Exhibit 4.1

Incorporation number: BC1166724

DRONE ACQUISITION CORP.

(the “Company ”)

The Company has as its articles the following articles.

Full name and signature of each incorporator	Date of signing
/s/ Denis Silva	June 1, 2018
DENIS SILVA

ARTICLES
1.	Interpretation	1
2.	Shares and Share Certificates	1
3.	Issue of Shares	4
4.	Share Registers	5
5.	Share Transfers	5
6.	Transmission of Shares	6
7.	Purchase of Shares	7
8.	Borrowing Powers	7
9.	Alterations	8
10.	Meetings of Shareholders	9
11.	Proceedings at Meetings of Shareholders	11
12.	Votes of Shareholders	15
13.	Directors	19
14.	Election and Removal of Directors	20
15.	Alternate Directors	25
16.	Powers and Duties of Directors	27
17.	Interests of Directors and Officers	28
18.	Proceedings of Directors	29
19.	Executive and Other Committees	31
20.	Officers	33
21.	Indemnification	34
22.	Dividends	35
23.	Documents, Records and Reports	37
24.	Notices	37
25.	Seal	39
26.	Prohibitions	40
27.	Special Rights And Restrictions - Class A Common Shares	40
28.	Special Rights And Restrictions – Class-B Common Shares Altered By Special Resolution July 17, 2019	41
29.	Special Rights And Restrictions – Class-C Shares	42
30.	Special Rights And Restrictions – Class-D Preferred Shares	43
28.	SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS – PREFERRED	49

1. Interpretation

1.1 Definitions

In these Articles, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) “appropriate person” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Transfer Act;

(2) “board of directors”, “directors” and “board” mean the directors or sole director of the Company for the time being;

(3) “Business Corporations Act” means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;

(4) “Interpretation Act” means the Interpretation Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;

(5) “legal personal representative” means the personal or other legal representative of a shareholder;

(6) “protected purchaser” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Transfer Act;

(7) “registered address” of a shareholder means the shareholder’s address as recorded in the central securities register;

(8) “seal” means the seal of the Company, if any;

(9) “securities legislation” means statutes concerning the regulation of securities markets and trading in securities and the regulations, rules, forms and schedules under those statutes, all as amended from time to time, and the blanket rulings and orders, as amended from time to time, issued by the securities commissions or similar regulatory authorities appointed under or pursuant to those statutes; “Canadian securities legislation” means the securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada and includes the Securities Act (British Columbia); and “U.S. securities legislation” means the securities legislation in the federal jurisdiction of the United States and in any state of the United States and includes the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(10) “Securities Transfer Act” means the Securities Transfer Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act.

1.2 Business Corporations Act and Interpretation Act Definitions Applicable

2. Shares and Share Certificates

The definitions in the Business Corporations Act and the definitions and rules of construction in the Interpretation Act, with the necessary changes, so far as applicable, and unless the context requires otherwise, apply to these Articles as if they were an enactment. If there is a conflict between a definition in the Business Corporations Act and a definition or rule in the Interpretation Act relating to a term used in these Articles, the definition in the Business Corporations Act will prevail in relation to the use of the term in these Articles. If there is a conflict or inconsistency between these Articles and the Business Corporations Act, the Business Corporations Act will prevail.

2.1 Authorized Share Structure

The authorized share structure of the Company consists of shares of the class or classes and series, if any, described in the Notice of Articles of the Company.

2.2 Form of Share Certificate

Each share certificate issued by the Company must comply with, and be signed as required by, the Business Corporations Act.

2.3 Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgment

Unless the shares of which the shareholder is the registered owner are uncertificated shares, each shareholder is entitled, without charge, to (a) one share certificate representing the shares of each class or series of shares registered in the shareholder’s name or (b) a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain such a share certificate, provided that in respect of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company is not bound to issue more than one share certificate or acknowledgment and delivery of a share certificate or an acknowledgment to one of several joint shareholders or to a duly authorized agent of one of the joint shareholders will be sufficient delivery to all.

2.4 Delivery by Mail

Any share certificate or non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate may be sent to the shareholder by mail at the shareholder’s registered address and neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is liable for any loss to the shareholder because the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost in the mail or stolen.

2.5 Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate or Acknowledgement

If the directors are satisfied that a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is worn out or defaced, they must, on production to them of the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, and on such other terms, if any, as they think fit:

(1) order the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, to be cancelled; and

(2) issue a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be.

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2.6 Replacement of Lost, Destroyed or Wrongfully Taken Certificate

If a person entitled to a share certificate claims that the share certificate has been lost, destroyed or wrongfully taken, the Company must issue a new share certificate, if that person:

(1) so requests before the Company has notice that the share certificate has been acquired by a protected purchaser;

(2) provides the Company with an indemnity bond sufficient in the Company’s judgment to protect the Company from any loss that the Company may suffer by issuing a new certificate; and

(3) satisfies any other reasonable requirements imposed by the directors.

A person entitled to a share certificate may not assert against the Company a claim for a new share certificate where a share certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed or wrongfully taken if that person fails to notify the Company of that fact within a reasonable time after that person has notice of it and the Company registers a transfer of the shares represented by the certificate before receiving a notice of the loss, apparent destruction or wrongful taking of the share certificate.

2.7 Recovery of New Share Certificate

If, after the issue of a new share certificate, a protected purchaser of the original share certificate presents the original share certificate for the registration of transfer, then in addition to any rights on the indemnity bond, the Company may recover the new share certificate from a person to whom it was issued or any person taking under that person other than a protected purchaser.

2.8 Splitting Share Certificates

If a shareholder surrenders a share certificate to the Company with a written request that the Company issue in the shareholder’s name two or more share certificates, each representing a specified number of shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as represented by the share certificate so surrendered, the Company must cancel the surrendered share certificate and issue replacement share certificates in accordance with that request.

2.9 Certificate Fee

There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the issue of any share certificate under Articles 2.5, 2.6 or 2.8, the amount, if any and which must not exceed the amount prescribed under the Business Corporations Act, determined by the directors.

2.10 Recognition of Trusts

Except as required by law or statute or these Articles, no person will be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust, and the Company is not bound by or compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or fraction of a share or (except as required by law or statute or these Articles or as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the shareholder.

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3. Issue of Shares

3.1 Directors Authorized

Subject to the Business Corporations Act and the rights, if any, of the holders of issued shares of the Company, the Company may issue, allot, sell or otherwise dispose of the unissued shares, and issued shares held by the Company, at the times, to the persons, including directors, in the manner, on the terms and conditions and for the issue prices (including any premium at which shares with par value may be issued) that the directors may determine. The issue price for a share with par value must be equal to or greater than the par value of the share.

3.2 Commissions and Discounts

The Company may at any time, pay a reasonable commission or allow a reasonable discount to any person in consideration of that person purchasing or agreeing to purchase shares of the Company from the Company or any other person or procuring or agreeing to procure purchasers for shares of the Company.

3.3 Brokerage

The Company may pay such brokerage fee or other consideration as may be lawful for or in connection with the sale or placement of its securities.

3.4 Conditions of Issue

Except as provided for by the Business Corporations Act, no share may be issued until it is fully paid. A share is fully paid when:

(1) consideration is provided to the Company for the issue of the share by one or more of the following:

(a) past services performed for the Company;

(b) property;

(c) money; and

(2) the value of the consideration received by the Company equals or exceeds the issue price set for the share under Article 3.1.

3.5 Share Purchase Warrants and Rights

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company may issue share purchase warrants, options and rights upon such terms and conditions as the directors determine, which share purchase warrants, options and rights may be issued alone or in conjunction with debentures, debenture stock, bonds, shares or any other securities issued or created by the Company from time to time.

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4. Share Registers

4.1 Central Securities Register

As required by and subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must maintain in British Columbia a central securities register. The directors may, subject to the Business Corporations Act, appoint an agent to maintain the central securities register. The directors may also appoint one or more agents, including the agent which keeps the central securities register, as transfer agent for its shares or any class or series of its shares, as the case may be, and the same or another agent as registrar for its shares or such class or series of its shares, as the case may be. The directors may terminate such appointment of any agent at any time and may appoint another agent in its place.

4.2 Closing Register

The Company must not at any time close its central securities register.

5. Share Transfers

5.1 Registering Transfers

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, a transfer of a share of the Company must not be registered unless the Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred has received:

(1) in the case of a share certificate that has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, that share certificate and a written instrument of transfer (which may be on a separate document or endorsed on the share certificate) made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person;

(2) in the case of a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate that has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, a written instrument of transfer that directs that the transfer of the shares be registered, made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person;

(3) in the case of a share that is an uncertificated share, a written instrument of transfer that directs that the transfer of the share be registered, made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person; and

(4) such other evidence, if any, as the Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred may require to prove the title of the transferor or the transferor’s right to transfer the share, that the written instrument of transfer is genuine and authorized and that the transfer is rightful or to a protected purchaser.

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5.2 Form of Instrument of Transfer

The instrument of transfer in respect of any share of the Company must be either in the form, if any, on the back of the Company’s share certificates or in any other form that may be approved by the directors or the transfer agent for the class or series of shares to be transferred.

5.3 Transferor Remains Shareholder

Except to the extent that the Business Corporations Act otherwise provides, the transferor of shares is deemed to remain the holder of the shares until the name of the transferee is entered in a securities register of the Company in respect of the transfer.

5.4 Signing of Instrument of Transfer

If a shareholder, or his or her duly authorized attorney, signs an instrument of transfer in respect of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the signed instrument of transfer constitutes a complete and sufficient authority to the Company and its directors, officers and agents to register the number of shares specified in the instrument of transfer or specified in any other manner, or, if no number is specified, all the shares represented by the share certificates or set out in the written acknowledgments deposited with the instrument of transfer:

(1) in the name of the person named as transferee in that instrument of transfer; or

(2) if no person is named as transferee in that instrument of transfer, in the name of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered.

5.5 Enquiry as to Title Not Required

Neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is bound to inquire into the title of the person named in the instrument of transfer as transferee or, if no person is named as transferee in the instrument of transfer, of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered or is liable for any claim related to registering the transfer by the shareholder or by any intermediate owner or holder of the shares, of any interest in the shares, of any share certificate representing such shares or of any written acknowledgment of a right to obtain a share certificate for such shares.

5.6 Transfer Fee

There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the registration of any transfer, the amount, if any, determined by the directors.

6. Transmission of Shares

6.1 Legal Personal Representative Recognized on Death

In the case of the death of a shareholder, the legal personal representative of the shareholder, or in the case of shares registered in the shareholder’s name and the name of another person in joint tenancy, the surviving joint holder, will be the only person recognized by the Company as having any title to the shareholder’s interest in the shares. Before recognizing a person as a legal personal representative of a shareholder, the directors may require the original grant of probate or letters of administration or a court certified copy of them or the original or a court certified or authenticated copy of the grant of representation, will, order or other instrument or other evidence of the death under which title to the shares or securities is claimed to vest.

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6.2 Rights of Legal Personal Representative

The legal personal representative of a shareholder has the same rights, privileges and obligations that attach to the shares held by the shareholder, including the right to transfer the shares in accordance with these Articles, if appropriate evidence of appointment or incumbency within the meaning of s. 87 of the Securities Transfer Act has been deposited with the Company. This Article 6.2 does not apply in the case of the death of a shareholder with respect to shares registered in the shareholder’s name and the name of another person in joint tenancy.

7. Purchase of Shares

7.1 Company Authorized to Purchase Shares

Subject to Article 7.2, the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series and the Business Corporations Act, the Company may, if authorized by the directors, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares at the price and upon the terms specified in such resolution.

7.2 Purchase When Insolvent

The Company must not make a payment or provide any other consideration to purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that:

(1) the Company is insolvent; or

(2) making the payment or providing the consideration would render the Company insolvent.

7.3 Sale and Voting of Purchased Shares

If the Company retains a share redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired by it, the Company may sell, gift or otherwise dispose of the share, but, while such share is held by the Company, it:

(1) is not entitled to vote the share at a meeting of its shareholders;

(2) must not pay a dividend in respect of the share; and

(3) must not make any other distribution in respect of the share.

8. Borrowing Powers

The Company, if authorized by the directors, may:

(1) borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that they consider appropriate;

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(2) issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person and at such discounts or premiums and on such other terms as they consider appropriate;

(3) guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and

(4) mortgage, charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, grant a security interest in, or give other security on, the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company.

9. Alterations

9.1 Alteration of Authorized Share Structure

Subject to Article 9.2 and the Business Corporations Act, the Company may:

(1) by ordinary resolution:

(a) create one or more classes or series of shares or, if none of the shares of a class or series of shares are allotted or issued, eliminate that class or series of shares;

(b) increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares or establish a maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares for which no maximum is established;

(c) if the Company is authorized to issue shares of a class of shares with par value:

(i) decrease the par value of those shares; or

(ii) if none of the shares of that class of shares are allotted or issued, increase the par value of those shares;

(d) alter the identifying name of any of its shares; or

(e) otherwise alter its shares or authorized share structure when required or permitted to do so by the Business Corporations Act.

(2) by resolution of the directors, subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares.

and, if applicable, alter its Notice of Articles and, if applicable, its Articles, accordingly.

9.2 Special Rights and Restrictions

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company may by ordinary resolution:

(1) create special rights or restrictions for, and attach those special rights or restrictions to, the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued;

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(2) vary or delete any special rights or restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued; or

(3) change all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares with par value into shares without par value or any of its unissued shares without par value into shares with par value.

and alter its Notice of Articles accordingly.

9.3 Change of Name

The Company may by a resolution of the directors authorize an alteration of its Notice of Articles in order to change its name or adopt or change any translation of that name.

9.4 Other Alterations

If the Business Corporations Act does not specify the type of resolution and these Articles do not specify another type of resolution, the Company may by ordinary resolution alter these Articles.

10. Meetings of Shareholders

10.1 Annual General Meetings

Unless an annual general meeting is deferred or waived in accordance with the Business Corporations Act, the Company must hold its first annual general meeting within 18 months after the date on which it was incorporated or otherwise recognized, and after that must hold an annual general meeting at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual reference date at such time and place as may be determined by the directors.

10.2 Resolution Instead of Annual General Meeting

If all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution under the Business Corporations Act to all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. The shareholders must, in any unanimous resolution passed under this Article 10.2, select as the Company’s annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting.

10.3 Calling of Meetings of Shareholders

The directors may, whenever they think fit, call a meeting of shareholders.

10.4 Location of Meetings of Shareholders

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, a meeting of shareholders may be held in or outside of British Columbia as determined by a resolution of the directors.

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10.5 Notice for Meetings of Shareholders

The Company must send notice of the date, time and location of any meeting of shareholders, in the manner provided in these Articles, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by ordinary resolution (whether previous notice of the resolution has been given or not), to each shareholder entitled to attend the meeting, to each director and to the auditor of the Company, unless these Articles otherwise provide, at least the following number of days before the meeting:

(1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;

(2) otherwise, 10 days.

10.6 Record Date for Notice

The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is held by fewer than:

(1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;

(2) otherwise, 10 days.

If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.

10.7 Record Date for Voting

The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.

10.8 Failure to Give Notice and Waiver of Notice

The accidental omission to send notice of any meeting to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any of the persons entitled to notice does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. Any person entitled to notice of a meeting of shareholders may, in writing or otherwise, waive or reduce the period of notice of such meeting.

10.9 Notice of Special Business at Meetings of Shareholders

If a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business within the meaning of Article 11.1, the notice of meeting must:

(1) state the general nature of the special business; and

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(2) if the special business includes considering, approving, ratifying, adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders:

(a) at the Company’s records office, or at such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice; and

(b) during statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting.

11. Proceedings at Meetings of Shareholders

11.1 Special Business

At a meeting of shareholders, the following business is special business:

(1) at a meeting of shareholders that is not an annual general meeting, all business is special business except business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;

(2) at an annual general meeting, all business is special business except for the following:

(a) business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;

(b) consideration of any financial statements of the Company presented to the meeting;

(c) consideration of any reports of the directors or auditor;

(d) the setting or changing of the number of directors;

(e) the election or appointment of directors;

(f) the appointment of an auditor;

(g) the setting of the remuneration of an auditor;

(h) business arising out of a report of the directors not requiring the passing of a special resolution or an exceptional resolution;

(i) any other business which, under these Articles or the Business Corporations Act, may be transacted at a meeting of shareholders without prior notice of the business being given to the shareholders.

11.2 Special Majority

The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a meeting of shareholders is two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast on the resolution.

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11.3 Quorum

Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, and Article 11.4, the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of shareholders is two persons who are, or who represent by proxy, shareholders who, in the aggregate, hold at least 5% of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.

11.4 One Shareholder May Constitute Quorum

If there is only one shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders:

(1) the quorum is one person who is, or who represents by proxy, that shareholder, and

(2) that shareholder, present in person or by proxy, may constitute the meeting.

11.5 Other Persons May Attend

In addition to those person who are entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders, the only other persons entitled to be present at the meeting are the directors, the president (if any), the secretary (if any), the assistant secretary (if any), any lawyer for the Company, the auditor of the Company and any other persons invited to be present at the meeting by the directors or by the chair of the meeting and any persons entitled or required under the Business Corporations Act or these Articles to be present at the meeting; but if any of those persons does attend the meeting, that person is not to be counted in the quorum and is not entitled to vote at the meeting unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting.

11.6 Requirement of Quorum

No business, other than the election of a chair of the meeting and the adjournment of the meeting, may be transacted at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum of shareholders entitled to vote is present at the commencement of the meeting, but such quorum need not be present throughout the meeting.

11.7 Lack of Quorum

If, within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of a meeting of shareholders, a quorum is not present:

(1) in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders, the meeting is dissolved, and

(2) in the case of any other meeting of shareholders, the meeting stands adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place.

11.8 Lack of Quorum at Succeeding Meeting

If, at the meeting to which the meeting referred to in Article 11.7(2) was adjourned, a quorum is not present within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of the meeting, the person or persons present and being, or representing by proxy, one or more shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting constitute a quorum.

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11.9 Chair

The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of shareholders:

(1) the chair of the board, if any;

(2) if the chair of the board is absent or unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, the president, if any; or

(3) a vice-president, if any.

11.10 Selection of Alternate Chair

If, at any meeting of shareholders, there is no chair of the board or president present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president are unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president have advised the secretary, if any, or any director present at the meeting, that they will not be present at the meeting, the directors present must choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting or if all of the directors present decline to take the chair or fail to so choose or if no director is present, the shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting who are present in person or by proxy may choose any person present at the meeting to chair the meeting.

11.11 Adjournments

The chair of a meeting of shareholders may, and if so directed by the meeting must, adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business may be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place.

11.12 Notice of Adjourned Meeting

It is not necessary to give any notice of an adjourned meeting or of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting of shareholders except that, when a meeting is adjourned for 30 days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given as in the case of the original meeting.

11.13 Decisions by Show of Hands or Poll

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, every motion put to a vote at a meeting of shareholders will be decided on a show of hands unless a poll, before or on the declaration of the result of the vote by show of hands, is directed by the chair or demanded by at least one shareholder entitled to vote who is present in person or by proxy.

11.14 Declaration of Result

The chair of a meeting of shareholders must declare to the meeting the decision on every question in accordance with the result of the show of hands or the poll, as the case may be, and that decision must be entered in the minutes of the meeting. A declaration of the chair that a resolution is carried by the necessary majority or is defeated is, unless a poll is directed by the chair or demanded under Article 11.13, conclusive evidence without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against the resolution.

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11.15 Motion Need Not be Seconded

No motion proposed at a meeting of shareholders need be seconded unless the chair of the meeting rules otherwise, and the chair of any meeting of shareholders is entitled to propose or second a motion.

11.16 Casting Vote

In the case of an equality of votes, the chair of a meeting of shareholders, on a show of hands and on a poll, has a second or casting vote in addition to the vote or votes to which the chair may be entitled as a shareholder.

11.17 Manner of Taking Poll

Subject to Article 11.18, if a poll is duly demanded at a meeting of shareholders:

(1) the poll must be taken:

(a) at the meeting, or within seven days after the date of the meeting, as the chair of the meeting directs; and

(b) in the manner, at the time and at the place that the chair of the meeting directs;

(2) the result of the poll is deemed to be the decision of the meeting at which the poll is demanded; and

(3) the demand for the poll may be withdrawn by the person who demanded it.

11.18 Demand for Poll on Adjournment

A poll demanded at a meeting of shareholders on a question of adjournment must be taken immediately at the meeting.

11.19 Chair Must Resolve Dispute

In the case of any dispute as to the admission or rejection of a vote given on a poll, the chair of the meeting must determine the dispute, and his or her determination made in good faith is final and conclusive.

11.20 Casting of Votes

On a poll, a shareholder entitled to more than one vote need not cast all the votes in the same way.

11.21 No Demand for Poll on Election of Chair

No poll may be demanded in respect of the vote by which a chair of a meeting of shareholders is elected.

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11.22 Demand for Poll Not to Prevent Continuance of Meeting

The demand for a poll at a meeting of shareholders does not, unless the chair of the meeting so rules, prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which a poll has been demanded.

11.23 Retention of Ballots and Proxies

The Company must, for at least three months after a meeting of shareholders, keep each ballot cast on a poll and each proxy voted at the meeting, and, during that period, make them available for inspection during normal business hours by any shareholder or proxyholder entitled to vote at the meeting. At the end of such three month period, the Company may destroy such ballots and proxies.

12. Votes of Shareholders

12.1 Number of Votes by Shareholder or by Shares

Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to any shares and to the restrictions imposed on joint shareholders under Article 12.3:

(1) on a vote by show of hands, every person present who is a shareholder or proxy holder and entitled to vote on the matter has one vote; and

(2) on a poll, every shareholder entitled to vote on the matter has one vote in respect of each share entitled to be voted on the matter and held by that shareholder and may exercise that vote either in person or by proxy.

12.2 Votes of Persons in Representative Capacity

A person who is not a shareholder may vote at a meeting of shareholders, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, and may appoint a proxy holder to act at the meeting, if, before doing so, the person satisfies the chair of the meeting, or the directors, that the person is a legal personal representative or a trustee in bankruptcy for a shareholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting.

12.3 Votes by Joint Holders

If there are joint shareholders registered in respect of any share:

(1) any one of the joint shareholders may vote at any meeting, either personally or by proxy, in respect of the share as if that joint shareholder were solely entitled to it; or

(2) if more than one of the joint shareholders is present at any meeting, personally or by proxy, and more than one of them votes in respect of that share, then only the vote of the joint shareholder present whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the share will be counted.

12.4 Legal Personal Representatives as Joint Shareholders

Two or more legal personal representatives of a shareholder in whose sole name any share is registered are, for the purposes of Article 12.3, deemed to be joint shareholders.

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12.5 Representative of a Corporate Shareholder

If a corporation, that is not a subsidiary of the Company, is a shareholder, that corporation may appoint a person to act as its representative at any meeting of shareholders of the Company, and:

(1) for that purpose, the instrument appointing a representative must:

(a) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice for the receipt of proxies, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting; or

(b) be provided, at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, to the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting;

(2) if a representative is appointed under this Article 12.5:

(a) the representative is entitled to exercise in respect of and at that meeting the same rights on behalf of the corporation that the representative represents as that corporation could exercise if it were a shareholder who is an individual, including, without limitation, the right to appoint a proxy holder; and

(b) the representative, if present at the meeting, is to be counted for the purpose of forming a quorum and is deemed to be a shareholder present in person at the meeting.

Evidence of the appointment of any such representative may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.

12.6 When Proxy Holder Need Not Be Shareholder

A person must not be appointed as a proxy holder unless the person is a shareholder, although a person who is not a shareholder may be appointed as a proxy holder if:

(1) the person appointing the proxy holder is a corporation or a representative of a corporation appointed under Article 12.5;

(2) the Company has at the time of the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed only one shareholder entitled to vote at the meeting;

(3) the shareholders present in person or by proxy at and entitled to vote at the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed, by a resolution on which the proxy holder is not entitled to vote but in respect of which the proxy holder is to be counted in the quorum, permit the proxy holder to attend and vote at the meeting; or

(4) the Company is a public company, or is a pre-existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of these Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply.

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12.7 Proxy Provisions Do Not Apply to All Companies

If and for so long as the Company is a public company or a pre-existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of its Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply, Articles 12.8 to 12.15 apply only insofar as they are not inconsistent with any Canadian securities legislation applicable to the Company or any U.S. securities legislation applicable to the Company or any rules of an exchange on which securities of the Company are listed.

12.8 Appointment of Proxy Holders

Every shareholder of the Company, including a corporation that is a shareholder but not a subsidiary of the Company, entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders of the Company may, by proxy, appoint one or more (but not more than five) proxy holders to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the powers conferred by the proxy.

12.9 Alternate Proxy Holders

A shareholder may appoint one or more alternate proxy holders to act in the place of an absent proxy holder.

12.10 Deposit of Proxy

A proxy for a meeting of shareholders must:

(1) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting; or

(2) unless the notice provides otherwise, be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting.

A proxy may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.

12.11 Validity of Proxy Vote

A vote given in accordance with the terms of a proxy is valid notwithstanding the death or incapacity of the shareholder giving the proxy and despite the revocation of the proxy or the revocation of the authority under which the proxy is given, unless notice in writing of that death, incapacity or revocation is received:

(1) at the registered office of the Company, at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or

(2) at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting, before any vote in respect of which the proxy has been given has been taken.

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12.12 Form of Proxy

A proxy, whether for a specified meeting or otherwise, must be either in the following form any other form approved by the directors or the chair of the meeting:

[name of company] 

(the “Company”)

The undersigned, being a shareholder of the Company, hereby appoints [name] or, failing that person, [name], as proxy holder for the undersigned to attend, act and vote for and on behalf of the undersigned at the meeting of shareholders of the Company to be held on [month, day, year] and at any adjournment of that meeting.

Number of shares in respect of which this proxy is given (if no number is specified, then this proxy if given in respect of all shares registered in the name of the shareholder):                                                                                

Signed [month, day, year]

[Signature of shareholder]

[Name of shareholder—printed]

12.13 Revocation of Proxy

Subject to Article 12.14, every proxy may be revoked by an instrument in writing that is:

(1) received at the registered office of the Company at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or

(2) provided, at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting, before any vote in respect of which the proxy has been taken.

12.14 Revocation of Proxy Must Be Signed

An instrument referred to in Article 12.13 must be signed as follows:

(1) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is an individual, the instrument must be signed by the shareholder or his or her legal personal representative or trustee in bankruptcy;

(2) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is a corporation, the instrument must be signed by the corporation or by a representative appointed for the corporation under Article 12.5.

12.15 Chair May Determine Validity of Proxy

The chair of any meeting of shareholders may determine whether or not a proxy deposited for use at the meeting, which may not strictly comply with the requirements of this Part 12 as to form, execution, accompanying documentation, time of filing or otherwise, shall be valid for use at such meeting and any such determination made in good faith shall be final, conclusive and binding upon such meeting.

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12.16 Production of Evidence of Authority to Vote

The chair of any meeting of shareholders may, but need not, inquire into the authority of any person to vote at the meeting and may, but need not, demand from that person production of evidence as to the existence of the authority to vote.

13. Directors

13.1 First Directors; Number of Directors

The first directors are the persons designated as directors of the Company in the Notice of Articles that applies to the Company when it is recognized under the Business Corporations Act. The number of directors, excluding additional directors appointed under Article 14.8, is set at:

(1) subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the number of directors that is equal to the number of the Company’s first directors;

(2) if the Company is a public company, the greater of three and the most recently set of:

(a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and

(b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4;

(3) if the Company is not a public company, the most recently set of:

(a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and

(b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4.

13.2 Change in Number of Directors

If the number of directors is set under Articles 13.1(2)(a) or 13.1(3)(a), subject to Article 14.1:

(1) the shareholders may elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number;

(2) if the shareholders do not elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number contemporaneously with the setting of that number, then the directors may appoint, subject to Article 14.8, or the shareholders may elect or appoint, directors to fill those vacancies.

13.3 Directors’ Acts Valid Despite Vacancy

An act or proceeding of the directors is not invalid merely because fewer than the number of directors set or otherwise required under these Articles is in office.

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13.4 Qualifications of Directors

A director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the Business Corporations Act to become, act or continue to act as a director.

13.5 Remuneration of Directors

The directors are entitled to the remuneration for acting as directors, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine. If the directors so decide, the remuneration of the directors, if any, will be determined by the shareholders. That remuneration may be in addition to any salary or other remuneration paid to any officer or employee of the Company as such, who is also a director.

13.6 Reimbursement of Expenses of Directors

The Company must reimburse each director for the reasonable expenses that he or she may incur in and about the business of the Company.

13.7 Special Remuneration for Directors

If any director performs any professional or other services for the Company that in the opinion of the directors are outside the ordinary duties of a director, or if any director is otherwise specially occupied in or about the Company’s business, he or she may be paid remuneration fixed by the directors, or, at the option of that director, fixed by ordinary resolution, and such remuneration may be either in addition to, or in substitution for, any other remuneration that he or she may be entitled to receive.

13.8 Gratuity, Pension or Allowance on Retirement of Director

Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the directors on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who has held any salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to his or her spouse or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.

14. Election and Removal of Directors

14.1 Election at Annual General Meeting

(1) At each annual general meeting of the Company all the directors whose term of office expire at such annual general meeting shall cease to hold office immediately before the election of directors at such annual general meeting and the shareholders entitled to vote thereat shall elect to the board of directors, directors as otherwise permitted by any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the Company and all regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commissions or similar authorities appointed under that legislation as set out below. A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election;

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(2) Each director may be elected for a term of office of one or more years of office as may be specified by ordinary resolution at the time he is elected. In the absence of any such ordinary resolution, a director’s term of office shall be one year of office. No director shall be elected for a term of office exceeding five years of office. The shareholders may, by resolution of not less than 3/4 of the votes cast on the resolution vary the term of office of any director; and

(3) A director elected or appointed to fill a vacancy shall be elected or appointed for a term expiring immediately before the election of directors at the annual general meeting of the Company when the term of the director whose position he is filling would expire.

14.2 Consent to be a Director

No election, appointment or designation of an individual as a director is valid unless:

(1) that individual consents to be a director in the manner provided for in the Business Corporations Act;

(2) that individual is elected or appointed at a meeting at which the individual is present and the individual does not refuse, at the meeting, to be a director; or

(3) with respect to first directors, the designation is otherwise valid under the Business Corporations Act.

14.3 Failure to Elect or Appoint Directors

If:

(1) the Company fails to hold an annual general meeting, and all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting fail to pass the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, on or before the date by which the annual general meeting is required to be held under the Business Corporations Act; or

(2) the shareholders fail, at the annual general meeting or in the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, to elect or appoint any directors;

then each director then in office continues to hold office until the earlier of:

(3) the date on which his or her successor is elected or appointed; and

(4) the date on which he or she otherwise ceases to hold office under the Business Corporations Act or these Articles.

14.4 Places of Retiring Directors Not Filled

If, at any meeting of shareholders at which there should be an election of directors, the places of any of the retiring directors are not filled by that election, those retiring directors who are not re-elected and who are asked by the newly elected directors to continue in office will, if willing to do so, continue in office to complete the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles until further new directors are elected at a meeting of shareholders convened for that purpose. If any such election or continuance of directors does not result in the election or continuance of the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles, the number of directors of the Company is deemed to be set at the number of directors actually elected or continued in office.

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14.5 Directors May Fill Casual Vacancies

Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by the directors.

14.6 Remaining Directors’ Power to Act

The directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the board of directors, but if the Company has fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the directors may only act for the purpose of appointing directors up to that number or of summoning a meeting of shareholders for the purpose of filling any vacancies on the board of directors or, subject to the Business Corporations Act, for any other purpose.

14.7 Shareholders May Fill Vacancies

If the Company has no directors or fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the shareholders may elect or appoint directors to fill any vacancies on the board of directors.

14.8 Additional Directors

Notwithstanding Articles 13.1 and 13.2, between annual general meetings or unanimous resolutions contemplated by Article 10.2, the directors may appoint one or more additional directors, but the number of additional directors appointed under this Article 14.8 must not at any time exceed one-third of the number of the current directors who were elected or appointed as directors other than under this Article 14.8.

Any director so appointed ceases to hold office immediately before the next election or appointment of directors under Article 14.1(1), but is eligible for re-election or re-appointment.

14.9 Ceasing to be a Director

A director ceases to be a director when:

(1) the term of office of the director expires;

(2) the director dies;

(3) the director resigns as a director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company; or

(4) the director is removed from office pursuant to Articles 14.10 or 14.11.

14.10 Removal of Director by Shareholders

The Company may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office by a resolution of not less than 3/4 of the votes cast on such resolution. In that event, the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill the resulting vacancy.

If the shareholders do not elect or appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy contemporaneously with the removal, then the directors may appoint or the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill that vacancy.

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14.11 Removal of Director by Directors

The directors may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office if the director is convicted of an indictable offence, or if the director ceases to be qualified to act as a director of a company and does not promptly resign, and the directors may appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy.

14.12 Nomination of Directors

(1) Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the following procedures shall be eligible for election as directors of the Company. Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors of the Company may be made at any annual meeting of shareholders, or at any special meeting of shareholders if one of the purposes for which the special meeting was called was the election of directors:

(a) by or at the direction of the board, including pursuant to a notice of meeting;

(b) by or at the direction or request of one or more shareholders pursuant to a “proposal” made in accordance with Division 7 of Part 5 of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “Act”), or a requisition of the shareholders made in accordance with section 167 of the Act; or

(c) by any person (a “Nominating Shareholder”): (i) who, at the close of business on the date of the giving by the Nominating Shareholder of the notice provided for below in this Article 14.12 and at the close of business on the record date for notice of such meeting, is entered in the securities register of the Company as a holder of one or more shares carrying the right to vote at such meeting or who beneficially owns shares that are entitled to be voted at such meeting; and (ii) who complies with the notice procedures set forth below in this Article 14.12.

(2) In addition to any other requirements under applicable laws, for a nomination to be made by a Nominating Shareholder, the Nominating Shareholder must have given notice thereof that is both timely (in accordance with paragraph (3) below) and in proper written form (in accordance with paragraph (4) below) to the Corporate Secretary of the Company at the head office of the Company.

(3) To be timely, a Nominating Shareholder’s notice to the Corporate Secretary of the Company must be made:

(a) in the case of an annual meeting of shareholders, not less than 30 nor more than 65 days prior to the date of the annual meeting of shareholders; provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting of shareholders is to be held on a date that is less than 50 days after the date (the “Notice Date”) on which the first public announcement of the date of the annual meeting was made, notice by the Nominating Shareholder may be made not later than the close of business on the 10^th day following the Notice Date; and

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(b) in the case of a special meeting (which is not also an annual meeting) of shareholders called for the purpose of electing directors (whether or not called for other purposes), not later than the close of business on the 15^th day following the day on which the first public announcement of the date of the special meeting of shareholders was made.

The time periods for the giving of a Nominating Shareholder’s notice set forth above shall in all cases be determined based on the original date of the applicable annual meeting or special meeting of shareholders, and in no event shall any adjournment or postponement of a meeting of shareholders or the announcement thereof commence a new time period for the giving of such notice.

(4) To be in proper written form, a Nominating Shareholder’s notice to the Corporate Secretary of the Company must set forth:

(a) as to each person whom the Nominating Shareholder proposes to nominate for election as a director: (i) the name, age, business address and residential address of the person; (ii) the present principal occupation, business or employment of the person within the preceding 5 years, as well as the name and principal business of any company in which such employment is carried on; (iii) the citizenship of such person; (iv) the class or series and number of shares in the capital of the Company which are controlled or which are owned beneficially or of record by the person as of the record date for the meeting of shareholders (if such date shall then have been made publicly available and shall have occurred) and as of the date of such notice; (v) confirmation that the person meets the qualifications of directors set out in the Act; and (vi) any other information relating to the person that would be required to be disclosed in a dissident’s proxy circular in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Act and Applicable Securities Laws (as defined below); and

(b) as to the Nominating Shareholder giving the notice, full particulars regarding any proxy, contract, agreement, arrangement or understanding pursuant to which such Nominating Shareholder has a right to vote or direct the voting of any shares of the Company and any other information relating to such Nominating Shareholder that would be required to be made in a dissident’s proxy circular in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Act and Applicable Securities Laws (as defined below).

The Company may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as may reasonably be required by the Company to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as an independent director of the Company or that could be material to a reasonable shareholder’s understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such proposed nominee.

(5) No person shall be eligible for election as a director of the Company unless nominated in accordance with the provisions of this Article 14.12; provided, however, that nothing in this Article 14.12 shall be deemed to preclude discussion by a shareholder (as distinct from the nomination of directors) at a meeting of shareholders of any matter that is properly before such meeting pursuant to the provisions of the Act or the discretion of the Chairman. The Chairman of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination was made in accordance with the procedures set forth in the foregoing provisions and, if any proposed nomination is not in compliance with such foregoing provisions, to declare that such defective nomination shall be disregarded.

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(6) For purposes of this Article 14.12:

(a) “Applicable Securities Laws” means the applicable securities legislation of each province and territory of Canada in which the Company is a reporting issuer, as amended from time to time, the rules, regulations and forms made or promulgated under any such statute and the published national instruments, multilateral instruments, policies, bulletins and notices of the securities commission and similar regulatory authority of each province and territory of Canada; and

(b) “public announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service in Canada, or in a document publicly filed by the Company under its profile on the System of Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval at www.sedar.com.

(7) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article 14.12, notice given to the Corporate Secretary of the Company pursuant to this Article 14.12 may only be given by personal delivery, facsimile transmission or by email (at such email address as may be stipulated from time to time by the Corporate Secretary of the Company for purposes of this notice), and shall be deemed to have been given and made only at the time it is served by personal delivery to the Corporate Secretary at the address of the head office of the Company, email (at the address as aforesaid) or sent by facsimile transmission (provided that receipt of confirmation of such transmission has been received); provided that if such delivery or electronic communication is made on a day which is a not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on a day which is a business day, then such delivery or electronic communication shall be deemed to have been made on the next following day that is a business day.

(8) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the board may, in its sole discretion, waive any requirement in this Article 14.12.

15. Alternate Directors

15.1 Appointment of Alternate Director

Any director (an “appointor”) may by notice in writing received by the Company appoint any person (an “appointee”) who is qualified to act as a director to be his or her alternate to act in his or her place at meetings of the directors or committees of the directors at which the appointor is not present unless (in the case of an appointee who is not a director) the directors have reasonably disapproved the appointment of such person as an alternate director and have given notice to that effect to his or her appointor within a reasonable time after the notice of appointment is received by the Company. Every alternate director shall have a direct and personal duty to the Company arising from his alternate directorship, independent of the duties of the director who appointed him.

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15.2 Notice of Meetings

Every alternate director so appointed is entitled to notice of meetings of the directors and of committees of the directors of which his or her appointor is a member and to attend and vote as a director at any such meetings at which his or her appointor is not present.

15.3 Alternate for More Than One Director Attending Meetings

A person may be appointed as an alternate director by more than one director, and an alternate director:

(1) will be counted in determining the quorum for a meeting of directors once for each of his or her appointors and, in the case of an appointee who is also a director, once more in that capacity;

(2) has a separate vote at a meeting of directors for each of his or her appointors and, in the case of an appointee who is also a director, an additional vote in that capacity;

(3) will be counted in determining the quorum for a meeting of a committee of directors once for each of his or her appointors who is a member of that committee and, in the case of an appointee who is also a member of that committee as a director, once more in that capacity;

(4) has a separate vote at a meeting of a committee of directors for each of his or her appointors who is a member of that committee and, in the case of an appointee who is also a member of that committee as a director, an additional vote in that capacity.

15.4 Consent Resolutions

Every alternate director, if authorized by the notice appointing him or her, may sign in place of his or her appointor any resolutions to be consented to in writing.

15.5 Alternate Director Not an Agent

Every alternate director is deemed not to be the agent of his or her appointor and shall be deemed not to have any conflict arising out of any interest, property or office held by the appointor. An alternate director shall be deemed to be a director for all purposes of these Articles, with full power to act as a director, subject to any limitations in the instrument appointing him, and an alternate director shall be entitled to all of the indemnities and similar protections afforded directors by the Business Corporations Act and under these Articles. A director shall have no liability arising out of any act or omission by his alternate director to which the appointor was not a party, nor shall an alternate director have liability for any such act or omission by the appointor. Without limiting the foregoing, no duty to account to the Company shall be imposed upon an alternate director merely because he voted in respect of a contract or transaction in which the appointor was interested or which the appointor failed to disclose, nor shall any such duty be imposed upon an appointor merely because he voted in respect of a contract or transaction in which his alternate director was interested or which such alternate director failed to disclose.

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15.6 Revocation of Appointment of Alternate Director

An appointor may at any time, by notice in writing received by the Company, revoke the appointment of an alternate director appointed by him or her.

15.7 Ceasing to be an Alternate Director

The appointment of an alternate director ceases when:

(1) his or her appointor ceases to be a director and is not promptly re-elected or re-appointed;

(2) the alternate director dies;

(3) the alternate director resigns as an alternate director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company;

(4) the alternate director ceases to be qualified to act as a director; or

(5) his or her appointor revokes the appointment of the alternate director.

15.8 Remuneration and Expenses of Alternate Director

The Company may reimburse an alternate director for the reasonable expenses that would be properly reimbursed if he or she were a director, and the alternate director is entitled to receive from the Company such proportion, if any, of the remuneration otherwise payable to the appointor as the appointor may from time to time direct.

16. Powers and Duties of Directors

16.1 Powers of Management

The directors must, subject to the Business Corporations Act and these Articles, manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and have the authority to exercise all such powers of the Company as are not, by the Business Corporations Act or by these Articles, required to be exercised by the shareholders of the Company.

16.2 Appointment of Attorney of Company

The directors may from time to time, by power of attorney or other instrument, under seal if so required by law, appoint any person to be the attorney of the Company for such purposes, and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the directors under these Articles and excepting the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors, to remove a director, to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors, to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors and to declare dividends) and for such period, and with such remuneration and subject to such conditions as the directors may think fit. Any such power of attorney may contain such provisions for the protection or convenience of persons dealing with such attorney as the directors think fit. Any such attorney may be authorized by the directors to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in him or her.

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16.3 Remuneration of Auditor

The directors may set the remuneration of the auditor of the Company.

17. Interests of Directors and Officers

17.1 Obligation to Account for Profits

A director or senior officer who holds a disclosable interest (as that term is used in the Business Corporations Act) in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is liable to account to the Company for any profit that accrues to the director or senior officer under or as a result of the contract or transaction only if and to the extent provided in the Business Corporations Act.

17.2 Restrictions on Voting by Reason of Interest

A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is not entitled to vote on any directors’ resolution to approve that contract or transaction, unless all the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case any or all of those directors may vote on such resolution.

17.3 Interested Director Counted in Quorum

A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter and who is present at the meeting of directors at which the contract or transaction is considered for approval may be counted in the quorum at the meeting whether or not the director votes on any or all of the resolutions considered at the meeting.

17.4 Disclosure of Conflict of Interest or Property

A director or senior officer who holds any office or possesses any property, right or interest that could result, directly or indirectly, in the creation of a duty or interest that materially conflicts with that individual’s duty or interest as a director or senior officer, must disclose the nature and extent of the conflict as required by the Business Corporations Act.

17.5 Director Holding Other Office in the Company

A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company, other than the office of auditor of the Company, in addition to his or her office of director for the period and on the terms (as to remuneration or otherwise) that the directors may determine.

17.6 No Disqualification

No director or intended director is disqualified by his or her office from contracting with the Company either with regard to the holding of any office or place of profit the director holds with the Company or as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, and no contract or transaction entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which a director is in any way interested is liable to be voided for that reason.

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17.7 Professional Services by Director or Officer

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, a director or officer, or any person in which a director or officer has an interest, may act in a professional capacity for the Company, except as auditor of the Company, and the director or officer or such person is entitled to remuneration for professional services as if that director or officer were not a director or officer.

17.8 Director or Officer in Other Corporations

A director or officer may be or become a director, officer or employee of, or otherwise interested in, any person in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise, and, subject to the Business Corporations Act, the director or officer is not accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him or her as director, officer or employee of, or from his or her interest in, such other person.

18. Proceedings of Directors

18.1 Meetings of Directors

The directors may meet together for the conduct of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit, and meetings of the directors held at regular intervals may be held at the place, at the time and on the notice, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine.

18.2 Voting at Meetings

Questions arising at any meeting of directors are to be decided by a majority of votes and, in the case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.

18.3 Chair of Meetings

The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of directors:

(1) the chair of the board, if any;

(2) in the absence of the chair of the board, the president, if any, if the president is a director; or

(3) any other director chosen by the directors if:

(a) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is present at the meeting within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting;

(b) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is willing to chair the meeting; or

(c) the chair of the board and the president, if a director, have advised the secretary, if any, or any other director, that they will not be present at the meeting.

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18.4 Meetings by Telephone or Other Communications Medium

A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors in person or by telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other. A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors by a communications medium other than telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other and if all directors who wish to participate in the meeting agree to such participation. A director who participates in a meeting in a manner contemplated by this Article 18.4 is deemed for all purposes of the Business Corporations Act and these Articles to be present at the meeting and to have agreed to participate in that manner.

18.5 Calling of Meetings

A director may, and the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company, if any, on the request of a director must, call a meeting of the directors at any time.

18.6 Notice of Meetings

Other than for meetings held at regular intervals as determined by the directors pursuant to Article 18.1, or as provided in Article 18.7, reasonable notice of each meeting of the directors, specifying the place, day and time of that meeting must be given to each of the directors and the alternate directors by any method set out in Article 24.1 or orally or by telephone.

18.7 When Notice Not Required

It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of the directors to a director or an alternate director if:

(1) the meeting is to be held immediately following a meeting of shareholders at which that director was elected or appointed, or is the meeting of the directors at which that director is appointed;

(2) the director or alternate director, as the case may be, has waived notice of the meeting; or

(3) the director or alternate director, as the case may be, is not, at the time, in the province of British Columbia.

18.8 Meeting Valid Despite Failure to Give Notice

The accidental omission to give notice of any meeting of directors to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any director or alternate director, does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting.

18.9 Waiver of Notice of Meetings

Any director or alternate director may send to the Company a document signed by him or her waiving notice of any past, present or future meeting or meetings of the directors and may at any time withdraw that waiver with respect to meetings held after that withdrawal. After sending a waiver with respect to all future meetings and until that waiver is withdrawn, no notice of any meeting of the directors need be given to that director and, unless the director otherwise requires by notice in writing to the Company, to his or her alternate director, and all meetings of the directors so held are deemed not to be improperly called or constituted by reason of notice not having been given to such director or alternate director.

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18.10 Quorum

The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be set by the directors and, if not so set, is deemed to be set at two directors or, if the number of directors is set at one, is deemed to be set at one director, and that director may constitute a meeting.

18.11 Validity of Acts Where Appointment Defective

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, an act of a director or officer is not invalid merely because of an irregularity in the election or appointment or a defect in the qualification of that director or officer.

18.12 Consent Resolutions in Writing

A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors may be passed without a meeting:

(1) in all cases, if each of the directors entitled to vote on the resolution consents to it in writing; or

(2) in the case of a resolution to approve a contract or transaction in respect of which a director has disclosed that he or she has or may have a disclosable interest, if each of the other directors who are entitled to vote on the resolution consent to it in writing.

A consent in writing under this Article may be by signed document, fax, email or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages. A consent in writing may be in two or more counterparts which together are deemed to constitute one consent in writing. A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors passed in accordance with this Article 18.12 is effective on the date stated in the consent in writing or on the latest date stated on any counterpart and is deemed to be a proceeding at a meeting of directors or of the committee of the directors and to be as valid and effective as if it had been passed at a meeting of the directors or of the committee of the directors that satisfies all the requirements of the Business Corporations Act and all the requirements of these Articles relating to meetings of the directors or of a committee of the directors.

19. Executive and Other Committees

19.1 Appointment and Powers of Executive Committee

The directors may, by resolution, appoint an executive committee consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate, and this committee has, during the intervals between meetings of the board of directors, all of the directors’ powers, except:

(1) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;

(2) the power to remove a director;

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(3) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and

(4) such other powers, if any, as may be set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution.

19.2 Appointment and Powers of Other Committees

The directors may, by resolution:

(1) appoint one or more committees (other than the executive committee) consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate;

(2) delegate to a committee appointed under paragraph (1) any of the directors’ powers, except:

(a) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;

(b) the power to remove a director;

(c) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and

(d) the power to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors; and

(3) make any delegation referred to in paragraph (2) subject to the conditions set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution.

19.3 Obligations of Committees

Any committee appointed under Articles 19.1 or 19.2, in the exercise of the powers delegated to it, must:

(1) conform to any rules that may from time to time be imposed on it by the directors; and

(2) report every act or thing done in exercise of those powers at such times as the directors may require.

19.4 Powers of Board

The directors may, at any time, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 19.1 or 19.2:

(1) revoke or alter the authority given to the committee, or override a decision made by the committee, except as to acts done before such revocation, alteration or overriding;

(2) terminate the appointment of, or change the membership of, the committee; and

(3) fill vacancies in the committee.

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19.5 Committee Meetings

Subject to Article 19.3(1) and unless the directors otherwise provide in the resolution appointing the committee or in any subsequent resolution, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 19.1 or 19.2:

(1) the committee may meet and adjourn as it thinks proper;

(2) the committee may elect a chair of its meetings but, if no chair of a meeting is elected, or if at a meeting the chair of the meeting is not present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, the directors present who are members of the committee may choose one of their number to chair the meeting;

(3) a majority of the members of the committee constitutes a quorum of the committee; and

(4) questions arising at any meeting of the committee are determined by a majority of votes of the members present, and in case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.

20. Officers

20.1 Directors May Appoint Officers

The directors may, from time to time, appoint such officers, if any, as the directors determine and the directors may, at any time, terminate any such appointment.

20.2 Functions, Duties and Powers of Officers

The directors may, for each officer:

(1) determine the functions and duties of the officer;

(2) entrust to and confer on the officer any of the powers exercisable by the directors on such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as the directors think fit; and

(3) revoke, withdraw, alter or vary all or any of the functions, duties and powers of the officer.

20.3 Qualifications

No officer may be appointed unless that officer is qualified in accordance with the Business Corporations Act. One person may hold more than one position as an officer of the Company. Any person appointed as the chair of the board or as the managing director must be a director. Any other officer need not be a director.

20.4 Remuneration and Terms of Appointment

All appointments of officers are to be made on the terms and conditions and at the remuneration (whether by way of salary, fee, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) that the directors think fit and are subject to termination at the pleasure of the directors, and an officer may in addition to such remuneration be entitled to receive, after he or she ceases to hold such office or leaves the employment of the Company, a pension or gratuity.

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21. Indemnification

21.1 Definitions

In this Article 21:

(1) “eligible penalty” means a judgment, penalty or fine awarded or imposed in, or an amount paid in settlement of, an eligible proceeding;

(2) “eligible proceeding” means a legal proceeding or investigative action, whether current, threatened, pending or completed, in which a director, former director or alternate director of the Company (an “eligible party”) or any of the heirs and legal personal representatives of the eligible party, by reason of the eligible party being or having been a director or alternate director of the Company:

(a) is or may be joined as a party; or

(b) is or may be liable for or in respect of a judgment, penalty or fine in, or expenses related to, the proceeding;

(3) “expenses” has the meaning set out in the Business Corporations Act.

21.2 Mandatory Indemnification of Directors and Former Directors

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must indemnify a director, former director or alternate director of the Company and his or her heirs and legal personal representatives against all eligible penalties to which such person is or may be liable, and the Company must, after the final disposition of an eligible proceeding, pay the expenses actually and reasonably incurred by such person in respect of that proceeding. Each director and alternate director is deemed to have contracted with the Company on the terms of the indemnity contained in this Article 21.2.

21.3 Indemnification of Other Persons

Subject to any restrictions in the Business Corporations Act, the Company may indemnify any person.

21.4 Non-Compliance with Business Corporations Act

The failure of a director, alternate director or officer of the Company to comply with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles does not invalidate any indemnity to which he or she is entitled under this Part.

21.5 Company May Purchase Insurance

The Company may purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any person (or his or her heirs or legal personal representatives) who:

(1) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of the Company;

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(2) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation at a time when the corporation is or was an affiliate of the Company;

(3) at the request of the Company, is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation or of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;

(4) at the request of the Company, holds or held a position equivalent to that of a director, alternate director or officer of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;

against any liability incurred by him or her as such director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent or person who holds or held such equivalent position.

22. Dividends

22.1 Payment of Dividends Subject to Special Rights

The provisions of this Article 22 are subject to the rights, if any, of shareholders holding shares with special rights as to dividends.

22.2 Declaration of Dividends

Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of such dividends as they may deem advisable.

22.3 No Notice Required

The directors need not give notice to any shareholder of any declaration under Article 22.2.

22.4 Record Date

The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend. The record date must not precede the date on which the dividend is to be paid by more than two months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the date on which the directors pass the resolution declaring the dividend.

22.5 Manner of Paying Dividend

A resolution declaring a dividend may direct payment of the dividend wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets or of fully paid shares or of bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, or in any one or more of those ways.

22.6 Settlement of Difficulties

If any difficulty arises in regard to a distribution under Article 22.5, the directors may settle the difficulty as they deem advisable, and, in particular, may:

(1) set the value for distribution of specific assets;

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(2) determine that cash payments in substitution for all or any part of the specific assets to which any shareholders are entitled may be made to any shareholders on the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all parties; and

(3) vest any such specific assets in trustees for the persons entitled to the dividend.

22.7 When Dividend Payable

Any dividend may be made payable on such date as is fixed by the directors.

22.8 Dividends to be Paid in Accordance with Number of Shares

All dividends on shares of any class or series of shares must be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held.

22.9 Receipt by Joint Shareholders

If several persons are joint shareholders of any share, any one of them may give an effective receipt for any dividend, bonus or other money payable in respect of the share.

22.10 Dividend Bears No Interest

No dividend bears interest against the Company.

22.11 Fractional Dividends

If a dividend to which a shareholder is entitled includes a fraction of the smallest monetary unit of the currency of the dividend, that fraction may be disregarded in making payment of the dividend and that payment represents full payment of the dividend.

22.12 Payment of Dividends

Any dividend or other distribution payable in cash in respect of shares may be paid by cheque, made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and mailed to the address of the shareholder, or in the case of joint shareholders, to the address of the joint shareholder who is first named on the central securities register, or to the person and to the address the shareholder or joint shareholders may direct in writing. The mailing of such cheque will, to the extent of the sum represented by the cheque (plus the amount of the tax required by law to be deducted), discharge all liability for the dividend unless such cheque is not paid on presentation or the amount of tax so deducted is not paid to the appropriate taxing authority.

22.13 Capitalization of Retained Earnings or Surplus

Notwithstanding anything contained in these Articles, the directors may from time to time capitalize any retained earnings or surplus of the Company and may from time to time issue, as fully paid, shares or any bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as a dividend representing the retained earnings or surplus or any part of the retained earnings or surplus so capitalized or any part thereof.

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23. Documents, Records and Reports

23.1 Recording of Financial Affairs

The directors must cause adequate accounting records to be kept to record properly the financial affairs and condition of the Company and to comply with the Business Corporations Act.

23.2 Inspection of Accounting Records

Unless the directors determine otherwise, or unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, no shareholder of the Company is entitled to inspect or obtain a copy of any accounting records of the Company.

24. Notices

24.1 Method of Giving Notice

Unless the Business Corporations Act or these Articles provides otherwise, a notice, statement, report or other record required or permitted by the Business Corporations Act or these Articles to be sent by or to a person may be sent by any one of the following methods:

(1) mail addressed to the person at the applicable address for that person as follows:

(a) for a record mailed to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address;

(b) for a record mailed to a director or officer, the prescribed address for mailing shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the mailing address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;

(c) in any other case, the mailing address of the intended recipient;

(2) delivery at the applicable address for that person as follows, addressed to the person:

(a) for a record delivered to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address;

(b) for a record delivered to a director or officer, the prescribed address for delivery shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the delivery address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;

(c) in any other case, the delivery address of the intended recipient;

(3) sending the record by fax to the fax number provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;

(4) sending the record by email to the email address provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;

(5) physical delivery to the intended recipient; or

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(6) as otherwise permitted by any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the Company and all regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commissions or similar authorities appointed under that legislation.

24.2 Deemed Receipt of Mailing

A notice, statement, report or other record that is:

(1) mailed to a person by ordinary mail to the applicable address for that person referred to in Article 24.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was mailed on the day (Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excepted) following the date of mailing;

(2) faxed to a person to the fax number provided by that person referred to in Article 24.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was faxed on the day it was faxed; and

(3) emailed to a person to the email address provided by that person referred to in Article 24.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was emailed on the day it was emailed.

24.3 Certificate of Sending

A certificate signed by the secretary, if any, or other officer of the Company or of any other corporation acting in that capacity on behalf of the Company stating that a notice, statement, report or other record was addressed as required by Article 24.1, prepaid and mailed or otherwise sent as permitted by Article 24.1 is conclusive evidence of that fact.

24.4 Notice to Joint Shareholders

A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the joint shareholders of a share by providing the notice to the joint shareholder first named in the central securities register in respect of the share.

24.5 Notice to Trustees

A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death, bankruptcy or incapacity of a shareholder by:

(1) mailing the record, addressed to them:

(a) by name, by the title of the legal personal representative of the deceased or incapacitated shareholder, by the title of trustee of the bankrupt shareholder or by any similar description; and

(b) at the address, if any, supplied to the Company for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled; or

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(2) if an address referred to in paragraph (1)(b) has not been supplied to the Company, by giving the notice in a manner in which it might have been given if the death, bankruptcy or incapacity had not occurred.

24.6 Undelivered Notices

If on two consecutive occasions, a notice, statement, report or other record is sent to a shareholder pursuant to Article 24.1 and on each of those occasions any such record is returned because the shareholder cannot be located, the Company shall not be required to send any further records to the shareholder until the shareholder informs the Company in writing of his or her new address.

25. Seal

25.1 Who May Attest Seal

Except as provided in Articles 25.2 and 25.3, the Company’s seal, if any, must not be impressed on any record except when that impression is attested by the signatures of:

(1) any two directors;

(2) any officer, together with any director;

(3) if the Company only has one director, that director; or

(4) any one or more directors or officers or persons as may be determined by the directors.

25.2 Sealing Copies

For the purpose of certifying under seal a certificate of incumbency of the directors or officers of the Company or a true copy of any resolution or other document, despite Article 25.1, the impression of the seal may be attested by the signature of any director or officer or the signature of any other person as may be determined by the directors.

25.3 Mechanical Reproduction of Seal

The directors may authorize the seal to be impressed by third parties on share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as they may determine appropriate from time to time. To enable the seal to be impressed on any share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, whether in definitive or interim form, on which facsimiles of any of the signatures of the directors or officers of the Company are, in accordance with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles, printed or otherwise mechanically reproduced, there may be delivered to the person employed to engrave, lithograph or print such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities one or more unmounted dies reproducing the seal and the chair of the board or any senior officer together with the secretary, treasurer, secretary-treasurer, an assistant secretary, an assistant treasurer or an assistant secretary-treasurer may in writing authorize such person to cause the seal to be impressed on such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities by the use of such dies. Share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities to which the seal has been so impressed are for all purposes deemed to be under and to bear the seal impressed on them.

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26. Prohibitions

26.1 Definitions

In this Part 26:

(1) “security” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Act (British Columbia);

(2) “transfer restricted security” means:

(a) a share of the Company;

(b) a security of the Company convertible into shares of the Company;

(c) any other security of the Company which must be subject to restrictions on transfer in order for the Company to satisfy the requirement for restrictions on transfer under the “private issuer” exemption of Canadian securities legislation or under any other exemption from prospectus or registration requirements of Canadian securities legislation similar in scope and purpose to the “private issuer” exemption.

26.2 Application

Article 26.3 does not apply to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company or a pre-existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of these Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply.

26.3 Consent Required for Transfer of Shares or Transfer Restricted Securities

No share or other transfer restricted security may be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of without the consent of the directors and the directors are not required to give any reason for refusing to consent to any such sale, transfer or other disposition.

27. Special Rights And Restrictions – Class A Common Shares

The Class A Common Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Class A Common Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 27.

27.1 Voting Rights

Except as required by law or by these Articles, the holders of the Class A Common Shares, as such, are entitled to receive notice of every meeting of shareholders of the Company and are entitled to vote at those meetings in person or by proxy.

27.2 Dividends

(1) Except as otherwise provided in these Articles, the holders of the Class A Common Shares, as such, are entitled to receive on the date fixed for payment, and the Company will pay, such dividends as the directors may in their sole and absolute discretion declare from time to time.

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(2) Except as otherwise provided in these Articles, the directors may, in their sole and absolute discretion, at any time:

(a) declare and pay, or set apart for payment, a dividend on the Class A Common Shares independently of any dividend on, and without also declaring or paying or setting apart for payment any dividend (whether or not of a similar amount or similar kind) on, any one or more other classes of shares in the Company; and

(b) declare and pay, or set apart for payment, dividends on shares of any one or more classes of shares in the Company other than the Class A Common Shares independently of any dividend on, and without also declaring or paying or setting apart for payment any dividend (whether or not of a similar amount or similar kind) on, the Class A Common Shares.

27.3 Winding Up

In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or of any distribution of property and assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Class A Common Shares, as such, will, subject to the rights of the holders of the Class C Shares, Class D Preferred Shares and any other class of shares in the Company entitled to receive property and assets of the Company upon such a distribution in priority to the holders of the Class A Common Shares, share pari passu with the holders of the Class B Common Shares and any other class of shares in the Company ranking pari passu with the Class A Common Shares on a liquidation, dissolution or winding up, as such, on a share-for-share basis, in all remaining property and assets of the Company.

28 Special Rights And Restrictions Class B Common Shares Altered By Special Resolution Dated July 17, 2019

The Class B Common Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Class B Common Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 28.

28.1 Voting Rights

Except as required by law or by these Articles, the holders of the Class B Common Shares, as such, are not entitled to receive notice of any meetings of shareholders of the Company and are not entitled to vote at those meetings in person or by proxy.

28.2 Dividends

(1) Except as otherwise provided in these Articles, the holders of the Class B Common Shares, as such, are entitled to receive on the date fixed for payment, and the Company will pay, such dividends as the directors may in their sole and absolute discretion declare from time to time.

(2) Except as otherwise provided in these Articles, the directors may, in their sole and absolute discretion, at any time:

(a) declare and pay, or set apart for payment, a dividend of any kind on the Class B Common Shares independently of any dividend on, and without also declaring or paying or setting apart for payment any dividend (whether or not of a similar amount or similar kind) on, any one or more other classes of shares in the Company; and

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(b) declare and pay, or set apart for payment, dividends on shares of any one or more classes of shares in the Company other than the Class B Common Shares independently of any dividend on, and without also declaring or paying or setting apart for payment any dividend (whether or not of a similar amount or similar kind) on, the Class B Common Shares.

28.3 Winding Up

In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or of any distribution of property and assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Class B Common Shares, as such, will, subject to the rights of the holders of the Class C Shares, Class D Preferred Shares and any other class of shares in the Company entitled to receive property and assets of the Company upon such a distribution in priority to the holders of the Class B Common Shares, share par passu with the holders of the Class A Common Shares and any other class of shares in the Company ranking pari passu with the Class B Common Shares on a liquidation, dissolution or winding up, as such, on a share-for-share basis, in all remaining property and assets of the Company.

29. Special Rights And Restrictions – Class C Shares

The Class C Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Class C Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 29.

29.1 Voting Rights

Except as required by law or by these Articles, the holders of the Class C Shares, as such, are entitled to receive notice of every meeting of shareholders of the Company and are entitled to vote at those meetings in person or by proxy.

29.2 Dividends

The holders of the Class C Shares, as such, are not entitled to receive, and the Company will not pay, any dividends on the Class C Shares.

29.3 Winding Up

In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or of any distribution of property and assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Class C Shares, as such, will, subject to the rights of the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares and any other class of shares in the Company entitled to receive property and assets of the Company upon such a distribution in priority to the holders of the Class C Shares, be entitle to receive from the property and assets of the Company a total amount equal to the capital in respect of all Class C Shares, as determined in accordance with the Business Corporations Act, before any amount is paid or any property and assets of the Company are distributed to the holders of any Class A Common Shares, Class B Common Shares, or any distribution After payment to the holders of the Class C Shares ranking junior to the Class C Shares on such a distribution. After payment to the holders of the Class C Shares of the amount payable to them as provided in this Article, they will not, as such, be entitled to share in any further distribution of property and assets of the Company among its sharesholders upon such a distribution.

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30. Special Rights And Restrictions – Class D Preferred Shares

The Class D Preferred Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Class D Preferred Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 30.

30.1 Voting Rights

Except as required by law or by these Articles, the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, as such, are not entitled to receive notice of any meetings of shareholders of the Company and are not entitled to vote at those meetings in person or by proxy.

30.2 Dividends

(1) Except as otherwise provided in these Articles, each holder of a Class D Preferred Share, as such, is entitled to receive, and the Company will pay to that holder, for each financial year of the Company, a fixed, preferential, non cumulative dividend (the “Class D Preferential Dividend”) on each Class D Preferred Share held, if, as and when declared by the directors in their discretion. The maximum Class D Preferential Dividend on a Class D Preferred Share for any financial year of the Company will be equal to the percentage of the Class D Redemption Amount determined by the directors of Company at the time such Class D Preferred Share is issued.

(2) For greater certainty, any reference in these Articles to “unpaid Class D Preferential Dividends” on a Class D Preferred Share at any time means the Class D Preferential Dividends, if any, that have been declared payable on that Class D Preferred Share by the directors on or before that time pursuant to this Part 30, but that remain unpaid at that time.

(3) The directors are entitled to declare and pay all or any part of the maximum Class D Preferential Dividend on the Class Preferred Shares for any financial year of the Company at any time and from time to time.

(4) The holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, as such, are not entitled to any dividend other than the Class D Preferential Dividend if, as and when declared by the directors on the Class D Preferred Shares pursuant to this Part 30.

(5) Subject to these Articles, if the Class D Preferential Dividend or any part of it is not declared by the directors pursuant to these Articles for any financial year of the Company by the end of that financial year it will be forever extinguished.

(6) The Company will not:

(a) declare, pay or set apart for payment any dividend;

(b) make or pay any other distribution of any kind; or

(c) pay any proceeds of redemption, proceeds of retraction, or purchase price, on or in respect of the Class A Common Shares, Class B Common Shares, Class C Shares or any other class of shares in the Company ranking junior to the Class D Preferred Shares at any time if the directors, on reasonable grounds, determine that the Company would, after the payment, be unable to pay (i) the liabilities of the Company as they become due and (ii) the total Class D Redemption Amount of the issued and outstanding Class D Preferred Shares.

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30.3 Company’s Right to Redeem

The Company has the right, exercisable at any time, to redeem, in whole or in part, the outstanding Class D Preferred Shares on the terms and subject to the conditions set out in these Articles (the “Class D Redemption Right “).

30.4 Pro Rata Redemption

Except with the consent of the holders of all the issued Class D Preferred Shares, the Company will only redeem Class D Preferred Shares pursuant to the Class D Redemption Right on a pro rata basis among all holders of Class D Preferred Shares in accordance with the number of Class D Preferred Shares held by each of them at the time of redemption.

30.5 Notice of Redemption

Subject to these Articles, if the Company wishes to exercise the Class D Redemption Right, the Company must give notice in writing of that exercise (the “Class D Redemption Notice”) to each holder of Class D Preferred Shares to be redeemed at least 10 days before the proposed redemption, specifying the number of Class D Preferred Shares to be redeemed and the date for redemption of those Class D Preferred Shares (the “Class D Redemption Date”). A Class D Redemption Notice may be given to the holder of a Class D Preferred Share at the last address of that holder as it appears on the books of the Company. The inadvertent failure to give a Class D Redemption Notice to any person will not affect the validity of the redemption.

30.6 Class D Retraction Right

Each holder of a Class D Preferred Share has the right, exercisable by it at any time, to require the Company to redeem some or all of its Class D Preferred Shares on the terms and subject to the conditions set out in these Articles (the “Class D Retraction Right”).

30.7 Procedure to Exercise Class D Retraction Rights

Subject to these Articles, if at any time the holder of a Class D Preferred Share wishes to exercise the Class D Retraction Right, the holder must give a notice in writing of that exercise (the “Class D Retraction Notice”) to the Company and to each other holder of Class D Preferred Shares (the “Other Class D Shareholders”) specifying:

(1) the number of the holder’s Class D Preferred Shares to be redeemed; and

(2) the Class D Redemption Date for those Class D Preferred Shares, which date must satisfy the following requirements:

(a) if at that time any Other Class D Shareholder has already specified a Class D Redemption Date that has not passed, then that date already specified is the Class D Redemption Date; or

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(b) in any other case, the Class D Redemption Date must be at least 15 days and not more than 60 days after the latest date that such Class D Retraction Notice is given to the Company and to the Other Class D Shareholders.

30.8 Retraction on Insolvency

Despite any other provisions in these Articles, if any holder of Class D Preferred Shares exercises the Class D Retraction Right to require the Company to redeem one or more Class D Preferred Shares on a particular Class D Redemption Date, the Company will not be obligated to redeem those Class D Preferred Shares to the extent that such redemption would render the Company insolvent or would be contrary to the solvency requirements or other provisions of applicable law. If the directors of the Company determine that the Company would be insolvent after that redemption, or would not be permitted by any solvency requirements or other provisions of applicable law to redeem all those Class D Preferred Shares, the Company will give notice of that determination to each holder of Class D Preferred Shares to be redeemed on that Class D Redemption Date, and the Company will then only be obligated to redeem those Class D Preferred Shares on that Class D Redemption Date pro rata, based on the number of Class D Preferred Shares tendered for redemption, to the extent of the maximum number of those shares that may be redeemed without breaching those requirements or other provisions, as determined by the directors of the Company.

30.9 Waiver of Notice

Any person entitled to receive a Class D Redemption Notice or a Class D Retraction Notice may waive receipt of, or any of the requirements to give, that notice, or the time for giving that notice, and that waiver, whether given before or after redemption, will be effective for all purposes of these Articles and will cure any failure in respect of that notice, including failure to give that notice, to give the specified form of notice, or to give the notice by a particular date.

30.10 Redemption

(1) The Company will redeem the number of Class D Preferred Shares specified in the relevant Class D Redemption Notice or Class D Retraction Notice on the applicable Class D Redemption Date, on the terms and subject to the conditions set out in these Articles.

(2) Despite the terms and conditions set out in these Articles, the applicable Class D Redemption Date can be changed by the agreement of the Company and all holders of Class D Preferred Shares.

30.11 Payment on Redemption

Subject to Article 30.12, the Company will redeem the Class D Preferred Shares which are to be redeemed pursuant to the exercise of any Class D Redemption Right or Class D Retraction Right by paying to the holder of those Class D Preferred Shares on the applicable Class D Redemption Date the Class D Redemption Amount for those Class D Preferred Shares plus all unpaid Class D Preferential Dividends owing on them, in cash or in kind, on surrender to the Company for cancellation of the certificate, if any, for those Class D Preferred Shares at the registered office of the Company or any other reasonable place acceptable to the Company.

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30.12 Deposit of Fund for Certificated Shares

If the certificate representing any certificated Class D Preferred Share being redeemed has not been surrendered by the holder of that share in accordance with these Articles, the Company will have the right, but not the obligation, to deposit the amount payable by it on redemption for such Class D Preferred Share into an account in any chartered bank or trust company in British Columbia, or into a trust account with a lawyer or law firm in British Columbia. If that deposit is made, the Company will instruct that bank, trust company, lawyer or law firm, as applicable, to pay the amount so deposited, without interest, to or to the order of the holder of that Class D Preferred Share upon surrender to the Company, or to the bank, trust company, lawyer or law firm, as applicable, for cancellation of the certificate representing that Class D Preferred Share. Any interest earned on the Company’s deposit will be the property of and be paid to the Company.

30.13 No Further Rights

The Class D Preferred Shares to be redeemed on any Class D Redemption Date will be deemed to have been redeemed on that date and the holders of those Class D Preferred Shares will have no further rights against the Company in respect of those Class D Preferred Shares (including any right to any further Class D Preferential Dividend), except the right to be paid in full the Class D Redemption Amount and all unpaid Class D Preferential Dividends, and those Class D Preferred Shares:

(1) will be, and will be deemed to have been, redeemed; and

(2) unless otherwise determined by the Company will be, and will be deemed to be, cancelled;

on such Class D Redemption Date.

30.14 Balancing Certificate

If less than all the Class D Preferred Shares represented by a certificate are to be redeemed, the Company will, at its expense, issue a new certificate for the balance of those shares.

30.15 Definition of Class D Redemption Amount

In these Articles, the term “Class D Redemption Amount” in respect of each Class D Preferred Share means:

(1) if the Class D Preferred Share is not issued in consideration for property, the amount designated by the directors of the Company in respect of the issuance of that Class D Preferred Share; or

(2) if the Class D Preferred Share is issued in consideration for property (including in consideration for any other share of the Company), the fair market value of the property received by the Company in consideration for the issuance of that Class D Preferred Share (the “Relevant Class D Property”) computed as at the time that Class D Preferred Share was issued, net of the fair market value of any other consideration given by the company for the Relevant Class D Property, and computed on a per share basis.

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30.16 Determination of Class Redemption Amount

The directors, acting in good faith, will be entitled at any time and from time to time to estimate the fair market value of the Relevant Class D Property and, based on that estimate, to designate an amount as the Class D Redemption Amount (the amount so designated from time to time is referred to in these Articles as the “Designated Class D Redemption Amount”). The most recent designation of the Class D Redemption Amount made by the directors pursuant to these Articles will be conclusive evidence at law and in equity against all persons (including the Company, its creditors, trustees or other representatives, and all shareholders of the Company, and their respective successors and assigns) that the Class D Redemption Amount is equal to that Designated Class D Redemption Amount.

30.17 Redetermination

For greater certainty, despite any prior designation of an amount as the Class D Redemption Amount, the directors of the Company, acting in good faith, will be entitled at any time to designate another amount as the Class D Redemption Amount having regard to any advice or information that the directors, in their discretion, deem necessary or advisable regarding the actual fair market value of the Relevant Class D Property, computed as at the time of issue of that Class D Preferred Share, net of any other consideration and computed on a per Class D Preferred Share basis. That advice or information may include any appraisal or other indication of value, or any relevant tax assessment or reassessment of the Company or any shareholder of the Company issued or proposed to be issued by the Minister of National Revenue for Canada or any other competent taxation authority, or any order or ruling of a court of competent jurisdiction.

30.18 Consequences of Redetermination

If at any time the directors designate the Class D Redemption Amount in respect of any Class D Preferred Share pursuant to these Articles then, whether or not any or all of the Class D Preferred Shares are then held by their original holders, and whether or not any or all of the Class D Preferred Shares are then outstanding:

(1) the Class D Redemption Amount in respect of each Class D Preferred Share will be deemed for all purpose of these Articles retroactively and nunc pro tunc as of the date of issue of that Class D Preferred Share to be equal to that Designated Class D Redemption Amount, and that designation will supersede and replace any prior designation of a Class D Redemption Amount;

(2) any dividend declared on a Class D Preferred Share before that designation will be deemed to have been declared in accordance with the dividend entitlement provided in these Articles notwithstanding that the effective rate of any such dividend, when computed using the prevailing Designated Class D Redemption Amount, may be greater or less than the rate contemplated in these Articles or in a resolution or determination of the directors;

(3) if any Class D Preferred Share has been redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Company, or for any other reason is no longer issued and outstanding, then the appropriate adjustments will be made between the parties, namely, either (A) the Company, or its successors or assigns, will pay to the last registered holder of that Class D Preferred Share, or its successors or assigns, the Designated Class D Redemption Amount less the amount previously paid to that holder upon the redemption or other acquisition of that Class D Preferred Share by the Company, or (B) the last registered holder of that Class D Preferred Share, or its successors or assigns, will repay to the Company, or its successors or assigns, the amount previously paid to that holder upon the redemption or other acquisition of that Class D Preferred Share by the Company less the Designated Class D Redemption Amount, depending on whether the Designated Class D Redemption Amount exceeds or is less than the amount previously paid to that holder upon the redemption or other acquisition of that Class D Preferred Share; and

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(4) to the greatest extent reasonably practicable, the Company and the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, and their respective successors and assign, will make all other adjustments and take all steps as may be required as a result of that designation, and those adjustments will be effective retroactively, nunc pro tunc, as of the date of issue of the Class D Preferred Shares.

30.19 Return of Capital

To the extent permitted by, and subject to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act, the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, as such, may receive from the Company by way of a return of capital on the Class D Preferred Shares such amounts as the directors may in their sole and absolute discretion determine from time to time, and the Class D Redemption Amount in respect of the Class D Preferred Shares will be reduced accordingly to the extent that there is a payment by the Company to the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares by way of a return of capital on those shares.

30.20 Winding Up

In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or of any distribution of property and assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, as such, will, subject to the rights of the holders of any other class of shares in the Company entitled to receive property and assets of the Company upon such a distribution in priority to the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares, be entitled to receive from the property and assets of the Company an amount equal to the Class D Redemption Amount in respect of each Class D Preferred Share held by them respectively, plus any unpaid Class D Preferential Dividends owing in respect of all Class D Preferred Shares held by them respectively, before any amount is paid or any property and assets of the Company are distributed to the holders of any Class A Common Shares, Class B Common Shares, Class C Shares, or any other class of shares in the Company ranking junior to the Class D Preferred Shares on such a distribution. After payment to the holders of the Class D Preferred Shares of the amount payable to them as provided in this Article, they will not, as such, be entitled to share in any further distribution of property and assets of the Company among its shareholders upon such a distribution.

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28. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS

The Preferred Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Preferred Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 28.

28.1 Preferred Shares – Series Shares

(1) The Directors of the Company may issue the Preferred shares at any time and from time to time in one or more series.

(2) Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the directors may from time to time, by resolution, if none of the Preferred Shares of any particular series are issued, alter these Articles and authorize the alteration of the Notice of Articles of the Company, as the case may be, to do one or more of:

(a) determine the maximum number of shares of that series that the Company is authorized to issue, determine that there is no such maximum number, or alter any such determination;

(b) create an identifying name for the shares of that series, or alter any such identifying name; and

(c) attach special rights or restrictions to the shares of that series, including, but without limiting or restricting the generality of the foregoing, the rate or amount of dividends (whether cumulative, non-cumulative or partially cumulative), the dates and places of payment thereof, the consideration for, and the terms and conditions, of, any purchase for cancellation or redemption thereof (including redemption after a fixed term or at a premium), conversion or exchange rights, the terms and conditions of any share purchase plan or sinking fund, restrictions respecting payment of dividends on, or the repayment of capital in respect of, any other shares of the Company and voting rights and restrictions; or alter any such special rights or restrictions, but no such special right or restriction shall contravene the provisions of Article 28.2 and Article 28.3 of this Article 28.

28.2 Winding Up

The holders of Preferred Shares shall be entitled, on the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or on any other distribution of its assets among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, to receive, before any distribution is made to the holders of the Common Shares or any other shares of the company ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to repayment with respect to repayment of capital on the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or on any other distribution of its assets among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the amount paid up with respect to each Preferred Share held by them, together with the fixed premium (if any) thereon, all accrued and unpaid cumulative dividends (if any and if preferential) thereon, which for such purpose shall be calculated as if such dividends were accruing on a day-to-day basis up to the date of such distribution, whether or not earned or declared, and all declared and unpaid non-cumulative dividends (if any and if preferential) thereon. After payment to the holders of Preferred Shares of the amounts so payable to them, they shall not, as such, be entitled to share in any further distribution of the property or assets of the Company except as specifically provided in the special rights and restrictions attached to any particular series.

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28.3 Dividends/Voting

Except for such rights relating to the election of directors on a default in payment of dividends as may be attached to any series of the Preferred Shares by the directors, holders of the Preferred Shares shall not be entitled, as such, to receive notice of, or to attend or vote at, any general meeting of shareholders of the company.

Under the Business Corporation Act and the Articles of the Company, a simple majority of the votes cast at the meeting (in person or by proxy) is required to pass the foregoing resolution

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