BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation—In our opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, accordingly, should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 21, 2024.

Basis of Consolidation—The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Root, Inc. and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, reserves for loss and loss adjustment expense, or LAE, valuation allowances for income taxes and allowance for expected credit losses on premium receivables and reinsurance recoverables.

Legal and Other Contingencies—From time to time, we are party to litigation and legal proceedings relating to our business operations. We consider legal actions relating to claims made in the ordinary course of seeking indemnification for a loss covered by the insurance policy in establishing loss and LAE reserves. In the ordinary course of business, we also face certain lawsuits that seek damages beyond policy limits, or extra-contractual claims.

We continually evaluate potential liabilities and reserves for litigation and other matters using the guidance issued in the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 450, Contingencies. Under this guidance, we may only record reserves for a loss if as of the date the financial statements are issued or available to be issued, the likelihood of occurrence is deemed probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. When disclosing litigation, claims or other matters where a material loss is judged to be reasonably possible, we will disclose an estimated range of loss or state that an estimate cannot be made. We consider each matter using this guidance and record reserves for losses as warranted by establishing a reserve in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for extra-contractual claims and other liabilities for class action, other non-claims related lawsuits and other matters in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Any non-reinsurance related recoveries are recognized as other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We record amounts within loss and loss adjustment expenses for extra-contractual claims and general and administrative for class action and other non-claims related lawsuits in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For other recoveries, we record these amounts in the same account as the initial expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Further details are discussed in Note 11, “Commitments and Contingencies.”

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash—The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amount in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:


	As of
	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
	(dollars in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	674.8	$	678.7
Restricted cash	1.0		1.0
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$	675.8	$	679.7

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs—The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending deferred policy acquisition costs, net of accumulated amortization, reported in other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	2024		2023
	(dollars in millions)
Balance, January 1	$	18.0	$	6.7
Acquisition costs deferred	32.3		28.5
Amortization expense	(23.8)		(20.4)
Balance, September 30	$	26.5	$	14.8

Earnings (Loss) Per Share—Earnings (loss) per share, or EPS, results are a key indicator of the overall performance relative to each share of our outstanding common stock. Basic earnings per share is calculated using the two-class method. Undistributed earnings are allocated to participating securities based on the extent to which each class may share in earnings as if all the earnings for the period have been distributed. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Common shares, when contingencies, such as vesting requirements, exist and have not been satisfied, are excluded from basic earnings per share.

Our Class A and Class B common stock are entitled to the same liquidation and dividend rights and therefore earnings are allocated equally. Our redeemable convertible preferred stock and nonvested shares subject to repurchase are considered to be participating securities because they participate in dividends that are non-forfeitable and distributions with common stock.

Diluted EPS for both Class A and Class B common stock includes all the components of basic EPS, plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, but excludes those common stock equivalents from the calculation of diluted EPS when the effect of inclusion, assessed individually, would be anti-dilutive. The dilutive effect of stock options, nonvested shares subject to repurchase, restricted stock units, or RSUs, performance-based restricted stock units, or PSUs, and warrants are calculated using the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of redeemable convertible preferred stock is calculated using the if-converted method.

For periods in which we operate at a loss, the conversion of common stock equivalents would increase the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation and create a lower loss per share. Therefore, these common stock equivalents are considered antidilutive and diluted EPS is equal to basic EPS. Participating securities do not participate in losses and therefore losses are not allocated in the two-class method. Further details are discussed in Note 12, “Earnings (Loss) Per Share.”

Upcoming Accounting Pronouncements—In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU looks to provide improvements to the segment disclosure by providing users with more decision-useful information about reportable segments in a public entity. The main provisions require a company to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant expenses included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, a description of its composition and the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker, or CODM, with an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding to allocate resources. It also requires all annual disclosures about a reportable segments’ profit or loss and assets to be reported on an interim basis. Although we operate in only one reporting segment, we are still required to provide all the disclosures required by this ASU and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.

This ASU is to be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements with an effective date for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt this ASU in the fourth quarter of 2024 on a retrospective basis. We have currently identified the Chief Executive Officer as our CODM and net income (loss), as reported on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), as our reported measure of segment profit or loss. We are currently evaluating the other impacts of this ASU.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU looks to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The main provisions to the rate reconciliation disclosure require public entities on an annual basis to: disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The main provisions to the income taxes paid disclosure require that all entities disclose on an annual basis: the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid meets a quantitative threshold. This ASU also requires all entities to disclose income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state and foreign.

This ASU is to be applied on a prospective basis with an effective date for all public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU only requires additional disclosure, will not have an impact on our results of operations or financial condition, and is not expected to have a material impact on the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.