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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of net loss before income taxes were as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
202320222021
(in thousands)
Domestic$(342,999)$(131,916)$(197,908)
Foreign(4,276)(3,255)1,082 
Net loss before income taxes$(347,275)$(135,171)$(196,826)
The components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
202320222021
(in thousands)
Current
Federal$— $— $— 
State44 17 47 
Foreign1,345 359 151 
Total current$1,389 $376 $198 
Deferred
Federal$1 $(1,242)$— 
State— (423)— 
Foreign(3,557)(1,641)— 
Total deferred(3,556)(3,306)— 
Total provision for income taxes$(2,167)$(2,930)$198 
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate was as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
202320222021
Tax at federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State tax rate, net— %— %— %
Warrant and earnout revaluation— %20.9 %(7.8 %)
Stock-based compensation— %8.0 %(0.2 %)
Intangible assets amortization— %1.3 %— %
Change in valuation allowance(18.9 %)(45.5 %)(13.6 %)
Transaction cost— %(1.2 %)— %
Research and development tax credits0.8 %2.8 %1.1 %
Section 162(m) executive compensation limitation
(1.2)%(5.3)%— %
Other(1.1)%0.2 %(0.6)%
Effective tax rate0.6 %2.2 %(0.1)%
The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of January 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses$216,642 $199,299 
Research & development credits34,406 25,725 
Deferred revenue18,124 10,691 
Accruals and reserves16,742 10,882 
Stock-based compensation11,706 2,445 
Operating lease liabilities6,589 7,490 
Capitalized research & development expense39,761 — 
Total deferred tax assets343,970 256,532 
Less: valuation allowance(328,786)(240,584)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization(390)(177)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(5,723)(6,550)
Acquired intangible assets(22,058)(26,918)
Total deferred tax liabilities(28,171)(33,645)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(12,987)$(17,697)
Beginning January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures in the current year and requires taxpayers to capitalize such expenses pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 174. The capitalized expenses are amortized over a 5-year period for domestic expenses and a 15-year period for foreign expenses. As a result of this provision of the Tax Act, deferred tax assets related to capitalized research expenses increased by $39.8 million.
The Company determines its valuation allowance on deferred tax assets by considering both positive and negative evidence in order to ascertain whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Due to the Company’s historical operating losses in the United States (“US”), the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the US deferred taxes will not be realized; accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its net US deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2023 and 2022. The valuation allowance increased by $88.2 million, $89.6 million, and $16.7 million during the years ended January 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, primarily driven by losses, capitalized research and development expenses, and tax credits generated in the United States.
As of January 31, 2023, the Company had federal and California state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $793.1 million and $371.1 million, respectively, of which $604.3 million of the federal NOL carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely. The federal and California state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2028 and 2029, respectively. In addition, the Company had NOLs for other states of $313.8 million, which expire beginning in the year 2023.
As of January 31, 2023, the Company had federal and California state research credit carryforwards of $33.1 million and $30.7 million, respectively. The federal credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2038. The California research credit carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely.
Under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (“Section 382”), the Company’s ability to utilize NOL carryforwards or other tax attributes such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if the Company experiences, or has experienced, an “ownership change.” A Section 382 ownership change generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders, who own at least 5% of the Company’s stock, increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The Company completed its Section 382 analysis and determined it had experienced ownership changes in some periods through January 31, 2021. As a result of the ownership changes, approximately $17.1 million of Federal NOLs, $17.9 million of California NOLs, and $4.7 million of federal tax credits are expected to expire unutilized for income tax purposes. Subsequent ownership changes may affect the limitation in future years.
The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
202320222021
(in thousands)
Unrecognized tax benefits - beginning$19,238 $9,402 $10,153 
Gross changes - prior period tax position109 2,039 (3,620)
Gross changes - current period tax position6,415 7,797 2,869 
Unrecognized tax benefits — ending$25,762 $19,238 $9,402 
As of January 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $25.8 million, which would not impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, due to the valuation allowance. The unrecognized tax benefits are related to activities which the Company believes qualify for research and development tax credits. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change over the next twelve months. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company is subject to income taxes in United States federal and various state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. The fiscal years from 2008 to 2023 remain open to examination due to the carryover of unused net operating losses or tax credits.
The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in those operations. Therefore, the Company has not accrued any provision for taxes associated with the repatriation of undistributed earnings from its foreign subsidiaries as of January 31, 2023. The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on these undistributed earnings was not material as of January 31, 2023.