Exhibit 6.3

PORTIONS OF THIS EXHIBIT HAVE BEEN REDACTED AND ARE SUBJECT TO A CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION REQUEST FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT

This Agreement is based on the model Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (“CRADA”) adopted by the U.S. Public Health Service (“PHS”) Technology Transfer Policy Board for use by components of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”), and the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), which are agencies of the PHS within the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”).

This Cover Page identifies the Parties to this CRADA:

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as represented by the
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, an Institute or Center (hereinafter
referred to as the “IC”) of the

NIH

and

Vital Spark, Inc.,

hereinafter referred to as the “Collaborator”,

having offices at 420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 300, New York, New York 10170

created and operating under the laws of Delaware.

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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT

Article 1. Introduction

This CRADA between IC and Collaborator will be effective when signed by the Parties, which are identified on both the Cover Page and the Signature Page. The official contacts for the Parties are identified on the Contacts Information Page. Publicly available information regarding this CRADA appears on the Summary Page. The research and development activities that will be undertaken by IC and Collaborator in the course of this CRADA are detailed in the Research Plan, attached as Appendix A. The staffing, funding, and materials contributions of the Parties are set forth in Appendix B. Any changes to the model CRADA are set forth in Appendix C.

Article 2. Definitions

The terms listed in this Article will carry the meanings indicated throughout the CRADA. To the extent a definition of a term as provided in this Article is inconsistent with a corresponding definition in the applicable sections of either the United States Code (U.S.C.) or the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.), the definition in the U.S.C. or C.F.R. will control.

2.1 “Affiliate” means any corporation or other business entity controlled by, controlling, or under common control with Collaborator at any time during the term of the CRADA. For this purpose, “control” means direct or indirect beneficial ownership of at least fifty percent (50%) of the voting stock or at least fifty percent (50%) interest in the income of the corporation or other business entity.

2.2 “Background Invention” means an Invention conceived and first actually reduced to practice before the Effective Date.

2.3 “Collaborator Materials” means all tangible materials not first produced in the performance of this CRADA that are owned or controlled by Collaborator and used in the performance of the Research Plan.

2.4 “Confidential Information” means confidential scientific, business, or financial information provided that the information does not include:

(a) information that is publicly known or that is available from public sources;

(b) information that has been made available by its owner to others without a confidentiality obligation;

(c) information that is already known by the receiving Party, or information that is independently created or compiled by the receiving Party without reference to or use of the provided information; or

(d) information that relates to potential hazards or cautionary warnings associated with the production, handling, or use of the subject matter of the Research Plan.

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2.5 “Cooperative Research and Development Agreement” or “CRADA” means this Agreement, entered into pursuant to the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, as amended(15 U.S.C. §§ 3710a et seq.), and Executive Order 12591 of April 10, 1987.

2.6 “CRADA Data” means all recorded information first produced in the performance of the Research Plan.

2.7 “CRADA Materials” means all tangible materials first produced in the performance of the Research Plan other than CRADA Data.

2.8 “CRADA Subject Invention” means any Invention of either or both Parties, conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of the Research Plan.

2.9 “Effective Date” means the date of the last signature of the Parties executing this Agreement.

2.10 “Government” means the Government of the United States of America.

2.11 “IC Materials” means all tangible materials not first produced in the performance of this CRADA that are owned or controlled by IC and used in the performance of the Research Plan.

2.12 “Invention” means any invention or discovery that is or may be patentable or otherwise protected under Title 35 of the United States Code, or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2321 et seq.

2.13 “Patent Application” means an application for patent protection for a CRADA Subject Invention with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“U.S.P.T.O.”) or the corresponding patent-issuing authority of another nation.

2.14 “Patent” means any issued United States patent, any international counterpart(s), and any corresponding grant(s) by a non-U.S. government in place of a patent.

2.15 “Principal Investigator(s)” or “PI(s)” means the person(s) designated by the Parties who will be responsible for the scientific and technical conduct of the Research Plan.

2.16 “Research Plan” means the statement in Appendix A of the respective research and development commitments of the Parties.

Article 3. Cooperative Research and Development

3.1 Performance of Research and Development. The research and development activities to be carried out under this CRADA will be performed solely by the Parties identified on the Cover Page unless specifically stated elsewhere in this Agreement. The PIs will be responsible for the scientific and technical conduct of this project on behalf of their employers. Any Collaborator employees who will work at IC facilities will be required to sign an agreement appropriately modified in view of the terms of this CRADA.

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3.2 Research Plan. The Parties recognize that the Research Plan describes the collaborative research and development activities they will undertake and that interim research goals set forth in the Research Plan are good faith guidelines. Should events occur that require modification of these goals, then by mutual agreement the Parties can modify them through an amendment, according to Paragraph 13.6.

3.3 Use and Disposition of Collaborator Materials and IC Materials. The Parties agree to use Collaborator Materials and IC Materials only in accordance with the Research Plan, not to transfer these materials to third parties except in accordance with the Research Plan or as approved by the owning or providing Party, and, upon expiration or termination of the CRADA, to dispose of these materials as directed by the owning or providing Party.

3.4 Third-Party Rights in Collaborator’s CRADA Subject Inventions. If Collaborator has received (or will receive) support of any kind from a third party in exchange for rights in any of Collaborator’s CRADA Subject Inventions, Collaborator agrees to ensure that its obligations to the third party are both consistent with Articles 6 through 8 and subordinate to Article 7 of this CRADA.

3.5 Disclosures to IC. Prior to execution of this CRADA, Collaborator agrees to disclose to IC all instances in which outstanding royalties are due under a PHS license agreement, and in which Collaborator had a PHS license terminated in accordance with 37 C.F.R. § 404.10. These disclosures will be treated as Confidential Information upon request by Collaborator in accordance with Paragraphs 2.4, 8.3, and 8.4.

Article 4. Reports

4.1 Interim Research and Development Reports. The PIs should exchange information regularly, in writing. This exchange may be accomplished through meeting minutes, annual reports, detailed correspondence, and circulation of draft manuscripts.

4.2 Final Research and Development Reports. The Parties will exchange final reports of their results within four (4) months after the expiration or termination of this CRADA. These reports will set forth the technical progress made; any publications arising from the research; and the existence of invention disclosures of potential CRADA Subject Inventions and/or any corresponding Patent Applications.

4.3 Fiscal Reports. If Collaborator has agreed to provide funding to IC under this CRADA and upon the request of Collaborator, then concurrent with the exchange of final research and development reports according to Paragraph 4.2, IC will submit to Collaborator a statement of all costs incurred by IC for the CRADA. If the CRADA has been terminated, IC will specify any costs incurred before the date of termination for which IC has not received funds from Collaborator, as well as for all reasonable termination costs including the cost of returning Collaborator property or removal of abandoned Collaborator property, for which Collaborator will be responsible.

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Article 5. Staffing, Financial, and Materials Obligations

5.1 IC and Collaborator Contributions. The contributions of any staff, funds, materials, and equipment by the Parties are set forth in Appendix B. The Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(d)(1) prohibits IC from providing funds to Collaborator for any research and development activities under this CRADA.

5.2 IC Staffing. No IC employees will devote 100% of their effort or time to the research and development activities under this CRADA. IC will not use funds provided by Collaborator under this CRADA for IC personnel to pay the salary of any permanent IC employee. Although personnel hired by IC using CRADA funds will focus principally on CRADA research and development activities, Collaborator acknowledges that these personnel may nonetheless make contributions to other research and development activities, and the activities will be outside the scope of this CRADA.

5.3 Collaborator Funding. Collaborator acknowledges that Government funds received by Collaborator from an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services may not be used to fund IC under this CRADA. If Collaborator has agreed to provide funds to IC then the payment schedule appears in Appendix B and Collaborator will make payments according to that schedule. If Collaborator fails to make any scheduled payment, IC will not be obligated to perform any of the research and development activities specified herein or to take any other action required by this CRADA until the funds are received. IC will use these funds exclusively for the purposes of this CRADA. Each Party will maintain separate and distinct current accounts, records, and other evidence supporting its financial obligations under this CRADA and, upon written request, will provide the other Party a Fiscal Report according to Paragraph 4.3, which delineates all payments made and all obligated expenses, along with the Final Research Report described in Paragraph 4.2.

5.4 Capital Equipment. Collaborator’s commitment, if any, to provide IC with capital equipment to enable the research and development activities under the Research Plan appears in Appendix B. If Collaborator transfers to IC the capital equipment or provides funds for IC to purchase it, then IC will own the equipment. If Collaborator loans capital equipment to IC for use during the CRADA, Collaborator will be responsible for paying all costs and fees associated with the transport, installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or disposal of the equipment, and IC will not be liable for any damage to the equipment.

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Article 6. Intellectual Property

6.1 Ownership of CRADA Subject Inventions, CRADA Data, and CRADA Materials. Subject to the Government license described in Paragraph 7.5, the sharing requirements of Paragraph 8.1, and the regulatory filing requirements of Paragraph 8.2, the producing Party will retain sole ownership of and title to all CRADA Subject Inventions, all related Patent and Patent Application and all copies of CRADA Data, and all CRADA Materials produced solely by its employee(s). The Parties will own jointly all CRADA Subject Inventions invented jointly and all related Patent and Patent Application, and copies of CRADA Data and all CRADA Materials developed jointly.

6.2 Reporting. The Parties will promptly report to each other in writing each CRADA Subject Invention reported by their respective personnel, and any Patent Applications filed thereon, resulting from the research and development activities conducted under this CRADA. Each Party will report all CRADA Subject Inventions to the other Party in sufficient detail to determine inventorship, which will be determined in accordance with U.S. patent law. These reports will be treated as Confidential Information in accordance with Article 8. Formal reports will be made by and to the Patenting and Licensing Offices identified on the Contacts Information Page herein.

6.3 Filing of Patent Applications. Each Party will make timely decisions regarding the filing of Patent Applications on the CRADA Subject Inventions made solely by its employee(s), and will notify the other Party in advance of filing. Collaborator will have the first opportunity to file a Patent Application on joint CRADA Subject Inventions and will notify PHS of its decision within sixty (60) days of an Invention being reported or at least thirty (30) days before any patent filing deadline, whichever occurs sooner. If Collaborator fails to notify PHS of its decision within that time period or notifies PHS of its decision not to file a Patent Application, then PHS has the right to file a Patent Application on the joint CRADA Subject Invention. Neither Party will be obligated to file a Patent Application. Collaborator will place the following statement in any Patent Application it files on a CRADA Subject Invention: “This invention was created in the performance of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the National Institutes of Health, an Agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The Government of the United States has certain rights in this invention.” If either Party files a Patent Application on a joint CRADA Subject Invention, then the filing Party will include a statement within the Patent Application that clearly identifies the Parties and states that the joint CRADA Subject Invention was made under this CRADA.

6.4 Patent Expenses. Unless agreed otherwise, the Party filing a Patent Application will pay all preparation and filing expenses, prosecution fees, issuance fees, post issuance fees, patent maintenance fees, annuities, interference expenses, and attorneys’ fees for that Patent Application and any resulting Patent(s). If a license to any CRADA Subject Invention is granted to Collaborator, then Collaborator will be responsible for all expenses and fees, past and future, in connection with the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of any Patent Applications and Patents claiming exclusively-licensed CRADA Subject Inventions and will be responsible for a pro-rated share, divided equally among all licensees, of those expenses and fees for same non-exclusively licensed CRADA Subject Inventions. Collaborator may waive its exclusive option rights at any time, and incur no subsequent financial obligation for those Patent Application(s) or Patent(s).

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6.5 Prosecution of Patent Applications. The Party filing a Patent Application will provide the non-filing Party with a copy of any official communication relating to prosecution of the Patent Application within thirty (30) days of transmission of the communication. Each Party will also provide the other Party with the power to inspect and make copies of all documents retained in the applicable Patent Application or Patent file. The Parties agree to consult with each other regarding the prosecution of Patent Applications directed to joint CRADA Subject Inventions. If Collaborator elects to file and prosecute Patent Applications on joint CRADA Subject Inventions, then Collaborator agrees to use the U.S.P.T.O. Customer Number Practice and/or grant PHS a power(s) of attorney (or equivalent) necessary to assure PHS access to its intellectual property rights in these Patent Applications. PHS and Collaborator will cooperate with each other to obtain necessary signatures on Patent Applications, assignments, or other documents.

Article 7. Licensing

7.1 Background Inventions. Other than as specifically stated in this Article 7, nothing in this CRADA will be construed to grant any rights in one Party’s Background Invention(s) to the other Party, except to the extent necessary for the Parties to conduct the research and development activities described in the Research Plan.

7.2 Collaborator’s License Option to CRADA Subject Inventions. With respect to Government rights to any CRADA Subject Invention made solely by an IC employee(s) or made jointly by an IC employee(s) and a Collaborator employee(s) for which a Patent Application was filed, PHS hereby grants to Collaborator an exclusive option to elect an exclusive or nonexclusive commercialization license. The license will be substantially in the form of the appropriate model PHS license agreement and will fairly reflect the nature of the CRADA Subject Invention, the relative contributions of the Parties to the CRADA Subject Invention and the CRADA, a plan for the development and marketing of the CRADA Subject Invention, the risks incurred by Collaborator, and the costs of subsequent research and development needed to bring the CRADA Subject Invention to the marketplace. The field of use of the license will not exceed the scope of the Research Plan.

7.3 Exercise of Collaborator’s License Option. To exercise the option of Paragraph 7.2 Collaborator must submit a written notice to the PHS Patenting and Licensing Contact identified on the Contacts Information Page (and provide a copy to the IC Contact for CRADA Notices) within three (3) months after either (i) Collaborator receives written notice from PHS that the Patent Application has been filed or (ii) the date on which Collaborator files the Patent Application. The written notice exercising this option will include a completed “Application for License to Public Health Service Inventions” and will initiate a negotiation period that expires nine (9) months after the exercise of the option. If PHS has not responded in writing to the last proposal by Collaborator within this nine (9) month period, the negotiation period will be extended to expire one (1) month after PHS so responds, during which month Collaborator may accept in writing the final license proposal of PHS. In the absence of Collaborator’s exercise of the option, or upon election of a nonexclusive license, PHS will be free to license the CRADA Subject Invention to others. These time periods may be extended at the sole discretion of PHS upon good cause shown in writing by Collaborator.

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7.4 Government License in IC Sole CRADA Subject Inventions and Joint CRADA Subject Inventions. Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(b)(1)(A), for CRADA Subject Inventions owned solely by IC or jointly by IC and Collaborator, and licensed pursuant to the option of Paragraph 7.2, Collaborator grants to the Government a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice the CRADA Subject Invention or have the CRADA Subject Invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government. In the exercise of this license, the Government will not publicly disclose Collaborator’s Confidential Information, trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential within the meaning of 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4) or which would be considered privileged or confidential if it had been obtained from a non-federal party.

7.5 Government License in Collaborator Sole CRADA Subject Inventions. Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(b)(2), for CRADA Subject Inventions made solely by an employee of Collaborator, Collaborator grants to the Government a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice the CRADA Subject Invention or have the CRADA Subject Invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government for research or other Government purposes.

7.6 Third Party License. Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(b)(1)(B), if PHS grants an exclusive license to a CRADA Subject Invention made solely by an IC employee or jointly with a Collaborator employee, the Government will retain the right to require Collaborator to grant to a responsible applicant a nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive sublicense to use the CRADA Subject Invention in Collaborator’s licensed field of use on terms that are reasonable under the circumstances; or, if Collaborator fails to grant a license, to grant the license itself. The exercise of these rights by the Government will only be in exceptional circumstances and only if the Government determines (i) the action is necessary to meet health or safety needs that are not reasonably satisfied by Collaborator, (ii) the action is necessary to meet requirements for public use specified by federal regulations, and such requirements are not reasonably satisfied by Collaborator; or (iii) Collaborator has failed to comply with an agreement containing provisions described in 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(c)(4)(B). The determination made by the Government under this Paragraph is subject to administrative appeal and judicial review under 35 U.S.C. § 203(b).

7.7 Third-Party Rights In IC Sole CRADA Subject Inventions. For a CRADA Subject Invention conceived prior to the Effective Date solely by an IC employee that is first actually reduced to practice after the Effective Date in the performance of the Research Plan, the option offered to Collaborator in Paragraph 7.2 may be restricted if, before the Effective Date, PHS had filed a Patent Application and has either offered or granted a license or has executed a license in the CRADA Subject Invention to a third party. Collaborator nonetheless retains the right to apply for a license to any such CRADA Subject Invention in accordance with the terms and procedures of 35 U.S.C. § 209 and 37 C.F.R. Part 404.

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Article 8. Rights of Access and Publication

8.1 Right of Access to CRADA Data and CRADA Materials. IC and Collaborator agree to exchange all CRADA Data and to share all CRADA Materials. If the CRADA is terminated, both Parties agree to provide CRADA Materials in quantities needed to complete the Research Plan. Such provision will occur before the termination date of the CRADA or sooner, if required by the Research Plan.

8.2 Use of CRADA Data and CRADA Materials. The Parties will be free to utilize CRADA Data and CRADA Materials internally for their own purposes, consistent with their obligations under this CRADA. The Parties may share CRADA Data or CRADA Materials with their Affiliates, agents or contractors provided the obligations of this Article 8.2 are simultaneously conveyed.

(a) CRADA Data.

Collaborator and IC will use reasonable efforts to keep CRADA Data confidential until published or until corresponding Patent Applications are filed. To the extent permitted by law, each Party will have the right to use any and all CRADA Data in and for any regulatory filing by or on behalf of the Party. Any confidential information not included in a Patent Application filed shall remain confidential.

(b) CRADA Materials.

Collaborator and IC will use reasonable efforts to keep descriptions of CRADA Materials confidential until published or until corresponding Patent Applications are filed. Any confidential information not included in a Patent Application filed shall remain confidential. Collaborator acknowledges that the basic research mission of PHS includes sharing with third parties for further research those research resources made in whole or in part with NIH funding. Consistent with this mission and the tenets articulated in “Sharing of Biomedical Research Resources: Principles and Guidelines for Recipients of NIH Research Grants and Contracts”, December 1999, available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-12-23/pdf/99-33292.pdf, following publication either Party may make available to third parties for further research those CRADA Materials made jointly by both PHS and Collaborator. Notwithstanding the above, if those joint CRADA Materials are the subject of a pending Patent Application or a Patent, the Parties may agree to restrict distribution or freely distribute them. Either Party may distribute those CRADA Materials made solely by the other Party only upon written consent from that other Party or that other Party’s designee.

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8.3 Confidential Information. Each Party agrees to limit its disclosure of Confidential Information to the amount necessary to carry out the Research Plan, and will place a confidentiality notice on all such information. A Party orally disclosing Confidential Information to the other Party will summarize the disclosure in writing and provide it to the other Party within fifteen (15) days of the disclosure. Each Party receiving Confidential Information agrees to use it only for the purposes described in the Research Plan. Either Party may object to the designation of information as Confidential Information by the other Party.

8.4 Protection of Confidential Information. Confidential Information will not be disclosed, copied, reproduced or otherwise made available to any other person or entity without the consent of the owning or providing Party except as required by a court or administrative body of competent jurisdiction, or federal law or regulation. Each Party agrees to use reasonable efforts to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information, which will in no instance be less effort than the Party uses to protect its own Confidential Information. Each Party agrees that a Party receiving Confidential Information will not be liable for the disclosure of that portion of the Confidential Information which, after notice to and consultation with the disclosing Party, the receiving Party determines may not be lawfully withheld, provided the disclosing Party has been given a reasonable opportunity to seek a court order to enjoin disclosure.

8.5 Protection of Human Subjects’ Information. The research and development activities to be conducted under this CRADA are not intended to involve human subjects or human tissues within the meaning of 45 C.F.R. Part 46 and 21 C.F.R. Part 50. Should it become necessary to utilize human subjects or human tissues, or to provide a Party with access to information about identifiable human subjects, the Parties agree to amend this CRADA in accordance with Paragraph 13.6 to ensure that the research and development activities conducted hereunder will conform to the appropriate federal laws and regulations, including but not limited to all applicable FDA regulations and HHS regulations relating to the protection of human subjects.

8.6 Duration of Confidentiality Obligation. The obligation to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information will expire at the earlier of the date when the information is no longer Confidential Information as defined in Paragraph 2.4 or five (5) years after the expiration or termination date of this CRADA. Collaborator may request an extension to this term when necessary to protect Confidential Information relating to products not yet commercialized.

8.7 Publication. The Parties are encouraged to make publicly available the results of their research and development activities. Before either Party submits a paper or abstract for publication or otherwise intends to publicly disclose information about a CRADA Subject Invention, CRADA Data or CRADA Materials, the other Party will have thirty (30) days to review the proposed publication or disclosure to assure that Confidential Information is protected. Either Party may request in writing that the proposed publication or other disclosure be delayed for up to thirty (30) additional days as necessary to file a Patent Application.

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Article 9. Representations and Warranties

9.1 Representations of IC. IC hereby represents to Collaborator that:

(a) IC has the requisite power and authority to enter into this CRADA and to perform according to its terms, and that IC’s official signing this CRADA has authority to do so.

(b) To the best of its knowledge and belief, neither IC nor any of its personnel involved in this CRADA is presently subject to debarment or suspension by any agency of the Government which would directly affect its performance of the CRADA. Should IC or any of its personnel involved in this CRADA be debarred or suspended during the term of this CRADA, IC will notify Collaborator within thirty (30) days of receipt of final notice.

9.2 Representations and Warranties of Collaborator. Collaborator hereby represents and warrants to IC that:

(a) Collaborator has the requisite power and authority to enter into this CRADA and to perform according to its terms, and that Collaborator’s official signing this CRADA has authority to do so.

(b) Neither Collaborator nor any of its personnel involved in this CRADA, including Affiliates, agents, and contractors are presently subject to debarment or suspension by any agency of the Government. Should Collaborator or any of its personnel involved in this CRADA be debarred or suspended during the term of this CRADA, Collaborator will notify IC within thirty (30) days of receipt of final notice.

(c) Subject to Paragraph 12.3, and if and to the extent Collaborator has agreed to provide funding under Appendix B, Collaborator is financially able to satisfy these obligations in a timely manner.

Article 10. Expiration and Termination

10.1 Expiration. This CRADA will expire on the last date of the term set forth on the Summary Page. In no case will the term of this CRADA extend beyond the term indicated on the Summary Page unless it is extended in writing in accordance with Paragraph 13.6.

10.2 Termination by Mutual Consent. IC and Collaborator may terminate this CRADA at any time by mutual written consent.

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10.3 Unilateral Termination. Either IC or Collaborator may unilaterally terminate this CRADA at any time by providing written notice at least sixty (60) days before the desired termination date. IC may, at its option, retain funds transferred to IC before unilateral termination by Collaborator for use in completing the Research Plan.

10.4 Funding for IC Personnel. If Collaborator has agreed to provide funding for IC personnel and this CRADA is mutually or unilaterally terminated by Collaborator before its expiration, then Collaborator agrees that funds for that purpose will be available to IC for a period of six (6) months after the termination date or until the expiration date of the CRADA, whichever occurs sooner. If there are insufficient funds to cover this expense, Collaborator agrees to pay the difference.

10.5 New Commitments. Neither Party will incur new expenses related to this CRADA after expiration, mutual termination, or a notice of a unilateral termination and will, to the extent feasible, cancel all outstanding commitments and contracts by the termination date. Collaborator acknowledges that IC will have the authority to retain and expend any funds for up to one (1) year subsequent to the expiration or termination date to cover any unpaid costs obligated during the term of the CRADA in undertaking the research and development activities set forth in the Research Plan.

Article 11. Disputes

11.1 Settlement. Any dispute arising under this CRADA which is not disposed of by agreement of the Principal Investigators will be submitted jointly to the signatories of this CRADA. If the signatories, or their designees, are unable to jointly resolve the dispute within thirty (30) days after notification thereof, the Assistant Secretary for Health (or his/her designee or successor) will propose a resolution. Nothing in this Paragraph will prevent any Party from pursuing any additional administrative remedies that may be available and, after exhaustion of such administrative remedies, pursuing all available judicial remedies.

11.2 Continuation of Work. Pending the resolution of any dispute or claim pursuant to this Article 11, the Parties agree that performance of all obligations will be pursued diligently.

Article 12. Liability

12.1 NO WARRANTIES. EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY STATED IN ARTICLE 9, THE PARTIES MAKE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY AS TO ANY MATTER WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING THE CONDITIONS OF THE RESEARCH OR ANY INVENTION OR MATERIAL, WHETHER TANGIBLE OR INTANGIBLE, MADE OR DEVELOPED UNDER OR OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THIS CRADA, OR THE OWNERSHIP, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH OR ANY INVENTION OR MATERIAL, OR THAT A TECHNOLOGY UTILIZED BY A PARTY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE RESEARCH PLAN DOES NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT RIGHTS.

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12.2 Indemnification and Liability. Collaborator agrees to hold the Government harmless and to indemnify the Government for all liabilities, demands, damages, expenses and losses arising out of the use by Collaborator for any purpose of the CRADA Data, CRADA Materials or CRADA Subject Inventions produced in whole or part by IC employees under this CRADA, unless due to the negligence or willful misconduct of IC, its employees, or agents. The Government has no statutory authority to indemnify Collaborator. Each Party otherwise will be liable for any claims or damages it incurs in connection with this CRADA, except that IC, as an agency of the Government, assumes liability only to the extent provided under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 171.

12.3 Force Majeure. Neither Party will be liable for any unforeseeable event beyond its reasonable control and not caused by its own fault or negligence, which causes the Party to be unable to perform its obligations under this CRADA, and which it has been unable to overcome by the exercise of due diligence. If a force majeure event occurs, the Party unable to perform will promptly notify the other Party. It will use its best efforts to resume performance as quickly as possible and will suspend performance only for such period of time as is necessary as a result of the force majeure event.

Article 13. Miscellaneous

13.1 Governing Law. The construction, validity, performance and effect of this CRADA will be governed by U.S. federal law, as applied by the federal courts in the District of Columbia. If any provision in this CRADA conflicts with or is inconsistent with any U.S. federal law or regulation, then the U.S. federal law or regulation will preempt that provision.

13.2 Compliance with Law. IC and Collaborator agree that they will comply with, and advise their contractors and agents to comply with, all applicable statutes, Executive Orders, HHS regulations, and all FDA, CDC, and NIH policies relating to research on human subjects (45 C.F.R. Part 46, 21 C.F.R. Parts 50 and 56) and relating to the appropriate care and use of laboratory animals (7 U.S.C. §§ 2131 et seq.; 9 C.F.R. Part 1, Subchapter A). Additional information on these subjects is available from the HHS Office for Human Research Protections or from the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Collaborator agrees to ensure that employees, contractors, and agents of Collaborator who might have access to a “select agent or toxin” (as that term is defined in 42 C.F.R. §§ 73.4-73.5) transferred from IC is properly licensed to receive the “select agent or toxin”.

13.3 Waivers. None of the provisions of this CRADA will be considered waived by any Party unless a waiver is given in writing to the other Party. The failure of a Party to insist upon strict performance of any of the terms and conditions hereof, or failure or delay to exercise any rights provided herein or by law, will not be deemed a waiver of any rights of any Party.

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13.4 Headings. Titles and headings of the articles and paragraphs of this CRADA are for convenient reference only, do not form a part of this CRADA, and will in no way affect its interpretation.

13.5 Severability. The illegality or invalidity of any provisions of this CRADA will not impair, affect, or invalidate the other provisions of this CRADA.

13.6 Amendments. Minor modifications to the Research Plan may be made by the mutual written consent of the Principal Investigators. Substantial changes to the CRADA, extensions of the term, or any changes to Appendix C will become effective only upon a written amendment signed by the signatories to this CRADA or by their representatives duly authorized to execute an amendment. A change will be considered substantial if it directly expands the range of the potential CRADA Subject Inventions, alters the scope or field of any license option governed by Article 7, or requires a significant increase in the contribution of resources by either Party.

13.7 Assignment. Neither this CRADA nor any rights or obligations of any Party hereunder shall be assigned or otherwise transferred by either Party without the prior written consent of the other Party. The Collaborator acknowledges the applicability of 41 U.S.C. § 15, the Anti Assignment Act, to this Agreement. The Parties agree that the identity of the Collaborator is material to the performance of this CRADA and that the duties under this CRADA are nondelegable.

13.8 Notices. All notices pertaining to or required by this CRADA will be in writing, signed by an authorized representative of the notifying Party, and delivered by first class, registered, or certified mail, or by an express/overnight commercial delivery service, prepaid and properly addressed to the other Party at the address designated on the Contacts Information Page, or to any other address designated in writing by the other Party. Notices will be considered timely if received on or before the established deadline date or sent on or before the deadline date as verifiable by U.S. Postal Service postmark or dated receipt from a commercial carrier. Notices regarding the exercise of license options will be made pursuant to Paragraph 7.3. Either Party may change its address by notice given to the other Party in the manner set forth above.

13.9 Independent Contractors. The relationship of the Parties to this CRADA is that of independent contractors and not agents of each other or joint venturers or partners. Each Party will maintain sole and exclusive control over its personnel and operations.

13.10 Use of Name; Press Releases. By entering into this CRADA, the Government does not directly or indirectly endorse any product or service that is or will be provided, whether directly or indirectly related to either this CRADA or to any patent or other intellectual-property license or agreement that implements this CRADA by Collaborator, its successors, assignees, or licensees. Collaborator will not in any way state or imply that the Government or any of its organizational units or employees endorses any product or service. Each Party agrees to provide proposed press releases that reference or rely upon the work under this CRADA to the other Party for review and comment at least seven (7) days prior to publication. Either Party may disclose the Summary Page to the public without the approval of the other Party.

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13.11 Reasonable Consent. Whenever a Party’s consent or permission is required under this CRADA, its consent or permission will not be unreasonably withheld.

13.12 Export Controls. Collaborator agrees to comply with U.S. export law and regulations. If Collaborator has a need to transfer any CRADA Materials made in whole or in part by IC, or IC Materials, or IC’s Confidential Information, to a person located in a country other than the United States, to an Affiliate organized under the laws of a country other than the United States, or to an employee of Collaborator in the United States who is not a citizen or permanent resident of the United States, Collaborator will acquire any and all necessary export licenses and other appropriate authorizations.

13.13 Entire Agreement. This CRADA constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties concerning the subject matter of this CRADA and supersedes any prior understanding or written or oral agreement.

13.14 Survivability. The provisions of Paragraphs 3.3, 3.4, 4.2, 4.3, 5.3, 5.4, 6, 7, 8.3-8.7, 9.1-9.2, 10.3-10.5, 11.1, 12.1-12.3, 13.1-13.3, 13.8, 13.10 and 13.14 will survive the expiration or early termination of this CRADA.

SIGNATURES BEGIN ON THE NEXT PAGE

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SIGNATURE PAGE

ACCEPTED AND AGREED

By executing this agreement, each Party represents that all statements made herein are true, complete, and accurate to the best of its knowledge. Collaborator acknowledges that it may be subject to criminal, civil, or administrative penalties for knowingly making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or claim.

FOR IC
/s/ Morris Laster	January 2, 2018
Signature	Date
Morris Laster
Typed Name
CEO, Vital Spark, Inc.
Title

FOR COLLABORATOR:
Signature	Date
Dr. George Koob
Typed Name
Director, NIAAA
Title

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CONTACTS INFORMATION PAGE

CRADA Notices

For IC:	For Collaborator:
George Kunos, MD, PhD	Morris Laster
NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm. 2S24	Vital Spark, Inc.
Rockville, MD, 20852	420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 300
	New York, NY 10170
Tel: (301) 443-2069	Tel: (917) 848-7963
Fax: (301) 480-0257	Fax: (917) 398-8327

Patenting and Licensing

For IC:	For Collaborator (if separate from above):
Office of Technology Transfer and	Same
Development
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
31 Center Drive, Room 4A29
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2479
Tel: 301-402-5579	Tel:
Fax: 301-594-3080	Fax:

Delivery of Materials Identified In Appendix B (if any)

For IC:	For Collaborator:
Resat Cinar, Pharm.D., Ph.D.	Morris Laster
NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm. 2S-18,	Vital Spark, Inc.
Rockville, MD 20852	420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 300
	New York, NY 10170
Tel: (301) 443-4098	Tel: (917) 848-7963
Fax: (301) 480-0257	Fax: (917) 398-8327

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SUMMARY PAGE

Either party may, without further consultation or permission,
release this summary page to the public.

TITLE OF CRADA: Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB₁R) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for the treatment of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)

IC Principal Investigator:	George Kunos, M.D., Ph.D.
Collaborator:	Vital Spark, Inc.
Collaborator Principal Investigator:	Morris Laster, M.D.
TERM OF CRADA:	Two (2) years from the Effective Date

ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PLAN:

Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-organ connective tissue disease characterized by increased fibroblast activity resulting in fibrosis of the skin, heart, lungs, and ultimately organ failure leading to death, yet it lacks effective treatment. Complex, multifactorial diseases such as scleroderma may benefit from polypharmacology, i.e. the design and use of therapeutic compounds that target multiple pathogenic pathways. In various forms of fibrotic diseases, including SSc, there is published evidence for the pathogenic role of increased activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme responsible for the generation of reactive nitrogen species. There is also evidence for the pro-fibrotic function of the endocannabinoid/CB 1 receptor (CB₁R) system, although the therapeutic potential of globally acting CB₁R inhibitors has been thwarted by central nervous system side effects. NIAAA researchers in the Laboratory of Physiologic Studies have recently developed and patented a series of peripherally restricted hybrid inhibitors of CB₁R and iNOS, and demonstrated the increased efficacy of the lead compound over a single target CB₁R or iNOS inhibitor in preclinical models of liver and lung fibrosis. In this CRADA, NIAAA proposes to test the therapeutic efficacy of hybrid inhibitors of peripheral CB₁R and iNOS in [] of SSc, the [] and C57B16 [] reated with subcutaneous infusion of bleomycin, using both a prevention and a regression paradigm. Efficacy will be evaluated by quantitative analyses of the gene and protein expression and functional activity of a range of fibrogenic factors as well as using appropriate histological analyses. In addition to skin fibrosis, these studies will also assess fibrosis and its treatment-induced mitigation in organs often involved in SSc, including lung, kidney and heart. Furthermore, long-term treatment studies (up to 6 months) will be conducted to monitor maintained efficacy as well as potential toxicity.

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APPENDIX A

RESEARCH PLAN:

Introduction: Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune, multi-organ connective tissue disease characterized by vascular dysfunction and increased fibroblast activity resulting in fibrosis of the skin, heart, lungs, and ultimately internal organ failure leading to death (1), with an estimated prevalence of SSc in the United States to be around 240 cases per 1 million adults (2). SSc is a complex, heterogeneous disease with clinical forms ranging from limited skin involvement (limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis) to forms with diffuse skin sclerosis and severe and often progressive internal organ involvement (diffuse cutaneous SSc (3)). Pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung diseases (ILD) occur in about 60% of patients contributing to mortality (4), while dermal fibrosis causes significant morbidity in scleroderma (5, 6). The etiology of SSc is unknown and disease manifestations may vary from patient to patient. Environmental influences may act as risk factors for the development of SSc (7, 8). Currently available single target therapies have not been effective either in mitigating the development of SSc or inducing its regression. In view of the complex, multifactorial pathogenesis of SSc, its effective treatment may require targeting multiple signaling pathways (9). Polypharmacology involves the design and use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways (10), which is particularly desirable in the case of complex, multifactorial diseases (11). Furthermore, the concept of “one drug - multiple targets” would minimize many unfavorable features of combination treatments such as simpler pharmacokinetics, improved target organ exposure, and fewer drug-drug interactions and adverse effects. This approach requires a systematic integration of different disciplines, including synthetic chemistry, in vitro/in vivo pharmacological and preclinical testing, and clinical studies for smoother translation from bench to bedside. SSc is one such disease that may benefit from the application of polypharmacology (9).

This proposal seeks to explore two potential therapeutic targets involved in pro-fibrogenic pathways, using a single molecular entity designed and developed ‘in-house’. One of the targets is iNOS, an enzyme encoded by the NOS2 gene and responsible for generating pro-inflammatory, reactive nitrogen species (12). The relevance of iNOS as a target is based on evidence for overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of SSc (13, 14). iNOS is expressed in the endothelium, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and many other cell types, is robustly induced by inflammatory mediators and cytokines (12), and its activity has been reported to increase in SSc (13). In contrast, the activity of a constitutively expressed form of NOS located in the vascular endothelium (eNOS, encoded by the NOS3 gene) has been reported to be reduced in SSc (15), resulting in a vasoconstricted and proinflammatory environment in association with tissue damage (16). At inflammatory sites, the iNOS-mediated formation of NO is increased in inflammatory cells such as macrophages or activated fibroblasts. Immuno-histological studies of scleroderma skin show that, as the disease progresses to the later fibrotic stages, the expression of iNOS is upregulated (17). Previous studies also demonstrate that SSc lung macrophages express high levels of iNOS and produce a high quantity of ONOO^- anions (17). In SSc patients, increased production of NO is suggested by increased expression of iNOS in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mononuclear cells infiltrating SSc skin (16) and alveolar macrophages (15). The pathogenic role of iNOS is eloquently dissected by the work of Cotton et al. which proposes the active role of iNOS-induced NO production in endothelial cell damage and advances the concept of iNOS inhibition as a viable therapeutic strategy for SSc (18). However, iNOS inhibitors used in preclinical studies lack oral bioavailability (19), whereas more recently developed, orally bioavailable iNOS inhibitors had disappointingly low therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials involving inflammatory diseases (20).

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An additional target that is becoming increasingly relevant in the modulation of fibrotic responses is the endocannabinoid (EC) system. ECs are lipid-signaling molecules that act through cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. ECs acting via CB₁R promote fibrosis in multiple organs including skin (21), liver (22-24), kidney (25), and heart (26). Besides, CB₁R activation is pro-inflammatory (27). CB₁R have recently been linked to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice (28). Recent evidence including work in our lab indicate that CB₁R antagonism prevents fibroblast activation and exerts a potent antifibrotic effect (29). The role of CB₁R as a pro-fibrotic receptor has also been confirmed in fatty acid amide hydrolase knock-out mice, in which elevated levels of ECs induced fibrosis in a CB₁R-dependent manner (30). In addition to fibrosis, numerous studies have documented that an overactive EC/CB₁R system contributes to visceral obesity and its complications (31), including type-2 diabetes (27), and also play a role in the pathology of alcoholic liver disease (32) and viral hepatitis (33). Conversely, CB₁R blockade has beneficial effects in preclinical models of these conditions as well as in overweight individuals with metabolic syndrome (34). However, rimonabant and related brain-penetrant CB₁R antagonists cause psychiatric side effects due to blockade of CB₁R in the CNS, which halted their therapeutic development. Non-brain-penetrant CB₁R antagonists have recently been reported to retain the metabolic benefit of globally acting compounds without blocking CB₁R in the CNS and thus without related behavioral effects (27, 35-37). Efforts to engage CB₁Rs for mitigating fibrosis would require antagonists with limited brain exposure in order to avoid neuropsychiatric side effects (37).

With these principles in mind, IC has developed and patented orally bioavailable, dual-target compounds that selectively block peripheral CB₁R due to their limited brain penetrance and also directly inhibit iNOS activity (38). These compounds have several features for optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety. The hybrid compound serves as a pro-drug and a carrier for the iNOS inhibitory moiety, facilitating its delivery to target organs such as skin, kidney, lung, and liver, resulting in high target exposure. IC has identified lead compounds and screened them for optimally druggable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. For the lead compound MRI-1867, CB₁R was the only high-affinity (Ki <1 µM) target among selected receptors, ion channels and enzymes (Cerep Safety44 screen, DiscoveRx panel of 192 GPCRs) and had an acceptable safety and stability profile using non-GLP in vitro tests (AMES test, hERG assay, microsomal stability, plasma stability, CYP inhibition, CYP phenotyping) (24). A proof of concept study in 2 mouse models of liver fibrosis (24) and in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis indicated improved anti-fibrotic efficacy relative to the efficacy of a single target CB₁R antagonist or iNOS inhibitor (39). The IC in vitro and in vivo data in murine models of liver fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis provide a strong rationale for testing this compound in dermal fibrosis models of scleroderma.

The scope of the CRADA Research Plan is limited to the assessment of the therapeutic potential of CB₁R/iNOS dual-target inhibitors in animal models of scleroderma for the treatment and prevention of fibrotic conditions related to the progression of scleroderma.

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Research Strategy: The CRADA Parties will build upon the hypothesis that the EC/CB₁R system and iNOS are both pro-fibrogenic, and combined inhibition of these targets by a single compound would improve therapeutic outcome in scleroderma. Parties plan to test the novel dual-target compound MRI-1867 in different [] of scleroderma such as the [] Subcutaneous injections of [] induce skin and pulmonary fibrosis (40), quantifiable histologically and biochemically. A recent modification in this protocol generated reproducible and more homogenous skin and lung fibrosis lesions mimicking human SSc, with interstitial lung disease-like manifestations (41). This latter approach will be used in these proposed studies.

[] a well-established and widely used genetic model of SSc, featuring many skin abnormalities similar to those observed in human disease (40, 42).

Using these two experimental models will establish the therapeutic potential of these dual-target compounds.

Specific Aim 1: Test the target-specificity of hybrid peripheral CB₁R/iNOS inhibitors by []using the subcutaneous [] This approach would help to evaluate the relative contribution of the two targets to the therapeutic efficacy of the hybrid inhibitor.

Approaches for Aim 1:

1.1. The IC laboratory will quantitatively analyze skin fibrosis in [] wild-type, CB₁R^-/- and iNOS^-/- mice treated with [] the iNOS inhibitor 1400W or our lead dual CB₁R/iNOS inhibitor MRI-1867. IC will also assess the presence of fibrosis and its modulation by treatment or genotype in organs potentially affected by SSc, including lung, kidneys, heart and gastrointestinal tract.

1.2. Expression and activity of CB₁R and iNOS will be assessed in the affected tissues by measuring transcript, protein and functional levels weekly from week 1 to 6, in view of the progressive nature of the disease.

1.3. Two different treatment paradigms will be used to assess prevention or regression of fibrosis. For prevention, treatment will start immediately after implanting the []

1.4. Skin abnormalities and fibrosis will be assessed histologically (H&E and Masson’s trichrome), biochemically (hydroxyproline content) and by measuring profibrotic gene expression (TGFß, αSMA, fibronectin, collagen, TIMP1).

1.5. As lung fibrosis is also manifested in this model, it will be assessed by the above techniques.

Specific Aim 2: To investigate the pathogenic role of[]and []and test the therapeutic efficacy of dual [] inhibition.

Approaches for Aim 2: technical tools and experimental design will be as for Aim 1.

Specific Aim 3: Screen and optimize additional [ ]dual-target inhibitors as back-up compounds and lead optimization in animal models of scleroderma.

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Approaches for Aim 3: Scleroderma results in the failure of multiple organs including the liver and kidney. In view of the essential role of these organs in pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism, their pathological changes may alter the PK properties of therapeutic compounds. In order to optimize the druggable properties of dual-target compounds,[]

3.1[]

These Aims will help to define the mechanism of action and establish the CNS safety profile of novel, dual-target peripheral [                         ] inhibitors.

Specific Aim 4: To assess long-term efficacy and potential toxicity of the lead compound by conducting a chronic (6 months) treatment study in the two models selected. Brain levels of drug as well as organ toxicity will be assessed by histology and functional assays.

Impact: Systemic sclerosis is a debilitating, multifactorial, autoimmune condition, in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues. While certain mutations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been implicated, numerous environmental factors have been associated with altered progression of scleroderma. The CRADA Parties propose here an investigation into the potential therapeutic utility of directly targeting [] and [] with high translation potential, to treat and prevent fibrotic conditions related to the progression of scleroderma. The goals for this project are to test the hypothesis that an overactivity of [] and [] contribute to fibrogenesis in scleroderma, by analogy to our earlier findings with other forms of fibrosis. Parties propose to explore the therapeutic efficacy of combined blockade of peripheral [] and iNOS in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis and inflammation and determine whether it offers therapeutic benefit over targeting only one of these proteins. In addition to testing the NIAAA lead hybrid inhibitor, the Parties will test/develop additional molecular entities with druggable pharmacological properties within this paradigm. The results of the proposed experiments will shed further light on the signaling pathways involved in scleroderma and may uncover novel targets for its treatment and prevention.

Future Intentions:

Should both the results of the CRADA Research Plan and the results from future IND-enabling studies warrant advancement of compound MRI-1867 into clinical development for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), it is the intent of the IC, after receiving approval from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), to provide the CRADA Collaborator with either a cross-reference letter of its Investigational New Drug Application for compound MRI-1867 to the US FDA and access the IND-enabling data (obtained through IC’s partnership with the NCATS TRND program) for CRADA Collaborator to file a Collaborator-sponsored IND for compound MRI-1867 (or potentially other [] dual action inhibitors identified pursuant to the performance of the CRADA Research Plan) in system sclerosis (scleroderma).For clarity, these IND-enabling data will be used by the Collaborator solely to obtain an IND for the clinical testing of the lead compound, MRI-1867 (or other []dual action inhibitors identified pursuant to the performance of the CRADA Research Plan), in systemic sclerosis, and will not be shared with any outside parties without the written consent of the IC.

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Personnel:

Malliga Iyer, Ph.D., is a synthetic chemist with broad training and expertise in medicinal chemistry and analytical chemistry, which has enabled her to create a diverse set of compounds for pharmacological testing. She has been responsible for the design, chemical synthesis and quality control of novel dual-target compounds.

Resat Cinar, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is a pharmacologist, with expertise in both in vitro and in vivo pharmacology and drug discovery. He has broad experience in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, which has been indispensable for lead optimization of candidate drug molecules and efficacy testing in animal models.

George Kunos, M.D., Ph.D., is head of Laboratory and Scientific Director at NIAAA/NIH. He trained many PhD students and post-doctoral fellows. He is a world-renowned expert on the biology and pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system. Dr Kunos’ lab at NIH has characterized the pharmacological profile and mechanism of metabolic action of potent, peripherally restricted CB₁R antagonists/inverse agonists in rodent models of obesity and diabetes (27, 35, 36, 43). In the models studied, such compounds offer similar metabolic benefits as brain-penetrant CB₁R antagonists without causing behavioral effects attributed to blockade of CB₁R in the CNS.

Morris Laster, M.D., trained at SUNY Albany, SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University Hospital. He is a healthcare executive/entrepreneur with over 25 years of experience in the biopharmaceutical industry.

REFERENCES

1.	Katsumoto TR, el al. (2011) The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Annual review of pathology 6:509-537.
2.	Mayes MD (2003) Scleroderma epidemiology. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 29(2):239-254.
3.	Moinzadch P, et al. (2015) Disease progression in systemic sclerosis-overlap syndrome is significantly different from limited and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 74(4):730-737.
4.	Steen VD & Medsger TA (2007) Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis 66(7):940-944.
5.	de-Sa-Earp AP et al. (2013) Dermal dendritic cell population and blood vessels are diminished in the skin of systemic sclerosis patients: relationship with fibrosis degree and disease duration. Am J Dermatopathol 35(4):438-444.
6.	Akter T (2014) Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of scleroderma-interstitial lung disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 16(4):411.
7.	Nietert PJ, et al. (1998) Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma? Arthritis Rheum 41(6):1111-1118.
8.	McCormic et al. (2010) Occupational silica exposure as a risk factor for scleroderma: a meta-analysis. lnt Arch Occup Environ Health 83(7):763-769.
9.	Denton CP (2015) Systemic sclerosis: from pathogenesis to targeted therapy. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 33(4 Suppl 92):S3-7.
10.	Reddy AS & Zhang S (2013) Polypharmacology: drug discovery for the future. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 6(1):41-47.
11.	Hopkins AL (2008) Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat Chem Biol 4(11):682-690.
12.	Aktan F (2004) iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and its regulation. Life Sci 75(6):639-653.
13.	Dooley A, et al. (2012) Modulation of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by nitric oxide and antioxidants. Cardiol Res Pract 2012:521958.
14.	Sud A, Khullar M, Wanchu A, & Bambery P (2000) Increased nitric oxide production in patients with systemic sclerosis. Nitric Oxide 4(6):615-619.
15.	Matucci Cerinic M et al(2002) Beauty and the beast.The nitric oxide paradox in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41(8):843-847.
16.	Yamamoto T et al. (1998) Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 25(2):314-317.
17.	Failli P, et al. (2002) Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on peroxynitrite and superoxide anion production of lung alveolar macrophages in systemic sclerosis. Nitric Oxide 7(4):277-282.

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18. Cotton SA et al. (1999) Endothelial expression of nitric oxide synthases and nitrotyrosine in systemic sclerosis skin. J Pathol 189(2):273-278.

19. Lopez-Sanchez LM, et al. (2010) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during induced cholestasis ameliorates hepatocellular injury by facilitating S-nitrosothiol homeostasis. Lab Invest 90(1):116-127.

20. Hellio le Graverand MP, et al. (2013) A 2-year randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of oral selective iNOS inhibitor, cindunistat (SD-6010), in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 72(2): 187-195.

21. Lazzerini PE, et al. (2012) Adenosine A2A receptor activation stimulates collagen production in sclerodermic dermal fibroblasts either directly and through a cross-talk with the cannabinoid system. Journal of molecular medicine 90(3):331-342.

22. Teixeira-Clerc F, et al. (2006) CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonism: a new strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Nat Med l2(6):67l-676.

23. Patsenker E, et at. (2011) Cannabinoid receptor type I modulates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis. Mol Med 17(11-12):1285-1294.

24. Cinar R, et al. Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates of liver fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight, In press, 2016.

25. Lin CL, et al. (2014) Cannabinoid receptor 1 disturbance of PPARgamma2 augments hyperglycemia induction of mesangial inflammation and fibrosis in renal glomeruli. Journal of molecular medicine 92(7):779-792.

26. Slavic S, et al. (2013) Cannabinoid receptor 1 inhibition improves cardiac function and remodelling after myocardial infarction and in experimental metabolic syndrome. Journal of molecular medicine 91(7):811-823.

27. Jourdan T, et al. (2013) Activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in infiltrating macrophages by endocannabinoids mediates beta cell loss in type 2 diabetes. Nat Med 19(9):1132-1140.

28. Bronova I, et al. (2015) Peripheral targeting of CB1 cannabinoid receptors protects from radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology.

29. Marquart S, et al. (2010) Inactivation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 prevents leukocyte infiltration and experimental fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 62(11):3467-3476.

30. Palumbo-Zerr K, et al. (2012) Inactivation of fatty acid amide hydrolase exacerbates experimental fibrosis by enhanced endocannabinoid-mediated activation of CB1. Ann Rheum Dis 71(12):2051-2054.

31. Silvestri C et al. (2013) The endocannabinoid system in energy homeostasis and the etiopathology of metabolic disorders. Cell Metab 17(4):475-490.

32. Jeong WI, et al. (2008) Paracrine activation of hepatic CB1 receptors by stellate cell-derived endocannabinoids mediates alcoholic fatty liver. Cell Metab 7(3):227-235.

33. Hezode C, et al. (2005) Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 42(1):63-71.

34. Despres JP et al.(2005) Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 353(20):2121-2134.

35. Tam J, et al. (2012) Peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonism reduces obesity by reversing leptin resistance. Cell Metab 16(2):167-179.

36. Cinar R, et al. (2014) Hepatic cannabinoid-1 receptors mediate diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing de novo synthesis of long-chain ceramides. Hepatology 59(1):143-153.

37. Tam J, et al. (2010) Peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves cardiometabolic risk in mouse models of obesity. J Clin Invest 120(8):2953-2966.

38. Kunos G, Iyer MR, Cinar R, & Rice KC (2014) WO 2014/078309 A1.

39. Cinar R et al. Dual-targeting on peripheral CB1R and iNOS for inhibition provides effective anti-fibrotic therapy in IPF. In preparation

40. Tsujino K & Sheppard D (2016) Critical Appraisal of the Utility and Limitations of Animal Models of Scleroderma. Curr Rheumatol Rep 18(1):4.

41. Liang M, et al. (2015) A modified murine model of systemic sclerosis: bleomycin given by pump infusion induced skin and pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Lab Invest 95(3):342-350.

42. Morin F, Kavian N, & Batteux F (2015) Animal models of systemic sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 21(18):2365-2379.

43. Jourdan T, et al. (2014) Overactive cannabinoid 1 receptor in podocytes drives type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.

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Cooperative Research and Development Agreement

APPENDIX B

STAFFING, FUNDING, AND MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT CONTRIBUTIONS
OF THE PARTIES

Staffing Contributions:

IC will provide scientific staff and other support necessary to conduct the research and other activities described in the Research Plan. IC’s scientific staff will include IC’s Principal Investigator and technical staff.

IC estimates that 1.2 person-years of effort per year will be required to complete the CRADA research.

Collaborator will provide scientific staff and other support necessary to conduct the research and other activities described in the Research Plan. Collaborator’s scientific staff will include Collaborator’s Principal Investigator but no technical staff.

Collaborator estimates that 1.2 person-years of effort per year will be required to complete the CRADA research.

Funding Contributions:

Collaborator agrees to provide funds in the amount of $130,000 for year one and $100,000 for year two of the CRADA for IC to use to acquire technical, statistical, and administrative support for the research activities, as well as to pay for supplies and travel expenses. Collaborator will provide funds in equal annual installments. The first installment will be due within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date. Each subsequent installment will be due within thirty (30) days of each anniversary of the Effective Date. Collaborator agrees that IC can allocate the funding between the various categories in support of the CRADA research as IC sees fit.

CRADA PAYMENTS:

Collaborator will make checks payable to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, will reference the CRADA number and title on each check, and will send them via trackable mail or courier to:

Judit O’Connor

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

5635 Fishers Lane, Room 3011, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304

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Cooperative Research and Development Agreement

CRADA Travel Payments:

Travel arrangements for all Government staff will be made in accordance with the Federal Travel Rules and Regulations, whether arranged by IC and funded using either appropriated funds or CRADA funds, or arranged and funded directly by Collaborator.

Materials/Equipment Contributions:

IC will provide to Collaborator the following IC Materials for use under this CRADA:

NONE

Collaborator will provide to IC the following Collaborator Materials and/or capital equipment for use under this CRADA:

NONE

If either Party decides to provide additional Materials for use under this CRADA, those Materials will be transferred under a cover letter that identifies them and states that they are being provided under the terms of the CRADA.

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Cooperative Research and Development Agreement

APPENDIX C

MODIFICATIONS TO THE MODEL CRADA

6.1 Ownership of CRADA Subject Inventions, CRADA Data, and CRADA Materials. Subject to the Government license described in Paragraph 7.5, the sharing requirements of Paragraph 8.1, and the regulatory filing requirements of Paragraph 8.2, the producing Party will retain sole ownership of and title to all CRADA Subject Inventions, all related Patent and Patent Application and all copies of CRADA Data, and all CRADA Materials produced solely by its employee(s). The Parties will own jointly all CRADA Subject Inventions invented jointly and all related Patent and Patent Application, and copies of CRADA Data and all CRADA Materials developed jointly.

6.4 Patent Expenses. Unless agreed otherwise, the Party filing a Patent Application will pay all preparation and filing expenses, prosecution fees, issuance fees, post issuance fees, patent maintenance fees, annuities, interference expenses, and attorneys’ fees for that Patent Application and any resulting Patent(s). If a license to any CRADA Subject Invention is granted to Collaborator, then Collaborator will be responsible for all expenses and fees, past and future, in connection with the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of any Patent Applications and Patents claiming exclusively-licensed CRADA Subject Inventions and will be responsible for a pro-rated share, divided equally among all licensees, of those expenses and fees for same non-exclusively licensed CRADA Subject Inventions. Collaborator may waive its exclusive option rights at any time, and incur no subsequent financial obligation for those Patent Application(s) or Patent(s.

7.4 Government License in IC Sole CRADA Subject Inventions and Joint CRADA Subject Inventions. Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 3710a(b)(l)(A), for CRADA Subject Inventions owned solely by IC or jointly by IC and Collaborator, and licensed pursuant to the option of Paragraph 7.2, Collaborator grants to the Government a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice the CRADA Subject Invention or have the CRADA Subject Invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government. In the exercise of this license, the Government will not publicly disclose Collaborator’s Confidential Information, trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential within the meaning of 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4) or which would be considered privileged or confidential if it had been obtained from a non-federal party.

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Cooperative Research and Development Agreement

8.2 Use of CRADA Data and CRADA Materials. The Parties will be free to utilize CRADA Data and CRADA Materials internally for their own purposes, consistent with their obligations under this CRADA. The Parties may share CRADA Data or CRADA Materials with their Affiliates, agents or contractors provided the obligations of this Article 8.2 are simultaneously conveyed.

(a) CRADA Data.

Collaborator and IC will use reasonable efforts to keep CRADA Data confidential until published or until corresponding Patent Applications are filed. To the extent permitted by law, each Party will have the right to use any and all CRADA Data in and for any regulatory filing by or on behalf of the Party. Any confidential information not included in a Patent Application filed shall remain confidential.

(b) CRADA Materials.

Collaborator and IC will use reasonable efforts to keep descriptions of CRADA Materials confidential until published or until corresponding Patent Applications are filed. Any confidential information not included in a Patent Application filed shall remain confidential. Collaborator acknowledges that the basic research mission of PHS includes sharing with third parties for further research those research resources made in whole or in part with NIH funding. Consistent with this mission and the tenets articulated in “Sharing of Biomedical Research Resources: Principles and Guidelines for Recipients of NIH Research Grants and Contracts”, December 1999, available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-12-23/pdf/99-33292.pdf, following publication either Party may make available to third parties for further research those CRADA Materials made jointly by both PHS and Collaborator. Notwithstanding the above, if those joint CRADA Materials are the subject of a pending Patent Application or a Patent, the Parties may agree to restrict distribution or freely distribute them. Either Party may distribute those CRADA Materials made solely by the other Party only upon written consent from that other Party or that other Party’s designee.

8.6 Duration of Confidentiality Obligation. The obligation to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information will expire at the earlier of the date when the information is no longer Confidential Information as defined in Paragraph 2.4 or five (5) years after the expiration or termination date of this CRADA. Collaborator may request an extension to this term when necessary to protect Confidential Information relating to products not yet commercialized.

13.14 Survivability. The provisions of Paragraphs 3.3, 3.4, 4.2, 4.3, 5.3, 5.4, 6, 7, 8.3-8.7, 9.1-9.2, 10.3-10.5, 11.1, 12.1-12.3, 13.1-13.3, 13.8, 13.10 and 13.14 will survive the expiration or early termination of this CRADA.

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