10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ Transmission Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission file number: 001-41052

 

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	81-4016391 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
25821 Industrial Blvd., Suite 100 Hayward, CA 94545 (Address of principal executive offices including zip code)	(888) 276-6888 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Trading Symbol(s) TIVC Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

☐ Large accelerated Filer	☐ Accelerated Filer
☒ Non-accelerated Filer	☒   Smaller reporting company
☒   Emerging Growth Company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 10, 2023, 1,466,092 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
		Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	26
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	27
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	28
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	28
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	28
Item 5.	Other Information	29
Item 6.	Exhibits	30
	Signatures	32

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Our condensed financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q are as follows:

Condensed Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022	2
Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	3
Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	4
Condensed Statements of Cash Flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	5
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited)	6

This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 31, 2023.

The accompanying condensed financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and the SEC instructions to Form 10‑Q. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the interim period ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that can be expected for the full year.

1

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

Condensed Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	September 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,169		$	3,517
Accounts receivable, net		131			88
Inventory, net		928			863
Deferred offering costs		—			584
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		227			235
Total current assets		6,455			5,287
Property and equipment, net		124			12
Right-of-use assets, operating lease		394			523
Other assets		34			34
Total assets	$	7,007		$	5,856
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	638		$	1,323
Other accrued expenses		189			373
Operating lease liability, current		173			163
Total current liabilities		1,000			1,859
Operating lease liability		242			367
Total liabilities		1,242			2,226
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 5)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares    issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 1,466,092    and 96,778 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and    December 31, 2022, respectively		—			—
Additional paid in capital		41,408			33,272
Accumulated deficit		(35,643	)		(29,642	)
Total stockholders’ equity		5,765			3,630
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,007		$	5,856

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

2

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	819		$	1,432
Cost of sales		174			414			537			1,176
Gross profit		108			63			282			256
Operating expenses:
Research and development		337			399			1,295			1,295
Sales and marketing		480			487			1,390			2,291
General and administrative		1,051			1,761			3,598			4,512
Total operating expenses		1,868			2,647			6,283			8,098
Loss from operations		(1,760	)		(2,584	)		(6,001	)		(7,842	)
Net loss	$	(1,760	)	$	(2,584	)	$	(6,001	)	$	(7,842	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(1.48	)	$	(27.00	)	$	(10.60	)	$	(81.00	)
Weighted-average number of shares - basic and diluted		1,189,821			96,777			566,228			96,713

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

3

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands except share and per share data)

For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

										Additional					Total
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock					Paid-in		Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balances at January 1, 2022		—	$	—		97,153		$	—	$	32,818	$	(19,546	)	$	13,272
Stock-based compensation    expense		—		—		—			—		61		—			61
Net loss		—		—		—			—		—		(2,240	)		(2,240	)
Balances at March 31, 2022		—	$	—		97,153		$	—	$	32,879	$	(21,786	)	$	11,093
Repurchase of restricted common stock		—		—		(938	)		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—			—		112		—			112
Net loss		—		—		—			—		—		(3,018	)		(3,018	)
Balances at June 30, 2022		—	$	—		96,215		$	—	$	32,991	$	(24,804	)	$	8,187
Exercise of stock options		—		—		563			—		56		—			56
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—			—		113		—			113
Net loss		—		—		—			—		—		(2,584	)		(2,584	)
Balances at September 30, 2022		—	$	—		96,778		$	—	$	33,160	$	(27,388	)	$	5,772

For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

									Additional					Total
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Paid-in		Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balances at January 1, 2023		—	$	—		96,778	$	—	$	33,272	$	(29,642	)	$	3,630
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs						200,000		—		3,412		—			3,412
Issuance of warrants		—		—		—		—		195		—			195
Stock-based compensation    expense		—		—		—		—		84		—			84
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		(2,116	)		(2,116	)
Balances at March 31, 2023		—	$	—		296,778	$	—	$	36,963	$	(31,758	)	$	5,205
Stock-based compensation    expense		—		—		—		—		81		—			81
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		(2,125	)		(2,125	)
Balances at June 30, 2023		—	$	—		296,778	$	—	$	37,044	$	(33,883	)	$	3,161
Exercise of stock options		—		—		—		—		—		—			—
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs		—		—		1,169,230		—		4,148		—			4,148
Issuance of warrants		—		—		—		—		168		—			168
Stock-based compensation    expense		—		—		—		—		48		—			48
Issuance of fractional shares		—		—		84		—		—		—			—
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		(1,760	)		(1,760	)
Balances at September 30, 2023		—	$	—		1,466,092	$	—	$	41,408	$	(35,643	)	$	5,765

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

4

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(6,001	)	$	(7,842	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock based compensation		213			286
Depreciation		6			7
Amortization of right-of-use asset		129			122
Changes is operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(43	)		(3	)
Inventory		(65	)		(332	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		8			462
Deferred offering costs		—			(79	)
Accounts payable		(685	)		813
Accrued expenses		(184	)		(6	)
Lease liabilities		(115	)		(135	)
Other assets		—			15
Net cash used in operating activities		(6,737	)		(6,692	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Acquisition of property and equipment		(118	)		(11	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(118	)		(11	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs		8,507			—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—			56
Net cash provided by financing activities		8,507			56
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		1,652			(6,647	)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		3,517			12,975
End of period	$	5,169		$	6,328
Supplemental disclosure on noncash financing activities
Issuance of common stock warrant	$	363		$	—
Deferred offering costs charged to additional paid-in-capital	$	584		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

5

Tivic Health Systems, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements

(amounts are as indicated)

1. Formation and Business of the Company

Tivic Health Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of California on September 22, 2016 for the purpose of developing and commercializing non-invasive bioelectronic medicine. In June 2021, the Company was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation. Tivic is a commercial-stage health tech company advancing the field of bioelectronic medicine. Tivic’s patented technology platform leverages stimulation on the trigeminal, sympathetic, and vagus nerve structures. Tivic’s non-invasive and targeted approach to the treatment of inflammatory chronic health conditions is intended to give consumers and providers drug-free therapeutic solutions with high safety profiles, low risk, and broad applications. Tivic’s first commercial product, ClearUP, is an FDA approved, award-winning, handheld bioelectronic sinus device. ClearUP is clinically proven, doctor-recommended, and is available through online retailers and commercial distributors. The Company is headquartered in Hayward, California.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, which has been derived from audited financial statements, and the unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of September 30, 2023, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, all accounting entries and adjustments (including normal, recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods have been made. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Reverse Stock Split

In August 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, which was effected on August 23, 2023. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. Fractional shares were not issued, and instead, the Company issued one whole share of the post reverse split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. Consequently, 84 shares of common stock were issued in leiu of fractional shares. In addition, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. All share and per share amounts for the common stock, as well as the stock options, and warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, included in the financial statements and these footnotes thereto have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

Going Concern Uncertainty

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred a net loss of $6.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $35.6 million. Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2023 were $5.2 million. During each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had negative cash flows from operations of $6.7 million. Management expects to incur substantial additional operating losses for the foreseeable future in order to continue its research and development programs and potentially launch new commercial products or product extensions of ClearUP. Based on the Company’s current cash levels and burn rate, amongst other things, the Company believes its cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the twelve months following the date of issuance of these financial statements.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared as if the Company will continue as a going concern. As noted above, the Company has experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations. The Company's working capital

6

as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $5.5 million. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

Future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including, without limitation, progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies; the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights; our ability to establish collaborative arrangements; completion of any acquisitions or other strategic transactions; marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from existing as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, may require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan.

The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional capital to continue research and development and to fund its planned operations, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of future products. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $5.2 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for credit losses and returns reserves. The allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. Management regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, each customer’s expected ability to pay, and the collection history with each customer, when applicable, to determine whether a specific allowance is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses balance was $0. Bad debt expense was not material in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. As of each September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for sales returns was $19 thousand.

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. Inventories are reviewed periodically to identify slow-moving inventory based on anticipated sales activity. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for obsolescence was $0.

Deferred Financing Costs

7

The Company complies with the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 340-10-S99-1. The Company capitalizes incremental legal, professional, accounting, and other third-party fees that are directly associated with an equity or debt offering as other current assets. If the Company consummates an equity offering, the deferred financing costs will be allocated to additional paid-in capital. If the Company consummates a debt offering, the deferred financing costs will be recorded as a discount to the debt.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The standard applies to all contracts with customers, except contracts that are within scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments.

Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are in within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inceptions, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company sells its products through direct sales and resellers. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to the customers or the resellers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in the future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction.

The Company may receive payments at the onset of the contract and before goods have been delivered. In such instances, the Company records a deferred revenue liability. The Company recognizes these contract liabilities as revenue after the revenue criteria are met. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contract liability related to the Company’s deferred revenues approximated $3 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and is included in “Other Accrued Liabilities” on the accompanying balance sheets.

The Company relies on third parties to have procedures in place to detect and prevent credit card fraud, as the Company has exposure to losses from fraudulent charges. The Company records the losses related to chargebacks as incurred.

The Company has also elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price sales taxes remitted to governmental authorities.

The table below presents revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Product Revenue by Sales Channel	2023			2022			2023			2022
Product Revenue
Direct-to-consumer	$	205		$	412		$	679		$	1,315
Reseller		114			120			223			291
Return Reserves		(37	)		(55	)		(83	)		(174	)
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	819		$	1,432

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling fees paid by customers are recorded in revenue, with the related expenses recorded in cost of sales. Shipping and handling fees paid by customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $1 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $1 and $2 thousand, respectively.

8

Shipping costs for delivery of product to customers in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $13 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $34 thousand and $64 thousand, respectively.

Product Warranty

The Company generally offers a one-year limited warranty on its products. The Company estimates the costs associated with the warranty obligation using historical data of warranty claims and costs incurred to satisfy those claims. Estimated warranty costs are expensed to cost of sales.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of merchandising, customer service and targeted online marketing costs, such as display advertising, keyword search campaigns, search engine optimization and social media and offline marketing costs such as television, radio and print advertising. Sales and marketing expenses also include payroll costs and stock-based compensation expense for employees involved in marketing activities. Sales and marketing expenses are primarily related to growing the customer base.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including the cost of salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, materials, supplies, depreciation on and maintenance of research equipment, the cost of services provided by outside contractors, and the allocable portions of facility costs, such as rent, utilities, insurance, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, and general support services. All costs associated with research and development are expensed as incurred. Additionally, the Company incurs costs related to periodic design changes to existing products. Such costs are not considered research and development expenses and are capitalized and amortized over the newly designed product's estimated life.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employee consultants using a fair value method, which requires the recognition of compensation expense for costs related to all stock-based payments, including stock options. The fair value method requires the Company to estimate the fair value of stock-based payment awards to employees and non-employees on the date of grant using an option pricing model.

Stock-based compensation costs are based on the fair value of the underlying option calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period. The Company measures equity-based compensation awards granted to non-employees at fair value as the awards vest and recognizes the resulting value as compensation expense at each financial reporting period.

Determining the appropriate fair value model and related assumptions requires judgment, including estimating stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk-free rate of return, and the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock. Due to the lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has based its estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the expected term assumption. The group of representative companies have characteristics similar to the Company, including stage of product development and focus on the life science industry. The Company uses the simplified method, which is the average of the final vesting tranche date and the contractual term, to calculate the expected term for options granted to employees as it does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected term of the stock options. The Company uses an assumed dividend yield of zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on its common stock. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Net Loss per Common Share

The Company computes net loss per share of common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed similar to basic net loss per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares for the potential dilutive effects of warrants, convertible preferred stock and stock options outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. For all periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same, as inclusion of any additional share equivalents would be anti-dilutive.

9

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents include a checking account and money market account, both held at one national financial institution in the United States. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. Despite recent concerns regarding the stability of certain banking institutions in the United States, management believes that the financial institution at which the Company holds its deposits is financially sound, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to the financial institution. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents balances exceeding FDIC insured limits by $4.7 million and $3.0 million, respectively.

During 2023, the majority, or 75%, of the Company’s sales have been to individual consumers. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had two reseller customers whose accounts receivable balance totaled more than 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable (75% and 12%) compared with two such customers at December 31, 2022 (43% and 18%).

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (40%), compared to one such customer for the same period in 2022 (22%).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (25%) compared to one customer for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (17%).

During 2023, we outsourced 100% of our contract manufacturing to vendors with locations in California and Canada.

The world continues to be affected by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and more recent conflict in Israel, economic uncertainty in human capital management and certain other macroeconomic factors including climate change, recent uncertainty with respect to the banking systems in the United States, inflation, and rising interest rates. Additionally, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, and most recently on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, were closed and taken over by the FDIC, which created significant market disruption and uncertainty for those who bank with those institutions, and which raised significant concern regarding the stability of the banking system in the United States, and in particular with respect to regional banks. These factors, amongst other things, could result in further economic uncertainty and volatility in the capital markets in the near term, and could negatively affect our operations. We will continue to monitor material impacts on our business strategies and operating results.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, and ASU 2020-02 (collectively, “Topic 326”). Topic 326 introduces an approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, among other changes. This guidance became effective for us on January 1, 2023. We determined the applicable assets impacted by the guidance to be our accounts receivable. We reviewed the acceptable methods for determining the expected credit losses and utilized the roll-rate method whereby expected credit losses are determined using historical trends in credit quality indicators such as delinquency risk ratings. The majority of our sales are to individual customers where payment is made at the time of purchase, thus no credit loss has been estimated. Our accounts receivable balances represent amounts due primarily from our resellers, which are large, well established companies. We have not experienced any credit losses from our current accounts receivable base in the past and estimate that we will have no credit losses based on the current account attributes. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no estimated credit losses recorded.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Not Yet Adopted

There have been no recently issued accounting pronouncements that are applicable to the Company.

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3. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial instruments consist of money market funds. The following tables show the Company’s cash equivalents carrying value and fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	As of September 30, 2023 (unaudited)
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—

	As of December 31, 2022
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—

Cash equivalents – Cash equivalents of $4.7 million and $3.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, consisted of money market funds. Money market funds are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets.

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices) such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

There have been no changes to the valuation methodologies utilized by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company evaluates transfers between levels at the end of each reporting period. There were no transfers of financial instruments between levels during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

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4. Inventory, net (in thousands)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	819	$	724
Work in process		39		23
Finished goods		70		116
Inventory at cost		928		863
Less reserve for obsolescence		—		—
Inventory, net	$	928	$	863

5. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease

In November 2021, the Company executed a noncancelable operating lease for approximately 9,091 square feet of office space in Hayward, California to serve as its headquarters. The lease will expire in October 2025 and there is no option to renew for an additional term. The Company is obligated to pay, on a pro-rata basis, real estate taxes and operating costs related to the premises.

Lease costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $50 thousand and $151 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $51 thousand and $151 thousand, respectively.

The Company’s weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate as of September 30, 2023 is shown below:

Remaining lease term (in years)	2.00
Discount rate	6.0	%

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $51 thousand and $50 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in operating activities in the statement of operations. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $154 thousand and $138 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in operating activities in the statement of operations.

Future minimum maturities of lease liabilities recognized on the condensed balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year
Remainder of 2023	$	52
2024		210
2025		178
Total minimum lease payments		440
Less imputed interest		(25	)
Present value of lease payments	$	415

ALOM Fulfillment Services Agreement

On November 25, 2022, the Company entered into a Fulfillment Services Agreement (the “ALOM Agreement”) with ALOM Technologies Corporation (“ALOM”). Pursuant to the ALOM Agreement, commencing on November 28, 2022, ALOM began providing, on a non-exclusive basis, certain assembly, procurement, storage, returns, and fulfillment services to our end customers and retailers within the United States. During the term of the ALOM Agreement, ALOM shall provide the services in accordance with purchase orders issued by us from time to time. The consideration payable by us to ALOM for services rendered under the ALOM Agreement will be calculated and invoiced based on fixed hourly rates and fixed unit pricing, as applicable, subject to certain exceptions; provided that, commencing April 1, 2023, we became subject to a $25 thousand minimum monthly purchase requirement. The ALOM Agreement has a three-year initial term, with automatic annual renewals, and may be terminated for convenience by either party upon sixty days written notice to the other party.

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Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may become involved in litigation. Management is not currently aware of any litigation matters or other contingencies that could have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

6. Preferred Stock

The Company’s board of directors is authorized, without action by its stockholders, to designate and issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and to fix the voting rights, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of any series of preferred stock that they may designate in the future. There were no series of preferred stock designated and no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

7. Common Stock

On April 1, 2022, the Company exercised its right and repurchased 938 shares of unvested restricted common stock from an employee upon the termination of such employee's employment by the Company.

On February 13, 2023, the Company sold 200,000 shares of its common stock in an underwritten public offering at a price of $25 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million. The net proceeds to the Company, after deducting the underwriting discount and commissions and expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $3.6 million. In addition, pursuant to the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the offering, the Company granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 30,000 shares of common stock, solely to cover over-allotments. This option expired in March 2023, and the underwriter did not exercise its option to purchase any additional shares prior to such expiration.

On July 11, 2023, the Company sold 325,000 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $5.50 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.8 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.5 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to $143 thousand) at closing, as well as $90 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 13,000 shares of Company common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $6.60 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

On July 19, 2023, the Company sold 512,500 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $4.00 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.1 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.7 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to $164 thousand) at closing, as well as $60 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 20,500 shares of common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $4.80 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

On August 9, 2023, the Company sold 331,730 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $4.10 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.4 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.1 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to approximately $109 thousand) at closing, as well as $60 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 13,270 shares of Company common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $4.92 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

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Effective August 23, 2023, the Company's board of directors approved a reverse stock split of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, at a ratio of 1-for-100. As a result of the reverse stock split, the total number of shares of common stock held by each stockholder of the Company were converted automatically into the number of shares of common stock equal to the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock held by each such stockholder immediately prior to the reverse stock split divided by 100. The Company issued one whole share of the post reverse stock split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. As a result, no fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split and no cash or other consideration was paid in connection with any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the reverse stock split. Also, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. All share and per share amounts for the common stock, as well as the warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

As of September 30, 2023, no dividends on common stock had been declared by the Company. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,698
Shares available for future stock option grants		6,649		4,564
Total		81,348		19,989

8. Common Stock Warrants

Historically, the Company has entered into warrant agreements in connection with certain consulting agreements and equity offerings. In August 2023, the Company implemented a 1-for-100 reverse stock split wherein, per the terms of the agreements, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of each of the warrants outstanding at that time was reduced by dividing the quantity outstanding by 100 and the exercise price of each such warrant was multiplied by 100. No other terms of the warrants were changed as a result of the reverse stock split.

In July 2021, the Company entered into a consulting agreement, pursuant to which 500 warrants to purchase common stock were granted and an additional 500 warrants to purchase common stock were granted in November 2021. The warrants are exercisable upon issuance, have an exercise price of $104 per share and have a term of five years. The consulting agreement was effective as of February 2021, had an initial monthly fee of $5 thousand and a term of two years. The agreement was amended in May of 2022 to increase the monthly payment to $7.5 thousand. Currently, the agreement is automatically renewing on a month-to-month basis until terminated by either party. The warrant issuances are indexed to, and settled in, the Company’s own common stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In November 2021, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,727 shares of common stock to designees of ThinkEquity LLC (“ThinkEquity”), the underwriter of the IPO. The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after May 9, 2022, have an exercise price of $625 per share and have a term of five years. The warrant issuances are indexed to and settled in the Company’s own common stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In February 2023, the Company issued warrants to purchase 10,000 shares of common stock to designees of ThinkEquity, the underwriter of the underwritten public offering of 200,000 shares of Company common stock that closed in February 2023. The designees paid an aggregate of $0.1 thousand for the warrants. The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after August 7, 2023, have an exercise price of $31.25 per share, and have a term of four years commencing 180 days following the commencement of sales in the offering. The warrant issuances were indexed to and settled in the Company’s own stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In July and August 2023, the Company issued a total of 47,670 warrants to purchase shares of common stock to Maxim Group, LLC ("Maxim"), the placement agent for each of the three public offerings of the Company's common stock completed during the period. The warrants are exercisable at any time beginning six months after the close of the applicable equity offering and expire five years

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from the from the commencement of sales under the applicable offering. Of the warrants issued in the offerings, 13,000 are exercisable beginning on January 11, 2024 at a price of $6.60 per share; 20,500 are exercisable beginning on January 19, 2024 at a price of $4.80 per share; and 13,270 are exercisable beginning on February 9, 2024 at a price of $4.92 per share.

The Company estimated the value of the warrants in 2023 using the Black-Scholes options valuation model. The fair value of the warrants issued in February 2023 was $195 thousand and was recognized as issuance costs of the common stock issued in the underwritten public offering and was classified within stockholders' equity. The fair value of the warrants issued in July and August 2023 totaled $168 thousand and was recognized as issuance costs of the common stock issued in the three offerings during the period and was classified within stockholders' equity.

The fair value of the warrants issued in 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the following assumptions:

	2023
	Minimum	Maximum
Expected life (in years)	4.0	5.0
Expected volatility	116.11%	123.90%
Risk-free interest rate	3.98%	4.24%
Dividend yield	0%	0%

A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Class of Shares	Number of Warrants		Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	July 1, 2026
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	November 15, 2026
Common Stock		1,727	$	625.00	November 10, 2026
Common Stock		10,000	$	31.25	August 9, 2027
Common Stock		13,000	$	6.60	July 10, 2028
Common Stock		20,500	$	4.80	July 14, 2028
Common Stock		13,270	$	4.92	August 4, 2028

9. Equity Incentive Plans

In 2017, the Company adopted its 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”).

On November 10, 2021, the 2017 Plan terminated and was replaced by the 2021 Plan (defined below), and future issuances of incentive instruments will be made under and governed by the 2021 Plan. Outstanding awards issued under the 2017 Plan will remain subject to the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan, provided that to the extent that outstanding awards under the 2017 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised, the shares of common stock subject to such awards will no longer be available for future issuance.

In 2021, the Company adopted its 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”). Options granted under the 2021 Plan may be incentive stock options or non-statutory stock options, as determined at the time of grant by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s board of directors, which is responsible for administering the 2021 Plan. Stock purchase rights and restricted stock units may also be granted under the 2021 Plan. The term shall be no more than ten years from the date of grant thereof. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to an optionee who, at the time the option is granted, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the term of the option shall be five years from the date of grant or such shorter term as may be provided in the relevant option agreement. To the extent outstanding awards under the 2021 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised, the shares of common stock subject to such awards will be available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides that additional shares will automatically be added to the shares authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan on January 1 of each year. The number of shares added each year will be equal to the lesser of: (i) 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on December 31st of the preceding calendar year or (ii) such number of shares determined by the board of directors, in its discretion. On January 1, 2023, 4,839 shares were automatically added to the number of shares authorized for issuance under 2021 Plan (an increase equal to 5% of the number of the outstanding shares of Company common stock as of December 31, 2022. Immediately after the automatic increase on January, 1, 2023, there were 9,403 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.

In the case of an incentive stock option (i) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the exercise

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price shall be no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; (ii) granted to any other employee, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. In the case of a non-statutory stock option (i) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the exercise price shall be no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; (ii) granted to any other service provider, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, options may be granted with a per share exercise price other than as required above pursuant to a merger or other corporate transaction.
 

The options may include provisions permitting exercise of the option prior to full vesting. Any unvested shares upon termination shall be subject to repurchase by the Company at the original exercise price of the option.

In August 2023, the Company implemented a 1-for-100 reverse stock split wherein the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of each options outstanding at the time was reduced by dividing the quantity outstanding by 100 and multiplying the exercise price of each outstanding option by 100. No other terms of the stock options were changed as a result of the reverse stock split.

As of September 30, 2023, there were 6,649 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.

Stock options granted under the Company’s equity incentive plans generally vest over four years from the date of grant.

The following table summarizes the stock option award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Outstanding			Exercisable
January 1, 2023		12,698			3,581
Granted		5,750			—
Vested		—			3,284
Forfeited or expired		(3,246	)		(670	)
Exercised		—			—
September 30, 2023		15,202			6,195

The weighted-average exercise price as of September 30, 2023 for stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable was $145.07 and $194.07, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual life as of September 30, 2023 for stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable was 7.45 and 6.07 years, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation recorded in the condensed statements of operations is allocated as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2023			2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	24		$	30	$	82	$	50
Sales and marketing		(2	)		—		1		1
General and administrative		26			82		130		122
Total stock-based compensation	$	48		$	112	$	213	$	173

10. Net Loss per Share

The following outstanding potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented due to their antidilutive effect:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Common stock options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,851
Total		74,699		15,578

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the interim condensed financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, as well as our audited financial statements and related notes as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, as well as those identified in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, each of which Risk Factors are incorporated in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q by reference. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. See “Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

Tivic is a bioelectronic medicine company developing and commercializing drug-free treatments for various diseases and conditions. Bioelectronic medicine, also referred to as electroceuticals or neuromodulation, is the treatment of disease and conditions by preferentially activating electrical functions of the body to modify central or peripheral nerve activity. ClearUP is our first commercial product, and is FDA-approved for the treatment of sinus pain and congestion. It has also been granted a CE-Mark as a medical device for the treatment of sinus pain, pressure and congestion. ClearUP is currently sold in the U.S. directly to consumers on various platforms and through reseller channels. The Company has also recently announced the expansion of its intellectual property (“IP”) portfolio and research programs related to vagus nerve stimulation to expand its applications in non-invasive bioelectronic medicine.

Bioelectronic medicine is an emerging market. Since our formation in September 2016, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to the development and marketing of our proprietary technology platform to provide noninvasive, drug-free treatments and treatment candidates for various diseases and conditions. In 2019, we launched ClearUP in the U.S. market. ClearUP is approved by the FDA for sale in the U.S. for the two FDA-approved indications noted above and has a CE Mark (which covers a third indication of sinus pressure and gives us commercial access to European Union Member states and certain other countries). We currently sell directly to consumers online through our own website, Amazon, and Walmart in addition to wholesale via major and specialty retailers, such as BestBuy, FSAStore, and others.

Business Updates

On January 26, 2023, we received notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days, and on July 24, 2023 we received a new notice from Nasdaq that, as of July 21, 2023, the Company’s common stock had a closing bid price of $0.10 or less for ten consecutive trading days and that, consistent with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iii), the Staff determined to delist the Company’s common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Company appealed the delisting decision and effected the 1-for-100 reverse stock split in August 2023, prior to the relevant hearing date for the Company’s appeal due to such appeal being moot, in order to regain compliance with the Nasdaq continued listing rules. On September 15, 2023, Nasdaq notified the Company that the Company’s bid price deficiency had been cured and that the Company had regained compliance with all applicable listing standards. As a result, Nasdaq cancelled the Company’s appeal hearing, reversed its delisting determination and confirmed that the Company’s common stock will continue to be listed and traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Although the Company regained compliance with the relevant Nasdaq listing rules and is no longer in imminent risk of delisting, no assurances can be provided that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement or other continued listing rules.

Effective August 23, 2023, the Company implemented a reverse stock split of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-100. As a result of the reverse stock split, the total number of shares of Common Stock held by each stockholder of the Company were converted automatically into the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock held by each such stockholder immediately prior to completion of the reverse stock split divided by 100. The Company issued one whole share of the post reverse stock split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. As a result, no fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split and no cash or other consideration was paid in connection with any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the reverse stock split. Also, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplied the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock

17

or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. All share and per share amounts for the Company’s common stock, as well as the options and warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the financial statements and footnotes thereto included herein, have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

On July 5, 2023, we amended our amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”) to (i) revise Article II, Section 2.5 of the Bylaws to incorporate those requirements set forth in Rule 14a-19 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as recently implemented by the SEC; and (ii) to revise Article II, Section 2.8 of the Bylaws to decrease the quorum threshold necessary to conduct business at stockholder meetings of the Company to one-third of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the meeting. Pursuant to Article XI of the Bylaws, stockholder approval was not required to amend the Bylaws.

From July 11, 2023 to August 9, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 1,169,230 shares of common stock to certain investors at prices ranging from $4.00 to $5.50 per share in a series of registered public offerings, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $5.2 million. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $4.8 million. Maxim served as the placement agent, on a “reasonable best efforts basis,” in connection with each of the offerings. The shares of common stock sold in the offerings were offered pursuant to final prospectus supplements, filed with the SEC, to the Company’s effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-269494), which was initially filed with the SEC on February 1, 2023 and was declared effective on February 8, 2023. See the Recent Developments section, below, for additional information regarding each of the offerings.

In Q3 2023, we began to see the positive impact of initiatives that have spanned several quarters to improve fundamentals on our ClearUP product and advancing our commercial roadmap as follows:

•We maintained the higher retail price implemented in Q2 of ClearUP, which has improved gross margins, resulting in higher gross profit, despite lower revenue.

•Following a Q2 reset of marketing, we judiciously increased marketing investment as we launched new creative, messaging, placement, and content targeted at key segments of the market.

•We announced a new partnership with InStep Health to drive patient and healthcare provider awareness of ClearUP. The program is scheduled to roll-out to offices beginning in mid-November 2023, and is expected to reach approximately 2500 healthcare professionals.

•We announced the execution of a commercial distribution agreement with Amerisource Bergen, establishing our second healthcare-focused distribution channel, expected to begin distribution of ClearUP sales by end of year.

We invested in research and development (“R&D”) programs as follows:

•We continued expanding our IP portfolio and received our first international patent allowance.

•We have made product improvements that are expected to improve customer experience, including correcting customer-reported charging issues, offering extended battery life and allowing faster charging. This new functionality is expected to be in market by the end of Q4.

•We continued our collaboration on a sham-controlled clinical trial to evaluate treating postoperative pain after sinus surgery.

•We continued our partnership with The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health in which we are testing a novel non-invasive bioelectronic approach to vagus nerve stimulation.

•Based on preliminary data generated under the collaboration with The Feinstein Institute, we are identifying and targeting high-value market segments that we believe have strong return on investment (“ROI”) potential.

Tivic has proven its ability to innovate by combining science and technology with its expertise in neuroimmunology, medical device product development, and regulatory affairs. We expect to increasingly focus our internal research on breakthrough opportunities, treating medical conditions that generate high costs and could benefit from more effective, patient-centric therapeutic solutions.

Operational Updates

On October 21, 2022, the Company entered into a Manufacturing Agreement (the “Microart Agreement”) with Microart Services Inc. (“Microart”). Pursuant to the Microart Agreement, Microart will manufacture, on a non-exclusive basis, certain components and sub-assemblies (collectively, “Products”) of the Company’s current and future products. On November 25, 2022, we entered into a Fulfillment Services Agreement (the “ALOM Agreement”) with ALOM Technologies Corporation (“ALOM”). Pursuant to the ALOM

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Agreement, commencing on November 28, 2022, ALOM began providing, on a non-exclusive basis, certain assembly, procurement, storage, returns, and fulfillment services to our end customers and retailers within the United States.

As a result of both the Microart and ALOM Agreements signed within the fourth quarter of 2022, we have significantly reduced the cost per unit for the existing ClearUP product in 2023. We expect that the remainder of the ClearUp products previously built under the higher cost structure should sell through in 2023, resulting in continued reduction of cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue.

Team Updates

We are intent on maintaining a small core team at this stage of the Company, given current market conditions and need for a smaller footprint. We have relied, and continue to rely, heavily on third-party service providers, including marketing agencies, clinical research organizations and academic research partnerships, finance and accounting support, legal support, and contract manufacturing organizations to carry out our operations. We recognize that any amount of turnover in our internal or third-party service providers at our size may impair our ability to execute our business plans.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,									Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			Change			2023			2022			Change
	(unaudited)
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	(195	)	$	819		$	1,432		$	(613	)
Cost of sales		174			414			(240	)		537			1,176			(639	)
Gross profit		108			63			45			282			256			26
Operating expenses:
Research and development		337			399			(62	)		1,295			1,295			0
Sales and marketing		480			487			(7	)		1,390			2,291			(901	)
General and administrative		1,051			1,761			(710	)		3,598			4,512			(914	)
Total operating expenses		1,868			2,647			(779	)		6,283			8,098			(1,815	)
Loss from operations		(1,760	)		(2,584	)		824			(6,001	)		(7,842	)		1,841
Net loss	$	(1,760	)	$	(2,584	)	$	824		$	(6,001	)	$	(7,842	)	$	1,841

Revenue

Revenue is currently generated through the sale of our ClearUP device and ancillary products, including accessories and accelerated shipping charges, and is net of return reserves. Sales are currently made directly to consumers online through our own website, Amazon and Walmart. We also sell to major and specialty retailers, such as BestBuy, and FSAStore. Noninvasive bioelectronic medicine is an emerging market space that provides consumers with non-drug treatments for various diseases and ClearUP is the first FDA-approved bioelectronic treatment for sinus pain and congestion.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, revenue decreased by $195 thousand, or 40.9%, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to the higher price point implemented in Q2 resulting in a 58% decrease in unit sales, offset by a 54% increase in the per unit average sales price.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, revenue decreased by $613 thousand, or 42.8%, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to the higher price point implemented in Q2 as well as significant reductions in marketing activities resulting in a 57% decrease in unit sales, offset by a 51% increase in the per unit average sales price.

We expect some variability in sales due to reduction in marketing spend and price point positioning for target markets, with the net impact resulting in a higher gross profit and lower loss from operations.

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Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of the materials and services to manufacture our products, the internal personnel costs to oversee manufacturing and supply chain functions, and the shipment of goods to customers. A significant portion of our cost of sales is currently in fixed and semi-fixed expenses associated with the management of manufacturing and supply chain.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, cost of sales decreased by $240 thousand, or 58%, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily driven by the decrease in sales volume. Variable cost was $120 thousand, or $73.57 per unit, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $373 thousand, or $95.04 per unit, for the same period in 2022. The decrease in variable cost was primarily driven by lower manufacturing and fulfillment costs. Fixed costs were $54 thousand, or $33.05 per unit, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $41 thousand, or $10.48 per unit, for the same period in 2022. The increase in the fixed cost was primarily due to lower sales volume to absorb the costs.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cost of sales decreased by $639 thousand, or 54%, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily driven by the decrease in sales volume. Variable cost was $364 thousand, or $70.09 per unit, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $1.0 million, or $85.49 per unit, for the same period in 2022. The decrease in variable cost was primarily driven by lower manufacturing and fulfillment costs. Fixed costs were $173 thousand, or $33.37 per unit, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $134 thousand, or $11.01 per unit, for the same period in 2022. The increase in the fixed cost was primarily due to lower sales volume to absorb the costs.

Gross Margin

Gross margin has been and will continue to be affected by, and is likely to fluctuate on a quarterly basis due to, a variety of factors, including sales volumes, product and channel mix, pricing strategies, costs of finished goods, and product return rates, new product launches and potential new manufacturing partners and suppliers. We expect our gross margin to increase with future price increases, optimization of our supply-chain and product design, and increasing sales volume over which fixed and semi-fixed costs are allocated.

Although we currently do not anticipate a supply shortage in the near term, we continue to maintain relationships with and monitor alternative and secondary source suppliers in order to ensure that we are able to source sufficient components and materials to manufacture our products. Global supply chain shortages (especially when coupled with the increase in inflation and other economic factors) could result in an increase in the cost of the components used in our products, which could result in a decrease of our gross margins or in us having to increase the price at which we sell our products until supply chain constraints are resolved.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred to conduct research, including the discovery, development and validation of product candidates. Research and development expenses include personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, third-party contractor services, including development and testing of prototype devices, and maintenance of limited in-house research facilities. We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. We expect research and development expenses to increase with the discovery, development and validation of new product candidates.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, research and development expenses decreased by $62 thousand compared to the same period in 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, research and development expenses remained flat compared to the same period in 2022. The emphasis of research and development activities in 2023 has been primarily related to a large segmentation study to identify additional incremental market segments with high willingness to pay, product design in our next generation device, intellectual property protection, and the Feinstein study on vagus nerve stimulation. Activities in 2022 were primarily focused on product research and design in the migraine therapeutic area, initiation of a double-blind randomized controlled trial for post-operative pain relief following sinus surgery, and enhancement of our intellectual property protection.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses include personnel costs and expenses for advertising and other marketing services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, sales and marketing expenses decreased by $7 thousand compared to the same period in 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales and marketing expenses decreased by $901 thousand compared to the

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same period in 2022. The decreases were due primarily to reductions in unprofitable marketing spend, offset by more targeted sales and marketing efforts while bringing new distribution partners and new creative online.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include D&O insurance, personnel costs, expenses for outside professional services and other expenses. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Outside professional services consist of legal, finance, accounting and audit services, and other consulting fees. We expect to continue to look for ways to reduce our general and administrative expenses incurred as a result of our public company status.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, general and administrative expenses decreased by $710 thousand compared to the same period in 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, general and administrative expenses decreased by $914 thousand compared to the same period in 2022. The overall decreases were primarily attributable to lower consulting and professional fee expenses, as well as other general administrative expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our formation in September 2016, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, to regulatory clearance and to early market development and testing for our first product, released in September 2019 in the United States. We are not profitable and have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from our operations in each year since our inception. As of September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $5.2 million, working capital of $5.5 million and an accumulated deficit of $35.6 million. We have financed our operations to date primarily through issuances of SAFE instruments, convertible notes and convertible preferred stock and the proceeds from registered public offerings of our securities. In 2021, we completed our IPO, generating net proceeds to the Company of approximately $14.9 million, and we borrowed $2.6 million by issuing convertible notes payable, the outstanding balance of all of which converted into shares of our common stock in connection with our IPO. On February 13, 2023, we completed the sale of 200,000 shares of our common stock in a firm commitment, fully underwritten registered public offering, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3.6 million. From July 11, 2023 to August 9, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 1,169,230 shares of our common stock to certain investors in a series of registered public offerings, resulting in aggregate net proceeds to the Company of approximately $4.3 million.

We expect that our operating expenses will increase significantly as we discover, acquire, validate and develop additional product candidates; seek regulatory approval and, if approved, proceed to commercialization of new products; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; and hire additional personnel. Furthermore, we have incurred and will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company that we did not experience as a private company. Management expects to incur substantial additional operating losses for at least the next two years to expand our markets, complete development or acquisition of new product lines, obtain regulatory approvals, launch and commercialize our products and continue research and development programs. Based on the Company’s current cash levels and burn rate, amongst other things, the Company believes its cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the twelve months following the date of issuance of the financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Developments

February 2023 Offering

On February 8, 2023, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with ThinkEquity LLC (“ThinkEquity”), as representative of the underwriters, pursuant to which, on February 13, 2023, we issued and sold to ThinkEquity in a firm commitment underwritten public offering, 200,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $25.00 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million and net proceeds to the Company of $3.6 million. Additionally, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, on February 13, 2023, we issued designees of ThinkEquity warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10,000 shares of common stock (the “Representative’s Warrants”), representing 5.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering. The Representative’s Warrants have an initial exercise price of $31.25 per share, will be exercisable for a four-year period commencing 180 days following the commencement of sales in the offering, and provide the holders thereof with certain piggyback and demand registration rights. The securities sold in the offering were offered pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1, as amended, which was initially filed with the SEC and was declared effective on February 8, 2023.

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Shelf Offerings

On February 1, 2023, we filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”) with the SEC, which was initially filed with the SEC on February 1, 2023 and was declared effective on February 8, 2023. The Shelf Registration Statement permits us to sell, in one or more public offerings, shares of our common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, or any combination of such securities, for proceeds in an aggregate amount of up to $100 million, subject to limitations on the amount of securities we may sell in any twelve-month period. The Shelf Registration Statement will expire on February 1, 2026.

From July 11, 2023 to August 9, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 1,169,230 shares of common stock to certain investors at prices ranging from $4.00 to $5.50 per share in a series of registered public offerings, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $5.2 million. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $4.8 million. The shares of common stock sold in the offering were offered pursuant to a prospectus supplement, filed with the SEC on July 10, 2023, to the Shelf Registration Statement.

Maxim served as the placement agent, on a “reasonable best efforts basis,” in connection with each of the offerings. As compensation for services rendered by Maxim in connection with the offerings, we paid Maxim a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of each of the offerings (amounting to an aggregate of $416 thousand) at closing, as well as an aggregate of $210 thousand for the reimbursement of certain of Maxim’s expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offerings, we issued Maxim unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 46,770 shares of our common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offerings. The warrants are exercisable at any time beginning six months after the close of the applicable equity offering and expire five years from the from the commencement of sales under the applicable offering. Of the warrants issued in the offerings, 13,000 are exercisable beginning on January 11, 2024 at a price of $6.60 per share; 20,500 are exercisable beginning on January 19, 2024 at a price of $4.80 per share; and 13,270 are exercisable beginning on February 9, 2024 at a price of $4.92 per share. The warrants issued to Maxim, and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise thereof, were not, and have not been, registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are instead were pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder.

The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional capital to continue operating its business and fund its planned operations, including research and development, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of future product candidates. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.

Plan of Operation and Future Funding Requirements

We use our capital resources primarily to fund development of our product candidates, marketing and advertising for commercial products, and general operations. We expect that our operating expenses may increase as we discover, acquire, validate and develop additional product candidates; seek regulatory approval and, if approved, proceed to commercialization of new products; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; hire additional personnel; and maintain compliance with material government (in addition to environmental) regulations. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. At this time, due to the inherently unpredictable nature of research and new product adoption as well as other macroeconomic factors, we cannot reasonably estimate the costs we will incur and the timelines that will be required to complete development, obtain marketing approval and commercialize future product candidates, if at all. For the same reasons, we are also unable to predict how quickly we will generate revenue from ClearUP product sales or whether, or when, if ever, we may achieve profitability from the sales of one or more products. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success, and costs can differ materially from expectations. In addition, we cannot forecast which product candidates may be best developed and/or monetized through future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

In addition to the foregoing, we may, from time to time, consider opportunities for strategic acquisitions that we believe will align with our growth plan, complement our product offerings and be in the best interest of the Company and our stockholders. We remain committed to our growth strategy and will continue to evaluate strategic acquisition, licensing, and partnership opportunities. If an acquisition is identified and pursued, a substantial portion of our cash reserves may be required to complete such acquisition. If we identify an attractive acquisition that would require more cash to complete than we are willing or able to use from our cash reserves, we

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will consider financing options to complete the acquisition, including through equity and/or debt financings.
 

We have generated operating losses in each period since inception. We have incurred an accumulated deficit of $35.6 million through September 30, 2023. We expect to incur additional losses in the future as we expand our sales, marketing, and research and development activities. Based on our current cash levels and burn rate, amongst other things, we believe our cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the next twelve months. As a result, we expect that we will need to raise additional capital to continue operating our business and fund our planned operations, including research and development, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of future product candidates.

We currently generate sales revenue direct-to-consumer though our own website, Amazon.com and Walmart.com and have recently started to expand our wholesale distribution channels. Our ability to grow sales revenue will depend on successfully executing targeted marketing campaigns to drive additional sales through existing and new channels. Long-term growth will be commensurate with our ability to successfully identify, develop, and secure regulatory approval of one or more additional product candidates beyond ClearUP. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through private or public equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements with corporate sources, or through other sources of financing. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions or results of operations, and we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of our products and/or future product candidates.

The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:

•our ability to raise additional capital if and when necessary and on terms favorable to the Company;

•the timing and progress of sales initiatives driving top-line revenue;

•the availability of electronic parts and other components for our products, as well as our ability to source such parts and components at favorable prices;

•the timing and adoption rate of ClearUP line extensions at lower cost of goods;

•the payment terms and timing of commercial contracts entered into for manufacturing and sales of our products to and through online third-party retailers;

•the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities;

•the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

•the timing and amount of milestone payments we may receive under any future collaboration agreements;

•whether we close potential future strategic acquisition opportunities, and if we do, our ability to successfully integrate acquired assets and/or businesses with our own;

•our ability to source new business opportunities through licenses and research and development programs and to establish new collaboration arrangements;

•the costs involved in prosecuting and enforcing patent and other intellectual property claims;

•the cost and timing of additional regulatory approvals beyond those currently held by us;

•our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel, including personnel to support finance, sales, marketing, operations and development of our product candidates and satisfy our obligations as a public company; and

•our efforts to maintain compliance with material government (including environmental) regulations.

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Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from product sales, we expect to fund our operations and capital funding needs through equity and/or debt financings. We may also consider entering into collaboration arrangements or selectively partnering with third parties for clinical development and commercialization. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of additional debt would result in debt service obligations, and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to incur additional indebtedness or pay dividends, among other items. If we raise additional funds through governmental funding, collaborations, strategic partnerships and alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are not able to secure adequate additional funding, we may be forced to make reductions in spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, liquidate assets where possible, and/or suspend or curtail planned programs. Any of these actions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the period indicated (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Cash used in operating activities	$	(6,737	)	$	(6,692	)
Cash used in investing activities		(118	)		(11	)
Cash provided by financing activities		8,507			56
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,652		$	(6,647	)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $6.7 million, which consisted primarily of a net loss of $6.0 million, decreased by non-cash charges of $348 thousand and a net decrease of $1.1 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation of $213 thousand and amortization of right-of-use assets of $129 thousand. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $869 thousand and a decrease of $115 thousand in lease liabilities. Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $6.7 million, which consisted primarily of a net loss of $7.8 million decreased by non-cash charges of $415 thousand and a net change of $735 thousand in our net operating assets. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation of $286 thousand and amortization of right-of-use assets of $122 thousand.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was related to the purchases of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities provided $8.5 million of cash during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which consisted primarily of proceeds from the sale of 1,369,230 shares of our common stock, net of offering discounts and other costs. Financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, were $56 thousand, which consisted of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Known Trends or Uncertainties

As discussed elsewhere in this Report, the world continues to be affected by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and more recent conflict in Israel, economic uncertainty in human capital management (“HCM”) and certain other macroeconomic factors. Inflation has risen, Federal Reserve interest rates have increased recently, and the general consensus among economists continues to suggest that we should expect a higher recession risk to continue for the near term. Additionally, there has recently been significant concern regarding the stability of the banking systems in the United States, in particular with respect to regional banks. Further, climate change continues to be an intense topic of public discussion and is adding additional challenges and financial burden due to impending preparations and changes in the customer mindset. These factors, amongst other things, could result in further economic uncertainty and volatility in the capital markets in the near term, and could negatively affect our

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operations. The pandemic and recent economic volatility have negatively impacted our business in various ways over the last two years. We will continue to monitor material impacts on our HCM strategies, including potential of employee attrition, amongst other things.

We encountered disruptions in our supply of various materials and components in 2022 due to the well-documented shortages and constraints in the global supply chain. We experienced increased pricing, longer lead-times, unavailability of product and limited supplies, protracted delivery dates, and shortages of certain parts and supplies that were necessary components for our products. As a result, we are carrying increased inventory balances to ensure availability of necessary products and to secure pricing. Although we currently do not anticipate a supply shortage will continue to pose a material risk for the Company in the near term, we are continuing to evaluate alternative and secondary source suppliers in order to ensure that we are able to source sufficient components and materials to manufacture our products. Global supply chain shortages (especially when coupled with the increase in inflation and other economic factors) could result in an increase in the cost of the components used in our products, which could result in a decrease of our gross margins or in us having to increase the price at which we sell our products until supply chain constraints are resolved. Additionally, in the event that the price of our components increases significantly or we are unable to source sufficient components and materials from our current suppliers, or to develop relationships with additional suppliers, to manufacture enough of our products to satisfy demand, we may have to cease or slow down production and our business operations and financial condition may be materially harmed and we may need to alter our plan of operation.

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and more recent conflict in Israel. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflicts are highly unpredictable, the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as further supply chain interruptions. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions that have been imposed by the United States and other countries could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds. Although our business has not been materially impacted by the ongoing military conflict between Russian and Ukraine or the conflict in Israel to date, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our suppliers and manufacturers, will be impacted in the short and long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military actions, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. We are continuing to monitor the situation and assessing its potential impact on our business.

Additionally, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, and most recently on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, were closed and taken over by the FDIC, which created significant market disruption and uncertainty for those who bank with those institutions, and which raised significant concern regarding the stability of the banking system in the United States, and in particular with respect to regional banks. If other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents may be threatened and such events could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

As a result of these global issues and other macroeconomic factors, it has been difficult to accurately forecast our revenues or financial results, especially given the near and long term impact of the pandemic, and geopolitical issues, inflation, the Federal Reserve interest rate increases and the potential for a recession. In addition, while the potential impact and duration of these issues on the economy and our business may be difficult to assess or predict, these world events have resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant disruption of global financial markets, and may reduce our ability to access additional capital, which could negatively affect our liquidity in the future. Our results of operations could be materially below our forecasts as well, which could adversely affect our results of operations, disappoint analysts and investors, or cause our stock price to decline. Furthermore, a decrease in orders in a given period could negatively affect our revenues in future periods.

These global issues and events may also have the effect of heightening many risks associated with our customers and supply chain. We may take further actions that alter our operations as may be required by federal, state, or local authorities from time to time, or which we determine are in our best interests. In addition, we may decide to postpone or abandon planned investments in our business in response to changes in our business, which may impact our ability to attract and retain customers and our rate of innovation, either of which could harm our business.

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Inflation

Inflation has increased recently and is expected to continue to increase for the near future. Inflationary factors, such as increases in the cost of our products (and components thereof), interest rates, overhead costs and transportation costs may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience some effect in the near future (especially if inflation rates continue to rise) due to supply chain constraints, consequences associated with employee availability and wage increases, trade tariffs imposed on certain products from China and increased product pricing due to semiconductor product shortages.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Office Lease

The Company executed a noncancelable operating lease for approximately 9,091 square feet of office space in Hayward, California in November 2021 as its headquarters. The lease expires in October 2025 and there is no option to renew for an additional term. The Company is obligated to pay, on a pro-rata basis, real estate taxes and operating costs related to the premises.

Lease cost recorded during each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $151 thousand.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with our contract manufacturer and other vendors to assist in the manufacturing of our products and performance of our research and development activities and other services for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination for convenience after expiration of an advance notice period ranging from 0 to 60 days, and therefore are cancelable contracts and not included in the table of contractual obligations and commitments. There have been no material changes to our previously disclosed business strategy with respect to our contractual obligations as disclosed under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Contractual Obligations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of the condensed financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to sales return reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, and going concern. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors, including the macro-economic factors, that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The methods, estimates, and judgments used by us in applying these critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our condensed consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are included in our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.

Information regarding our significant accounting policies and estimates can also be found in Note 2 to our condensed financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 to our condensed financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

26

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic and current reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and our interim Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a 15(e) and 15d 15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Evaluation Date”), have concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer, where appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our interim Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

27

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings, litigation or claims, nor are aware of any pending, threatened, or unasserted claims, which, if determined adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We may from time to time, be a party to litigation and subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Please carefully consider the information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the risk factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Annual Report”). The risks described in our Annual Report, as well as other risks and uncertainties, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, which in turn could materially and adversely affect the trading price of shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the risks discussed in such filings, or other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial, could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Except as set forth below, there have been no material updates or changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report; provided, however, additional risks not currently known or currently material to us may also harm our business.

Although we have regained compliance with the requirements for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we could in the future fail to satisfy the Nasdaq continued listing requirements and our common stock could be delisted from trading, which would adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in January 2023 we received notice from Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price continued listing rule, and received a subsequent Nasdaq notice in July 2023 that, as required by applicable Nasdaq rules, the Staff had determined to delist our common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market due to the fact that our common stock had a closing bid price of $0.10 or less for ten consecutive trading days. Although we successfully appealed the delisting determination and regained compliance with the Nasdaq continued listing rules by effecting the 1-for-100 reverse stock split in August 2023, no assurance can be given that we will continue to meet applicable Nasdaq continued listing standards. Failure to meet applicable Nasdaq continued listing standards in the future would result in the issuance of another Nasdaq notice, and if we are unable to regain compliance with the applicable rule within the period provided by Nasdaq, could result in a delisting of our common stock, which would materially reduce the liquidity of our common stock and could result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our common stock. In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the inability to advance our development programs, potential loss of confidence by investors and employees, and fewer business development opportunities.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, there were no unregistered sales of our securities that were not reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Repurchases

The Company did not repurchase any of the Company's outstanding equity securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

28

Item 5. Other Information

None.

29

Item 6. Exhibits

30

Exhibit Number	Exhibit description	Incorporated by Reference (Form Type)	Filing Date	Filed herewith
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated November 12, 2021.	8-K	11/15/21
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, dated November 12, 2021.	8-K	11/15/21
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated July 5, 2023.	8-K	7/6/2023
3.4	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Tivic Health Systems, Inc., filed August 21, 2023 (effective August 23, 2023).	8-K	8/22/2023
4.1	Specimen Stock Certificate.	S-1/A	9/9/2021
4.2	Form of Representative’s Warrant (IPO).	S-1/A	9/9/2021
4.3	Warrant to Purchase Common Stock issued to Hannover International, Inc., dated July 1, 2021.	S-1/A	10/29/2021
4.4	Form of Representative's Warrant (February 2023 Offering).	8-K	2/13/2023
4.5	Placement Agent Warrant, dated July 11, 2023.	8-K	7/11/2023
4.6	Placement Agent Warrant, dated July 19, 2023.	8-K	7/19/2023
4.7	Placement Agent Warrant, dated August 9, 2023.	8-K	8/9/2023
10.1	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated July 10, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and the investors party thereto.	8-K	7/11/2023
10.2	Placement Agency Agreement, dated July 10, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC.	8-K	7/11/2023
10.3	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated July 14, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and the investors party thereto.	8-K	7/19/2023
10.4	Placement Agency Agreement, dated July 14, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC.	8-K	7/19/2023
10.5	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated August 6, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and the investors party thereto.	8-K	8/9/2023
10.6	Placement Agency Agreement, dated August 6, 2023, by and between Tivic Health Systems, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC.	8-K	8/9/2023
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.			X
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.			X
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.			*
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.			**
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.			**
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.			**

31

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	**
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	**
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	**
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	**

*

Furnished herewith.

**

The XBRL related information in Exhibit 101 shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to liability of that section and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing or other document pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing or document.

SIGNATURE

In accordance with Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the Hayward, State of California, on November 14, 2023.

Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Jennifer Ernst
		Jennifer Ernst
		Title: Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Kimberly Bambach
		Title: Interim Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

32

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jennifer Ernst, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Tivic Health Systems, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Jennifer Ernst
		Jennifer Ernst
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Kimberly Bambach, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Tivic Health Systems, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Kimberly Bambach
		Kimberly Bambach
		Interim Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Tivic Health Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Jennifer Ernst, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Kimberly Bambach, Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company, do each hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to her knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Jennifer Ernst
		Jennifer Ernst
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Kimberly Bambach
		Kimberly Bambach
		Interim Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 10, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Securities Act File Number	001-41052
Entity Registrant Name	Tivic Health Systems, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	81-4016391
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Address Line One	25821 Industrial Blvd.,
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 100
Entity Address, City or Town	Hayward
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94545
City Area Code	888
Local Phone Number	276-6888
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	TIVC
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		1,466,092
Entity Central Index Key	0001787740
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Condensed Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 5,169	$ 3,517
Accounts receivable, net	131	88
Inventory, net	928	863
Deferred offering costs		584
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	227	235
Total current assets	6,455	5,287
Property and equipment, net	124	12
Right-of-use assets, operating lease	394	523
Other assets	34	34
Total assets	7,007	5,856
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	638	1,323
Other accrued expenses	189	373
Operating lease liability, current	173	163
Total current liabilities	1,000	1,859
Operating lease liability	242	367
Total liabilities	1,242	2,226
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 5)
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 1,466,092 and 96,778 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	0	0
Additional paid in capital	41,408	33,272
Accumulated deficit	(35,643)	(29,642)
Total stockholders' equity	5,765	3,630
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 7,007	$ 5,856

XML

Condensed Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	1,466,092	96,778
Common stock, shares outstanding	1,466,092	96,778

XML

Condensed Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 282	$ 477	$ 819	$ 1,432
Cost of sales	174	414	537	1,176
Gross profit	108	63	282	256
Operating expenses:
Research and development	337	399	1,295	1,295
Sales and marketing	480	487	1,390	2,291
General and administrative	1,051	1,761	3,598	4,512
Total operating expenses	1,868	2,647	6,283	8,098
Loss from operations	(1,760)	(2,584)	(6,001)	(7,842)
Net loss	$ (1,760)	$ (2,584)	$ (6,001)	$ (7,842)
Net loss per share - basic	$ (1.48)	$ (27)	$ (10.6)	$ (81)
Net loss per share - diluted	$ (1.48)	$ (27)	$ (10.6)	$ (81)
Weighted-average number of shares - basic	1,189,821	96,777	566,228	96,713
Weighted-average number of shares - diluted	1,189,821	96,777	566,228	96,713

XML

Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 13,272		$ 32,818	$ (19,546)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		97,153
Stock-based compensation expense	61		61
Net loss	(2,240)			(2,240)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	11,093		32,879	(21,786)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		97,153
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	13,272		32,818	(19,546)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		97,153
Net loss	(7,842)
Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2022	5,772		33,160	(27,388)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		96,778
Beginning Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	11,093		32,879	(21,786)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		97,153
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)		(938)
Stock-based compensation expense	112		112
Net loss	(3,018)			(3,018)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	8,187		32,991	(24,804)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		96,215
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		563
Exercise of stock options	56		56
Stock-based compensation expense	113		113
Net loss	(2,584)			(2,584)
Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2022	5,772		33,160	(27,388)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		96,778
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	3,630		33,272	(29,642)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		96,778
Issuance of common stock (in shares)		200,000
Issuance of common stock	3,412		3,412
Issuance of warrants	195		195
Stock-based compensation expense	84		84
Net loss	(2,116)			(2,116)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	5,205		36,963	(31,758)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		296,778
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	3,630		33,272	(29,642)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		96,778
Net loss	(6,001)
Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2023	5,765		41,408	(35,643)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		1,466,092
Beginning Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	5,205		36,963	(31,758)
Beginning Balance (Shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		296,778
Stock-based compensation expense	81		81
Net loss	(2,125)			(2,125)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	3,161		37,044	(33,883)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		296,778
Issuance of common stock (in shares)		1,169,230
Issuance of common stock	4,148		4,148
Issuance of warrants	168		168
Stock-based compensation expense	48		48
Issuance of fractional shares		84
Net loss	(1,760)			(1,760)
Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 5,765		$ 41,408	$ (35,643)
Ending Balance (Shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		1,466,092

XML

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (6,001)	$ (7,842)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock based compensation	213	286
Depreciation	6	7
Amortization of right-of-use asset	129	122
Changes is operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(43)	(3)
Inventory	(65)	(332)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	8	462
Deferred offering costs		(79)
Accounts payable	(685)	813
Accrued expenses	(184)	(6)
Lease liabilities	(115)	(135)
Other assets		15
Net cash used in operating activities	(6,737)	(6,692)
Cash flows from investing activities
Acquisition of property and equipment	(118)	(11)
Net cash used in investing activities	(118)	(11)
Cash flows from financing activities
Gross proceeds	8,507
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		56
Net cash provided by financing activities	8,507	56
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	1,652	(6,647)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period	3,517	12,975
End of period	5,169	$ 6,328
Supplemental disclosure on noncash financing activities
Issuance of common stock warrant	363
Deferred offering costs charged to additional paid-in-capital	$ 584

XML

Formation and Business of the Company

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Formation and Business of the Company

1. Formation and Business of the Company

Tivic Health Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of California on September 22, 2016 for the purpose of developing and commercializing non-invasive bioelectronic medicine. In June 2021, the Company was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation. Tivic is a commercial-stage health tech company advancing the field of bioelectronic medicine. Tivic’s patented technology platform leverages stimulation on the trigeminal, sympathetic, and vagus nerve structures. Tivic’s non-invasive and targeted approach to the treatment of inflammatory chronic health conditions is intended to give consumers and providers drug-free therapeutic solutions with high safety profiles, low risk, and broad applications. Tivic’s first commercial product, ClearUP, is an FDA approved, award-winning, handheld bioelectronic sinus device. ClearUP is clinically proven, doctor-recommended, and is available through online retailers and commercial distributors. The Company is headquartered in Hayward, California.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, which has been derived from audited financial statements, and the unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of September 30, 2023, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, all accounting entries and adjustments (including normal, recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods have been made. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Reverse Stock Split

In August 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, which was effected on August 23, 2023. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. Fractional shares were not issued, and instead, the Company issued one whole share of the post reverse split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. Consequently, 84 shares of common stock were issued in leiu of fractional shares. In addition, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. All share and per share amounts for the common stock, as well as the stock options, and warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, included in the financial statements and these footnotes thereto have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

Going Concern Uncertainty

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred a net loss of $6.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $35.6 million. Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2023 were $5.2 million. During each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had negative cash flows from operations of $6.7 million. Management expects to incur substantial additional operating losses for the foreseeable future in order to continue its research and development programs and potentially launch new commercial products or product extensions of ClearUP. Based on the Company’s current cash levels and burn rate, amongst other things, the Company believes its cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the twelve months following the date of issuance of these financial statements.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared as if the Company will continue as a going concern. As noted above, the Company has experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations. The Company's working capital

as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $5.5 million. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

Future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including, without limitation, progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies; the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights; our ability to establish collaborative arrangements; completion of any acquisitions or other strategic transactions; marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from existing as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, may require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan.

The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional capital to continue research and development and to fund its planned operations, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of future products. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $5.2 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for credit losses and returns reserves. The allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. Management regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, each customer’s expected ability to pay, and the collection history with each customer, when applicable, to determine whether a specific allowance is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses balance was $0. Bad debt expense was not material in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. As of each September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for sales returns was $19 thousand.

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. Inventories are reviewed periodically to identify slow-moving inventory based on anticipated sales activity. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for obsolescence was $0.

Deferred Financing Costs

The Company complies with the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 340-10-S99-1. The Company capitalizes incremental legal, professional, accounting, and other third-party fees that are directly associated with an equity or debt offering as other current assets. If the Company consummates an equity offering, the deferred financing costs will be allocated to additional paid-in capital. If the Company consummates a debt offering, the deferred financing costs will be recorded as a discount to the debt.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The standard applies to all contracts with customers, except contracts that are within scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments.

Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are in within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inceptions, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company sells its products through direct sales and resellers. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to the customers or the resellers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in the future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction.

The Company may receive payments at the onset of the contract and before goods have been delivered. In such instances, the Company records a deferred revenue liability. The Company recognizes these contract liabilities as revenue after the revenue criteria are met. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contract liability related to the Company’s deferred revenues approximated $3 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and is included in “Other Accrued Liabilities” on the accompanying balance sheets.

The Company relies on third parties to have procedures in place to detect and prevent credit card fraud, as the Company has exposure to losses from fraudulent charges. The Company records the losses related to chargebacks as incurred.

The Company has also elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price sales taxes remitted to governmental authorities.

The table below presents revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Product Revenue by Sales Channel	2023			2022			2023			2022
Product Revenue
Direct-to-consumer	$	205		$	412		$	679		$	1,315
Reseller		114			120			223			291
Return Reserves		(37	)		(55	)		(83	)		(174	)
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	819		$	1,432

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling fees paid by customers are recorded in revenue, with the related expenses recorded in cost of sales. Shipping and handling fees paid by customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $1 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $1 and $2 thousand, respectively.

Shipping costs for delivery of product to customers in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $13 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $34 thousand and $64 thousand, respectively.

Product Warranty

The Company generally offers a one-year limited warranty on its products. The Company estimates the costs associated with the warranty obligation using historical data of warranty claims and costs incurred to satisfy those claims. Estimated warranty costs are expensed to cost of sales.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of merchandising, customer service and targeted online marketing costs, such as display advertising, keyword search campaigns, search engine optimization and social media and offline marketing costs such as television, radio and print advertising. Sales and marketing expenses also include payroll costs and stock-based compensation expense for employees involved in marketing activities. Sales and marketing expenses are primarily related to growing the customer base.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including the cost of salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, materials, supplies, depreciation on and maintenance of research equipment, the cost of services provided by outside contractors, and the allocable portions of facility costs, such as rent, utilities, insurance, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, and general support services. All costs associated with research and development are expensed as incurred. Additionally, the Company incurs costs related to periodic design changes to existing products. Such costs are not considered research and development expenses and are capitalized and amortized over the newly designed product's estimated life.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employee consultants using a fair value method, which requires the recognition of compensation expense for costs related to all stock-based payments, including stock options. The fair value method requires the Company to estimate the fair value of stock-based payment awards to employees and non-employees on the date of grant using an option pricing model.

Stock-based compensation costs are based on the fair value of the underlying option calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period. The Company measures equity-based compensation awards granted to non-employees at fair value as the awards vest and recognizes the resulting value as compensation expense at each financial reporting period.

Determining the appropriate fair value model and related assumptions requires judgment, including estimating stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk-free rate of return, and the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock. Due to the lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has based its estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the expected term assumption. The group of representative companies have characteristics similar to the Company, including stage of product development and focus on the life science industry. The Company uses the simplified method, which is the average of the final vesting tranche date and the contractual term, to calculate the expected term for options granted to employees as it does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected term of the stock options. The Company uses an assumed dividend yield of zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on its common stock. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Net Loss per Common Share

The Company computes net loss per share of common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed similar to basic net loss per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares for the potential dilutive effects of warrants, convertible preferred stock and stock options outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. For all periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same, as inclusion of any additional share equivalents would be anti-dilutive.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents include a checking account and money market account, both held at one national financial institution in the United States. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. Despite recent concerns regarding the stability of certain banking institutions in the United States, management believes that the financial institution at which the Company holds its deposits is financially sound, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to the financial institution. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents balances exceeding FDIC insured limits by $4.7 million and $3.0 million, respectively.

During 2023, the majority, or 75%, of the Company’s sales have been to individual consumers. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had two reseller customers whose accounts receivable balance totaled more than 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable (75% and 12%) compared with two such customers at December 31, 2022 (43% and 18%).

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (40%), compared to one such customer for the same period in 2022 (22%).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (25%) compared to one customer for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (17%).

During 2023, we outsourced 100% of our contract manufacturing to vendors with locations in California and Canada.

The world continues to be affected by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and more recent conflict in Israel, economic uncertainty in human capital management and certain other macroeconomic factors including climate change, recent uncertainty with respect to the banking systems in the United States, inflation, and rising interest rates. Additionally, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, and most recently on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, were closed and taken over by the FDIC, which created significant market disruption and uncertainty for those who bank with those institutions, and which raised significant concern regarding the stability of the banking system in the United States, and in particular with respect to regional banks. These factors, amongst other things, could result in further economic uncertainty and volatility in the capital markets in the near term, and could negatively affect our operations. We will continue to monitor material impacts on our business strategies and operating results.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, and ASU 2020-02 (collectively, “Topic 326”). Topic 326 introduces an approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, among other changes. This guidance became effective for us on January 1, 2023. We determined the applicable assets impacted by the guidance to be our accounts receivable. We reviewed the acceptable methods for determining the expected credit losses and utilized the roll-rate method whereby expected credit losses are determined using historical trends in credit quality indicators such as delinquency risk ratings. The majority of our sales are to individual customers where payment is made at the time of purchase, thus no credit loss has been estimated. Our accounts receivable balances represent amounts due primarily from our resellers, which are large, well established companies. We have not experienced any credit losses from our current accounts receivable base in the past and estimate that we will have no credit losses based on the current account attributes. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no estimated credit losses recorded.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Not Yet Adopted

There have been no recently issued accounting pronouncements that are applicable to the Company.

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

3. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial instruments consist of money market funds. The following tables show the Company’s cash equivalents carrying value and fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	As of September 30, 2023 (unaudited)
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—

	As of December 31, 2022
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—

Cash equivalents – Cash equivalents of $4.7 million and $3.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, consisted of money market funds. Money market funds are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets.

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices) such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

There have been no changes to the valuation methodologies utilized by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company evaluates transfers between levels at the end of each reporting period. There were no transfers of financial instruments between levels during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Inventory, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory, net

4. Inventory, net (in thousands)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	819	$	724
Work in process		39		23
Finished goods		70		116
Inventory at cost		928		863
Less reserve for obsolescence		—		—
Inventory, net	$	928	$	863

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

5. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease

In November 2021, the Company executed a noncancelable operating lease for approximately 9,091 square feet of office space in Hayward, California to serve as its headquarters. The lease will expire in October 2025 and there is no option to renew for an additional term. The Company is obligated to pay, on a pro-rata basis, real estate taxes and operating costs related to the premises.

Lease costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $50 thousand and $151 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $51 thousand and $151 thousand, respectively.

The Company’s weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate as of September 30, 2023 is shown below:

Remaining lease term (in years)	2.00
Discount rate	6.0	%

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $51 thousand and $50 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in operating activities in the statement of operations. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $154 thousand and $138 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in operating activities in the statement of operations.

Future minimum maturities of lease liabilities recognized on the condensed balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year
Remainder of 2023	$	52
2024		210
2025		178
Total minimum lease payments		440
Less imputed interest		(25	)
Present value of lease payments	$	415

ALOM Fulfillment Services Agreement

On November 25, 2022, the Company entered into a Fulfillment Services Agreement (the “ALOM Agreement”) with ALOM Technologies Corporation (“ALOM”). Pursuant to the ALOM Agreement, commencing on November 28, 2022, ALOM began providing, on a non-exclusive basis, certain assembly, procurement, storage, returns, and fulfillment services to our end customers and retailers within the United States. During the term of the ALOM Agreement, ALOM shall provide the services in accordance with purchase orders issued by us from time to time. The consideration payable by us to ALOM for services rendered under the ALOM Agreement will be calculated and invoiced based on fixed hourly rates and fixed unit pricing, as applicable, subject to certain exceptions; provided that, commencing April 1, 2023, we became subject to a $25 thousand minimum monthly purchase requirement. The ALOM Agreement has a three-year initial term, with automatic annual renewals, and may be terminated for convenience by either party upon sixty days written notice to the other party.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may become involved in litigation. Management is not currently aware of any litigation matters or other contingencies that could have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

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Preferred Stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Preferred Stock

6. Preferred Stock

The Company’s board of directors is authorized, without action by its stockholders, to designate and issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and to fix the voting rights, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of any series of preferred stock that they may designate in the future. There were no series of preferred stock designated and no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Common Stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Common Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Common Stock

7. Common Stock

On April 1, 2022, the Company exercised its right and repurchased 938 shares of unvested restricted common stock from an employee upon the termination of such employee's employment by the Company.

On February 13, 2023, the Company sold 200,000 shares of its common stock in an underwritten public offering at a price of $25 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million. The net proceeds to the Company, after deducting the underwriting discount and commissions and expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $3.6 million. In addition, pursuant to the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the offering, the Company granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 30,000 shares of common stock, solely to cover over-allotments. This option expired in March 2023, and the underwriter did not exercise its option to purchase any additional shares prior to such expiration.

On July 11, 2023, the Company sold 325,000 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $5.50 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.8 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.5 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to $143 thousand) at closing, as well as $90 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 13,000 shares of Company common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $6.60 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

On July 19, 2023, the Company sold 512,500 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $4.00 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.1 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.7 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to $164 thousand) at closing, as well as $60 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 20,500 shares of common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $4.80 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

On August 9, 2023, the Company sold 331,730 shares of its common stock to certain investors at a price of $4.10 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.4 million. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses paid by the Company, was approximately $1.1 million. As compensation for services rendered by the placement agent, the Company paid the placement agent a cash fee of 8.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the offering (amounting to approximately $109 thousand) at closing, as well as $60 thousand for the reimbursement of certain expenses. Additionally, as partial consideration for services rendered in connection with the offering, the Company issued the placement agent unregistered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 13,270 shares of Company common stock, representing 4.0% of the aggregate shares sold in the offering. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $4.92 per share (equal to 120% of the offering price per share), have a term of five years from the commencement of sales in the offering, and are exercisable commencing six months from closing.

Effective August 23, 2023, the Company's board of directors approved a reverse stock split of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, at a ratio of 1-for-100. As a result of the reverse stock split, the total number of shares of common stock held by each stockholder of the Company were converted automatically into the number of shares of common stock equal to the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock held by each such stockholder immediately prior to the reverse stock split divided by 100. The Company issued one whole share of the post reverse stock split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. As a result, no fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split and no cash or other consideration was paid in connection with any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the reverse stock split. Also, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. All share and per share amounts for the common stock, as well as the warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

As of September 30, 2023, no dividends on common stock had been declared by the Company. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,698
Shares available for future stock option grants		6,649		4,564
Total		81,348		19,989

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Common Stock Warrants

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]

Common Stock Warrants

8. Common Stock Warrants

Historically, the Company has entered into warrant agreements in connection with certain consulting agreements and equity offerings. In August 2023, the Company implemented a 1-for-100 reverse stock split wherein, per the terms of the agreements, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of each of the warrants outstanding at that time was reduced by dividing the quantity outstanding by 100 and the exercise price of each such warrant was multiplied by 100. No other terms of the warrants were changed as a result of the reverse stock split.

In July 2021, the Company entered into a consulting agreement, pursuant to which 500 warrants to purchase common stock were granted and an additional 500 warrants to purchase common stock were granted in November 2021. The warrants are exercisable upon issuance, have an exercise price of $104 per share and have a term of five years. The consulting agreement was effective as of February 2021, had an initial monthly fee of $5 thousand and a term of two years. The agreement was amended in May of 2022 to increase the monthly payment to $7.5 thousand. Currently, the agreement is automatically renewing on a month-to-month basis until terminated by either party. The warrant issuances are indexed to, and settled in, the Company’s own common stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In November 2021, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,727 shares of common stock to designees of ThinkEquity LLC (“ThinkEquity”), the underwriter of the IPO. The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after May 9, 2022, have an exercise price of $625 per share and have a term of five years. The warrant issuances are indexed to and settled in the Company’s own common stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In February 2023, the Company issued warrants to purchase 10,000 shares of common stock to designees of ThinkEquity, the underwriter of the underwritten public offering of 200,000 shares of Company common stock that closed in February 2023. The designees paid an aggregate of $0.1 thousand for the warrants. The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after August 7, 2023, have an exercise price of $31.25 per share, and have a term of four years commencing 180 days following the commencement of sales in the offering. The warrant issuances were indexed to and settled in the Company’s own stock and were classified within stockholders’ equity.

In July and August 2023, the Company issued a total of 47,670 warrants to purchase shares of common stock to Maxim Group, LLC ("Maxim"), the placement agent for each of the three public offerings of the Company's common stock completed during the period. The warrants are exercisable at any time beginning six months after the close of the applicable equity offering and expire five years

from the from the commencement of sales under the applicable offering. Of the warrants issued in the offerings, 13,000 are exercisable beginning on January 11, 2024 at a price of $6.60 per share; 20,500 are exercisable beginning on January 19, 2024 at a price of $4.80 per share; and 13,270 are exercisable beginning on February 9, 2024 at a price of $4.92 per share.

The Company estimated the value of the warrants in 2023 using the Black-Scholes options valuation model. The fair value of the warrants issued in February 2023 was $195 thousand and was recognized as issuance costs of the common stock issued in the underwritten public offering and was classified within stockholders' equity. The fair value of the warrants issued in July and August 2023 totaled $168 thousand and was recognized as issuance costs of the common stock issued in the three offerings during the period and was classified within stockholders' equity.

The fair value of the warrants issued in 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the following assumptions:

	2023
	Minimum	Maximum
Expected life (in years)	4.0	5.0
Expected volatility	116.11%	123.90%
Risk-free interest rate	3.98%	4.24%
Dividend yield	0%	0%

A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Class of Shares	Number of Warrants		Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	July 1, 2026
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	November 15, 2026
Common Stock		1,727	$	625.00	November 10, 2026
Common Stock		10,000	$	31.25	August 9, 2027
Common Stock		13,000	$	6.60	July 10, 2028
Common Stock		20,500	$	4.80	July 14, 2028
Common Stock		13,270	$	4.92	August 4, 2028

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Equity Incentive Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Equity Incentive Plans

9. Equity Incentive Plans

In 2017, the Company adopted its 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”).

On November 10, 2021, the 2017 Plan terminated and was replaced by the 2021 Plan (defined below), and future issuances of incentive instruments will be made under and governed by the 2021 Plan. Outstanding awards issued under the 2017 Plan will remain subject to the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan, provided that to the extent that outstanding awards under the 2017 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised, the shares of common stock subject to such awards will no longer be available for future issuance.

In 2021, the Company adopted its 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”). Options granted under the 2021 Plan may be incentive stock options or non-statutory stock options, as determined at the time of grant by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s board of directors, which is responsible for administering the 2021 Plan. Stock purchase rights and restricted stock units may also be granted under the 2021 Plan. The term shall be no more than ten years from the date of grant thereof. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to an optionee who, at the time the option is granted, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the term of the option shall be five years from the date of grant or such shorter term as may be provided in the relevant option agreement. To the extent outstanding awards under the 2021 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised, the shares of common stock subject to such awards will be available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides that additional shares will automatically be added to the shares authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan on January 1 of each year. The number of shares added each year will be equal to the lesser of: (i) 5.0% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on December 31st of the preceding calendar year or (ii) such number of shares determined by the board of directors, in its discretion. On January 1, 2023, 4,839 shares were automatically added to the number of shares authorized for issuance under 2021 Plan (an increase equal to 5% of the number of the outstanding shares of Company common stock as of December 31, 2022. Immediately after the automatic increase on January, 1, 2023, there were 9,403 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.

In the case of an incentive stock option (i) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the exercise

price shall be no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; (ii) granted to any other employee, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. In the case of a non-statutory stock option (i) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any parent or subsidiary of the Company, the exercise price shall be no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; (ii) granted to any other service provider, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, options may be granted with a per share exercise price other than as required above pursuant to a merger or other corporate transaction.
 

The options may include provisions permitting exercise of the option prior to full vesting. Any unvested shares upon termination shall be subject to repurchase by the Company at the original exercise price of the option.

In August 2023, the Company implemented a 1-for-100 reverse stock split wherein the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of each options outstanding at the time was reduced by dividing the quantity outstanding by 100 and multiplying the exercise price of each outstanding option by 100. No other terms of the stock options were changed as a result of the reverse stock split.

As of September 30, 2023, there were 6,649 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.

Stock options granted under the Company’s equity incentive plans generally vest over four years from the date of grant.

The following table summarizes the stock option award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Outstanding			Exercisable
January 1, 2023		12,698			3,581
Granted		5,750			—
Vested		—			3,284
Forfeited or expired		(3,246	)		(670	)
Exercised		—			—
September 30, 2023		15,202			6,195

The weighted-average exercise price as of September 30, 2023 for stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable was $145.07 and $194.07, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual life as of September 30, 2023 for stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable was 7.45 and 6.07 years, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation recorded in the condensed statements of operations is allocated as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2023			2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	24		$	30	$	82	$	50
Sales and marketing		(2	)		—		1		1
General and administrative		26			82		130		122
Total stock-based compensation	$	48		$	112	$	213	$	173

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Net Loss per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss per Share

10. Net Loss per Share

The following outstanding potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented due to their antidilutive effect:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Common stock options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,851
Total		74,699		15,578

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, which has been derived from audited financial statements, and the unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of September 30, 2023, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, all accounting entries and adjustments (including normal, recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods have been made. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Reverse Stock Split

Reverse Stock Split

In August 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, which was effected on August 23, 2023. There was no change to the par value, or authorized shares, of either the common stock or preferred stock, as a result of the reverse stock split. Fractional shares were not issued, and instead, the Company issued one whole share of the post reverse split common stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split. Consequently, 84 shares of common stock were issued in leiu of fractional shares. In addition, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which such options, warrants and other convertible securities were exercisable or convertible by 100 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by 100, all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding pursuant to such terms. All share and per share amounts for the common stock, as well as the stock options, and warrants outstanding and exercise prices thereof, included in the financial statements and these footnotes thereto have been retroactively restated to give effect to the reverse stock split.

Going Concern Uncertainty

Going Concern Uncertainty

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred a net loss of $6.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $35.6 million. Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2023 were $5.2 million. During each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had negative cash flows from operations of $6.7 million. Management expects to incur substantial additional operating losses for the foreseeable future in order to continue its research and development programs and potentially launch new commercial products or product extensions of ClearUP. Based on the Company’s current cash levels and burn rate, amongst other things, the Company believes its cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the twelve months following the date of issuance of these financial statements.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared as if the Company will continue as a going concern. As noted above, the Company has experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations. The Company's working capital

as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $5.5 million. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

Future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including, without limitation, progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies; the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights; our ability to establish collaborative arrangements; completion of any acquisitions or other strategic transactions; marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from existing as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, may require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan.

The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional capital to continue research and development and to fund its planned operations, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of future products. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $5.2 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for credit losses and returns reserves. The allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. Management regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, each customer’s expected ability to pay, and the collection history with each customer, when applicable, to determine whether a specific allowance is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses balance was $0. Bad debt expense was not material in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. As of each September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for sales returns was $19 thousand.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. Inventories are reviewed periodically to identify slow-moving inventory based on anticipated sales activity. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the reserve for obsolescence was $0.

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred Financing Costs

The Company complies with the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 340-10-S99-1. The Company capitalizes incremental legal, professional, accounting, and other third-party fees that are directly associated with an equity or debt offering as other current assets. If the Company consummates an equity offering, the deferred financing costs will be allocated to additional paid-in capital. If the Company consummates a debt offering, the deferred financing costs will be recorded as a discount to the debt.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The standard applies to all contracts with customers, except contracts that are within scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments.

Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are in within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inceptions, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company sells its products through direct sales and resellers. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to the customers or the resellers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in the future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction.

The Company may receive payments at the onset of the contract and before goods have been delivered. In such instances, the Company records a deferred revenue liability. The Company recognizes these contract liabilities as revenue after the revenue criteria are met. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contract liability related to the Company’s deferred revenues approximated $3 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and is included in “Other Accrued Liabilities” on the accompanying balance sheets.

The Company relies on third parties to have procedures in place to detect and prevent credit card fraud, as the Company has exposure to losses from fraudulent charges. The Company records the losses related to chargebacks as incurred.

The Company has also elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price sales taxes remitted to governmental authorities.

The table below presents revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Product Revenue by Sales Channel	2023			2022			2023			2022
Product Revenue
Direct-to-consumer	$	205		$	412		$	679		$	1,315
Reseller		114			120			223			291
Return Reserves		(37	)		(55	)		(83	)		(174	)
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	819		$	1,432

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling fees paid by customers are recorded in revenue, with the related expenses recorded in cost of sales. Shipping and handling fees paid by customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $1 thousand and $2 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $1 and $2 thousand, respectively.

Shipping costs for delivery of product to customers in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $13 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $34 thousand and $64 thousand, respectively.

Product Warranty

Product Warranty

The Company generally offers a one-year limited warranty on its products. The Company estimates the costs associated with the warranty obligation using historical data of warranty claims and costs incurred to satisfy those claims. Estimated warranty costs are expensed to cost of sales.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of merchandising, customer service and targeted online marketing costs, such as display advertising, keyword search campaigns, search engine optimization and social media and offline marketing costs such as television, radio and print advertising. Sales and marketing expenses also include payroll costs and stock-based compensation expense for employees involved in marketing activities. Sales and marketing expenses are primarily related to growing the customer base.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including the cost of salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, materials, supplies, depreciation on and maintenance of research equipment, the cost of services provided by outside contractors, and the allocable portions of facility costs, such as rent, utilities, insurance, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, and general support services. All costs associated with research and development are expensed as incurred. Additionally, the Company incurs costs related to periodic design changes to existing products. Such costs are not considered research and development expenses and are capitalized and amortized over the newly designed product's estimated life.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employee consultants using a fair value method, which requires the recognition of compensation expense for costs related to all stock-based payments, including stock options. The fair value method requires the Company to estimate the fair value of stock-based payment awards to employees and non-employees on the date of grant using an option pricing model.

Stock-based compensation costs are based on the fair value of the underlying option calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period. The Company measures equity-based compensation awards granted to non-employees at fair value as the awards vest and recognizes the resulting value as compensation expense at each financial reporting period.

Determining the appropriate fair value model and related assumptions requires judgment, including estimating stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk-free rate of return, and the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock. Due to the lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has based its estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the expected term assumption. The group of representative companies have characteristics similar to the Company, including stage of product development and focus on the life science industry. The Company uses the simplified method, which is the average of the final vesting tranche date and the contractual term, to calculate the expected term for options granted to employees as it does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected term of the stock options. The Company uses an assumed dividend yield of zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on its common stock. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Net Loss per Common Share

Net Loss per Common Share

The Company computes net loss per share of common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed similar to basic net loss per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares for the potential dilutive effects of warrants, convertible preferred stock and stock options outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. For all periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same, as inclusion of any additional share equivalents would be anti-dilutive.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents include a checking account and money market account, both held at one national financial institution in the United States. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. Despite recent concerns regarding the stability of certain banking institutions in the United States, management believes that the financial institution at which the Company holds its deposits is financially sound, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to the financial institution. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents balances exceeding FDIC insured limits by $4.7 million and $3.0 million, respectively.

During 2023, the majority, or 75%, of the Company’s sales have been to individual consumers. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had two reseller customers whose accounts receivable balance totaled more than 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable (75% and 12%) compared with two such customers at December 31, 2022 (43% and 18%).

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (40%), compared to one such customer for the same period in 2022 (22%).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue (25%) compared to one customer for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (17%).

During 2023, we outsourced 100% of our contract manufacturing to vendors with locations in California and Canada.

The world continues to be affected by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and more recent conflict in Israel, economic uncertainty in human capital management and certain other macroeconomic factors including climate change, recent uncertainty with respect to the banking systems in the United States, inflation, and rising interest rates. Additionally, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, and most recently on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, were closed and taken over by the FDIC, which created significant market disruption and uncertainty for those who bank with those institutions, and which raised significant concern regarding the stability of the banking system in the United States, and in particular with respect to regional banks. These factors, amongst other things, could result in further economic uncertainty and volatility in the capital markets in the near term, and could negatively affect our operations. We will continue to monitor material impacts on our business strategies and operating results.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, and ASU 2020-02 (collectively, “Topic 326”). Topic 326 introduces an approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, among other changes. This guidance became effective for us on January 1, 2023. We determined the applicable assets impacted by the guidance to be our accounts receivable. We reviewed the acceptable methods for determining the expected credit losses and utilized the roll-rate method whereby expected credit losses are determined using historical trends in credit quality indicators such as delinquency risk ratings. The majority of our sales are to individual customers where payment is made at the time of purchase, thus no credit loss has been estimated. Our accounts receivable balances represent amounts due primarily from our resellers, which are large, well established companies. We have not experienced any credit losses from our current accounts receivable base in the past and estimate that we will have no credit losses based on the current account attributes. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no estimated credit losses recorded.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements — Not Yet Adopted

There have been no recently issued accounting pronouncements that are applicable to the Company.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Revenue by Channel

The table below presents revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Product Revenue by Sales Channel	2023			2022			2023			2022
Product Revenue
Direct-to-consumer	$	205		$	412		$	679		$	1,315
Reseller		114			120			223			291
Return Reserves		(37	)		(55	)		(83	)		(174	)
Revenue	$	282		$	477		$	819		$	1,432

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Cash Equivalents and Conversion Right Liability's Carrying Value and Fair Value

The Company’s financial instruments consist of money market funds. The following tables show the Company’s cash equivalents carrying value and fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	As of September 30, 2023 (unaudited)
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	4,743	$	—	$	—

	As of December 31, 2022
					Quoted		Significant
					Priced in		other		Significant
					active		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Fair		markets		inputs		inputs
	Amount		Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—
Total assets	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	3,074	$	—	$	—

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Inventory, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Inventory, net

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	819	$	724
Work in process		39		23
Finished goods		70		116
Inventory at cost		928		863
Less reserve for obsolescence		—		—
Inventory, net	$	928	$	863

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term And Discount Rate

The Company’s weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate as of September 30, 2023 is shown below:

Remaining lease term (in years)	2.00
Discount rate	6.0	%

Summary of Future Minimum Maturities of Lease Liabilities

Future minimum maturities of lease liabilities recognized on the condensed balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year
Remainder of 2023	$	52
2024		210
2025		178
Total minimum lease payments		440
Less imputed interest		(25	)
Present value of lease payments	$	415

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Common Stock (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Common Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Reserved Shares of Common Stock for Issuance

As of September 30, 2023, no dividends on common stock had been declared by the Company. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,698
Shares available for future stock option grants		6,649		4,564
Total		81,348		19,989

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Common Stock Warrants (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Fair Value of the Warrants Estimated on Date of Grant Using Assumptions

The fair value of the warrants issued in 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the following assumptions:

	2023
	Minimum	Maximum
Expected life (in years)	4.0	5.0
Expected volatility	116.11%	123.90%
Risk-free interest rate	3.98%	4.24%
Dividend yield	0%	0%

Summary of the Company's Outstanding Warrants

A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Class of Shares	Number of Warrants		Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	July 1, 2026
Common Stock		500	$	104.00	November 15, 2026
Common Stock		1,727	$	625.00	November 10, 2026
Common Stock		10,000	$	31.25	August 9, 2027
Common Stock		13,000	$	6.60	July 10, 2028
Common Stock		20,500	$	4.80	July 14, 2028
Common Stock		13,270	$	4.92	August 4, 2028

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Equity Incentive Plans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of the Option Award Activity

The following table summarizes the stock option award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Outstanding			Exercisable
January 1, 2023		12,698			3,581
Granted		5,750			—
Vested		—			3,284
Forfeited or expired		(3,246	)		(670	)
Exercised		—			—
September 30, 2023		15,202			6,195

Summary of Total Stock-based Compensation Expense Recorded Related to Share-based Payment Awards

Total stock-based compensation recorded in the condensed statements of operations is allocated as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2023			2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	24		$	30	$	82	$	50
Sales and marketing		(2	)		—		1		1
General and administrative		26			82		130		122
Total stock-based compensation	$	48		$	112	$	213	$	173

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Net Loss per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of Outstanding Potentially Dilutive Common Stock Equivalents have been Excluded from the Calculation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following outstanding potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented due to their antidilutive effect:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants to purchase common stock		59,497		2,727
Common stock options issued and outstanding		15,202		12,851
Total		74,699		15,578

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details)		3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 23, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Customer $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) Customer	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Customer $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) Customer	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Customer $ / shares
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Common stock, par value | $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001						$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-100
Reverse stock split, conversion ratio	0.01
Number of shares included in conversion of securities | shares	100
Number of shares issued post reverse stock split | shares	1
Issuance of fractional shares | shares	0
Cash paid	$ 0
Other consideration paid	$ 0
Accounts Receivable
Reserve for sales returns		$ 19,000						$ 19,000		$ 19,000
Inventory
Less reserve for obsolescence		0						0		0
Revenue Recognition
Contract liability related to deferred revenues		3,000						3,000		2,000
Cash flows from operations								(6,737,000)	$ (6,692,000)
Net loss		(1,760,000)	$ (2,125,000)	$ (2,116,000)	$ (2,584,000)	$ (3,018,000)	$ (2,240,000)	(6,001,000)	(7,842,000)
Cash and cash equivalents		5,169,000						5,169,000		3,517,000
Accumulated deficit		(35,643,000)						(35,643,000)		(29,642,000)
Working capital		5,500,000						5,500,000
Allowance for credit losses		0						$ 0		0
Product warranty limited period								1 year
Assumed dividend yield								0.00%
Cash and cash equivalents balances exceeding FDIC insured limits		$ 4,700,000						$ 4,700,000		$ 3,000,000
Percentage of outsource of contract manufacturing								100.00%
Common Stock [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Issuance of fractional shares | shares	84	84
Shipping and Handling [Member]
Revenue Recognition
Shipping and handling fees paid by customers		$ 1,000			1,000			$ 2,000	2,000
Shipping costs for delivery of product to customers		$ 13,000			$ 34,000			$ 35,000	$ 64,000
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Credit Concentration Risk [Member]
Revenue Recognition
Number of reseller customer | Customer		2						2		2
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Credit Concentration Risk [Member] | Customer one
Revenue Recognition
Concentration risk (as a percent)								75.00%		43.00%
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Credit Concentration Risk [Member] | Customer two
Revenue Recognition
Concentration risk (as a percent)								12.00%		18.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Product and Service Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Revenue Recognition
Number of reseller customers | Customer		1			1			1	1
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Product and Service Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member] | Customer one
Revenue Recognition
Concentration risk (as a percent)		40.00%			22.00%			25.00%	17.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Product and Service Benchmark [Member] | Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Major Customer
Revenue Recognition
Concentration risk (as a percent)								75.00%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Revenue by Channel (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 282	$ 477	$ 819	$ 1,432
Sales Return Reserve	(37)	(55)	(83)	(174)
Product Revenue [Member] | Direct-To-Consumer [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	205	412	679	1,315
Product Revenue [Member] | Reseller [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 114	$ 120	$ 223	$ 291

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Cash Equivalents and Conversion Right Liability's Carrying Value and Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Money market funds carrying amount	$ 4,743	$ 3,074
Cash equivalents carrying amount	4,743	3,074
Money market funds	4,743	3,074
Total assets	4,743	3,074
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Assets
Money market funds	4,743	3,074
Total assets	$ 4,743	$ 3,074

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Cash equivalents	$ 4,743,000	$ 3,074,000
Fair Value, Assets, Level 1 to Level 2 Transfers, Amount1	0	0
Fair Value, Assets, Level 2 to Level 1 Transfers, Amount1	0	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net	$ 0	$ 0

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Inventory, net - Summary of Inventory, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 819	$ 724
Work in process	39	23
Finished goods	70	116
Inventory at cost	928	863
Less reserve for obsolescence	0	0
Inventory, net	$ 928	$ 863

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 25, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2021 ft²
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease, expiration month and year			2025-10
Area of office space leased | ft²						9,091
Lessee, operating lease, option to extend			The lease will expire in October 2025 and there is no option to renew for an additional term.
Lessee, Operating Lease, Existence of Option to Extend [true false]			false
Lease cost	$ 50	$ 51	$ 151	$ 151
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$ 51	$ 50	$ 154	$ 138
Alom Technologies Corporation | Fulfillment services agreement
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Purchase commitments with third-party suppliers					$ 25

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Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term And Discount Rate (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Remaining lease term (in years)	2 years
Discount rate	6.00%

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Future Minimum Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Future minimum lease payments remaining
Remainder of 2023	$ 52
2024	210
2025	178
Total minimum lease payments	440
Less imputed interest	(25)
Present value of lease payments	$ 415

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Preferred Stock - Additional Information (Details) - shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000

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Common Stock - Additional Information (Details)							9 Months Ended
	Aug. 23, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Aug. 09, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jul. 19, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jul. 11, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 13, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 01, 2022 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds							$ 8,507,000
Common stock, par value | $ / shares	$ 0.0001						$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-100
Reverse stock split, conversion ratio	0.01
Number of shares included in conversion of securities | shares	100
Number of shares issued post reverse stock split | shares	1
Issuance of fractional shares | shares	0
Cash paid	$ 0
Other consideration paid	$ 0
Number of shares of unvested restricted common stock repurchased | shares						938
Dividends on common stock declared							$ 0
Underwritten Public Offering
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds							$ 5,000,000
Number of shares issued during the period | shares					200,000
Net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses					$ 3,600,000
Number of days granted underwriters option to purchase additional common share					45 days
Granted underwriters option to purchase additional number of common share | shares					30,000
Public offering price | $ / shares					$ 25
Registered Public Offering | Underwriting Agreement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, transaction date		Aug. 09, 2023	Jul. 19, 2023	Jul. 11, 2023
Sale of common stock | shares		331,730	512,500	325,000
Common stock, public offering price per share | $ / shares		$ 4.1	$ 4	$ 5.5
Gross proceeds		$ 1,400,000	$ 2,100,000	$ 1,800,000
Net proceeds from sale of stock		$ 1,100,000	$ 1,700,000	$ 1,500,000
Registered Public Offering | Underwriting Agreement | Placement Agent
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Payment of cash fee percentage on gross proceeds of offering		8.00%	8.00%	8.00%
Payment of cash fee on gross proceeds of offering		$ 109,000	$ 164,000	$ 143,000
Reimbursement of certain expenses		$ 60,000	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Unregistered Warrants | Underwriting Agreement | Placement Agent
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant Issued | shares		13,270	20,500	13,000
Sale of stock, percentage		4.00%	4.00%	4.00%
Exercise Price | $ / shares		$ 4.92	$ 4.8	$ 6.6
Percentage of Initial warrant exercise price with compare offering price		120.00%	120.00%	120.00%
Term of warrants		5 years	5 years	5 years
Warrant exercisable commencing period		6 months	6 months	6 months

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Common Stock - Summary of Reserved Shares of Common Stock for Issuance (Details) - shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Common Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]
Warrants to purchase common stock	59,497	2,727
Options issued and outstanding	15,202	12,698
Shares available for future stock option grants	6,649	4,564
Total	81,348	19,989

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Common Stock Warrants - Additional Information (Details)		1 Months Ended		2 Months Ended
	Aug. 23, 2023 shares	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 28, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 shares	Nov. 30, 2021 $ / shares shares	Jul. 21, 2021 $ / shares shares
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-100
Reverse stock split, conversion ratio	0.01
Number of shares included in conversion of securities	100
Number of Warrants					59,497	2,727
Fair value of the warrants | $		$ 195,000		$ 168,000
Estimated method fair value of the warrants		Black-Scholes options valuation model
Warrants Expiration Date One
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					500
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 104
Warrants Expiration Date Two
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					500
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 104
Warrants Expiration Date Three
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					1,727
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 625
Warrants Expiration Date Four
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					10,000
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 31.25
Warrants Expiration Date Five
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					13,000
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 6.6
Warrants Expiration Date Six
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					20,500
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 4.8
Warrants Expiration Date Seven
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants					13,270
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 4.92
Maxim Group, LLC
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock				47,670
Maxim Group, LLC | Warrants Expiration Date Five
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock				13,000
Warrants exrecisable beginning date				Jan. 11, 2024
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares				$ 6.6
Maxim Group, LLC | Warrants Expiration Date Six
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock				20,500
Warrants exrecisable beginning date				Jan. 19, 2024
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares				$ 4.8
Maxim Group, LLC | Warrants Expiration Date Seven
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock				13,270
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares				$ 4.92
Maxim Group, LLC | Maximum
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, term				5 years
Maxim Group, LLC | Minimum
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, term				6 months
Designees of Think Equity
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock		10,000					1,727
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares		$ 31.25					$ 625
Payments for the purchase of warrants issued | $		$ 100
Warrants, term		4 years					5 years
Warrant agreement
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-100
Reverse stock split, conversion ratio	0.01
Number of shares included in conversion of securities	100
Consulting agreement
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock							500	500
Warrants, Exercise Price | $ / shares								$ 104
Warrants, term								5 years
Consulting agreement, monthly fee | $			$ 5,000
Amended consulting agreement monthly fee | $		$ 7,500
Consulting agreement, term			2 years
Underwriting Agreement | ThinkEquity LLC
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Sale of common stock		200,000

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Common Stock Warrants - Fair Value of the Warrants Estimated Using Assumptions (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023
Expected volatility | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	116.11
Expected volatility | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	123.9
Expected life (in years) | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	4
Expected life (in years) | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	5
Risk-free interest rate | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	3.98
Risk-free interest rate | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	4.24
Dividend yield | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	0
Dividend yield | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Estimated warrants on the date of grant	0

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Common Stock Warrants - Outstanding Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	59,497	2,727
Warrants Expiration Date One
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	500
Exercise Price	$ 104
Expiration Date	Jul. 01, 2026
Warrants Expiration Date Two
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	500
Exercise Price	$ 104
Expiration Date	Nov. 15, 2026
Warrants Expiration Date Three
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	1,727
Exercise Price	$ 625
Expiration Date	Nov. 10, 2026
Warrants Expiration Date Four
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	10,000
Exercise Price	$ 31.25
Expiration Date	Aug. 09, 2027
Warrants Expiration Date Five
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	13,000
Exercise Price	$ 6.6
Expiration Date	Jul. 10, 2028
Warrants Expiration Date Six
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	20,500
Exercise Price	$ 4.8
Expiration Date	Jul. 14, 2028
Warrants Expiration Date Seven
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Warrants	13,270
Exercise Price	$ 4.92
Expiration Date	Aug. 04, 2028

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Equity Incentive Plans - Additional Information (Details)		1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 23, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2022 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2021	Jan. 01, 2023 shares
Equity Incentive Plans
Option term			10 years
Shares available to award		4,564	6,649
Percentage of number of shares added each year		5.00%		5.00%
Vesting Period			4 years
Weighted-average exercise price of stock options outstanding | $ / shares			$ 145.07
Weighted-average exercise price of stock options exercisable | $ / shares			$ 194.07
Weighted average remaining contractual life for stock options outstanding			7 years 5 months 12 days
Weighted average remaining contractual life for stock options exercisable			6 years 25 days
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-100
Reverse stock split, conversion ratio	0.01
Number of shares included in conversion of securities	100
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee
Equity Incentive Plans
Percentage of voting power			10.00%
Exercise price on percentage of fair market value per share on the date of grant			110.00%
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonemployee
Equity Incentive Plans
Exercise price on percentage of fair market value per share on the date of grant			100.00%
Incentive Stock Option
Equity Incentive Plans
Option term			5 years
2021 Plan
Equity Incentive Plans
Number of shares authorized					4,839
Shares available to award					9,403
Percentage of voting power			10.00%

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Equity Incentive Plans - Summary of the Option Award Activity (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 shares
Outstanding
Balance at the beginning	12,698
Granted	5,750
Forfeited or expired	(3,246)
Balance at the end	15,202
Exercisable
Balance at the beginning	3,581
Vested	3,284
Forfeited or expired	(670)
Balance at the ending	6,195

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Equity Incentive Plans - Summary of Total Stock-based Compensation Expense Recorded Related to Share-based Payment Awards (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 48	$ 112	$ 213	$ 173
Research and development
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	24	30	82	50
Sales and marketing
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	(2)		1	1
General and administrative
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 26	$ 82	$ 130	$ 122

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Net Loss per Share - Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share (Details) - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share	74,699	15,578
Warrants to purchase common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share	59,497	2,727
Common stock options issued and outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share	15,202	12,851