities.

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General and administrative

General and administrative generally consists of salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance payments, and other compensation for all our corporate support functional areas including our executives. In addition, general and administrative expenses include outsourced professional services such as consulting, legal and accounting services, taxes and dues, insurance premiums, as well as costs associated with maintaining our property and infrastructure.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses primarily relate to the amortization of identifiable intangible assets, such as technology development, game development, software, and customer relationships, associated with our acquisitions of DDI-US in 2017 and SuprNation in 2023. Depreciation expense also includes the depreciation of property and equipment, each of which is computed using the straight-line method based on the depreciable amount of the assets over their respective useful lives.

Other income and other expenses

Our other income consists of interest revenues earned on our cash and cash equivalents, gains on foreign currency transactions, and gains on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item.

Our other expenses consist primarily of interest expense, driven primarily by the 4.6% Senior Notes due to a related party with an aggregate principal amount of KRW100 billion (US$79.4 million) at inception. The 4.6% Senior Notes accrue 4.60% interest quarterly on the outstanding principal amount until maturity. Interest and principal are due in full at maturity date on May 27, 2024. Voluntary principal and interest payments were made in June and September 2020. Principal of KRW20 billion (US$15.9 million) and interest of KRW1.2 billion (US$1.0 million) was paid in June 2020 and principal of KRW30 billion (US$23.8 million) and interest of KRW3.1 billion (US$2.5 million) was paid in September 2020.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of current income taxes in the various jurisdictions where we are subject to taxation, primarily the United States, as well as deferred income taxes and changes in the related assessment of the recoverability of deferred tax assets reflecting the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in each of these jurisdictions for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Under current U.S. tax law, the federal statutory tax rate applicable to corporations is 21%. Our operations in Korea do not report income taxes as we have sufficient net operating loss carryforwards for local tax purposes. Our annual effective tax rate fluctuates based on our financial results, as well as the product mix and geographic breakdown of operations and sales. Additionally, future effective tax rates are subject to the tax regimes in which we operate remaining consistent with their current arrangements.

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A. Operating Results

Summarized consolidated results of operations

	Year ended December 31,									Change
($ in millions)	2023			2022			2021			2023 vs 2022				2022 vs 2021
Revenue	$	308.9		$	321.0		$	363.2		$	(12.1	)	(3.8)%	$	(42.2)	(11.6)%
Operating expenses		190.7			634.9			264.5			(444.2	)	(70.0)%		370.4	140.0%
Operating income (loss)		118.2			(313.9	)		98.7			432.1		(137.7)%		(412.6)	(418.0)%
Net income (loss)		100.9			(234.0	)		78.1			334.9		(143.1)%		(312.1)	(399.6)%
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	118.9		$	101.6		$	120.1		$	17.3		17.1%	$	(18.5)	(15.4)%
Operating Margin		38.3	%		(97.8	)%		27.2	%		136.0	%	(139.1)%		(125.0)%	(459.7)%
Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)		38.5	%		31.6	%		33.1	%		6.9	%	21.7%		(1.4)%	(4.2)%

⁽¹⁾  For reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” below.

pp=percentage points.

Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures	Year ended December 31,
(in millions, except percentages)	2023			2022			2021
Net income (loss)	$	100.9		$	(234.0	)	$	78.1
Income tax (expense) benefit		(30.2	)		71.2			22.5
Income before tax		131.1			(305.2	)		100.6
Adjustments for:
Depreciation and amortization		0.7			3.8			17.9
Loss contingency		—			141.8			3.5
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles		—			269.9			—
Interest income		(13.7	)
Interest expense		1.8			1.8			2.0
Foreign currency transaction/remeasurement (gain) loss		(1.2	)		(5.8	)		(3.0	)
Short-term investments (gain) loss		0.1			0.2			—
Other income (expense), net		0.0			(4.9	)		(0.9	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	118.9		$	101.6		$	120.1
Adjusted EBITDA Margin		38.5	%		31.6	%		33.1	%

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022

Revenue and key performance indicators

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022
Revenue
Mobile	$	232.5	$	241.9	$	(9.4	)	(3.9	)%
Web		76.4		79.1	$	(2.7	)	(3.4	)%
Total Revenue	$	308.9	$	321.0	$	(12.1	)	(3.8	)%

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Revenue information by geography⁽¹⁾

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022
Revenue
US (1)	$	267.7	$	282.0	$	(14.3	)	(5.1	)%
International		41.2		39.0	$	2.2		5.6	%
Total Revenue	$	308.9	$	321.0	$	(12.1	)	(3.8	)%

⁽¹⁾  Revenue by geography is an estimate based on available information. When location data cannot be validated, the location is assumed to be in the United States.

Key performance indicators

	Year ended December 31,						Change
(in millions, except ARPDAU and percentages)	2023			2022			2023 vs 2022
Key performance indicator
Mobile penetration		75.3	%		75.4	%		(0.1)pp	(0.2	)%
Average MAU		1.7			2.2			(0.5)	(22.7	)%
Average DAU		0.8			1.0			(0.2)	(20.0	)%
ARPDAU	$	1.24		$	0.97		$	0.3	16.9	%

pp=percentage points.

Our revenue decreased by 3.8% from $321.0 million in 2022 to $308.9 million in 2023, primarily due to changes in player behaviors relating to inflation and global economic concerns during 2023. Revenue contributed by SuprNation was $4.3 million for the 61 days we owned and operated the business during 2023.

Approximately 75.3% of our revenue was attributable to players on mobile platforms in 2023, which remained relatively stable as compared to 75.4% in 2022.

Average MAU decreased 22.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily as a result of the normalization of player engagement following the reduction in stay-at-home and work-from-home initiatives as the COVID pandemic eased. Moreover, according to Eilers & Krejcik, DAU across social casino gaming industry has been on a systemic decline due to the maturation of the gaming category.

While MAU and DAU are indicators of the scale of our player base and the potential number of paying players, we consider these metrics to be more reflective of our decisions on how to allocate marketing spend and less significant to our revenue than the total amount that paying users spend. We review and assess the impact of our marketing spend, in particular, on these metrics and makes adjustments as we consider necessary to grow total revenue.

Other metrics

	Year ended December 31,						Change
	2023			2022			2023 vs 2022
Average MPUs (in thousands)(1)		105			120			(15	)	(12.5	)%
Average monthly revenue per payer(2)	$	245		$	226		$	19		8.4	%
Payer conversion rate		6.0	%		5.3	%		0.7	pp	12.8	%

(1) We define Average MPUs as the average number of players who made a purchase at least once in a month during the applicable time period. However, as with our calculation of average MAU, an individual who

50

plays two different games or from two different devices may, in certain circumstances be counted as multiple MPUs. We use third-party data and registration for our loyalty program to assist us in the limiting occurrences of multiple-counting.

(2) Average monthly revenue per payer is calculated by dividing the average monthly revenue for the period by the Average MPUs in that period.

pp=percentage points

In addition to the key performance indicators noted above, we also monitor the number of players who make a purchase to assess any periodic changes in behavior and associated trends.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Average MPU decreased 12.5% and average monthly revenue per payer increased 8.4% when compared to December 31, 2022, with our payer conversion rate increasing 0.7 percentage point for the comparative period. Our average monthly revenue per payer increased, as the payers who continued playing our games, particularly after the COVID-related restrictions expired, as we believe, on average tended to spend more in game than those who no longer played.

Operating expenses

Cost of revenue

	Year ended December 31,				Change			Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022			2023		2022		2023 vs. 2022 Change
Cost of revenue (1)
Platform	$	87.1	$	95.5	$	(8.4)	(8.8)%		28.2%		29.8%		(1.6)pp
Data center		2.7		2.7		—	0.0%		0.9%		0.8%		0.1pp
Royalty		8.4		10.4		(2.0)	(19.2)%		2.7%		3.2%		(0.5)pp
Customer service		0.8		0.7		0.1	14.3%		0.3%		0.2%		0.1pp
Total cost of revenue	$	99.0	$	109.3	$	(10.3)	(9.4)%		32.0%		34.0%		(2.0)pp

⁽¹⁾  Excluding depreciation and amortization.

nm=not meaningful.

pp=percentage points.

Cost of revenue decreased by 9.4% from $109.3 million in 2022 to $99.0 million in 2023, primarily as a result of decreased platform fees that generally correspond with a decrease in revenues. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased by 2.0 percentage points from 34.0% in 2022 to 32.0% in 2023, due to the success of our internally developed original slot games resulting in lowered royalties and improved technology efficiencies.

Sales and marketing

	Year ended December 31,				Change			Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022			2023		2022		2023 vs 2022 Change
Sales and marketing (1)	$	49.6	$	71.9	$	(22.3)	(31.0)%		16.1%		22.4%		(6.3)pp

⁽¹⁾  Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by 31.0% from $71.9 million in 2022 to $49.6 million in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in user acquisition advertising spend. Total user acquisition advertising costs were $67.9 million in 2022, representing 21.2% of revenue in 2022, and were $45.2 million in 2023, representing

51

14.6% of revenue in 2023, and a decrease of 6.6 percentage points from 2022, primarily due to the reduction in new user acquisition advertising expenses. Total sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased by 6.3 percentage points from 22.4% in 2022 to 16.1% in 2023.

Research and development

	Year ended December 31,				Change				Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022				2023			2022			2023 vs 2022 Change
Research and development (1)	$	19.1	$	18.2	$	0.9	4.9	%		6.2	%		5.7	%		0.5pp

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

Research and development expenses increased by 4.9% from $18.2 million in 2022 to $19.1 million in 2023. Research and development as a percentage of revenue increased by 0.5 percentage point from 5.7% in 2022 to 6.2% in 2023.

General and administrative

	Year ended December 31,				Change				Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022				2023		2022		2023 vs. 2022 Change
General and administrative (1)	$	22.1	$	20.1	$	2.0		10.0%		7.2%		6.3%		0.9pp
Loss contingency	$	0.0	$	141.8	$	(141.8	)	(100.0)%		0.0%		44.2%		(44.2)pp
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles	$	0.0	$	269.9	$	(269.9	)	(100.0)%		0.0%		84.1%		(84.1)pp
Total general and administrative	$	22.1	$	431.8	$	(409.7	)	(94.9)%		7.2%		134.5%		(127.3)pp

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

General and administrative expenses decreased from $431.8 million in 2022 to $22.1 million in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a loss contingency charge of $141.8 million reflecting the incremental charge associated with the agreement in principle to settle the Benson case and associated proceedings and an impairment of goodwill and intangibles of $269.9 million, of which $15.0 million related to our trademarks and $254.9 million related to our goodwill in 2022. See Note 2: Significant accounting policies to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report. Both charges were one-time charges and non-reoccurring in nature. General and administrative expenses would have increased 10.0% from $20.1 million in 2022 to $22.1 million in 2023 if the loss contingency relating to the Benson case and the goodwill impairment were excluded.

Depreciation and amortization

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2023		2022		2023 vs 2022
Depreciation and amortization	$	0.7	$	3.8	$	(3.1	)	(81.6	)%

Depreciation and amortization decreased by 81.6% from $3.8 million in 2022 to $0.7 million in 2023, primarily resulting from the completed amortization of certain identifiable intangible assets.

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Other income and other expenses

	Year ended December 31,						Change
($ in millions)	2023			2022			2023 vs 2022
Other income
Gain on foreign currency transaction	$	4.8		$	7.0		$	(2.2	)	(31.4	)%
Gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item		(3.6	)		(1.2	)		(2.4	)	200.0	%
Gain (loss) on short-term investments		(0.1	)		(0.2	)		0.1		(50.0	)%
Interest income		13.7			5.0			8.7		174.0	%
Miscellaneous income (expense)		(0.0	)		(0.1	)		0.1		(72.5	)%
Total other income	$	14.8		$	10.5		$	4.3		40.9	%
Other expenses
Interest expenses	$	1.8		$	1.8			nm		nm
Miscellaneous expenses		—			—			nm		nm
Total other expenses	$	1.8		$	1.8		$	—		0.0	%
Total other income/(expense), net	$	13.0		$	8.7		$	4.3		49.4	%

nm=not meaningful.

Other income/expenses increased 49.4% from $8.7 million in 2022 to $13.0 million in 2023, primarily due to interest income, partially offset by lower gains on foreign currency transactions and loss on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item that we incurred in 2023. The decrease in gain on foreign currency transaction was primarily due to less favorability in the exchange rate for transactions denominated in U.S. dollars at our subsidiaries in the United States, and the increase in interest income was primarily due to increase in yields on cash and cash equivalent balances following U.S. interest rate increases. Our gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item reflects changes in ending balances denominated in U.S. dollars for intercompany item.

Income tax expense (benefit)

	Year ended December 31,					Change
($ in millions)	2023		2022			2023 vs 2022
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	30.2	$	(71.2	)	$	(101.4	)	(142.4	)%

Income tax increased from a benefit of $71.2 million in 2022 to an expense of $30.2 million in 2023, primarily due to the 2022 decrease in taxable income primarily related to the loss contingency and impairment of goodwill and intangibles, both non-reoccurring events. Our effective income tax rates were 23.1% and 23.3% for the year ended 2023 and 2022, respectively, which differed from our statutory tax rate of 19.0% primarily due to foreign rate differential, withholding taxes offset by tax credits, the benefit of a FDII deduction and research tax credits offset by withholding taxes, state taxes, and a valuation allowance on certain Korean tax attribute.

For further information regarding our income tax expenses, see Note 7: Income taxes to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Net income

Net income increased $334.9 million, from a net loss of $234.0 million in 2022 to net income of $100.9 million in 2023, primarily due to the recognition of the loss contingency of $141.8 million related to the Benson case and the impairment of goodwill and intangibles of $269.9 million, both one-time charges and non-reoccurring in nature in 2022. Our operating margin increased by 139.1 percentage points, from (97.8)% in 2022 to 38.3% in 2023, primarily due to the same reasons.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA increased by 17.1% from $101.6 million in 2022 to $118.9 million in 2023, primarily due to lower cost of revenues and sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses in 2023. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 31.6% in 2022 to 38.5% in 2023 also primarily due to lower cost of revenues and sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses in 2023.

For a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” above.

Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021

Revenue and key performance indicators

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
Revenue
Mobile	$	241.9	$	264.9	$	(23.0	)	(8.7	)%
Web		79.1		98.3		(19.2	)	(19.5	)%
Total Revenue	$	321.0	$	363.2	$	(42.2	)	(11.6	)%

Revenue information by geography⁽¹⁾

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
Revenue
US (1)	$	282.0	$	317.6	$	(35.6	)	(11.2	)%
International		39.0		45.6		(6.6	)	(14.5	)%
Total Revenue	$	321.0	$	363.2	$	(42.2	)	(11.6	)%

(1) Revenue by geography is an estimate based on available information. When location data cannot be validated, the location is assumed to be in the United States.

Key performance indicators

	Year ended December 31,						Change
(in millions, except ARPDAU and percentages)	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
Key performance indicator
Mobile penetration		75.4	%		72.9	%		2.4	%	3.2	%
Average MAU		2.2			2.4			(0.2	)	(8.3	)%
Average DAU		1.0			1.0			—		0.0	%
ARPDAU	$	0.97		$	0.97		$	(0.0	)	16.9	%

nm=not meaningful.

pp=percentage points.

Our revenue decreased by 11.6% from $363.2 million in 2021 to $321.0 million in 2022, primarily due to the normalization of player activities after the lifting of stay-at-home orders and other COVID-related restrictions in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the prior year, as well as changes in player behaviors relating to inflation and global economic concerns during 2022.

54

Approximately 75.4% of our revenue was attributable to players on mobile platforms in 2022 compared with 72.9% in 2021, representing an increase of 2.5 percentage points. The increase in mobile penetration in 2022 was related to our strength in mobile user acquisition and game content that optimizes the experience for the mobile user and the continued shift in players migrating from web to mobile platforms to play our games.

Average MAU decreased 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, primarily as a result of the normalization of player engagement following the reduction in stay-at-home and work-from-home initiatives as the COVID pandemic eased. Moreover, according to Eilers & Krejcik, DAU across social casino gaming industry has been on a systemic decline due to the maturation of the gaming category.

While MAU and DAU are indicators of the scale of our player base and the potential number of paying players, we consider these metrics to be more reflective of our decisions on how to allocate marketing spend and less significant to our revenue than the total amount that paying users spend. We review and assess the impact of our marketing spend, in particular, on these metrics and makes adjustments as we consider necessary to grow total revenue.

Other metrics

	Year ended December 31,						Change
	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
Average MPUs (in thousands)(1)		120			139			(19	)	(13.7	)%
Average monthly revenue per payer(2)	$	226		$	218		$	8		3.7	%
Payer conversion rate		5.3	%		5.7	%		(0.4	)%	(6.5	)%

(1) We define Average MPUs as the average number of players who made a purchase at least once in a month during the applicable time period. However, as with our calculation of average MAU, an individual who plays two different games or from two different devices may, in certain circumstances be counted as multiple MPUs. We use third-party data and registration for our loyalty program to assist us in the limiting occurrences of multiple-counting.

(2) Average monthly revenue per payer is calculated by dividing the average monthly revenue for the period by the Average MPUs in that period.

nm=not meaningful.

pp=percentage points

In addition to the key performance indicators noted above, we also monitor the number of players who make a purchase to assess any periodic changes in behavior and associated trends.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our Average MPU decreased 13.7% and average monthly revenue per payer increased 3.7% when compared to December 31, 2021, with our payer conversion rate decreasing 0.4 percentage point for the comparative period. Our average monthly revenue per payer increased, as the payers who continued playing our games, particularly after the COVID-related restrictions expired, as we believe, on average tended to spend more in game than those who no longer play.

55

Operating expenses

Cost of revenue

	Year ended December 31,				Change					Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021					2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021 Change
Cost of revenue (1)
Platform	$	95.5	$	108.0	$	(12.5	)	(11.6	)%		29.8	%		29.7	%		0.0	%
Data center		2.7		2.4		0.3		12.5	%		0.8	%		0.7	%		0.2	%
Royalty		10.4		15.5		(5.1	)	(32.9	)%		3.2	%		4.3	%		(1.0	)%
Customer service		0.7		0.7		—		0.0	%		0.2	%		0.2	%		0.0	%
Total cost of revenue	$	109.3	$	126.6	$	(17.3	)	(13.7	)%		34.0	%		34.9	%		(0.8	)%

⁽¹⁾  Excluding depreciation and amortization.

nm=not meaningful.

pp=percentage points.

Cost of revenue decreased by 13.7% from $126.6 million in 2021 to $109.3 million in 2022, primarily as a result of decreased platform fees that generally correspond with a decrease in revenues. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased by 0.8 percentage point from 34.9% in 2021 to 34.0% in 2022, due to the success of our internally developed original slot games resulting in lowered royalties and improved technology efficiencies.

Sales and marketing

	Year ended December 31,				Change					Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021					2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021 Change
Sales and marketing (1)	$	71.9	$	78.8	$	(6.9	)	(8.8	)%		22.4	%		21.7	%		0.7pp

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by 8.8% from $78.8 million in 2021 to $71.9 million in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in user acquisition advertising spend. Total user acquisition advertising costs were $74.2 million in 2021, representing 20.4% of revenue in 2021, and were $67.9 million in 2022, representing 21.2% of revenue in 2022, and an increase of 0.8 percentage point from 2021, primarily due to the decrease in revenue outpacing the decrease in advertising costs. Total sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue increased by 0.7 percentage point from 21.7% in 2021 to 22.4% in 2022.

Research and development

	Year ended December 31,				Change					Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021					2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021 Change
Research and development (1)	$	18.2	$	18.5	$	(0.3	)	(1.6	)%		5.7	%		5.1	%		0.6pp

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

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Research and development expenses decreased by 1.6% from $18.5 million in 2021 to $18.2 million in 2022, due to the transition of certain development activities from DDI-US to our headquarters in Korea. Research and development as a percentage of revenue increased by 0.6 percentage point from 5.1% in 2021 to 5.7% in 2022.

General and administrative

	Year ended December 31,				Change				Percentage of Revenue
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021				2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021 Change
General and administrative (1)	$	20.1	$	19.1	$	1.0	5.2	%		6.3	%		5.3	%		1.0pp
Loss contingency		141.8		3.5		138.3	3,951.4	%		44.2	%		1.0	%		43.2pp
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles		269.9		—		269.9	0.0	%		84.1	%		0.0	%		84.1pp
Total general and administrative	$	431.8	$	22.6	$	409.2	1,810.6	%		134.5	%		6.2	%		128.3pp

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

pp=percentage points.

General and administrative expenses increased from $22.6 million in 2021 to $431.8 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to a loss contingency charge of $141.8 million reflecting the incremental charge associated with the agreement in principle to settle the Benson case and associated proceedings and an impairment of goodwill and intangibles of $269.9 million, of which $15.0 million related to our trademarks and $254.9 million related to our goodwill. See Note 2: Significant accounting policies to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report. Both charges are one-time charges and non-reoccurring in nature. General and administrative expenses would have increased 5.2% from $19.1 million in 2021 to $20.1 million in 2022 if the loss contingency relating to the Benson case and the goodwill impairment were excluded.

Depreciation and amortization

	Year ended December 31,				Change
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
Depreciation and amortization	$	3.8	$	17.9	$	(14.1	)	(78.8	)%

Depreciation and amortization decreased by 78.8% from $17.9 million in 2021 to $3.8 million in 2022, primarily resulting from the completed amortization of certain identifiable intangible assets.

Other income and other expenses

	Year ended December 31,					Change
($ in millions)	2022			2021		2022 vs 2021
Other income
Gain on foreign currency transaction	$	7.0		$	1.1	$	5.9		536.4	%
Gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item		(1.2	)		1.9		(3.1	)	(163.2	)%
Gain (loss) on short-term investments		(0.2	)		—		(0.2	)	100.0	%
Interest income		5.0			0.2		4.8		2,400.0	%
Miscellaneous income (expense)		(0.1	)		0.7		(0.8	)	(114.3	)%
Total other income	$	10.5		$	3.9	$	6.6		169.2	%
Other expenses
Interest expenses	$	1.8		$	2.0	$	(0.2	)	(10.0	)%
Miscellaneous expenses		—			—		—		100.0	%
Total other expenses	$	1.8		$	2.0	$	(0.2	)	(10.0	)%
Total other income/(expense), net	$	8.7		$	1.9	$	6.8		357.9	%

nm=not meaningful.

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Other income/expenses increased 357.9% from $1.9 million in 2021 to $8.7 million in 2022, primarily due to increases in gain on foreign currency transaction and interest income, partially offset by loss on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item and miscellaneous expenses that we incurred in 2022. The increase in gain on foreign currency transaction was primarily due to favorability in the exchange rate for transactions denominated in U.S. dollars at our subsidiaries in the United States, and the increase in interest income was primarily due to increase in yields on cash and cash equivalent balances following U.S. interest rate increases. Our gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement of intercompany item reflects changes in ending balances denominated in U.S. dollars for intercompany item.

Income tax expense (benefit)

	Year ended December 31,					Change
($ in millions)	2022			2021		2022 vs 2021
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(71.2	)	$	22.5	$	(93.7	)	(416.4	)%

Income tax decreased by 416.4% from an expense of $22.5 million in 2021 to a benefit of $71.2 million in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in taxable income primarily related to the loss contingency and impairment of goodwill and intangibles, both non-reoccurring events. Our effective income tax rates were 23.3% and 22.3% for the year ended 2022 and 2021, respectively, which differed from our statutory tax rate of 20.0% primarily due to foreign rate differential, withholding taxes offset by tax credits, the benefit of a FDII deduction and research tax credits offset by withholding taxes, state taxes, and a valuation allowance on certain Korean tax attribute.

For further information regarding our income tax expenses, see Note 7: Income taxes to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Net income

Net income decreased by 399.6%, or $312.1 million, from a net income of $78.1 million in 2021 to a net loss of $234.0 in 2022, primarily due to the recognition of the loss contingency of $141.8 million related to the Benson case and the impairment of goodwill and intangibles of $269.9 million, both one-time charges and non-reoccurring in nature, and a decrease in revenue in 2022. Our operating margin decreased by 125.0 percentage points, from 27.2% in 2021 to (97.8)% in 2022, primarily due to a $141.8 million loss contingency and a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles, both one-time charges and non-reoccurring in nature.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA decreased by 15.4% from $120.1 million in 2021 to $101.6 million in 2022, primarily due to lower revenue in 2022. Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased from 33.1% in 2021 to 31.6% in 2022 also primarily due to lower revenue in 2022.

For a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures” above.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have funded our operations primarily through cash flows from operating activities. We generated $96.1 million, $50.8 million and $20.8 million of cash from operating activities for fiscal years 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $206.9 million. We manage our liquidity risk by maintaining adequate cash reserves and credit facilities, and by continuously monitoring our cash forecasts and actual cash flows, and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. Based on our current plans and market conditions, we believe that cash flows generated from our operations and borrowing capacity under our current term loan will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements in

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the ordinary course of business for next 12 months. However, we intend to continue to make significant investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new games and features or enhance our existing games, improve our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses, personnel and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be harmed.

Cash flows

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022			2021
Net cash flows provided by operating activities	$	20.8		$	50.8		$	96.1
Net cash flows used in investing activities		(30.3	)		(67.8	)		(1.8	)
Net cash flows provided by / (used in) financing activities		—			—			86.0
Net foreign exchange difference		(1.0	)		(7.7	)		(1.4	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(10.5	)		(24.7	)		178.9
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period		217.4			242.1			63.2
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	206.9		$	217.4		$	242.1

Operating activities

Net cash flows provided by operating activities decreased from $50.8 million in 2022 to $20.8 million in 2023, primarily due to the payment of $95.3 million toward the settlement of the Benson case in the second quarter of 2023, partially offset by the increase in 2023 net income and that the $269.9 million one-time goodwill and intangible impairment did not reoccur in 2023.

Net cash flows provided by operating activities decreased from $96.1 million in 2021 to $50.8 million in 2022, primarily due to the payment of $50 million toward the settlement of the Benson case in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Investing activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities decreased from $67.8 million in 2022 to $30.3 million in 2023, primarily due to lower net purchases of certain short-term time deposits in 2023, partially offset by the acquisition of SuprNation.

Financing activities

We did not generate cash flows from financing activities in 2022 and 2023.

Short-term and long-term borrowings

DoubleU Games has extended three loans to us on May 25, 2018, August 27, 2018 and November 26, 2018 (collectively, the “4.6% Senior Notes”), and the aggregate outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023 was KRW50 billion (US$38.8 million). Each note matures on May 27, 2024, subject to the right of prepayment in whole or in part without a prepayment penalty. Each note has a fixed rate of interest at 4.6% per annum and accrues quarterly, commencing May 2019, and is not payable until maturity. The notes have a default interest rate of an additional 5.0% per annum.

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Material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations

Our material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations mainly consist of obligations under our operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, we expected to incur a total of $7.6 million under our operating leases, consisting of $3.5 million due within one year, $1.5 million due within two years, and $2.6 million in years thereafter.

These amounts are associated with contracts that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms and do not include obligations under agreements that we can cancel without a significant penalty.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements in 2023.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

For a discussion of our research and development policies for the last three years, see “Item 4B. Business overview.”

D. Trend Information

For a discussion of the most significant recent trends and material uncertainties and other events that are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our Company, see “Item 5A. Operating results” and “Item 5B. Liquidity and capital resources.”

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are set forth in Note 2: Significant accounting policies to our audited consolidated financial statements in Item 18 of this annual report. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires our management to make critical estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. These estimates and assumptions are periodically re-evaluated by management and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates and assumptions.

We are assessing the appropriateness of preparing our financial statements in accordance with IFRS/ IASB, which may be adopted as early as fiscal year 2024. In such event, we would cease reporting under U.S. GAAP and we expect there will be differences in the reporting of certain financial statement items; however, we are not able at this time to conclude whether any such differences will be material to the presentation our financial statements. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—There can be no assurance that the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, will not adversely affect our reported results of operations or financial condition.”

We have identified the following accounting policies as the most critical to an understanding of our financial position and results of operations, because the application of these policies requires significant and complex management estimates, assumptions and judgments, and the reporting of materially different amounts could result if different estimates or assumptions were used or different judgments were made:

Revenue recognition

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) amending revenue recognition guidance and requiring more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We refer to this standard as ASC 606.

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We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 for all revenue contracts with our customers using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASC 606 had no impact on our consolidated financial statements other than incremental disclosures provided herein.

Our social and mobile apps operate on a free-to-play model, whereby game players may collect virtual currency free of charge through the passage of time or through targeted marketing promotions. If a game player wishes to obtain virtual currency above and beyond the level of free virtual currency available to that player, the player may purchase additional virtual currency. Once a purchase is completed, the virtual currency is deposited into the player’s account and is not separately identifiable from previously purchased virtual currency or virtual currency obtained by the game player for free.

Once obtained, virtual currency (either free or purchased) cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than gameplay within our apps. When virtual currency is played on any of our games, the game player could “win” and would be awarded additional virtual currency or could “lose” and lose the future use of that virtual currency. We have concluded that our virtual currency represents consumable goods, because

the game player does not receive any additional benefit from the games and is not entitled to any additional rights once the virtual currency is substantially consumed.

Control transfers when the virtual currency is consumed for gameplay. We recognize revenue from player purchases of virtual currency based on the consumption of this currency. We determined through a review of play behavior that game players generally do not purchase additional virtual currency until their existing virtual currency balances have been substantially consumed.

Based on an analysis of customers’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amount of virtual currency outstanding, we are able to estimate the rate that virtual currency is consumed during gameplay. Accordingly, revenue is recognized using a user-based revenue model with the period between purchases representing the timing difference between virtual currency purchase and consumption. This timing difference is relatively short.

We continuously gather and analyze detailed customer play behavior and assess this data in relation to our judgments used for revenue recognition.

We generate a small portion of our revenue from subscription services. All monthly subscription fees are prepaid and non-refundable for a one-month period and auto-renew until the end customer terminates the service with the platform provider the subscription services originated. The subscription revenue is recognized on a daily basis beginning on the original date of purchase and has no impact on a customer purchased virtual currency.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill is assigned to a reporting unit that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. We assess goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, neither of which is amortized, for impairment annually as of October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we typically perform a quantitative assessment and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value. An impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. Periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the goodwill is more likely than not impaired.

We generally base our measurement of fair value of our subject reporting unit on a blended analysis of the present value of future discounted cash flows and market valuation approach. The discounted cash flows model indicates the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate in the future. Our significant estimates in the discounted cash flows model include: our

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weighted average cost of capital; long-term rate of growth and profitability of our business; and working capital effects. The market valuation approach indicates the fair value of the business based on a comparison of the Company to comparable publicly traded firms in similar lines of business. Our significant estimates in the market approach model include identifying similar companies with comparable business factors such as size, growth, profitability, risk and return on investment and assessing comparable revenue and operating income multiples in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit.

We believe the weighted use of discounted cash flows and market approach is the best method for determining the fair value of our reporting and the blended use of both models compensates for the inherent risks associated with either model if used on a stand-alone basis.

In our evaluation of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, we typically first perform a quantitative assessment and an impairment charge is recorded for the excess of the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets over their fair value, if necessary. We base our measurement of fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of trade name and trademarks, using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes that the trade name and trademarks have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. As with goodwill, periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is more likely than not impaired.

If actual results are not consistent with management’s estimates and assumptions, goodwill and other intangible assets may be overstated and a charge would need to be taken against net earnings which would adversely affect our financial statements. In 2022, we recognized an impairment to goodwill of $269.9 million. See Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Finite-lived intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the operating to which the assets relate to the carrying amount. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in estimates.

The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in depreciation and amortization.

A summary of the amortization period applied to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets is as follows:

	Useful life
Purchased developed technology		5-10 years
Development costs		3 years
Software		4-5 years
Customer relationships		4 years

Development costs for new app development are capitalized and recognized as an intangible asset when the preliminary development stage has been completed, management commits to funding the project, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used for its intended function.

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Following initial recognition of the development costs as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete, and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization is recorded in depreciation and amortization.

Legal Contingencies

As a result of the settlement of the Benson case, we accrued $141.8 million and $3.5 million in expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the incremental loss associated with the Benson case and related claims. See Note 12: Commitments and contingencies to the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 included in this annual report.

In the future, additional legal proceedings or regulatory investigations targeting our social casino games and claiming violations of state or federal laws could also occur in other states, based on the unique and particular laws of each jurisdiction. We could, in connection with any such proceedings or regulatory actions, including as a result of the Benson case, be restricted from operating social casino games in certain states, or be required to make modifications to the operation of one or more of our games, or have to pay significant damage awards or settlement amounts. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, or scope of the consequences of such an outcome, or the outcome of any other legal proceedings to which we may be a party, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. For discussion of our legal proceedings, see “Item 3D. Risk factors—Legal proceedings may materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition” and “Item 8. Financial information—Consolidated statements and other financial information—Legal and administrative proceedings.”

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding members of our executive officers and our board of directors as of the date of this annual report. The business address for each of our executive directors and officers, except otherwise indicated, is 605 5th Avenue, Suite 300, Seattle, Washington 98104. The business address for Yanghoon Cho is 64, Yongyeon-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44784. The business address for Jaesung Chung is 28, International Finance Center, 10, Gukjegeumyung-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 07326. The business address for Whanlim Kim is 123, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06133.

Name	Age	Position(s) with our Company
In Keuk Kim	45	Chief Executive Officer; Director
Joseph A. Sigrist	63	Chief Financial Officer; Director
Haenam Kim	45	Chief Marketing Officer; Director
Ki Chul Kim	45	Chief Data Officer; Director
Yanghoon Cho	56	Independent Director
Jaesung Chung	65	Independent Director
Whanlim Kim	41	Independent Director

Biographical Information

The following is a summary of certain biographical information concerning our executive officers, directors, and corporate auditors.

In Keuk Kim, Chief Executive Officer; Director. Mr. Kim has served as our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our board of directors since November 2019. He has been on the board of directors of DoubleU

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Games since 2013, serving initially as an outside director until April 2015, at which time he became an executive director and Chief Strategy Officer. Mr. Kim served as Chief Strategy Officer of DoubleU Games until October 2017. Mr. Kim has expertise in information technology, game business development, and strategic investments. While at DoubleU Games, Mr. Kim led the execution and acquisition of DoubleDown Interactive, LLC and investment in our Company. His prior experience includes cloud computing development, proprietary trading, and corporate mergers and acquisitions. He received a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, or KAIST, in 2000.

Joseph A. Sigrist, Chief Financial Officer; Director. Mr. Sigrist has served as our Chief Financial Officer and a member of our board of directors since November 2019, and has served as Senior Vice-President and General Manager of DDI-US since April 2015. Prior to joining DDI-US, Mr. Sigrist served as Senior Vice- President, Global Product Development & Operations for IGT from 2012 until 2015, and he was responsible for several key product strategic planning and development functions. Previously, for over twenty years, Mr. Sigrist worked as an executive for a variety of technology companies, holding senior leadership roles in product management, product development, and general management, including at Avaya, Polycom and Lucent Technologies. He has expertise in the areas of leadership, business strategy, product planning, financial management, and corporate mergers and acquisitions. He earned his MBA from Santa Clara University in 1986 and a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Santa Clara University in 1983.

Haenam Kim, Chief Marketing Officer; Director. Ms. Kim has served as our Chief Marketing Officer and a member of our board of directors since November 2019. Previously, Ms. Kim served as our Chief Operating Officer from May 2017 to November 2017. Prior to joining our Company, Ms. Kim held various positions in business consulting and software marketing, sales, and operations at IBM Korea since 2000. Most recently with IBM Korea, Ms. Kim held the position of Software Business Unit Sales Leader of IBM Collaboration and Talent Solutions from February 2017 to May 2017, where she developed the business unit’s business strategy and plan, executed sales activities, and was responsible for sales and general administration for that unit. Ms. Kim was promoted to the position of Software Business Unit Sales Leader based on her prior experience as Software Digital Sales Leader from February 2014 to January 2017, where she led a sales team for analytics, cloud, security, social, and commerce in a commercial sales territory representing IBM customers plus white space customers. Ms. Kim received a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from KAIST in 2000.

Ki Chul Kim, Chief Data Officer; Director. Mr. Kim has served as our Chief Data Officer and a member of our board of directors since November 2019. Mr. Kim joined the board of directors of DoubleU Games in 2013 and, from February 2015 until September 2017, served as an executive director and Chief Marketing Officer of DoubleU Games. Mr. Kim’s experience as executive director and Chief Marketing Officer at DoubleU Games included management of the rapidly growing 50-member organization, overseeing the marketing, platform, communication, design, and quality assurance teams in accordance with the organization’s goals, as well as budgeting, execution of, and collating and reporting results for new and retention marketing campaigns for all games for which DoubleU Games provides services and conducts user acquisition and retention programs. Mr. Kim also participated in the acquisition of DoubleDown Interactive, LLC in 2017. Previously, Mr. Kim was a director of Hulab Co., Ltd. from February 2012 to February 2015. He has worked in the gaming industry for more than four years as a senior executive. Mr. Kim received a Bachelor of Science in Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering and a Bachelor of Business Administration from Seoul National University in 2005.

Yanghoon Cho, Independent Director. Mr. Cho has served as an independent director since May 20, 2020. Mr. Cho is a vice president at GiantChemical Co., Ltd., a chemical company based in Korea. From 1996 to 2019, Mr. Cho served as a mergers and acquisitions advisor for Korea Investment & Securities. From 2019 to 2020, Mr. Cho served as a partner for Jungjinserim Accounting Firm based in Korea. Mr. Cho is a Korea Certified Public Accountant and received a Master of Business Administration from Yonsei University in 2005. Mr. Cho is sophisticated in financial matters, including financial statements and audits, and is a financial expert.

Jaesung Chung, Independent Director. Mr. Chung has served as an independent director since May 20, 2020. He has worked as Chief Executive Officer of NTT Korea Co., Ltd. since 2019. Mr. Chung previously

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served as Vice President of Sun Microsystems from 2005 to 2011, as General Manager of IBM Korea Software Group from 2011 to 2014 and as Chief Executive Officer of Dimension Data Korea from 2014 to 2019. Mr. Chung received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Lehigh University in 1990. Mr. Chung is sophisticated in information technology, including system integration and information & communication technology.

Whanlim Kim, Independent Director. Mr. Kim has served as an independent director since August 26, 2022. Mr. Kim is the Chief Executive Officer of A Driven, Inc., a company that provides advertising, public relations and related services. Mr. Kim previously served as the Chief Operation Officer for WiderPlanet from 2019 to 2022 and as the Chief Strategy Offer for DigitalFirst Inc. and IGAWorks Inc. from 2017 to 2019. Mr. Kim received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in 2006. Mr. Kim is sophisticated in advertising technology, including platform/data-based advertising operations, platforms and advertising media business.

Board Diversity

The table below provides certain information regarding the diversity of the board of directors as of the date of this annual report:

Board Diversity Matrix

Country of Principal Executive Offices:	Republic of Korea
Foreign Private Issuer	Yes
Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country Law	No
Total Number of Directors and Board Observers	7

	Female		Male		Non-Binary		Did Not Disclose  Gender
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors		1		6		—		—
Part II: Demographic Background
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction						—
LGBTQ+						—
Did Not Disclose Demographic Backgrounds						—

While we have not adopted a formal diversity policy, we are mindful of the benefit that diversity can provide in maximizing the effectiveness and decision-making abilities of our Board. In this regard, we are committed to increasing diversity on the Board. In searches for new director candidates, we will consider the level of diversity, including representation of underrepresented individuals and female representation, on the Board, which will be one of several factors used in the search process. Further, we will continuously monitor the level of representation of underrepresented individuals and female representation and recruit qualified underrepresented individuals and/or female candidates as part of our overall recruitment and selection process to fill openings, as the need arises, through vacancies, growth or otherwise.

B. Compensation

Compensation of directors and executive officers

Consistent with disclosure requirements under applicable Korean law, we are required to report, on an aggregate basis, the compensation of our directors and executive officers as a group. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, aggregate compensation (which includes reimbursements paid to our directors in connection with their services on our board) of our directors and executive officers was $2,748,714.

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Employment agreements

We entered into a letter agreement with each of our Chief Executive Officer, In Keuk Kim, our Chief Marketing Officer, Haenam Kim, and Chief Data Officer, Ki Chul Kim with effect from October 1, 2017. Under their respective letter agreement, each executive is entitled to an annual base salary, subject to adjustment annually, and is eligible to participate in the bonus and incentive compensation programs, as may be adopted by the Company from time to time, subject to an assessment of such executive’s performance during the course of the year and the Company’s financial results. Bonuses are subject to the Company’s discretion and are not guaranteed.

We entered into an employment agreement with Joseph A. Sigrist, our Chief Financial Officer, with effect from June 1, 2017, in connection with our acquisition of DDI-US. Under the terms of Mr. Sigrist’s employment agreement, Mr. Sigrist is entitled to an annual base salary, subject to adjustment annually, and is eligible to participate in bonus and incentive compensation programs, as may be adopted by the Company from time to time, subject to an assessment of such executive’s performance during the course of the year and the Company’s financial results. In addition, Mr. Sigrist is entitled to reimbursement annually for his personal federal income tax preparation costs.

Performance-based compensation

During 2023, we granted to certain of our executive officers and employees performance-based cash bonuses which we believe, will enable us to attract and retain high-quality executives and employees, provide them with compensation at a level that is consistent with our compensation objectives and encourage their sense of ownership of our common shares to further align their interests with those of our shareholders.

Pursuant to the award agreement, once the right to cash bonus has vested in accordance with the terms of the award agreement, each recipient may receive additional cash bonuses if the average trading price of our ADSs for 20 consecutive trading days is above $15.0 per ADS. The recipient may not exercise such right until three years have lapsed since the date of grant and that the trading price of our ADSs is above certain target price per ADS. The recipient will forfeit such right after eight years have lapsed since the date of grant. The right to receive the cash bonus is also contingent on the recipient’s continuous service with our Company. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of such performance-based compensation is approximately $0.5 million.

In connection with our acquisition of SuprNation, we also granted performance-based cash incentives to certain key employees of SuprNation, under which such key employees may earn up to a total of $6.5 million in addition to $5.5 million held in escrow, contingent upon the achievement of certain revenue and performance targets and their continued employment between 2023 and 2025. See Note 14: Acquisition to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Other compensation

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not pay any cash compensation to our independent directors for their services as directors on our board of directors. We reimburse our independent directors for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the performance of their duties as directors, including, without limitation, travel expenses in connection with their attendance in person at meetings of our board of directors and its committees.

We do not pay any compensation to our directors who also serve as executive officers of our Company for their services as directors on our board of directors.

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Outstanding equity awards at fiscal year-end; Incentive compensation programs

We have not, to date, made any awards of equity to its directors, executive officers or employees in connection with their service to us. We intend to propose for adoption by our Board an incentive compensation program for our executive officers and key employees in the future.

C. Board Practices

The board of directors’ mandate is to manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and to act with a view to the best interests of the Company. Our corporate governance practices are the responsibility of the board, the members of which are elected by and are accountable to the shareholders, and takes into account the role of the individual members of management who are appointed by the board and who are charged with the day-to-day management of the Company. The board and senior management consider good corporate governance to be central to the effective and efficient operation of the Company.

The board is specifically responsible for approving long-term strategic plans and annual operating plans and budgets recommended by management. Board consideration and approval is also required for all material contracts, business transactions and all debt and equity financing proposals. The board also takes responsibility for identifying the principal risks of our business and for ensuring these risks are effectively monitored and mitigated to the extent reasonably practicable. In keeping with its overall responsibility for the stewardship of the Company, the board is also responsible for the integrity of the Company’s internal control and management information systems and for the Company’s policies respecting corporate disclosure and communications.

The board delegates to management, through the Chief Executive Officer, responsibility for meeting defined corporate objectives, implementing approved strategic and operating plans, carrying on the Company’s business in the ordinary course, managing the Company’s cash flow, evaluating new business opportunities, recruiting staff and complying with applicable regulatory requirements. The board also looks to management to furnish recommendations respecting corporate objectives, long-term strategic plans and annual operating plans. The board monitors the adequacy of information given to directors, communication between the board and management and the strategic direction and processes of the board and any committees.

The board considers its size each year when it considers the number of directors to recommend to the shareholders for election at the annual meeting of shareholders, taking into account the number required to carry out the board’s duties effectively and to maintain a diversity of views and experience. Our board of directors currently consists of seven members. Each director will hold office for three years from the date of appointment, provided, however, that the term of office shall be extended until the close of the ordinary general meeting of shareholders convened in respect of the last fiscal year of such term of office. Under the Commercial Act of Korea, (i) an ordinary resolution, which is adopted by an affirmative majority vote of the shares present representing at least one-fourth of the total number of the shares then issued and outstanding, is required to elect a director, and (ii) a special resolution, which is adopted by at least two-thirds of the votes of the shares present representing a quorum of at least one-third of the total number of the shares then issued and outstanding, is required to remove a director. Under the Commercial Act of Korea, the number of directors shall be at least three, although our articles of incorporation may make the requirement of minimum number of directors more stringent.

The board as a whole has the responsibility of determining the compensation for directors and officers. To determine compensation payable, the board considers an appropriate compensation reflecting the need to provide incentive and compensation for the time and effort expended by the directors, while taking into account the financial and other resources of the Company. Compensation of our executive officers is based upon a maximum remuneration amount determined and approved at our general shareholders’ meeting each year in accordance with Korean law and practice. Any performance-based bonus of such officer for such year is determined and approved by the board within such maximum remuneration amount. The remuneration amount of each employee of the Company is determined based on the Company’s compensation rules and regulations and we pay such remuneration amount after obtaining approval from our Chief Executive Officer.

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The board does not currently have an independent chairperson and, at this stage of our development, the board does not feel it is necessary to have one to ensure that the board can function independently of management, as sufficient guidance is found in the applicable corporate and securities legislation and regulatory policies. The non-management directors exercise their responsibilities for independent oversight of management, and are provided with leadership through their position on the board and ability to meet independently of management whenever deemed necessary. In addition, each member of the board understands that he or she is entitled to seek the advice of an independent expert if he reasonably considers it warranted under the circumstances.

Our Chief Executive Officer, In Keuk Kim, and our Chief Marketing Officer, Haenam Kim, are married. There are no other family relationships among any of our other directors or executive officers.

Audit committee

As of the date of this annual report, our board of directors has one standing committee, an Audit Committee, as permitted by Korean law. The expected composition, duties, and responsibilities of this committee is set forth below. As noted above, we have two independent directors on this committee, consistent with requirements of Korean law and in order to satisfy NASDAQ corporate governance requirements.

The Audit Committee’s responsibilities, pursuant to its written charter, include:

• appointing, approving the compensation of, and assessing the independence of our registered public accounting firm;

• overseeing the work of our registered public accounting firm, including through the receipt and consideration of reports from such firm;

• reviewing and discussing with management and our registered public accounting firm our annual and quarterly financial statements and related disclosures;

• assisting our board of directors in overseeing our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;

• reviewing the effectiveness of our risk management policies;

• reviewing legal, regulatory and compliance matters that could have a significant impact on our financial statements;

• meeting independently with our internal auditing staff, if any, our registered public accounting firm, and management; and

• reviewing and approving or ratifying related person transactions.

The members of our Audit Committee are Yanghoon Cho, Jaesung Chung and Whanlim Kim, all of whom meet the requirements for financial literacy under the NASDAQ rules. Yanghoon Cho serves as the chairperson of the committee. Our board of directors has determined that Yanghoon Cho, Jaesung Chung and Whanlim Kim meet the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the applicable NASDAQ rules. Our board of directors has determined that Yanghoon Cho is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined under the applicable NASDAQ rules.

Role of the board in risk oversight

One of the key functions of our board of directors is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight

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function directly through our board of directors as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our board of directors that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, including risks associated with cybersecurity and data protection, and our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. In addition, our Audit Committee reviews legal, regulatory and compliance matters that could have a significant impact on our financial statements. Our Audit Committee also monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance practices, including whether they are successful in preventing illegal or improper liability-creating conduct.

D. Employees

For information regarding our employees, see “Item 4B. Business Overview” of this annual report.

E. Share ownership

For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “Item 7A. Major Shareholders” of this annual report.

F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

None.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

The following table and accompanying footnotes set forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of the date of this annual report, by:

• each of our directors and named executive officers;

• all of our directors and named executive officers as a group; and

• each person or entity (or group of affiliated persons or entities) known by us to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of our common shares.

To our knowledge, each shareholder named in the table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all of the common shares shown as beneficially owned by such shareholder, except as otherwise set forth in the footnotes to the table. The number of common shares shown represents the number of shares the person “beneficially owns,” as determined by the rules of the SEC. The SEC has defined “beneficial” ownership of a security to mean the possession, directly or indirectly, of voting power and/or investment power.

The percentages reflect beneficial ownership (as determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) are based on 2,477,672 common shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this annual report.

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Except as noted in the footnotes to the table below, the address for all of the shareholders in the table below is c/o DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., 13F, Gangnam Finance Center, 152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06236, Korea.

	Common shares beneficially owned as of December 31, 2023(1)
Name of beneficial owner	Shares		Percent
Directors and executive officers:
In Keuk Kim		*		*
Joseph A. Sigrist		*		*
Haenam Kim		*		*
Ki Chul Kim		*		*
Yanghoon Cho		*		*
Jaesung Chung		*		*
Whanlim Kim		*		*
All directors and executive officers as a group (seven (7) persons)		*		*
Principal shareholders:
DoubleU Games Co., Ltd.(2)		1,661,191		67.1	%
STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited(3)		500,681		20.2	%
Bryant R. Riley(4)		220,261		8.9	%

* Represents less than 1% of the number of common shares outstanding.

(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act. A person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of any common shares if that person has or shares voting power or investment power with respect to those shares or has the right to acquire beneficial ownership at any time within 60 days.

(2) The address for DoubleU Games is 16F, Gangnam Finance Center, 152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06236, Korea.

(3) The address for STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited is 10F, MSA Building, 12, Teheran-ro 78-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06194, Korea.

(4) Based on information provided in a Schedule 13G/A that was filed with the Commission on February 13, 2024 by B. Riley Securities, Inc., BRF Investments, LLC, B. Riley Financial, Inc. and Bryant R. Riley. Bryant R. Riley may beneficially own 4,405,226 ADSs, which represent 220,261.3 common shares, of which (a) 186,985 ADSs, which represent 9,349.3 common shares, are held jointly by Bryant R. Riley and his spouse, (b) 20,000 ADSs, which represent 1,000 common shares, are held as sole trustee of the Robert Antin Children Irrevocable Trust Dtd. 1/1/01 (the “Robert Antin Children Trust”), (c) 15,438 ADSs, which represent 21.9 common shares, are held as sole custodian for the benefit of Abigail Riley, (d) 15,438 ADSs, which represent 771.9 common shares, are held as sole custodian for the benefit of Charlie Riley, (e) 15,438 ADSs, which represent 771.9 common shares, are held as sole custodian for the benefit of Eloise Riley, (f) 30,000 ADSs, which represent 1,500 common shares, are held as sole custodian for the benefit of Susan Riley, and (g) 4,121,927 ADSs, which represent 206,096.4 common shares, are held directly by B. Riley Securities, Inc. and BRF Investments, LLC, each of which is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of B. Riley Financial, Inc. Bryant R. Riley is the Co-Chief Executive Officer of B. Riley Financial, Inc. The address for Bryant R. Riley is 11100 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 800, Los Angeles, California 90025, USA.

As of the date of this annual report, none of our common shares are held by record holders in the United States.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in change of control of our

Company.

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For additional information about our principal shareholders, see “Item 7B. Related Party Transactions.”

B. Related Party Transactions

The following includes summaries of transactions or agreements, during our last three fiscal years, to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded $120,000, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock, affiliates of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other similar arrangements, which are described under “Item 6B. Compensation.” The following summaries are qualified in their entirety by reference to such agreements, copies of which (or forms of such agreements) have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this annual report is a part, and are available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Our relationship with DoubleU Games

In addition to the licensing and research and development arrangements and a sub-lease agreement we have with DoubleU Games, as described under “Item 4B. Business Overview—Intellectual property,” “Item 4B. Business Overview—Game and content development,” and Note 10: Leases and Note 12: Commitments and contingencies to our audited consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report, we are party to certain loan agreements with DoubleU Games, as described under “Item 5B. Liquidity and capital resources—Short-term and long-term borrowings.”

We entered into the DoubleU Games License Agreement on March 7, 2018, and it was subsequently amended on July 1, 2019, and November 27, 2019. In March 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a new Game License Agreement with DoubleU Games with effect from January 1, 2023, which supersedes the prior DoubleU Games License Agreement. Pursuant to the new Game License Agreement, DoubleU Games grants us, through DDI-US, a non-exclusive and worldwide license to service and distribute certain DoubleU Games social casino game titles and sequels thereto in the social online game field of use. Such license is subject to our payment of royalties with certain customary terms and conditions. We incurred royalties of $2.6 million and $6.7 million for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we license approximately 49 game titles under the terms of this agreement. In October 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a Game Development Services Agreement with DoubleU Games, pursuant to which DDI-US will pay service fees to DoubleU Games for certain game maintenance services and product planning and user analysis services provided by DoubleU Games. We incurred total service fees of $1.4 million for year ended December 31, 2023.

On November 1, 2022, DDI-US entered into that certain Mobile Game Distribution and Service Agreement (the “Publishing Agreement”) with DoubleU Games (the “Licensor”) in connection with the Undead World: Hero Survival (the “Game”). Pursuant to the Publishing Agreement, DoubleU Games grants us an exclusive license to, (i) distribute and market the Game in the geographical territory throughout the entire world, and (ii) provide services related to the server administration and management of the game, technical support assistance to end users, billing to end users, marketing of the Game and any other activities stipulated in and contemplated under this Agreement. The exclusive license is subject to our payment of royalties with certain customary terms and conditions. We did not incur royalty expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023. The agreement remains in effect until either DDI-US or the Licensor commits either one or more of the followings, (i) a material breach of any of its obligations under this Agreement and such material breach is not remedied within sixty (60) calendar days from the giving of written notice requiring the said breach to be remedied, (ii) or its creditors or any other eligible party makes a filing for liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, compulsory composition or dissolution, or, (iii) either DDI-US or the Licensor becomes incapable for a period of ninety (90) days of performing any of its said obligations under this Agreement due to causes beyond its reasonable control such as strikes, lockouts or other labor disputes, electrical power outages or shortages, riots, civil

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disturbances, actions or inactions of governmental authorities or suppliers, epidemics, war, embargoes, severe weather, fire, earthquake, acts of God or the public enemy. In October 2023, we discontinued the Game and the Publishing Agreement was terminated accordingly.

Indemnification agreements

On September 4, 2023, we entered into an Indemnification Agreement (the “Indemnification Agreement”) with each of its current executive officers and directors (the “Indemnitees,” and each, an “Indemnitee”). The Indemnification Agreement generally provides that each Indemnitee will be indemnified by the Company to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, and will be entitled to advancement of certain expenses, including certain defense costs, in connection with any action, suit or proceeding, whether threatened or actual, relating to the fact that such Indemnitee is, was, shall be or shall have been (i) an officer, a director and/or an employee of the Company or (ii) serving at another enterprise at the request of the Company; provided that such Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Company and its stockholders, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. Pursuant to the Indemnification Agreement, the Company’s maximum aggregate liability for all loss and expenses on account of any and all requests for indemnity under the Indemnification Agreement or any similar indemnity agreement with any other indemnitee will be $5,000,000 per every 12-month period. The indemnification and other rights of an Indemnitee are also subject to customary covenants and limitations.

The foregoing description of the Indemnification Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the form of the Indemnification Agreement set forth on Exhibit 4.2 hereto and incorporated by reference herein.

Policies and procedures for related person transactions

Our Audit Committee’s charter includes a related person transaction policy, setting forth the policies and procedures for the review and approval or ratification of related person transactions. This policy will cover any transaction, arrangement, or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements, or relationships that meets the disclosure requirements set forth in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, or Item 404, in which we were, are or are to be a participant, and in which a “related person”, as defined in Item 404, had, has or will have a direct or indirect material interest, including without limitation, purchases of goods or services by or from the related person or entities in which the related person has a material interest, indebtedness, guarantees of indebtedness, and employment by us of a related person. In reviewing and approving any such transactions, our Audit Committee will be tasked to consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms comparable to those that could be obtained in an arm’s-length transaction and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction. We expect that, under the approval policy, the Audit Committee will similarly oversee approval of transactions and arrangements between us and our subsidiaries, on the one hand, and between DoubleU Games and us and our subsidiaries, on the other hand, to the extent involving amounts in excess of $120,000.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes to such consolidated financial statements in Item 18 of this annual report.

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Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We have been party to, and in the future may become subject to additional, legal proceedings in the operation of our business, including, but not limited to, with respect to consumer protection, gaming-related matters, employee matters, alleged service and system malfunctions, alleged intellectual property infringement, and claims relating to our contracts, licenses and strategic investments.

For example, in April 2018, the Benson case, a class-action lawsuit, was filed against DDI-US demanding a return of unfair benefit under the pretext that our social casino games are not legal in the State of Washington, United States. On August 29, 2022, DDI-US entered into an agreement in principle to settle the Benson case and associated proceedings, pursuant to which, among other things, DDI-US would contribute $145.25 million to the settlement fund. As a result of the settlement, we accrued $141.8 million and $3.5 million in expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the incremental loss associated with the Benson case and related claims. See Note 12: Commitments and contingencies to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in the annual report. This agreement in principle received final court approval with the final contribution to the settlement fund made in June 2023. We had an accrual of $95.25 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was cleared by a $95.25 million payment in the second quarter of 2023.

In the future, additional legal proceedings or regulatory investigations targeting our social casino games and claiming violations of state or federal laws could also occur in other states, based on the unique and particular laws of each jurisdiction. We could, in connection with any such proceedings or regulatory actions, be restricted from operating social casino games in certain states, or be required to make modifications to the operation of one or more of our games, or have to pay significant damage awards or settlement amounts. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, or scope of the consequences of such an outcome, or the outcome of any other legal proceedings to which we may be a party, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

See “Item 3D. Risk Factors—Legal proceedings may materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition” and “Item 4B. Business Overview—Regulation of the industry.”

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

ADSs representing our common shares have been listed and traded on The NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “DDI” since August 31, 2021. Each ADS represents 0.05 share of a common share of the Company.

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

See Item 9A of this annual report for the stock exchange on which the ADSs are currently traded.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

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E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

Board of directors

Under our articles of incorporation and the Commercial Act, any director who has a special interest in a proposal or a resolution is prohibited from voting on such proposal or resolution at a meeting of the board of directors. Unless otherwise provided in the relevant laws or our articles of incorporation, a resolution of the board of directors is required to be adopted in the presence of a majority of the directors in office by the affirmative votes of a majority of the directors present at the meeting.

The compensation for the directors, including severance benefits, is paid within the limitation approved by the annual general meeting of shareholders.

Dividends

If, and when, our board of directors declares dividends, we will distribute the dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. The common shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as other outstanding common shares. There is no guarantee that our board will declare a dividend at any time and it has no obligation to do so.

We may declare dividends annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after the end of the fiscal year. If declared, we pay the dividend shortly after the annual general meeting to the shareholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year. In addition to annual dividends, we may declare semi-annual dividends pursuant to the resolution of the board of directors each fiscal year to the eligible shareholders recorded as of the relevant record date of the relevant fiscal year. We may distribute dividend in cash or shares. However, a dividend in shares must be distributed at par value and may not exceed one-half of the annual dividends declared each fiscal year in the aggregate. We have no obligation to pay any dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.

Under the Commercial Act, we may pay dividends only to the extent the net assets amount in our balance sheets exceeds the sum of the following: (i) our stated capital, (ii) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve accumulated up to the end of the relevant fiscal year, (iii) the legal reserve to be set aside for the annual dividends, and (iv) unrealized profits determined pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Presidential Decree to the Commercial Act. We may not pay dividends unless we have set aside as earned surplus reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the cash portion of dividends for the relevant fiscal year or unless we have accumulated earned surplus reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use the legal reserve to pay cash dividends but we may transfer amounts from the legal reserve to capital stock or use the legal reserve to reduce an accumulated deficit.

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Distribution of free shares

In addition to paying dividends in shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or legal reserve to our stated capital in the form of free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings.

Preemptive rights and issuance of additional shares

We may issue authorized but unissued shares at the times and, unless otherwise provided in the Commercial Act, on such terms as our board of directors may determine. We must offer new shares on uniform terms to all shareholders with preemptive rights who are listed on our shareholders’ register as of the relevant record date.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may issue new shares to those other than the shareholders by the resolution of the board of directors under the following circumstances:

• when issuing new shares to increase our capital through a public offering to the extent not exceeding 50% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares pursuant to Article 165-6 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea (“FSCMA”);

• when preferentially allocating new shares to members of the Employees Share Ownership Association to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• when issuing new shares as a result of the exercise of stock options pursuant to Article 340 of the Commercial Act;

• when issuing new shares for the purpose of the foreign investment made under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea (as deemed necessary for the management purposes) to the extend not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• when issuing new shares to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares to a new technology venture capitalist and new technology venture investment association pursuant to the Specialized Credit Finance Business Act of Korea and to an investment company for the establishment of small and medium enterprise and a small and medium enterprise establishment investment association pursuant to the Support for Small and Medium Enterprise Establishment Act of Korea;

• when allocating new shares to another company to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares for a strategic partnership, such as through the introduction of high technology, business diversification, overseas expansion, and fundraising;

• when necessary to achieve our business objectives, such as an introduction of new technology, improvement of financial structure, new market development, and strategic partnership pursuant to a proviso of Article 418(2) of the Commercial Act to the extent not exceeding 50% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• when issuing new shares to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic and/or international, to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares for managerial purposes including, without limitation, raising emergency funds; or

• when offering new shares to the public or having an underwriter subscribe for shares in such public offering in order to have our shares listed on a stock exchange.

Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue convertible bonds up to an aggregate principal amount not exceeding 300 billion Korean Won to persons other than the existing shareholders pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our issuance of convertible bonds to persons other than existing shareholders is limited to the following events:

• the issuance of convertible bonds through a general public offering;

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• the issuance of convertible bonds to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or international, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or

• the issuance of convertible bonds to another party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in our business operations.

Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue bonds with warrants up to an aggregate principal amount not exceeding 200 billion Korean Won to persons other than the existing shareholders pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our issuance of the bonds with warrants to persons other than existing shareholders is limited to the following events:

• the issuance of bonds with warrants through a general public offering;

• the issuance of bonds with warrants to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or international, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or

• the issuance of bonds with warrants to another party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in our business operations.

General meeting of shareholders

We generally hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to the resolution of the board of directors or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:

• as necessary;

• at the request of holders of an aggregate of three percent or more of our outstanding common shares; or

• at the request of our audit committee.

We must give our shareholders a written notice setting out the date, place, and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks prior to the general meeting of shareholders. The agenda of the general meeting of shareholders is determined at the meeting of the board of directors. In addition, a shareholder holding an aggregate of three percent (3%) or more of the outstanding shares may propose an agenda for the general meeting of shareholders. Such proposal should be made to our board of directors in writing at least six weeks prior to the date of the meeting. The board of directors may decline such proposal if it is in violation of the relevant law and regulations or our articles of incorporation. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting.

Our general meetings of shareholders are held in the place where our head office is located and may also be held in any other place adjacent to it, whenever circumstances require.

Voting rights

Our shareholders are entitled to one vote for each share. However, shares held by us (i.e., treasury shares) or by any corporate entity in which we directly or indirectly hold equity interests greater than 10% of the total equity interests do not have voting rights. Unless our articles of incorporation explicitly state otherwise, the Commercial Act permits cumulative voting pursuant to which each common share entitles the shareholder thereof to multiple voting rights equal to the number of directors to be elected at such time. A shareholder may exercise all voting rights with respect to his or her shares cumulatively to elect one director. However, our articles of incorporation prohibit cumulative voting.

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Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting of shareholders, where a quorum is present, by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting. However, under the Commercial Act and our articles of incorporation, the following matters, among others, require a special resolution and approval by the shareholders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at a meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding:

• amending our articles of incorporation;

• removing a director;

• effecting any dissolution, merger, or consolidation of us;

• transferring the whole or any significant part of our business;

• acquisition of all or a part of the business of any other company that may have a material impact on our business; or

• issuing any new shares at a price lower than their par value. Our shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. Under our articles of incorporation, the person exercising the proxy does not have to be a shareholder. A person with a proxy must present a document evidencing its power of attorney in order to exercise voting rights.

Holders of ADSs may exercise their voting rights through the ADS depository. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, the holders of ADSs are entitled to instruct the depository on how to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs.

Rights of dissenting shareholders

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of all or any significant part of our business and our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares. In order for a dissenting shareholder to be entitled to such right, the common shares must have been acquired before the relevant resolution of the board of directors was disclosed to the public or the legal action resulting in the acquisition of the shares must have been taken no later than the date immediately following the date on which the resolution was disclosed. To exercise this right, the dissenting shareholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the applicable general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days after the relevant resolution is passed, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares of the dissenting shareholders within two months of the expiration of the applicable exercise period. The purchase price for the shares is required to be determined through negotiations between the dissenting shareholders and us. If an agreement is not attained within 30 days of the expiration of the applicable exercise period, we or the dissenting shareholder requesting the purchase of shares may request the court to determine the purchase price.

Holders of ADSs may not exercise dissenter’s rights unless they withdraw the underlying common shares and become our direct shareholders.

Register of shareholders and record dates

Our transfer agent, Korea Securities Depository, maintains the registry of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It records and registers transfers of our shares on the registry of shareholders.

The record date for annual dividends is December 31 of the applicable fiscal year. For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to annual dividends, the registry of shareholders is closed for the period from January 1 to January 31 of the following fiscal year. Further, for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to any other rights pertaining to the shares, we may, on at least two weeks’ public notice, set a record date and/or

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close the registry of shareholders for not more than three months. The trading of shares may continue while the registry of shareholders is closed.

Annual report

At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual report and audited financial statements available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of annual reports, the audited financial statements and any resolution adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.

Transfer of shares

Under the Commercial Act, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. Our shares are registered electronically pursuant to such Act and we have not issued definitive share certificates. Under the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. of Korea, the transfer of shares is effected by electronic registration of such transfer. However, to assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to file his name, address and seal with our transfer agent. A non-Korean shareholder may file a specimen signature in place of a seal, unless he is a citizen of a country with a sealing system similar to that of Korea. In addition, a non-resident shareholder must appoint an agent authorized to receive notices on his behalf in Korea and file a mailing address in Korea.

The above requirements do not apply to the holders of ADSs.

Under current Korean regulations, the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a brokerage, dealing, or collective investment license, and internationally recognized custodians may act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by non-residents or non-Koreans.

Acquisition of shares

Under the Commercial Act, we may acquire our own shares through (i) purchases on a stock exchange or (ii) purchase of the shares in proportion to the number of shares held by each shareholder on equal terms and conditions, by a resolution of the shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders. The aggregate amount of the acquisition price shall not exceed the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (w) our stated capital, (x) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve which have accumulated up to the end of the previous fiscal year, (y) our earned surplus required to be accumulated for the then current fiscal year, and (z) our net assets stated in the balance sheet as being increased as a result of the evaluation of the assets and liabilities in accordance with our accounting principles without being set off against any unrealized losses.

In addition, under the Commercial Act, we may not acquire our own shares if our net assets may fall short of the aggregate amount of the items (w) to (z) above, on a non-consolidated basis, as of the conclusion of the relevant business year of us. In general, our subsidiaries (of whose shares more than 50% are owned by us) may not acquire our shares.

Liquidation rights

In the event of our liquidation, after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses, and taxes, our remaining assets will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings.

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Other provisions

Under our articles of incorporation, there exists no provision (i) which may delay or prevent a change in control of us (that is triggered only in the event of a merger, acquisition, or corporate restructuring), (ii) which requires disclosure of ownership above a certain threshold, or (iii) that governs the change in capital that is more stringent than required by the applicable laws in Korea.

Further, under our articles of incorporation, we are required to register the rights to be recorded on share certificates and preemptive right certificates with the electronic registration ledger of the electronic registration authority, in lieu of issuing share certificates and preemptive right certificates.

C. Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

D. Exchange Controls

General

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea and the Presidential Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, which we refer to collectively as the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, regulate investments in Korean securities by non-residents and issuances of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Non-residents may invest in Korean securities pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the FSCMA, regulations that regulate investments by foreigners in Korean securities and issuances of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.

Subject to certain limitations, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has the authority to take the following actions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws:

• if the Korean government deems it necessary on account of war, armed conflict, natural disaster, grave and sudden and significant changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances, or similar events or circumstances, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may (i) temporarily suspend payment, receipt, or performance under any or all foreign exchange transactions, in whole or in part, to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply (including suspension of payment and receipt of foreign exchange), (ii) impose an obligation to deposit, safe-keep, or sell precious metal or any means of payment to The Bank of Korea, a foreign exchange equalization fund, or certain other governmental agencies or financial companies, or (iii) require resident creditors to collect and recover debts owed by non-resident debtors and to retrieve them to Korea; and

• if the Korean government concludes that the international balance of payments and international financial markets are experiencing or are likely to experience significant disruption or that the movement of capital between Korea and other countries is likely to adversely affect its currency policies, exchange rate policies or other macroeconomic policies, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may take action to require any person who intends to effect a capital transaction to obtain permission or to require any person who effects a capital transaction to deposit a portion of the means of payment acquired in such transaction with The Bank of Korea, a foreign exchange equalization fund, or certain other governmental agencies or financial companies.

The authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance would not, however, be applicable to foreign investments made pursuant to the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea.

Government review of issuances of ADSs

In order for us to issue ADSs in excess of US$30 million, we are required to submit a report to the Ministry of Economy and Finance with respect to the issuance of such ADSs prior to and after such issuance. The

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aggregate principal amount of any foreign currency loans borrowed, and any securities offered and issued, outside Korea during the one-year period immediately preceding the submission of such report will be counted to determine whether such US$30 million threshold has been exceeded. The Ministry of Economy and Finance may at its discretion direct us to take necessary measures to avoid exchange rate fluctuations in connection with its acceptance of the report of our issuance of the ADSs.

Under current Korean laws and regulations, in order for the depositary to accept for deposit any existing common shares from holders of the common shares, other than from us, for the purpose of issuing ADSs representing such common shares, the depositary would be required to obtain our prior consent if the number of common shares to be deposited for the purpose of issuing such ADSs exceeds that of the common shares already withdrawn from the ADS facility.

Reporting requirements for holders of substantial interests

In the case of an investment in the amount of KRW100 million or more, (i) an investment by a foreign investor in 10% or more of the outstanding shares with voting rights of a Korean company or (ii) an acquisition by a foreign investor holding shares of a Korean company of a right to nominate or appoint a director or a senior officer of such company constitutes a foreign direct investment for purposes of the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea. Generally, under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea, such foreign direct investment must be reported to a foreign exchange bank or Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency designated by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy prior to such investment. The acquisition of shares in a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign or other shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in a specific law that regulates the business of the Korean company. Changes in ownership of shares of a Korean company by a foreign direct investor are subject to reporting requirements.

Restrictions applicable to ADSs

No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares underlying ADSs. Persons who have acquired shares as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying the ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for any newly issued shares of ours and participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further governmental approval. In addition, we are required to file a securities registration statement with the Financial Services Commission and such securities registration statement has to become effective pursuant to the FSCMA in order for us to issue shares represented by ADSs, except in certain limited circumstances.

Restrictions applicable to shares

Certificates evidencing common shares of Korean companies must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian in Korea. Only foreign exchange banks, investment dealers or brokers (which may include a Korean securities company and a non-Korean securities company’s branch office in Korea), the Korea Securities Depository, asset management companies, and internationally recognized custodians are eligible to act as a custodian of such shares for a non-resident or foreign investor. A custodian acting for a non-resident or foreign investor must deposit the shares with the Korea Securities Depository. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from such deposit requirement with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service (the “Governor”) in circumstances where its compliance with such requirement is impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of its home country.

A foreign investor may appoint one or more standing proxies from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks, investment dealers or brokers (which may include Korean securities companies and Korean branch offices of non-Korean securities companies), asset management companies, and internationally recognized foreign custodians. Generally, a foreign investor may not allow any person, other than its standing

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proxy, to exercise any rights associated with its shares or perform any tasks related to such shares on its behalf. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the Governor in circumstances where such compliance is impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of its home country.

No governmental approval is required for a foreign investor to receive any dividends or sales proceeds in Korean Won of any shares in a Korean company which are to be paid, received, and retained in Korea. Such dividends or sales proceeds received by such foreign investor may be deposited in a Korean Won account established with such investor’s investment dealer or investment broker or its Korean Won account established with a foreign exchange bank. Funds in such foreign investor’s Korean Won account may be transferred to its foreign currency account in Korea or withdrawn for investing in shares in any Korean company (including the Company) and other limited purposes.

Investment dealers and investment brokers are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, investment dealers and investment brokers may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Korean Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.

E. Taxation

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete summary of all tax consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of our common shares, including the ADSs, and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign, including Korea, or other taxing jurisdiction.

Material Korean income tax considerations

The following is a summary of the principal Korean tax consequences to owners of the common shares or ADSs, as the case may be, who are non-resident individuals or non-Korean corporations without a permanent establishment in Korea to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected, or Non-resident Holders. The statements regarding Korean tax laws set forth below are based on the laws in force and as interpreted by the Korean taxation authorities as of the date hereof. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations that may apply to a particular investor and potential investors are advised to satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of the common shares or ADSs, including specifically the tax consequences under Korean law, the laws of the jurisdiction of which they are resident, and any tax treaty between Korea and their country of residence, by consulting their own tax advisors.

Tax on dividends

Dividends on the common shares or ADSs paid (whether in cash or in shares) to a holder who is not a resident of Korea (a “Non-resident Holder”) will be subject to Korean withholding taxes at the rate of 22.0% (including local income tax) or such lower rate as is applicable under a treaty between Korea and such Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence. Free distributions of shares representing a capitalization of certain capital surplus reserves may be subject to Korean withholding taxes.

The tax is withheld by the payer of the dividend. Excess taxes withheld may be recoverable if you subsequently produce satisfactory evidence that you were entitled to have taxes withheld at a lower rate.

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Tax on capital gains

As a general rule, capital gains earned by Non-resident Holders upon transfer of the common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (i) 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross proceeds realized or (ii) 22.0% (including local income tax) of the net realized gains (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs), unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the effective Korean tax treaty with the Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence.

It should be noted that capital gains earned by you (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation so long as the ADSs are deemed to have been issued overseas, provided that this exemption shall not be applicable in the case where the holder of shares prior to the issuance of ADSs holds the newly-issued ADSs (with such shares underlying such ADSs).

Inheritance tax and gift tax

Korean inheritance tax is imposed upon (i) all assets (wherever located) of the deceased if at the time of his death he was domiciled in Korea or had resided in Korea continuously for at least 183 days immediately prior to the death, and (ii) all property located in Korea which passes on death (irrespective of the domicile or residence of the deceased). Gift tax is imposed in similar circumstances to the above. The taxes are imposed if the value of the relevant property is above a certain limit and vary according to the identity of the parties involved.

Under Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, securities issued by a Korean corporation are deemed to be located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned.

If a person dies while holding ADSs or if a person donates ADSs, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance and gift tax purposes, such person will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority deems that ownership of ADSs is to be treated as ownership of the underlying share certificates, the holder of such ADSs may be treated as the owner of the common shares and such person’s heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, such person as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax; provided that the value of the ADSs or the underlying common shares is greater than a specified amount.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift taxes.

Securities transaction tax

Depositary receipts, which the ADSs constitute, are included in the scope of securities the transfers of which are subject to a securities transaction tax. However, transfer of depositary receipts listed on a foreign securities exchange similar to that of Korea (e.g., NASDAQ) will not be subject to the securities transaction tax. If you transfer common shares, subject to certain exceptions, you will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.5% and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.

The securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the shares or rights, in principle. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay (to the tax authority) the tax, and when such transfer is made through a financial investment company with a brokerage license only, such company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a Non-resident Holder without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax. Failure to do so will result in the imposition of penalties equal to the sum of (i) between 10.0% to 60.0% of the tax amount due, depending on the nature of the improper reporting, and (ii) 9.125% per annum on the tax amount due for the default period.

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Tax treaties

Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries, including the United States, which reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividend income and capital gains on transfer of common shares or ADSs. For example, under the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax on dividends of 16.5% or 11%, respectively (including local income surtax), depending on your shareholding ratio, and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a U.S. corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividends or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits, and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if you are an individual, and (A) you maintain a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base, or (B) you are present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year. You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of an income tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser, or the financial investment company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates.

Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (e.g., dividends and capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, subject to certain exceptions, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income to submit the relevant application (Application for Entitlement to Reduced Tax Rate or Application for Tax Exemption, as the case may be) along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence, or BO Application. Such application should be submitted to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such Korean source income. Subject to certain exceptions, where the Korean source income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle that is not the beneficial owner of such income, or OIV, a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to the Korean source income must submit its BO Application to such OIV, which must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such Korean source income. In the case of an application for tax exemption, the withholding agent is required to submit the application (together with the applicable OIV report in the case of income paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income. However, an owner of ADSs who is a non-resident of Korea is not required to submit such application, if the Korean source income from the ADSs is paid through an account opened at the Korea Securities Depository by a foreign depository.

U.S. federal income tax considerations for U.S. holders

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that has acquired our common shares or ADSs. This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete discussion of all potential tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire common shares or ADSs.

This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the regulations promulgated under the Code (the “U.S. Treasury Regulations”), the income tax treaty between Korea and the United States (the “Treaty”), published rulings of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), published administrative positions of the IRS, and U.S. court decisions that are applicable and, in each case, as in

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effect and available, as of the date hereof. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis which could affect the U.S. federal income tax considerations described in this summary. We have not requested a ruling from the IRS with respect to any of the U.S. federal income tax considerations described below, and as a result, the IRS could disagree with portions of this discussion.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of the common shares or ADSs that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

• a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

• an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

• a trust (i) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) that has validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person under the Code.

If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds the common shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such partnership and its partners of the ownership and disposition of the common shares or ADSs generally will depend in part on the activities of the partnership and the status of such partners. This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such partner or partnership. Partners of entities or arrangements that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the common shares or ADSs.

This discussion applies only to a U.S. holder that holds common shares or ADSs as “capital assets” under the Code (generally, property held for investment). Unless otherwise provided, this summary does not discuss reporting requirements. In addition, this discussion does not address any tax consequences other than U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as U.S. state and local tax consequences, U.S. estate and gift tax consequences, and non-U.S. tax consequences, and does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant in light of a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax consequences, the Medicare tax on certain net investment income, and tax consequences to holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to, holders that:

• are tax exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax deferred accounts;

• are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment companies;

• are brokers or dealers in securities or currencies or holders that are traders in securities that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method;

• have a “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not the U.S. dollar;

• own common shares or ADSs as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other arrangement involving more than one position;

• acquire common shares or ADSs in connection with the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services;

• are partnerships or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes (or investors in such partnerships and entities);

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• are required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to the common shares or ADSs as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement;

• own or will own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our total combined voting power or value;

• hold the common shares or ADSs in connection with trade or business conducted outside of the United States or in connection with a permanent establishment or other fixed place of business outside of the United States; or

• are former U.S. citizens or former long-term residents of the United States.

Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of U.S. federal taxation to its particular circumstances, and the state, local, non-U.S., and other tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs.

ADSs

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. holder of ADSs generally is treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. holder of our ADSs is treated in this manner. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of common shares for ADSs generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Passive foreign investment company considerations

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, is classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year in which, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of its subsidiaries, either: (i) 50% or more of the value of the corporation’s assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets; or (ii) at least 75% of the corporation’s gross income is passive income. “Passive income” generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions.

As of the date hereof, we have not made a determination as to our PFIC status for our current or preceding taxable year. Whether we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Further, because the value of our goodwill may be influenced by the market price of our ADSs (and the common shares represented thereby), a decrease in the market price of our ADSs could increase the relative percentage of our passive assets for this purpose. In addition, because the determination of whether a corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year can only be made after the close of such taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

We must make a separate determination each year as to whether we are a PFIC. As a result, our PFIC status may change. If we are a PFIC for any year during which you hold the common shares or ADSs, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which you hold such common shares or ADSs. However, if we cease to be a PFIC, provided that you have not made a mark-to-market election, as described below, you may avoid some of the adverse effects of the PFIC regime by making a deemed sale election with respect to the common shares or ADSs, as applicable.

The discussion below under “—Distributions on the common shares or ADSs” and “—Sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs” is written on the basis that we will not be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. federal income tax rules that generally would apply if we are treated as a PFIC are discussed below under “—Passive foreign investment company rules.”

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Distributions on the common shares or ADSs

The gross amount of any distributions paid on our common shares or ADSs will generally be included in the gross income of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the date actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder, in the case of common shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, but only to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (computed on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, we expect that distributions will generally be reported to U.S. holders as dividends. Dividends received on our common shares or ADSs will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations.

Individuals and other non-corporate U.S. holders will be subject to tax on any such dividends at the lower capital gains tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (i) the common shares or ADSs on which the dividends are paid are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, (ii) we are not a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. holder (as discussed below) for either our taxable year in which the dividend was paid or for the preceding taxable year, and (iii) certain holding period requirements are met. For this purpose, ADSs listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market are generally considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our common shares or ADSs.

For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on our common shares or ADSs generally will be treated as foreign source income and generally will constitute passive category income. The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by us in respect of Korean income taxes. Subject to applicable limitations, some of which vary depending upon the U.S. holder’s particular circumstances, Korean income taxes withheld from dividends on the common shares or ADSs, at a rate not exceeding any reduced rate available pursuant to the Treaty, may be creditable against the U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. However, as a result of recent changes to the U.S. foreign tax credit rules, a withholding tax may need to satisfy certain additional requirements in order to be considered a creditable tax for a U.S. holder. We have not determined whether these requirements have been met with respect to Korean withholding taxes that may be imposed on dividends paid by us and, accordingly, no assurance can be given that such taxes will be creditable. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, U.S. holders may, at their election, deduct foreign taxes, including any Korean income taxes, in computing their taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances.

The amount of any dividend paid in Korean Won will equal the U.S. dollar value of the Korean Won received calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date the dividend is received by you, in the case of common shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the Korean Won are converted into U.S. dollars. If the Korean Won received as a dividend are converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. holder generally will not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. If the Korean Won received as a dividend are not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. holder will have a basis in the Korean Won equal to their U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Korean Won will be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

Sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs

A U.S. holder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or other disposition of a common share or ADS equal to the difference between the amount realized for the common share or ADS and the holder’s tax basis in the common share or ADS. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period for such common share or ADS was more than one year as of the date

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of the sale or other disposition. Long-term capital gain recognized by a non-corporate U.S. holder is subject to U.S. federal income tax at rates lower than the rates applicable to ordinary income and short-term capital gains, while short-term capital gains are subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to ordinary income. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to various limitations. Any gain or loss recognized will generally be U.S. source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Consequently, a U.S. holder may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Korean tax imposed on the disposition of the common share or ADS unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from non-U.S. sources.

Any Korean securities transaction tax will not be treated as a creditable foreign tax for U.S. federal income tax purposes, although a U.S. holder may be entitled to deduct such taxes, subject to applicable limitations under the Code.

Passive foreign investment company rules

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our common shares or ADSs, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the common shares or ADSs, unless you make a mark-to-market election as discussed below. Distributions you receive from us in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received from us during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the common shares or ADSs will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

• the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the common shares or ADSs,

• the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income, and

• the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for you for such year and would be increased by an additional tax calculated as an interest charge on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to each such other taxable year at the rates generally applicable to underpayments of tax payable in those years.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our common shares or ADSs and any of our subsidiaries or other corporate entities in which we own equity interests is also a PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder may make a mark-to-market election with respect to our common shares or ADSs, provided such common shares or ADSs are treated as “marketable stock.” The common shares or ADSs generally will be treated as marketable stock if the common shares or ADSs are regularly traded on a “qualified exchange or other market,” as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations. Our ADSs will be marketable stock as long as they remain listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market, which is a qualified exchange for this purpose, and are regularly traded. Consequently, a U.S. holder of common shares that are not represented by ADSs generally will not be eligible to make the mark-to-market election.

If a U.S. holder makes a valid mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs, the holder generally will (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax

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basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of our ADSs and we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. holder may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules described above with respect to such U.S. holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. holder owns common shares or ADSs during any year in which we are a PFIC, the holder generally must file an annual report containing such information as the U.S. Treasury may require on IRS Form 8621 (or any successor form). A failure to file this report generally will suspend the statute of limitations with respect to any tax return, event, or period to which such report relates (potentially including with respect to items that do not relate to a U.S. holder’s investment in common shares or ADSs).

The PFIC rules are complex, and each U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules, the elections which may be available to it, and how the PFIC rules may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs.

Information reporting and backup withholding

Payments of dividends or sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.- related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient, or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. holder provides a correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. holder furnishes required information to the IRS in a timely manner. Each U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the information reporting and backup withholding rules in their particular circumstances and the availability of and procedures for obtaining an exemption from backup withholding.

Reporting obligations for certain owners of foreign financial assets

Certain U.S. holders may be required to file information returns with respect to their investment in common shares or ADSs. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on individuals who are U.S. holders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain thresholds. The definition of “specified foreign financial assets” includes not only financial accounts maintained in non-U.S. financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person, and any interest in a non-U.S. entity. U.S. holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their common shares or ADSs are held in an account at certain financial institutions.

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The discussion of reporting obligations set forth above is not intended to constitute an exhaustive description of all reporting obligations that may apply to a U.S. holder. A failure to satisfy certain reporting obligations may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax, and under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any unsatisfied reporting obligation. Penalties for failure to comply with these reporting obligations are substantial. U.S. holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding their reporting obligations under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8938.

THE DISCUSSION ABOVE IS A GENERAL SUMMARY. IT DOES NOT COVER ALL TAX MATTERS THAT MAY BE OF IMPORTANCE TO A PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON SHARES AND ADSS IN LIGHT OF THE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC. Those reports may be inspected without charge on the websites described below. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We maintain a corporate website at://doubledowninteractive.com/. We intend to post this annual report on our website promptly following it being filed with the SEC. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report. We have included our website address in this annual report solely as an inactive textual reference.

The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as our Company, that file electronically with the SEC.

With respect to references made in this annual report to any contract or other document relating to our Company, such references are not necessarily complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by reference to this annual report for copies of the actual contract or document.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders.

Not applicable.

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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Exchange rate risk

We operate globally and, as such, we are subject to foreign exchange risk in our commercial operations, as well as in our investments and borrowings. Our functional currency is the Korean Won and the Euro and most of our operations and revenues are in U.S. dollars. Our investments in our non-Korean subsidiaries are also subject to currency risk. We seek to manage our foreign exchange risk, in part, through operational means, including managing same-currency revenues in relation to same-currency costs, and same currency assets in relation to same-currency liabilities. Where foreign exchange risk cannot be mitigated through operational means, we may use foreign currency forward-exchange contracts or swaps to manage that risk. The fair values of our financial instruments are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to foreign exchange rate changes. In this sensitivity analysis, assuming that a change in one currency’s rate relative to the U.S. dollar would have an effect on another currency’s rates relative to the U.S. dollar, if the U.S. dollar were to appreciate against the Korean Won or the Euro by 10%, as of December 31, 2023, the expected adverse impact on our net income would not be significant.

Interest rate risk

We are subject to interest rate risk on our borrowings. We manage interest rate risk in the aggregate, focusing on our immediate and intermediate liquidity needs. We borrow mainly on a long-term, fixed-rate basis. The fair values of our financial instruments are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to interest rate changes. In this analysis, and assuming a shift in the interest rate curve for all maturities and all instruments, if there were a 100 point decrease in interest rates as of December 31, 2023, the expected adverse impact on our net income would not be significant.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Citibank, N.A., as depositary, registers and delivers American Depositary Shares, also referred to as ADSs. Twenty ADSs represent one common share (or a right to receive one common share) deposited with Korea Securities Depository, as custodian for the depositary in Korea. Each ADS also represents any other securities, cash or other property that may be held by the depositary. The deposited shares together with any other securities, cash or other property held by the depositary are referred to as the deposited securities. The depositary’s office at which the ADSs are administered and its principal executive office are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013.

The form of deposit agreement for the ADSs and the form of ADRs that represents an ADS have been incorporated by reference as exhibits to this annual report.

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Fees and charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service	Fees
•  Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADSs upon a deposit of common shares, upon a change in the ADS-to-common share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of common shares)	Up to $0.05 per ADS issued
•  Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS-to-common share ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to $0.05 per ADS cancelled
•  Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to $0.05 per ADS held
•  Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to $0.05 per ADS held
•  Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to $0.05 per ADS held
•  ADS Services	Up to $0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank
•  Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason)	Up to $0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred
•  Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa)	Up to $0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted

As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

• taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

• the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of common shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of common shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary bank, or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

• certain cable, telex, and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

• the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes, and other charges of the depositary bank and/or service providers (which may be a division, branch, or affiliate of the depositary bank) in the conversion of foreign currency;

• the reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the depositary bank in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to common shares, ADSs, and ADRs; and

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• the fees, charges, costs, and expenses incurred by the depositary bank, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.

ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary bank into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC, and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary bank fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary bank fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the acquisition of the ADSs. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary bank. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary bank may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary bank agree from time to time.

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PART II.

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDENDS ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the material financial and non-financial information required to be disclosed to the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported timely. Based on our evaluation, our management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report, were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC whereby domestic and foreign registrants that are non-accelerated filers and who qualify as an “emerging growth companies” under Section 3(a) of the Exchange Act are not required to provide the auditor attestation report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

For information regarding our audit committee financial expert, see “Item 6C. Board practices.”

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ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors have adopted a written code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and other of our agents. Our code of ethics is available on our website at https://doubledowninteractive.com. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this annual report. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our directors, corporate auditors, officers, and employees (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and other persons performing similar functions), and our agents, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our website at the same address.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers (which we refer to as “Samil PwC”) has served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2023. Ernst & Young LLP (which we refer to as “E&Y”) served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2022. The following table sets out the aggregate fees for professional audit services and other services rendered by Samil PwC and E&Y for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Audit Fees (1)	$	1,166	$	1,174
Audit-Related Fees(2)	$	—	$	—
Tax Fees(3)	$	—	$	157
Other Fees(4)	$	—	$	2

(1) “Audit fees” means the aggregate fees incurred for professional services rendered by Samil PwC and E&Y, as applicable, for the audit of our annual financial statements.

(2) “Audit-related fees” means the aggregate fees for due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions and attest services that are not required by statute or regulation.

(3) “Tax fees” means the fees billed for tax compliance services, including the preparation of tax returns and tax consultations.

(4) “Other Fees” means the fees paid for access to a proprietary accounting research tool.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by our audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Under Korean law, a company may have a statutory auditor or an audit committee of three directors, two of whom must be independent. Consistent with requirements of Korean law, we have an audit committee consisting of three directors, two of whom are independent. For foreign private issuers, use of a board of auditors (or similar body) in compliance with home country rules is permitted under Rule 10A-3(c)(3) of the Exchange Act. Our reliance on Rule 10A-3(c)(3) does not, in our opinion, materially adversely affect the ability of our board of corporate auditors to act independently and to satisfy the other requirements of Rule 10A-3.

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ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Appointment of New Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

On February 14, 2023, we appointed Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”) as our independent registered public accounting firm, upon the approval by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors pursuant to the Korean law, to audit our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The appointment became effective on March 31, 2023 upon the filing of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 with the SEC.

This decision was made in reference to the change in external auditor of DUG, our controlling shareholder, which was mandated by the Act on External Audit of Stock Companies of Korea and the related regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Act”). Pursuant to the Act, the Securities and Futures Commission of the Financial Services Commission of Korea has appointed PwC as the external auditor of DUG for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. As such, we determined that it would be in our best interest to engage the same auditor as our independent registered public accounting firm.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the subsequent interim period through March 31, 2023, we did not consult with PwC on any matters regarding the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our financial statements, or any other matter that was the subject of a disagreement (as such term is used in Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K and the related instructions to Item 304 of Regulation S-K) or a reportable event (as such term is used in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

Termination of Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

As a result of the appointment of PwC, we dismissed Ernst & Young LLP (“EY”) as the independent registered public accounting firm of our Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The termination of EY’s services became effective on March 31, 2023 upon the completion of EY’s audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and the filing of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 with the SEC.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the subsequent interim period through March 31, 2023, (i) there were no disagreements (as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F and the related instructions) between us and EY on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of EY, would have caused EY to make reference to the subject matter of such disagreement in connection with their report on our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and (ii) there were no “reportable events” (as described in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F). The report of EY on our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, included in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.

We have furnished a copy of the disclosure contained hereinto EY and have requested that EY furnish us with a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether such firm agrees with the above statements or, if not, stating the respects in which it does not agree. A copy of the letter is being furnished as Exhibit 16.1 to this annual report.

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ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We are a “foreign private issuer” under the federal securities laws of the United States and the NASDAQ listing standards. Under the federal securities laws of the United States, foreign private issuers are subject to different disclosure requirements than U.S.-domiciled registrants. We intend to take all actions necessary for us to maintain compliance as a foreign private issuer under the applicable corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules adopted by the SEC and the NASDAQ listing standards. Under the SEC rules and the NASDAQ listing standards, a foreign private issuer is subject to less stringent corporate governance requirements. Subject to certain exceptions, the SEC and the NASDAQ permit a foreign private issuer to follow its home country practice in lieu of their respective rules and listing standards. In particular, as a foreign private issuer, we will follow Korean law and corporate practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions set out under NASDAQ Rule 5600, the requirement in Rule 5250(b)(3) to disclose third party director and nominee compensation, and the requirement in Rule 5250(d) to distribute annual and interim reports. Of particular note, the following rules under NASDAQ Rule 5600 differ from Korean law requirements:

• NASDAQ Rule 5605(b)(1) requires that at least a majority of the Company’s board of directors shall be independent directors, and NASDAQ Rule 5605(b)(2) requires that independent directors regularly meet in executive session, where only independent directors are present. We currently have three independent directors, who meet regularly with other members of the board. We intend to appoint more independent directors over time, and they may choose to meet in executive session at their discretion.

• NASDAQ Rule 5620(c) sets out a quorum requirement of 33-1/3% applicable to meetings of shareholders. In accordance with Korean law and generally accepted business practices, our articles of incorporation provide for a 25% quorum requirement that are generally applicable to meetings of shareholders.

• NASDAQ Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) requires that the Company shall have an audit committee composed entirely of not less than three directors, each of whom must be independent. Under Korean law, a company may have a statutory auditor or an audit committee of three directors, two of whom must be independent. We currently have a committee of three directors, and two of the directors meet the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. See “Item 6A. Director and senior management—Audit committee” and “Item 16D. Exceptions from the listing standards for audit committee.”

• NASDAQ Rule 5605(d) requires, among other things, that the Company’s compensation committee is comprised of at least two members, each of whom is an independent director as defined under such rule. There is no similar requirement under Korean law. Our board of directors will together participate in the strategic discussions and determination of directors and executive compensation and other compensation-related matters.

• NASDAQ Rule 5605(e) requires that the nomination and corporate governance committee be comprised solely of independent directors. We will not have a standalone nomination and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors together participates in the nomination process and oversees the corporate governance practices of the Company.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

We have adopted written Insider Trading Policies governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, executive officers, employees, and our agents that are designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations in the United States and Korea, and the Nasdaq listing standards. A copy of our Insider Trading Policies is included in Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report.

ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY

We have established cybersecurity strategy and program designed to protect our information systems and data from an evolving cyber threat landscape. The cybersecurity program, overseen by our Chief Executive Officer, has the support of executive leadership and our board of directors, and we have invested heavily in cybersecurity technologies to protect our business operations and customer data. As part of our cybersecurity program, we have put in place controls and processes to inform and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. These controls and procedures are designed to ensure prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by executive management in a timely manner. The escalation processes are based on defined prioritization and severity assessment criteria.

Our cybersecurity team have many years’ experience and are all appropriately qualified. Our cybersecurity processes are integrated into our overall risk management processes which are monitored by our executive leadership team and reported to the Board. Our management team provides cybersecurity updates to our board of director on a regular basis.

The underlying controls of the cyber risk management program are based on recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”) and the International Organization Standardization (“ISO”) 27001 Information Security Management System Requirements.

We have training in place for all employees on information security and privacy practices so that they understand their responsibilities with respect to data security and privacy. Annual training includes topics such as data protection and IT security essentials.

Our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, including risks associated with cybersecurity and data protection, and is regularly updated by our management and the cybersecurity team.

To date, no cyber-attacks have had a material impact on our operations or financial reporting. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, please see “Item 3D—Risk Factors.”

97

PART III.

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18 below.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are found at the end of this annual report, beginning on page F-1 of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit	Description
1.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant [English translation], filed herewith.
2.1	Form of Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary, and holders of the American Depositary Receipts, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-258032) filed with the SEC on August 20, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
2.2	Specimen American Depositary Receipt of the Registrant, included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-258032) filed with the SEC on August 20, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
2.3	Description of Securities, filed as Exhibit 2.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39349) filed with the SEC on April 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
4.1+	Game License Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2023, by and between DoubleDown Interactive LLC and DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., filed herewith.
4.2+	Game Development Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2023, by and between DoubleDown Interactive LLC and DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., filed herewith.
4.3	Form of the Indemnification Agreement, between the Registrant and each of its executive officers and directors, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on September 5, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.
8.1	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
11.1	Code of Ethics and Business Conduct of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 11.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39349) filed with the SEC on April 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
11.2	Insider Trading Policies, filed herewith.
12.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, filed herewith.
12.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, filed herewith.
13.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith.
13.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith.
15.1	Consent of Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, filed herewith.
15.2	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, filed herewith.
16.1	Letter of Ernst & Young LLP, filed herewith.

98

Exhibit	Description
97.1	Executive Officer Clawback Policy, filed herewith.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101)

+ Portions of this exhibit indicated by asterisks have been omitted because the Registrant has determined they are not material and would likely cause competitive harm if publicly disclosed.

99

SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE CO., LTD.
March 28, 2024	By:	/s/ In Keuk Kim
	Name:	In Keuk Kim
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

100

Index to consolidated financial statements

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Consolidated financial statements (as adjusted)

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1103)	F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	F-3
Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations.	F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Seoul, Korea

March 28, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2019 to 2023.

Seattle, Washington

March 31, 2023

F-3

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts)

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Revenue	$	308,864		$	321,027		$	363,205
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenue(1)(2)		99,069			109,305			126,612
Sales and marketing(1)		49,645			71,911			78,821
Research and development(1)		19,131			18,182			18,490
General and administrative(1)(3)		22,100			20,058			19,131
Loss contingency(1)		—			141,750			3,500
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles(1)		—			269,893			—
Depreciation and amortization		728			3,801			17,918
Total operating expenses		190,673			634,900			264,472
Operating income (loss)	$	118,191		$	(313,873	)	$	98,733
Other income (expense):
Interest expense(4)		(1,798	)		(1,831	)		(2,011	)
Interest income		13,677			4,993			208
Gain on foreign currency transactions		4,796			6,994			1,110
Gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement, net		(3,606	)		(1,179	)		1,920
Gain (loss) on short-term investments		(82	)		(152	)		—
Other, net		(33	)		(120	)		654
Total other income (expense), net	$	12,954		$	8,705		$	1,881
Income (loss) before income tax	$	131,145		$	(305,168	)	$	100,614
Income tax (expense) benefit		(30,217	)		71,190			(22,506	)
Net income (loss)	$	100,928		$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		43			—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.	$	100,885		$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Other comprehensive income (expense):
Pension adjustments, net of tax		(597	)		(154	)		(286	)
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation		1,219			(3,519	)		504
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	101,507		$	(237,651	)	$	78,326
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	40.72		$	(94.43	)	$	33.91
Diluted	$	40.72		$	(94.43	)	$	33.91
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		2,477,672			2,477,672			2,303,200
Diluted		2,477,672			2,477,672			2,303,200

(1) Excluding depreciation and amortization.

(2) Includes related party royalty expense of $2,565, $3,374, and $4,335 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

(3) Includes related party rent and general and administrative expense of $2,904, $1,476, and $1,603 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

(4) Includes related party interest expense of $1,762, $1,780, and $2,010 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	206,911	$	217,352
Short-term investments		67,756		67,891
Accounts receivable, net		32,517		21,198
Prepaid expenses, and other assets		8,570		6,441
Total current assets	$	315,754	$	312,882
Property and equipment, net		444		436
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		7,130		3,858
Intangible assets, net		51,571		35,051
Goodwill		396,704		379,072
Deferred tax asset		28,934		59,290
Other non-current assets		2,807		1,463
Total assets	$	803,344	$	792,052
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(1)	$	13,293	$	13,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities(2)		3,157		3,050
Income taxes payable		112		—
Contract liabilities		2,520		2,426
Loss Contingency		—		95,250
Current portion of borrowing with related party(3)		38,778		—
Other current liabilities(4)		10,645		1,926
Total current liabilities	$	68,505	$	116,482
Long-term borrowings with related party(5)		—		39,454
Long-term operating lease liabilities(6)		4,420		1,625
Deferred tax liabilities, net		848		—
Loss Contingency		—		—
Other non-current liabilities(7)		1,681		8,265
Total liabilities	$	75,454	$	165,826
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock, KRW 10,000 par value - 200,000,000 Shares authorized;
2,477,672 issued and outstanding		21,198		21,198
Additional paid-in-capital		359,280		359,280
Accumulated other comprehensive income		19,982		19,360
Retained earnings		327,273		226,388
Total shareholders’ equity attributable to shareowners of DDI Co. Ltd.	$	727,733	$	626,226
Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests		157		—
Total equity	$	727,890	$	626,226
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	803,344	$	792,052

(1) Includes related party royalty and other payables of $1,618 and $315 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(2) Includes related party operating lease liability of $1,298 and $1,066 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(3) Includes related party notes payable of $38,778 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(4) Includes related party interest payable of $9,501 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(5) Includes related party notes payable of $0 and $39,454 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(6) Includes related party operating lease liability of $4,414 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

(7) Includes related party interest payable of $0 and $7,852 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share amounts)

	Common shares		Common stock		Additional paid-in- capital			Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			Retained earnings (deficit)			Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests		Total shareholders’ equity
As of January 1, 2021		2,214,522		18,924		588,064			22,815			69,708			—		699,511
Net Income		—		—		—			—			78,108			—		78,108
Pension adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—			(286	)		—			—		(286	)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation, net of tax		—		—		—			504			—			—		504
Issuance of new shares—IPO		263,150		2,274		83,767			—			—			—		86,041
As of December 31, 2021		2,477,672		21,198		671,831			23,033			147,816			—		863,878
Net Income		—		—		—			—			(233,978	)		—		(233,978	)
Pension adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—			(154	)		—			—		(154	)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation		—		—		—			(3,519	)		—			—		(3,519	)
Reduction of Capital Reserve		—		—		(312,551	)		—			312,551			—		—
As of December 31, 2022		2,477,672		21,198		359,280			19,360			226,388			—		626,226
Net Income attributable to shareholders of DDI Co., Ltd.		—		—		—			—			100,885			—		100,885
Net Income attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			43		43
Pension adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—			(597	)		—			—		(597	)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation		—		—		—			1,219			—			—		1,219
Other changes in noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			113		113
As of December 31, 2023		2,477,672		21,198		359,280			19,982			327,273			157		727,890

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-6

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Cash flow from (used in) operating activities:
Net Income (loss)	$	100,928		$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		728			3,801			17,918
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles		—			269,893			—
(Gain)Loss on foreign currency remeasurement		3,605			1,179			(2,082	)
(Gain)Loss on short-term investments		82			152			—
(Gain)Loss on disposition of property and equipment		(2	)		—			—
Deferred taxes		29,563			(84,983	)		5,976
Non-cash interest expense on Bonds		—			—			23
Working capital adjustments:
Accounts receivable		(11,398	)		(46	)		1,638
Prepaid expenses, other current and non-current assets		(3,113	)		(142	)		(2,950	)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other payables		(1,946	)		(239	)		(2,052	)
Contract liabilities		94			180			(168	)
Income tax payable		(35	)		—			(2,838	)
Loss contingency		(95,250	)		91,750			3,500
Other current and non-current liabilities		(2,423	)		3,224			(968	)
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	20,833		$	50,791		$	96,105
Cash flow (used in) investing activities:
Acquisition of SuprNation		(26,877	)		—			—
Purchases of intangible assets		—			(4	)		(61	)
Purchases of property and equipment		(198	)		(269	)		(207	)
Sales of property and equipment		5			26			3
Purchases of short-term investments		(146,363	)		(518,629	)		(1,541	)
Sales of short-term investments		143,164			451,046			—
Net cash flows (used in) investing activities	$	(30,269	)	$	(67,830	)	$	(1,806	)
Cash flow from (used in) financing activities:
Issuance of new shares - IPO		—			—			86,041
Net cash flows from (used in) financing activities:	$	—		$	—		$	86,041
Net foreign exchange difference on cash and cash equivalents		(1,005	)		(7,669	)		(1,468	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(10,441	)	$	(24,708	)	$	178,872
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	$	217,352		$	242,060		$	63,188
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	206,911		$	217,352		$	242,060
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid during year for:
Interest	$	130		$	—		$	—
Income taxes	$	526		$	15,985		$	18,819

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-7

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1: Description of business

Background and nature of operations

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (“DDI,” “we,” “us,” “our” or “the Company,” formerly known as The8Games Co., Ltd.) was incorporated in 2008 in Seoul, Korea as an interactive entertainment studio, focused on the development and publishing of casual games and mobile applications. DDI is a subsidiary of DoubleU Games Co., Ltd. (“DUG” or “DoubleU Games”), a Korean company and our controlling shareholder holding 67.1% of our outstanding shares. The remaining 20.2% of our outstanding shares are held by STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund (“STIC”, 20.2%) and the remainder by participants in our IPO (12.7%). In 2017, DDI acquired DoubleDown Interactive, LLC (“DDI-US”) from International Gaming Technologies (“IGT”) for approximately $825 million. DDI-US, with its principal place of business located in Seattle, Washington, is our primary revenue-generating entity.

We develop and publish digital gaming content on various mobile and web platforms through our multi-format interactive all-in-one game experience concept. We host DoubleDown Casino, DoubleDown Classic, and DoubleDown Fort Knox within various formats.

Initial Public Offering

On September 2, 2021, DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. completed its initial public offering (the “Offering”) of 6,316,000 American Depositary Shares (the “ADSs”), each representing 0.05 share of a common share, with par value of KRW10,000 per share, of the Company, at a price to the public of $18.00 per ADS, before underwriting discounts and commissions. The number of ADSs sold by the Company was 5,263,000, and the number of ADSs sold by STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited, the selling shareholder in the Offering (the “Selling Shareholder”), was 1,053,000. The net proceeds to DDI from this offering was approximately $86.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses in the aggregate of approximately $8.7 million payable by us.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common shares or ADSs. The ADSs trade on the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “DDI.”

Acquisition of Double8 Games Co., Ltd. (“Double8 Games”)

On February 25, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Double8 Games Co., Ltd. (“Double8 Games”) from DoubleU Games in exchange for KRW2.3 billion. Double8 Games is based in Seoul, Korea, with the primary business of developing digital gaming content for international markets. The acquisition was considered a business combination among entities under common control and, therefore, the transfer of net assets was recorded at their carrying value with all financial information prior to the acquisition adjusted for comparability.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed primarily consist of working capital items, including a right of use asset and lease obligation. The difference between the cash paid and carrying value of the net assets received was recorded as a capital investment from parent.

Acquisition of SuprNation AB (“SuprNation”)

On October 31, 2023, the Company closed its previously announced acquisition of iGaming operator, SuprNation AB (“SuprNation”), for a total cash consideration €34.3 million (or approximately $36.5 million based on an exchange rate of €1 = $1.064 as of October 27, 2023). The acquisition diversifies the digital games categories that the Company addresses with the addition of three real-money iGaming sites in Western Europe. Following the closing, SuprNation AB is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US.

F-8

Capital Reserve Reallocation

On August 30, 2022 it was announced that a special board of directors meeting convened on August 26, 2022 which resulted in the approval of the reduction of the Company’s capital reserve in the amount of KRW70,000,000,000 pursuant to Article 461-2 of the Korean Commercial Code.

On December 28, 2022 it was announced that a special board of directors meeting convened on December 28, 2022 which resulted in the approval of the reduction of the Company’s capital reserve in the amount of KRW330,000,000,000 pursuant to Article 461-2 of the Korean Commercial Code.

Note 2: Significant accounting policies

Basis of preparation and consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of DDI and its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures. We regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to provisions for income taxes, revenue recognition, expense accruals, deferred income tax asset valuation allowances, valuation of goodwill and intangibles, and legal contingencies. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future operating results may be affected.

Functional currency and translation of financial statements

Our functional currency is the Korean Won (“KRW”), Euro (“EUR” or “€”), and the U.S. Dollar (“dollar,” “USD,” “US$,” or “$”) is the functional currency of our United States subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in USD. The consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the exchange rates prevailing at each balance sheet date. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows have been translated using the weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the periods of each statement. The equity capital is denominated in the functional currency, KRW, and is translated at historical exchange rates. All translation adjustments resulting from translating into the reporting currency are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense).

Intercompany monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date with the gain or loss arising on translation recorded to other income (expense). Intercompany non-monetary items that are measured at historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents

We consider all money market funds and short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are held by high credit quality financial institutions and balances may exceed limits of United States federal deposit insurance. We have not experienced any losses resulting from these excess deposits.

F-9

Financial instruments and concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments, which potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and short-term investments.

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the net invoiced amount, which is net of platform payment processing fees, unsecured, and represent amounts due to us based on contractual obligations where an executed contract exists. We do not require collateral and have not recognized an allowance as management estimates the net receivable is fully collectible. Apple, Inc. (“Apple”), Facebook, Inc. (“Facebook”), and Google, LLC (“Google”) represent significant distribution, marketing, and payment platforms for our games. A substantial portion of our 2023, 2022 and 2021 revenue was generated from players who accessed our games through these platforms and a significant concentration of our accounts receivable balance is comprised of balances owed to us by these platforms.

The following table summarizes the percentage of revenues and accounts receivable generated via our platform providers in excess of 10% of our total revenues and total accounts receivable:

Revenue Concentration Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		55.0	%		54.4	%		51.8	%
Facebook		16.8	%		24.1	%		25.9	%
Google		18.2	%		18.7	%		19.1	%

Accounts Receivable Concentration as of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		59.3	%		55.8	%		55.6	%
Facebook		9.9	%		20.4	%		23.7	%
Google		10.3	%		17.7	%		17.5	%
Xsolla		11.3	%		0.0	%		0.0	%

Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as an exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The three-tiered fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs based on the observability as of the measurement date is as follows:

Level 1 –	Observable inputs for identical assets or liabilities, such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2 –	Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable;
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore they are developed using estimates and assumptions developed by us, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the placement of assets and liabilities being measured within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6: Fair value measurements.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill is assigned to our reporting unit that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. We assess goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, neither of which is amortized, for impairment annually as of October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we typically perform a quantitative assessment and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value. An impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. Periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the goodwill is more likely than not impaired.

We generally base our measurement of fair value of our subject reporting unit on a blended analysis of the present value of future discounted cash flows and market valuation approach. The discounted cash flows model

F-10

indicates the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate in the future. Our significant estimates in the discounted cash flows model include: our weighted average cost of capital; long-term rate of growth and profitability of our business; and working capital effects. The market valuation approach indicates the fair value of the business based on a comparison of the Company to comparable publicly traded firms in similar lines of business. Our significant estimates in the market approach model include identifying similar companies with comparable business factors such as size, growth, profitability, risk and return on investment and assessing comparable revenue and operating income multiples in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit.

In our evaluation of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, we typically first perform a quantitative assessment and an impairment charge is recorded for the excess of the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets over their fair value, if necessary. We base our measurement of fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of trade name and trademarks, using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes that the trade name and trademarks have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. As with goodwill, periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is more likely than not impaired.

After completing our annual impairment reviews for the reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2023, 2022 and 2021, we concluded that a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles, of which $15.0 million related to our trademarks and $254.9 million related to our goodwill, would be recognized in 2022 and that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired in either 2023 or 2021. See Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets.

Finite-lived intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The carrying value of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows from use and eventual disposition of the asset over its remaining economic life to its carrying value. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in estimates.

The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in depreciation and amortization.

Development costs

Development costs for new app development are capitalized and recognized as an intangible asset when the preliminary development stage has been completed, management commits to funding the project, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used for its intended function.

Following initial recognition of the development costs as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete, and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization is recorded in depreciation and amortization.

F-11

Revenue recognition

Our social and mobile apps operate on a free-to-play model, whereby game players may collect virtual currency free of charge through the passage of time or through targeted marketing promotions. If a game player wishes to obtain virtual currency above and beyond the level of free virtual currency available to that player, the player may purchase additional virtual currency. Once a purchase is completed, the virtual currency is deposited into the player’s account and is not separately identifiable from previously purchased virtual currency or virtual currency obtained by the game player for free.

Once obtained, virtual currency (either free or purchased) cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than gameplay within our apps. When virtual currency is played on any of our games, the game player could “win” and would be awarded additional virtual currency or could “lose” and lose the future use of that virtual currency. We have concluded that our virtual currency represents consumable goods, because the game player does not receive any additional benefit from the games and is not entitled to any additional rights once the virtual currency is substantially consumed.

Control transfers when the virtual currency is consumed for gameplay. We recognize revenue from player purchases of virtual currency based on the consumption of this currency. We determined through a review of play behavior that game players generally do not purchase additional virtual currency until their existing virtual currency balances, regardless of source (e.g., bonus currency, gifted currency through social media channels, daily free chips, etc.), have been substantially consumed.

Based on an analysis of customers’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amount of virtual currency outstanding, we are able to estimate the rate that virtual currency is consumed during gameplay. Accordingly, revenue is recognized using a user-based revenue model with the period between purchases representing the timing difference between virtual currency purchase and consumption. This timing difference is relatively short.

We continuously gather and analyze detailed customer play behavior and assess this data in relation to our judgments used for revenue recognition.

We generate a small portion of our revenue from subscription services. All monthly subscription fees are prepaid and non-refundable for a one-month period and auto-renew until the end customer terminates the service with the platform provider the subscription services originated. The subscription revenue is recognized on a daily basis beginning on the original date of purchase and has no impact on a customer purchased virtual currency.

Disaggregation of revenue

We believe disaggregation of our revenue based on platform and geographical location are appropriate categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table represents our disaggregation of revenue between mobile and web platforms (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Mobile	$	232,485	$	241,915	$	264,911
Web		76,379		79,112		98,294
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

F-12

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographical location of our players (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. (1)	$	267,721	$	282,016	$	317,605
International		41,143		39,011		45,600
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

(1)  Geographic location is presented as being derived from the U.S. when data is not available

Principal-agent considerations

Our revenue contracts are with game players who are our customers. We have exclusive control over all content, pricing, and overall functionality of games accessed by players. Our games are played on various third-party platforms for which the platform providers collect proceeds from our customers and remit us an amount after deducting a fee for processing and other agency services. We record revenue at the gross amount charged to our customers and classify fees paid to platform providers (such as Apple, Facebook, and Google) within cost of revenue.

Contract assets, contract liabilities and other disclosures

Customer payments are based on the payment terms established in our contracts. Payments for purchase of virtual currency are required at time of purchase, are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our performance obligations. All payments are initially recorded as revenue, as the player has no right of return after the purchase, consistent with our standard terms and conditions. Based on our analysis, at each period end, we estimate the number of days to consume virtual currency. This represents the revenue amount where the performance obligation has not been met and is deferred as a contract liability until we satisfy the obligation. The contract asset consists of platform fees for which revenue has not been recognized. For subscription revenue, the remaining portion of the daily ratable monthly subscription is recorded as a contract liability and the applicable platform fees as a contract asset.

The following table summarized our opening and closing balances in contract assets and contract liabilities (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Contract assets (1)	$	756	$	728
Contract liabilities		2,520		2,426

(1)  Contract assets are included within prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Cost of revenue

Amounts recorded as cost of revenue relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate social gaming revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred, and primarily consist of fees withheld by our platform providers from the player proceeds received by the platform providers on our behalf, hosting fees, and royalties.

Depreciation and amortization expense is excluded from cost of revenue and other operating expenses and is separately presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

F-13

Defined benefit pension plan

We operate a defined benefit pension plan under employment regulations in Korea. The plan services the employees located in Seoul and is a final wage-based pension plan, which provides a specified amount of pension benefit based on length of service. The service cost components of the net periodic benefit costs are charged to current operations based on the functional area of the employee. The total benefit obligation of $4.4 million and $4.0 million, was included in other non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the change in actuarial gains or losses was included in other comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes the components of the projected benefit obligation (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,014		$	3,351		$	2,792
Service cost		723			838			759
Interest cost		(74	)		(51	)		29
Actuarial (gain)/loss		597			157			289
Benefits paid		(184	)		(64	)		(543	)
Other		(574	)		0			254
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(117	)		(217	)		(229	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	4,385		$	4,014		$	3,351

The plan assets are held in a limited number of marketable and liquid financial instruments and totaled $4.4 million and $3.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Valuation adjustments were not material.

Defined contribution plan

We sponsor a defined contribution plan for our employees based in Seattle, Washington. We provide a matching contribution of 100% on the first 1% of employee contributions and 50% on the next 5% of employee contributions. Our contribution expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $242,000, $259,000, and $289,000 respectively.

Advertising costs

The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred and totaled $45.2 million, $67.9 million and $74.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. Advertising costs primarily consist of marketing and player acquisition and retention costs and are included in sales and marketing expenses.

Research and development

Research and development costs relate primarily to employee costs associated with in-app game development, feature design and enhancement, and engagement functionality that does not meet our internal-use software capitalization criteria. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates in the period in which they reverse. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

F-14

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” standard, no tax benefit is recorded.

Statutory withholding tax is recognized in income tax expense as incurred.

Segment information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, our Chief Executive Officer, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. We view our operations and manage our business as one operating segment.

Note 3: Short-term investments

The Company holds investments in marketable securities with the intention of selling these investments within a relatively short period of time (3-6 months). As such, gains or losses from holding or trading these securities were recognized in the Statements of Income. At December 31, 2023, short term investments were comprised of fixed time deposits classified as trading.

Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets

The majority of our intangible assets consist of assets acquired through the 2017 acquisition of DDI-US. We recognized no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during 2021, and recognized a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles in 2022 (See Note: Significant Accounting Policies). The components of our intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
	Useful life		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount
Goodwill		indefinite	$	651,597	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	396,704	$	633,965	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	379,072
Trademarks		indefinite		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000
Customer relationships		4 years		84,271		(75,387	)		—			8,884		75,000		(75,000	)		—			—
Purchased technology		5-10 years		52,707		(45,544	)		—			7,163		45,423		(45,423	)		—			—
Development costs		3 years		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—
Software		4-5 years		2,968		(2,444	)		—			524		2,462		(2,411	)		—			51
Total			$	851,029	$	(132,861	)	$	(269,893	)	$	448,275	$	816,336	$	(132,320	)	$	(269,893	)	$	414,123

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $0.5 million, $3.6 million, and $17.7 million respectively.

Estimated annual amortization expense for the years ending December 31, 2024 and thereafter is a follows (in thousands):

Year	Expense
2024		3,113
2025		3,110
2026		3,107
2027		2,718
2028 and thereafter		4,523

F-15

Note 5: Debt

The components of debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
4.60% Senior Notes due to related party due 2024	$	38,778	$	39,454
Total debt		38,778		39,454
Less: Short-term debt		38,778		—
Total Long-term debt	$	—	$	39,454

4.60% Senior Notes due to related party due 2024

The 4.60% Senior Notes due to related party, which collectively total KRW100 billion at inception, accrue 4.60% interest quarterly on the outstanding principal amount until maturity. Interest and principal are due in full at maturity (May 27, 2024).

Voluntary principal and interest payments were made in June and September 2020. Principal of KRW20 billion and interest of KRW1.2 billion was paid in June 2020 and principal of KRW30 billion and interest of KRW3.1 billion was paid in September 2020.

Note 6: Fair value measurements

The carrying values of our accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and short- term borrowings approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Our cash equivalents (Level 1 of fair value hierarchy) consist of money market funds and Korean market government bonds totaling $206.9 million and $217.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and short-term investments (Level 2 of fair value hierarchy) comprised of fixed time or certificates of deposit with maturity periods greater than 90 days totaling $67.8 million and $67.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We rely on credit market data to track interest rates for other entities with similar risk profiles.

We record all debt at inception at fair value. We perform subsequent analysis on available data to evaluate the fair value of our borrowing as of the balance sheet date. We rely on credit market data to track interest rates for other entities with similar risk profiles. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of our senior notes (a Level 3 estimate) was approximately $0.7 million lower than face value.

Note 7: Income taxes

Income (loss) before income tax consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
US	$	120,750		$	(310,483	)	$	97,918
Korea		12,187			5,315			2,696
Other		(1,792	)		—			—
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	131,145		$	(305,168	)	$	100,614

F-16

The following table presents the detail of income tax expense for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Current:
US	$	21		$	11,571		$	14,481
Korea		597			2,222			2,049
Other		36			—			—
Total current taxes:	$	654		$	13,793		$	16,530
Deferred:
US	$	31,316		$	(85,206	)	$	8,154
Korea		(975	)		223			(2,178	)
Other		(778	)		—			—
Total deferred taxes	$	29,563		$	(84,983	)	$	5,976
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	30,217		$	(71,190	)	$	22,506

The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory rate and our effective tax rate for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Statutory tax rate		19.0	%		20.0	%		20.0	%
Foreign jurisdiction rate differential		4.0	%		3.7	%		3.5	%
Non-deductible interest		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Withholding taxes		0.4	%		(0.6	)%		2.0	%
Tax credits		(0.3	)%		1.0	%		(4.2	)%
Valuation allowance		3.1	%		(0.6	)%		1.6	%
Other		(3.1	)%		(0.1	)%		(0.6	)%
Total tax rate		23.1	%		23.3	%		22.3	%

F-17

Deferred federal, state, and foreign income taxes reflect the net tax impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts for tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	22,564		$	5,934
Tax credit carryforward		13,844			14,171
Accruals and reserves		753			35,589
Accrued interest		1,118			762
Intangibles		18,026			17,632
Lease liability		1,411			1,120
Goodwill		—			4,467
Interest carryforward		1,426			—
Capitalized R&D costs		1,123			—
Deferred tax assets	$	60,265		$	79,675
Less: Valuation allowance		(18,747	)		(18,893	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	41,518		$	60,782
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill		(5,571	)		—
Intangibles		(5,210	)		—
Right-of-use-assets		(1,384	)		(1,038	)
Other		(1,267	)		(454	)
Deferred tax liabilities	$	(13,432	)	$	(1,492	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	28,086		$	59,290

Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing, and amount of which are uncertain. We have provided a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of Korea as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 because, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We have a Korean tax loss carryforward of approximately $17.3 million as of December 31, 2023, which are available to reduce future taxable income. These losses begin to expire in 2027. We have U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $67.4 million which carryforward indefinitely. We have $28.7 million of U.S. state net operating losses which begin to expire starting in 2033.

Additionally, we have Korean tax credit carryforwards of $13.7 million as of December 31, 2023, which are available to reduce future foreign tax liabilities. The foreign tax credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2028.

We have not recorded a liability for income taxes or withholding taxes on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 as we intend to reinvest such earnings outside of Korea for the foreseeable future. Given the Company’s current and anticipated losses in Korea, the method of realizing the cumulative temporary differences related to foreign earnings is difficult to estimate. Therefore, the Company concluded it is not practical to estimate the related deferred tax liability.

We are currently not under audit in any tax jurisdiction. We do not have any uncertain tax positions and have not established reserves for tax positions based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due.

F-18

Note 8: Shareholders’ equity

Common stock

We have 200,000,000 total authorized shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The par value per share is KRW10,000. Holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of common stock. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends that are declared by our board of directors out of legally available funds. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets remaining after payment of liabilities. There are no conversion rights, redemption rights or sinking fund provisions, and there are no dividends in arrears or default. All shares of common stock have equal distribution, liquidation and voting rights, and have no preferences or exchange rights.

Note 9: Net Income per share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands except share and per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022			2021
Numerator:
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders - basic	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders – diluted	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of warrants		—		—			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91

Note 10: Leases

Our operating leases primarily consist of real estate leases for office space and do not have any non-lease components. We do not have any finance leases. Our total variable and short-term lease payments are immaterial for all periods presented.

The Seattle, Washington lease originated in July 2012 and consists of 49,375 square feet. In September 2018, the only option to extend, which was effective October 1, 2019, was exercised to extend the term for 61 months. The extended lease will expire in October 2024.

F-19

The Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea office space is subleased from our parent, DUG and consists of 28,497 square feet. The subleases originated in February 2019 and were amended in October 2020 and October 2023 with DUG (sublessor). The subleases will expire in September 2028.

The Swieqi, Malta office lease was assumed as part of the SuprNation acquisition in October 2023 and consists of 4,770 square feet. The lease will expire in October 2024.

The weighted average remaining lease terms as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 3.8 years and 1.6 years, respectively. The weighted average discount rates for the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 5.8% and 5.2%, respectively.

Supplemental balance sheet and statements of operations information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Accrued rent		447		817		934
Total operating lease right-of-use asset, net	$	7,130	$	3,858	$	6,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities		3,157		3,050		3,076
Long-term operating lease liabilities		4,420		1,625		4,688
Total operating lease liabilities	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Operating lease costs	$	3,201	$	3,160	$	3,313

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	3,501	$	3,253	$	3,262
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations	$	7,655	$	—	$	—

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023	Seattle Lease			Seoul Lease (Related Party)			Malta
2024		1,732			1,445			267
2025		—			1,501			—
2026		—			1,534			—
2027		—			1,541			—
Thereafter		—			971			—
Less: Imputed Interest		(130	)		(1,281	)		(3	)
Total		1,602			5,711			264

F-20

Note 11: Accumulated other comprehensive income

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) by component for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Currency Translation Adjustments			Defined Benefit Pension Plan			Total
Balance at of January 1, 2021	$	23,807		$	(992	)	$	22,815
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		504			—			504
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(286	)		(286	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	24,311		$	(1,278	)	$	23,033
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		(3,519	)		—			(3,519	)
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(154	)		(154	)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	20,792		$	(1,432	)	$	19,360
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		1,219			—			1,219
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(597	)		(597	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	22,011		$	(2,029	)	$	19,982

For years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we did not tax effect foreign currency translation gain/(loss) because we have determined such gain/(loss) is permanently reinvested and actuarial gain/(loss) is not tax effected due to a valuation allowance applied to our deferred tax assets.

Note 12: Commitments and contingencies

Legal contingencies

On April 12, 2018, a class-action lawsuit was filed against DDI-US demanding a return of unfair benefit under the pretext that the Company’s social casino games are not legal in the State of Washington, United States. On August 29, 2022, DDI-US entered into an agreement in principle to settle the aforementioned Benson case and associated proceedings, pursuant to which, among other things, DDI-US would contribute $145.25 million to the settlement fund. This agreement in principle received final court approval with the final contribution to the settlement fund made in June 2023. The Company had an accrual of $95.25 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was cleared by a $95.25 million payment in the second quarter of 2023.

Publishing and license agreements

DoubleU Games

We entered into the DoubleU Games License Agreement on March 7, 2018, and it was subsequently amended on July 1, 2019 and November 27, 2019. In March 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a new Game License Agreement with DoubleU Games with effect from January 1, 2023, which supersedes the prior DoubleU Games License Agreement. Pursuant to the new Game License Agreement, DoubleU Games grants us, through DDI-US, a non-exclusive and worldwide license to service and distribute certain DoubleU Games social casino game titles and sequels thereto in the social online game field of use. We are obligated to pay a royalty license fee equal to a certain fixed percentage of the net sales of the licensed game titles to DoubleU Games in connection with these rights, with certain customary terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2023, we licensed approximately 49 game titles under the terms of this agreement.

In October 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a Game Development Services Agreement with DoubleU Games, pursuant to which DDI-US will pay service fees to DoubleU Games for certain game maintenance services and product planning and user analysis services provided by DoubleU Games. We incurred total service fees of $1.4 million for year ended December 31, 2023.

F-21

International Gaming Technologies (“IGT”)

In 2017, we entered into a Game Development, Distribution, and Services Agreement with IGT. Under the terms of the agreement, IGT will deliver game assets so that we can port (a process of converting the assets into functioning slot games by platform) the technology for inclusion in our gaming apps. The agreement includes game assets that are used to create new games. Under the agreement, we paid IGT an initial royalty rate of 10% of revenue for their proprietary assets and 15% of revenue for third-party game asset types. Effective January 1, 2019, we amended the agreement to revise the royalty rate for proprietary game asset types to 7.5% of revenue. The initial term of the agreement is ten (10) years with up to two additional five-year periods. Costs incurred in connection with this agreement for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $5.3 million, $7.0 million, and $11.1 million, respectively, and are recognized as a component of cost of revenue.

Director and Officers’ Indemnification Agreement

The Company’s maximum aggregate liability for all loss and expenses on account of any and all requests for indemnity under the Indemnification Agreement or any similar indemnity agreement with any other indemnitee will be $5,000,000 per every 12-month period.

Note 13: Related party transactions

Our related party transactions comprise of expenses for use of intellectual property, borrowings, and sublease previously described. We may also incur other expenses with related parties in the ordinary course of business, which are included in the consolidated financial statements.

The following is a summary of expenses charged by our parent, DoubleU Games (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
Royalty expense (see Note 12)	$	2,565	$	3,374	$	4,335		Cost of revenue
Interest expense (see Note 5)		1,762		1,780		2,010		Interest expense
Rent expense (see Note 10)		1,268		1,251		1,397		General and administrative expense
Other expense		1,636		225		206		General and administrative expense

Amounts due to our parent, DoubleU Games, are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Consolidated Balance Sheet Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
4.6% Senior notes with related party	$	38,778	$	—	$	—	Current portion of borrowings with related party
4.6% Senior notes with related party		—		39,454		42,176	Long-Term borrowing with related party
Royalties and other expenses		1,618		315		511	A/P and accrued expenses
Short-term lease liability		1,298		1,066		1,309	Short-term operating lease liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		9,501		—		—	Other current liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		—		7,852		6,454	Other non-current liabilities
Long-term lease liability		4,414		—		1,078	Long-term lease liabilities

F-22

Note 14: Acquisition

Business Combination-SuprNation

On October 31, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of SuprNation, a European i-Gaming operator, which is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US, for a total cash purchase price of $30.6 million. There was also a payment into escrow of $5.5 million and a deferred payment of up to $6.5 million, relating to a performance-based holdback amount to be calculated based on the 18 months following the transaction close date. The transaction is expected to enable the Company to expand into the i-Gaming market. The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. Transaction costs incurred by the Company in connection with the acquisition, including professional fees, were $2.0 million.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration to the acquisition-date fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

Total purchase consideration	$	30,653
Non-controlling interest	$	118
Identifiable Assets	$	13,838
Cash and cash equivalents		3,776
Accounts receivable, net		99
Prepaid expenses, and other assets		612
Intangible assets, net
Platform Technology		6,987
Customers		8,893
Gaming Licenses		476
Property and equipment, net		34
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		200
Other non-current assets		171
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(1,449	)
Income taxes payable		(111	)
Short-term operating lease liabilities		(191	)
Other current liabilities		(3,794	)
Deferred tax liabilities, net		(1,630	)
Other non-current liabilities		(235	)
Goodwill	$	16,933

The above allocation of the purchase price can be subject to change within the measurement period, but no later than one year from the date of the acquisition close.

The income approach was used to determine the fair value of the platform technology and customers, and the cost approach was used for the fair value of gaming licenses. Their useful lives are 10 years, 4 years and 5 years, respectively, and the weighted average useful life for all amortizable intangible assets is 6.6 years. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the preliminary fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition. For tax purposes, no tax-deductible goodwill was generated as a result of this acquisition.

Contemporaneously with entering into the definitive agreement, the Company also adopted an eighteen-month performance-based incentive plan for certain key employees of SuprNation, under which the key employees may earn up to a total of $6.5 million in addition to $5.5 million held in escrow, contingent upon the achievement of certain revenue and other performance targets by the acquired business and the continued employment of such key employees between 2023 and 2025. Such plan became effective at the closing of the transaction.

F-23

The Company’s consolidated statement of operations as of December 31, 2023, includes SuprNation’s revenue of $4.3 million and pre-tax loss of $1.8 million for the period from the acquisition date of October 31, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

See Pro forma results of operations below under “Supplemental Pro Forma Information”.

Supplemental Pro Forma Information (unaudited)

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information below presents the combined historical results of operations of the Company and SuprNation, an acquisition completed in October 2023, as if SuprNation had been acquired as of January 1, 2022 (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue	$	330,462	$	346,433
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.	$	93,802	$	(246,585	)

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information above includes the following adjustments to net income (loss) in the appropriate pro forma period (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
An (increase) in amortization expense related to the fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets, net of the amortization expense already reflected in actual historical results		(2,571	)		(3,003	)
A decrease (increase) in expenses related to incentives		(2,180	)		(6,464	)
A (increase) decrease in expenses related to operating and marketing expenses per the agreement		(3,500	)		(7,000	)
An (increase) decrease in income tax provision		2,643			5,037

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information has been presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of results of operations that would have been achieved had the acquisitions taken place on the date indicated, or of the Company’s future consolidated results of operations. The supplemental pro forma information presented above has been derived from the Company’s historical consolidated financial statements and from the historical accounting records of SuprNation.

F-24

EX-1.1

Exhibit 1.1

ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 (Name) The name of the company shall be “DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.’ (hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) <Amended on June 24, 2014, May 2, 2016, May 11, 2017, Nov 27, 2019>

Article 2 (Purposes) The purposes of the Company is to engage in the following business activities: <Amended on August 1, 2011, May 11, 2017>

1. Portals and other internet information media service activities;

2. Data base activities and online information provision services;

3. Data processing;

4. Computer programming services;

5. Computer system integration consultancy and establishment services;

6. Online and mobile game software development and supply;

7. System software development and supply;

8. Application software development and supply;

9. Electronic commerce via internet;

10. Retail of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software;

11. Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software;

12. Advertising agencies;

13. Advertising preparation;

14. Game publishing business;

15. Character and digital · cultural contents related business;

16. Marketing agencies services and advertising and promotion;

17. Venture investment, incubating and consulting services;

18. Real estate sales and lease services;

19. Activities of head offices, holding companies and management consultancy;

20. i-Gaming related software development and supply business;

21. Blockchain-related business and R&D business;

22. Development and supply of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) related products and services; and

23. Other activities incidental to each of the aforementioned business.

Article 3 (Location of Head Office) The Company shall have its registered headquarter office in Seoul. <Amended on September 1, 2016>

Article 4 (Branch Offices, etc.) The Company may establish branch offices, sub-branches, local offices and overseas subsidiaries in or outside Korea upon resolution by the Board of Directors.

Article 5 (Public Notice) Public notice shall be given by posting the notice on the Company’s internet homepage at (http://www.doubledowninteractive.com); provided, however, in the event of the occurrence of any computer problems or other unavoidable causes which prevents the posting of a notice on the Company’s internet homepage, public notice shall be given by publishing the notice in Maeil Business News Korea, a daily newspaper published in the city of Seoul.

<Amended on June 24, 2014, September 1, 2016, Nov 27, 2019>

CHAPTER II SHARES

Article 6 (Total Number of Shares) The total number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue shall be 200,000,000 shares.

<Amended on August 1, 2011 and May 11, 2017>

Article 7 (Shares to be issued at the Time of Incorporation The total number of shares to be issued at the time of incorporation of the Company shall be 60,000 shares.

Article 8 (Par Value) The par value per share to be issued by the Company shall be 10,000 Korean Won. <Amended on May 12, 2017>

Article 9 (Types of Shares) All shares to be issued by the Company shall be common shares.

Article 10 (Electronic Registration of Rights to be Recorded on Share Certificates and Preemptive Right Certificates) The Company shall register the rights to be recorded on share certificates and preemptive right certificates with the electronic registration ledger of the electronic registration authority, in lieu of issuing share certificates and preemptive right certificates. <Amended on May 2, 2016, March 27, 2019>

Article 11 (Preemptive Rights)

① Shareholders of the Company shall have the preemptive rights to subscribe for the new shares in proportion to their respective share holdings.

② Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the following instances the Company may allocate new shares to those other than the shareholders by the resolution of the Board of Directors. <Amended on May 2, 2016, May 11, 2017, May 20, 2020>

1. When issuing new shares to increase its capital through public offering to the extent not exceeding fifty (50) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares pursuant to Article 165-6 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;

2. When preferentially allocating new shares to members of the Employees Share Ownership Association to the extent not exceeding twenty (20) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

3. When issuing new shares as a result of the exercise of stock options pursuant to Article 340 of the Commercial Act;

4. When issuing new shares for the purpose of the foreign investment made under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, for the Company’s managerial reasons to the extend not exceeding twenty (20) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

5. When issuing new shares to the extent not exceeding twenty (20) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares to a new technology venture capitalist and new technology venture investment association pursuant to the Specialized Credit Finance Business Act and to an investment company for the establishment of small and medium enterprise and a small and medium enterprise establishment investment association pursuant to the Support for Small and Medium Enterprise Establishment Act;

6. When allocating new shares to the other company to the extent not exceeding twenty (20) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares for strategic partnership such as through the introduction of high technology, business diversification, overseas expansion and fundraising;

7. When it’s necessary to achieve the Company’s business objectives such as an introduction of new technology, improvement of financial structure, new market development and strategic partnership pursuant to a proviso of the Article 418(2) of the Commercial Act to the extent not exceeding fifty (50) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

8. When issuing new shares to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic and overseas, to the extent not exceeding twenty (20) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares for managerial purpose including raising emergency funds; or

9. When offering new shares to the public or has an underwriter subscribe for such public offerings in order to have its shares listed on the Korea Exchange.

③ If a shareholder(s) waives or forfeits all or part of his/her preemptive rights to subscribe for new shares, or any fractional shares are made in the course of allotting new shares, the method of dealing with such new shares or fractional shares shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors. <Amended on May 2, 2016>

Article 11-2 (Stock Option)

① The Company may grant stock options as set forth in the relevant laws and regulations to its executives and employees by a special resolution of the general meeting of shareholders, to the extent not exceeding ten (10) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares.

② The shares to be issued or delivered upon the exercise of the stock option (referring to the shares functioning as the base for calculating the difference in case where the Company pays the difference between the exercising price of the stock option and the market price either in cash or by the treasury shares) shall be common shares in registered form.

③ The exercising price per one share subject to the exercise of the stock option shall exceed a price falling under any of the following subparagraphs. This shall also apply when adjusting the exercising price after the grant of the stock option.

1. In cases of issuing new shares, the higher amount between their substantial price as of the date of granting the stock option and their face value; and

2. In cases of transferring the company’s own shares, their substantial price as of the date of granting the stock option.

④ The number of executives and employees who may be granted with a stock option shall not exceed ninety (90) percent of the total existing executives and employees, and the stock option to be granted to a single executive or employee shall not exceed ten (10) percent of the total number of issued and outstanding shares.

⑤ The persons who are eligible for stock options are executives and employees who have contributed or have the capacity to contribute to the establishment, management, or technological innovation of the Company; provided, however, that those who fall under any of the following shall be disqualified:

1. A stockholder who holds ten (10) percent or more of the total outstanding shares excluding non-voting shares;

2. A person who actually exercises influence over major management matters of the Company, such as appointment or dismissal of directors; and

3. Any person in special relationship with a person falling under subparagraph 1 or 2. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

⑥ The stock option may be exercised from the date on which such right may be exercised until the date to be determined by a general meeting of shareholders or the Board of Directors within the extent of five (5) years.

⑦ Any person who is granted a stock option shall be allowed to exercise such stock option only after holding office or serving in the Company for no less than two (2) years from the date of the resolution mentioned in Paragraph (1). <Amended on May 20, 2020>

⑧ The Company may cancel the grant of stock options by the resolution of the Board of Directors in any of the following cases:

1. In case an executive or employee to whom a stock option is granted voluntarily resigns from his/her office;

2. In case an executive or employee to whom a stock option is granted causes the Company to incur substantial and material damages due to his/her willful misconduct or negligence;

3. In case the Company is unable to comply with the exercise of the stock option due to its bankruptcy or insolvency; or

4. In case where any cause for cancellation as set forth in the stock option agreement occurs. [Newly established on September 10, 2010]

Article 12 (Title Transfer Agent)

① The Company shall retain a transfer agent for shares.

② The transfer agent, its office and the scope of its services shall be determined by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

③ The Company shall keep its register of shareholders or a duplicate thereof, at the office of the transfer agent and cause the transfer agent to handle electronic registration of shares, maintenance of the register of shareholders and other matters in relation to the shares of the Company.

④ Those activities undertaken by the transfer agent described in Paragraph (3) shall be performed in accordance with the Regulations of Transfer Agent. <Amended on March 27, 2019, March 23, 2021>

Article 13 (Record Date)

① The Company shall deem thoseshareholders whose names appear in the list of shareholders on December 31 of each year to be the shareholders who are entitled to exercise their rights as shareholders at the annual meeting of shareholders to be convened in respect of the said period for the settlement of accounts. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

② The company may convene an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders and, if necessary, make the shareholders listed in the shareholder list on the date specified by the resolution of the board of directors the shareholders who exercise their rights, and the company shall resolve the board of directors. This must be announced two weeks before the date specified in. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

Article 14 (Equivalent dividend) The company will pay equal dividends to all shares of the same type issued (including cases of conversion) as of the base date of dividends, regardless of the date of issue. [Newly established on May 20, 2020] <Amended on March 23, 2021>

Article 14-2 (Preparation and storage of shareholder list)

① When the company is notified of the designation of the owner by the electronic registration agency, it must prepare and keep a shareholder list by stating the matters notified and the date of notification. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

② The company may request the electronic registration agency to create a designation of owner if necessary, such as when there is a change in the current status of shareholders (including special related persons) who hold a 5% or more stake. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

③ The company creates a shareholder list in electronic documents. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

CHAPTER III BONDS

Article 15 (Issuance of Convertible Bonds)

① The Company may issue convertible bonds to persons other than shareholders up to an aggregate par value of three (3) hundred billion (300,000,000,000) Korean Won by the resolution of the Board of Directors in any of the following cases: <Amended on May 20, 2020>

1. In case the Company issues convertible bonds through a general public offering;

2. In the case the Company issues convertible bonds to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or overseas, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or

3. In the case the Company issues convertible bonds to the other party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in its business operation.

② The type of shares to be issued upon conversion and the conversion price shall be determined by the Board of Directors at the time of issuance of the relevant convertible bonds.

③ The conversion period shall be from the date on which one (1) month has elapsed after the date of issuance of the bonds to the date immediately prior to the redemption date of the bonds. However, the conversion period may be adjusted so that it is limited to a period within the period stated above by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

④ When converted to shares, the company pays interest only on interest that is due before the conversion. <Amended on May 20, 2020, March 23, 2021>

Article 16 (Issuance of Bonds with Warrants)

① The Company may issue bonds with warrants to persons other than shareholders upon the resolution of the Board of Directors up to an aggregate par value amount of two (2) hundred billion (200,000,000,000) Korean Won in accordance with Article 16(1) hereof. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

1. In case the Company issues bonds with warrant through a general public offering;

2. In the case the Company issues bonds with warrant to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or overseas, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or

3. In the case the Company issues bonds with warrant to the other party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in its business operation.

② The amount within which a holder of such bonds with warrant is entitled to request issuance of new shares shall be determined by the Board of Directors, to the extent of not exceeding the aggregate par value of such bonds.

③ The class of shares to be issued upon exercise of warrants shall be common shares. The issue price shall be determined by the Board of Directors upon issuance of the relevant bonds with warrants at or above the par value.

④ The period during which warrants may be exercised shall be from the date on which one (1) month (or thirty (30) days) has elapsed from the date of issuance of the bonds to the date immediately prior to the redemption date of the bonds; provided, however, that in case the Company issues the bonds by other means than public offering, such period shall be from the date on which one (1) year has elapsed after the date of issuance of the bonds to the date immediately prior to the redemption date of the bonds. However, the warrant exercise period may be adjusted to a period within the period stated above by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 16-2 (Electronic Registration of Rights to be Recorded on Bond Certificates and Warrant Certificates) The Company shall register the rights to be recorded on bond certificates and warrant certificates with the electronic registration ledger of the electronic registration authority, in lieu of issuing bond certificates and warrant certificates. However, in the case of corporate bonds, electronic registration may not be carried out except for listed corporate bonds, which are required to be electronically registered by law. [Newly established on March 27, 2019] <Amended on March 23, 2021>

Article 17 (Applicable Provisions for Issuance of Bonds) The provisions of Article 12 shall apply mutatis mutandis with respect to the issuance of bond. [Newly established on May 11, 2017] <Amended on March 27, 2019>

CHAPTER IV GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

Article 18 (Ordinary and Special General Meetings and Time of Convocation)

① General meetings of shareholders shall be of two types of ordinary and special general meetings.

② Ordinary general meetings of shareholders shall be convened within three (3) months after the close of each business year.

Article 19 (Persons Entitled to Convene the Meetings) General meetings of shareholders shall be convened by a representative director in accordance with the resolution of the Board of Directors except as otherwise provided in other laws and regulations. If the representative director is absent or unable to convene the general meetings, another director appointed by the Board of Directors shall convene the general meetings.

Article 20 (Public Notice of Convocation)

① When convening a shareholders’ meeting, each shareholder shall be notified of the date, place, and agenda of the meeting in writing two (2) weeks prior to the date of the meeting; provided, however, that such period may be shortened or omitted with the consent of all shareholders in writing, by telegraphic communications or by email prior to the date of the meeting.

② The Company shall attach to the written notice of convocation in the Paragraph 1, any written document and reference materials which may be necessary for the shareholders to exercise their voting rights. <Amended on May 2, 2016>

Article 21 (Place of Convening a Meeting of Shareholders)

The general meeting of shareholders shall be held in the place where the head office of the Company is located and may also be held in any other place adjacent to it, whenever circumstances require.

Article 22 (Chairman)

① A representative director shall serve chairman of general meetings of shareholders.

② In the event that the representative director is absent or fails to serve as chairman of any general meetings of shareholders, any person previously designated by the general meeting of shareholders shall act as the chairman; provided, however, that in case nobody has been designated to act as the chairman by the general meeting of shareholders, the provisions of Article 32(4) shall apply mutatis mutandis. <Amended on March 27, 2019>

Article 23 (Voting Rights) Each shareholder shall have one (1) vote for each share he/she owns.

Article 24 (Exercise of Voting Rights) <Amended on May 2, 2016>

① Shareholders may exercise their voting rights in writing without attending the general meetings of shareholders.

② Any shareholder who wants to exercise his/her voting right in writing shall submit any necessary written details for the exercise of voting rights on or before the date immediately prior to the meeting.

Article 25 (Exercise of Voting Right by Proxy)

① A shareholder may exercise his/her vote by proxy.

② The proxy in the preceding paragraph shall present evidentiary documents (power of attorney) for his/her power of representation before the general meeting of shareholders commences. [Newly established on May 11, 2017]

Article 26 (Method of Adopting Resolutions at Meeting of Shareholders)

Unless otherwise provided in the relevant laws and regulations, all resolutions of a meeting of shareholders shall be passed by the affirmative votes of the majority of shareholders present at the meeting of shareholders, which shall not be less than a quarter of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of the Company.

Article 27 (Minutes of General Meeting of Shareholders)

The substance of the course and proceedings of a general meeting of shareholders and the results thereof shall be recorded in minutes, on which the names and seals of the chairman and the directors present at the meeting shall be affixed or be signed by such persons, and shall be kept at the head office and branches of the Company. <Amended on September 10, 2010>

CHAPTER V DIRECTORS, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, REPRESENTATIVE DIRECTOR

Article 28 (Number of Directors)

The Company shall have not less than three (3), but not more than eight (8) directors. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

Article 29 (Election of Directors)

① Directors shall be elected during a meeting of shareholders.

② A resolution for electing directors shall be passed by the affirmative votes of a majority of the voting rights represented by the shareholders present, which shall be not less than 1/4 of the total number of issued and outstanding shares.

③ In case two (2) or more directors are elected, the cumulative vote stipulated in Article 382-2 of the Commercial Act shall not apply. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

④ A company may be determined by a resolution of the board of directors to distinguish between internal directors and other non-executive directors among the directors set forth in paragraph 1. [Newly established March 23, 2021]

Article 30 (Term of Office of Directors)

The term of office of directors shall be three (3) years; provided, however, that the term of office shall be extended until the close of the ordinary general meeting of shareholders convened in respect of the last fiscal year of such term of office. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

Article 31 (Election to Fill a Vacancy in the Office of Directors)

① If there is a vacancy in the number of directors, a director shall be elected at a meeting of shareholders to fill such a vacancy; provided, however, that the foregoing provision shall not apply if the number of the existing directors in office is not less than the number of directors provided in the statute and no hindrance is caused to carrying on the Company’s business thereby.

② Term of office of directors elected to fill a vacancy or as part of reinforcement shall be deemed the same as the remaining term of office of other directors. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

Article 32 (Duties of Directors)

① The Company may appoint one (1) representative director out of directors, and a vice president, senior executive director and executive director by resolutions of the Board of Directors.

② The Company may appoint a few representative directors or co-representative directors whenever circumstances require.

③ A representative director shall represent the directors and direct the Company’s overall business.

④ A vice president, senior executive director, executive director and director shall assist the representative director; share the execution of the Company’s business as determined by the Board of Directors; and serve as an acting representative director in accordance with the order designated by the Board of Directors in case the representative director is absent or unable to execute his/her duties.

<Amended on May 11, 2017>

Article 33 (Composition of the Board of Directors and Convening of Meetings)

① The Board of Directors shall be composed of directors and make major decisions on the Company’s business.

② Meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by any director, unless the Board of Directors has designated a specific director who shall call such meetings.

③ Notice for the meeting of the Board of Directors shall be dispatched by the director who calls the meeting to each of the individual directors at least one (1) week prior to the date set for such meeting, provided, however, that if all directors unanimously consent to holding a meeting of the Board of Directors, the procedure of convening a meeting may be omitted. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

④ The chairman of the Board of Directors shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, unless the Board of Directors has designated a specific director who shall call the meetings of the Board of Directors pursuant to the proviso of Paragraph 2, in which case such director shall be the chairman. <Amended on March 27, 2019>

Article 34 (Quorum and Adoption of Resolutions)

① Unless otherwise provided in the relevant laws and these Articles of Incorporation, a resolution of the Board of Directors shall be adopted in the presence of a majority of directors in office by the affirmative votes of a majority of directors present at the meeting; provided, however, that the resolution for the matters set forth in Article 397-2 (Prohibition against Appropriation of Company’s Opportunities and Assets) and Article 398 (Prohibition against Self-Transaction) of the Commercial Act shall be adopted by an affirmative votes of 2/3 or more of the total number of the directors present. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

② The Board of Directors may allow all or part of the directors in office to exercise his/her and/or their voting rights by means of telecommunication through which they may transmit and receive visual images and voices at the same time without being physically present at a meeting of the Board of Directors. In such case, the concerned director(s) shall be deemed to have attended the meeting of the Board of Directors in person.

③ A Director who has a special interest in a matter on the agenda for resolution may not exercise his/her vote upon such matter. <Amended on May 11, 2017>

Article 35 (Minutes of the Board of Directors)

① The Board of Directors shall record the proceedings of every meeting of the Board of Directors.

② The agenda items, summary of the proceedings and the outcomes thereof, and the objectors and grounds for their objection shall be entered in the minutes, and the directors present at the meeting shall write their names and affix seals, or affix their signatures, thereon and then the minutes shall be preserved at the head office thereafter.

<Amended on May 20, 2020>

Article 36 (Appointment of Advisors) The Company shall appoint a few advisors for management and technology by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 37 (Remuneration and Retirement Allowances for Executives)

① Remuneration for directors shall be determined by the resolution of a general meeting of shareholders.

② Retirement allowances for directors and other officers shall be paid in accordance with the Company’s regulation concerning retirement allowances for executives. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

Article 38 (Mitigation of Director’s Liability to the Company)

① If a director is held liable for damages to the Company due to the violation of any law, regulation or these Articles of Incorporation, or due to dereliction of his or her duties, the Company shall exempt such director from liability for damages exceeding six (6) times (three (3) times in the case of outside directors) his or her wages (including bonuses and profit from the exercise of stock options) during the one-year period prior to the day of such violation or deriliction.

② Notwithstanding Paragraph (1) above, such exemption shall not apply if the director caused damages to the Company by willful misconduct or gross negligence or if otherwise provided in the law.

  [Newly Established on May 20, 2020]

Article 39 (Committee in the Board of Directors)

① The Company shall install an audit committee in the Board of Directors. Additionally, the Company may install a committee in the Board of Directors to discuss and decide the matters delegated by the Board of Directors including major considerations for the Company’s business operation.

② The committee in the Board of Directors other than the audit committee shall be comprised of two (2) or more directors and the structure and operation thereof shall be determined by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

③ Authorities over each of the following matters shall not be delegated to the committee:

1. Any matters that require approval from the general meeting of shareholders;

2. Appointment and dismissal of the representative director;

3. Establishment of the committee and the appointment and dismissal of its members; and

4. Any other matters determined by the Board of Directors.

④ The Committee shall notify each of the directors of any adopted matter. In such a case, each director upon receiving the notification may request convocation of the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors may re-adopt the resolution for the matter already adopted by the committee.

⑤ Except as otherwise provided in other provisions hereof and the operational regulations of each committee, the provisions in Article 33 to 35 shall apply mutatis mutandis for the matters related to the committee. [Newly established on May 11, 2017]

Article 40 (Appointment of Representative Director) A representative director shall be appointed by the Board of Directors. [Newly established on May 11, 2017]

CHAPTER VI AUDIT COMMITTEE

Article 41 (Composition of the Audit Committee)

① The Company shall establish an audit committee pursuant to Article 39 hereof, in lieu of auditor(s).

② The audit committee of the Company shall consist of three (3) or more directors; provided, however, that at least 2/3 of the members of the audit committee shall be outside directors.

③ A resolution of the Board of Directors for dismissing a member of the audit committee shall be adopted by the affirmative votes of at least 2/3 of the total number of directors.

④ By a resolution, the audit committee shall appoint a person to represent the audit committee, in which case, two (2) or more members may be determined to jointly represent the audit committee.

[Newly established on May 20, 2020]

Article 42 (Duties, etc. of the Audit Committee)

① The audit committee shall audit the accounting and operations of the Company.

② The audit committee may request the Board of Directors to convene the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders in writing, stating the agenda to be dealt with at the meeting and the reason for convening such meeting.

③ The audit committee shall appoint an external auditor of the Company in accordance with the Act on External Audit of Stock Companies.

④ The audit Committee may request the Company’s subsidiaries to make a report on their operations, if it is necessary to perform its duties. In such cases, if the subsidiaries fail to immediately make such a report as requested or it is necessary to verify the content of the report made by the subsidiaries, the audit Committee shall have the right to inspect such subsidiaries’ operations and status of assets.

⑤ In addition to Paragraphs (1) through (4) above, the audit committee shall handle matters delegated by the Board of Directors.

⑥ If necessary, the audit committee may request a director (the person authorized to convene the meeting, if any) to convene a meeting of the Board of Directors in writing, stating the agenda to be dealt with at the meeting and the reason for convening such meeting.

⑦ If the director fails to convene the meeting of the Board of Directors without delay although the request under Paragraph (6) has been made, the audit committee which so requested may convene the meeting of the Board of Directors.

⑧ The Board of Directors may not overrule the resolutions of the audit committee.

⑨ The audit committee may seek assistance from experts at the Company’s costs.

[Newly established on May 20, 2020]

Article 43 (Audit Record) The audit committee shall prepare an audit record with respect to the audit, and the audit record shall record the substance of the course of the proceedings and results of the audit and shall bear the names and seals of or be signed by the audit committee members conducting the audit. [Newly established on May 20, 2020]

CHAPTER VII ACCOUNTING

Article 44 (Business Year) The business year of the Company shall commence on January 1 and end on December 31 of each year.

Article 45 (Preparation, Maintenance and Approval of Financial Statements)

① The representative director (president) of the Company shall prepare and submit to the audit committee for audit the following documents and their supplementary schedules together with an business report, six (6) weeks prior to the date set for the annual meeting of shareholders convened for the business year to which such documents are related and, upon the audit committee’s audit, shall submit the aforementioned documents and the business report to the annual meeting of shareholders: <Amended on May 20, 2020>

1. Balance sheet;

2. Income statement; and

3. Other documents prescribed by Presidential Decree, indicating the financial status and management performance of the company. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

② The audit committee shall submit an auditor’s report to the representative director within four (4) weeks from the date of receiving the document referred to in each item of Paragraph 1 above. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

③ The Company shall maintain the documents referred to in the Paragraph 1 above and the auditor’s report in the head office of the Company for five (5) years and their copies in the branch office(s) of the Company for three (3) years respectively, starting from one (1) week prior to the date set for the annual meeting of shareholders convened for the business year to which such documents are related.

④ When the representative director receives the approval of the general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors pursuant to paragraph 5 in the documents set forth in each item of paragraph 1, he/she shall publicly announce the balance sheet and the audit opinions of the external auditor without delay. <Amended on March 23, 2021>

⑤ Notwithstanding the Paragraph 1, the Company may give an approval of the documents referred to in each item of Paragraph 1 above by the resolution of the Board of Directors if the following requirements are all met: <Amended on May 20, 2020>

1. An external auditor presents an opinion that the documents referred to in each item of Paragraph 1 appropriately represents the Company’s financial conditions and performance of management in accordance with statutes and the provisions hereof; and

2. All members of the auditor committee give consent thereto. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

⑥ If approved by the Board of Directors pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 5, the Representative Director shall report the contents of each document of Paragraph 1 to the General Meeting of Shareholders. [Newly established March 23, 2021]

Article 46 (Appointment of External Auditor) The Company shall appoint an external auditor by obtaining approval from the audit committee pursuant to the provisions of the Act on External Audit of Stock Companies, and report the foregoing to the annual meeting of shareholders held after such external auditor has been appointed or provide notice or public notice thereon to the shareholders.

[Newly established on May 20, 2020]

Article 47 (Appropriation of Earnings) The Company shall dispose of the unappropriated retained earnings of each business year in the following order of priority:

1. Earned surplus reserves;

2. Other statutory reserves;

3. Dividends;

4. Discretionary reserves; and

5. Other appropriation of retained earnings.

Article 48 (Dividends)

① Dividends shall be determined by a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders; provided, however, that if the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors under Article 45(5) hereof, dividends shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors. [Newly Established on May 20, 2020]

② Dividends may be paid in either cash or stock.

③ The dividends shall be paid to the shareholders or pledgees whose names appear or are duly registered in the list of shareholders as of the end of each business year.

④ Dividends shall be paid within one (1) month after approval or resolution thereof. Provided, That this shall not apply where the date of the payment of dividends is determined otherwise by a general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors. [Newly Established on May 20, 2020]

Article 49 (Interim Dividends)

① The Company may pay interim dividends, only one (1) time during a business year by fixing the date by the resolution of the Board of Directors, to its shareholders whose names appear or are duly registered in the list of shareholders as of such date in cash or stock.

② Interim dividends in the Paragraph 1 shall be paid by the resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 50 (Statute of Limitation to the Claim for Dividends)

If a claim for dividends has not been exercised for five (5) years, the statute of limitation applicable thereto shall expire, and the dividends with respect to which the statute of limitation has expired shall become vested in the Company. <Amended on May 20, 2020>

CHAPTER VIII SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Article 51 (Company Rules) The Company may adopt, with the approval of the Board of Directors, the Company’s rules and other regulations that may be required for the administration of its affairs. [Newly established on May 11, 2017]

Article 52 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Matters not specifically provided for herein shall be determined in conformity with resolutions adopted at the Board of Directors Meeting or the general meeting of shareholders of this Company, or with the relevant provisions of the Commercial Act of the Republic of Korea, as the case may be. [Newly established on May 11, 2017]

Addendum <December 18, 2007> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on December 18, 2007.

Addendum <September 10, 2010> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on September 10, 2010.

Addendum <August, 8, 2011> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on August, 8, 2011.

Addendum <December 7, 2011> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on December 7, 2011.

Addendum <June 24, 2014> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on June 24, 2014.

Addendum <May 2, 2016> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on May 2, 2016.

Addendum <September 1, 2016> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on September 1, 2016.

Addendum <April 11, 2017> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on May 12, 2017. (Upon completion of registration)

Addendum <May 11, 2017> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on May 12, 2017.

Addendum <March 27, 2019> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on March 27, 2019, the date approved by the ordinary general meeting of shareholders; provided, however, that the amendment to Articles 10, 12, 14, 16-2 and 17 shall be effective on September 1, 2019, the effective date of Enforcement Decree of the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, etc.

Addendum <Nov 22, 2019> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on Nov 27, 2019, the date approved by the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders; provided, however, that the amendment to Article 5 shall be effective upon the completion of the Company’s website renewal.

Addendum <May 20, 2020> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on May 20, 2020.

Addendum <March 23, 2021> Article 1 (Enforcement date) These Articles of Incorporation shall come into effect on March 23, 2021 from the date of the resolution of the 13^th Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders.

Addendum <Mar 29, 2023> Article 1 (Effective Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective on March 29, 2023, the date approved by the annual general meeting of shareholders

EX-4.1

Exhibit 4.1

CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT, MARKED BY [***], HAS BEEN OMITTED BECAUSE SUCH INFORMATION (I) IS NOT MATERIAL, (II) WOULD LIKELY CAUSE COMPETITIVE HARM TO THE COMPANY IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED, AND (III) IS THE TYPE OF INFORMATION THAT THE COMPANY TREATS AS PRIVATE OR CONFIDENTIAL.

GAME LICENSE AGREEMENT

This GAME LICENSE AGREEMENT (including all exhibits attached hereto, this “Agreement”) is effective as of January 1, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), by and between DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Korea (“Korea”), with its principal place of business located in Seoul, Korea (“Licensor”), and DoubleDown Interactive LLC, a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the State of Washington, with its principal place of business located in Seattle, WA, USA (“Licensee”). Each of Licensor and Licensee are sometimes referred to herein as a “Party” and, collectively, as the “Parties.”

WHEREAS, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Licensor is willing to grant to Licensee, and Licensee is willing to obtain from Licensor, a license to service and distribute the Licensed Game (“Licensed Game”) in the field of Social Casino Game; and

WHEREAS, Licensor and Licensee desire to stipulate the rights and obligations of the Parties and the terms and conditions of the license rights that Licensor agrees to grant to Licensee in this Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, and for other good and valuable consideration, the Parties do hereby agree as follows:

I. DEFINITIONS. Capitalized terms used in this Agreement shall have the meanings ascribed to them or referenced in Exhibit A attached hereto.

2. LICENSE.

(a) Ownership of License. Licensed Games and all related intangibles shall be owned by Licensor.

(b) Grant of License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Licensor hereby grants to Licensee non-exclusive and worldwide license to service and distribute Licensed Games in the field of Social Casino Game.

(c) Term of License. Unless this Agreement is terminated earlier in accordance with the provisions hereof, the term of the license granted hereunder will commence on the Effective Date and will continue during the Term.

3. COMPENSATION.

(a) License Fee. In consideration of the license granted hereunder, Licensee will pay to Licensor a license fee equal to [***] of the Net Sales of the Licensed Game accrued during each calendar month after the date of commercial launch of a Licensed Game (the “License Fee”). The License Fee may be adjusted by written agreement signed by the Parties.

(b) Statements. On or before the [***] day following the end of each calendar month after the date of commercial launch of a Licensed Game, Licensee will furnish to Licensor a reasonably complete and accurate statement of sales of each Licensed Game for the preceding month, on Licensor’s then-current royalty reporting form.

(c) Taxes, Tariffs and Fees. In accordance with tax treaties between the countries of the Parties, royalties are subject to withholding tax, and Licensee will pay the royalty amount charged by Licensor minus such withholding tax. Each Party is responsible for any income tax incurred due to causes attributable to the one party other than those attributable to the other party.

(d) Payment. The License Fee will be due on the [***] day following the end of each calendar month in which the Net Sales is collected by Licensee. All payments, hereunder, shall be in United States Dollars. The method of payment of the License Fee will be separately agreed by the Parties.

4. CONFIDENTIALITY.

(a) Each Party acknowledges that, from time to time, it may receive information from or regarding the other Party (each, a “Disclosing Party”) in the nature of trade secrets or that otherwise is confidential, the release or disclosure of which could be damaging to the other Party or Persons with which it does business (“Confidential Information”).

(b) Each Party receiving any Confidential Information (each, a “Receiving Party”) shall use any Confidential Information it receives solely for the purposes set forth in this Agreement, and hold it in strict confidence with the same degree of care as it uses to avoid unauthorized use, disclosure, publication or dissemination of its own confidential information of a similar nature, but in no event less than a reasonable degree of care; provided that a Receiving Party may disclose such Confidential Information to any employee, independent contractor or professional advisor of such Receiving Party that agrees to abide by confidentiality restrictions at least as restrictive as contained in this Section 4; provided, further, that a Receiving Party may disclose such Confidential Information to the extent required by any legal, accounting or regulatory requirements (including the requirements of any securities exchange) or in connection with enforcing its rights under this Agreement.

(c) The confidentiality restrictions in this Section 4 shall not apply to any Confidential Information as to which the Receiving Party can demonstrate that such Confidential Information:

(i) is or became public knowledge through no action of such Receiving Party, officers, directors, representatives or agents in violation of this Agreement; (ii) has been provided to such Receiving Party without restriction by an independent Third Party who has not, directly or indirectly, received such Confidential Information from such Receiving Party; (iii) was properly in the possession of such Receiving Party prior to the time of receipt of such Confidential Information; (iv) is required to be disclosed by law, regulation or court order (provided that such Receiving Party shall notify the Disclosing Party promptly of any request for that Confidential Information, before disclosing it if practicable); or (v) was developed independently by such Receiving Party in the course of work by employees or other agents of such Receiving Party without use of such Confidential Information.

-2-

5. TERM.

(a) Term. This Agreement shall become effective on the Effective Date and shall continue in full force and effect, unless terminated by either Party with [***] days’ written notice to the other Party or as provided in Section 5(b) or 5(c) (the “Term”).

(b) Termination by Licensor.

(i) Licensor will have the right, in its sole discretion, to terminate this Agreement immediately upon written notice to Licensee if at any time: (A) Licensee becomes insolvent, (B) a petition in bankruptcy or for reorganization is filed by or against Licensee, or if any insolvency or similar proceedings are instituted by or against Licensee under any state, federal or international law.

(ii) If Licensee breaches any material obligation under this Agreement during the Term, Licensor will have the right to terminate this Agreement upon written notice, which termination will become effective (A) [***] days from notice to Licensee for any failure to pay if Licensee has not cured the violation within such [***] day period; or (B) [***] days from notice of termination for any other reason.

(c) Termination by Licensee. If Licensor breaches any material obligation under this Agreement during the Term, Licensee will have the right to terminate this Agreement upon written notice, which termination will become effective [***] days from notice of termination if Licensor has not cured the violation.

(d) Effect of Termination.

(i) Upon termination of this Agreement all License Fees accrued during the Term on sales made before the effective date of termination will become due and payable by Licensee within [***] days.

(ii) Sections 1 and 4 through 13 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

6. EXCUSE FOR NONPERFORMANCE. Neither Party shall be liable to the other for any default or delay in the performance of any of its obligations under this Agreement (other than nonpayment) if such default or delay is caused, directly or indirectly, by fire, flood, earthquake or other acts of God; labor disputes, strikes or lockouts; wars, rebellions, acts of terror, revolutions, riots or civil disorder; accidents or unavoidable casualties; interruptions in Third Party transportation; supply shortages; laws, treaties, agreements, actions, inactions, rulings, regulations, decisions or requirements or any Governmental Authority; or any other cause, whether similar or dissimilar to those enumerated herein, beyond such Party’s reasonable control (herein any such event to be referred to as a “Force Majeure Event”); provided that the Party affected by such event will immediately begin or resume performance as soon as practicable after the event has abated. In such event, the non-performing Party shall promptly notify the other Party in writing of the occurrence of the Force Majeure Event and take all reasonable steps to mitigate the delay caused by the Force Majeure Event.

-3-

7. AMENDMENT OR MODIFICATION. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by written agreement signed by the Parties.

8. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement and the schedules and exhibits attached hereto embody the entire understanding and agreement between the Parties and supersede any prior understanding and agreement by or between the Parties, written or oral, relating to the subject matter hereof.

9. INJUNCTIVE AND OTHER RELIEF. Each Party acknowledges and agrees on behalf of itself that the rights afforded herein are unique and that any violation of this Agreement may cause irreparable injury to the non-breaching Party for which monetary damages are inadequate, difficult to compute, or both. Accordingly, each Party expressly agrees that, in addition to any other remedies which the non-breaching Party may have, the non-breaching Party will be entitled to seek injunctive or other equitable relief for any breach or threatened breach of any term, provision or covenant of this Agreement by the breaching Party.

10. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall construed in accordance with, and all the rights, powers and liabilities of the Parties hereunder shall be governed by, the laws of Korea.

11. DISPUTE RESOLUTION. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be finally settled by arbitration in Seoul in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board.

12. SEVERABILITY. If any provision(s) of this Agreement is adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unlawful, unenforceable, invalid, and/or unconscionable, that provision(s) will be deemed restated in accordance with applicable law, to reflect as nearly as possible the original intentions of the Parties, and the remainder of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect.

13. SIGNATURES. This Agreement and any signed agreement or instrument entered into in connection with this Agreement or contemplated hereby, and any amendments hereto or thereto, to the extent signed and delivered by means of a facsimile machine or delivered by electronic mail (a “pdf file”), will be treated in all manner and respects as an original agreement or instrument and will be considered to have the same binding legal effect as if it were the original signed version thereof delivered in person.

{signature page follows}

-4-

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Licensor and Licensee have executed this Agreement of the following date.

March 31, 2023

DoubleU Games Co., Ltd.
By:	/s/ Jae Young Choi
	Name:  Jae Young Choi
	Title: Chief Financial Officer
DoubleDown Interactive LLC
By:	/s/ Joseph Sigrist
	Name:  Joseph Sigrist
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT A

DEFINITIONS

(a) “Governmental Authority” means any federal, state, local or other government, governmental, regulatory or administrative authority, agency or commission or any court, tribunal, or judicial or arbitral body.

(b) “Gross Sales” means all revenue, royalties, fees or other consideration generated by Licensee from marketing, advertising, sale, distribution, license, commercial use or exploitation of any and all Licensed Games.

(c) “Licensed Games” means the Social Casino Games licensed by Licensor.

(d) “Net Sales” means Gross Sales, less only hosting fees and platform fees actually paid.

(e) “Person” means any individual, partnership, firm, corporation, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization or other entity, as well as any syndicate or group that would be deemed to be a person.

(f) “Social Casino Game” means an online, interactive, non-cash based, free to play (non-gambling and non-lottery) version of a Casino Game. Social Online Games shall not include:

any game (whether casino, skill, sports or otherwise) that involves gambling or wagering of cash, tangible goods or other consideration or where the virtual currency can be sold, bartered or transferred to a Third Party, or used to acquire any other goods, services or any item of value other than additional use of the game;

(g) “Third Party” means any Person other than a Party or any of its affiliates.

EXHIBIT B

Licensed Games

EX-4.2

Exhibit 4.2

CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT, MARKED BY [***], HAS BEEN OMITTED BECAUSE SUCH INFORMATION (I) IS NOT MATERIAL, (II) WOULD LIKELY CAUSE COMPETITIVE HARM TO THE COMPANY IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED, AND (III) IS THE TYPE OF INFORMATION THAT THE COMPANY TREATS AS PRIVATE OR CONFIDENTIAL.

GAME DEVELOPMENT SERVICES AGREEMENT

Game Development Services Agreement (“the Agreement”) is effective as of October 1, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), by and between:

DoubleDown Interactive LLC, a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the State of Washington, with its principal place of business located in Seattle, WA, USA (hereafter referred to as “DDI-US”);

DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Korea (“Korea”), with its principal place of business located in Seoul, Korea (hereafter referred to as “DUG”)

(DUG and DDI-US are collectively referred to as the “Parties” and individually referred to as a “Party”)

RECITALS

In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements set form below, the Parties hereby agree as follows.

1. DEFINITIONS

1.1 “Costs” shall mean the following:

Total direct and indirect cost of game development for DoubleDown Casino, HR costs, operating costs, included but limited to any overhead costs, or as otherwise determined by or agreed to by the Parties.

Costs will be calculated based on quarterly estimated amount.

1.2 “Services” means game development work for DoubleDown Casino as set forth in Appendix A and works as otherwise agreed to by the Parties. DDI-US personnel will define game development strategy and agenda, approve budgets, and supervise etc. for the Services.

1.3 “DDI Slot IP” means the intellectual property rights of slot games planned by DDI- US for use in the DoubleDown Casino app, etc. According to DDI-US’s outsourcing, DUG can produce slot games based on DDI Slot IP. Slot games produced based on DDI Slot IP under this agreement are owned by DDI-US.

1

1.4 “Third-party Slot IP” means Slot IP that is not owned by DDI-US. DDI-US can license Third-Party Slot IP from a third party to produce slot games based on the IP and service them in game apps such as the DoubleDown Casino app. DUG can also be a third party.

2. COMPENSATION

2.1 In consideration for the Services performed by DUG hereunder, DDI-US shall pay DUG a Service Fee as set forth in Appendix B.

2.2 [***].

2.3 [***].

2.4 Payment.

Within [***] days from receiving the invoice, DDI-US shall pay estimated Service Fee over the next [***] months. The next quarterly estimated Service Fee will reflect deficit or excess of the last quarter.

Any and all amounts not timely paid by DDI-US shall accrue interest in accordance with the applicable law. All payments, hereunder, shall be in United States Dollars. Any currency or foreign exchange risk relating to such payments shall be borne by DDI-US.

2.5 Taxes, Tariffs and Fees. In accordance with the tax treaty between the countries of the Parties. The Service Fees are exclusive of all taxes, tariffs and other fees, including national and local sales, use or value added taxes, goods and services tax, consumption tax, customs duties, levies, assessments, withholding taxes or similar charges imposed by any governmental entity. DDI-US shall pay for all such taxes, tariffs and other fees without reduction in the Service Fee charged by DUG. However, DDI-US won’t be responsible for any income tax incurred due to reasons attributable to DUG.

2.6 Adjustment. In the event that any amount paid by DDI-US to a DUG under Section 2 hereof is subject to adjustment by any governmental tax, DDI-US shall pay to the DUG, or the DUG shall pay to the DDI-US, as the case may be, the full amount of such adjustment plus applicable interest.

2

3. TERM AND TERMINATION

3.1 Termination. The Parties of the Agreement may terminate this Agreement at any time upon [***] days written notice.

4. CONFIDENTIALITY.

4.1 Each Party acknowledges that, from time to time, it may receive information from or regarding the other Party (each, a “Disclosing Party”) in the nature of trade secrets or that otherwise is confidential, the release or disclosure of which could be damaging to the other Party or Persons with which it does business (“Confidential Information”).

4.2 Each Party receiving any Confidential Information (each, a “Receiving Party”) shall use any Confidential Information it receives solely for the purposes set forth in this Agreement, and hold it in strict confidence with the same degree of care as it uses to avoid unauthorized use, disclosure, publication or dissemination of its own confidential information of a similar nature, but in no event less than a reasonable degree of care; provided that a Receiving Party may disclose such Confidential Information to any employee, independent contractor or professional advisor of such Receiving Party that agrees to abide by confidentiality restrictions at least as restrictive as contained in this Section 4; provided, further, that a Receiving Party may disclose such Confidential Information to the extent required by any legal, accounting or regulatory requirements (including the requirements of any securities exchange) or in connection with enforcing its rights under this Agreement.

4.3 The confidentiality restrictions in this Section 4 shall not apply to any Confidential Information as to which the Receiving Party can demonstrate that such Confidential Information: (i) is or became public knowledge through no action of such Receiving Party, officers, directors, representatives or agents in violation of this Agreement; (ii) has been provided to such Receiving Party without restriction by an independent Third Party who has not, directly or indirectly, received such Confidential Information from such Receiving Party; (iii) was properly in the possession of such Receiving Party prior to the time of receipt of such Confidential Information; (iv) is required to be disclosed by law, regulation or court order (provided that such Receiving Party shall notify the Disclosing Party promptly of any request for that Confidential Information, before disclosing it if practicable); or (v) was developed independently by such Receiving Party in the course of work by employees or other agents of such Receiving Party without use of such Confidential Information.

(The remainder of this page has been intentionally left blank)

3

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, DUG and DDI-US have executed the Agreement as of the following date.

November 9, 2023

DoubleU Games Co., Ltd.
By:	/s/ Jay Choi
Name:	Jaeyoung (Jay) Choi
Title:	Chief Finance Officer
DoubleDown Interactive LLC
By:	/s/ Joseph Sigrist
Name:	Joseph Sigrist
Title:	Chief Finance Officer

APPENDIX A

Services

1. Development of slot games based on DDI Slot IP

- [***]

2. Development of slot games based on Third-party Slot IP

- [***]

APPENDIX B

Service Fees

Service Fees. DDI-US shall pay DUG for all Services performed under the terms and conditions of this agreement a fee equal to [***], or as otherwise agreed to by the Parties, or as otherwise adjusted under the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

Subsidiaries of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.

The following table sets forth the name and jurisdiction of incorporation of each of our subsidiaries:

Legal Name of the Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
DoubleDown Interactive, LLC	Washington
SuprNation AB	Sweden
Double8 Games Co., Ltd.	Republic of Korea

EX-11.2

Exhibit 11.2

DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE CO., LTD.

INSIDER TRADING POLICY

PURPOSE

It is illegal for any employee, contractor, officer or director of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. or its subsidiaries (the “Company”) to trade in the securities of the Company while in the possession of material nonpublic information about the Company. For that reason, there are some rules you’ll need to know and follow so that you don’t accidentally commit insider trading, which is both a civil wrong and a crime in the United States that carries serious legal penalties, including potentially millions of dollars in fines or jail time of up to 20 years. Insider trading also can result in the termination of your employment with the Company.

Insider trading happens when someone with knowledge of material nonpublic information (“MNPI”) about the Company uses that MNPI, or tips off someone else to use the MNPI, to gain profits or avoid losses in the stock market. Because we are committed to upholding high standards of honest and ethical business conduct, we have adopted this Insider Trading Policy (this “Policy”) to take an active role in preventing insider trading violations.

If you are considering trading our shares, please keep these three key points in mind:

1. Never buy or sell our shares based on MNPI;

2. Keep all MNPI confidential, including from your family and friends; and

3. When in doubt about whether you have MNPI, ask before trading or transacting in any of our securities.

We trust our employees, contractors, officers and directors, and write our policies with that trust in mind. You are responsible for understanding and following this Policy and for the consequences of any actions you may take. Our Chief Financial Officer or his designee (“Trading Compliance Officer”) will assist with implementing, interpreting and enforcing this Policy, pre-clearing trading activities of certain people and pre-approving any Rule 10b5-1 Plans (plans that permit insiders to sell the Company’s shares on a pre-determined schedule that the insider doesn’t control, discussed more fully later in this Policy).

PERSONS COVERED BY THIS POLICY

This Policy applies to our employees, contractors, officers, and directors, as well as to their (a) immediate family members and people sharing their households and (b) entities subject to their control such as corporations or other business entities controlled or managed by any such person, and trusts or other entities for which any such person is the trustee or in which any such person has a beneficial pecuniary interest (collectively, “Controlled Persons”). We will refer to all of these individuals and entities in this Policy collectively as “Insiders.”

Certain Insiders who have regular access to MNPI in the normal course of their job are known as our “Designated Insiders” and are listed on Exhibit A to this Policy. Designated Insiders also must get pre-approval of any trades in our shares. The list of Designated Insiders may be amended by our Trading Compliance Officer without Board approval.

If you are aware of MNPI when your employment or service relationship ends, you still may not trade our shares until that MNPI has become public or is no longer material.

WHAT THIS POLICY COVERS

The primary purpose of this Policy is to prevent people with MNPI from profiting from that MNPI before it is made publicly available, thus allowing all of our stockholders to benefit from the information at the same time. More specifically, federal securities laws prohibit a person from using MNPI to make decisions about trading our shares, including tipping off someone else with that information so that they can trade our shares.

“Material information” is information about the Company, positive or negative, that a reasonable investor would consider useful when buying or selling our shares. Some examples of MNPI include not-yet-announced financial or company performance information (especially cash balance, burn and runway), significant regulatory communications, timing and achievement of major development milestones, results of studies and trials, entry into a new commercial agreement or termination of an existing commercial agreement, mergers or acquisitions, important pipeline expansion, significant cybersecurity incidents or data breaches, and changes in senior executive management or our Board of Directors.

“Nonpublic” means that the confidential information has not yet been shared broadly outside the Company. Please remember as well that we may possess confidential information relating to or belonging to our collaborators, partners, customers or other third parties, and that it is equally important that we treat this information with the same care with which we treat our own information. If you are not sure whether information is considered public, you should either consult with our Trading Compliance Officer or assume that the information is nonpublic and treat it as confidential.

This Policy applies to all transactions involving our securities (referred to herein as our “shares”), including common stock, options and any other securities that the Company may issue, such as preferred stock, notes, bonds and convertible securities, as well as to derivative securities relating to any of the Company’s securities, whether or not issued by the Company.

PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES

This is a list of activities prohibited under this Policy based on specific relationships with the Company:

Insider:

• Trade our shares, or make a gift, charitable contribution or other transfer with or without consideration of our shares while in possession of any MNPI.

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• Trade our shares during any period outside of our Trading Window or during any Blackout Period designated by our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer). See definition of “Trading Window” and “Blackout Period” below.

• Share MNPI with any outside person, unless required by your job and such person is under a confidentiality agreement, or as authorized by our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer.

• Give trading advice based on MNPI to anyone, unless the advice is to tell someone not to trade our shares because the trade would violate this Policy or the law.

• Engage in transactions involving options or other derivative securities on our shares, such as puts and calls, whether on an exchange or in any other market, unless you limit the transaction solely to exercising a compensatory equity grant issued by us.

• Engage in hedging or monetization transactions involving our shares, such as zero cost collars and forward sale contracts, or contribute our shares to exchange funds in a manner that could be interpreted as hedging in our shares.

• Engage in short-term trading (generally defined as selling our shares within six months following a purchase).

• Engage in short sales of our shares, including short sales “against the box.”

• Use or pledge our shares as collateral in a margin account or as collateral for a loan, unless the pledge has been approved by our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer at least two weeks prior to the proposed execution of documents for the pledge.

• Distribute our shares to limited partners, general partners or stockholders of any entity, unless those limited partners, general partners or stockholders have agreed in writing to hold the shares until the next open Trading Window.

• Engage in any of the above activities for shares you own in any other public company if you have MNPI about that company.

Executive Officer, Designated Insider and Their Controlled Persons – All the Insider prohibitions plus:

• Trade our shares without obtaining pre-approval from our Trading Compliance Officer (including during a Trading Window) by: (a) providing written notification of the amount and nature of the proposed trade, (b) certifying that you have no MNPI and the trade is allowed under securities laws, and (c) receiving email confirmation from our Chief Financial Officer approving the trade, which approval can be granted or denied at his or her discretion. You may satisfy (a) and (b) by emailing the required information and certification to our Trading Compliance Officer. Our Trading Compliance Officer must get pre-approval from our Chief Financial Officer.

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Exceptions to Prohibited Activities

The trading restrictions of this Policy do not apply to the following:

• 401(k) Plan. Investing 401(k) plan contributions in a Company stock fund in accordance with the terms of the Company’s 401(k) plan. However, any changes in your investment election regarding the Company’s stock are subject to trading restrictions under this Policy.

• Options. Exercising stock options granted under our equity incentive plans for cash or the delivery of previously owned shares of the Company. However, the sale of any shares issued on the exercise of company-granted stock options, as well as any cashless exercise of company-granted stock options in which shares are sold on the open market to pay the exercise price (i.e., “same-day sales”) are subject to trading restrictions under this Policy.

WHEN TRADING IS ALLOWED

When you have access to MNPI, you need to take special care in planning when you might trade our shares. We’ve provided some guidelines below to help you plan your trading in a way that is consistent with this Policy and the law.

Trading Windows and Blackout Periods

• Trading Windows. Both our existing stockholders and potential new investors in our shares need time to absorb our external statements before the information in those statements will be considered “public.” For that reason, we have implemented windows of time when you can trade our shares without violating this Policy. All Insiders are allowed to trade our shares only during the Trading Window period, which opens after the close of trading on the next full trading day following the widespread public release of our quarterly or year-end operating results and closes at the close of trading on the fifteenth day of the third month of the next fiscal quarter. For example, if we publicly announce our quarterly financial results after close of trading on a Monday (or before trading begins on a Tuesday), then the first time an Insider can trade our securities is after the close of market on Tuesday (effectively at the opening of the market on Wednesday for regular trading). However, if we announce quarterly financial results after trading begins on that Tuesday, then the first time the Insider can trade is after the close of market on Wednesday (effectively at the opening of the market on Thursday for regular trading).

• No Trading During Trading Windows While in the Possession of MNPI. Even if a Trading Window that would allow you to trade our shares is open, you still may not trade our shares if you possess MNPI at that time. An Insider who knows MNPI during an open Trading Window may trade our shares only after the close of trading on the next full trading day following our widespread public release of that MNPI.

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• No Trading During Blackout Periods. Even if a Trading Window is open, our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer, at his or her discretion, may designate special trading Blackout Periods that apply to specific individuals or groups of people (which may include all Insiders) for as long as our such officer determines. No Insider may trade our shares during any such Blackout Period. Additionally, no Insider may tell anyone that a special Blackout Period has been designated or that one previously was in place, because that also is confidential information that cannot be disclosed internally or externally.

Permitted Trades Under 10b5-1 Plans

A 10b5-1 Plan is a plan written in advance that allows an Insider with MNPI to trade a predetermined number of shares at a predetermined time based on terms put in place before the Insider had any MNPI. These trades occur in accordance with the 10b5-1 Plan and without any action or influence by the Insider. The Company encourages the establishment of 10b5-1 Plans. If you are interested in setting up a 10b5-1 Plan, you should consult with our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer and make sure that:

• The 10b5-1 Plan complies with the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and this Policy.

• You have certified to such officer in writing, no earlier than two business days prior to the date that the 10b5-1 Plan is formally established, that (i) you do not know any MNPI, (ii) all trades to be made pursuant to the 10b5-1 Plan will be in accordance with the trading restrictions of Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), to the extent such restrictions are applicable, and (iii) the 10b5-1 Plan complies with the requirements of Rule 10b5-1. This certification may be made in an email to such officer).

• The 10b5-1 Plan is approved in writing by such officer at least 60 days in advance of the first trade under such plan.

• The 10b5-1 Plan is put in place during an open Trading Window and not during any regular quarterly or specially declared Blackout Period.

• Your first trade under the 10b5-1 Plan does not occur until the opening of the next Trading Window following the approval of the 10b5-1 Plan from such officer.

• Once you have an approved 10b5-1 Plan in place, you will need approval from such officer if you want to make any changes to it, including cancellation. We may limit your ability to modify your 10b5-1 Plan because making frequent changes to a 10b5-1 Plan may give the appearance that you are trading on MNPI under the guise of that plan. Any changes to your 10b5-1 Plan will be subject to a “cooling off” period, meaning that the change will take effect no sooner than 60 days after it is made. The first trade under the modified 10b5-1 Plan must occur during an open Trading Window.

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CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING THIS POLICY

We may impose sanctions on anyone violating this Policy and may issue stop transfer orders to our transfer agent to forestall any attempted trades that would violate this Policy. Sanctions may include disciplinary action, including termination of your employment with the Company. Executive Officers and Designated Insiders may be required to certify compliance with this Policy on an annual basis. Notifications and approvals required under this Policy may be provided by email.

The trading prohibitions of this Policy are not the only stock-trading rules and regulations you need to follow. You should be aware of additional prohibitions and restrictions set by contract or by federal and state securities laws and regulations (e.g., contractual restrictions on the resale of securities, compliance with Rule 144 under the Securities Act and others). Any Insider who is uncertain whether other prohibitions or restrictions apply should ask our Chief Financial Officer or Trading Compliance Officer.

REPORTING VIOLATIONS; QUESTIONS

Any Insider who violates this Policy or any federal or state laws governing insider trading or tipping, or who knows of any such violation by any other Insider, must report the violation immediately to our Trading Compliance Officer.

Please direct all questions about this Policy to our Trading Compliance Officer.

Effective as of January 20, 2023

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EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, In Keuk Kim, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20–F of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 28, 2024	/s/ In Keuk Kim
	In Keuk Kim
	Chief Executive Officer

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, Joseph A. Sigrist, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20–F of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 28, 2024	/s/ Joseph A. Sigrist
	Joseph A. Sigrist
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-13.1

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Report”) by DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the “Company”), the undersigned, as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, to his knowledge:

1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

March 28, 2024	/s/ In Keuk Kim
	In Keuk Kim
	Chief Executive Officer

EX-13.2

Exhibit 13.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Report”) by DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the “Company”), the undersigned, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, to his knowledge:

1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

March 28, 2024	/s/ Joseph A. Sigrist
	Joseph A. Sigrist
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-15.1

Exhibit 15.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form F-3 (No. 333-267422) of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) of our report dated March 28, 2024 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 20-F.

/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Seoul, Korea

March 28, 2024

EX-15.2

Exhibit 15.2

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-267422) of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. of our report dated March 31, 2023 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F) for the year ended December 31, 2023.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Seattle, Washington

March 28, 2024

EX-16.1

  Ernst & Young LLP 920 Fifth Ave Suite 900 Seattle WA 98104   Tel: +1 206 654 7771 Fax: +1 866 230 3803 ey.com

Exhibit 16.1

March 28, 2024

Securities and Exchange Commission

100 F Street, N.E.

Washington, DC 20549

Commissioners:

We have read Item 16F of Form 20-F dated March 28, 2024, of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the “Registrant”) and are in agreement with the statements contained in paragraphs four, five, six and seven of Item 16F therein. We have no basis to agree or disagree with other statements of the Registrant contained therein.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

EX-97.1

Exhibit 97.1

DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE CO., LTD.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER CLAWBACK POLICY

(Effective as of December 1, 2023)

I. Purpose

This Executive Officer Clawback Policy describes the circumstances under which Covered Persons of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea, and any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) will be required to repay or return Erroneously-Awarded Compensation to the Company.

This Policy and any terms used in this Policy shall be construed in accordance with all applicable SEC regulations promulgated to comply with Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, including, without limitation, Rule 10D-1 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules adopted by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”).

Each Covered Person shall sign an Acknowledgement and Agreement to this Policy in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A as a condition to his or her participation in any of the Company’s incentive-based compensation programs; provided, that this Policy shall apply to each Covered Person, irrespective of whether such Covered Person shall have failed, for any reason, to have executed such acknowledgment and agreement.

II. Definitions

For purposes of this Policy, the following capitalized terms shall have the meaning set forth below:

(a) “Accounting Restatement” shall mean an accounting restatement (i) due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements (i.e., a “Big R” restatement), or (ii) that corrects an error that is not material to previously issued financial statements, but would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (i.e., a “little r” restatement).

(b) “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.

(c) “Clawback-Eligible Incentive Compensation” shall mean, in connection with an Accounting Restatement, any Incentive-Based Compensation Received by a Covered Person (regardless of whether such Covered Person was serving at the time that Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is required to be repaid) (i) on or after the Nasdaq Effective Date, (ii) after beginning service as a Covered Person, (iii) while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or national securities association, and (iv) during the Clawback Period.

(d) “Clawback Period” shall mean, with respect to any Accounting Restatement, the three (3) completed fiscal years immediately preceding the Restatement Date and any transition period (that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year) of less than nine months within or immediately following those three (3) completed fiscal years.

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(e) “Committee” shall mean a special committee designated by the Board, or if there is no such special committee designated at the time when committee action is needed, the Board shall act in lieu of the special committee.

(f) “Covered Person” shall mean any person who is, or was at any time, during the Clawback Period, an Executive Officer of the Company. For the avoidance of doubt, a Covered Person may include a former Executive Officer who left the Company, retired, or transitioned to a non-Executive Officer role (including after serving as an Executive Officer in an interim capacity) during the Clawback Period.

(g) “Erroneously-Awarded Compensation” shall mean the amount of Clawback-Eligible Incentive Compensation that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been Received had it been determined based on the restated amounts. This amount must be computed without regard to any taxes paid.

(h) “Executive Officer” shall mean the Company’s chief executive officer, president, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer (or if there is no such accounting officer, the controller), any vice-president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or function (such as sales, administration, or finance), any other officer who performs a policy-making function, or any other person (including an officer of the Company’s parent(s) or subsidiaries) who performs similar policy-making functions for the Company. For the sake of clarity, at a minimum, all persons who would be executive officers under Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K shall be deemed “Executive Officers”.

(i) “Financial Reporting Measures” shall mean measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and all other measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. For purposes of this Policy, Financial Reporting Measures shall include stock price and total shareholder return (and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from stock price or total shareholder return).

(j) “Incentive-Based Compensation” shall mean any compensation that is granted, earned or vested wholly or in part upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure, as further described under Section III of this Policy.

(k) “Nasdaq Effective Date” shall mean October 2, 2023.

(l) “Policy” shall mean this Executive Officer Clawback Policy of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., as the same may be supplemented, amended and/or restated from time to time.

(m) “PSUs” shall mean performance share units.

(n) “Received” shall mean Incentive-Based Compensation received, or deemed to be received, in the Company’s fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation is attained, even if the payment or grant occurs after the fiscal period.

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(o) “Repayment Agreement” shall mean a written agreement (in a form reasonably acceptable to the Committee) between the applicable Covered Person and the Company that provides for the repayment by such Covered Person of the applicable Erroneously-Awarded Compensation as promptly as possible without unreasonable economic hardship to such Covered Person based upon the particular facts and circumstances.

(p) “Restatement Date” shall mean the earlier of (i) the date the Board, a committee of the Board or the officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement, or (ii) the date that a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an Accounting Restatement.

(q) “RSUs” shall mean restricted stock units.

(r) “SARs” shall mean stock appreciation rights.

(s) “SEC” shall mean the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

III. Incentive-Based Compensation

For purposes of this Policy, specific examples of Incentive-Based Compensation include, but are not limited to:

• Non-equity incentive plan awards that are earned based, wholly or in part, on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;

• Bonuses paid from a “bonus pool”, the size of which is determined, wholly or in part, based on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;

• Other cash awards based on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;

• Stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, PSUs, and SARs that are granted or become vested, wholly or in part, on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal; and

• Proceeds received upon the sale of shares acquired through an incentive plan that were granted or vested based, wholly or in part, on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal.

For purposes of this Policy, Incentive-Based Compensation excludes:

(i) Base salaries (except with respect to any salary increases earned, wholly or in part, based on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal);

(ii) Bonuses paid solely at the discretion of the Committee or Board that are not paid from a “bonus pool” that is determined by satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;

(iii) Bonuses paid solely upon satisfying one or more subjective standards and/or completion of a specified employment period;

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(iv) Non-equity incentive plan awards earned solely upon satisfying one or more strategic measures or operational measures; and

(v) Equity awards that vest solely based on the passage of time and/or satisfaction of one or more non-Financial Reporting Measures.

IV. Determination and Calculation of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation

In the event of an Accounting Restatement, the Committee shall promptly (and in any event within 90 days after the Restatement Date) determine the amount of any Erroneously-Awarded Compensation for each Covered Person in connection with such Accounting Restatement, and shall promptly thereafter provide each affected Covered Person with a written notice containing the amount of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation and a demand for repayment, return, or forfeiture thereof, as applicable.

(a) Cash Awards. With respect to cash awards, the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is the difference between (i) the amount of the cash award (whether payable as a lump sum or over time) that was Received, and (ii) the amount that should have been received applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure.

(b) Cash Awards Paid from Bonus Pools. With respect to cash awards paid from bonus pools, the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is the pro rata portion of any deficiency that results from the aggregate bonus pool that is reduced based on applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure.

(c) Equity Awards. With respect to equity awards, if the shares, options, RSUs, PSUs, or SARs are still held at the time of recovery, the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is the number of such securities Received in excess of the number that should have been received applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure (or the value of that excess number). If the RSUs, PSUs, options or SARs have vested or been exercised, as the case may be, but the underlying shares have not been sold, the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is the number of shares underlying the excess options, RSUs, PSUs, or SARs (or the value thereof). If the underlying shares have already been sold, then the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is the value of the sold underlying shares at the time of such sale.

(d) Compensation Based on Stock Price or Total Shareholder Return. For Incentive-Based Compensation based on (or derived from) stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the applicable Accounting Restatement, the amount shall be determined by the Committee based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was Received (in which case, the Committee shall maintain documentation of such determination of that reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to Nasdaq in accordance with applicable listing standards).

V. Recovery of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation

Once the Committee has determined the amount of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation recoverable from the applicable Covered Person, the Committee shall take all necessary actions to recover the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Committee shall pursue the recovery of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation in accordance with the below:

4

(a) Cash Awards. With respect to cash awards, the Committee shall either (i) require the Covered Person to repay the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation in a lump sum in cash (or such property as the Committee agrees to accept with a value equal to such Erroneously-Awarded Compensation) within 120 days following the Restatement Date, or (ii) if approved by the Committee, require the Covered Person to enter into a Repayment Agreement with the Company within 45 days following the Restatement Date.

(b) Unvested Equity Awards. With respect to those equity awards that have not yet vested, the Committee shall take all necessary action to cancel, or otherwise cause to be forfeited, the awards in the amount of the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation.

(c) Vested Equity Awards. With respect to those equity awards that have vested or been exercised and the underlying shares have not been sold, the Committee shall take all necessary action to cause the Covered Person to deliver and surrender the underlying shares in the amount of the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation.

In the event that the Covered Person has sold any underlying shares, the Committee shall either (i) require the Covered Person to repay the Erroneously-Awarded Compensation in a lump sum in cash (or such property as the Committee agrees to accept with a value equal to such Erroneously-Awarded Compensation) within 120 days following the Restatement Date, or (ii) if approved by the Committee, require the Covered Person to enter into a Repayment Agreement with the Company within 45 days following the Restatement Date.

(d) Effect of Non-Repayment. To the extent that a Covered Person fails to repay all Erroneously-Awarded Compensation to the Company when due (as determined in accordance with this Policy), the Committee shall take all actions reasonable and appropriate to recover such outstanding Erroneously-Awarded Compensation from the applicable Covered Person. The applicable Covered Person shall be required to reimburse the Company for any and all expenses reasonably incurred (including legal fees) by the Company in recovering such Erroneously-Awarded Compensation in accordance with the immediately preceding sentence.

The Committee shall have broad discretion to determine the appropriate means of recovery of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation based on all applicable facts and circumstances and taking into account the time value of money and the cost to shareholders of delaying recovery. However, in no event may the Company accept an amount that is less than the amount of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation in satisfaction of a Covered Person’s obligations hereunder.

VI. Discretionary Recovery

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company shall not be required to take action to recover Erroneously-Awarded Compensation if any one of the following conditions are met, and the Committee determines that recovery would be impracticable:

(i) The direct expenses paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Policy against a Covered Person would exceed the amount to be recovered, after the Company has made a reasonable attempt to recover the applicable Erroneously-Awarded Compensation, documented such attempts, and provided such documentation to Nasdaq;

(ii) Recovery would violate home country law where such law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022; provided, that, before determining that it would be impracticable to recover any

5

amount of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation based on violation of home country law, the Company has obtained an opinion of counsel from such home country, acceptable to Nasdaq, that recovery would result in such a violation and a copy of the opinion is provided to Nasdaq; or

(iii) Recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and the regulations thereunder.

VII. Reporting and Disclosure Requirements

The Company shall file all disclosures with respect to this Policy in accordance with the requirements of applicable U.S. federal and Korean securities laws, including the disclosure required by the applicable filings required to be made with the SEC.

VIII. Effective Date

This Policy shall apply to all Incentive-Based Compensation Received on or after the Nasdaq Effective Date.

IX. No Indemnification

The Company shall not indemnify any Covered Person against the loss of Erroneously-Awarded Compensation and shall not pay, or reimburse any Covered Persons for premiums, for any insurance policy to fund such Covered Person’s potential recovery obligations.

X. Administration

The Committee has the sole discretion to administer this Policy and to ensure compliance with applicable laws, the Nasdaq listing rules, and any other applicable rules, regulations, and/or interpretations of the SEC or Nasdaq promulgated or issued in connection therewith. The Committee shall, subject to the provisions of this Policy, make such determinations and interpretations and take such actions as it deems necessary, appropriate or advisable. All determinations and interpretations made by the Committee shall be final, binding and conclusive.

XI. Amendment; Termination

The Board may amend this Policy from time to time in its discretion, and shall amend this Policy as it deems necessary, including as and when it determines that it is legally required by any applicable U.S. federal and Korean securities laws, SEC rules, or the rules of any national securities exchange or national securities association on which the Company’s securities are then listed. The Board may terminate this Policy at any time. Notwithstanding anything in this Section XI to the contrary, no amendment or termination of this Policy shall be effective if such amendment or termination would (after taking into account any actions taken by the Company contemporaneously with such amendment or termination) cause the Company to violate any applicable U.S. federal and Korean securities laws, SEC rules, or the rules of any national securities exchange or national securities association on which the Company’s securities are then listed.

6

XII. Other Recoupment Rights; No Additional Payments

The Committee intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent of the law. The Committee may require that any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or other agreement entered into on or after the Adoption Date (as defined below) shall, as a condition to the grant of any Incentive-Based Compensation or other benefit thereunder, require a Covered Person to agree to abide by the terms of this Policy; provided, that this Policy shall apply to all Covered Persons irrespective of any such explicit agreement. Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other rights under applicable laws, rules or regulations, or any other legal remedies available to the Company, or pursuant to any similar policy or similar provisions in any employment agreement, equity plan, equity award agreement, or similar arrangement. However, this Policy shall not provide for recovery of Incentive-Based Compensation that the Company has already recovered pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other recovery obligations.

XIII. Successors

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Covered Persons and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives.

* * * * * * * *

7

EXHIBIT A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND AGREEMENT

TO THE

EXECUTIVE OFFICER CLAWBACK POLICY OF DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE CO., LTD.

By signing below, I hereby acknowledge and confirm that I have received and reviewed a copy of the Executive Officer Clawback Policy (the “Policy”) of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Acknowledgement and Agreement shall have the respective meanings ascribed to such terms in the Policy.

Further, by signing below, I hereby acknowledge and agree that (i) I am and will continue to be subject to the Policy, (ii) the Policy shall apply both during and after my employment with the Company, and (iii) I shall abide by the terms of the Policy, including, without limitation, by returning any Erroneously-Awarded Compensation to the Company to the extent required, and in a manner prescribed, by the Policy.

Date:	Signature:
	Name:
		(Please Print)
	Title:

XML

Cover Page	12 Months Ended	60 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	20-F
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Registrant Name	DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.
Entity Central Index Key	0001799567
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	2,477,672	2,477,672
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Address, Address Line One	13F, Gangnam Finance Center
Entity Address, Address Line Two	152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu
Entity Address, City or Town	Seoul
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	M5
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06236
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Accounting Standard	U.S. GAAP
Entity File Number	001-39349
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Auditor Name	Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers	Ernst & Young LLP
Auditor Firm ID	1103	42
Auditor Location	Seoul, Korea	Seattle, Washington
Entity Address, Country	KR
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Business Contact [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Contact Personnel Name	Joseph A. Sigrist
Entity Address, Address Line One	605 5th Avenue, Suite 300
Entity Address, City or Town	Seattle
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	98104
Contact Personnel Fax Number	+1-206-408-1545
Entity Address, State or Province	WA
American Depositary Shares [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depositary Shares
Trading Symbol	DDI
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common Shares [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, par value
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
No Trading Symbol Flag	true

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue		$ 308,864	$ 321,027	$ 363,205
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenue	[1],[2]	99,069	109,305	126,612
Sales and marketing	[1]	49,645	71,911	78,821
Research and development	[1]	19,131	18,182	18,490
General and administrative	[1],[3]	22,100	20,058	19,131
Loss contingency	[1]	0	141,750	3,500
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles	[1]	0	269,893	0
Depreciation and amortization		728	3,801	17,918
Total operating expenses		190,673	634,900	264,472
Operating income (loss)		118,191	(313,873)	98,733
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	[4]	(1,798)	(1,831)	(2,011)
Interest income		13,677	4,993	208
Gain on foreign currency transactions		4,796	6,994	1,110
Gain (loss) on foreign currency remeasurement, net		(3,606)	(1,179)	1,920
Gain (loss) on short-term investments		(82)	(152)	0
Other, net		(33)	(120)	654
Total other income (expense), net		12,954	8,705	1,881
Income (loss) before income tax		131,145	(305,168)	100,614
Income tax (expense) benefit		(30,217)	71,190	(22,506)
Net income (loss)		100,928	(233,978)	78,108
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		43	0	0
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.		100,885	(233,978)	78,108
Other comprehensive income (expense):
Pension adjustments, net of tax		(597)	(154)	(286)
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation		1,219	(3,519)	504
Comprehensive income (loss)		$ 101,507	$ (237,651)	$ 78,326
Earnings per share:
Basic		$ 40.72	$ (94.43)	$ 33.91
Diluted		$ 40.72	$ (94.43)	$ 33.91
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		2,477,672	2,477,672	2,303,200
Diluted		2,477,672	2,477,672	2,303,200

[1] Excluding depreciation and amortization.

[2] Includes related party royalty expense of $2,565, $3,374, and $4,335 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

[3] Includes related party rent and general and administrative expense of $2,904, $1,476, and $1,603 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

[4] Includes related party interest expense of $1,762, $1,780, and $2,010 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Interest expense related party	[1]	$ 1,798	$ 1,831	$ 2,011
Cost of sales [Member]
Royalty expense		2,565	3,374	4,335
Related Party [Member]
Interest expense related party		1,762	1,780	2,010
Related Party [Member] | Cost of sales [Member]
Royalty expense		2,565	3,374	4,335
Related Party [Member] | General and administrative expense [Member]
Rental and general and administrative expenses		$ 2,904	$ 1,476	$ 1,603

[1] Includes related party interest expense of $1,762, $1,780, and $2,010 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 206,911	$ 217,352
Short-term investments		67,756	67,891
Accounts receivable, net		32,517	21,198
Prepaid expenses, and other assets		8,570	6,441
Total current assets		315,754	312,882
Property and equipment, net		444	436
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		7,130	3,858
Intangible assets, net		51,571	35,051
Goodwill		396,704	379,072
Deferred tax asset		28,934	59,290
Other non-current assets		2,807	1,463
Total assets		803,344	792,052
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	[1]	13,293	13,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities	[2]	3,157	3,050
Income taxes payable		112	0
Contract liabilities		2,520	2,426
Loss Contingency		0	95,250
Current portion of borrowing with related party	[3]	38,778	0
Other current liabilities	[4]	10,645	1,926
Total current liabilities		68,505	116,482
Long-term borrowings with related party	[5]	0	39,454
Long-term operating lease liabilities	[6]	4,420	1,625
Deferred tax liabilities, net		848	0
Loss Contingency		0	0
Other non-current liabilities	[7]	1,681	8,265
Total liabilities		75,454	165,826
Shareholders' equity
Common stock, KRW 10,000 par value - 200,000,000 Shares authorized; 2,477,672 issued and outstanding		21,198	21,198
Additional paid-in-capital		359,280	359,280
Accumulated other comprehensive income		19,982	19,360
Retained earnings		327,273	226,388
Total shareholders' equity attributable to shareowners of DDI Co. Ltd.		727,733	626,226
Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests		157	0
Total equity		727,890	626,226
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		$ 803,344	$ 792,052

[1] Includes related party royalty and other payables of $1,618 and $315 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[2] Includes related party operating lease liability of $1,298 and $1,066 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[3] Includes related party notes payable of $38,778 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[4] Includes related party interest payable of $9,501 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[5] Includes related party notes payable of $0 and $39,454 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[6] Includes related party operating lease liability of $4,414 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[7] Includes related party interest payable of $0 and $7,852 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands		Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2023 ₩ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 ₩ / shares
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share | ₩ / shares			₩ 10,000		₩ 10,000
Common Stock, Shares Authorized | shares		200,000,000		200,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued | shares		2,477,672		2,477,672
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding | shares		2,477,672		2,477,672
Operating lease liability current	[1]	$ 3,157		$ 3,050
Current portion of borrowing with related party	[2]	38,778		0
Long-term borrowings with related party	[3]	0		39,454
Operating lease liability non current	[4]	4,420		1,625
Related Party [Member]
Accrued royalties current and non current		1,618		315
Operating lease liability current		1,298		1,066
Current portion of borrowing with related party		38,778		0
Long-term borrowings with related party		0		39,454
Operating lease liability non current		4,414		0
Related Party [Member] | Other current liabilities [Member]
Interest payable current		9,501		0
Related Party [Member] | Other non-current liabilities [Member]
Interest payable non current		$ 0		$ 7,852

[1] Includes related party operating lease liability of $1,298 and $1,066 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[2] Includes related party notes payable of $38,778 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[3] Includes related party notes payable of $0 and $39,454 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[4] Includes related party operating lease liability of $4,414 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

XML

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common stock [Member]	Additional paid-in-capital [Member]	Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) [Member]	Retained earnings (Deficit) [Member]	Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 699,511	$ 18,924	$ 588,064	$ 22,815	$ 69,708
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		2,214,522
Net Income	78,108				78,108
Pension adjustments, net of tax	(286)			(286)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation, net of tax	504			504
Issuance of new shares - IPO	86,041	$ 2,274	83,767
Issuance of new shares - IPO (in shares)		263,150
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	863,878	$ 21,198	671,831	23,033	147,816
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		2,477,672
Net Income	(233,978)				(233,978)
Pension adjustments, net of tax	(154)			(154)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation, net of tax	(3,519)			(3,519)
Reduction of Capital Reserve	0		(312,551)		312,551
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	626,226	$ 21,198	359,280	19,360	226,388
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		2,477,672
Net Income	100,885				100,885
Net Income attributable to noncontrolling interests	43					$ 43
Pension adjustments, net of tax	(597)			(597)
Gain(loss) on foreign currency translation, net of tax	1,219			1,219
Other changes in noncontrolling interests	113					113
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 727,890	$ 21,198	$ 359,280	$ 19,982	$ 327,273	$ 157
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		2,477,672

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash flow from (used in) operating activities:
Net Income (loss)		$ 100,928	$ (233,978)	$ 78,108
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		728	3,801	17,918
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles	[1]	0	269,893	0
(Gain)Loss on foreign currency remeasurement		3,605	1,179	(2,082)
(Gain)Loss on short-term investments		82	152	0
(Gain)Loss on disposition of property and equipment		(2)	0	0
Deferred taxes		29,563	(84,983)	5,976
Non-cash interest expense on Bonds		0	0	23
Working capital adjustments:
Accounts receivable		(11,398)	(46)	1,638
Prepaid expenses, other current and non-current assets		(3,113)	(142)	(2,950)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other payables		(1,946)	(239)	(2,052)
Contract liabilities		94	180	(168)
Income tax payable		(35)	0	(2,838)
Loss contingency		(95,250)	91,750	3,500
Other current and non-current liabilities		(2,423)	3,224	(968)
Net cash flows from operating activities		20,833	50,791	96,105
Cash flow (used in) investing activities:
Acquisition of SuprNation		(26,877)	0	0
Purchases of intangible assets		0	(4)	(61)
Purchases of property and equipment		(198)	(269)	(207)
Sales of property and equipment		5	26	3
Purchases of short-term investments		(146,363)	(518,629)	(1,541)
Sales of short-term investments		143,164	451,046	0
Net cash flows (used in) investing activities		(30,269)	(67,830)	(1,806)
Cash flow from (used in) financing activities:
Issuance of new shares - IPO		0	0	86,041
Net cash flows from (used in) financing activities:		0	0	86,041
Net foreign exchange difference on cash and cash equivalents		(1,005)	(7,669)	(1,468)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(10,441)	(24,708)	178,872
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		217,352	242,060	63,188
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		206,911	217,352	242,060
Cash paid during year for:
Interest		130	0	0
Income taxes		$ 526	$ 15,985	$ 18,819

[1] Excluding depreciation and amortization.

XML

Description of Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of business

Note 1: Description of business

Background and nature of operations

DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (“DDI,” “we,” “us,” “our” or “the Company,” formerly known as The8Games Co., Ltd.) was incorporated in 2008 in Seoul, Korea as an interactive entertainment studio, focused on the development and publishing of casual games and mobile applications. DDI is a subsidiary of DoubleU Games Co., Ltd. (“DUG” or “DoubleU Games”), a Korean company and our controlling shareholder holding 67.1% of our outstanding shares. The remaining 20.2% of our outstanding shares are held by STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund (“STIC”, 20.2%) and the remainder by participants in our IPO (12.7%). In 2017, DDI acquired DoubleDown Interactive, LLC (“DDI-US”) from International Gaming Technologies (“IGT”) for approximately $825 million. DDI-US, with its principal place of business located in Seattle, Washington, is our primary revenue-generating entity.

We develop and publish digital gaming content on various mobile and web platforms through our multi-format interactive all-in-one game experience concept. We host DoubleDown Casino, DoubleDown Classic, and DoubleDown Fort Knox within various formats.

Initial Public Offering

On September 2, 2021, DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. completed its initial public offering (the “Offering”) of 6,316,000 American Depositary Shares (the “ADSs”), each representing 0.05 share of a common share, with par value of KRW10,000 per share, of the Company, at a price to the public of $18.00 per ADS, before underwriting discounts and commissions. The number of ADSs sold by the Company was 5,263,000, and the number of ADSs sold by STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited, the selling shareholder in the Offering (the “Selling Shareholder”), was 1,053,000. The net proceeds to DDI from this offering was approximately $86.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses in the aggregate of approximately $8.7 million payable by us.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common shares or ADSs. The ADSs trade on the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “DDI.”

Acquisition of Double8 Games Co., Ltd. (“Double8 Games”)

On February 25, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Double8 Games Co., Ltd. (“Double8 Games”) from DoubleU Games in exchange for KRW2.3 billion. Double8 Games is based in Seoul, Korea, with the primary business of developing digital gaming content for international markets. The acquisition was considered a business combination among entities under common control and, therefore, the transfer of net assets was recorded at their carrying value with all financial information prior to the acquisition adjusted for comparability.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed primarily consist of working capital items, including a right of use asset and lease obligation. The difference between the cash paid and carrying value of the net assets received was recorded as a capital investment from parent.

Acquisition of SuprNation AB (“SuprNation”)

On October 31, 2023, the Company closed its previously announced acquisition of iGaming operator, SuprNation AB (“SuprNation”), for a total cash consideration €34.3 million (or approximately $36.5 million based on an exchange rate of €1 = $1.064 as of October 27, 2023). The acquisition diversifies the digital games categories that the Company addresses with the addition of three real-money iGaming sites in Western Europe. Following the closing, SuprNation AB is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US.

Capital Reserve Reallocation

On August 30, 2022 it was announced that a special board of directors meeting convened on August 26, 2022 which resulted in the approval of the reduction of the Company’s capital reserve in the amount of KRW70,000,000,000 pursuant to Article 461-2 of the Korean Commercial Code.

On December 28, 2022 it was announced that a special board of directors meeting convened on December 28, 2022 which resulted in the approval of the reduction of the Company’s capital reserve in the amount of KRW330,000,000,000 pursuant to Article 461-2 of the Korean Commercial Code.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant accounting policies

Note 2: Significant accounting policies

Basis of preparation and consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of DDI and its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures. We regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to provisions for income taxes, revenue recognition, expense accruals, deferred income tax asset valuation allowances, valuation of goodwill and intangibles, and legal contingencies. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future operating results may be affected.

Functional currency and translation of financial statements

Our functional currency is the Korean Won (“KRW”), Euro (“EUR” or “€”), and the U.S. Dollar (“dollar,” “USD,” “US$,” or “$”) is the functional currency of our United States subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in USD. The consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the exchange rates prevailing at each balance sheet date. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows have been translated using the weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the periods of each statement. The equity capital is denominated in the functional currency, KRW, and is translated at historical exchange rates. All translation adjustments resulting from translating into the reporting currency are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense).

Intercompany monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date with the gain or loss arising on translation recorded to other income (expense). Intercompany non-monetary items that are measured at historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents

We consider all money market funds and short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are held by high credit quality financial institutions and balances may exceed limits of United States federal deposit insurance. We have not experienced any losses resulting from these excess deposits.

Financial instruments and concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments, which potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and short-term investments.

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the net invoiced amount, which is net of platform payment processing fees, unsecured, and represent amounts due to us based on contractual obligations where an executed contract exists. We do not require collateral and have not recognized an allowance as management estimates the net receivable is fully collectible. Apple, Inc. (“Apple”), Facebook, Inc. (“Facebook”), and Google, LLC (“Google”) represent significant distribution, marketing, and payment platforms for our games. A substantial portion of our 2023, 2022 and 2021 revenue was generated from players who accessed our games through these platforms and a significant concentration of our accounts receivable balance is comprised of balances owed to us by these platforms.

The following table summarizes the percentage of revenues and accounts receivable generated via our platform providers in excess of 10% of our total revenues and total accounts receivable:

Revenue Concentration Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		55.0	%		54.4	%		51.8	%
Facebook		16.8	%		24.1	%		25.9	%
Google		18.2	%		18.7	%		19.1	%

Accounts Receivable Concentration as of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		59.3	%		55.8	%		55.6	%
Facebook		9.9	%		20.4	%		23.7	%
Google		10.3	%		17.7	%		17.5	%
Xsolla		11.3	%		0.0	%		0.0	%

Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as an exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The three-tiered fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs based on the observability as of the measurement date is as follows:

Level 1 –	Observable inputs for identical assets or liabilities, such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2 –	Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable;
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore they are developed using estimates and assumptions developed by us, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the placement of assets and liabilities being measured within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6: Fair value measurements.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill is assigned to our reporting unit that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. We assess goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, neither of which is amortized, for impairment annually as of October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we typically perform a quantitative assessment and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value. An impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. Periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the goodwill is more likely than not impaired.

We generally base our measurement of fair value of our subject reporting unit on a blended analysis of the present value of future discounted cash flows and market valuation approach. The discounted cash flows model

indicates the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate in the future. Our significant estimates in the discounted cash flows model include: our weighted average cost of capital; long-term rate of growth and profitability of our business; and working capital effects. The market valuation approach indicates the fair value of the business based on a comparison of the Company to comparable publicly traded firms in similar lines of business. Our significant estimates in the market approach model include identifying similar companies with comparable business factors such as size, growth, profitability, risk and return on investment and assessing comparable revenue and operating income multiples in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit.

In our evaluation of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, we typically first perform a quantitative assessment and an impairment charge is recorded for the excess of the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets over their fair value, if necessary. We base our measurement of fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of trade name and trademarks, using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes that the trade name and trademarks have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. As with goodwill, periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is more likely than not impaired.

After completing our annual impairment reviews for the reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2023, 2022 and 2021, we concluded that a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles, of which $15.0 million related to our trademarks and $254.9 million related to our goodwill, would be recognized in 2022 and that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired in either 2023 or 2021. See Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets.

Finite-lived intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The carrying value of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows from use and eventual disposition of the asset over its remaining economic life to its carrying value. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in estimates.

The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in depreciation and amortization.

Development costs

Development costs for new app development are capitalized and recognized as an intangible asset when the preliminary development stage has been completed, management commits to funding the project, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used for its intended function.

Following initial recognition of the development costs as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete, and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization is recorded in depreciation and amortization.

Revenue recognition

Our social and mobile apps operate on a free-to-play model, whereby game players may collect virtual currency free of charge through the passage of time or through targeted marketing promotions. If a game player wishes to obtain virtual currency above and beyond the level of free virtual currency available to that player, the player may purchase additional virtual currency. Once a purchase is completed, the virtual currency is deposited into the player’s account and is not separately identifiable from previously purchased virtual currency or virtual currency obtained by the game player for free.

Once obtained, virtual currency (either free or purchased) cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than gameplay within our apps. When virtual currency is played on any of our games, the game player could “win” and would be awarded additional virtual currency or could “lose” and lose the future use of that virtual currency. We have concluded that our virtual currency represents consumable goods, because the game player does not receive any additional benefit from the games and is not entitled to any additional rights once the virtual currency is substantially consumed.

Control transfers when the virtual currency is consumed for gameplay. We recognize revenue from player purchases of virtual currency based on the consumption of this currency. We determined through a review of play behavior that game players generally do not purchase additional virtual currency until their existing virtual currency balances, regardless of source (e.g., bonus currency, gifted currency through social media channels, daily free chips, etc.), have been substantially consumed.

Based on an analysis of customers’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amount of virtual currency outstanding, we are able to estimate the rate that virtual currency is consumed during gameplay. Accordingly, revenue is recognized using a user-based revenue model with the period between purchases representing the timing difference between virtual currency purchase and consumption. This timing difference is relatively short.

We continuously gather and analyze detailed customer play behavior and assess this data in relation to our judgments used for revenue recognition.

We generate a small portion of our revenue from subscription services. All monthly subscription fees are prepaid and non-refundable for a one-month period and auto-renew until the end customer terminates the service with the platform provider the subscription services originated. The subscription revenue is recognized on a daily basis beginning on the original date of purchase and has no impact on a customer purchased virtual currency.

Disaggregation of revenue

We believe disaggregation of our revenue based on platform and geographical location are appropriate categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table represents our disaggregation of revenue between mobile and web platforms (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Mobile	$	232,485	$	241,915	$	264,911
Web		76,379		79,112		98,294
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographical location of our players (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. (1)	$	267,721	$	282,016	$	317,605
International		41,143		39,011		45,600
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

(1)  Geographic location is presented as being derived from the U.S. when data is not available

Principal-agent considerations

Our revenue contracts are with game players who are our customers. We have exclusive control over all content, pricing, and overall functionality of games accessed by players. Our games are played on various third-party platforms for which the platform providers collect proceeds from our customers and remit us an amount after deducting a fee for processing and other agency services. We record revenue at the gross amount charged to our customers and classify fees paid to platform providers (such as Apple, Facebook, and Google) within cost of revenue.

Contract assets, contract liabilities and other disclosures

Customer payments are based on the payment terms established in our contracts. Payments for purchase of virtual currency are required at time of purchase, are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our performance obligations. All payments are initially recorded as revenue, as the player has no right of return after the purchase, consistent with our standard terms and conditions. Based on our analysis, at each period end, we estimate the number of days to consume virtual currency. This represents the revenue amount where the performance obligation has not been met and is deferred as a contract liability until we satisfy the obligation. The contract asset consists of platform fees for which revenue has not been recognized. For subscription revenue, the remaining portion of the daily ratable monthly subscription is recorded as a contract liability and the applicable platform fees as a contract asset.

The following table summarized our opening and closing balances in contract assets and contract liabilities (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Contract assets (1)	$	756	$	728
Contract liabilities		2,520		2,426

(1)  Contract assets are included within prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Cost of revenue

Amounts recorded as cost of revenue relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate social gaming revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred, and primarily consist of fees withheld by our platform providers from the player proceeds received by the platform providers on our behalf, hosting fees, and royalties.

Depreciation and amortization expense is excluded from cost of revenue and other operating expenses and is separately presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

Defined benefit pension plan

We operate a defined benefit pension plan under employment regulations in Korea. The plan services the employees located in Seoul and is a final wage-based pension plan, which provides a specified amount of pension benefit based on length of service. The service cost components of the net periodic benefit costs are charged to current operations based on the functional area of the employee. The total benefit obligation of $4.4 million and $4.0 million, was included in other non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the change in actuarial gains or losses was included in other comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes the components of the projected benefit obligation (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,014		$	3,351		$	2,792
Service cost		723			838			759
Interest cost		(74	)		(51	)		29
Actuarial (gain)/loss		597			157			289
Benefits paid		(184	)		(64	)		(543	)
Other		(574	)		0			254
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(117	)		(217	)		(229	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	4,385		$	4,014		$	3,351

The plan assets are held in a limited number of marketable and liquid financial instruments and totaled $4.4 million and $3.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Valuation adjustments were not material.

Defined contribution plan

We sponsor a defined contribution plan for our employees based in Seattle, Washington. We provide a matching contribution of 100% on the first 1% of employee contributions and 50% on the next 5% of employee contributions. Our contribution expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $242,000, $259,000, and $289,000 respectively.

Advertising costs

The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred and totaled $45.2 million, $67.9 million and $74.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. Advertising costs primarily consist of marketing and player acquisition and retention costs and are included in sales and marketing expenses.

Research and development

Research and development costs relate primarily to employee costs associated with in-app game development, feature design and enhancement, and engagement functionality that does not meet our internal-use software capitalization criteria. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates in the period in which they reverse. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” standard, no tax benefit is recorded.

Statutory withholding tax is recognized in income tax expense as incurred.

Segment information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, our Chief Executive Officer, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. We view our operations and manage our business as one operating segment.

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Short-term investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Short-Term Investments [Abstract]

Short-term investments

Note 3: Short-term investments

The Company holds investments in marketable securities with the intention of selling these investments within a relatively short period of time (3-6 months). As such, gains or losses from holding or trading these securities were recognized in the Statements of Income. At December 31, 2023, short term investments were comprised of fixed time deposits classified as trading.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and intangible assets

Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets

The majority of our intangible assets consist of assets acquired through the 2017 acquisition of DDI-US. We recognized no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during 2021, and recognized a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles in 2022 (See Note: Significant Accounting Policies). The components of our intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
	Useful life		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount
Goodwill		indefinite	$	651,597	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	396,704	$	633,965	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	379,072
Trademarks		indefinite		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000
Customer relationships		4 years		84,271		(75,387	)		—			8,884		75,000		(75,000	)		—			—
Purchased technology		5-10 years		52,707		(45,544	)		—			7,163		45,423		(45,423	)		—			—
Development costs		3 years		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—
Software		4-5 years		2,968		(2,444	)		—			524		2,462		(2,411	)		—			51
Total			$	851,029	$	(132,861	)	$	(269,893	)	$	448,275	$	816,336	$	(132,320	)	$	(269,893	)	$	414,123

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $0.5 million, $3.6 million, and $17.7 million respectively.

Estimated annual amortization expense for the years ending December 31, 2024 and thereafter is a follows (in thousands):

Year	Expense
2024		3,113
2025		3,110
2026		3,107
2027		2,718
2028 and thereafter		4,523

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Note 5: Debt

The components of debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
4.60% Senior Notes due to related party due 2024	$	38,778	$	39,454
Total debt		38,778		39,454
Less: Short-term debt		38,778		—
Total Long-term debt	$	—	$	39,454

4.60% Senior Notes due to related party due 2024

The 4.60% Senior Notes due to related party, which collectively total KRW100 billion at inception, accrue 4.60% interest quarterly on the outstanding principal amount until maturity. Interest and principal are due in full at maturity (May 27, 2024).

Voluntary principal and interest payments were made in June and September 2020. Principal of KRW20 billion and interest of KRW1.2 billion was paid in June 2020 and principal of KRW30 billion and interest of KRW3.1 billion was paid in September 2020.

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Fair value measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value measurements

Note 6: Fair value measurements

The carrying values of our accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and short- term borrowings approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Our cash equivalents (Level 1 of fair value hierarchy) consist of money market funds and Korean market government bonds totaling $206.9 million and $217.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and short-term investments (Level 2 of fair value hierarchy) comprised of fixed time or certificates of deposit with maturity periods greater than 90 days totaling $67.8 million and $67.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We rely on credit market data to track interest rates for other entities with similar risk profiles.

We record all debt at inception at fair value. We perform subsequent analysis on available data to evaluate the fair value of our borrowing as of the balance sheet date. We rely on credit market data to track interest rates for other entities with similar risk profiles. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of our senior notes (a Level 3 estimate) was approximately $0.7 million lower than face value.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Note 7: Income taxes

Income (loss) before income tax consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
US	$	120,750		$	(310,483	)	$	97,918
Korea		12,187			5,315			2,696
Other		(1,792	)		—			—
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	131,145		$	(305,168	)	$	100,614

The following table presents the detail of income tax expense for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Current:
US	$	21		$	11,571		$	14,481
Korea		597			2,222			2,049
Other		36			—			—
Total current taxes:	$	654		$	13,793		$	16,530
Deferred:
US	$	31,316		$	(85,206	)	$	8,154
Korea		(975	)		223			(2,178	)
Other		(778	)		—			—
Total deferred taxes	$	29,563		$	(84,983	)	$	5,976
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	30,217		$	(71,190	)	$	22,506

The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory rate and our effective tax rate for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Statutory tax rate		19.0	%		20.0	%		20.0	%
Foreign jurisdiction rate differential		4.0	%		3.7	%		3.5	%
Non-deductible interest		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Withholding taxes		0.4	%		(0.6	)%		2.0	%
Tax credits		(0.3	)%		1.0	%		(4.2	)%
Valuation allowance		3.1	%		(0.6	)%		1.6	%
Other		(3.1	)%		(0.1	)%		(0.6	)%
Total tax rate		23.1	%		23.3	%		22.3	%

Deferred federal, state, and foreign income taxes reflect the net tax impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts for tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	22,564		$	5,934
Tax credit carryforward		13,844			14,171
Accruals and reserves		753			35,589
Accrued interest		1,118			762
Intangibles		18,026			17,632
Lease liability		1,411			1,120
Goodwill		—			4,467
Interest carryforward		1,426			—
Capitalized R&D costs		1,123			—
Deferred tax assets	$	60,265		$	79,675
Less: Valuation allowance		(18,747	)		(18,893	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	41,518		$	60,782
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill		(5,571	)		—
Intangibles		(5,210	)		—
Right-of-use-assets		(1,384	)		(1,038	)
Other		(1,267	)		(454	)
Deferred tax liabilities	$	(13,432	)	$	(1,492	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	28,086		$	59,290

Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing, and amount of which are uncertain. We have provided a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of Korea as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 because, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We have a Korean tax loss carryforward of approximately $17.3 million as of December 31, 2023, which are available to reduce future taxable income. These losses begin to expire in 2027. We have U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $67.4 million which carryforward indefinitely. We have $28.7 million of U.S. state net operating losses which begin to expire starting in 2033.

Additionally, we have Korean tax credit carryforwards of $13.7 million as of December 31, 2023, which are available to reduce future foreign tax liabilities. The foreign tax credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2028.

We have not recorded a liability for income taxes or withholding taxes on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 as we intend to reinvest such earnings outside of Korea for the foreseeable future. Given the Company’s current and anticipated losses in Korea, the method of realizing the cumulative temporary differences related to foreign earnings is difficult to estimate. Therefore, the Company concluded it is not practical to estimate the related deferred tax liability.

We are currently not under audit in any tax jurisdiction. We do not have any uncertain tax positions and have not established reserves for tax positions based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due.

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Shareholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity

Note 8: Shareholders’ equity

Common stock

We have 200,000,000 total authorized shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The par value per share is KRW10,000. Holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of common stock. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends that are declared by our board of directors out of legally available funds. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets remaining after payment of liabilities. There are no conversion rights, redemption rights or sinking fund provisions, and there are no dividends in arrears or default. All shares of common stock have equal distribution, liquidation and voting rights, and have no preferences or exchange rights.

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Net Income Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income Per Share

Note 9: Net Income per share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands except share and per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022			2021
Numerator:
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders - basic	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders – diluted	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of warrants		—		—			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91

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Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Note 10: Leases

Our operating leases primarily consist of real estate leases for office space and do not have any non-lease components. We do not have any finance leases. Our total variable and short-term lease payments are immaterial for all periods presented.

The Seattle, Washington lease originated in July 2012 and consists of 49,375 square feet. In September 2018, the only option to extend, which was effective October 1, 2019, was exercised to extend the term for 61 months. The extended lease will expire in October 2024.

The Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea office space is subleased from our parent, DUG and consists of 28,497 square feet. The subleases originated in February 2019 and were amended in October 2020 and October 2023 with DUG (sublessor). The subleases will expire in September 2028.

The Swieqi, Malta office lease was assumed as part of the SuprNation acquisition in October 2023 and consists of 4,770 square feet. The lease will expire in October 2024.

The weighted average remaining lease terms as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 3.8 years and 1.6 years, respectively. The weighted average discount rates for the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 5.8% and 5.2%, respectively.

Supplemental balance sheet and statements of operations information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Accrued rent		447		817		934
Total operating lease right-of-use asset, net	$	7,130	$	3,858	$	6,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities		3,157		3,050		3,076
Long-term operating lease liabilities		4,420		1,625		4,688
Total operating lease liabilities	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Operating lease costs	$	3,201	$	3,160	$	3,313

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	3,501	$	3,253	$	3,262
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations	$	7,655	$	—	$	—

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023	Seattle Lease			Seoul Lease (Related Party)			Malta
2024		1,732			1,445			267
2025		—			1,501			—
2026		—			1,534			—
2027		—			1,541			—
Thereafter		—			971			—
Less: Imputed Interest		(130	)		(1,281	)		(3	)
Total		1,602			5,711			264

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Statement of Other Comprehensive Income [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Note 11: Accumulated other comprehensive income

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) by component for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Currency Translation Adjustments			Defined Benefit Pension Plan			Total
Balance at of January 1, 2021	$	23,807		$	(992	)	$	22,815
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		504			—			504
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(286	)		(286	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	24,311		$	(1,278	)	$	23,033
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		(3,519	)		—			(3,519	)
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(154	)		(154	)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	20,792		$	(1,432	)	$	19,360
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		1,219			—			1,219
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(597	)		(597	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	22,011		$	(2,029	)	$	19,982

For years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we did not tax effect foreign currency translation gain/(loss) because we have determined such gain/(loss) is permanently reinvested and actuarial gain/(loss) is not tax effected due to a valuation allowance applied to our deferred tax assets.

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Commitments and contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and contingencies

Note 12: Commitments and contingencies

Legal contingencies

On April 12, 2018, a class-action lawsuit was filed against DDI-US demanding a return of unfair benefit under the pretext that the Company’s social casino games are not legal in the State of Washington, United States. On August 29, 2022, DDI-US entered into an agreement in principle to settle the aforementioned Benson case and associated proceedings, pursuant to which, among other things, DDI-US would contribute $145.25 million to the settlement fund. This agreement in principle received final court approval with the final contribution to the settlement fund made in June 2023. The Company had an accrual of $95.25 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was cleared by a $95.25 million payment in the second quarter of 2023.

Publishing and license agreements

DoubleU Games

We entered into the DoubleU Games License Agreement on March 7, 2018, and it was subsequently amended on July 1, 2019 and November 27, 2019. In March 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a new Game License Agreement with DoubleU Games with effect from January 1, 2023, which supersedes the prior DoubleU Games License Agreement. Pursuant to the new Game License Agreement, DoubleU Games grants us, through DDI-US, a non-exclusive and worldwide license to service and distribute certain DoubleU Games social casino game titles and sequels thereto in the social online game field of use. We are obligated to pay a royalty license fee equal to a certain fixed percentage of the net sales of the licensed game titles to DoubleU Games in connection with these rights, with certain customary terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2023, we licensed approximately 49 game titles under the terms of this agreement.

In October 2023, we, through DDI-US, entered into a Game Development Services Agreement with DoubleU Games, pursuant to which DDI-US will pay service fees to DoubleU Games for certain game maintenance services and product planning and user analysis services provided by DoubleU Games. We incurred total service fees of $1.4 million for year ended December 31, 2023.

International Gaming Technologies (“IGT”)

In 2017, we entered into a Game Development, Distribution, and Services Agreement with IGT. Under the terms of the agreement, IGT will deliver game assets so that we can port (a process of converting the assets into functioning slot games by platform) the technology for inclusion in our gaming apps. The agreement includes game assets that are used to create new games. Under the agreement, we paid IGT an initial royalty rate of 10% of revenue for their proprietary assets and 15% of revenue for third-party game asset types. Effective January 1, 2019, we amended the agreement to revise the royalty rate for proprietary game asset types to 7.5% of revenue. The initial term of the agreement is ten (10) years with up to two additional five-year periods. Costs incurred in connection with this agreement for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $5.3 million, $7.0 million, and $11.1 million, respectively, and are recognized as a component of cost of revenue.

Director and Officers’ Indemnification Agreement

The Company’s maximum aggregate liability for all loss and expenses on account of any and all requests for indemnity under the Indemnification Agreement or any similar indemnity agreement with any other indemnitee will be $5,000,000 per every 12-month period.

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Related party transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related party transactions

Note 13: Related party transactions

Our related party transactions comprise of expenses for use of intellectual property, borrowings, and sublease previously described. We may also incur other expenses with related parties in the ordinary course of business, which are included in the consolidated financial statements.

The following is a summary of expenses charged by our parent, DoubleU Games (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
Royalty expense (see Note 12)	$	2,565	$	3,374	$	4,335		Cost of revenue
Interest expense (see Note 5)		1,762		1,780		2,010		Interest expense
Rent expense (see Note 10)		1,268		1,251		1,397		General and administrative expense
Other expense		1,636		225		206		General and administrative expense

Amounts due to our parent, DoubleU Games, are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Consolidated Balance Sheet Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
4.6% Senior notes with related party	$	38,778	$	—	$	—	Current portion of borrowings with related party
4.6% Senior notes with related party		—		39,454		42,176	Long-Term borrowing with related party
Royalties and other expenses		1,618		315		511	A/P and accrued expenses
Short-term lease liability		1,298		1,066		1,309	Short-term operating lease liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		9,501		—		—	Other current liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		—		7,852		6,454	Other non-current liabilities
Long-term lease liability		4,414		—		1,078	Long-term lease liabilities

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Acquisition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisition

Note 14: Acquisition

Business Combination-SuprNation

On October 31, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of SuprNation, a European i-Gaming operator, which is now a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DDI-US, for a total cash purchase price of $30.6 million. There was also a payment into escrow of $5.5 million and a deferred payment of up to $6.5 million, relating to a performance-based holdback amount to be calculated based on the 18 months following the transaction close date. The transaction is expected to enable the Company to expand into the i-Gaming market. The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. Transaction costs incurred by the Company in connection with the acquisition, including professional fees, were $2.0 million.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration to the acquisition-date fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

Total purchase consideration	$	30,653
Non-controlling interest	$	118
Identifiable Assets	$	13,838
Cash and cash equivalents		3,776
Accounts receivable, net		99
Prepaid expenses, and other assets		612
Intangible assets, net
Platform Technology		6,987
Customers		8,893
Gaming Licenses		476
Property and equipment, net		34
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		200
Other non-current assets		171
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(1,449	)
Income taxes payable		(111	)
Short-term operating lease liabilities		(191	)
Other current liabilities		(3,794	)
Deferred tax liabilities, net		(1,630	)
Other non-current liabilities		(235	)
Goodwill	$	16,933

The above allocation of the purchase price can be subject to change within the measurement period, but no later than one year from the date of the acquisition close.

The income approach was used to determine the fair value of the platform technology and customers, and the cost approach was used for the fair value of gaming licenses. Their useful lives are 10 years, 4 years and 5 years, respectively, and the weighted average useful life for all amortizable intangible assets is 6.6 years. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the preliminary fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition. For tax purposes, no tax-deductible goodwill was generated as a result of this acquisition.

Contemporaneously with entering into the definitive agreement, the Company also adopted an eighteen-month performance-based incentive plan for certain key employees of SuprNation, under which the key employees may earn up to a total of $6.5 million in addition to $5.5 million held in escrow, contingent upon the achievement of certain revenue and other performance targets by the acquired business and the continued employment of such key employees between 2023 and 2025. Such plan became effective at the closing of the transaction.

The Company’s consolidated statement of operations as of December 31, 2023, includes SuprNation’s revenue of $4.3 million and pre-tax loss of $1.8 million for the period from the acquisition date of October 31, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

See Pro forma results of operations below under “Supplemental Pro Forma Information”.

Supplemental Pro Forma Information (unaudited)

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information below presents the combined historical results of operations of the Company and SuprNation, an acquisition completed in October 2023, as if SuprNation had been acquired as of January 1, 2022 (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue	$	330,462	$	346,433
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.	$	93,802	$	(246,585	)

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information above includes the following adjustments to net income (loss) in the appropriate pro forma period (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
An (increase) in amortization expense related to the fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets, net of the amortization expense already reflected in actual historical results		(2,571	)		(3,003	)
A decrease (increase) in expenses related to incentives		(2,180	)		(6,464	)
A (increase) decrease in expenses related to operating and marketing expenses per the agreement		(3,500	)		(7,000	)
An (increase) decrease in income tax provision		2,643			5,037

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information has been presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of results of operations that would have been achieved had the acquisitions taken place on the date indicated, or of the Company’s future consolidated results of operations. The supplemental pro forma information presented above has been derived from the Company’s historical consolidated financial statements and from the historical accounting records of SuprNation.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of preparation and consolidation

Basis of preparation and consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of DDI and its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures. We regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to provisions for income taxes, revenue recognition, expense accruals, deferred income tax asset valuation allowances, valuation of goodwill and intangibles, and legal contingencies. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future operating results may be affected.

Functional currency and translation of financial statements

Functional currency and translation of financial statements

Our functional currency is the Korean Won (“KRW”), Euro (“EUR” or “€”), and the U.S. Dollar (“dollar,” “USD,” “US$,” or “$”) is the functional currency of our United States subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in USD. The consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the exchange rates prevailing at each balance sheet date. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows have been translated using the weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the periods of each statement. The equity capital is denominated in the functional currency, KRW, and is translated at historical exchange rates. All translation adjustments resulting from translating into the reporting currency are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense).

Intercompany monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date with the gain or loss arising on translation recorded to other income (expense). Intercompany non-monetary items that are measured at historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

We consider all money market funds and short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are held by high credit quality financial institutions and balances may exceed limits of United States federal deposit insurance. We have not experienced any losses resulting from these excess deposits.

Financial instruments and concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments and concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments, which potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and short-term investments.

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the net invoiced amount, which is net of platform payment processing fees, unsecured, and represent amounts due to us based on contractual obligations where an executed contract exists. We do not require collateral and have not recognized an allowance as management estimates the net receivable is fully collectible. Apple, Inc. (“Apple”), Facebook, Inc. (“Facebook”), and Google, LLC (“Google”) represent significant distribution, marketing, and payment platforms for our games. A substantial portion of our 2023, 2022 and 2021 revenue was generated from players who accessed our games through these platforms and a significant concentration of our accounts receivable balance is comprised of balances owed to us by these platforms.

The following table summarizes the percentage of revenues and accounts receivable generated via our platform providers in excess of 10% of our total revenues and total accounts receivable:

Revenue Concentration Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		55.0	%		54.4	%		51.8	%
Facebook		16.8	%		24.1	%		25.9	%
Google		18.2	%		18.7	%		19.1	%

Fair value measurements

Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as an exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The three-tiered fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs based on the observability as of the measurement date is as follows:

Level 1 –	Observable inputs for identical assets or liabilities, such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2 –	Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable;
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore they are developed using estimates and assumptions developed by us, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the placement of assets and liabilities being measured within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6: Fair value measurements.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill is assigned to our reporting unit that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. We assess goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, neither of which is amortized, for impairment annually as of October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we typically perform a quantitative assessment and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value. An impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. Periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the goodwill is more likely than not impaired.

We generally base our measurement of fair value of our subject reporting unit on a blended analysis of the present value of future discounted cash flows and market valuation approach. The discounted cash flows model

indicates the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate in the future. Our significant estimates in the discounted cash flows model include: our weighted average cost of capital; long-term rate of growth and profitability of our business; and working capital effects. The market valuation approach indicates the fair value of the business based on a comparison of the Company to comparable publicly traded firms in similar lines of business. Our significant estimates in the market approach model include identifying similar companies with comparable business factors such as size, growth, profitability, risk and return on investment and assessing comparable revenue and operating income multiples in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit.

In our evaluation of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, we typically first perform a quantitative assessment and an impairment charge is recorded for the excess of the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets over their fair value, if necessary. We base our measurement of fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of trade name and trademarks, using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes that the trade name and trademarks have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. As with goodwill, periodically, we may choose to perform a qualitative assessment, prior to performing the quantitative analysis, to determine whether the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is more likely than not impaired.

After completing our annual impairment reviews for the reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2023, 2022 and 2021, we concluded that a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles, of which $15.0 million related to our trademarks and $254.9 million related to our goodwill, would be recognized in 2022 and that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired in either 2023 or 2021. See Note 4: Goodwill and intangible assets.

Finite-lived intangible assets

Finite-lived intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The carrying value of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows from use and eventual disposition of the asset over its remaining economic life to its carrying value. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in estimates.

The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in depreciation and amortization.

Development costs

Development costs

Development costs for new app development are capitalized and recognized as an intangible asset when the preliminary development stage has been completed, management commits to funding the project, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used for its intended function.

Following initial recognition of the development costs as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete, and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected future benefit. Amortization is recorded in depreciation and amortization.

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

Our social and mobile apps operate on a free-to-play model, whereby game players may collect virtual currency free of charge through the passage of time or through targeted marketing promotions. If a game player wishes to obtain virtual currency above and beyond the level of free virtual currency available to that player, the player may purchase additional virtual currency. Once a purchase is completed, the virtual currency is deposited into the player’s account and is not separately identifiable from previously purchased virtual currency or virtual currency obtained by the game player for free.

Once obtained, virtual currency (either free or purchased) cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than gameplay within our apps. When virtual currency is played on any of our games, the game player could “win” and would be awarded additional virtual currency or could “lose” and lose the future use of that virtual currency. We have concluded that our virtual currency represents consumable goods, because the game player does not receive any additional benefit from the games and is not entitled to any additional rights once the virtual currency is substantially consumed.

Control transfers when the virtual currency is consumed for gameplay. We recognize revenue from player purchases of virtual currency based on the consumption of this currency. We determined through a review of play behavior that game players generally do not purchase additional virtual currency until their existing virtual currency balances, regardless of source (e.g., bonus currency, gifted currency through social media channels, daily free chips, etc.), have been substantially consumed.

Based on an analysis of customers’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amount of virtual currency outstanding, we are able to estimate the rate that virtual currency is consumed during gameplay. Accordingly, revenue is recognized using a user-based revenue model with the period between purchases representing the timing difference between virtual currency purchase and consumption. This timing difference is relatively short.

We continuously gather and analyze detailed customer play behavior and assess this data in relation to our judgments used for revenue recognition.

We generate a small portion of our revenue from subscription services. All monthly subscription fees are prepaid and non-refundable for a one-month period and auto-renew until the end customer terminates the service with the platform provider the subscription services originated. The subscription revenue is recognized on a daily basis beginning on the original date of purchase and has no impact on a customer purchased virtual currency.

Disaggregation of revenue

We believe disaggregation of our revenue based on platform and geographical location are appropriate categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table represents our disaggregation of revenue between mobile and web platforms (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Mobile	$	232,485	$	241,915	$	264,911
Web		76,379		79,112		98,294
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographical location of our players (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. (1)	$	267,721	$	282,016	$	317,605
International		41,143		39,011		45,600
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

(1)  Geographic location is presented as being derived from the U.S. when data is not available

Principal-agent considerations

Our revenue contracts are with game players who are our customers. We have exclusive control over all content, pricing, and overall functionality of games accessed by players. Our games are played on various third-party platforms for which the platform providers collect proceeds from our customers and remit us an amount after deducting a fee for processing and other agency services. We record revenue at the gross amount charged to our customers and classify fees paid to platform providers (such as Apple, Facebook, and Google) within cost of revenue.

Contract assets, contract liabilities and other disclosures

Customer payments are based on the payment terms established in our contracts. Payments for purchase of virtual currency are required at time of purchase, are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our performance obligations. All payments are initially recorded as revenue, as the player has no right of return after the purchase, consistent with our standard terms and conditions. Based on our analysis, at each period end, we estimate the number of days to consume virtual currency. This represents the revenue amount where the performance obligation has not been met and is deferred as a contract liability until we satisfy the obligation. The contract asset consists of platform fees for which revenue has not been recognized. For subscription revenue, the remaining portion of the daily ratable monthly subscription is recorded as a contract liability and the applicable platform fees as a contract asset.

The following table summarized our opening and closing balances in contract assets and contract liabilities (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Contract assets (1)	$	756	$	728
Contract liabilities		2,520		2,426

(1)  Contract assets are included within prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue

Amounts recorded as cost of revenue relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate social gaming revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred, and primarily consist of fees withheld by our platform providers from the player proceeds received by the platform providers on our behalf, hosting fees, and royalties.

Depreciation and amortization expense is excluded from cost of revenue and other operating expenses and is separately presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

Defined benefit pension plan

Defined benefit pension plan

We operate a defined benefit pension plan under employment regulations in Korea. The plan services the employees located in Seoul and is a final wage-based pension plan, which provides a specified amount of pension benefit based on length of service. The service cost components of the net periodic benefit costs are charged to current operations based on the functional area of the employee. The total benefit obligation of $4.4 million and $4.0 million, was included in other non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the change in actuarial gains or losses was included in other comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes the components of the projected benefit obligation (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,014		$	3,351		$	2,792
Service cost		723			838			759
Interest cost		(74	)		(51	)		29
Actuarial (gain)/loss		597			157			289
Benefits paid		(184	)		(64	)		(543	)
Other		(574	)		0			254
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(117	)		(217	)		(229	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	4,385		$	4,014		$	3,351

The plan assets are held in a limited number of marketable and liquid financial instruments and totaled $4.4 million and $3.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Valuation adjustments were not material.

Defined contribution plan

Defined contribution plan

We sponsor a defined contribution plan for our employees based in Seattle, Washington. We provide a matching contribution of 100% on the first 1% of employee contributions and 50% on the next 5% of employee contributions. Our contribution expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $242,000, $259,000, and $289,000 respectively.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs

The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred and totaled $45.2 million, $67.9 million and $74.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. Advertising costs primarily consist of marketing and player acquisition and retention costs and are included in sales and marketing expenses.

Research and development

Research and development

Research and development costs relate primarily to employee costs associated with in-app game development, feature design and enhancement, and engagement functionality that does not meet our internal-use software capitalization criteria. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

Income taxes

Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates in the period in which they reverse. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” standard, no tax benefit is recorded.

Statutory withholding tax is recognized in income tax expense as incurred.

Segment information

Segment information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, our Chief Executive Officer, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. We view our operations and manage our business as one operating segment.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of percentage of revenues

The following table summarizes the percentage of revenues and accounts receivable generated via our platform providers in excess of 10% of our total revenues and total accounts receivable:

Revenue Concentration Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		55.0	%		54.4	%		51.8	%
Facebook		16.8	%		24.1	%		25.9	%
Google		18.2	%		18.7	%		19.1	%

Accounts Receivable Concentration as of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Apple		59.3	%		55.8	%		55.6	%
Facebook		9.9	%		20.4	%		23.7	%
Google		10.3	%		17.7	%		17.5	%
Xsolla		11.3	%		0.0	%		0.0	%

Summary of disaggregation of revenue

The following table represents our disaggregation of revenue between mobile and web platforms (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Mobile	$	232,485	$	241,915	$	264,911
Web		76,379		79,112		98,294
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographical location of our players (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. (1)	$	267,721	$	282,016	$	317,605
International		41,143		39,011		45,600
Total	$	308,864	$	321,027	$	363,205

(1)  Geographic location is presented as being derived from the U.S. when data is not available

Summary of contract assets and contract liabilities

The following table summarized our opening and closing balances in contract assets and contract liabilities (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Contract assets (1)	$	756	$	728
Contract liabilities		2,520		2,426

(1)  Contract assets are included within prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Summary of projected benefit obligation

The following table summarizes the components of the projected benefit obligation (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,014		$	3,351		$	2,792
Service cost		723			838			759
Interest cost		(74	)		(51	)		29
Actuarial (gain)/loss		597			157			289
Benefits paid		(184	)		(64	)		(543	)
Other		(574	)		0			254
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(117	)		(217	)		(229	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	4,385		$	4,014		$	3,351

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of intangible assets

The majority of our intangible assets consist of assets acquired through the 2017 acquisition of DDI-US. We recognized no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during 2021, and recognized a $269.9 million impairment of goodwill and intangibles in 2022 (See Note: Significant Accounting Policies). The components of our intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
	Useful life		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount		Gross amount		Accumulated Amortization			Impairment			Net Amount
Goodwill		indefinite	$	651,597	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	396,704	$	633,965	$	—		$	(254,893	)	$	379,072
Trademarks		indefinite		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000		50,000		—			(15,000	)		35,000
Customer relationships		4 years		84,271		(75,387	)		—			8,884		75,000		(75,000	)		—			—
Purchased technology		5-10 years		52,707		(45,544	)		—			7,163		45,423		(45,423	)		—			—
Development costs		3 years		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—		9,486		(9,486	)		—			—
Software		4-5 years		2,968		(2,444	)		—			524		2,462		(2,411	)		—			51
Total			$	851,029	$	(132,861	)	$	(269,893	)	$	448,275	$	816,336	$	(132,320	)	$	(269,893	)	$	414,123

Summary of estimated amortization expense

Estimated annual amortization expense for the years ending December 31, 2024 and thereafter is a follows (in thousands):

Year	Expense
2024		3,113
2025		3,110
2026		3,107
2027		2,718
2028 and thereafter		4,523

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of long-term debt instruments

The components of debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
4.60% Senior Notes due to related party due 2024	$	38,778	$	39,454
Total debt		38,778		39,454
Less: Short-term debt		38,778		—
Total Long-term debt	$	—	$	39,454

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Income (Loss) Before Income Tax

Income (loss) before income tax consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
US	$	120,750		$	(310,483	)	$	97,918
Korea		12,187			5,315			2,696
Other		(1,792	)		—			—
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	131,145		$	(305,168	)	$	100,614

Summary of the Detail of Income Tax Expense for the Periods

The following table presents the detail of income tax expense for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Current:
US	$	21		$	11,571		$	14,481
Korea		597			2,222			2,049
Other		36			—			—
Total current taxes:	$	654		$	13,793		$	16,530
Deferred:
US	$	31,316		$	(85,206	)	$	8,154
Korea		(975	)		223			(2,178	)
Other		(778	)		—			—
Total deferred taxes	$	29,563		$	(84,983	)	$	5,976
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	30,217		$	(71,190	)	$	22,506

Summary of Reconciliation of the Statutory Rate and Our Effective Tax Rate for the Periods

The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory rate and our effective tax rate for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Statutory tax rate		19.0	%		20.0	%		20.0	%
Foreign jurisdiction rate differential		4.0	%		3.7	%		3.5	%
Non-deductible interest		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Withholding taxes		0.4	%		(0.6	)%		2.0	%
Tax credits		(0.3	)%		1.0	%		(4.2	)%
Valuation allowance		3.1	%		(0.6	)%		1.6	%
Other		(3.1	)%		(0.1	)%		(0.6	)%
Total tax rate		23.1	%		23.3	%		22.3	%

Summary of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities as of the Dates

The following table presents the significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	22,564		$	5,934
Tax credit carryforward		13,844			14,171
Accruals and reserves		753			35,589
Accrued interest		1,118			762
Intangibles		18,026			17,632
Lease liability		1,411			1,120
Goodwill		—			4,467
Interest carryforward		1,426			—
Capitalized R&D costs		1,123			—
Deferred tax assets	$	60,265		$	79,675
Less: Valuation allowance		(18,747	)		(18,893	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	41,518		$	60,782
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill		(5,571	)		—
Intangibles		(5,210	)		—
Right-of-use-assets		(1,384	)		(1,038	)
Other		(1,267	)		(454	)
Deferred tax liabilities	$	(13,432	)	$	(1,492	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	28,086		$	59,290

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Net Income Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of the Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands except share and per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022			2021
Numerator:
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders - basic	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders – diluted	$	100,885	$	(233,978	)	$	78,108
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt		—		—			—
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of warrants		—		—			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted		2,477,672		2,477,672			2,303,200
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	40.72	$	(94.43	)	$	33.91

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Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Summary of Cash Flow Information Related to Operating Leases

Supplemental balance sheet and statements of operations information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Accrued rent		447		817		934
Total operating lease right-of-use asset, net	$	7,130	$	3,858	$	6,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities		3,157		3,050		3,076
Long-term operating lease liabilities		4,420		1,625		4,688
Total operating lease liabilities	$	7,577	$	4,675	$	7,764
Operating lease costs	$	3,201	$	3,160	$	3,313

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	3,501	$	3,253	$	3,262
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations	$	7,655	$	—	$	—

Summary of Maturities of Lease Liabilities

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023	Seattle Lease			Seoul Lease (Related Party)			Malta
2024		1,732			1,445			267
2025		—			1,501			—
2026		—			1,534			—
2027		—			1,541			—
Thereafter		—			971			—
Less: Imputed Interest		(130	)		(1,281	)		(3	)
Total		1,602			5,711			264

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Statement of Other Comprehensive Income [Abstract]

Summary of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) by component for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Currency Translation Adjustments			Defined Benefit Pension Plan			Total
Balance at of January 1, 2021	$	23,807		$	(992	)	$	22,815
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		504			—			504
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(286	)		(286	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	24,311		$	(1,278	)	$	23,033
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		(3,519	)		—			(3,519	)
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(154	)		(154	)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	20,792		$	(1,432	)	$	19,360
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		1,219			—			1,219
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax		—			(597	)		(597	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	22,011		$	(2,029	)	$	19,982

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Related party transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Summary of Expenses Charged by Our Parent

The following is a summary of expenses charged by our parent, DoubleU Games (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
Royalty expense (see Note 12)	$	2,565	$	3,374	$	4,335		Cost of revenue
Interest expense (see Note 5)		1,762		1,780		2,010		Interest expense
Rent expense (see Note 10)		1,268		1,251		1,397		General and administrative expense
Other expense		1,636		225		206		General and administrative expense

Summary of Amounts Due to our Parent

Amounts due to our parent, DoubleU Games, are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Statement of Consolidated Balance Sheet Line Item
	2023		2022		2021
4.6% Senior notes with related party	$	38,778	$	—	$	—	Current portion of borrowings with related party
4.6% Senior notes with related party		—		39,454		42,176	Long-Term borrowing with related party
Royalties and other expenses		1,618		315		511	A/P and accrued expenses
Short-term lease liability		1,298		1,066		1,309	Short-term operating lease liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		9,501		—		—	Other current liabilities
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party		—		7,852		6,454	Other non-current liabilities
Long-term lease liability		4,414		—		1,078	Long-term lease liabilities

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Acquisition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired, Goodwill, and Liabilities Assumed, Net [Abstract]

Schedule Of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired And Liabilities Assumed

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration to the acquisition-date fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

Total purchase consideration	$	30,653
Non-controlling interest	$	118
Identifiable Assets	$	13,838
Cash and cash equivalents		3,776
Accounts receivable, net		99
Prepaid expenses, and other assets		612
Intangible assets, net
Platform Technology		6,987
Customers		8,893
Gaming Licenses		476
Property and equipment, net		34
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		200
Other non-current assets		171
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(1,449	)
Income taxes payable		(111	)
Short-term operating lease liabilities		(191	)
Other current liabilities		(3,794	)
Deferred tax liabilities, net		(1,630	)
Other non-current liabilities		(235	)
Goodwill	$	16,933

Schedule Of Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma Historical Results Operation Of Company And Suprnation

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information below presents the combined historical results of operations of the Company and SuprNation, an acquisition completed in October 2023, as if SuprNation had been acquired as of January 1, 2022 (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue	$	330,462	$	346,433
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.	$	93,802	$	(246,585	)

Schedule Of Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma Adjustment To Net Income Or Loss

The unaudited supplemental pro forma information above includes the following adjustments to net income (loss) in the appropriate pro forma period (in thousands):

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2022
An (increase) in amortization expense related to the fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets, net of the amortization expense already reflected in actual historical results		(2,571	)		(3,003	)
A decrease (increase) in expenses related to incentives		(2,180	)		(6,464	)
A (increase) decrease in expenses related to operating and marketing expenses per the agreement		(3,500	)		(7,000	)
An (increase) decrease in income tax provision		2,643			5,037

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Description of Business - Additional Information (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, € in Millions						2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 28, 2022 KRW (₩)	Aug. 30, 2022 KRW (₩)	Sep. 02, 2021 USD ($)	Feb. 25, 2020 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 KRW (₩) shares	Oct. 27, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022 KRW (₩) shares	Sep. 02, 2021 KRW (₩) shares	Sep. 02, 2021 $ / shares
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Business combination consideration transferred | $										$ 825,000
Common stock, shares Issued | shares											2,477,672		2,477,672
Sale Of American Depositary Shares | shares														5,263,000
Proceeds from issuance initial public offering | $							$ 0	$ 0	$ 86,041
Common Stock, Value, Outstanding | ₩											₩ 10,000		₩ 10,000
Reduction of capital reserve		₩ 330,000,000,000,000	₩ 70,000,000,000,000					$ 0
Foreign currency exchange rate, translation												1.064
American Depositary Shares [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Entity listing depository receipt ratio														0.05
Common Stock, Value, Outstanding | ₩														₩ 10,000
IPO [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance initial public offering | $				$ 86,000
Payments for underwriting expense | $				$ 8,700
IPO [Member] | American Depositary Shares [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Common stock, shares Issued | shares														6,316,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share | $ / shares															$ 18
Double8 Games Co., Ltd.[Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Business combination consideration transferred | ₩					₩ 2,300,000,000
SuprNation [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Business combination consideration transferred	€ 34.3					$ 36,500
DoubleU Games Co., Ltd.[Member] | Equity Investee [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Equity interest percentage											67.10%
STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Minority interest ownership percentage											20.20%
Sale Of American Depositary Shares | shares														1,053,000
International Gaming Technologies [Member] | IPO [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Minority interest ownership percentage											12.70%
Stic [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Minority interest ownership percentage											20.20%

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Percentage of Revenues (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue Concentration [Member] | Apple [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	55.00%	54.40%	51.80%
Revenue Concentration [Member] | Facebook [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	16.80%	24.10%	25.90%
Revenue Concentration [Member] | Google [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	18.20%	18.70%	19.10%
Account Receivable Concentration [Member] | Apple [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	59.30%	55.80%	55.60%
Account Receivable Concentration [Member] | Facebook [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	9.90%	20.40%	23.70%
Account Receivable Concentration [Member] | Google [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	10.30%	17.70%	17.50%
Account Receivable Concentration [Member] | Xsolla [Member]
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	11.30%	0.00%	0.00%

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue		$ 308,864	$ 321,027	$ 363,205
US [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	[1]	267,721	282,016	317,605
International [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue		41,143	39,011	45,600
Mobile [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue		232,485	241,915	264,911
Web [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue		$ 76,379	$ 79,112	$ 98,294

[1] Geographic location is presented as being derived from the U.S. when data is not available

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Contract With Customer Asset And Liability [Line Items]
Contract liabilities		$ 2,520	$ 2,426
Prepaid expenses and other assets [Member]
Contract With Customer Asset And Liability [Line Items]
Contract assets	[1]	$ 756	$ 728

[1] Contract assets are included within prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Projected Benefit Obligation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$ 4,014	$ 3,351	$ 2,792
Service cost	723	838	759
Interest cost	(74)	(51)	29
Actuarial (gain)/loss	597	157	289
Benefits paid	(184)	(64)	(543)
Other	(574)	0	254
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(117)	(217)	(229)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$ 4,385	$ 4,014	$ 3,351
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Interest Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Interest Expense

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Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details)		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Impairment of goodwill		$ 0		$ 0
Defined contribution expense		242,000	$ 259,000	289,000
Advertising Expense		$ 45,200,000	67,900,000	74,200,000
Number of operating segments | segment		1
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded (Unfunded) Status of Plan		$ 4,400,000	4,000,000
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles	[1]	0	269,893,000	$ 0
Reprting [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles			254,900,000
Trademarks [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles			15,000,000
Marketable [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Plan assets held		4,400,000	3,500,000
Liquid Financial Instruments [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Plan assets held		$ 4,400,000	$ 3,500,000
Employee contributions percentage one [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Defined contribution plan matching contribution percent		1.00%
Employee contributions percentage two [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Defined contribution plan matching contribution percent		5.00%
On the one percentage of employee contributions [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Defined contribution plan matching contribution percent of match		100.00%
On the next five percentage of employee contributions [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Defined contribution plan matching contribution percent of match		50.00%

[1] Excluding depreciation and amortization.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Summary of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross amount	$ 851,029	$ 816,336
Accumulated Amortization	(132,861)	(132,320)
Impairment	(269,893)	(269,893)
Net Amount	$ 448,275	414,123
Useful life, Goodwill	indefinite
Gross amount, Goodwill	$ 651,597	633,965
Impairment, Goodwill	(254,893)	(254,893)
Net Amount, Goodwill	$ 396,704	379,072
Trademarks [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	indefinite
Gross amount	$ 50,000	50,000
Impairment	(15,000)	(15,000)
Net Amount	$ 35,000	35,000
Customer relationships [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	4 years
Gross amount	$ 84,271	75,000
Accumulated Amortization	(75,387)	(75,000)
Net Amount	8,884
Purchased technology [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross amount	52,707	45,423
Accumulated Amortization	(45,544)	(45,423)
Net Amount	$ 7,163
Purchased technology [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	10 years
Purchased technology [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	5 years
Development costs [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	3 years
Gross amount	$ 9,486	9,486
Accumulated Amortization	(9,486)	(9,486)
Software [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross amount	2,968	2,462
Accumulated Amortization	(2,444)	(2,411)
Net Amount	$ 524	$ 51
Software [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	5 years
Software [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	4 years

XML

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Amortization of Intangible Assets		$ 500	$ 3,600	$ 17,700
Impairment of goodwill and intangibles	[1]	$ 0	$ 269,893	$ 0

[1] Excluding depreciation and amortization.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Summary of Estimated Amortization Expense (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Amortization Expense, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024	$ 3,113
2025	3,110
2026	3,107
2027	2,718
2028 and thereafter	$ 4,523

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Debt - Summary of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 38,778	$ 39,454
Less: Short-term debt	38,778
Total Long-term debt	0	39,454
4.6% senior notes due to related parties in 2024 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 38,778	$ 39,454

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Debt - Additional Information (Details) - 4.6% senior notes due to related parties in 2024 [Member] - KRW (₩) ₩ in Billions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Related party transaction rate of interest			4.60%
Long term debt instrument maturity date			May 27, 2024
Principal [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of related party debt	₩ 30.0	₩ 20.0
Interest [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of related party debt	₩ 3.1	₩ 1.2
Stic [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument face amount			₩ 100.0

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Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Short-Term Investments	$ 67,756	$ 67,891
Fixed time or certificates of deposit maturity	90 days
Fair value, inputs, level 3 [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Amount by which the fair value of debt exceeds the carrying value	$ 700
Money market funds [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Short-Term Investments	67,800	67,900
Money market funds and Korean market government bonds [Member]
Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	$ 206,900	$ 217,400

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Income Taxes - Summary of Income (Loss) Before Income Tax (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Income loss before income tax [Line Items]
US	$ 120,750	$ (310,483)	$ 97,918
Korea	12,187	5,315	2,696
Other	(1,792)	0	0
Income (loss) before income tax	$ 131,145	$ (305,168)	$ 100,614

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Income Taxes - Summary of the Detail of Income Tax Expense for the Periods (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current:
US	$ 21	$ 11,571	$ 14,481
Korea	597	2,222	2,049
Other	36	0	0
Total current taxes:	654	13,793	16,530
Deferred:
US	31,316	(85,206)	8,154
Korea	(975)	223	(2,178)
Other	(778)	0	0
Total deferred taxes	29,563	(84,983)	5,976
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$ 30,217	$ (71,190)	$ 22,506

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Income Taxes - Summary of Reconciliation of the Statutory Rate and Our Effective Tax Rate for the Periods (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent [Abstract]
Statutory tax rate	19.00%	20.00%	20.00%
Foreign jurisdiction rate differential	4.00%	3.70%	3.50%
Non-deductible interest	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Withholding taxes	0.40%	(0.60%)	2.00%
Tax credits	(0.30%)	1.00%	(4.20%)
Valuation allowance	3.10%	(0.60%)	1.60%
Other	(3.10%)	(0.10%)	(0.60%)
Total tax rate	23.10%	23.30%	22.30%

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Income Taxes - Summary of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities as of the Dates (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$ 22,564	$ 5,934
Tax credit carryforward	13,844	14,171
Accruals and reserves	753	35,589
Accrued interest	1,118	762
Intangibles	18,026	17,632
Lease liability	1,411	1,120
Goodwill		4,467
Interest carryforward	1,426
Capitalized R&D costs	1,123
Deferred tax assets	60,265	79,675
Less: Valuation allowance	(18,747)	(18,893)
Net deferred tax assets	41,518	60,782
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill	(5,571)
Intangibles	(5,210)
Right-of-use-assets	(1,384)	(1,038)
Other	(1,267)	(454)
Deferred tax liabilities	(13,432)	(1,492)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$ 28,086	$ 59,290

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Tax credit carryforward, amount	$ 17.3
Tax credit carryforward expiration period	2027
Operating loss expiration period	2033
U.S. Federal [Member]
Operating loss carryforward, amount	$ 67.4
Foreign tax authority [Member]
Tax credit carryforward, amount	$ 13.7
Tax credit carryforward expiration period	2028
U.S. State [Member]
Operating loss carryforward, amount	$ 28.7

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Shareholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details) - KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common Stock, Value, Outstanding	₩ 10,000	₩ 10,000

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Net Income Per Share - Summary of the Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Numerator:
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders – basic	$ 100,885	$ (233,978)	$ 78,108
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt	0	0	0
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders – diluted	$ 100,885	$ (233,978)	$ 78,108
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	2,477,672	2,477,672	2,303,200
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible debt	0	0	0
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of warrants	0	0	0
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted	2,477,672	2,477,672	2,303,200
Basic net income (loss) per share	$ 40.72	$ (94.43)	$ 33.91
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$ 40.72	$ (94.43)	$ 33.91

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Leases - Additional Information (Details) - ft² ft² in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Oct. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jul. 01, 2012
Operating lease weighted average remaining lease term		3 years 9 months 18 days	1 year 7 months 6 days
Operating lease weighted average discount rate		5.80%	5.20%
Seattle [Member]
Area of Land				49,375
Lessee, Operating Lease, Renewal Term	61 months
Lessee Operating Lease Expired Term	2024-10
Gangnamgu [Member]
Area of Land		28,497
Lessee Operating Sub Lease Expired Term		2028-09
Malta [Member]
Area of Land		4,770
Lessee Operating Lease Expired Term		2024-10

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Leases - Summary of Cash Flow Information Related to Operating Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023		Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$ 7,577		$ 4,675		$ 7,764
Accrued rent	447		817		934
Total operating lease right-of-use asset, net	7,130		3,858		6,830
Short-term operating lease liabilities	3,157	[1]	3,050	[1]	3,076
Long-term operating lease liabilities	4,420	[2]	1,625	[2]	4,688
Total operating lease liabilities	7,577		4,675		7,764
Operating lease costs	3,201		3,160		3,313
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	3,501		3,253		3,262
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations	$ 7,655		$ 0		$ 0

[1] Includes related party operating lease liability of $1,298 and $1,066 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[2] Includes related party operating lease liability of $4,414 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

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Leases - Summary of Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Malta [Member]
2024	$ 267
2025	0
2026	0
2027	0
Thereafter	0
Less:Imputed Intrest	(3)
Total	264
Seattle Lease [Member]
2024	1,732
2025	0
2026	0
2027	0
Thereafter	0
Less:Imputed Intrest	(130)
Total	1,602
Seoul Lease [Member]
2024	1,445
2025	1,501
2026	1,534
2027	1,541
Thereafter	971
Less:Imputed Intrest	(1,281)
Total	$ 5,711

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Summary of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Beginning balance	$ 19,360	$ 23,033	$ 22,815
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)	1,219	(3,519)	504
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax	(597)	(154)	(286)
Ending balance	19,982	19,360	23,033
Currency Translation Adjustments [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Beginning balance	20,792	24,311	23,807
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)	1,219	(3,519)	504
Ending balance	22,011	20,792	24,311
Defined Benefit Pension Plan [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Beginning balance	(1,432)	(1,278)	(992)
Actuarial gain/(loss), net of tax	(597)	(154)	(286)
Ending balance	$ (2,029)	$ (1,432)	$ (1,278)

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details)	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 29, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) titles	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Reasonably possible loss contingency		$ 5,000,000		$ 5,000,000
Loss contingency accrual, payments			$ 95,250,000
International Gaming Technologies [Member]
Percentage of royalty on revenue							10.00%	10.00%
Long-term purchase commitment, period				10 years
Cost of revenue				$ 5,300,000	$ 7,000,000	$ 11,100,000
DoubleU Games License Agreement [Member]
Number of titled games | titles				49
Game Development And Services Agreement With Double U Games [Member]
Services fees for game maintanance and product planning		$ 1,400,000
Maximum [Member]
Litigation settlement, amount awarded to other party	$ 145,250,000
Loss contingency accrual, payments					$ 95,250,000
Maximum [Member] | International Gaming Technologies [Member]
Percentage of royalty on revenue		15.00%		15.00%
Minimum [Member] | International Gaming Technologies [Member]
Percentage of royalty on revenue		7.50%		7.50%

XML

Related Party Transactions - Summary of Expenses Charged by Our Parent (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest expense	[1]	$ 1,798	$ 1,831	$ 2,011
Cost of revenue [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Royalty expense		2,565	3,374	4,335
Interest expense [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest expense		1,762	1,780	2,010
General and administrative expense [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Rent expense		1,268	1,251	1,397
Other expenses		$ 1,636	$ 225	$ 206

[1] Includes related party interest expense of $1,762, $1,780, and $2,010 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 13).

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Related Party Transactions - Summary of Amounts Due to our Parent (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023		Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Short-term lease liability	$ 3,157	[1]	$ 3,050	[1]	$ 3,076
Long-term lease liability	$ 4,420	[2]	1,625	[2]	4,688
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Short-term lease liability
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Long-term lease liability
Short-term operating lease liabilities [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Short-term lease liability	$ 1,298		1,066		1,309
Long-term lease liabilities [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Long-term lease liability	4,414		0		1,078
Current Portion Of Borrowing With Related Party [Member] | Related Party [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
4.6% Senior Notes with related party	38,778		0		0
Long-Term borrowing with related party [Member] | Related Party [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
4.6% Senior Notes with related party	0		39,454		42,176
A/P and accrued expenses [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Royalties and other expenses	1,618		315		511
Other current liabilities [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party	9,501		0		0
Other non-current liabilities [Member]
Schedule of related Party transactions due to our parent [Line Items]
Accrued interest on 4.6% Senior Notes with related party	$ 0		$ 7,852		$ 6,454

[1] Includes related party operating lease liability of $1,298 and $1,066 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

[2] Includes related party operating lease liability of $4,414 and $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 13).

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Acquisition - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenues			$ 308,864	$ 321,027	$ 363,205
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest			$ 131,145	(305,168)	$ 100,614
SuprNation [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Weighted Average Useful Life			6 years 7 months 6 days
Cash incentive/compensation plan, key employee may earn			$ 6,500
Cash incentive/compensation plan, key employee may earn after the period			18 months
Revenues		$ 4,300	$ 330,462	$ 346,433
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest		$ 1,800
SuprNation [Member] | Escrow [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash incentive/compensation plan, key employee may earn			$ 5,500
SuprNation [Member] | Patented Technology [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Useful Life		10 years	10 years
SuprNation [Member] | Customer Lists [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Useful Life		4 years	4 years
SuprNation [Member] | Licensing Agreements [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Useful Life		5 years	5 years
European Union [Member] | SuprNation [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total cash purchase price	$ 30,600
Deferred Payment	6,500
Professional Fees	2,000
European Union [Member] | SuprNation [Member] | Escrow [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Payment into escrow	$ 5,500

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Acquisition - Schedule Of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired And Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Non-controlling interest		$ (157)	$ 0
Goodwill		$ 396,704	$ 379,072
SuprNation [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total purchase consideration	$ 30,653
Non-controlling interest	118
Identifiable Assets	13,838
Cash and cash equivalents	3,776
Accounts receivable, net	99
Prepaid expenses, and other assets	612
Platform Technology	6,987
Customers	8,893
Gaming Licenses	476
Property and equipment, net	34
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	200
Other non-current assets	171
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(1,449)
Income taxes payable	(111)
Short-term operating lease liabilities	(191)
Other current liabilities	(3,794)
Deferred tax liabilities, net	(1,630)
Other non-current liabilities	(235)
Goodwill	$ 16,933

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Acquisition - Schedule Of Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma Historical Results Operation Of Company And Suprnation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue		$ 308,864	$ 321,027	$ 363,205
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.		100,885	(233,978)	$ 78,108
SuprNation [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 4,300	330,462	346,433
Net income (loss) attributable to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.		$ 93,802	$ (246,585)

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Acquisition - Schedule Of Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma Adjustment To Net Income Or Loss (Details) - SuprNation [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
An (increase) in amortization expense related to the fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets, net of the amortization expense already reflected in actual historical results	$ (2,571)	$ (3,003)
A decrease (increase) in expenses related to incentives	(2,180)	(6,464)
A (increase) decrease in expenses related to operating and marketing expenses per the agreement	(3,500)	(7,000)
An (increase) decrease in income tax provision	$ 2,643	$ 5,037