0001493152-20-008026.txt : 20200508 0001493152-20-008026.hdr.sgml : 20200508 20200508100210 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0001493152-20-008026 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: S-1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 20 FILED AS OF DATE: 20200508 DATE AS OF CHANGE: 20200508 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: Dynamic Shares Trust CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001771951 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: [6221] IRS NUMBER: 000000000 STATE OF INCORPORATION: DE FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: S-1 SEC ACT: 1933 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 333-238098 FILM NUMBER: 20859106 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 70 GUST CITY: IRVINE STATE: CA ZIP: 92620 BUSINESS PHONE: 678.834.4218 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 70 GUST CITY: IRVINE STATE: CA ZIP: 92620 S-1 1 forms-1.htm

 

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2020

Registration No. 333-             

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware   6221   32-6540728
(State of Organization)   (Primary Standard Industrial   (I.R.S. Employer
    Classification Code Number)   Identification Number)

 

 

 

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

(678) 834-4218

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

 

Xinyu Jiang

c/o Dynamic Shares LLC

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

(678) 834-4218

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

Copies to:

 

Weixuan Zhang

c/o Dynamic Shares LLC

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

 

 

Bilal H. Malik, Esq.

Malik Law Group LLC

1175 Peachtree Street, 10th Floor

Atlanta, GA 30361

 

 

Laura Anthony, Esq.

Craig D. Linder, Esq.

Anthony L.G., PLLC

625 N. Flagler Drive, Suite 600

West Palm Beach, FL 33401

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

 

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), check the following box. [X]

 

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [  ]

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [  ]

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [  ]

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

Large accelerated filer [  ]   Accelerated filer [  ]
         
Non-accelerated filer [X]   Smaller reporting company [X]
         
      Emerging growth company [X]

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. [  ]

 

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered  Proposed
Maximum Aggregate
Offering Price
  

Amount of

Registration Fee†

 
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF Common Units of Beneficial Interest  $100,000,000.00   $12,980.00 
Total:  $100,000,000.00   $12,980.00 

 

The amount of the registration fees for the indicated securities have been calculated in reliance upon Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act and using the proposed maximum aggregate offering price as described above.

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

 
 

 

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

Preliminary Prospectus Subject to Completion, dated May 8, 2020

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

 

 

 

Common Units of Beneficial Interest

 

 

 

Fund  Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price Per Fund 
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (WEIX)  $100,000,000.00 

 

Dynamic Shares Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust organized into separate series. The Trust may from time to time offer to sell common units of beneficial interests (“Shares”) of the series of the Trust listed above (the “Fund”) or other series of the Trust. Shares represent units of fractional undivided beneficial interest in and ownership of a series of the Trust. The Fund’s Shares will be offered on a continuous basis. The offering shall terminate on the third anniversary following the date the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, unless suspended or terminated at any earlier time for certain reasons specified in this prospectus or unless extended as permitted under the rules of the Securities Act of 1933. The Shares have been approved for listing on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “Exchange” or “NYSE Arca”), subject to notice of issuance, under the ticker symbol WEIX.

 

As of the date of this Prospectus, the trust has one series (the Fund). Please note that the Trust may in the future have series other than the Fund.

 

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF has not, prior to the date of this Prospectus, commenced trading and does not have any performance history.

 

The Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF is expected to be offered beginning in the second quarter of 2020 but will not be offered unless and until this Registration Statement is declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

The Fund seeks to provide better risk management than passively managed short VIX short-term futures ETFs. Unlike traditional short VIX short-term futures ETFs, the Fund seeks to dynamically manage its notional exposure to VIX futures. For instance, when the VIX Index is below its historical average, the Fund’s notional exposure is lower than a traditional short VIX short term futures ETF, which may maintain a fixed notional exposure every day. When the VIX Index is going up, the Fund gradually increases its notional exposure, up to a ceiling of -0.5*. The Fund expects that its notional exposure will not exceed -0.5*, but that its notional exposure may exceed -0.5* during intraday trading before recalibration.

 

The Fund is actively managed and is not benchmarked to the VIX Index. As such the Fund can be expected to perform very differently from the inverse of the VIX Index.

 

In addition, investors in the Fund should understand the consequences of seeking daily inverse investment results that are subject to compounding and market volatility risk. The pursuit of the Fund’s daily investment objective means that the Fund’s return for a period longer than a full trading day will be the product of the series of daily returns, with daily repositioned exposure, for each trading day during the relevant period. As a consequence, the return for investors that invest for periods less than a full trading day or for a period different than a trading day will not be the product of the return of the Fund’s stated daily inverse investment objective. During periods of high volatility, the Fund may not perform as expected and the Fund may have losses when an investor may have expected gains if the Fund is held for a period that is different than one trading day.

 

INVESTING IN THE SHARES INVOLVES SIGNIFICANT RISKS. PLEASE REFER TO “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 14.

 

 
 

 

The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and presents different risks than other funds. The Fund includes risks relating to investing in and seeking exposure to VIX Futures Contracts. An investor should only consider an investment in the Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking exposure to VIX Futures Contracts. The Fund uses leverage and is riskier than similar exchange-traded funds that do not use leverage. An investor should only consider an investment in a Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results.

 

The Funds’ investments may be illiquid and/or highly volatile and the Fund may experience large losses from buying, selling or holding such investments. An investor in the Fund could potentially lose the full principal value of his/her investment within a single day.

 

Shareholders who invest in the Fund should actively manage and monitor their investment, as frequently as daily.

 

The Fund is not benchmarked to the VIX Index (which is commonly referred to as the “VIX”). The performance of the Fund can be expected to be very different from the performance of the VIX.

 

NEITHER THE TRUST NOR THE FUND IS A MUTUAL FUND OR OTHER TYPE OF INVESTMENT COMPANY AS DEFINED IN THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940, AS AMENDED (THE “1940 ACT”), AND NEITHER IS SUBJECT TO REGULATION THEREUNDER. SHAREHOLDERS DO NOT HAVE THE PROTECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP OF SHARES IN AN INVESTMENT COMPANY REGISTERED UNDER THE 1940 ACT. SEE RISK FACTOR ENTITLED “SHAREHOLDERS DO NOT HAVE THE PROTECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP OF SHARES IN AN INVESTMENT COMPANY REGISTERED UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940, AS AMENDED (THE “1940 ACT)” ON PAGE 22 OF THIS PROSPECTUS FOR MORE INFORMATION.

 

The Fund continuously offers and redeems, or will continuously offer and redeem, its Shares in blocks of Shares (each such block, a “Creation Unit”). Only Authorized Participants (as defined herein) may purchase and redeem Shares from a Fund and then only in Creation Units. An Authorized Participant is an entity that has entered into an Authorized Participant Agreement with the Trust and Dynamic Shares LLC (the “Sponsor”).

 

It is expected that after the date of this Prospectus, the initial Authorized Participant will, subject to certain terms and conditions, make purchases of initial Creation Units of 100,000 Shares of the Fund at an initial price per Share of $20.00, equal to $1,000,000 per Creation Unit.

 

The Fund will not commence trading unless and until the initial Authorized Participant effects the minimum initial purchase. Following initial purchases by the initial Authorized Participant, Shares of the Fund are offered to Authorized Participants in Creation Units at the Fund’s NAV. Authorized Participants may then offer to the public, from time to time, Shares from any Creation Unit they create at a per-Share market price.

 

The form of Authorized Participant Agreement and the related Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook set forth the terms and conditions under which an Authorized Participant may purchase or redeem a Creation Unit. Authorized Participants will not receive from the Fund, the Sponsor, or any of their affiliates, any fee or other compensation in connection with their sale of Shares to the public. An Authorized Participant may receive commissions or fees from investors who purchase Shares through their commission or fee-based brokerage accounts.

 

The Fund will distribute to shareholders a Schedule K-1 that will contain information regarding the income and expenses of the Fund.

 

These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or any state securities commission nor has the SEC or any state securities commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION HAS NOT PASSED UPON THE MERITS OF PARTICIPATING IN THIS POOL NOR HAS THE COMMISSION PASSED ON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT.

 

 

 

_________________, 2020

 

These Shares are neither interests in nor obligations of any of the Sponsor, Wilmington Trust, National Association (the “Trustee”), or any of their respective affiliates. The Shares are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency.

 

It is anticipated that the initial Authorized Participant will purchase the initial Creation Units of the Fund, equal to $1,000,000 per Creation Unit.

 

This prospectus has two parts: the offered series disclosure and the general pool disclosure. These parts are bound together and are incomplete if not distributed together to prospective participants.

 

 
 

 

COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION

 

RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

 

YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER WHETHER YOUR FINANCIAL CONDITION PERMITS YOU TO PARTICIPATE IN A COMMODITY POOL. IN SO DOING, YOU SHOULD BE AWARE THAT COMMODITY INTEREST TRADING CAN QUICKLY LEAD TO LARGE LOSSES AS WELL AS GAINS. SUCH TRADING LOSSES CAN SHARPLY REDUCE THE NET ASSET VALUE OF THE POOL AND CONSEQUENTLY THE VALUE OF YOUR INTEREST IN THE POOL. IN ADDITION, RESTRICTIONS ON REDEMPTIONS MAY AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO WITHDRAW YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THE POOL.

 

FURTHER, COMMODITY POOLS MAY BE SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL CHARGES FOR MANAGEMENT, AND ADVISORY AND BROKERAGE FEES. IT MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THOSE POOLS THAT ARE SUBJECT TO THESE CHARGES TO MAKE SUBSTANTIAL TRADING PROFITS TO AVOID DEPLETION OR EXHAUSTION OF THEIR ASSETS. THE DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT CONTAINS A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF EACH EXPENSE TO BE CHARGED THIS POOL, AT PAGES 40 THROUGH 42 AND A STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE RETURN NECESSARY TO BREAK EVEN, THAT IS, TO RECOVER THE AMOUNT OF YOUR INITIAL INVESTMENT, AT PAGE 40.

 

THIS BRIEF STATEMENT CANNOT DISCLOSE ALL THE RISKS AND OTHER FACTORS NECESSARY TO EVALUATE YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THIS COMMODITY POOL. THEREFORE, BEFORE YOU DECIDE TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS COMMODITY POOL, YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY STUDY THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL RISK FACTORS OF THIS INVESTMENT, AT PAGES 14 THROUGH 29.

 

 

 

THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT INCLUDE ALL OF THE INFORMATION OR EXHIBITS IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT OF THE TRUST. iNVESTORS CAN READ AND COPY THE ENTIRE REGISTRATION STATEMENT AT THE PUBLIC REFERENCE FACILITIES MAINTAINED BY THE SEC IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

 

 

 

the trust will file quarterly and annual reports with the sec. investors can read and copy these REPORTS at the sec public REFERENCE facilities in washington, d.c. please call the sec at 1-800-sec-0330 for further information.

 

the filing of the trust are posted at the sec website at www.sec.gov.

 

 

 

REGULATORY NOTICES

 

NO DEALER, SALESMAN OR ANY OTHER PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY INFORMATION OR TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION NOT CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS, AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH OTHER INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATION MUST NOT BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN AUTHORIZED BY THE TRUST, ANY FUND, THE SPONSOR, THE AUTHORIZED PARTICIPANTS OR ANY OTHER PERSON.

 

THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY, NOR SHALL THERE BE ANY OFFER, SOLICITATION, OR SALE OF THE SHARES IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION, OR SALE IS NOT AUTHORIZED OR TO ANY PERSON TO WHOM IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE ANY SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION, OR SALE.

 

 

 

AUTHORIZED PARTICIPANTS MAY BE REQUIRED TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS WHEN TRANSACTING IN SHARES. SEE “PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION” IN PART TWO OF THIS PROSPECTUS.

 

 

 

SHAREHOLDERS HAVE THE RIGHT, DURING NORMAL BUSINESS HOURS, TO HAVE ACCESS TO AND COPY (UPON PAYMENT OF REASONABLE REPRODUCTION COSTS) SUCH BOOKS AND RECORDS IN PERSON OR BY THEIR AUTHORIZED ATTORNEY OR AGENT. MONTHLY ACCOUNT STATEMENTS CONFORMING TO THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION (“CFTC”) AND THE NATIONAL FUTURES ASSOCIATION (THE “NFA”) REQUIREMENTS WILL BE POSTED ON THE SPONSOR’S WEBSITE AT www.dynamicsharesetf.com. ADDITIONAL REPORTS MAY BE POSTED ON THE SPONSOR’S WEBSITE AT THE DISCRETION OF THE SPONSOR OR AS REQUIRED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITIES. THERE WILL SIMILARLY BE DISTRIBUTED TO SHAREHOLDERS, NO MORE THAN 90 DAYS AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE FUNDS’ FISCAL YEAR, CERTIFIED AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. THE TAX INFORMATION RELATING TO SHARES OF EACH FUND NECESSARY FOR THE PREPARATION OF SHAREHOLDERS’ ANNUAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX RETURNS WILL ASLO BE DISTRIBUTED.

 

 
 

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements   1
   
Trademarks and Copyrights   1
     
PART ONE:
OFFERED SERIES DISCLOSURE
   
     
Prospectus Summary   2
     
Important Information About the Fund   2
     
Overview   2
     
Implication of Being an Emerging Growth Company   4
     
Purchases and Sales in the Secondary Market, on the NYSE Arca   4
     
Creation and Redemption Transactions   4
     
Breakeven Amounts   5
     
Important Tax Information   5
     
Investment Objectives   7
     
Principal Investment Strategies   7
     
The Offering   9
     
Summary Historical Financial Data   13
     
Risk Factors   14
     
Management’s Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results Of Operations   30
     
Charges   32
     
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations   34
     
PART TWO:
GENERAL POOL DISCLOSURE
   
   
Use of Proceeds   45
     
Who May Subscribe   45
     
Creation And Redemption Of Shares   45
     
Litigation   49
     
Description Of The Shares; The Fund; Certain Material Terms Of The Trust Agreement   49
     
Distributions   55
   
The Administrator   55
     
The Custodian   56
     
The Transfer Agent   56
     
The Distributor   56
     
The Securities Depository; Book-Entry Only System; Global Security   56

 

i
 

 

Shares Splits Or Revers Splits   57
     
Conflict Of Interest   57
     
Material Contracts   59
     
Purchases By Employee Benefit Plans   60
     
Plan of Distribution   61
     
Legal Matters   62
     
Experts   62
     
Appointment of Auditor   62
     
Where You Can Find Additional Information   63
     
Privacy Policy   63
     
Futures Commission Merchant   64
     
Appendix A – Glossary Of Defined Terms   66
     
Item 13. Other Expense Of Issuance And Distribution   II-1
     
Item 14 Indemnification Of Directors And Officers   II-1
     
Item 15 Recent Sale Of Unregistered Securities   II-1
     
Item 16 Exhibits And Financial Statement Schedules   II-2
     
Item 17 Undertakings   II-2
     
Signatures   II-5

 

ii
 

 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

This prospectus includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include statements we make concerning our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future revenues or performance, capital expenditures, financing needs and other information that is not historical information. Some forward-looking statements appear under the headings “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Description of Business.” When used in this prospectus, the words “estimates,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “foresees,” “seeks,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “goal,” “target” or “intends” and variations of these words or similar expressions (or the negative versions of any such words) are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based upon information available to us on the date of this prospectus.

 

These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside of our control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements, including, among other things, the matters discussed in this prospectus in the sections captioned “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Description of Business.” Some of the factors that we believe could affect our results include future business and financial performance or conditions, anticipated sales growth across markets, distribution channels and product categories, competition from larger, more established companies with greater economic resources than we have, expenses and gross margins, profits or losses, new product introductions, financing and working capital requirements and resources, control by our principal equity holders and the other factors set forth herein, including those set forth under “Risk Factors.”

 

There are likely other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results referred to in the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us in this prospectus apply only as of the date of this prospectus and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this prospectus. Except as expressly required by federal securities laws, the Trust assumes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Investors should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

 

TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS

 

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate names, logos and website names. In addition, we own or have the rights to copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights that protect the content of our products and the formulations for such products. This prospectus may also contain trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Our use or display of third parties’ trademarks, service marks, trade names or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and should not be read to, imply a relationship with or endorsement or sponsorship of us. Solely for convenience, some of the copyrights, trade names and trademarks referred to in this prospectus are listed without their ©, ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our copyrights, trade names and trademarks. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

 

1
 

 

PART ONE:

OFFERED SERIES DISCLOSURE

 

SUMMARY

 

Investors should read the following summary together with the more detailed information in this Prospectus before investing in Shares of the Fund, including under the caption “Risk Factors,” and all exhibits to this Prospectus, including the financial statements and the notes to those financial statements and other information incorporated by reference in this Prospectus.

 

For ease of reference, any references throughout this Prospectus to various actions taken by the Fund are actually actions taken by the Trust on behalf of the Fund.

 

Definitions used in this Prospectus may be found in the Glossary in Appendix A and throughout this Prospectus.

 

 

 

The Fund Has not commenced trading and does not have any performance history.

 

 

 

Important Information About the Fund

 

The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and presents different risks than other funds. The Fund includes risks relating to investing in and seeking exposure to VIX Futures Contracts. An investor should only consider an investment in the Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking exposure to VIX Futures Contracts. The Fund uses leverage and is riskier than similar exchange-traded funds that do not use leverage. An investor should only consider an investment in a Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results.

 

The Fund seeks to provide investors with inverse exposure to the implied volatility of the broad-based, large-cap U.S. equity market.

 

The performance of the Fund can be expected to be very different from the performance of the VIX.

 

The Fund’s investments may be illiquid and/or highly volatile and the fund may experience large losses from buying, selling or holding such investments. An investor in the Fund could potentially lose the full principal value of his/her investment within a single day.

 

Shareholders who invest in the fund should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily.

 

Overview

 

The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective, under normal circumstances, by obtaining investment exposure to an actively managed portfolio of short positions in futures contracts with monthly expirations (“VIX Futures Contracts”), which are based on the Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated (“CBOE”) Volatility Index (the “VIX Index” or “VIX”).

 

The value of the Fund’s Shares relates directly to the value of, and realized profit or loss from, the financial instruments and other assets held by the Fund, including VIX Futures Contracts. Fluctuations in the price of these financial instruments or assets could materially adversely affect an investment in the Fund.

 

The Fund expects to primarily take short positions in VIX Futures Contracts by shorting the next two near term VIX Futures Contracts and rolling the nearest month VIX Futures Contract to the next month on a daily basis. As such, the Fund expects to have a constant one-month rolling short position in first and second month VIX Futures Contracts.

 

2
 

 

The VIX Index seeks to measure the market’s current expectation of 30-day volatility of the S&P 500® Index, as reflected by the prices of near-term S&P 500® options. The market’s current expectation of the possible rate and magnitude of movements in an index is commonly referred to as the “implied volatility” of the index. Because S&P 500® options derive value from the possibility that the S&P 500® may experience movement before such options expire, the prices of near-term S&P 500® options are used to calculate the implied volatility of the S&P 500®.

 

Unlike many indexes, the VIX Index is not an investable index. Rather, the VIX Index serves as a market volatility forecast. The Fund does not seek to track the performance of the VIX Index or the S&P 500® and, in fact, can be expected to perform very differently from the VIX Index over all periods of time.

 

The value of a VIX Futures Contract is based on the expected reading of the VIX Index at the expiration of such VIX Futures Contract, and therefore represents forward implied volatility of the S&P 500® over the 30-day period following the expiration of the VIX Futures Contracts. As a result, a movement in the VIX Index today will not necessarily result in a corresponding movement in the price of VIX Futures Contracts. For example, a VIX Futures Contract purchased in March that expires in May is a forward contract on what the VIX Index, as a measure of 30-day implied volatility, will be on the May expiration date. The forward volatility reading of the VIX Index may not correlate directly to the current volatility reading of the VIX Index because the implied volatility of the S&P 500® at a future expiration date may be different from the current implied volatility of the S&P 500®. Furthermore, VIX Futures Contracts that have longer durations often may not reflect the VIX Index’s readings as precisely as VIX Futures Contracts that are closer to expiration due to the increased potential for the implied volatility of the S&P 500® to shift, at a future date, from the current level of implied volatility. VIX Futures Contracts are standard futures contracts that settle for cash based on the VIX Special Opening Quotation, the final settlement value for VIX Futures Contracts that is calculated using opening prices of constituent S&P 500® options.

 

The Fund will experience positive or negative performance based on changes in the implied level of future market volatility to the extent these changes are reflected in the price of VIX Futures Contracts. The Fund generally will experience positive performance, before accounting for fees and expenses, to the extent that the implied level of future volatility, as reflected by the value of the Fund’s short position in VIX Futures Contracts, decreases. Similarly, the Fund generally will experience negative performance, before accounting for fees and expenses, to the extent that the implied level of future volatility increases.

 

Futures contracts, by their terms, have stated expirations and, at a specified point in time prior to expiration, trading in a futures contract for the current delivery month will cease. Therefore, to maintain consistent exposure to VIX Futures Contracts, the Fund must periodically migrate our VIX Futures Contracts nearing expiration into VIX Futures Contracts with later expirations – a process referred to as “rolling.” The effect of this continuous process of selling contracts nearing expiration and buying longer-dated contracts is called “roll yield.”

 

Investments in derivative instruments, such as futures, have the economic effect of creating financial leverage in the Fund’s portfolio because such investments may give rise to losses that exceed the amount the Fund has invested in those instruments. Financial leverage will magnify, sometimes significantly, the Fund’s exposure to any increase or decrease in prices associated with a particular reference asset resulting in increased volatility in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.

 

At the close of each trading day, the Fund expects to recalibrate its notional exposure value upon the change of the VIX Index and contango on that day. The Fund expects its notional exposure to range from -0.1 to -0.5 after each calibration. Movements of the VIX Futures Contracts during the day will affect whether the Fund’s portfolio needs to be repositioned. For example, if the levels of the VIX Futures Contracts have risen on a given day, net assets of the Fund should fall. As a result of the calibration, the Fund’s inverse exposure will generally increase to a level not beyond -0.5. Conversely, if the levels of the VIX Futures Contracts have fallen on a given day, net assets of the Fund should rise. As a result of the calibration, the Fund’s inverse exposure will generally decrease to as low as -0.1. The Fund will immediately close all of its positions if its net asset value goes down more than 90% at any time during the Exchange’s regulator trading hours.

 

In seeking to achieve the Fund’s investment objectives, the Sponsor uses a proprietary algorithm, which learns from VIX Futures Contracts historical prices and contango trend, to optimize VIX Futures Contracts trading risks and returns. The algorithm starts with a relatively low notional exposure (-0.1 to -0.15) and recalibrates its notional exposure upon the change of price and contango of VIX Futures Contracts. The Sponsor expects the algorithm to slightly increase the Fund’s notional exposure when the price of VIX Futures Contracts go up to a level not beyond -0.5, and, when the price of VIX Futures Contracts goes down, the Sponsor expects the algorithm to decrease the Fund’s notional exposure to lower levels to prepare for potential upcoming spikes in the price of VIX Futures Contracts. In the event that the fund’s notional exposure has already reached -0.5 and the price of VIX Futures Contracts increases, the Fund expects to maintain its notional exposure at -0.5 at the close of each trading day. Conversely, if the price of VIX Futures Contracts decreases when the Fund’s notional exposure is below -0.1, the Fund expects to maintain its notional exposure at -0.1 when calibrating its notional exposure.

 

3
 

 

The Sponsor has the power to change the Fund’s investment objective or investment strategy and may liquidate the Fund at any time, subject to applicable regulatory requirements.

 

Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, serves as the Trust’s Sponsor, and serves as the Trust’s CFTC registered commodity pool operator. The principal office of the Sponsor and the Fund is located at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654. The telephone number of the Sponsor and the Fund is (678) 834-4218.

 

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

 

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the beginning of the first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, (2) the beginning of the first fiscal year after our annual gross revenue is $1.07 billion (subject to adjustment for inflation) or more, (3) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities and (4) as of the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of our common equity held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million as of the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year.

 

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company,” we may take advantage of certain exemptions from the various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and financial statements in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote to approve executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.”

 

Purchases and Sales in the Secondary Market, on the NYSE Arca

 

The Shares of the Fund have been approved for listing on the NYSE Arca, subject to notice of issuance, under the ticker symbol WEIX. Secondary market purchases and sales of Shares are subject to ordinary brokerage commissions and charges.

 

Creation and Redemption Transactions

 

Only an Authorized Participant may purchase (i.e. create) or redeem Shares in the Fund. Authorized Participants may purchase or redeem Shares only in blocks, which are expected to be of 50,000 Shares (each such block, a “Creation Unit”) in the Fund. An “Authorized Participant” is an entity that has entered into an Authorized Participant Agreement with the Trust and the Sponsor. Creation Units are offered to Authorized Participants at each Fund’s NAV.

 

Creation Units in a Fund are expected to be created when there is sufficient demand for Shares in such Fund that the market price per Share is at a premium to the NAV per Share. Authorized Participants will likely sell such Shares to the public at prices that are expected to reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares of such Fund and the supply of and demand for the Shares at the time of sale. Similarly, it is expected that Creation Units in a Fund will be redeemed when the market price per Share of such Fund is at a discount to the NAV per Share. The Sponsor expects that the exploitation of such arbitrage opportunities by Authorized Participants and their clients will tend to cause the public trading price of the Shares to track the NAV per Share of a Fund over time. Retail investors seeking to purchase or sell Shares on any day are expected to effect such transactions in the secondary market at the market price per Share, rather than in connection with the creation or redemption of Creation Units.

 

4
 

 

A creation transaction, which is subject to acceptance by Capital Investment Group, Inc. (“CIG” or the “Distributor”), generally takes place when an Authorized Participant deposits a specified amount of cash (unless as provided otherwise in this Prospectus) in exchange for a specified number of Creation Units. Similarly, Shares can be redeemed only in Creation Units, generally for cash (unless as provided otherwise in this Prospectus). Except when aggregated in Creation Units, Shares are not redeemable. The prices at which creations and redemptions occur are based on the next calculation of NAV after an order is received in a form described in the Authorized Participant Agreement and the related Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook. The manner by which Creation Units are purchased and redeemed is governed by the terms of this Prospectus, the Authorized Participant Agreement and the Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook. Creation and redemption orders are not effective until accepted by the Distributor and may be rejected or revoked as described herein. By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deposit cash (unless as provided otherwise in this Prospectus) with BMO Harris Bank N.A. (the “Custodian”), acting in its capacity as custodian of the Fund.

 

Creation and redemption transactions must be placed each day with the Distributor by the create/redeem cutoff time (stated below) to receive that day’s NAV. The cut-off time may be earlier if, for example, the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund closes before such cut-off time. Because the primary trading session for the futures contracts underlying the Fund have different closing (or fixing) times than U.S. Equity markets, the create/redeem cut-off time and NAV calculation time for the Fund may differ. See the section herein titled “Net Asset Value” for additional information about NAV calculations.

 

Create/Redeem Cutoff (Eastern Time)   NAV Calculation Time (Eastern Time)
2:00 p.m.   4:15 p.m.

 

Breakeven Table

 

See “Charges—Breakeven Table” on page 32 of this Prospectus for detailed Breakeven Table.

 

Breakeven Amounts

 

The Fund will be profitable only if returns from the Fund’s investments exceed its “breakeven amount.” Estimated breakeven amounts are set forth in the table below. The estimated breakeven amount represents the estimated amount of trading income that the Fund would need to achieve during one year to offset the Fund’s estimated fees, costs and expenses, net of any interest income earned by the Fund on its investments. It is not possible to predict whether the Fund will break even at the end of the first twelve months of an investment or any other period. See “Charges-Breakeven Table,” beginning on page 32, for a more detailed table showing Breakeven Amounts and Table.

 

Fund   Breakeven Amount (% Per Annum of
Average Daily NAV)*
    Assumed Selling
Price Per Share*
    Breakeven Amount ($ for the Assumed Selling Price
Per Share)*
 
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF     2.45%     $ 20.00      $ 0.49  

 

 

*The breakeven analysis set forth in this table assumes that the Shares have a constant NAV equal to the amount shown. The actual NAV of the Fund differs and is likely to change on a daily basis. The numbers in this chart have been rounded to the nearest 0.01.

 

Important Tax Information

 

Please note that the Fund will distribute to shareholders a Schedule K-1 that will contain information regarding the income and expense items of the Fund. The Schedule K-1 is a complex form and shareholders may find that preparing tax returns may require additional time or may require the assistance of an accountant or other tax preparer, at an additional expense to the shareholder.

 

5
 

 

Risk Factors

 

An investment in the Shares has risks. The “Risk Factors” section of this Prospectus contains a detailed discussion of the most important risks. Please refer to the “Risk Factors” section for a more detailed discussion of the risks summarized below and other risks of investment in the Shares.

 

Risks Related to the Fund’s Operations and Management

 

  The Fund is subject to the risks associated with being newly organized, which may adversely affect the operations of the Fund. There is risk that the objectives of the Fund will not be met.
     
  The Fund has no operating history, and, as a result, investors may not rely on past performance in deciding whether to buy the Shares.
     
  Investors cannot be assured of the Sponsor’s continued services, which discontinuance may be detrimental to the Fund.
     
  Investors may be adversely affected by redemption or purchase orders that are subject to postponement, suspension or rejection under certain circumstances.
     
  An investor may be adversely affected by lack of independent advisers representing investors.
     
  Possibility of termination of the Fund may adversely affect an investor’s portfolio.
     
  The value of the Shares of the Fund relates directly to the value of, and realized profit or loss from, the financial instruments and other assets held by the Fund and fluctuations in the price of these assets could materially adversely affect an investment in the Shares.
     
  The NAV may not always correspond to market price and, as a result, investors may be adversely affected by the creation or redemption of Creation Units at a value that differs from the market price of the Shares.
     
  The Fund will be subject to counterparty risks, credit risks and other risks, including, but not limited to, risks associated with futures contracts, which could result in significant losses to the Fund.
     
  Fees are charged regardless of profitability and may result in depletion of assets.
     
  Competing claims of intellectual property rights may adversely affect the Fund and an investment in the Shares.
     
  Investors may be adversely affected by an overstatement or understatement of the NAV calculation of a Fund due to the valuation method employed when a settlement price is not available on the date of NAV calculation.

 

Risks Related to the Fund’s Shares

 

  The lack of active trading markets for the Shares of the Fund may result in losses on investors’ investments at the time of disposition of his, her, or its Shares.
     
  The Shares of the Fund are new securities products and their value could decrease if unanticipated operational or trading problems arise.
     
  Shareholders that are not Authorized Participants may only purchase or sell their Shares in secondary trading markets, and the conditions associated with trading in secondary markets may adversely affect investors’ investment in the Shares.
     
  NYSE Arca may halt trading in the Shares of a Fund which would adversely impact investors’ ability to sell Shares.
     
  Shareholders will not have the protections associated with ownership of shares in an investment company registered under the 1940 Act.

 

6
 

 

  Shareholders do not have the rights enjoyed by investors in certain other vehicles and may be adversely affected by a lack of statutory rights and by limited voting and distribution rights.
     
  The value of the Shares will be adversely affected if the Fund is required to indemnify the Trustee.
     
  Although the Shares of the Fund are limited liability investments, certain circumstances such as bankruptcy of the Fund will increase a shareholder’s liability.
     
  A court could potentially conclude that the assets and liabilities of the Fund are not segregated from those of another series of the Trust and may thereby potentially expose assets in the Fund to the liabilities of another series of the Trust.
     
  Shareholders’ tax liability will exceed cash distributions on the Shares.
     
  Investors could be adversely affected if items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to Shares of a Fund are reallocated in the event that the IRS does not accept the assumptions or conventions used by the Fund in allocating Fund tax items.
     
  Investors could be adversely affected if the current treatment of long-term capital gains under current U.S. federal income tax law is changed or repealed in the future.

 

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements and Potential Legislative Changes

 

  The Fund will be subject to regulatory risk associated with futures contracts that could adversely affect the Fund’s operations and profitability and cause conflicts of interest.
     
  Failure of FCMs to segregate assets may increase losses in the Fund.
     
  Regulatory changes or actions, including the implementation of new legislation, may alter the operations and profitability of the Fund.
     
  Regulatory and exchange accountability levels may restrict the creation of Creation Units and the operation of the Trust

 

Investment Objectives

 

The Fund seeks to provide better risk management than passively managed short VIX short-term futures ETFs. Unlike traditional short VIX short-term futures ETFs, the Fund seeks to dynamically manage its notional exposure to VIX futures. For instance, when the VIX Index is below its historical average, the Fund’s notional exposure is lower than a traditional short VIX short term futures ETF, which may maintain a fixed notional exposure every day. When the VIX Index is going up, the Fund gradually increases its notional exposure, up to a ceiling of -0.5*. The Fund expects that its notional exposure will not exceed -0.5*, but that its notional exposure may exceed -0.5* during intraday trading before recalibration.

 

There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective or avoid substantial losses.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

In seeking to achieve each Fund’s investment objective, the Sponsor uses a mathematical approach to investing. Using this approach, the Sponsor determines the type, quantity and mix of investment positions that the Sponsor believes in combination should produce daily returns consistent with a Fund’s objective. The Sponsor relies upon a pre-determined model to generate orders that will result in repositioning each Fund’s investments in accordance with its daily investment objectives. Substantially all the proceeds of the offering of the Shares of the Fund are, or will be, used to make portfolio investments in a manner consistent with its investment objective. The Fund will also hold cash or cash equivalents such as U.S. Treasury securities or other high credit quality, short-term fixed income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds) as collateral for financial instruments and pending investment in financial instruments. To the extent that the Fund does not invest the proceeds of the offering of the Shares in the manner described above on the day such proceeds are received, such proceeds may be deposited with the Custodian.

 

The Fund expects that its notional exposure will not exceed -0.5*, but that its notional exposure may exceed -0.5* during intraday trading before recalibration.

 

The Fund’s notional exposure is currently determined by using the methodology below.

 

First, the Fund will calculate a ratio as follows:

 

   Annotation  Expiration Date  Number of Contract  End of Day Price
Calculation            
Previous Month  V0  Date0      
Current Month  V1  Date1  N1  P1
Next Month  V2  Date2  N2  P2

 

For the next trading day “Next Day”: Date0<Next Day<=Date1

 

D0 = Number of Trading Days from Date0 (exclude) to Date1 (include)

 

D1 = Number of Trading Days from Next Day (exclude) to Date1 (include)

 

D2 = D0 – D1

 

Ratio = (D1*P1 + D2*P2)/D0 (The value of the ratio is calculated at 4:00 p.m. eastern time every day.)

 

Second, the following table will be used to calculate the expected exposure level.

 

Interval of Ratio   Exposure Level
(0, 10]   -5.0%
(10, 12]   15.0% - 2.0% * Ratio
(12, 13]   33.0% - 3.5% * Ratio
(13, 14]   52.5% - 5.0% * Ratio
(14, 15]   66.5% - 6.0% * Ratio
(15, 16]   44.0% - 4.5% * Ratio
(16, 17]   36.0% - 4.0% * Ratio
(17, 18]   2.0% - 2.0% * Ratio
(18, 19]   38.0% - 4.0% * Ratio
(19, 21]   57.0% - 5.0% * Ratio
(21, 22]   -6.0% - 2.0% * Ratio
22+   -50.0%

 

After calculating the expected exposure percentage of the Fund, the following function will be used to determine the expected holdings of VIX Futures Contracts:

 

Exposure%*NAV= -(N1*P1+N2*P2)

 

N1/N2=D1/D2

 

The Fund expects to short N1 contracts of current month VIX Futures Contracts and N2 contracts of next month VIX Futures Contracts after recalibration.

 

7
 

 

The Sponsor

 

Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 4, 2018, is the Sponsor of the Trust, the Fund, and any other series of the Trust. The Sponsor will serve as both commodity pool operator of the Trust and the Fund. The Sponsor is registered as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC and is a member in good standing of the NFA. As a registered commodity pool operator, with respect to the Trust, the Sponsor must comply with various regulatory requirements under the CEA, and the rules and regulations of the CFTC and the NFA, including investor protection requirements, antifraud prohibitions, disclosure requirements, and reporting and recordkeeping requirements. The Sponsor will also be subject to periodic inspections and audits by the CFTC and NFA.

 

Under the Trust Agreement (as defined below), the Sponsor has exclusive management and control of all aspects of the business of the Fund. The Trustee has no duty or liability to supervise the performance of the Sponsor, nor will the Trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of the Sponsor.

 

The Fund pays the Sponsor a management fee (the “Management Fee”), monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to 1.85% per annum of its average daily net assets (calculated by summing the month-end net assets of the Fund and dividing by the number of calendar days in the month). The Management Fee is paid in consideration of the Sponsor’s trading advisory services and the other services provided to the Fund that the Sponsor pays directly or indirectly.

 

The Administrator

 

The Trust, on behalf of itself and on behalf of the Fund, has appointed The Nottingham Company, a North Carolina business corporation, as the Administrator of the Fund and The Nottingham Company will enter into a fund accounting and administration service agreement (the “Accounting and Administration Agreement”) with the Trust (for itself and on behalf of the Fund) and the Sponsor in connection therewith. In addition, The Nottingham Company will provide certain accounting services to the Fund pursuant to the Administration Agency Agreement. The Administrator’s fees are paid on behalf of the Fund by the Sponsor.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Accounting and Administration Agreement and under the supervision and direction of the Sponsor, The Nottingham Company will prepare and file certain regulatory filings on behalf of the Fund. The Nottingham Company may also perform other services for the Fund pursuant to the Accounting and Administration Agreement as mutually agreed to from time to time.

 

The Sponsor, on behalf of the Fund, is expected to retain the services of one or more additional service providers to assist with certain tax reporting requirements of the Fund and their shareholders.

 

The Custodian

 

BMO Harris Bank N.A. will serve as the Custodian of the Fund and has entered into an institutional custody agreement (the “Institutional Custody Agreement”) with the Trust (for itself and on behalf of the Fund) in connection therewith.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Institutional Custody Agreement, the Custodian will be responsible for the holding and safekeeping of assets delivered to it by the Fund and performing various administrative duties in accordance with instructions delivered to the Custodian by the Fund. The Custodian’s fees are paid by the Trust and reimbursed by the Sponsor.

 

The Transfer Agent

 

Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC, will serve as the Transfer Agent of the Fund for Authorized Participants and will enter into a dividend disbursing and transfer agent agreement (the “Transfer Agent Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Transfer Agent Agreement, the Transfer Agent will be responsible for processing purchase and redemption orders and maintaining records of ownership of the Fund. The Transfer Agent fees are paid on behalf of the Fund by the Sponsor.

 

The Distributor

 

Capital Investment Group, Inc. (“CIG”) will serve as the Distributor of the Fund and will assist the Sponsor and the Administrator with functions and duties relating to distribution and marketing, which include the following: taking creation and redemption orders, and consulting with the marketing staff of the Sponsor and its affiliates with respect to compliance matters in connection with marketing efforts. CIG will retain all marketing materials separately for the Fund, at the offices of 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27609; telephone: (919) 831-2370. The Trust will enter into a distribution agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) with CIG. The Sponsor pays the Distributor for performing its duties on behalf of the Fund.

 

8
 

 

The Trustee

 

Wilmington Trust, National Association (the “Trustee”), a national banking association, is the sole trustee of the Trust. Under a Trust Agreement, as may be further amended from time to time (the “Trust Agreement”), the Trustee does not have the power and authority to manage the Trust’s business and affairs and has only nominal duties and liabilities to the Trust.

 

Futures Commission Merchant

 

The Fund intends to use Wedbush, in its capacity as a registered Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”), as its FCM. Wedbush, in its capacity as a registered FCM, serves as a clearing broker to the Trust and the Fund and as such arranges for the execution and clearing of the Fund’s futures transactions. Wedbush acts as clearing broker for many other funds and individuals. A variety of executing brokers may execute futures transactions on behalf of the Fund. The executing brokers will give up all such transactions to Wedbush, as applicable.

 

Limitation of Liabilities

 

Investors’ investment in a Fund is part of the assets of that Fund, and it will therefore only be subject to the risks of that Fund’s trading. Investors cannot lose more than their investment in a Fund, and they will not be subject to the losses or liabilities of a Fund in which they have not invested. The Trust will receive an opinion of counsel that the Fund will be entitled to the benefits of the limitation on inter-series liability provided under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (the “DSTA”). Each Share, when purchased in accordance with the Trust Agreement of the Trust, shall, except as otherwise provided by law, be fully paid and non-assessable.

 

The debts, liabilities, obligations, claims and expenses of the Fund will be enforceable against the assets of the Fund only, and not against the assets of other series or the assets of the Trust generally, and, unless otherwise provided in the Trust Agreement, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to the Trust generally or any other series thereof will be enforceable against the assets of such Fund, as the case may be.

 

Creation and Redemption of Shares

 

The Fund will create and redeem Shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Units. A Creation Unit is expected to be a block of 50,000 Shares of a Fund. Creation Units may be created or redeemed only by Authorized Participants. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities. Authorized Participants pay a fixed transaction fee in connection with each order to create or redeem a Creation Unit. Authorized Participants may sell the Shares included in the Creation Units they purchase from the Fund to other investors. The form of Authorized Participant Agreement and related Authorized Participant Handbook sets forth the procedures for the creation and redemption of Creation Units of Shares and for the delivery of cash required for such creations or redemptions.

 

See “Creation and Redemption of Shares” for more details.

 

The Offering

 

The initial Authorized Participant is expected to purchase the initial Creation Units of 100,000 Shares of the Fund, equal to $1,000,000 per Creation Unit, at an initial offering per Share of $20 for the Fund and each Creation Unit, which is expected to consist of a block of 50,000 Shares of the Fund.

 

The effective date will be the date on which the SEC declares the registration statement relating to this Prospectus effective. The proceeds are expected to be invested after cash is received from the initial Authorized Participant. The Shares of the Fund are expected to begin trading on the second day following the purchase of the initial Creation Units of the Fund by the initial Authorized Participant. Thereafter, the Fund will issue Shares in Creation Units to Authorized Participants in the manner described in “Creation and Redemption of Shares.”

 

9
 

 

Authorized Participants

 

Each Authorized Participant must (1) be a registered broker-dealer or other securities market participant, such as a bank or other financial institution which is not required to register as a broker-dealer to engage in securities transactions, (2) be a participant in the Depository Trust Company, or DTC, and (3) have entered into an agreement with the Trust and the Sponsor (an Authorized Participant Agreement).

 

A list of the current Authorized Participants can be obtained from the Distributor. See “Creation and Redemption of Shares” for more details.

 

Net Asset Value (“NAV”)

 

The NAV in respect of the Fund, means the total assets of that Fund, including but not limited to all cash and cash equivalents or other debt securities less total liabilities of the Fund, consistently applied under the accrual method of accounting. The Fund’s NAV is calculated on each day other than a day when the Exchange is closed for regular trading. The Fund computes its NAV only once each trading day as of the times set forth below (the “NAV Calculation Time”), except as follows. The Fund may calculate its NAV as of an earlier time if the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund closes early.

 

Fund   NAV Calculation Time
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF   4:15 p.m. (Eastern Time)

 

The NAV will be calculated as described under “Description of the Shares; The Funds; Certain Material Terms of the Trust Agreement—Net Asset Value.”

 

Clearance and Settlement

 

The Shares of each Fund are evidenced by global certificates that the Fund issues to DTC. The Shares of each Fund are available only in book-entry form. Shareholders may hold Shares of a Fund through DTC, if they are participants in DTC, or indirectly through entities that are participants in DTC.

 

Use of Proceeds

 

Substantially all the proceeds of the offering of the Shares of the Fund are, or will be, used to make portfolio investments in a manner consistent with its investment objective. The Fund will also hold cash or cash equivalents such as U.S. Treasury securities or other high credit quality, short-term fixed income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds) as collateral for financial instruments and pending investment in financial instruments. To the extent that the Fund does not invest the proceeds of the offering of the Shares in the manner described above on the day such proceeds are received, such proceeds may be deposited with the Custodian. See “Use of Proceeds” for more details.

 

Fees and Expenses

 

Management Fee   The Fund will pay the Sponsor a Management Fee, monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to 1.85% per annum of its average daily NAV.
     
Organization and Offering Expenses   The Sponsor is responsible for the offering costs of the Fund. Normal and expected expenses incurred in connection with the continuous offering of Shares of the Fund are paid by the Sponsor.

 

10
 

 

Brokerage Commissions and Fees   The Fund will pay all its respective brokerage commissions, including applicable exchange fees, NFA fees and give-up fees, pit brokerage fees and other transaction related fees and expenses charged in connection with trading activities for the Fund’s investments in CFTC regulated investments, except as provided in the following sentence. The Sponsor will pay for any brokerage commissions on VIX Futures Contracts that exceed 0.6% of the Fund’s average net assets annually.
     
Other Transaction Costs   The Fund will bear other transaction costs including financing costs/fees associated with the use of financial instruments and costs relating to the purchase of U.S. Treasury securities or similar high credit quality, short-term fixed-income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds, bank deposits, bank money market accounts, certain variable rate-demand notes and collateralized repurchase agreements).
     
Routine Operational, Administrative and Other Ordinary Expenses   From the Management Fee, the Sponsor is responsible for paying the fees and expenses of the Administrator, Custodian (by reimbursing the Trust), Distributor, Transfer Agent and all routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses of the Fund.
     
Non-Recurring Fees and Expenses   The Fund pays all its non-recurring and unusual expenses, if any, as determined by the Sponsor. Non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses are fees and expenses which are unexpected or unusual in nature, such as legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs or indemnification or other unanticipated expenses. Extraordinary fees and expenses also include material expenses which are not currently anticipated obligations of the Fund. Routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses are not deemed extraordinary expenses.

 

Investors may pay customary brokerage commissions in connection with purchases of the Shares.

 

Authorized Participants will be required to pay the Fund a fixed transaction fee of up to $500 in connection with each order to create and redeem a Creation Unit in order to reimburse the Fund for transaction-related expenses. Investors who use the services of a broker or other such intermediary to purchase Shares of a Fund may pay additional fees for such services.

 

Distributions

 

Each Fund will make distributions at the discretion of the Sponsor. The Funds currently do not expect to make distributions with respect to capital gains or income. Depending on the Fund’s performance for the taxable year and an investor’s own tax situation for such year, an investor’s income tax liability for the taxable year for his, her or its allocable share of such Fund’s net ordinary income or loss and capital gain or loss may exceed any distributions an investor receives with respect to such year.

 

Fiscal Year

 

The fiscal year of the Fund ends on December 31 of each year.

 

Financial Information

 

Other than as set forth below in “Summary Historical Financial Data”, no financial information is available for the Fund because it has not commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus.

 

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

 

Subject to the discussion below in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations,” the Fund will not be classified as an association taxable as a corporation. Instead, the Fund will be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, the Fund will not incur U.S. federal income tax liability; rather, each beneficial owner of the Fund’s Shares will be required to take into account its allocable share of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deductions and other items for the Fund’s taxable year ending with or within the beneficial owner’s taxable year.

 

11
 

 

The treatment of an investment in the Fund by an entity that is classified as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or a RIC, will depend, in part, on whether the Fund is classified as a qualified publicly traded partnership, or a qualified PTP, for purposes of the RIC rules. Prospective RIC investors should refer to the discussion in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Regulated Investment Companies” and consult a tax adviser regarding the treatment of an investment in the Fund under current tax rules and in light of their particular circumstances.

 

Additionally, please refer to the “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” section below for information on the potential U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares in the Fund.

 

Reports to Shareholders

 

The Sponsor will furnish an annual report of the Fund in the manner required by the rules and regulations of the SEC as well as those reports required by the CFTC and the NFA, including, but not limited to, annual audited financial statements of the Fund examined and certified by independent registered public accountants and any other reports required by any other governmental authority that has jurisdiction over the activity of the Fund. Monthly account statements conforming to CFTC and NFA requirements will be posted on the Sponsor’s website at www.dynamicsharesetf.com. Shareholders of record will also be provided with appropriate information to permit them to file U.S. federal and state income tax returns with respect to Shares held. Additional reports may be posted on the Sponsor’s website at the discretion of the Sponsor or as required by regulatory authorities.

 

Corporate Information

 

The Trust was organized as a Delaware statutory trust under the DSTA on March 8, 2019 under the name Dynamic Shares Trust. The Trust’s principal executive offices are located at c/o Dynamic Shares LLC, 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654, and our telephone number at that location is (678) 834-4218. The URL for our website is www.dynamicsharesetf.com. The information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into, and you must not consider the information to be a part of, this prospectus.

 

The Trust is managed by Dynamic Shares LLC, the Sponsor, whose office is located at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654.

 

The books and records of the Fund are maintained as follows: all marketing materials are maintained at the offices of the Distributor at 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27609; Telephone: (919) 831-2370. Creation Unit creation and redemption books and records, certain financial books and records and certain trading and related documents received from FCM(s) are maintained by the Administrator, 1116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804.

 

All other books and records of the Fund are maintained at the Fund’s principal office, c/o Dynamic Shares LLC, 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654.

 

Trust books and records located at the foregoing addresses, are available for inspection and copying (upon payment of reasonable reproduction costs) by Fund shareholders or their representatives for any purposes reasonably related to such shareholder’s interest as a beneficial owner during regular business hours as provided in the Trust Agreement. The Sponsor will maintain and preserve the Trust’s books and records for a period of not less than six years.

 

12
 

 

SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINANCIAL DATA

 

The Trust

 

The following tables presents a summary of the Trust’s and Fund’s historical financial data for the period from March 8, 2019 (inception) through December 31, 2019, which are derived from the Trust’s and Fund’s audited financial statements, respectively. The summary of the Trust’s and Fund’s historical financial data for the three months ended March 30, 2020 and the balance sheet data as of March 30, 2020 are derived from the Trust’s and Fund’s unaudited financial statements.

 

Historical results are included for illustrative and informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of results the Trust and Fund expect in future periods, and results of interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. You should read the following summary financial data in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Trust”, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Fund”, and Trust’s and Fund’s financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

   

The Trust

March 8, 2019 (inception) through
December 31, 2019

   

The Fund

March 8, 2019 (inception) through
December 31, 2019

 
             
Statement of Operations Data                
Revenues   $ -     $ -  
Cost of Revenue     -       -  
Gross margin     -       -  
Total operating expenses     -       -  
Net loss   $ -     $ -  
Net loss per share, basic and diluted   $ -     $ -  
                 
Balance Sheet Data (at period end)                
Cash   $ 100     $ 100  
Working capital (1)   $ 100     $ 100  
Total assets   $ 100     $ 100  
Total liabilities   $       $    
Stockholders’ equity   $ 100     $ 100  

 

(1) Working capital represents total current assets less total current liabilities.

 

   

The Trust

Three months ended

March 31, 2020

   

The Fund

Three months ended

March 31, 2020

 
    (unaudited)       (unaudited)  
Statement of Operations Data                
Revenues   $ -     $ -  
Cost of Revenue     -       -  
Gross margin     -       -  
Total operating expenses     -       -  
Net loss   $ -     $ -  
Net loss per share, basic and diluted   $ -     $ -  
                 
Balance Sheet Data (at period end)                
Cash   $ 100     $ 100  
Working capital (1)   $ 100     $ 100  
Total assets   $ 100     $ 100  
Total liabilities   $       $    
Stockholders’ equity   $ 100     $ 100  

 

(1) Working capital represents total current assets less total current liabilities. 

 

Other than the above, no financial information is available for the Trust and the Fund because they have not commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus.

 

13
 

 

RISK FACTORS

 

Before investors invest in the Shares, they should be aware that there are various risks. Investors should consider carefully the risks described below together with all the other information included in this Prospectus, as well as information found in documents incorporated by reference in this Prospectus, before they decide to purchase any Shares. These risk factors may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time by risk factors contained in any periodic report, prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment or in other reports filed with the SEC in the future.

 

Principal Risks

 

Active Management Risk

 

The Sponsor continuously evaluates the Fund’s holdings, purchases and sales with a view to achieving the Fund’s investment objective. However, the achievement of the stated investment objective cannot be guaranteed over short- or long-term market cycles. The Sponsor’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment.

 

Authorized Participant Concentration Risk

 

Only an Authorized Participant (as defined herein) may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund may have a limited number of financial institutions that act as Authorized Participants. To the extent that those Authorized Participants exit the business or are unable to process creation and/or redemption orders, and no other Authorized Participant can step forward to create and redeem, Shares may trade at discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or de-listing. Further, to the extent that those Authorized Participants exit the business, the liquidity of the Shares will likely decrease, which could adversely affect the market price of the Shares and result in investors incurring a loss on their investment.

 

Cash Transactions Risk

 

Unlike most other ETFs, the Fund expects to effect its creations and redemptions in exchange for a significant cash component and a smaller component, if any, of in-kind securities. Paying redemption proceeds in cash rather than through in-kind delivery of portfolio securities may require the Fund to dispose of or sell portfolio investments to obtain the cash needed to distribute redemption proceeds at an inopportune time. This may cause the Fund to recognize gains or losses that it might not have incurred if it had made a redemption in-kind. As a result, the Fund may pay out higher or lower annual capital gains distributions than ETFs that redeem in kind. As a practical matter, only institutions and large investors, such as market makers or other large broker-dealers, purchase or redeem Creation Units. Most investors will buy and sell shares of the Fund on an exchange.

 

Commodity Pool Regulatory Risk

 

The Fund’s investment exposure to VIX Futures Contracts will cause it to be deemed to be a commodity pool, thereby subjecting the Fund to regulation under the Commodity Exchange Act and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) rules. The Sponsor is registered as a Commodity Pool Operator (“CPO”), and the Fund will be operated in accordance with applicable CFTC rules. Registration as a CPO imposes additional compliance obligations on the Sponsor and the Fund related to additional laws, regulations and enforcement policies, which could increase compliance costs and may affect the operations and financial performance of the Fund.

 

Compounding Risk

 

The Fund’s performance for periods greater than a single day will be the result of each day’s returns compounded over the period. A “single day” is measured from the time a Fund calculates its net asset value to the time of the Fund’s next net asset value calculation. Particularly during periods of higher volatility of underlying instruments, compounding will cause results for periods longer than a single day to vary from the return of the underlying instruments.

 

Compounding affects all investments, but has a more significant impact on an inverse fund. This effect becomes more pronounced as volatility increases.

 

14
 

 

Counterparty Risk

 

The Fund will be subject to credit risk (i.e. the risk that a counterparty is unwilling or unable to make timely payments to meet its contractual obligations) with respect to the amount the Fund expects to receive from counterparties to financial instruments entered into by the Fund. Such a default may cause the value of an investment in the Fund to decrease.

 

Derivatives Risk

 

The Fund will invest in and have investment exposure to VIX Futures Contracts, which are types of derivative contracts. A derivative refers to any financial instrument whose value is derived, at least in part, from the price of an underlying security, asset, rate, or index. The use of derivatives presents risk different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in traditional securities. Changes in the value of a derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying security, asset, rate or index. Gains or losses in a derivative may be magnified and may be much greater than the derivative’s original cost.

 

VIX Futures Contracts Risk

 

VIX Futures Contracts are unlike traditional futures contracts and are not based on a tradable reference asset. The VIX Index is not directly investable, and the settlement price of a VIX Futures Contract is based on the calculation that determines the level of the VIX Index. As a result, the behavior of a VIX Futures Contract may be different from traditional futures contracts whose settlement price is based on a specific tradable asset. In addition, when economic uncertainty increases and there is an associated increase in expected volatility, the value of VIX Futures Contracts will likely also increase. Similarly, when economic uncertainty recedes and there is an associated decrease in expected volatility, the value of VIX Futures Contracts will likely also decrease. When the Fund has an open futures contract position, it is subject to daily variation margin calls that could be substantial in the event of adverse price movements. Because futures require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they involve a high degree of leverage. If the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily variation margin requirements, it might need to sell securities at a time when such sales are disadvantageous. Futures markets are highly volatile and the use of or exposure to futures contracts may increase volatility of the Fund’s NAV. Futures contracts are also subject to liquidity risk.

 

Several factors may affect the price and/or liquidity of VIX Futures Contracts, including, but not limited to: prevailing market prices and forward volatility levels of the U.S. stock markets, the S&P 500®, the equity securities included in the S&P 500® and prevailing market prices of options on the S&P 500®, the VIX Index, options on the VIX Index, VIX Futures Contracts, or any other financial instruments related to the S&P 500® and the VIX Index or VIX Futures Contracts; interest rates, economic, financial, political, regulatory, geographical, biological or judicial events that affect the current volatility reading of the VIX Index or the market price or forward volatility of the U.S. stock markets, the equity securities included in the S&P 500®, the S&P 500®, the VIX Index or the relevant futures or option contracts on the VIX Index; supply and demand as well as hedging activities in the listed and over-the-counter (“OTC”) equity derivatives markets; disruptions in trading of the S&P 500®, futures contracts on the S&P 500® or options on the S&P 500®; and the level of contango or backwardation in the VIX Futures Contracts market. These factors interrelate in complex ways, and the effect of one factor on the market value of the Fund may offset or enhance the effect of another factor.

 

Early Closing Risk

 

An unanticipated early closing of the NYSE Arca may result in a shareholder’s inability to buy or sell Shares of the Fund on that day. If the Exchange closes early on a day when a shareholder needs to execute trades late in the trading day, the shareholder might incur trading losses.

 

Historical correlation trends between the VIX Futures Contracts and other asset classes may not continue or may reverse, limiting or eliminating any potential diversification or other benefit from owning the Fund.

 

To the extent that an investor purchases Shares of the Fund seeking diversification benefits based on the historic correlation (whether positive or negative) between the VIX Futures Contracts and other asset classes, such historic correlation may not continue or may reverse itself. In this circumstance, the diversification or other benefits sought may be limited or non-existent.

 

Index Calculation and VIX Futures Contract Pricing Risk

 

The Policies of S&P and the CBOE and changes that affect the composition and valuation of the S&P 500® and the VIX Index could affect the level of such indexes and/or the value of VIX Futures Contracts and, therefore, the value of the Fund’s Shares.

 

15
 

 

Interest Rate and Investment Risk due to Market Fluctuations

 

The Fund may also hold cash or cash equivalents such as U.S. Treasury securities or other high credit quality, short-term fixed-income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds). The federal funds rate is maintained by the Federal Reserve and is generally viewed as the base rate for all other interest rates in the US economy. The higher the federal funds rate, the more expensive it is to borrow money. The US federal funds rate can influence domestic and international monetary and financial conditions. The historically low-yield environment continues to encourage greater risk-taking across the financial system. Investors may seek incremental gains in yield for disproportionate amounts of risk. A sharp increase in interest rates or credit spreads could generate losses on longer-term assets, including less liquid assets. If such losses are borne by leveraged investors, they could lead to fire sales and further declines in asset prices.

 

The Fund has domestic investments. Market values of these investments can be negatively impacted by liquidity, credit deterioration or losses, financial results, changes in interest rates, or other factors. As a result, the value or liquidity of our cash equivalents and marketable securities could decline and result in a material impairment, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

 

Inverse Exposure Risk

 

Shareholders will lose money when the values of the VIX Futures Contracts rise—a result that is the opposite from traditional funds. Inverse positions can also result in the total loss of an investor’s investment. A single day or intraday increase in the level of the VIX Futures Contracts approaching 200% could result in the total loss or almost total loss of an investor’s investment, even if the levels of the VIX Futures Contracts subsequently decrease.

 

Leveraging Risk

 

The Fund’s investment in derivative instruments generally requires a small investment relative to the amount of investment exposure assumed. As a result, such investments may give rise to losses that exceed the amount invested in those instruments. The more the Fund invests in derivative instruments that give rise to leverage, the more this leverage will magnify any losses on those investments. Leverage will cause the value of the Fund’s Shares to be more volatile than if the Fund did not use leverage. This is because leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the Fund’s portfolio or other investments. The use of leverage also may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements. Certain types of leveraging transactions, such as short sales that are not “against the box,” could theoretically be subject to unlimited losses in cases where the Fund, for any reason, is unable to close out the transaction. In addition, to the extent the Fund borrows money, interest costs on such borrowed money may not be recovered by any appreciation of the securities purchased with the borrowed funds and could exceed the Fund’s investment income, resulting in greater losses. The cost of investing in such instruments generally increases as interest rates increase, which will lower the Fund’s return.

 

Liquidity Risk

 

The Fund will invest in derivatives and other instruments that may be less liquid than other types of investments. Investments that are less liquid or that trade less can be more difficult or costlier to buy, or to sell, compared to other more liquid or active investments. This liquidity risk is a factor of the trading volume of a particular investment, as well as the size and liquidity of the market for such an investment. The derivatives in which the Fund invests may not always be liquid. The large size of the positions which the Fund may acquire increases the risk of illiquidity both by making its positions more difficult to liquidate and increasing the losses incurred while trying to do so. Any type of disruption or illiquidity will potentially be exacerbated due to the fact that the Fund will typically invest in financial instruments related to one index. A lack of liquidity could have a negative effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective and may result in losses to Fund shareholders.

 

Market Risk

 

Due to market conditions, the value of the Fund’s investments may fluctuate significantly from day to day. This volatility may cause the value of your investment in the Fund to decrease.

 

The Fund has no operating history, and, as a result, investors have no performance history to serve as a factor for evaluating an investment in the Fund.

 

As a new fund, there can be no assurance that the Fund will grow to or maintain an economically viable size, in which case it could ultimately liquidate.

 

16
 

 

Non-Diversification Risk

 

The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that, as compared to a diversified fund, it can invest a greater percentage of its assets in a single type of financial instrument.

 

Portfolio Turnover Risk

 

The Fund’s investment strategy is expected to result in high portfolio turnover, which may result in increased transaction costs and may lower Fund performance.

 

Short Sale Exposure Risk

 

The Fund will seek inverse or “short” exposure to certain investments through financial instruments such as futures, which may cause the Fund to be exposed to certain risks associated with selling financial instruments short. These risks include, under certain market conditions, an increase in the volatility and decrease in the liquidity of securities underlying the short position, which may lower the Fund’s return, result in a loss, have the effect of limiting the Fund’s ability to obtain exposure through financial instruments, or require the Fund to seek exposure through alternative investment strategies that may be less desirable or costlier to implement.

 

Short Sales Risk

 

Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete the transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be higher or lower than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. If the security goes down in price between the time the Fund sells the security and buys it back, the Fund will realize a gain on the transaction. Conversely, if the security goes up in price during the period, the Fund will realize a loss on the transaction. Any such loss is increased by the amount of premium or interest the Fund may pay to the lender of the security. Likewise, any gain will be decreased by the amount of premium or interest the Fund may pay to the lender of the security. The Fund is also required to segregate other assets on its books to cover an obligation to return the security to the lender, which means that those other assets may not be available to meet the Fund’s needs for immediate cash or other liquidity. The Fund’s investment performance may also suffer if the Fund is required to close out a short position earlier than it had intended. This would occur if the securities lender required the Fund to deliver the securities the Fund borrowed at the commencement of the short sale and the Fund was unable to borrow the securities from another securities lender or otherwise obtain the security by other means. In addition, the Fund may be subject to expenses related to short sales that are not typically associated with investing in securities directly, such as costs of borrowing and margin account maintenance costs associated with the Fund’s open short positions. These expenses negatively impact the performance of the Fund. These types of short sale expenses are sometimes referred to as the “negative cost of carry,” and will tend to cause the Fund to lose money on a short sale even in instances where the price of the underlying security sold short does not change over the duration of the short sale. Regulatory bans on certain short selling activities may prevent the Fund from fully implementing its strategies. Because a short position loses value as the security’s price increases and the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the loss on a short sale is theoretically unlimited. Short sales involve leverage because the Fund borrows securities and then sells them, effectively leveraging its assets.

 

Trading Risk

 

Shares of the Fund may trade on the Exchange above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The NAV of Shares will fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund’s holdings. In addition, although the Fund’s Shares are expected to be listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for Shares will develop or be maintained.

 

Volatility Risk

 

The Fund’s derivative investments, which are largely linked to equity market volatility indexes, can be highly volatile and may experience large losses. Trading in VIX Futures Contracts, particularly contracts that are close to expiration, has been very volatile and can be expected to be very volatile in the future. The volatile nature of these instruments may have an adverse impact on the Fund beyond the impact of any changes in the VIX Index.

 

17
 

 

The Sponsor has no experience operating commodity pools and the management lack experience in managing a sponsor, trust or fund.

 

The Sponsor is recently formed and has not previously managed any commodity pools. In addition, the management of the Sponsor, the Trust and the Fund, including Weixuan Zhang, our Chief Executive Officer, and Xinyu Jiang, our Chief Financial Officer, lack experience in operating and managing a sponsor, trust or fund. The operation and performance of the Sponsor, the Trust and the Fund may be adversely affected by this lack of experience.

 

The Sponsor has limited capital and may be unable to continue to manage the Fund if it sustains continued losses.

 

The Sponsor was formed for the purpose of managing the Trust, including the Fund and any other fund that may be formed as a series of the Trust in the future, and has been provided with capital primarily by its principals. If the Sponsor operates at a loss for an extended period, its capital will be depleted and it may be unable to obtain additional financing necessary to continue its operations. If the Sponsor were unable to continue to provide services to any Fund, the Fund would be terminated if a replacement sponsor could not be found. Any expenses related to the operation of a Fund would need to be paid by the Fund at the time of termination.

 

The Fund is not suitable for all investors.

 

The Fund should be used only by investors who (a) understand the risks associated with the use of financial instruments that give rise to leverage, (b) are willing to assume a high degree of risk, (c) understand the consequences of seeking inverse investment results, (d) understand the risk of shorting and (e) intend to actively monitor and manage their investments in the Fund. Investors who do not meet these criteria should not buy shares of the Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a complete investment program.

 

Correlation Risks

 

While the Fund expects to meet its investment objective, there is no guarantee it will do so. Factors that may affect the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective include, without limitation: (i) the Sponsor’s ability to purchase and sell VIX Futures Contracts in a manner that correlates to the Fund’s objective; (ii) bid-ask spreads on such instruments; (iii) fees, expenses, transaction costs, financing costs associated with the use of derivatives and commission costs; (iv) holding instruments traded in a market that has become illiquid or disrupted; (v) the need to conform the Fund’s portfolio holdings to comply with investment restrictions or policies or regulatory or tax law requirements; (vi) early and unanticipated closings of the markets on which the holdings of the Fund trade, resulting in the inability of the Fund to execute intended portfolio transactions; and (vii) accounting standards.

 

To the extent that an investor purchases the Fund seeking diversification benefits based on the historic correlation (whether positive or negative) between the VIX Futures Contracts and other asset classes, such historic correlation may not continue or may reverse itself. In this circumstance, the diversification or other benefits sought may be limited or non-existent.

 

The use of leverage and/or inverse positions could result in the total loss of an investor’s investment

 

Funds that use leverage in seeking to achieve their investment objectives will lose more money in market environments adverse to their investment objectives than funds that do not employ leverage. The use of leverage and/or inverse positions could result in the total loss of an investor’s investment.

 

Potential negative impact from rolling futures positions.

 

The Fund invests in and has exposure to futures contracts and is subject to risks related to rolling. The contractual obligations of a buyer or seller holding a futures contract to expiration may generally be satisfied by taking or making physical delivery of the underlying reference asset or settling in cash as designated in the contract specifications. Alternatively, futures contracts may be closed out prior to expiration by making an offsetting sale or purchase of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange before the designated date of delivery. Once this date is reached, the futures contract “expires.” As the futures contracts held by the Fund near expiration, they are generally closed out and replaced by contracts with a later expiration. This process is referred to as “rolling.”

 

When the market for these contracts is such that the prices are higher in the more distant delivery months than in the nearer delivery months, the sale during the course of the “rolling process” of the more nearby contract would take place at a price that is lower than the price of the more distant contract. This pattern of higher future prices for longer expiration futures contracts is often referred to as “contango.” Alternatively, when the market for these contracts is such that the prices are higher in the nearer months than in the more distant months, the sale during the course of the “rolling process” of the more nearby contract would take place at a price that is higher than the price of the more distant contract. This pattern of higher future prices of shorter expiration futures contracts is referred to as “backwardation.”

 

Because of the frequency with which the Fund expects to roll VIX Futures Contracts, the impact of such contango or backwardation may be greater than the impact would be if the Fund experienced less portfolio turnover.

 

There have been extended periods in which contango or backwardation has existed in the futures contract markets for various types of futures contracts, and such period can be expected to occur in the future. The presence of contango in certain futures contracts at the time of rolling would be expected to positively affect the Fund. The presence of backwardation in certain futures contracts at the time of rolling such contracts would be expected to adversely affect the Fund.

 

18
 

 

Fees are charged regardless of the Fund’s returns and may result in depletion of assets.

 

The Fund is subject to the fees and expenses described herein which are payable irrespective of the Fund’s return. Such fees and expenses include asset-based fees of 1.85% per annum of the Fund’s average daily NAV, as well as the effects of commissions, trading spreads, and embedded financing, borrow costs and fees associated with futures contracts. Additional charges may include other fees as applicable.

 

Natural Disaster/Epidemic Risk.

 

Natural or environmental disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis and other severe weather-related phenomena generally, and widespread disease, including pandemics and epidemics (for example, the novel coronavirus COVID-19), have been and can be highly disruptive to economies and markets and have recently led, and may continue to lead, to increased market volatility and significant market losses. Such natural disaster and health crises could exacerbate political, social, and economic risks mentioned herein, and result in significant breakdowns, delays, shutdowns, social isolation, and other disruptions to important global, local and regional supply chains affected, with potential corresponding results on the operating performance of the Fund and its investments. A climate of uncertainty and panic, including the contagion of infectious viruses or diseases, may adversely affect global, regional, and local economies and increase the difficulty of modeling market conditions, potentially reducing the accuracy of financial projections. Under these circumstances, the Fund may have difficulty achieving its investment objective which may adversely impact performance. Further, such events can be highly disruptive to economies and markets, significantly disrupt the operations of individual companies (including, but not limited to, the Fund’s Sponsor and third party service providers), sectors, industries, markets, securities and commodity exchanges, currencies, interest and inflation rates, credit ratings, investor sentiment, and other factors affecting the value of the Fund’s investments. These factors can cause substantial market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures and can impact the ability of the Fund to complete redemptions and otherwise affect Fund performance and Fund trading in the secondary market. A widespread crises may also affect the global economy in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen at the current time. How long such events will last and whether they will continue or recur cannot be predicted. Impacts from these events could have significant impact on the Fund’s performance, resulting in losses to your investment.

 

Current assumptions and expectations could become outdated as a result of global economic shocks.

 

The onset of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused significant shocks to global financial markets and economies, with many governments taking extreme actions to slow and contain the spread of COVID-19. These actions have had, and likely will continue to have, a severe economic impact on global economies as economic activity in some instances has essentially ceased. Financial markets across the globe are experiencing severe distress at least equal to what was experienced during the global financial crisis in 2008. In March 2020, U.S. equity markets entered a bear market in the fastest move in the history of U.S. financial markets. The global economic shocks being experienced as of the date hereof may cause the underlying assumptions and expectations of the Fund to become outdated quickly or inaccurate, resulting in significant losses.

 

Investors cannot be assured of the Sponsor’s continued services, the discontinuance of which may be detrimental to the Fund.

 

Investors cannot be assured that the Sponsor will be able to continue to service the Fund for any length of time. If the Sponsor discontinues its activities on behalf of the Fund, the Fund may be adversely affected, as there may be no entity servicing the Fund for a period of time. If the Sponsor’s registrations with the CFTC or memberships in the NFA were revoked or suspended, the Sponsor would no longer be able to provide services and/or to render trading advice to the Fund. As the Fund is not registered with the CFTC in any capacity, if the Sponsor were unable to provide services and/or trading advice to the Fund, the Fund would be unable to pursue its investment objective unless and until the Sponsor’s ability to provide services and trading advice to the Fund was reinstated or a replacement for the Sponsor as commodity pool operator could be found. Such an event could result in termination of the Fund.

 

The lack of active trading markets for the Shares of the Fund may result in losses on investors’ investments at the time of disposition of Shares.

 

Although the Shares of the Fund have been approved for listing and trading on the NYSE Arca, subject to notice of issuance, there can be no guarantee that an active trading market for the Shares of the Fund will develop or be maintained. If investors need to sell their Shares at a time when no active market for them exists, the price investors receive for their Shares, assuming that investors are able to sell them, likely will be lower than the price that investors would receive if an active market did exist.

 

The Shares of the Fund are new securities products and their value could decrease if unanticipated operational or trading problems arise.

 

The mechanisms and procedures governing the creation, redemption and offering of the Shares have been developed specifically for these securities products. Consequently, there may be unanticipated problems or issues with respect to the mechanics of the operations of the Fund and the trading of the Shares that could have a material adverse effect on an investment in the Shares. In addition, to the extent that unanticipated operational or trading problems or issues arise, the Sponsor’s past experience and qualifications may not be suitable for solving these problems or issues.

 

Investors may be adversely affected by redemption or creation orders that are subject to postponement, suspension or rejection under certain circumstances.

 

The Fund may, in its discretion, suspend the right of creation or redemption or may postpone the redemption or purchase settlement date, for (1) any period during which the NYSE Arca, New York Stock Exchange or any other exchange, marketplace or trading center, deemed to affect the normal operations of the Fund, is closed, or when trading is restricted or suspended or restricted on such exchanges in the Fund’s futures contracts, (2) any period during which an emergency exists, including significantly adverse market, political or other circumstances, as a result of which the fulfillment of a purchase order or the redemption distribution is not reasonably practicable, or (3) such other period as the Sponsor determines to be necessary for the protection of the shareholders of the Fund. In addition, a Fund will reject a redemption order if the order is not in proper form as described in the Authorized Participant Agreement or if the fulfillment of the order might be unlawful. Any such postponement, suspension or rejection could adversely affect a redeeming Authorized Participant. For example, the resulting delay may adversely affect the value of the Authorized Participant’s redemption proceeds if the NAV of the Fund declines during the period of the delay. The Fund disclaims any liability for any loss or damage that may result from any such suspension or postponement. Suspension of creation privileges may adversely impact how the Shares are traded and arbitraged on the Exchange, which could cause them to trade at levels materially different (premiums and discounts) from the fair value of their underlying holdings.

 

19
 

 

An investor may be adversely affected by lack of independent advisers representing investors.

 

The Sponsor has consulted with counsel, accountants and other advisers regarding the formation and operation of the Fund. No counsel has been appointed to represent an investor in connection with the offering of the Shares. Accordingly, an investor should consult his, her, or its own legal, tax and financial advisers regarding the desirability of an investment in the Shares of the Fund. Lack of such consultation may lead to an undesirable investment decision with respect to investment in the Shares.

 

Possibility of termination of the Fund may adversely affect an investor’s portfolio.

 

The Sponsor may withdraw from the Fund upon 30 days’ notice, which would also cause the Fund to terminate unless a substitute sponsor were obtained. If the Sponsor withdraws, investors who wish to continue to invest in the Fund’s methodology through a fund vehicle will have to find another vehicle and may not be able to find another vehicle that offers the same features as such Fund.

 

The NAV may not always correspond to market price and, as a result, investors may be adversely affected by the creation or redemption of Creation Units at a value that differs from the market price of the Shares.

 

The NAV per Share of the Fund changes as fluctuations occur in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio. Investors should be aware that the public trading price of a number of Shares of the Fund otherwise amounting to a Creation Unit may be different from the NAV of an actual Creation Unit (i.e. 50,000 individual Shares may trade at a premium over, or a discount to, NAV of a Creation Unit of the Fund), and similarly the public trading price per Share of the Fund may be different from the NAV per Share of the Fund. Consequently, an Authorized Participant may be able to create or redeem a Creation Unit of the Fund at a discount or a premium to the public trading price per Share of the Fund. This price difference may be due, in large part, to the fact that supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for Shares of the Fund are closely related, but not identical, to the same forces influencing the price of an underlying reference asset at any point in time.

 

Authorized Participants or their clients or customers may have an opportunity to realize a profit if they can purchase a Creation Unit at a discount to the public trading price of the Shares of the Fund or can redeem a Creation Unit at a premium over the public trading price of the Shares of the Fund. The Sponsor expects that the exploitation of such arbitrage opportunities by Authorized Participants and their clients will tend to cause the public trading price to track the NAV per Share of the Fund closely over time.

 

Investors who purchase Shares in the secondary market and pay a premium purchase price over the Fund’s indicative optimized portfolio value (“IOPV”) could incur significant losses in the event that such investor sells such Shares at a time when such premium is no longer present in the marketplace.

 

The value of a Share may be influenced by nonconcurrent trading hours between the NYSE Arca and the market in which the VIX Futures Contracts held by the Fund are traded. The Shares of the Fund trade, or will trade, on the NYSE Arca from 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. (Eastern Time). The VIX Futures Contracts may be traded throughout the day, including between 4:00 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. The VIX Futures Contracts held by the Fund, however, may have different fixing or settlement times. Consequently, liquidity in the VIX Futures Contracts may be reduced after such fixing or settlement time. As a result, during the time when the NYSE Arca is open but after the applicable fixing or settlement time, trading spreads and the resulting premium or discount on the Shares of a Fund may widen, and, therefore, increase the difference between the price of the Shares of a Fund and the NAV of such Shares.

 

Competing claims of intellectual property rights may adversely affect the Fund and an investment in the Shares.

 

Although the Sponsor does not anticipate that such claims will adversely impact the Fund, it is impossible to provide definite assurances that no such negative impact will occur. The Sponsor believes that it has properly licensed or obtained the appropriate consent of all necessary parties with respect to intellectual property rights. However, other third parties could allege ownership as to such rights and may bring an action in asserting their claims. To the extent any action is brought by a third party asserting such rights, the expenses in litigating, negotiating, cross-licensing or otherwise settling such claims may adversely affect the Fund.

 

20
 

 

Investors may be adversely affected by an overstatement or understatement of the NAV calculation of the Fund due to the valuation method employed on the date of NAV calculation.

 

Calculating the NAV of the Fund includes, in part, any unrealized profits or losses on open financial instrument positions. Under normal circumstances, the NAV of the Fund reflects the value of the financial instruments held by the Fund, as of the time the NAV is being calculated. However, if any of the financial instruments held by the Fund could not be purchased or sold on a day when the Fund is accepting creation or redemption orders (due to the operation of daily limits or other rules of the exchange or otherwise), a Fund may be improperly exposed which could cause it to fail to meet its stated investment objective. Alternatively, the Fund may attempt to calculate the fair value of such financial instruments.

 

Shareholders that are not Authorized Participants may only purchase or sell their Shares in secondary trading markets, and the conditions associated with trading in secondary markets may adversely affect investors’ investment in the Shares.

 

Only Authorized Participants may create or redeem Creation Units. All other investors that desire to purchase or sell Shares must do so through the NYSE Arca or in other markets, if any, in which the Shares may be traded.

 

NYSE Arca may halt trading in the Shares of the Fund, which would adversely impact investors’ ability to sell Shares.

 

Trading in Shares of a Fund may be halted due to market conditions or, in light of NYSE Arca rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of the NYSE Arca, make trading in Shares of the Fund inadvisable. Additionally, trading is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules that require trading to be halted for a specified period based on a specified decline or rise in a market index (i.e. Dow Jones Industrial Average) or in the price of the Fund’s Shares. Additionally, the ability to short sell the Fund’s Shares may be restricted when there is a 10% or greater change from the previous day’s official closing price. There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of the Shares of a Fund will continue to be met or will remain unchanged.

 

Shareholders do not have the rights enjoyed by investors in certain other vehicles and may be adversely affected by a lack of statutory rights and by limited voting and distribution rights.

 

The Shares have limited voting and distribution rights. For example, the Fund may enact splits or reverse splits without shareholder approval and the Fund is not required to pay regular distributions, although the Fund may pay distributions at the discretion of the Sponsor.

 

The value of the Shares will be adversely affected if the Fund is required to indemnify the Trustee.

 

Under the Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of the Trust, as may be further amended and restated from time to time (the “Trust Agreement”), the Trustee has the right to be indemnified for any liability or expense incurred without gross negligence or willful misconduct. That means the Sponsor may require the assets of a Fund to be sold to cover losses or liability suffered by it or by the Trustee. Any sale of that kind would reduce the NAV of the Fund.

 

Although the Shares of the Fund are limited liability investments, certain circumstances such as bankruptcy of the Fund will increase a shareholder’s liability.

 

The Shares of the Fund are limited liability investments; investors may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, shareholders could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of the Fund any distribution they received at a time when such Fund was in fact insolvent or in violation of the Trust Agreement.

 

21
 

 

Shareholders do not have the protections associated with ownership of shares in an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).

 

The Funds are not subject to registration or regulation under the 1940 Act. Consequently, shareholders do not have the regulatory protections provided to investors in investment companies registered under 1940 Act. These protections include, but are not limited to, provisions in the 1940 Act that limit transactions with affiliates, prohibit the suspension of redemptions (except under limited circumstances), require a board of directors that must include disinterested directors, limit leverage, impose a fiduciary duty on the fund’s manager with respect to the receipt of compensation for services, require shareholder approval for certain fundamental changes, limit sales loads, and require proper valuation of fund assets.

 

Failure of the FCM(s) to segregate assets may increase losses in the Fund.

 

The CEA requires a clearing broker to segregate all funds received from customers from such broker’s proprietary assets. There is a risk that assets deposited by the Sponsor on behalf of the Fund as margin with the FCM may, in certain circumstances, be used to satisfy losses of other clients of the FCM. If an FCM fails to segregate the funds received from the Sponsor, the assets of the Fund might not be fully protected in the event of the FCM’s bankruptcy. Furthermore, in the event of an FCM bankruptcy, Shares could be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the FCM’s combined customer accounts, even though certain property specifically traceable to the Fund was held by the FCM. Each FCM may, from time to time, have been the subject of certain regulatory and private causes of action.

 

In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of any exchange or a clearing house, the Fund could experience a loss of the funds deposited through its FCM as margin with the exchange or clearing house, a loss of any profits on its open positions on the exchange, and the loss of unrealized profits on its closed positions on the exchange.

 

A court could potentially conclude that the assets and liabilities of the Fund are not segregated from those of another series of the Trust and may thereby potentially expose assets in the Fund to the liabilities of another series of the Trust.

 

Each series of the Trust is a separate series of a Delaware statutory trust and not itself a separate legal entity. Section 3804(a) of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (the “DSTA”) provides that if certain provision are in the formation and governing documents of a statutory trust organized in series, and if separate and distinct records are maintained for any series and the assets associated with that series are held in separate and distinct records (directly or indirectly, including through a nominee or otherwise) and accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the statutory trust, or any series thereof, then the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular series are enforceable against the assets of such series only, and not against the assets of the statutory trust generally or any other series thereof, and none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to the statutory trust generally or any other series thereof shall be enforceable against the assets of such series. The Sponsor is not aware of any court case that has interpreted Section 3804(a) of the DSTA or provided any guidance as to what is required for compliance. The Sponsor maintains separate and distinct records for each series and accounts for them separately, but it is possible a court could conclude that the methods used did not satisfy Section 3804(a) of the DSTA and thus potentially expose assets of the Fund to the liabilities of another series of the Trust.

 

There may be circumstances that could prevent or make it impractical for the Fund to operate in a manner consistent with its investment objective and principal investment strategy.

 

There may be circumstances outside the control of the Sponsor and/or the Fund that could prevent or make it impractical to reposition the Fund’s portfolio investments, to process purchase or redemption orders, or to otherwise operate in a manner consistent with its investment objective and principal investment strategies. Examples of such circumstances include without limitation: market disruptions; significant market volatility, particularly late in the trading date; natural disasters; public service disruptions or utility problems such as those caused by fires, floods, extreme weather conditions, and power outages resulting in telephone, telecopy, and computer failures; market conditions or activities causing trading halts; systems failures involving computer or other information systems affecting the aforementioned parties, as well as the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”), or any other participant in the trading or operations of the Fund; and similar extraordinary events.

 

22
 

 

Due to the increased use of technologies, intentional and unintentional cyber-attacks pose operational and information security risks.

 

With the increased use of technologies such as the internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, the Fund and its service providers are susceptible to operational and information security risks. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Cyber attacks include without limitation gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites. Cyber security failures or breaches of a Fund’s third party service provider (including without limitation the administrator and transfer agent) have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs. In addition, substantial costs may be incurred to prevent any cyber incidents in the future. The Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result. The Fund cannot control the cyber security plans and systems of its service providers, market makers, or Authorized Participants.

 

Shareholders’ tax liability will exceed cash distributions on the Shares.

 

Shareholders of the Fund are subject to U.S. federal income taxation and, in some cases, state, local or foreign income taxation on their share of the Fund’s taxable income, whether or not they receive cash distributions from the Fund. The Fund does not currently expect to make distributions with respect to capital gains or ordinary income. Accordingly, shareholders of the Fund will not receive cash distributions equal to their share of the Fund’s taxable income or the tax liability that results from such income. A Fund’s income, gains, losses and deductions are allocated to shareholders on a monthly basis. If you own shares in a Fund at the beginning of a month and sell them during the month, you are generally still considered a shareholder through the end of that month.

 

The U.S. Internal Revenue Services (“IRS”) could adjust or reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to the Shares if the IRS does not accept the assumptions or conventions used by the Fund.

 

U.S. federal income tax rules applicable to partnerships, which the Fund is anticipated to be treated as under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), are complex and their application is not always clear. Moreover, the rules generally were not written for, and in some respects are difficult to apply to, publicly traded interests in partnerships. The Fund applies certain assumptions and conventions intended to comply with the intent of the rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to shareholders in a manner that reflects the shareholders’ economic gains and losses, but these assumptions and conventions may not comply with all aspects of the applicable Regulations. It is possible therefore that the IRS will successfully assert that these assumptions or conventions do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Code or the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Regulations”) and will require that items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit be adjusted or reallocated in a manner that could be adverse to investors.

 

Shareholders will receive partner information tax returns on Schedule K-1, which could increase the complexity of tax returns.

 

The partner information tax returns on Schedule K-1, which the Fund will distribute to shareholders, will contain information regarding income items and expense items of the Fund. If you have not received Schedule K-1s from other investments, you may find that preparing your tax return may require additional time, or it may be necessary for your to retain an accountant or other tax preparer, at an additional expense to you, to assist you in the preparation of your return.

 

Investors could be adversely affected if the current treatment of long-term capital gains under current U.S. federal income tax law is changed or repealed in the future.

 

Under current law, long-term capital gains are taxed to non-corporate investors at reduced U.S. federal income tax rates. This tax treatment may be adversely affected, changed or repealed by future changes in tax laws at any time.

 

23
 

 

Shareholders of the Fund may recognize significant amounts of ordinary income and short-term capital gain.

 

Due to the investment strategy of the Fund, the Fund may realize and pass-through to Shareholders significant amounts of ordinary income and short-term capital gains as opposed to long-term capital gains, which generally are taxed at a preferential rate. The Fund’s income, gains, losses and deductions are allocated to shareholders on a monthly basis. If you own shares in the Fund at the beginning of a month and sell them during the month, you are generally still considered a shareholder through the end of that month.

 

Changes in U.S. federal income tax law could affect an investment in the Shares.

 

Recently enacted legislation commonly known as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” has made significant changes to U.S. federal income tax rules. As of the date of this registration statement, the long-term impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including on the Shares, is unclear. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act prior to investing in the Shares.

 

PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE STRONGLY URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AND COUNSEL WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBLE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF AN INVESTMENT IN THE SHARES OF THE FUND; SUCH TAX CONSEQUENCES MAY DIFFER IN RESPECT OF DIFFERENT INVESTORS.

 

Regulatory changes or actions, including the implementation of new legislation, may alter the operations and profitability of the Fund.

 

The U.S. derivatives markets and market participants have been subject to comprehensive regulation, not only by the CFTC but also by self-regulatory organizations, including the NFA and the exchanges on which the derivatives contracts are traded and/or cleared. As with any regulated activity, changes in regulations may have unexpected results. For example, changes in the amount or quality of the collateral that traders in derivatives contracts are required to provide to secure their open positions, or in the limits on number or size of positions that a trader may have open at a given time, may adversely affect the ability of the Fund to enter into certain transactions that could otherwise present lucrative opportunities. Considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional investment pools which are publicly distributed in the United States. There is a possibility of future regulatory changes altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in the Fund or the ability of the Fund to continue to implement its investment strategy.

 

In addition, the SEC, CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. The regulation of futures transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Fund is impossible to predict, but could be substantial and adverse.

 

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) was signed into law on July 21, 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act has made and will continue to make sweeping changes to the way in which the U.S. financial system is supervised and regulated. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the aggregation, for purposes of position limits, of all positions in futures held by a single entity and its affiliates, whether such positions exist on U.S. futures exchanges, non-U.S. futures exchanges, or in OTC contracts.

 

While certain regulations have been promulgated and are already in effect, the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on any of the Funds remains uncertain. The legislation and the related regulations that have been and may be promulgated in the future may negatively impact a Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective either through limits on its investments or requirements imposed on it or any of its counterparties. In particular, new requirements, including capital requirements and mandatory clearing of OTC derivatives transactions, which may increase derivative counterparties’ costs and are expected to generally be passed through to other market participants in the form of higher upfront and mark-to-market margin, less favorable trade pricing, and the imposition of new or increased fees, including clearinghouse account maintenance fees, may increase the cost of the Fund’s investments and the cost of doing business, which could adversely affect investors.

 

24
 

 

Regulatory bodies outside the U.S. have also passed or proposed, or may propose in the future, legislation similar to that proposed by Dodd-Frank or other legislation containing other restrictions that could adversely impact the liquidity of and increase costs of participating in the commodities markets.

 

Regulatory and exchange daily price limits and accountability levels may restrict the creation of Creation Units and the operation of the Trust.

 

Many U.S. futures exchanges limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day by regulations referred to as “daily price fluctuation limits” or “daily limits.” Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified periods during the trading day. Derivatives contract prices could move to a limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading thereby preventing prompt liquidation of or entry into derivative positions and potentially subjecting the Fund to substantial losses or periods in which the Fund does not create additional Creation Units.

 

In addition, the CFTC, U.S. futures exchanges and certain non-U.S. exchanges have established limits referred to as “speculative position limits” or “accountability levels” on the maximum net long or short futures positions that any person may hold or control in futures contracts traded on U.S. and certain non-U.S. exchanges.

 

In connection with these limits, the Dodd-Frank Act has required the CFTC to adopt regulations establishing speculative position limits applicable to regulated futures and OTC derivatives and impose aggregate speculative position limits across regulated U.S. futures, OTC positions and certain futures contracts traded on non-U.S. exchanges. In December 2016, the CFTC adopted final regulations requiring that all accounts owned or managed by an entity that is responsible for such accounts’ trading decisions, their principals and their affiliates would be aggregated for position limit purposes. The CFTC has sought to amend its position limits rules for several years and on January 30, 2020 the CFTC re-proposed rules on position limits with respect to the 25 physical delivery commodity futures and options contracts, as well as to swaps that are economically equivalent to such contracts and futures and options thereon that are directly or indirectly linked to the price of such contracts or to the same commodity underlying such contracts (e.g., cash-settled look-a-like futures).

 

Although it is unclear how future position limit rules will apply to the Fund, the Sponsor and the Fund are subject to current position and accountability limits established by the CFTC and exchanges. Accordingly, the Sponsor and the Fund may be required to reduce the size of outstanding positions or be restricted from entering into new positions that would otherwise be taken for the Fund or be restricted from trading in certain markets on behalf of the Fund to comply with those limits or any future limits established by the CFTC and the relevant exchanges. Modification of trades made by the Trust, if required, could adversely affect the Trust’s operations and profitability and significantly limit the Trust’s ability to reinvest income in additional contracts, create additional Creation Units, or add to existing positions in the desired amount.

 

In addition, the Sponsor may be required to liquidate certain open positions in order to ensure compliance with the speculative position limits at unfavorable prices, which may result in substantial losses for the Fund. There also can be no assurance that the Sponsor will liquidate positions held on behalf of all the Sponsor’s accounts, including any proprietary accounts, in a proportionate manner. In the event the Sponsor chooses to liquidate a disproportionate number of positions held on behalf of the Fund at unfavorable prices, such Fund may incur substantial losses and the value of the Shares may be adversely affected.

 

Exchanges may establish accountability levels applicable to futures contracts instead of position limits. An exchange may order a person who holds or controls a position in excess of a position accountability level not to further increase its position, to comply with any prospective limit that exceeds the size of the position owned or controlled, or to reduce any open position that exceeds the position accountability level if the exchange determines that such action is necessary to maintain an orderly market. Position accountability levels could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to establish and maintain positions in commodity futures contracts to which such levels apply, if the Fund were to trade in such contracts. Such an outcome could adversely affect each of the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment objective.

 

A person is generally required by CFTC or exchange rules, as applicable, to aggregate all positions in accounts as to which the person has 10% or greater ownership or control. However, CFTC and exchange rules provide certain exemptions from this requirement. For example, a person is not required to aggregate positions in multiple accounts that it owns or controls if that person is able to satisfy the requirements of an exemption from aggregation of those accounts, including, where available, the independent account controller exemption. Any failure to comply with the independent account controller exemption or another exemption from the aggregation requirement could obligate the Sponsor to aggregate positions in multiple accounts under its control, which could include the Fund and other commodity pools or accounts under the Sponsor’s control. In such a scenario, the Fund may not be able to obtain exposure to one or more Financial Instruments necessary to pursue their investment objectives, or they may be required to liquidate existing futures contract positions in order to comply with a limit. Such an outcome could adversely affect each of the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment objective or achieve favorable performance.

 

The Fund is currently subject to position limits and accountability levels and may be subject to new and more restrictive position limits in the future. If the Fund reached a position limit or accountability level or became subject to a daily limit, its ability to issue new Creation Units or reinvest income in additional commodity futures contracts may be limited to the extent these restrictions limit its ability to establish new futures positions, add to existing positions, or otherwise transact in futures. Limiting the size of the Fund, or restricting the Fund’s futures trading, under these requirements could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment objective.

 

The Trust or Sponsor may apply to the CFTC or to the relevant exchanges for relief from certain position limits. If the Trust or Sponsor is unable to obtain such relief, a Fund’s ability to issue new Creation Units, or the Fund’s ability to reinvest income in additional futures contracts, may be limited to the extent these activities cause the Trust to exceed applicable position limits. Limiting the size of a Fund may affect the correlation between the price of the Shares, as traded on an exchange, and the net asset value of the Fund. Accordingly, the inability to create additional Creation Units or add to existing positions in the desired amount could result in Shares trading at a premium or discount to NAV.

  

25
 

 

Futures Account Agreement

 

The Fund will enter into a written agreement (each, a “Futures Account Agreement”) with one or more FCMs governing the terms of futures transactions of the Fund cleared by such FCM. Each FCM has its own agreement and other documentation used for establishing customer relationships. As such, the terms of the Futures Account Agreement and other documentation that the Fund has with a particular FCM may differ in material respects from that with another FCM.

 

Most Futures Account Agreements do not require the FCM to enter into new transactions or maintain existing transactions with the Fund. In general, each FCM is permitted to terminate its agreement with the Fund at any time in its sole discretion. In addition, an FCM generally will have the discretion to set margin requirements and/or position limits that would be in addition to any margin requirements and/or position limits required by applicable law or set by the clearinghouse that clears the futures contracts in which the Fund transacts. As a result, the Fund’s ability to engage in futures transactions or maintain open positions in such contracts will be dependent on the willingness of its FCMs to continue to accept or maintain such transactions on terms that are economically appropriate for the Fund’s investment strategy.

 

When the Fund has an open futures contract position, it is subject to daily variation margin calls by an FCM that could be substantial in the event of adverse price movements. Because futures contracts require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they involve a high degree of leverage. The Fund with open positions is subject to maintenance or variance margin on its open positions. If the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily variation margin requirements, it may need to sell VIX Futures Contracts at a time when such sales are disadvantageous. Futures markets are highly volatile and the use of or exposure to futures contracts may increase volatility of the Fund’s NAV.

 

Margin posted by the Fund to an FCM typically will be held by relevant exchange’s clearinghouse (in the case of clearinghouse-required margin) or the FCM (in the case of “house” margin requirements of the FCM). In the event that market movements favorable to the Fund result in the Fund having posted more margin than is required, the Fund typically would have the right to a return of margin from the FCM. However, the timing of such return may be uncertain. As a result, it is possible that the Fund may face liquidity constraints including potential delays in its ability to pay redemption proceeds, where margin is not immediately returned by an FCM.

 

In the event that the Fund fails to comply with its obligations under a Futures Account Agreement (including, for example, failing to deliver the margin required by an FCM on a timely basis), the Futures Account Agreement typically will provide the FCM with broad discretion to take remedial action against the Fund. Among other things, the FCM typically will have the right, upon the occurrence of such a failure by the Fund, to terminate any or all futures contracts in the Fund’s account with that FCM, to sell the collateral posted as margin by the Fund, to close out any open positions of the Fund in whole or in part, and to cancel any or all pending transactions with the Fund. Futures Account Agreements typically provide that the Fund will remain liable for paying to the relevant FCM, on demand, the amount of any deficiency in the Fund’s account with that FCM.

 

The Futures Account Agreement between the Fund and an FCM generally will require the Fund to indemnify and hold harmless the FCM, its directors, officers, employees, agents and affiliates (collectively, “indemnified persons”) from and against all claims, damages, losses and costs (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) incurred by the indemnified persons, in connection with: (i) any failure by the Fund to perform its obligations under the Futures Account Agreement and the FCM’s exercise of its rights and remedies thereunder, (ii) any failure by the Fund to comply with applicable law, (iii) any action reasonably taken by the indemnified persons pursuant to the Futures Account Agreement to comply with applicable law, and (iv) any actions taken by the FCM in reliance on instructions, notices and other communications that the FCM and its relevant personnel, as applicable, reasonably believe to originate from a person authorized to act on behalf of the Fund.

 

26
 

 

To the extent that the Fund trades in futures contracts on U.S. exchanges, the assets deposited by the Fund with the FCM(s) (or another eligible financial institution, as applicable) as margin must be segregated pursuant to the regulations of the CFTC. Such segregated funds may be invested only in a limited range of instruments—principally U.S. government obligations to margin futures and forward contract positions.

 

The Fund will use Wedbush Futures, a division of Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush”), as an FCM. The FCMs used by the Fund may change from time to time. The above discussion relating to Wedbush also would apply to other firms that serve as an FCM to the Fund in the future. Wedbush in its capacity as a registered FCM, serves as a clearing broker to the Trust and the Fund and as such arranges for the execution and clearing of the Fund’s futures transactions. Wedbush acts as clearing broker for many other funds and individuals. A variety of executing brokers may execute futures transactions on behalf of the Fund. The executing brokers will give-up all such transactions to Wedbush. Wedbush is registered as an FCM with the CFTC and is a member of the NFA. Wedbush is a clearing member of CBOT, CME, and NYMEX. Wedbush is not affiliated with nor acts as a supervisor of the Trust, the Fund, the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Transfer Agent, the Administrator, and the Custodian. Wedbush is not acting as an underwriter or sponsor of the offering of the Shares nor has it passed upon the merits of participating in this offering. Wedbush has not passed upon the adequacy of this Prospectus or on the accuracy of the information contained herein. Wedbush does not provide any commodity trading advice regarding the Fund’s trading activities. Investors should not rely upon Wedbush in deciding whether to invest in the Fund or retain their interests in the Fund. Prospective investors should also note that the Sponsor may select additional clearing brokers or replace Wedbush as the Fund’s clearing broker.

 

Futures Contracts

 

A futures contract is a standardized contract traded on, or subject to the rules of, an exchange that calls for the future delivery of a specified quantity and type of a particular underlying asset at a specified time and place or alternatively may call for cash settlement. Futures contracts are traded on a wide variety of underlying assets, including bonds, interest rates, agricultural products, stock indexes, currencies, energy, metals, economic indicators and statistical measures. The notional size and calendar term futures contracts on a particular underlying asset are identical and are not subject to any negotiation, other than with respect to price and the number of contracts traded between the buyer and seller. The Fund generally deposits cash and/or securities with an FCM for its open positions in futures contracts, which may, in turn, transfer such deposits to the clearing house to protect the clearing house against non-payment by the Fund. The clearing house becomes substituted for each counterparty to a futures contract, and, in effect, guarantees performance. In addition, the FCM may require the Fund to deposit collateral in excess of the clearing house’s margin requirements for the FCM’s own protection.

 

Certain futures contracts, including VIX Futures Contracts, settle in cash. The cash settlement amount reflects the difference between the contract purchase/sale price and the contract settlement price. The cash settlement mechanism avoids the potential for either side to have to deliver the underlying asset. For other futures contracts, the contractual obligations of a buyer or seller may generally be satisfied by taking or making physical delivery of the underlying asset or by making an offsetting sale or purchase of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange before the designated date of delivery. The difference between the price at which the futures contract is purchased or sold and the price paid for the offsetting sale or purchase, after allowance for brokerage commissions, constitutes the profit or loss to the trader.

 

Futures contracts involve, to varying degrees, elements of market risk and exposure to loss in excess of the amounts of variation margin, which are the amounts of cash that the Fund agrees to pay to or receive from FCMs equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of a futures contract. With futures contracts, there is minimal but some counterparty risk to the Fund since futures contracts are exchange traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange-traded futures contracts, effectively guarantees futures contracts against default. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified times during the trading day. Futures contracts prices could move to the limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of futures positions and potentially subjecting the Fund to substantial losses. If trading is not possible or if the Fund determines not to close a futures position in anticipation of adverse price movements, the Fund may be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin.

 

27
 

 

Money Market Instruments

 

Money market instruments are short-term debt instruments that have a remaining maturity of 397 days or less and exhibit high quality credit profiles. Money market instruments may include U.S. government securities, securities issued by governments of other developed countries and repurchase agreements.

 

U.S. Futures Exchanges

 

Futures exchanges provide centralized market facilities for trading futures contracts and options (but no forward contracts) in which multiple persons have the ability to execute or trade contracts by accepting bids and offers from multiple participants. Members of, and trades executed on, a particular exchange are subject to the rules of that exchange. Each futures exchange in the United States has an associated “clearing house.” Clearing houses provide services designed to transfer credit risk and ensure the integrity of trades. Once trades between members of an exchange have been confirmed or cleared, the clearing house becomes substituted for each buyer and each seller of contracts traded on the exchange and, in effect, becomes the other party to each trader’s open position in the market. Thereafter, each party to a trade looks only to the clearing house for performance. The clearing house generally establishes some sort of security or guarantee fund to which all clearing members of the exchange must contribute. This fund acts as an emergency buffer which is intended to enable the clearing house to meet its obligations with regard to the other side of an insolvent clearing member’s contracts. Furthermore, clearing houses require margin deposits and continuously mark positions to market to provide some assurance that their members will be able to fulfill their contractual obligations. Thus, members effecting futures transactions on an organized exchange do not bear the risk of the insolvency of the party on the opposite side of the trade; their credit risk is limited to the respective solvencies of their commodity broker and the clearing house. The clearing house “guarantee” of performance on open positions does not run to customers. If a member firm goes bankrupt, customers could lose money.

 

Regulations

 

Futures exchanges in the United States are subject to regulation under the CEA, by the CFTC, the governmental agency having responsibility for regulation of futures exchanges and trading on those exchanges.

 

The CFTC has exclusive authority to designate exchanges for the trading of specific futures contracts and options on futures contracts and to prescribe rules and regulations of the marketing of each. The CFTC also regulates the activities of “commodity trading advisors” and “commodity pool operators” and the CFTC has adopted regulations with respect to certain of such persons’ activities. Pursuant to its authority, the CFTC requires a commodity pool operator, such as the Sponsor, to keep accurate, current and orderly records with respect to each pool it operates. The CFTC may suspend, modify or terminate the registration of any registrant for failure to comply with CFTC rules or regulations. Suspension, restriction or termination of the Sponsor’s registration as a commodity pool operator would prevent it, until such time (if any) as such registration were to be reinstated, from managing, and might result in the termination of, the Fund. If the Sponsor were unable to provide services and/or advice to the Fund, the Fund would be unable to pursue its investment objective unless and until the Sponsor’s ability to provide services and advice to the Fund was reinstated or a replacement for the Sponsor as a commodity pool operator could be found. Such an event could result in termination of the Fund.

 

The CEA requires all FCMs to meet and maintain specified fitness and financial requirements, segregate customer funds from proprietary funds and account separately for all customers’ funds and positions, and to maintain specified books and record opens to inspection by the staff of the CFTC. See “Risk Factors—Failure of the FCMs to segregate assets may increase losses in the Fund.”

 

The CEA also gives the states certain powers to enforce its provisions and the regulations of the CFTC.

 

Under certain circumstances, the CEA grants shareholders the right to institute a reparations proceeding before the CFTC against the Sponsor (as a registered commodity pool operator), an FCM, as well as those of their respective employees who are required to be registered under the CEA. Shareholders may also be able to maintain a private right of action for certain violations of the CEA.

 

28
 

 

Pursuant to authority in the CEA, the NFA has been formed and registered with the CFTC as a registered futures association. At the present time, the NFA is the only self-regulatory organization for commodities professionals other than exchanges. As such, the NFA promulgates rules governing the conduct of commodity professionals and disciplines those professionals that do not comply with such standards. The CFTC has delegated to the NFA responsibility for the registration of commodity pool operators, FCMs, introducing brokers and their respective associated persons and floor brokers. The Sponsor is a member of the NFA (the Fund itself is not required to become a member of the NFA). As an NFA member, the Sponsor will be subject to NFA standards relating to fair trade practices, financial condition, and consumer protection. The CFTC is prohibited by statute from regulating trading on foreign commodity exchanges and markets.

 

The CEA and CFTC regulations prohibit market abuse and generally require that all futures exchange-based trading be conducted in compliance with rules designed to ensure the integrity of market prices and without any intent to manipulate prices. CFTC regulations and futures exchange rules also impose limits on the size of the positions that a person may hold or control as well as standards for aggregating certain positions. The rules of the CFTC and the futures exchanges also authorize special emergency actions to halt, suspend or limit trading overall or to restrict, halt, suspend or limit the trading of an individual trader or to otherwise impose special reporting or margin requirements.

 

The Fund’s investments in VIX Futures Contracts will be subject to regulation under the CEA and traded pursuant to CFTC and applicable exchange regulations.

 

Daily Limits

 

Most U.S. futures exchanges limit the amount of fluctuation in some futures contract or options on futures contract prices during a single day by regulations. These regulations specify what are referred to as “daily price fluctuation limits” or more commonly “daily limit.” Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.

 

Margin

 

“Initial” or “original” margin is the minimum dollar amount that a counterparty to a cleared derivatives contract must deposit with its commodity broker to establish an open position. “Maintenance” or “variance” margin is the amount (generally less than initial margin) to which a trader’s account may decline before they must deliver additional margin so as to maintain open positions. A margin deposit is like a cash performance bond. It helps assure the futures trader’s performance of the futures contracts they purchase or sell.

 

The minimum amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which such contract is traded and is subject to change at any time during the term of the contract. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on margins that represent a very small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margins, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that are greater, in relation to the amount invested, than are customary in other forms of investments.

 

Brokerage firms may require higher amounts of margin than exchange minimums. These requirements may change without warning.

 

Margin requirements are computed each day by a commodity broker and the relevant exchange. At the close of each trading day, each open futures contract is marked-to-market, that is, the gain or loss on the position is calculated from the prior day’s close. When the market value of a particular open futures contract position changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the commodity broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position.

 

Performance Information

 

The Fund is new and has no performance history. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s return based on net assets and comparing the variability of the Fund’s return to a broad measure of market performance.

 

29
 

 

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

Forward-looking Information

 

The discussion and analysis that follows may contain statements that relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, such forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “will,” “may,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “intend,” “project,” “seek” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. None of the Trust, the Sponsor, the Trustee or the Administrator assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any forward-looking statements. Except as expressly required by federal securities laws, none of the Trust, the Sponsor, or the Trustee is under a duty to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or to a change in expectations or predictions.

 

Overview

 

The Fund is newly formed and has no operating history.

 

Results of Operations

 

During the time period from March 8, 2019 (the date of inception of the Trust) through the date immediately prior to the effectiveness of this Registration Statement, the Fund had not yet commenced investment activities nor issued Shares, other than those issued to the Sponsor. The Fund did not purchase or own financial instruments during this period. Other than the receipt of $100 for the issuance of 5 Shares at a price per Share of $20.00, there were no receipts or disbursements of cash to or from the Fund during this period. The Fund did not receive any revenue, capital gains (losses), or incur any expenses, during this time period.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Prior to the date of this Prospectus, the Fund has not begun trading activities. For the Fund, a portion of the NAV of the Fund will be held in cash and/or U.S. Treasury securities, or other high credit quality, short-term fixed-income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds, bank deposits, bank money market accounts, certain variable rate-demand notes and collateralized repurchase agreement). A portion of these investments may be posted as collateral in connection with futures contracts.

 

The VIX Futures Contracts held by the Fund may be subject to periods of illiquidity because of market conditions, regulatory considerations and other reasons. In the case of futures contracts, exchanges may limit fluctuations in certain futures contract prices during a single day by regulations referred to as “daily limits.” During a single day, no futures trades may be executed at prices beyond the daily limit. Once the price of a futures contract has increased or decreased by an amount equal to the daily limit, positions in such futures contracts can neither be taken nor liquidated unless the traders are willing to effect trades at or within the limit. Futures contract prices have occasionally moved the daily limit for several consecutive days with little or no trading. Such market conditions could prevent the Fund from promptly liquidating its futures positions.

 

As of the date of this Prospectus, the Trust is unaware of any other trends, demands, conditions or events that are reasonably likely to result in material changes to the Trust’s liquidity needs.

 

Because the Fund may enter into or trade futures contracts, its capital will be at risk due to changes in the value of these contracts (market risk) or the inability of counterparties to perform under the terms of the contracts (credit risk).

 

30
 

 

Market Risk

 

The Fund’s exposure to market risk will be influenced by a number of factors, including the liquidity of the markets in which the financial instruments it holds are traded and the relationships among the financial instruments held. The inherent uncertainty of the trading of the Fund as well as the development of drastic market occurrences could ultimately lead to a loss of all or substantially all of investors’ capital.

 

Credit Risk

 

When the Fund enters into futures contracts, the Fund is exposed to credit risk that the counterparty to the contract will not meet its obligations.

 

The counterparty for futures contracts traded on U.S. and most foreign futures exchanges is the clearing house associated with the particular exchange. In general, clearing houses are backed by their corporate members who may be required to share in the financial burden resulting from the nonperformance by one of their members and, as such, should significantly reduce this credit risk. In cases where the clearing house is not backed by the clearing members, it may be backed by a consortium of banks or other financial institutions.

 

The FCMs for the Fund, in accepting orders for the purchase or sale of domestic futures contracts, will be required by CFTC regulations to separately account for and segregate as belonging to the Fund, all assets of the Fund relating to domestic futures trading, and the FCMs will not be allowed to commingle such assets with other assets of the FCMs.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

 

As of the date of this Prospectus, the Fund has not used, nor does it expect to use in the future, special purpose entities to facilitate off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Additionally, the Fund does not have loan guarantee arrangements or off balance sheet arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in the normal course of business, which may include indemnification provisions related to certain risks service providers undertake in performing services, which are in the best interest of the Fund. While the Fund’s exposure under such indemnification provisions cannot be estimated, these general business indemnifications are not expected to have a material impact on the Fund’s financial position.

 

Management fee payments made to the Sponsor will be calculated as a fixed percentage of the Fund’s NAV. As such, the Sponsor cannot anticipate the amount of payments that will be required under these arrangements for future periods as NAVs are not known until a future date.

 

Critical Accounting Policies

 

The Fund’s critical accounting policies will be as follows:

 

Preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the application of appropriate accounting rules and guidance, as well as the use of estimates. The Sponsor’s application of these policies involves judgments and actual results may differ from the estimates used.

 

The Fund will have significant exposure to one or more types of financial instruments, each of which will be recorded on a trade date basis and at fair value in the financial statements, with changes in fair value reported in the Statement of Operations.

 

The use of fair value to measure financial instruments, with related unrealized gains or losses recognized in earnings in each period, will be fundamental to the Fund’s financial statements. The fair value of a financial instrument will be the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price).

 

Short-term investments are valued at amortized cost, which approximates fair value for daily NAV purposes. For financial reporting purposes, short-term investments will generally be valued at their market price using information provided by a third-party pricing service or market quotations.

 

31
 

 

Derivatives (e.g. futures) will generally be valued using independent sources and/or agreements with counterparties or other procedures as determined by the Sponsor. Futures contracts will generally be valued at the last settled price on the applicable exchange on which that future trades. Futures contracts entered into by the Fund will be valued at the last sales price prior to the time at which the NAV for the Fund is determined. For financial reporting purposes, all futures contracts are valued at last settled price.

 

The Sponsor may, in its sole discretion, choose to determine a fair value price as the basis for determining the market value of such position. Such fair value prices would generally be determined based on available inputs about the current value of the underlying and would be based on principles that the Sponsor deems fair and equitable so long as such principles are consistent with normal industry standards. The Sponsor may fair value an asset of a Fund pursuant to the policies the Sponsor has adopted, which are consistent with normal industry standards.

 

Fair value pricing may require subjective determinations about the value of an investment. While the Fund’s policy is intended to result in a calculation of its NAV that fairly reflects investment values as of the time of pricing, the Fund cannot ensure that fair values determined by the Sponsor or persons acting at their direction would accurately reflect the price that they could obtain for an investment if it were to dispose of that investment as of the time of pricing (for instance, in a forced or distressed sale).

 

The prices used by the Fund may differ from the value that would be realized if the investments were sold and the differences could be material to the financial statements.

 

Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized gain (loss) on open positions will be determined on a specific identification basis and recognized in the Statement of Operations in the period in which the contract is closed or the changes occur, respectively.

 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 

The Fund is exposed to inverse equity market volatility risk through its holding of VIX Futures Contracts.

 

CHARGES

 

Breakeven Table

 

The projected twelve-month breakeven analysis for the Fund is set forth in the Breakeven Table below. For purposes of calculating the amounts in the Breakeven Table for the Fund, the analysis assumes that the average daily NAV of the Fund is equal to the amount shown.

 

Expenses(1)   Dollar Amount     % of Expenses  
Selling price per share     20          
Management fee(2)     0.37       1.85 %
Brokerage commissions and fees(3)     0.12       0.6 %
Fixed create/redeem fees(4)     500         %
Other expenses     0.00       0.00 %
Total fees and expenses     0.49       2.45 %
Interest income(5)     (0.00 )     (0.00 )%
Amount of trading income required for the NAV at the end of one year to equal the initial selling price per share (12-month breakeven)(6)     0.49       2.45 %

 

 

  (1) The breakeven analysis set forth in this table assumes that the Shares have a constant NAV equal to the amount shown. The actual NAV of the Fund differs and is likely to change on a daily basis. The numbers in this chart have been rounded to the nearest 0.01. The breakeven analysis reflects all fees and expenses, including estimated rebalancing expenses that are anticipated to be incurred by the Fund during a year of the investor’s investment.

 

32
 

 

  (2) From the Management Fee, the Sponsor is responsible for paying the fees and expenses of the Administrator, Custodian (by reimbursing the Trust), Distributor, Transfer Agent and all routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses of the Fund. Please note that the fees and expenses paid by the Sponsor are not included in the above Breakeven Table.
  (3) The Sponsor will pay for any brokerage commissions on VIX Futures Contracts that exceed 0.6% of the Fund’s average net assets annually.
  (4) Authorized Participants pay a fixed transaction fee of up to $500 in connection with each order to create or redeem a Creation Unit in order to compensate the Administrator, the Custodian and the Transfer Agent for services in processing the creation and redemption of Creation Units and to offset the transaction costs.
  (5) Due to the market conditions as of April 28, 2020, interest income is assumed to be zero.
  (6) Investors may pay customary brokerage commissions in connection with purchases of the Shares. Because such brokerage commission rates will vary from investor to investor, such brokerage commissions have not been included in the Breakeven Table. Investors are encouraged to review the terms of their brokerage accounts for applicable charges. The breakeven amount reflected in the Breakeven Table reflects the breakeven amount for investors in the secondary market. The breakeven amount for each Authorized Participant is equal to the sum of the breakeven amount for the Fund plus the amount of transaction fees paid by each Authorized Participant.

 

Organization and Offering Stage

 

Offering Costs

 

The Sponsor is responsible for the offering costs of the Fund. Normal and expected expenses incurred in connection with the continuous offering of Shares of the Fund are paid by the Sponsor.

 

Operational Stage

 

Management Fee

 

The Fund pays the Sponsor a management fee (the “Management Fee”), monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to 1.85% per annum of its average daily net assets (calculated by summing the month-end net assets of the Fund and dividing by the number of calendar days in the month).

 

No other management fee is paid by the Fund. The Management Fee is paid in consideration of the Sponsor’s trading advisory services and the other services provided to the Fund that the Sponsor pays directly.

 

Routine Operational, Administrative and Other Ordinary Expenses

 

The Sponsor pays all the routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses of the Fund, generally, as determined by the Sponsor, including but not limited to fees and expenses of the Administrator, Custodian (by reimbursing the Trust), Distributor and Transfer Agent, licensors, accounting and audit fees and expenses, tax preparation expenses, legal fees not in excess of $100,000 per annum, ongoing SEC registration fees not exceeding 0.021% per annum of the net assets of the Fund, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) filing fees, individual Schedule K-1 preparation and mailing fees not exceeding 0.10% per annum of the net assets of the Fund, and report preparation and mailing expenses.

 

Non-Recurring Fees and Expenses

 

The Fund pays all its non-recurring and unusual expenses, if any, as determined by the Sponsor. Non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses are fees and expenses which are unexpected or unusual in nature, such as legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs or indemnification or other unanticipated expenses. Extraordinary fees and expenses also include material expenses which are not currently anticipated obligations of the Fund. Routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses are not deemed extraordinary expenses.

 

33
 

 

Selling Commission

 

Retail investors may purchase and sell Shares through traditional brokerage accounts. Investors are expected to be charged a customary commission by their brokers in connection with purchases of Shares that will vary from investor to investor. Investors are encouraged to review the terms of their brokerage accounts for applicable charges. The price at which an Authorized Participant sells a Share may be higher or lower than the price paid by such Authorized Participant in connection with the creation of such Share in a Creation Unit.

 

Brokerage Commissions and Fees

 

The Fund pays all its respective brokerage commissions, including applicable exchange fees, NFA fees and give-up fees, pit brokerage fees and other transaction related fees and expenses charged in connection with trading activities for the Fund’s investments in CFTC regulated investments, except as provided in the following sentence. The Sponsor will pay for any brokerage commissions on VIX Futures Contracts that exceed 0.6% of the Fund’s average net assets annually.

 

Other Transaction Costs

 

The Fund bears other transaction costs including financing costs/fees associated with the use of financial instruments and costs relating to the purchase of U.S. Treasury securities or similar high credit quality, short-term fixed-income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds, bank deposits, bank money market accounts, certain variable rate-demand notes and collateralized repurchase agreements). The effects of these other transaction costs are not included in the above breakeven analysis.

 

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

 

The following discussion describes the material U.S. federal (and certain state and local) income tax considerations associated with the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares as of the date hereof by U.S. Shareholders (as defined below) and non-U.S. Shareholders (as defined below). Except where noted, this discussion deals only with Shares held as capital assets by shareholders who acquired Shares by purchase and does not address special situations, such as those of:

 

  Dealers in securities or commodities;
  Financial institutions;
  Regulated investment companies;
  Real estate investment trusts;
  Partnerships and persons in their capacity as partners;
  Tax-exempt organizations;
  Insurance companies;
  Persons holding Shares as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction or a straddle;
  Accrual method taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of their use of financial statements;
  Traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings; or
  Persons liable for alternative minimum tax.

 

Furthermore, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code, the Regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be repealed, revoked, modified or subject to differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those described below.

 

A “U.S. Shareholder” of Shares means a beneficial owner of Shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

  An individual that is a citizen or resident of the United States;
  A corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;
  An estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or
  A trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of such trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

 

34
 

 

A “non-U.S. Shareholder” of Shares means a beneficial owner of Shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

  An individual that is a nonresident alien;
  A foreign corporation;
  A foreign estate; or
  A foreign trust.

 

If a partnership or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If an investor is a partner of a partnership holding Shares, the Trust urges such investor to consult its own tax adviser.

 

No statutory, administrative or judicial authority directly addresses the treatment of Shares or instruments similar to Shares for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, the Trust cannot assure investors that the IRS or the courts will agree with the tax consequences described herein. A different treatment from that described below could adversely affect the amount, timing and character of income, gain or loss in respect of an investment in the Shares. If an investor is considering the purchase of Shares, the Trust urges investors to consult their own tax adviser concerning the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to investors of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares, as well as any consequences to investors arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

 

Status of the Fund

 

Under Section 7704 of the Code, unless certain exceptions apply, a publicly traded partnership is generally traded and taxed as a corporation, and not as a partnership, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A partnership is a publicly traded partnership if (1) interest in the partnership are traded on an established securities market or (2) interests in the partnership are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. It is expected that initially or in the future the Fund may be treated as a publicly traded partnership. If 90% or more of the income of a publicly traded partnership during each taxable year consists of “qualifying income” and the partnership is not required to register under the Investment Company Act, it will be treated as a partnership, and not as an association or publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes (the “qualifying income exception”). Qualifying income includes dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks and debt instruments and, in the case of a partnership a principal activity of which is the buying and selling of commodities or certain positions with respect to commodities, income and gains derived from certain swap agreements or regulated futures or forward contracts with respect to commodities. The Fund anticipates that at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year will constitute qualifying income within the meaning of Section 7704(d) of the Code.

 

Malik Law Group LLC has acted as counsel to the Trust in connection with this offering. Under current law and assuming full compliance with the terms of the Trust Agreement (and other relevant documents) and based on factual representations made by the Fund, in the opinion of Malik Law Group LLC, the Fund will be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The factual representations upon which Malik Law Group LLC has relied are as follows: (1) the Fund has not elected and will not elect to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and (2) for each taxable year, 90% or more of the Fund’s gross income will be qualifying income. Shareholders should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such opinion. The Sponsor will use its best efforts to cause the operation of the Fund in such manner as is necessary for the Fund to continue to meet the qualifying income exception.

 

While it is expected that the Fund will operate so that it will qualify to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a partnership, and not as an association or a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing partnerships, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, the lack of direct guidance with respect to the application of tax laws to the activities the Fund is undertaking and the possibility of future changes in its circumstances, it is possible that the Fund will not so qualify for any particular year. Malik Law Group LLC has no obligation to advise the Fund or its shareholders of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. The Fund’s taxation as a partnership will depend on the Fund’s ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, the qualifying income exception, the compliance of which will not be reviewed by Malik Law Group LLC. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of the Fund’s operations for any taxable year will satisfy the qualifying income exception.

 

35
 

 

If, for any reason the Fund becomes taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Fund’s items of income and deduction would not pass through to the Fund’s shareholders and shareholders would be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as stockholders in a corporation. The Fund would be required to pay income tax at corporate rates on its net income. Distributions by the Fund to the shareholders would constitute dividend income taxable to such shareholders, to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits, and the payment of these distributions would not be deductible by the Fund. These consequences would have a material adverse effect on the Fund, the Fund’s shareholders and the value of the Shares.

 

If at the end of any taxable year the Fund fails to meet the qualifying income exception, the Fund may still qualify as a partnership if the Fund is entitled to relief under the Code for an inadvertent termination of partnership status. This relief will be available if (1) the failure is cured within a reasonable time after discovery, (2) the failure is determined by the IRS to be inadvertent, and (3) the Fund agrees to make such adjustments or to pay such amounts as are determined by the IRS. It is not possible to state whether the Fund would be entitled to this relief in any or all circumstances. It also is not clear under the Code whether this relief is available for the Fund’s first taxable year as a publicly traded partnership. If this relief provision is not applicable to a particular set of circumstances involving the Fund, it will not qualify as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Even if this relief provision applies and the Fund retains its partnership qualification, the Fund or its shareholders (during the failure period) will be required to pay such amounts as determined by the IRS.

 

The remainder of this discussion assumes that the Fund qualifies to be taxed as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 

U.S. Shareholders

 

Treatment of Fund Income

 

A partnership generally does not incur U.S. federal income tax liability. Instead, each partner of a partnership is required to take into account its share of items of income, gain, loss, deduction and other items of the partnership. Accordingly, each shareholder in the Fund is required to include in income its allocable share of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deduction and other items for the Fund’s taxable year ending with or within its taxable year. In computing a partner’s U.S. federal income tax liability, such items must be included, regardless of whether cash distributions are made by the partnership. Thus, shareholders in the Fund may be required to take into account taxable income without a corresponding current receipt of cash if the Fund generates taxable income but does not make cash distributions in an amount equal to, or if the shareholder is not able to deduct, in whole or in part, such shareholder’s allocable share of the Fund’s expenses or capital losses. The Fund’s taxable year ends on December 31 unless otherwise required by law. The Fund uses the accrual method of accounting.

 

Shareholders must take into account their share of ordinary income realized by the Fund’s investments. The Fund may hold U.S. Treasury securities or other debt instruments with “acquisition discount” or “original issue discount,” in which case shareholders in the Fund are required to include accrued amounts in taxable income on a current basis even though receipt of those amounts may occur in a subsequent year. The Fund may also acquire U.S. Treasury securities without “market discount.” Upon disposition of such obligations, gain would generally be required to be treated as interest income to the extent of the market discount, and shareholders in the Fund would be required to include as ordinary income their share of such market discount that accrued during the period the obligations were held by such Fund. Income or loss from transactions involving certain derivative instruments will also generally constitute ordinary income or loss and may result in recognition of taxable income to a U.S. Shareholder on a current basis even though receipt of those amounts may occur in a subsequent year.

 

36
 

 

The character and timing of income that the Fund earns from the positions in its investment strategy depends on the particular U.S. federal income tax treatment of such position. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of certain positions is not always clear, and the IRS and the U.S. Congress (“Congress”) sometimes take steps which change the manner in which certain positions are taxed. For example, the IRS has issued guidance indicating that a position that certain taxpayers were previously accounting for as prepaid forward contracts for U.S. federal income tax purposes should instead be accounted for under the U.S. federal income tax rules for non-dollar denominated debt instruments. The IRS has also released a notice (the “IRS Notice”) seeking comments from practitioners about the application of U.S. federal income tax rules to certain derivative positions, including derivative positions in commodities. The IRS Notice asks for comments about, among other questions, when investors in these positions should have income, the character of income and gain or loss from these positions and whether the U.S. federal “constructive ownership” rules should apply to these positions. It is not possible to predict what changes, if any, will be adopted or when any such changes would take effect. However, any such changes could affect the amount, timing and character of income, gain and loss in respect of the Fund’s investments, possibly with retroactive effect. As the Fund passes through its items of income, gain and loss to shareholders, any change in the manner in which the Fund accounts for these items could have an adverse impact on the shareholders of the Fund.

 

The Code generally applies a “mark-to-market” system of taxing unrealized gains and losses on, and otherwise provides for special rules of taxation with respect to, Section 1256 Contracts (defined herein). A Section 1256 Contract includes certain regulated futures contracts, certain non-equity options and certain non-U.S. currency forward contracts. The Sponsor expects substantially all of the Fund’s futures contracts to qualify as Section 1256 Contracts. Section 1256 Contracts held by the Fund at the end of a taxable year of the Fund will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as if they were sold by the Fund at their fair market value on the last business day of the taxable year. The net gain or loss, if any, resulting from these deemed sales (known as “marking-to-market”), together with any gain or loss resulting from any actual sales of Section 1256 Contracts (or other termination of the Fund’s obligations under such contracts), must be taken into account by the Fund in computing its taxable income for the year. If a Section 1256 Contract held by the Fund at the end of a taxable year is sold in the following year, the amount of any gain or loss realized on the sale will be adjusted to reflect the gain or loss previously taken into account under the mark-to-market rules.

 

Capital gains and losses from Section 1256 Contracts generally are characterized as short-term capital gains or losses to the extent of 40% of the gains or losses and as long-term capital gains or losses to the extent of 60% of the gains or losses. Shareholders of the Fund will generally take into account their pro rata share of the long-term capital gains and losses and short-term capital gains and losses from Section 1256 Contracts held by the Fund. If a non-corporate taxpayer incurs a net capital loss for a year, the portion of the loss, if any, which consists of a net loss on Section 1256 Contracts may, at the election of the taxpayer, be carried back three years. A loss carried back to a year by a non-corporate taxpayer may be deducted only to the extent (1) the loss does not exceed the net gain on Section 1256 Contracts for the year and (2) the allowance of the carryback does not increase or produce a net operating loss for the year. Due to the Fund’s investment strategy, it is likely that a significant portion of any capital gain or loss realized by the Fund with respect to non-Section 1256 Contracts will be short-term.

 

Allocation of the Fund’s Gain and Losses

 

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a shareholder’s distributive share of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deduction and other items is determined by the Trust Agreement, unless an allocation under the agreement does not have “substantial economic effect,” in which case the allocations will be determined in accordance with the “partners’ interests in the partnership.” Subject to the discussions below under “Monthly Allocation and Revaluation Conventions” and “Section 754 Election,” the allocations pursuant to the Trust Agreement should be considered to have substantial economic effect or deemed to be made in accordance with the partners’ interests in the partnership.

 

If the allocations provided by the Trust Agreement were successfully challenged by the IRS, the amount of income or loss allocated to shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the agreement could be increased or reduced, or the character of the income or loss could be modified.

 

As described in more detail below, the U.S. tax rules that apply to partnership are complex and their application is not always clear. Additionally, the rules generally were not written for, and in some respects are difficult to apply to, publicly traded partnerships. The Fund applies certain assumptions and conventions intended to comply with the intent of the rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to shareholders in a manner that reflects the economic gains and losses, but these assumptions and conventions may not comply with all aspects of the applicable Regulations. It is possible, therefore, that the IRS will successfully assert that assumptions made and/or conventions used do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Code or the Regulations and will require that tax items be adjusted or reallocated in a manner that could adversely impact an investor.

 

37
 

 

Monthly Allocation and Revaluation Conventions

 

In general, the Fund’s taxable income and losses are determined monthly and are apportioned among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of Shares treated as owned by each of them as of the close of the last trading day of the preceding month; provided, however, such items for the period beginning on the closing date and ending on the last day of the month in which the option closing date or the expiration of the over-allotment option occurs may be allocated to the shareholders as of the opening of the Exchange on the first business day of the next succeeding month. By investing in Shares, a U.S. Shareholder agrees that, in the absence of an administrative determination or judicial ruling to the contrary, it will report income and loss under the monthly allocation and revaluation conventions described below, except for the period beginning on the closing date and ending on the last day of the month in which the option closing date or the expiration of the over-allotment option occurs, in which case the allocation may take place as described above.

 

Under the monthly allocation convention, whoever is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as holding Shares as of the close of the last trading day of the preceding month will be treated as continuing to hold the Shares until immediately before the close of the last trading day of the following month. For the initial month of the Fund’s operations, the shareholders at the close of trading at month-end received that month’s allocation. As a result, a holder who has disposed of Shares prior to the close of the last trading day of a month may be allocated income, gain, loss and deduction realized after the date of transfer.

 

The Code generally requires that items of partnership income and deductions be allocated between transferors and transferees of partnership interests on a daily basis. It is possible that transfers of Shares could be considered to occur for U.S. federal income tax purposes when the transfer is completed without regard to the Fund’s monthly convention for allocating income and deduction. If this were to occur, the Fund’s allocation method might be deemed to violate that requirement.

 

In addition, for any month in which a creation or redemption of Shares takes place, the Fund generally credits or debits, respectively, the “book” capital accounts of the holders of existing Shares with any unrealized gain or loss in the Fund’s assets. This results in the allocation of items of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deduction and credit to existing holders of Shares to account for the difference between the tax basis and fair market value of property owned by the Fund at the time new Shares are issued or old Shares are redeemed, or the reverse section 704(c) allocations. The intended effect of these allocations is to allocate any built-in gain or loss in the Fund’s assets at the time of a creation or redemption of Shares to the investors that economically have earned such gain or loss.

 

As with the other allocations described above, the Fund generally uses a monthly convention for purposes of the reverse section 704(c) allocations. More specifically, the Fund generally credits or debits, respectively, the “book” capital accounts of the holders of existing Shares with any unrealized gain or loss in the Fund’s assets based on a calculation using the creation/redemption price of the Fund’s Shares during the month in which the creation or redemption transaction takes place, rather than the fair market value of its assets at the time of such creation or redemption, or the “revaluation convention.” As a result, it is possible that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (1) a purchaser of newly issued Shares will be allocated some or all the unrealized gain in the Fund’s assets at the time it acquires the Shares or (2) a purchaser of newly issued Shares will not be allocated its entire share in the loss in the Fund’s assets accruing after the time of such acquisition. Further, the applicable Regulations generally require that the “book” capital accounts will be adjusted based on the fair market value of partnership property on the date of adjustment and do not explicitly allow the adoption of a monthly revaluation convention. The Sponsor, in an attempt to eliminate book-tax disparities, allocates items of income, gain, or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes among the shareholders under the principles of the remedial method of Section 1.704-3(d) of the Regulations.

 

The Code and applicable Regulations generally require that items of partnership income and deductions be allocated between transferors and transferees of partnership interests on a daily basis, and that adjustments to “book” capital accounts be made based on the fair market value of partnership property on the date of adjustment. The Code and Regulations do not contemplate monthly allocation or revaluation conventions.

 

38
 

 

If the IRS does not accept the Fund’s monthly allocation or revaluation convention, the IRS may contend that taxable income or losses of the Fund must be reallocated among the shareholders. If such a contention were sustained, the holders’ respective tax liabilities would be adjusted to the possible detriment of certain holders. The Sponsor is authorized to revise the Fund’s allocation and revaluation methods to comply with applicable law or to allocate items of partnership income and deductions in a manner that reflects more accurately the shareholders’ interests in the Fund.

 

Section 754 Election

 

The Fund has made the election permitted by Section 754 of the Code. Such an election, once made, is irrevocable without the consent of the IRS. The making of such election by the Fund generally has the effect of requiring a purchaser of Shares in the Fund to adjust, using the lowest closing price during the month, its proportionate share of the basis in the Fund’s assets, or the inside basis, pursuant to Section 743(b) of the Code to fair market value (as reflected in the purchase price for the purchaser’s Shares), as if it had acquired a direct interest in the Fund’s asset. The Section 743(b) adjustment is attributed solely to a purchaser of Shares and is not added to the basis of the Fund’s assets associated with all the other shareholders. Depending on the relationship between a holder’s purchase price for Shares and its unadjusted share of the Fund’s inside basis at the time of the purchase, the Section 754 election may be either advantageous or disadvantageous to the holder as compared to the amount of gain or loss a holder would be allocated absent the Section 754 election.

 

The calculations under Section 754 of the Code are complex, and there is little legal authority concerning the mechanics of the calculations, particularly in the context of publicly traded partnerships. Therefore, in making the election under Section 754 of the Code, the Fund applies certain conventions in determining and allocating the Section 743 basis adjustments to help reduce the complexity of those calculations and the resulting administrative costs to the Fund. It is possible that the IRS will successfully assert that some or all of such conventions used by the Fund do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Code or the Regulations and, thus, will require different basis adjustments to be made.

 

To make the basis adjustments permitted by Section 754, the Fund is required to obtain information concerning each holder’s secondary market transactions in Shares, as well as creations and redemptions of Shares. The Fund seeks such information from the record holders of Shares, and, by purchasing Shares, each beneficial owner of Shares will be deemed to have consented to the provision of such information by the record owner of such beneficial owner’s Shares. Despite the foregoing, however, there can be no guarantee that the Fund will be able to obtain such information from record owners or other sources, or that the basis adjustments that the Fund makes based on the information it is able to obtain will be effective in eliminating disparity between the holder’s outside basis in its share of the Fund interests and its share of inside basis.

 

Treatment of Distributions

 

Distributions of cash by a partnership are generally not taxable to the distributee to the extent the amount of cash does not exceed the distributee’s tax basis in its partnership interest. Thus, any cash distribution made by the Fund will be taxable to a shareholder only to the extent such distributions exceed the shareholder’s tax basis in the partnership interests it is treated as owning. See “—U.S. Shareholders—Tax Basis in Shares” below. Any cash distributions in excess of a shareholder’s tax basis generally will be considered to be gain from the sale or exchange of the Shares. See “—U.S. Shareholders—Disposition of Shares” below. The Fund will not expect to make any cash distributions.

 

Creation and Redemption of Creation Units

 

Shareholders, other than Authorized Participants (or holders for which an Authorized Participant is acting), generally will not recognize gain or loss as a result of an Authorized Participant’s creation or redemption of a Creation Unit. If the Fund disposes of assets in connection with the redemption of a Creation Unit, however, the disposition may give rise to gain or loss that will be allocated in part to investors. An Authorized Participant’s creation or redemption a Creation Unit may also affect an investor’s share of the Fund’s tax basis in its assets, which could affect the amount of gain or loss allocated to an investor on the sale or disposition of portfolio assets by the Fund.

 

39
 

 

Disposition of Shares

 

If a U.S. Shareholder transfers Shares of the Fund, in a sale or other taxable disposition, the U.S. Shareholder will generally be required to recognize gain or loss measured by the difference between the amount realized on the sale and the U.S. Shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the Shares. The amount realized will include the U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s liabilities, as well as any proceeds from the sale. The gain or loss recognized will generally be taxable as a capital gain or loss.

 

Capital gain of non-corporate U.S. Shareholders is eligible to be taxed at reduced rates when the Shares are held for more than one year. The maximum rate is currently 20% Capital gain of corporate U.S. Shareholders is taxed at the same rate as ordinary income. Any capital loss recognized by a U.S. Shareholder on a sale of Shares will generally be deductible only against capital gains, except that a non-corporate U.S. Shareholder may generally also offset up to $3,000 per year of ordinary income.

 

Medicare Tax on Investment Income

 

Certain U.S. shareholders that are individuals, estates or trusts must pay an additional 3.8% tax on their “net investment income.” U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers concerning the effect, if any, of this tax on their investment in the Fund.

 

Tax Basis in Shares

 

A U.S. Shareholder’s initial tax basis in the partnership interests it is treated as holding will equal the sum of (1) the amount of cash paid by such U.S. Shareholder for its Shares and (2) such U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s liabilities. A U.S. Shareholder’s tax basis in the Shares will be increased by (i) the U.S. Shareholder’s share of a Fund’s taxable income, including capital gain, (ii) the U.S. Shareholder’s share of a Fund’s income, if any, that is exempt from tax and (iii) any increase in the U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s liabilities. A U.S. Shareholder’s tax basis in Shares will be decreased (but not below zero) by (a) the amount of any cash distributed (or deemed distributed) to the U.S. Shareholder, (b) the U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s losses and deductions, (c) the U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s expenditures that is neither deductible nor properly chargeable to its capital account and (d) any decrease in the U.S. Shareholder’s share of the Fund’s liabilities.

 

Limitations on Deductibility of Certain Losses and Expenses

 

The deductibility for U.S. federal income tax purposes of a U.S. Shareholder’s share of losses and expenses of the Fund is subject to certain limitations, including, but not limited to, rules providing that: (1) a U.S. Shareholder may not deduct the Fund’s losses that are allocated to it in excess of its adjusted tax basis in its Shares; (2) individuals and personal holding companies may not deduct the losses allocable to a particular “activity” in excess of the amount that they are considered to have “at risk” with respect to the activity; and (3) the ability of individuals to take certain itemized deductions (including management fees) is suspended for the taxable years 2018 through 2025. To the extent that a loss or expense that cannot be deducted currently is allocated to a U.S. Shareholder, such U.S. Shareholder may be required to report taxable income in excess of its economic income or cash distributions on the Shares. Prospective shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisers with regard to these and other limitations on the ability to deduct losses or expenses with respect to an investment in the Fund.

 

Transferor/Transferee Allocations

 

In general, the Fund’s taxable income and losses are determined monthly and are apportioned among the Fund’s shareholders in proportion to the number of Shares owned by each of them as of the close of the last trading day of the preceding month; provided, however, such items for the period beginning on the closing date and ending on the last day of the month in which the option closing date or the expiration of the over-allotment option occurs may be allocated to the shareholders as of the opening of the Exchange on the first business day of the next succeeding month. With respect to any Share that was not treated as outstanding as of the close of the last trading day of the preceding month, the first person that is treated as holding such Share (other than an underwriter or other person holding in a similar capacity and except with respect to the period beginning on the closing date and ending on the last day of the month in which the option closing date or the expiration of the over-allotment option occurs) for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be treated as holding such Share for this purpose as of the close of the last trading day of the preceding month. As a result, a shareholder transferring its Shares may be allocated income, gain, loss and deduction realized after the date of transfer.

 

40
 

 

Section 706 of the Code generally requires that items of partnership income and deductions be allocated between transferors and transferees of partnership interests on a daily basis. It is possible that transfers of Shares could be considered to occur for U.S. federal income tax purposes when the transfer is completed without regard to the Fund’s convention for allocating income and deductions. In that event, the Fund’s allocation method might be considered a monthly convention that does not literally comply with that requirement.

 

If the IRS treats transfers of Shares as occurring throughout each month and a monthly convention is not allowed by the Regulations (or applies to transfers of less than all of a shareholder’s Shares), or if the IRS otherwise does not accept the Fund’s convention, the IRS may contend that taxable income or losses of the Fund must be reallocated among the shareholders. If such a contention were sustained, the shareholders’ respective tax liabilities would be adjusted to the possible detriment of certain shareholders. The Fund’s Sponsor is authorized to revise the Fund’s methods of allocation between transferors and transferees (as well as among shareholders whose interests otherwise vary during a taxable period).

 

Tax Reporting by the Fund

 

Information returns will be filed with the IRS as required with respect to income, gain, loss, deduction and other items derived from Shares of the Fund. The Fund will file a partnership return with the IRS and provide a Schedule K-1 to the shareholders.

 

Treatment of Securities Lending Transactions Involving Shares

 

A shareholder whose Shares are loaned to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of Shares may be considered as having disposed of those Shares. If so, such shareholder would no longer be a beneficial owner of a pro rata portion of the partnership interests with respect to those Shares during the period of the loan and may recognize gain or loss from the disposition. As a result, during the period of the loan, (1) any of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deduction or other items with respect to those Shares would not be reported by the shareholder, and (2) any cash distributions received by the shareholder as to those Shares could be fully taxable, likely as ordinary income. Accordingly, shareholders who desire to avoid the risk of income recognition from a loan of their Shares to a short seller are urged to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their Shares.

 

Audits and Adjustments to Tax Liability

 

Under the Code, adjustments in tax liability with respect to the Fund’s items generally will be made at the Fund level in a partnership proceeding rather than in separate proceeding with each shareholder. Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor will represent the Fund as the Fund’s “partnership representative.” A partnership’s designated “partnership representative” has broad authority to resolve a partnership audit and any such resolution will be binding on all partners. Shareholders will have no statutory right to notice and will have no right to participate in the audit proceeding. Adjustments resulting from an IRS audit may require each shareholder to adjust a prior year’s liability, and possibly may result in an audit of its return. Any audit of a shareholder’s return could result in adjustments not related to the Fund’s returns as well as those related to the Fund’s returns.

 

Foreign Tax Credits

 

Subject to generally applicable limitations and new rules enacted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, U.S. Shareholders will be able to claim foreign tax credits with respect to certain foreign income taxes paid or incurred by the Fund, withheld on payments made to the Trust or paid by the Trust on behalf of Fund shareholders (if any of such foreign income taxes are so paid, incurred or withheld). U.S. Shareholders must include in their gross income, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, both their share of the Fund’s items of income and gain and also their share of the amount which is deemed to be the shareholder’s portion of foreign income taxes paid with respect to, or withheld from interest or other income derived by, the Fund. U.S. Shareholders may then subtract from their U.S. federal income tax the amount of such taxes withheld, or else treat such foreign taxes as deductions from gross income; however, as in the case of investors receiving income directly from foreign sources, the tax credit or deduction described above is subject to certain limitations. Even if the shareholder is unable to claim a credit, he or she must include all amounts described above in income. U.S. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers regarding this election and its consequences to them.

 

41
 

 

Tax Shelter Disclosure Rules

 

There are circumstances under which certain transactions must be disclosed to the IRS in a disclosure statement attached to a taxpayer’s U.S. federal income tax return. (A copy of such statement must also be sent to the IRS Office of Tax Shelter Analysis.) In addition, the Code imposes a requirement on certain “material advisers” to maintain a list of persons participating in such transactions, which list must be furnished to the IRS upon written request. These provisions can apply to transactions not conventionally considered to involve abusive tax planning. Consequently, it is possible that such disclosure could be required by the Fund or the shareholders (1) if a shareholder incurs a loss (in each case, in excess of a threshold computed without regard to offsetting gains or other income or limitations) from the disposition (including by way of withdrawal) of Shares, or (2) possibly in other circumstances. Further, the Fund’s material advisers could be required to maintain a list of persons investing in that Fund pursuant to the Code. While the tax shelter disclosure rules generally do not apply to a loss recognized on the disposition of an asset in which the taxpayer has a qualifying basis (generally a basis equal to the amount of cash paid by the taxpayer for such asset), such rules will apply to a taxpayer recognizing a loss with respect to interests in a pass-through entity (such as the Shares) even if its basis in such interests is equal to the amount of cash it paid. In addition, significant penalties may be imposed in connection with a failure to comply with these reporting requirements. U.S. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers regarding the tax shelter disclosure rules and their possible application to them.

 

U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers concerning any tax reporting or filing obligations they may have as a result of their acquisition, ownership or disposition of Shares.

 

Non-U.S. Shareholders

 

Except as described below, the Fund anticipates that a non-U.S. Shareholder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such shareholder’s distributive share of the Fund’s income, provided that such income is not considered to be income of the shareholder that is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. In the case of an individual non-U.S. Shareholder, such shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains on the sale of Shares in the Fund’s or such shareholder’s distributive share of gains if such shareholder is present in the United States for 183 days or more during a taxable year and certain other conditions are met.

 

If the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by a non-U.S. Shareholder (and, if certain income tax treaties apply, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment), then such shareholder’s shares of any income and any gains realized upon the sale or exchange of Shares will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens and residents and domestic corporations. Non-U.S. Shareholders that are corporations may also be subject to a 30% U.S. branch profits tax (or lower treaty rate, if applicable) on their effectively connected earnings and profits that are not timely reinvested in a U.S. trade or business. If the Fund has any “effectively connected income,” then a non-U.S. Shareholder would also be subject to a 10% withholding tax upon a sale or exchange of such non-U.S. Shareholder’s Shares. The IRS has temporarily suspended this withholding for interests in publicly traded partnership until Regulations implementing such withholding are issued.

 

To the extent any interest income allocated to a non-U.S. Shareholder is considered “portfolio interest,” generally neither the allocation of such interest income to the non-U.S. Shareholder nor a subsequent distribution of such interest income to the non-U.S. Shareholder will be subject to withholding, provided that the non-U.S. Shareholder is not otherwise engaged in a trade or business in the United States and provides the Fund with a timely and properly completed and executed IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E or other applicable form. In general, “portfolio interest” is interest paid on debt obligations issued in registered form, unless the “recipient” owns 10% or more of the voting power of the issuer.

 

42
 

 

Non-U.S. Shareholders that are individuals will be subject to U.S. federal state tax on the value of U.S. situs property owned at the time of their death (unless a statutory exemption or tax treaty exemption applies). It is unclear whether partnership interests such as the Shares will be considered U.S. situs property. Accordingly, non-U.S. Shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal estate tax on all or part of the value of the Shares owned at the time of their death.

 

Non-U.S. Shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Shares.

 

Foreign Account Tax Compliance

 

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance provisions of the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (“FATCA”) generally impose a reporting and 30% withholding tax regime with respect to certain items of U.S. source income (including dividends and interest) (“Withholdable Payments”). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations, the U.S. Treasury Department has indicated its intent to eliminate the requirements under FATCA of withholding on gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of property that can produce U.S. source interest or dividends. The U.S. Treasury Department has indicated that taxpayers may rely on these proposed regulations pending their finalization.

 

As a general matter, the rules are designed to require U.S. persons’ direct and indirect ownership of non-U.S. accounts and non-U.S. entities to be reported to the IRS. The 30% withholding tax regime applies if there is a failure to provide required information concerning U.S. ownership. The withholding rules generally apply to Withholdable Payments.

 

The rules may subject a non-U.S. Shareholder’s share of Withholdable Payments received by the Fund to 30% withholding tax unless such shareholder provides information, representations and waivers of non-U.S. law as may be required to comply with the provisions of the rules, including information regarding certain U.S. direct and indirect owners of such non-U.S. Shareholder. A non-U.S. Shareholder that is treated as a “foreign financial institution” will generally be subject to withholding unless it agrees to report certain information to the IRS regarding its U.S. accountholders and those of its affiliates.

 

Prospective shareholders should consult their own advisers regarding the requirements under FATCA with respect to their own situation.

 

Regulated Investment Companies

 

The treatment of a RIC’s investment in the Fund will depend, in part, on whether the Fund is classified as a qualified publicly traded partnership (“PTP”) for purposes of the RIC rules. RICs are only allowed to invest up to 25% of their assets in qualified PTPs and to treat gross income and gross gains derived from such investments as qualifying income for purposes of certain rules relevant to determining whether an entity qualifies as a RIC. Similarly, interests in a qualified PTP are treated as issued by such PTP and a RIC is not required to look through to the underlying partnership assets when testing compliance with certain asset diversification or gross income tests applicable to determining whether an entity qualified as a RIC. On the other hand, an investment by a RIC in a publicly traded partnership that is not a qualified PTP is not counted against the 25% limit on a RIC’s investments in qualified PTPs and the RIC is treated as owning its proportionate share of the partnership’s gross assets and earning its proportionate share of the partnership’s gross income and gross gains for purposes of the asset and income tests relevant to determining whether an entity qualifies as a RIC.

 

It is intended that the Fund is and will continue to be a qualified PTP. Prospective RIC investors should consult a tax adviser regarding the treatment of an investment in the Fund under current tax rules and in light of their particular circumstances.

 

Tax-Exempt Organizations

 

An organization that is otherwise exempt from U.S. federal income tax is nonetheless subject to taxation with respect to its “unrelated business taxable income,” or UBTI, to the extent that its UBTI from all sources exceeds $1,000 in any taxable year. Except as noted below with respect to certain categories of exempt income, UBTI generally includes income or gain derived (either directly or through a partnership) from a trade or business, the conduct of which is substantially unrelated to the exercise or performance of the organization’s exempt purpose or function.

 

43
 

 

Generally, UBTI does not include passive investment income, such as dividends, interest and capital gains, whether realized by the organization directly or indirectly through a partnership (such as the Fund) in which it is a partner. This type of income is exempt, subject to the discussion of “unrelated debt-financed income” below, even if it is realized from securities-trading activity that constitutes a trade or business.

 

UBTI includes not only trade or business income or gain as described above, but also “unrelated debt-financed income.” This latter type of income generally consists of (1) income derived by an exempt organization (directly or through a partnership) from income producing property with respect to which there is “acquisition indebtedness” at any time during the taxable year and (2) gains derived by an exempt organization (directly or through a partnership) from the disposition of property with respect to which there is acquisition indebtedness at any time during the 12-month period ending with the date of the disposition. The Fund does not expect to incur a significant amount of acquisition indebtedness with respect to its assets.

 

To the extent the Fund recognizes gain from property with respect to which there is “acquisition indebtedness,” the portion of the gain that will be treated as UBTI will be equal to the amount of the gain multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the highest amount of the “acquisition indebtedness” with respect to the property during the 12-month period ending with the date of their disposition, and the denominator of which is the “average amount of the adjusted basis” of the property during the period that such property is held by the Fund during the taxable year. In determining the unrelated debt-financed income of the Fund, an allocable portion of deductions directly connected with the Fund’s debt-financed property will be taken into account. In making such a determination, for instance, a portion of losses from debt-financed securities (determined in the manner described above for evaluation the portion of any gain that would be treated as UBTI) would offset gains treated as UBTI. Any tax-exempt shareholder that recognizes UBTI will be required to compute such UBTI separately for each line of unrelated business if such shareholder has more than one unrelated trade or business. A charitable remainder trust is subject to a 100% federal excise tax on any UBTI that it earns; in view of the potential for UBTI, the Shares may not be a suitable investment for a charitable remainder trust.

 

Certain tax-exempt shareholders that are private educational institutions will be subject to a 1.4% excise tax on their net investment income.

 

Certain State and Local Taxation Matters

 

Prospective shareholders should consider, in addition to the U.S. federal income tax consequences described above, the potential state and local tax consequences of investing the Shares.

 

State and local laws often differ from U.S. federal income tax laws with respect to the treatment of specific items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit. A shareholder’s distributive share of the taxable income or loss of the Fund generally will be required to be included in determining the shareholder’s reportable income for state and local tax purposes in the jurisdiction in which the shareholder is a resident. The Fund may conduct business in one or more jurisdictions that will subject a shareholder to a tax (and require a shareholder to file an income tax return with the jurisdiction with respect to the shareholder’s share of the income derived from that business). A prospective shareholder should consult its tax adviser with respect to the availability of credit for such tax in the jurisdiction in which the shareholder is resident.

 

Backup Withholding

 

In certain circumstances, shareholders may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments paid to them if they do not establish that they are exempt from the backup withholding rules or if they do not furnish their correct taxpayer identification number (in the case of individuals, their social security number) and certain certifications, or who are otherwise subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld from payments made to an investor may be refunded or credited against an investor’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS.

 

44
 

 

Shareholders should be aware that certain aspects of the U.S. federal, state and local income tax treatment regarding the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares are not clear under existing law. Thus, shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisers to determine the consequences of ownership of the Shares in their particular circumstances, including the application of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax laws.

 

PART TWO:

GENERAL POOL DISCLOSURE

 

This prospectus has two parts: the offered series disclosure and the general pool disclosure. These parts are
bound together and are incomplete if not distributed together to prospective participants.

 

USE OF PROCEEDS

 

Substantially all the proceeds of the offering of the Shares of the Fund are, or will be, used to make portfolio investments in a manner consistent with its investment objective. The Fund will also hold cash or cash equivalents such as U.S. Treasury securities or other high credit quality, short-term fixed income or similar securities (such as shares of money market funds) as collateral for financial instruments and pending investment in financial instruments. To the extent that the Fund does not invest the proceeds of the offering of the Shares in the manner described above on the day such proceeds are received, such proceeds may be deposited with the Custodian.

 

The Sponsor, a registered commodity pool operator, is responsible for the cash management activities of the Fund, including investing in cash equivalents that may be used as margin for the Fund’s portfolio holdings.

 

WHO MAY SUBSCRIBE

 

Only Authorized Participants may create or redeem Creation Units. Each Authorized Participant must (1) be a registered broker-dealer or other securities market participant such as a bank or other financial institution which is not required to register as a broker-dealer to engage in securities transactions, (2) be a participant in the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), and (3) have entered into an agreement with the Trust and the Sponsor (an Authorized Participant Agreement).

 

CREATION AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES

 

The Fund creates and redeems, or will create and redeem, Shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Units. A Creation Units is expected to be a block of 50,000 Shares of the Fund. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities.

 

The manner by which Creation Units are purchased and redeemed is governed by the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement and Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook. By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deposit cash with the Custodian of the Fund (unless as provided otherwise in this Prospectus).

 

If permitted by the Sponsor in its sole discretion, an Authorized Participant also agrees to enter into or arrange for an exchange of futures for related position (“EFCRP”) or block trade with the Fund whereby the Authorized Participant would also transfer to the Fund a number and type of exchange-traded futures contracts at or near the closing settlement price for such contracts on the purchase order date. Similarly, the Sponsor in its sole discretion may agree with an Authorized Participant to use an exchange of futures for related position to effect an order to redeem Creation Units.

 

An EFCRP is a technique permitted by the rules of the applicable futures exchange that, as used by the Fund in the Sponsor’s discretion, would allow the Fund to take a position in a futures contract from an Authorized Participant, of given futures contracts to an Authorized Participant, in the case of a redemption, rather than to enter the futures exchange markets to obtain such a position. An EFCRP by itself will not change either party’s net risk position materially. Because the futures position that the Fund would otherwise need to take to meet its investment objective can be obtained without unnecessarily impacting the financial or futures markets or their pricing, EFCRP can generally be viewed as transactions beneficial to the Fund. A block trade is a technique that permits the Fund to obtain a futures position without going through the market auction system and can generally be viewed as a transaction beneficial to the Fund.

 

45
 

 

Authorized Participants pay a fixed transaction fee up to $500 in connection with each order to create or redeem a Creation Unit to compensate The Nottingham Company, a North Carolina business corporation (the “Administrator”) as the Administrator, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as the Custodian and Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC, a North Carolina limited liability company (the “Transfer Agent”), as the Transfer Agent, of the Fund and its Shares, for services in processing the creation and redemption of Creation Units and to offset the costs of increasing or decreasing derivative positions.

 

Authorized Participants may sell the Shares included in the Creation Units they purchase from the Fund to other investors.

 

The form of Authorized Participant Agreement and the related Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook set forth the procedures for the creation and redemption of Creation Units and for the payment of cash required for such creations and redemptions. The Sponsor may delegate its duties and obligations under the form of Authorized Participant Agreement to Capital Investment Group, Inc. (the “Distributor”), or the Administrator without consent from any shareholder or Authorized Participant. The form of Authorized Participant Agreement and the related procedures attached thereto may be amended by the Sponsor without the consent of any shareholder or Authorized Participant. Authorized Participants who purchase Creation Units from the Fund receive no fees, commissions or other form of compensation or inducement of any kind from either the Sponsor or the Fund, and no such person has any obligation or responsibility to the Sponsor or the Fund to effect any sale or resale of Shares.

 

Authorized Participants are cautioned that some of their activities will result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner which will render them statutory underwriters and subject them to prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), as described in “Plan of Distribution.”

 

Each Authorized Participant must be registered as a broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”) and regulated by FINRA, or exempt from being, or otherwise not required to be, so regulated or registered, and must be qualified to act as a broker or dealer in the states or other jurisdictions where the nature of its business so requires. Certain Authorized Participants may be regulated under federal and state banking laws and regulations. Each Authorized Participant must have its own set of rules and procedures, internal controls and information barriers as it determines is appropriate in light of its own regulatory regime.

 

Authorized Participants may act for their own accounts or as agents for broker-dealers, custodians and other securities market participants that wish to create or redeem Creation Units.

 

Persons interested in purchasing Creation Units should contact the Sponsor or the Administrator to obtain the contact information for the Authorized Participants. Shareholders who are not Authorized Participants are only able to redeem their Shares through an Authorized Participant.

 

Pursuant to the Authorized Participant Agreement, the Trust agreed to indemnify the Authorized Participants against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the 1933 Act, and to contribute to the payments the Authorized Participants may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

 

The following description of the procedures for the creation and redemption of Creation Units is only a summary and an investor should refer to the relevant provisions of the Trust Agreement and the form of Authorized Participant Agreement for more detail. The Trust Agreement and the form of Authorized Participant Agreement will be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part.

 

46
 

 

Creation Procedures

 

On any Business Day, an Authorized Participant may place an order with the Distributor to create one or more Creation Units. For purposes of processing both purchase and redemption orders, a “Business Day” means any day on which the NAV of the Fund is determined.

 

Purchase orders must be placed by the cutoff time shown on page 5. The cut-off time may be earlier if, for example, the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund closes before the cut-off time. If a purchase order is received prior to the applicable cutoff time, the day on which the Distributor receives a valid purchase order is the purchase order date. If the purchase order is received after the applicable cut-off time, the purchase order date will be the next business day. Purchase orders are irrevocable. By placing a purchase order, and prior to delivery of such Creation Units, an Authorized Participant’s DTC account will be charged the nonrefundable transaction fee due for the purchase order.

 

Determination of Required Payment

 

The total payment required to create each Creation Unit is the NAV of the Shares required for such Creation Unit, which is expected to be 50,000 Shares of the Fund on the purchase order date plus the applicable transaction fee.

 

Delivery of Cash

 

Cash required for settlement will typically be transferred to the Custodian through: (1) the Continuous Net Settlement (“CNS”) clearing process of the National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”), as such processes have been enhanced to effect creations and redemptions of Creation Units; or (2) the facilities of DTC on a Delivery Versus Payment (“DVP”) basis, which is the procedure in which the buyer’s payment for securities is due at the time of delivery. Security delivery and payment are simultaneous. If the Custodian does not receive the cash by the market close on the first Business Day following the purchase order date (T+1), such order may be charged interest for delayed settlement or cancelled. The Sponsor reserves the right to extend the deadline for the Custodian to receive the cash required for settlement up to the second Business Day following the purchase order date (T+2). If a purchaser order is cancelled, the Authorized Participant will be responsible for reimbursing the Fund for all costs associated with cancelling the order including costs for repositioning the portfolio. At its sole discretion, the Sponsor may agree to a delivery date other than T+2. Additional fees may apply for special settlement. The Creation Units will be delivered to the Authorized Participant upon the Custodian’s receipt of the purchase amount.

 

Delivery of Exchange of Futures Contract for Related position (“EFCRP”) Futures Contracts or Block Trades

 

If the Sponsor shall have determined to permit the Authorized Participant to transfer futures contracts pursuant to an EFCRP or to engage in a block trade purchase of futures contracts from the Authorized Participant with respect to a Fund, as well as to deliver cash, in the creation process, futures contracts required for settlement must be transferred directly to the Fund’s account at its FCM. If the cash is not received by the market close on the second Business day following the purchase order date (T+2); such order may be charged interest for delayed settlements or cancelled. If a purchase order is cancelled, the Authorized Participant will be responsible for reimbursing the Fund for all costs associated with cancelling the order including costs for repositioning the portfolio. At its sole discretion, the Sponsor may agree to a delivery date other than T+2. The Creation Units will be delivered to the Authorized Participant upon the Custodian’s receipt of the cash purchase amount and the futures contracts.

 

Suspension or Rejection of Purchase Orders

 

The Sponsor may in its discretion suspend the right of repurchase, or postpone the purchase settlement date: (1) for any period during which any of the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund is closed or when trading is suspended or restricted on such exchanges in any Fund’s portfolio investments; (2) for any period during which an emergency exists, including significantly adverse market, political or other circumstances, as a result of which the fulfillment of a purchase order is not reasonably practicable; or (3) for such other period as the Sponsor determines to be necessary for the protection of the shareholders. The Sponsor will not be liable to any person in any way for any loss or damages that may result from any such suspension or postponement.

 

47
 

 

The Sponsor also may reject a purchase order if:

 

  It determines that the purchase order is not in proper form;
  The Sponsor believes that the purchase order would have adverse tax consequences to the Fund or its shareholders;
  The order would be illegal; or
  Circumstances outside the control of the Sponsor make it, for all practical purposes, not feasible to process creations of Creation Units.

 

None of the Sponsor, the Administrator or the Custodian will be liable for the suspension or rejection of any purchase order.

 

Redemption Procedures

 

The procedures by which an Authorized Participant can redeem one or more Creation Units mirror the procedures for the creation of Creation Units. On any Business Day, an Authorized Participant may place an order with the Distributor to redeem one or more Creation Units. Redemption order must be received prior to the applicable cut-off time shown on page 5. The cut-off time may be earlier if, for example, the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund closes before the cut-off time. If a redemption order is received prior to the applicable cut-off time, the day on which the Distributor receives a valid redemption order is the redemption order date. If the redemption order is received after the applicable cutoff time, the redemption order date will be the next day. Redemption orders are irrevocable. Individual shareholders may not redeem directly from the Fund.

 

By placing a redemption order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deliver the Creation Units to be redeemed through DTC’s book-entry system to the Fund not later than noon (Eastern Time), on the first Business Day immediately following the redemption order date (T+1). The Sponsor reserves the right to extend the deadline for the Fund to receive the Creation Units required for settlement up to the second Business Day following the redemption order date (T+2). By placing a redemption order, and prior to receipt of the redemption proceeds, an Authorized Participant must wire to the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the redemption order or any proceeds due will be reduced by the amount of the fee payable. At its sole discretion, the Sponsor may agree to a delivery date other than T+2. Additional fees may apply for special settlement.

 

Determination of Redemption Proceeds

 

The redemption proceeds from the Fund consist of the cash redemption amount and, if permitted by the Sponsor in its sole discretion with respect to the Fund, an EFCRP or block trade with the Fund as described in “Creation and Redemption of Shares” above. The cash redemption amount is equal to the NAV of the number of Creation Unit(s) of the Fund requested in the Authorized Participant’s redemption order as of the time of the calculation of the Fund’s NAV on the redemption order date, less transaction fees and any amounts attributable to any applicable EFCRP or block trade.

 

Delivery of Redemption Proceeds

 

The redemption proceeds due from the Fund are delivered to the Authorized Participant at noon (Eastern Time), on the third Business Day immediately following the redemption order date if, by such time on such Business Day immediately following the redemption order date, a Fund’s DTC account has been credited with the Creation Units to be redeemed. The Fund should be credited through: (1) the CNS clearing process of NSCC, as such processes have been enhanced to effect creations and redemptions of Creation Units; or (2) the facilities of DTC on a Delivery Versus Payment basis. If the Fund’s DTC account has not been credited with all the Creation Units to be redeemed by such time, the redemption distribution is delivered to the extent whole Creation Units are received. Any remainder of the redemption distribution is delivered on the next Business Day to the extent any remaining whole Creation Units are received if (i) the Sponsor receives the fee applicable to the extension of the redemption distribution date which the Sponsor may, from time to time, determine and (ii) the remaining Creation Units to be redeemed are credited to the Fund’s DTC account by noon (Eastern Time), on such next Business Day. Any further outstanding amount of the redemption order may be cancelled. The Authorized Participant will be responsible for reimbursing the Fund for all costs associated with cancelling the order including costs for repositioning the portfolio.

 

48
 

 

The Sponsor is also authorized to deliver the redemption distribution despite that the Creation Units to be redeemed are not credited to the Fund’s DTC account by noon (Eastern Time), on the third Business Day immediately following the redemption order date if the Authorized Participant has collateralized its obligation to deliver the Creation Units through DTC’s book-entry system on such terms as the Sponsor may determine from time to time.

 

Suspension or Rejection of Redemption Orders

 

The Sponsor may in its discretion suspend the right of redemption or postpone the redemption settlement date: (1) for any period during which any of the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund is closed or when trading is suspended or restricted on such exchanges in any of the Fund portfolio investments; (2) for any period during which an emergency exists, including significantly adverse market, political or other circumstances, as a result of which the redemption distribution is not reasonably practicable; or (3) for such other period as the Sponsor determines to be necessary for the protection of the shareholders. The Sponsor will not be liable to any person or in any way for any loss or damages that may result from any such suspension or postponement.

 

The Sponsor may reject a redemption order if the order is not in proper form as described in the form of Authorized Participant Agreement or if the fulfillment of the order might be unlawful.

 

Creation and Redemption Transaction Fee

 

To compensate the Transfer Agent for services in processing the creation and redemption of Creation Units and to offset some or all the transaction costs, an Authorized Participant may be required to pay a fixed transaction fee to the Transfer Agent of up to $500 per order to create or redeem Creation Units. An order may include multiple Creation Units. The transaction fee(s) may be reduced, increased or otherwise changed by the Sponsor at its sole discretion.

 

Special Settlement

 

The Sponsor may allow for early settlement of purchase or redemption orders. Such arrangements may result in additional charges to the Authorized Participant.

 

LITIGATION

 

As of the date of this Prospectus, there is no pending legal proceeding to which the Trust or the Fund is a claimant or defendant or which any of their property is subject.

 

As of the date of this Prospectus, there are no material administrative, civil or criminal actions, whether pending or concluded, within ten years preceding the date of the Prospectus, against the Sponsor.

 

From time to time Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush”) and its respective principals may be involved in numerous legal actions, some of which individually and all of which in the aggregate, seek significant or indeterminate damages.

 

DESCRIPTION OF THE SHARES; THE FUND; CERTAIN MATERIAL TERMS OF THE TRUST AGREEMENT

 

The following summary describes in brief the Shares and certain aspects of the operation of the Trust, the Fund, and the respective responsibilities of the Trustee and the Sponsor concerning the Trust and the material terms of the Trust Agreement. Prospective investors should carefully review the Trust Agreement filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part and consult with their own advisers concerning the implications to such prospective subscribers of investing in a series of a Delaware statutory trust. Capitalized terms used in this section and not otherwise defined shall have such meanings assigned to them under the Trust Agreement.

 

49
 

 

Description of the Shares

 

The Fund issues, or will issue, common units of beneficial interest, or Shares, which represent units of fractional undivided beneficial interest in and ownership of the Fund.

 

The Shares may be purchased from the Fund or redeemed on a continuous basis, but only by Authorized Participants and only in Creation Units. Individual Shares may not be purchased or redeemed from the Fund. Shareholders that are not Authorized Participants may not purchase or redeem any Shares or Creation Units from the Fund.

 

Principal Office; Location of Records; Fiscal Year

 

The Trust is organized as a statutory trust under the DSTA. The Trust is managed by the Sponsor, whose office is located at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654.

 

The books and records of the Fund are maintained as follows: all marketing materials are maintained at the offices of the Distributor at 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27609; Telephone: (919) 831-2370. Creation Unit creation and redemption books and records, certain financial books and records and certain trading and related documents received from FCM(s) are maintained by the Administrator, 1116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804.

 

All other books and records of the Fund are maintained at the Fund’s principal office, c/o Dynamic Shares LLC, 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654.

 

Certain Trust books and records are available for inspection and copying (upon payment of reasonable reproduction costs) by Fund shareholders or their representatives for purposes reasonably related to such shareholder’s interest as a beneficial owner during regular business hours as provided in the Trust Agreement. The Sponsor will maintain and preserve the Trust’s books and records for a period of not less than six years.

 

The fiscal year of the Fund ends on December 31 of each year.

 

The Fund

 

The Trust is formed and operated in a manner such that the Fund is liable only for obligations attributable to the Fund and shareholders of the Fund are not subject to the losses or liabilities of any other series of the Trust. If any creditor or shareholder in a series asserted against a series a valid claim with respect to its indebtedness or Shares, the creditor or shareholder would only be able to recover money from that particular series and its assets.

 

Accordingly, the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses, or collectively, claims, incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing solely with respect to a particular series are enforceable only against the assets of that series, and not against any other series of the Trust or the Trust generally, or any of their respective assets. The assets of each series include only those funds and other assets that are paid to, held by or distributed to the series on account of and for the benefit of that series, including, without limitation, funds delivered to the Trust for the purchase of Shares or Creation Units in a series. This limitation on liability is referred to as the “Inter-Series Limitation on Liability.” The Inter-Series Limitation on Liability is expressly provided for under the DSTA, which provides that if certain conditions (as set forth in Section 3804(a)) are met, then the debts of any particular series will be enforceable only against the assets of such series and not against the assets of any other series of the Trust or the Trust generally.

 

The Trustee

 

Wilmington Trust, National Association, a national banking association, is the sole Trustee of the Trust. The rights and duties of the Trustee and the Sponsor with respect to the offering of the Shares and Fund management and the shareholders are governed by the provisions of the DSTA and by the Trust Agreement. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the DSTA. The Trustee does not owe any other duties to the Trust, the Sponsor or the shareholders of the Fund. The Trustee’s principal place of business in the State of Delaware is located at Rodney Square North, 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890-0001. The Trustee is unaffiliated with the Sponsor.

 

50
 

 

The Trustee is permitted to resign upon at least 60 days’ notice to the Trust, provided, that any such resignation will not be effective until a successor Trustee is appointed by the Sponsor. The Trustee is compensated by the Fund and is indemnified by the Fund against any expenses it incurs relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Fund, or the performance of its duties pursuant to the Trust Agreement, except to the extent that such expenses result from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Trustee. The Sponsor has the discretion to replace the Trustee.

 

Only the assets of the Trust and the Sponsor are subject to issuer liability under the federal securities laws for the information contained in this Prospectus and under federal securities laws with respect to the issuance and sale of the Shares. Under such laws, neither the Trustee, either in its capacity as Trustee or in its individual capacity, nor any director, officer or controlling person of the Trustee is, or has any liability as, the issuer or a director, officer or controlling person of the issuer of the Shares. The Trustee’s liability in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares is limited solely to the express obligations of the Trustee set forth in the Trust Agreement.

 

Under the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor has exclusive management and control of all aspects of the Trust’s business. The Trustee has no duty or liability to supervise the performance of the Sponsor, nor will the Trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of the Sponsor. The shareholders have no voice in the day-to-day management of the business and operations of the Fund and the Trust, other than certain limited voting rights as set forth in the Trust Agreement. In the course of its management of the business and affairs of the Fund and the Trust, the Sponsor may, in its sole and absolute discretion, appoint an affiliate or affiliates of the Sponsor as additional sponsors and retain such persons, including affiliates of the Sponsor, as it deems necessary to effectuate and carry out the purposes, business and objectives of the Trust.

 

Because the Trustee has no authority over the Trust’s operations, the Trustee itself is not registered in any capacity with the CFTC.

 

The Sponsor

 

Dynamic Shares LLC is the Sponsor of the Trust, the Fund, and any other series of the Trust. As noted above, the Sponsor has exclusive management and control of all aspects of the business of the Fund. The Trustee has no duty or liability to supervise the performance of the Sponsor, nor will the Trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of the Sponsor.

 

The Sponsor will serve as the Trust’s commodity pool operator.

 

Specifically, with respect to the Trust, the Sponsor:

 

  Selects the Fund’s service providers;
  Negotiates various agreements and fees;
  Performs such other services as the Sponsor believes that the Trust may require from time to time;
  Selects the FCM and financial instrument counterparties;
  Manages the Fund’s portfolio of other assets, including cash equivalents; and
  Manages the Fund with a view toward achieving the Fund’s investment objective.

 

The Shares are not deposits or other obligations of the Sponsor, the Trustee or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates or any other bank, are not guaranteed by the Sponsor, the Trustee or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates or any other bank and are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency. An investment in the Shares of the Fund offered hereby is speculative and involves a high degree of risk.

 

The principal office of the Sponsor is located at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654. The telephone number of the Sponsor is (678) 834-4218.

 

51
 

 

Background and Principals

 

The Sponsor will serve as both commodity pool operator of the Trust and the Fund. The Sponsor is registered as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC and is a member in good standing of the NFA. As a registered commodity pool operator, with respect to the Trust, the Sponsor must comply with various regulatory requirements under the CEA, and the rules and regulations of the CFTC and the NFA, including investor protection requirements, antifraud prohibitions, disclosure requirements, and reporting and recordkeeping requirements. The Sponsor will also be subject to periodic inspections and audits by the CFTC and NFA. Its principal place of business is 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654, telephone number (678) 834-4218. The registration of the Sponsor with the CFTC and its membership in the NFA must not be taken as an indication that either the CFTC or the NFA has recommended or approved the Sponsor, the Trust and the Fund.

 

In its future capacity as a commodity pool operator, the Sponsor will be an organization which operates or solicits funds for commodity pools; that is, an enterprise in which funds contributed by a number of persons are combined for the purpose of trading futures contracts.

 

Executive Officers of the Trust and Principals and Significant Employees of the Sponsor

 

Name   Position
Weixuan Zhang   Chief Executive Officer of the Trust and Member of the Sponsor
Xinyu Jiang   Chief Financial Officer of the Trust and Manager of the Sponsor

 

The following is a biographical summary of the experience of the principals and significant employees of the Sponsor.

 

Weixuan Zhang. Mr. Weixuan Zhang is the Founder of the Trust and has served as Chief Executive Officer of the Trust since March 21, 2019. Mr. Zhang’s responsibilities include day-to-day portfolio management of the Fund and oversight of all aspects of the Trust. In addition, Mr. Zhang has served as a member of the Sponsor since June 4, 2018. Mr. Zhang is a registered associated person and an NFA associate member of the Sponsor. From July 1, 2017 through October 15, 2018, Mr. Zhang served as an intern at Arb Trading Group (Prop Trading firm). From June 15, 2016 through May 21, 2017, Mr. Zhang was a graduate student at the University of Notre Dame graduating with a Master of Science in Management. From August 23, 2012 through May 15, 2016, Mr. Zhang was a student at Emory University graduating with a major in Philosophy.

 

Xinyu Jiang. Ms. Xinyu Jiang has served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Trust since March 21, 2019. Ms. Jiang’s responsibilities include oversight of the financial matters of the Trust and the Sponsor. In addition, Ms. Jiang has served as a Chief Financial Officer and Manager of the Sponsor since June 22, 2018. From July 1, 2015 through June 21, 2018, Ms. Jiang was pursuing personal interests and was not employed. From August 23, 2012 through June 30, 2015, Ms. Jiang was a student at Emory University graduating with a major in Economics.

 

Duties of the Sponsor

 

The general fiduciary duties which would otherwise be imposed on the Sponsor (which would make its operation of the Trust as described herein impracticable due to the strict prohibition imposed by such duties on, for example, conflicts of interest on behalf of a fiduciary in its dealings with its beneficiaries), are replaced by the terms of the Trust Agreement (to which terms all shareholders, by subscribing to the Shares, are deemed to consent).

 

The Trust Agreement provides that the Sponsor and its affiliates shall have no liability to the Trust or to any shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust arising out of any action or inaction of the Sponsor or its affiliates or their respective directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, managers or employees (the “Sponsor Related Parties”), if the Sponsor Related Parties, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interest of the Fund and such course of conduct did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct by the Sponsor Related Parties. The Trust has agreed to indemnify the Sponsor Related Parties against claims, losses or liabilities based on their conduct relating to the Trust, provided that the conduct resulting in the claims, losses or liabilities for which indemnify is sought did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct and was done in good faith and in a manner reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the Trust.

 

Under Delaware law, a beneficial owner of a statutory trust (such as a shareholder of the Fund) may, under certain circumstances, institute legal action on behalf of himself and all other similarly situated beneficial owners (a “class action”) to recover damages for violations of fiduciary duties, or on behalf of a statutory trust (a “derivative action”) to recover damages from a third party where there has been a failure or refusal to institute proceedings to recover such damages. In addition, beneficial owners may have the right, subject to certain legal requirements, to bring class actions in federal court to enforce their rights under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the SEC. Beneficial owners who have suffered losses in connection with the purchase or sale of their beneficial interests may be able to recover such losses from the Sponsor where the losses result from a violation by the Sponsor of the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws.

 

52
 

 

Under certain circumstances, shareholders also have the right to institute a reparations proceeding before the CFTC against the Sponsor, in its capacity as the registered commodity pool operator, an FCM, as well as those of their respective employees who are required to be registered under the CEA, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Private rights of action are conferred by the CEA. Investors in futures and in commodity pools may, therefore, invoke the protections provided thereunder.

 

The foregoing summary describing in general terms the remedies available to shareholders under federal law is based on statutes, rules and decisions as of the date of this Prospectus. As this is a rapidly developing and changing area of the law, shareholders who believe that they may have a legal cause of action against any of the foregoing parties should consult their own counsel as to their evaluation of the status of the applicable law at such time.

 

Related Party Transactions

 

The Sponsor, who may be deemed “related person” of the Fund under Item 404 of Regulation S-K adopted by the SEC, is entitled to receive compensation from the Fund for certain services it provides to the Fund. See “Description of the Shares; The Fund; Certain Material Terms of the Trust Agreement – The Sponsor” in this prospectus for a description of the services provided by the Sponsor and the compensation payable to it.

 

Ownership or Beneficial Interest in the Fund

 

The Sponsor currently owns five Shares in the Fund. None of the principals of the Sponsor have an ownership or beneficial interest in the Fund.

 

The Sponsor and its principals reserve the right to trade commodity interests for their own accounts. Fund investors will not be permitted to inspect the records of such person’s trades or any written policies related to such trading.

 

Management; Voting by Shareholders

 

The shareholders of the Fund take no part in the management or control and have no voice in the Trust’s operations or business.

 

The Sponsor has the right unilaterally to amend the Trust Agreement as it applies to the Fund, provided that the shareholders have the right to vote only if expressly required under Delaware or federal law or rules or regulations of the Exchange, or if submitted to the shareholders by the Sponsor in its sole discretion. No amendment affecting the Trustee shall be binding upon or effective against the Trustee unless consented to by the Trustee in writing.

 

Executive Compensation

 

The Fund has no employees, officers or directors and is managed by the Sponsor. None of the directors or officers of the Sponsor receive compensation from the Fund. The Sponsor receives a Management Fee equal to 1.85% per year of the Fund’s average daily net assets, paid monthly in arrears.

 

Recognition of the Trust and the Fund in Certain States

 

A number of states do not have “statutory trust” statutes such as that under which the Trust has been formed in the State of Delaware. It is possible, although unlikely, that a court in such a state could hold that, due to the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary in such jurisdiction, the shareholders, although entitled under Delaware law to the same limitation on personal liability as stockholders in a private corporation for profit organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, are not so entitled in such state.

 

53
 

 

Possible Repayment of Distributions Received by Shareholders

 

The Shares are limited liability investments; investors may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, shareholders of the Fund could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of the Fund any distribution they received at a time when the Fund was in fact insolvent or in violation of the Trust Agreement.

 

Shares Freely Transferable

 

We anticipate that the Shares of the Fund, which have been approved for listing and trading on the NYSE Arca, will provide institutional and retail investors with direct access to the Fund. The Fund’s Shares may be bought and sold on the NYSE Arca like any other exchange-listed security.

 

Book-Entry Form

 

Individual certificates will not be issued for the Shares. Instead, global certificates are deposited by the Trust with DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for DTC. The global certificates evidence all of the Shares outstanding at any time.

 

Under the Trust Agreement, shareholders are limited to (1) participants in DTC such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies (“DTC Participants”), (2) those who maintain, either directly or indirectly, a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant (“Indirect Participants”), and (3) those banks, brokers, dealers, trust companies and others who hold interests in the Shares through DTC Participants or Indirect Participants. The Shares are only transferable through the book-entry system of DTC. Shareholders who are not DTC Participants may transfer their Shares though DTC by instructing the DTC Participant holding their Shares (or by instructing the Indirect Participant or other entity through which their Shares are held) to transfer the Shares. Transfers are made in accordance with standard securities industry practice.

 

Reports to Shareholders

 

The Sponsor will furnish an annual report of the Fund in the manner required by the rules and regulations of the SEC as well as those reports required by the CFTC and the NFA, including, but not limited to, annual audited financial statements of the Fund examined and certified by independent registered public accountants and any other reports required by any other governmental authority that has jurisdiction over the activity of the Fund. Monthly account statements conforming to CFTC and NFA requirements will be posted on the Sponsor’s website at www.dynamicsharesetf.com. Shareholders of record will also be provided with appropriate information to permit them to file U.S. federal and state income tax returns with respect to Shares held. Additional reports may be posted on the Sponsor’s website at the discretion of the Sponsor or as required by regulatory authorities.

 

The Sponsor will notify shareholders of any change in the fees paid by the Trust or of any material changes to the Fund by filing with the SEC a supplement to this Prospectus and a Form 8-K, as applicable, which will be publicly available at www.sec.gov and at the Sponsor’s website at www.dynamicsharesetf.com. Any such notification will include a description of shareholder’s voting rights.

 

Net Asset Value (“NAV”)

 

The NAV in respect of the Fund, means the total assets of that Fund, including but not limited to all cash and cash equivalents or other debt securities less total liabilities of the Fund, consistently applied under the accrual method of accounting. In particular, NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open financial instruments, and any other credit or debit accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund. The NAV per Share of the Fund is computed by dividing the value of the net assets of the Fund (i.e. the value of its total assets less total liabilities) by its total number of Shares outstanding. Expenses and fees are accrued daily and taken into account for purposes of determining NAV. The Fund’s NAV is calculated on each day other than a day when the Exchange is closed for regular trading. The Fund computes its NAV only once each trading day as of the time set forth below (the “NAV Calculation Time”), except for the following. The Fund may calculate its NAV as of an earlier time if the Exchange or other exchange material to the valuation or operation of the Fund closes early.

 

54
 

 

Fund   NAV Calculation Time
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF   4:15 p.m. (Eastern Time)

 

Futures contracts traded on a U.S. exchange are calculated at their then current market value, which typically is based upon the settlement price or the last traded price before the NAV time for that particular futures contract.

 

In certain circumstances (e.g. if the Sponsor believes market quotations do not accurately reflect the fair value of a Fund investment, or a trading halt closes an exchange or market early), the Sponsor may, in its sole discretion, choose to determine a fair value price as the basis for determining the market value of such position for such day. Such fair value prices would generally be determined based on available inputs about the current underlying reference assets and would be based on principles that the Sponsor deems fair and equitable.

 

The Funds may use a variety of money market instruments to invest excess cash. Money market instruments used in this capacity generally will be valued using market prices or at amortized cost.

 

Indicative Optimized Portfolio Value (“IOPV”)

 

The IOPV is an indicator of the value of the Fund’s net assets at the time the IOPV is disseminated. The IOPV is calculated and disseminated every 15 seconds throughout the trading day. The IOPV is generally calculated using the prior day’s closing net assets of the Fund as a base and updating throughout the trading day changes in the value of the Financial Instruments held by the Fund. The IOPV should not be viewed as an actual real time update of the NAV because NAV is calculated only once at the end of each trading day. The IOPV also should not be viewed as a precise value of the Shares.

 

The NYSE Arca disseminates the IOPV. In addition, the IOPV is published on the NYSE Arca’s website and is available through on-line information services such as Bloomberg Finance L.P. and/or Reuters.

 

Termination Events

 

The Trust or the Fund may be dissolved at any time and for any reason by the Sponsor with written notice to the shareholders.

 

DISTRIBUTIONS

 

The Sponsor does not expect to make distributions. Depending on the Fund’s performance and an investor’s own tax situation, an investor’s income tax liability for the taxable year for his, her or its allocable share of the Fund’s net ordinary income or loss and capital gain or loss may exceed the capital gains an investor may realize from selling his, her or its Shares of the Fund in a taxable year.

 

THE ADMINISTRATOR

 

The Trust, on behalf of itself and on behalf of the Fund, has appointed The Nottingham Company as the Administrator of the Fund and The Nottingham Company will enter into a fund accounting and administration service agreement (the “Accounting and Administration Agreement”) with the Trust (for itself and on behalf of the Fund) and the Sponsor in connection therewith. In addition, The Nottingham Company will provide certain accounting services to the Fund pursuant to the Administration Agency Agreement.

 

The Administrator’s fees are paid on behalf of the Fund by the Sponsor.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Accounting and Administration Agreement and under the supervision and direction of the Sponsor, The Nottingham Company will prepare and file certain regulatory filings on behalf of the Fund. The Nottingham Company may also perform other services for the Fund pursuant to the Accounting and Administration Agreement as mutually agreed to from time to time.

 

The Administrator and any of its affiliates may from time to time purchase or sell Shares for their own account, as agent for their customers and for accounts over which they exercise investment discretion.

 

55
 

 

The Sponsor, on behalf of the Fund, is expected to retain the services of one or more additional service providers to assist with certain tax reporting requirements of the Fund and their shareholders.

 

THE CUSTODIAN

 

BMO Harris Bank N.A. will serve as the Custodian of the Fund and will enter into an institutional custody agreement (the “Institutional Custody Agreement”) with the Trust (for itself and on behalf of the Fund) in connection therewith.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Institutional Custody Agreement, the Custodian will be responsible for the holding and safekeeping of assets delivered to it by the Fund and performing various administrative duties in accordance with instructions delivered to the Custodian by the Fund. The Custodian’s fees are paid by the Trust and reimbursed by the Sponsor.

  

THE TRANSFER AGENT

 

Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC, will serve as the Transfer Agent of the Fund for Authorized Participants and will enter into a dividend disbursing and transfer agent agreement (the “Transfer Agent Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Transfer Agent Agreement, the Transfer Agent will be responsible for processing purchase and redemption orders and maintaining records of ownership of the Fund. The Transfer Agent fees are paid on behalf of the Fund by the Sponsor.

 

THE DISTRIBUTOR

 

Capital Investment Group, Inc., will serve as the Distributor of the Fund and will assist the Sponsor and the Administrator with functions and duties relating to distribution and marketing, which include the following: taking creation and redemption orders, and consulting with the marketing staff of the Sponsor and its affiliates with respect to compliance matters in connection with marketing efforts.

 

Capital Investment Group, Inc. will retain all marketing materials separately for the Fund, at 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27609; Telephone: (919) 831-2370.

 

The Sponsor pays the Distributor for performing its duties on behalf of the Fund.

 

THE SECURITIES DEPOSITORY; BOOK-ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM; GLOBAL SECURITY

 

DTC acts as securities depository for the Shares. DTC is a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of section 17A of the 1934 Act. DTC was created to hold securities of DTC Participants and to facilitate the clearance and settlement of transactions in such securities among the DTC Participants through electronic book-entry changes. This eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC Participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and certain other organizations, some of whom (and/or their representatives) own DTC. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly. DTC has agreed to administer its book-entry system in accordance with its rules and bylaws and the requirements of law.

 

Individual certificates will not be issued for the Shares. Instead, global certificates are signed by the Sponsor on behalf of the Fund, registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for DTC, and deposited with the Trust on behalf of DTC. The global certificates evidence all the Shares of the Fund outstanding at any time. The representations, undertakings and agreements made on the part of the Fund in the global certificates are made and intended for the purpose of binding only the Fund and not the Trustee or the Sponsor individually.

 

Upon the settlement date of any creation, transfer or redemption of Shares, DTC credits or debits, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the amount of the Shares so created, transferred or redeemed to the accounts of the appropriate DTC Participants. The Sponsor and the Authorized Participants designate the accounts to be credited and charged in the case of creation or redemption of Shares.

 

56
 

 

Beneficial ownership of the Shares is limited to DTC Participants, Indirect Participants and persons holding interests through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants. Owners of beneficial interests in the Shares is shown on, and the transfer of ownership is effected only through, records maintained by DTC (with respect to DTC Participants), the records of DTC Participants (with respect to Indirect Participants) and the records of Indirect Participants (with respect to shareholders that are not DTC Participants or Indirect Participants). Shareholders are expected to receive from or through the DTC Participant maintaining the account through which the shareholder has purchased their Shares a written confirmation relating to such purchase.

 

Shareholders that are not DTC Participants may transfer the Shares through DTC by instructing the DTC Participant or Indirect Participant through which the shareholders hold their Shares to transfer the Shares. Shareholders that are DTC Participants may transfer the Shares by instructing DTC in accordance with the rules of DTC. Transfers are made in accordance with standard securities industry practice.

 

DTC may decide to discontinue providing its service with respect to Creation Units and/or the Shares of the Fund by giving notice to the Trust and the Sponsor. Under such circumstances, the Sponsor will either find a replacement for DTC to perform its functions at a comparable cost or, if a replacement is unavailable, terminate the Fund.

 

The rights of the shareholders generally must be exercised by DTC Participants acting on their behalf in accordance with the rules and procedures of DTC. Because the Shares can only be held in book-entry form through DTC and DTC Participants, investors must rely on DTC, DTC Participants and any other financial intermediary through which they hold the Shares to receive the benefits and exercise the rights described in this section. Investors should consult with their broker or financial institution to find out about procedures and requirements for securities held in book-entry from through DTC.

 

SHARE SPLITS OR REVERSE SPLITS

 

If the Sponsor believes that the per Share price of the Fund in the secondary market has fallen outside a desirable trading price range, the Sponsor may direct the Trust to declare a split or reverse split in the number of Shares outstanding and, if necessary in the Sponsor’s opinion, to make a corresponding change in the number of Shares of the Fund constituting a Creation Unit.

 

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

 

Sponsor

 

In the course of providing services, the Sponsor may simultaneously recommend the sale of a particular investment position for one account while recommending the purchase of the same investment position for another account if such recommendations are consistent with each client’s investment strategies.

 

The Sponsor, its principals, managers, members, employees (and members of their families) and affiliates may participate directly or indirectly as investors in the Sponsor’s clients, such as the Fund. Thus, the Sponsor may recommend to clients the purchase or sale of investment positions in which it, or its principals, managers, members, employees, or related persons have a financial interest. The Sponsor may give advice and take actions in the performance of its duties to its clients that differ from the advice given or the timing and nature of actions taken, with respect to other clients’ accounts and/or employees’ accounts that may invest in some of the same investment positions recommended to clients.

 

In addition, the Sponsor, its affiliates and principals may trade for their own accounts. Consequently, non-customer and proprietary trades may be executed and cleared through any FCM or prime broker used by clients. It is possible that the Sponsor, including its members, managers and employees may buy or sell investment positions or other instruments that the Sponsor has recommended to, or purchased for, its clients, may trade ahead of client accounts, may receive preferential treatment and may engage in transactions for their own accounts in a manner that is inconsistent with the Sponsor’s recommendations to a client. Personal transactions by employees may raise potential conflicts of interest when such persons trade in an investment position that is owned by, or considered for purchase or sale for, a client. The Sponsor has adopted policies and procedures designed to detect and prevent such conflicts of interest and, when they do arise, to ensure that it effects transactions for clients in a manner that is consistent with any fiduciary duty owned by the Sponsor to its clients and in accordance with applicable law.

 

57
 

 

FCMs

 

An FCM or its affiliates may own stock in, or have some other form of ownership interest in, one or more U.S. or foreign exchanges or swap execution facilities (each, a “Trading Facility”) or CFTC-registered derivatives clearing organization (“Clearing House”) where the Fund’s transactions in futures (as defined in the CEA), or other commodity derivatives (“Contracts”) may be executed and/or cleared. As a result, an FCM or its affiliates may receive financial or other benefits related to its ownership interest when Contracts are executed on a given Trading Facility or cleared through a given Clearing House, and the FCM would, in such circumstances, have an incentive to cause Contracts to be executed on that Trading Facility or cleared by that Clearing House. In addition, employees and officers of an FCM or its affiliates may also serve on the board of directors or on one or more committees of a Trading Facility or Clearing House.

 

In addition, Trading Facilities and Clearing Houses may from time to time have in place other arrangements that provide their members or participants with volume, market-making or other discounts or credits, may call for members or participants to pre-pay fees based on volume thresholds, or may provide other incentive or arrangements that are intended to encourage market participants to trade on or direct trades to that Trading Facility or Clearing House. An FCM or its affiliates may participate in and obtain financial benefits from such incentive programs.

 

When providing execution services to the Fund (either in conjunction with clearing services or in an execution-only capacity), an FCM may direct orders to affiliated or unaffiliated market-makers, other executing firms, individual brokers or brokerage groups for execution. When such affiliated or unaffiliated parties are used, they may, where permitted, agree to price concessions, volume discounts or refunds, rebates or similar payments in return for receiving such business. Likewise, where permitted by law and the rules of the applicable Trading Facility, an FCM may solicit a counterparty to trade opposite your order or enter into transactions for its own account or the account of other counterparties that may, at times, be adverse to your interests in a Contract. In such circumstances, that counterparty may make payments and/or pay a commission to the FCM in connection with that transaction. The results of the Fund’s transactions may differ from the results achieved by the FCM for its own account, its affiliates, or for other customers.

 

In addition, where permitted by applicable law (including, where applicable, the rules of the applicable Trading Facility), an FCM, its directors, officers, employees and affiliates may act on the other side of the Fund’s order or transaction by the purchase or sale for an account, or the execution of a transaction with a counterparty, in which the FCM or a person affiliated with the FCM has a direct or indirect interest, or may effect any such order with a counterparty that provides the FCM or its affiliates with discounts related to fees for Contracts or other products. In cases where an FCM has offered the Fund a discounted commission or clearing fee for Contracts executed through the FCM as agent or with the FCM or its affiliate acting as counterparty, the FCM or its affiliates may be doing so because of the enhanced profit potential resulting from acting as executing broker or counterparty.

 

An FCM or its affiliates may act as, among other things, an investor, research provider, placement agent, underwriter, distributor, remarketing agent, structurer, securitizer, lender, investment manager, investment adviser, commodity trading advisor, municipal advisor, market maker, trader, prime broker or clearing broker. In those and other capacities, an FCM, its directors, officers, employees and affiliates may take or hold positions in, or advise other customers and counterparties concerning, or publish research or express a view with respect to, a Contract or with a related financial instrument that may not be consistent with, or may be contrary to, the Fund’s interests. Unless otherwise disclosed in writing, an FCM is not necessarily acting in the Fund’s best interest and are not assessing the suitability for the Fund of any Contract or related financial instrument. Acting in one or more of the capacities noted above may give an FCM or its affiliates access to information relating to markets, investments and products. An FCM and its affiliates are under no duty to make any such information available to the Sponsor, except to the extent the FCM has agreed in writing or as may be required under applicable law.

 

58
 

 

MATERIAL CONTRACTS

 

Accounting and Administration Agreement

 

The Nottingham Company will serve as the Fund’s Administrator pursuant to the terms of the Accounting and Administration Agreement to be entered into between the Trust, on behalf of itself and on behalf of the Fund, and the Administrator. The Administrator will perform and supervise the performance of services necessary for the operation and administration of the Fund (other than making investment decisions or providing services provided by other service providers), including the NAV calculations, accounting and other fund administrative services.

 

The Accounting and Administration Agreement is anticipated to have an initial term of three years, and after the initial term, will continue in effect unless earlier terminated. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Accounting and Administration Agreement may be terminated by (i) either party by giving not less than 90 day’s prior written notice; (ii) mutual written agreement of the parties; or (iii) for cause – in the event of willful misconduct, gross negligence, or breach of the agreement by the non-moving party, such termination will require at least 30 days’ prior written notice to the other party. Unless terminated for cause, the Administrator is entitled to a fee equal to either the compensation paid (or payable to) for the two months immediately prior to termination or to the compensation paid (or payable to) the Administrator for the three months immediately prior to termination in the case of a Fund liquidation. In its capacity as Administrator, The Nottingham Company is indemnified under the Accounting and Administration Agreement.

 

Transfer Agent Agreement

 

Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC (“NSS”) will serve as the Fund’s Transfer Agent. Pursuant to the Transfer Agent Agreement to be entered into among the Trust, on behalf of itself and on behalf of the Fund, and the Transfer Agent, the Transfer Agent will serve as the Fund’s transfer agent and agent in connection with certain other activities as provided under the Transfer Agent Agreement. Under the Transfer Agent Agreement, the Transfer Agent’s services will include, among other things, facilitating the performance of purchases and redemption of Creation Units, recording the issuance of Creation Units and maintaining a record of the total number of Creation Units that are authorized, issued and outstanding based upon data provided to the Transfer Agent by the Fund or the Sponsor.

 

The Transfer Agent Agreement will become effective on the date of the initial public offering of the Shares and shall continue in effect unless terminated by either party at any time by giving not less than 90 days’ prior written notice to the other party. In its capacity as Transfer Agent, NSS is indemnified under the Transfer Agent Agreement.

 

Institutional Custody Agreement

 

Custodian will serve as the Custodian of the Fund and will enter into an institutional custody agreement (the “Institutional Custody Agreement”) with the Trust (for itself and on behalf of the Fund) in connection therewith.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Institutional Custody Agreement, the Custodian will be responsible for the holding and safekeeping of assets delivered to it by the Fund and performing various administrative duties in accordance with instructions delivered to the Custodian by the Fund. The Custodian’s fees are paid by the Trust and reimbursed by the Sponsor.

 

Distribution Agreement

 

Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement between the Trust and Capital Investment Group, Inc. (“CIG”), CIG will assist the Sponsor and the Administrator with certain functions and duties relating to distribution and marketing of Shares including reviewing and approving marketing materials.

 

The Distribution Agreement will become effective on the date of the initial public offering of the Shares and shall continue through the second anniversary of its effective date, and thereafter from year to year unless terminated pursuant to its terms.

 

59
 

 

PURCHASES BY EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

 

General

 

The following section sets forth certain consequences under the Employee Retirement Incomes Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) and the Code, which a fiduciary of any “employee benefit plan” as defined in and subject to ERISA or of a “plan” as defined in and subject to Section 4975 of the Code who has investment discretion should consider before deciding to invest the plan’s assets the Fund (such “employee benefit plans” and “plan” being referred to herein as “Plans,” and such fiduciaries with investment discretion being referred to herein as “Plan Fiduciaries”). The following summary is not intended to be complete, but only to address certain questions under ERISA and the Code which are likely to be raised by the Plan Fiduciary’s own counsel.

 

In general, the terms “employee benefit plan” as defined in and subject to Title I of ERISA and “plan” as defined in Section 4975 of the Code together refer to any plan or account of various types which provide retirement benefits or welfare benefits to an individual or to an employer’s employees and their beneficiaries. Such plans and accounts include, but not are not limited to, corporate pension and profit-sharing plans, “simplified employee pension plans,” plans for self-employed individuals (including partners), individual retirement accounts described in Section 408 of the Code and medical plans.

 

Each Plan Fiduciary must give appropriate consideration to the facts and circumstances that are relevant to an investment in the Fund, which may include, among other things, the role that such an investment would paly in the Plan’s overall investment portfolio. Each Plan Fiduciary, before deciding to invest in the Fund, must be satisfied that such investment is prudent for the Plan, that the investments of the Plan, including the investment in the Fund, are diversified so as to minimize the risk of large losses and that an investment in the Fund complies with the Plan documents and the purchase will not result in any non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code.

 

EACH PLAN FIDUCIARY CONSIDERING ACQUIRING SHARES ON BEHALF OF A PLAN MUST CONSULT WITH ITS OWN LEGAL AND TAX ADVISORS BEFORE DOING SO. AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUND IS SPECULATIVE AND INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. THE FUND IS NOT INTENDED AS A COMPLETE INVESTMENT PROGRAM.

 

“Plan Assets”

 

ERISA and a regulation issued thereunder by the U.S. Department of Labor contain rules for determining when an investment by a Plan in an equity interest of an entity will result in the underlying assets of such entity being considered to constitute assets of the Plan for purposes of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code (i.e. “plan assets”). Those rules provide that assets of an entity will not be considered assets of a Plan which purchases an equity interest in the entity if one or more exceptions apply, including (1) an exception applicable if the equity interest purchased is a “publicly offered security” (the “Publicly Offered Security Exception”), and (2) an exception applicable if equity interests purchased by a plan are not significant.

 

The Publicly Offered Security Exception applies if the equity interest is a security that is (1) “freely transferable,” (2) part of a class of securities that is “widely held” and (3) either (a) part of a class of securities registered under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the 1934 Act, or (b) sold to the Plan as part of a public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act and the class of which such security is a part is registered under the 1934 Act within 120 days (or such later time as may be allowed by the SEC) after the end of the fiscal year of the issuer in which the offering of such security occurred.

 

The Trust expects that the Publicly Offered Security Exception should apply with respect to the Shares of the Fund.

 

60
 

 

Ineligible Purchasers

 

Among other considerations, Shares generally may not be purchased with the assets of a Plan if the Sponsor, the FCM(s) or any of their respective affiliates, any of their respective employees or any employees of their respective affiliates: (1) has investment discretion with respect to the investment of such plan assets; (2) has authority or responsibility to give or regularly gives investment advice with respect to such plan assets, for a fee, and pursuant to an agreement or understanding that such advice will serve as a primary basis for investment decisions with respect to such plan assets and that such advice will be based on the particular investment needs of the Plan; or (3) is an employer maintaining or contributing to such Plan. A party that is described in clause (1) or (2) of the preceding sentence would be a fiduciary under ERISA and the Code with respect to the Plan, and unless an exemption applies, any such purchase might result in a “prohibited transaction” under ERISA and the Code.

 

Except as otherwise set forth, the foregoing statements regarding the consequences under ERISA and the Code of an investment in Shares of the Fund are based on the provisions of the Code and ERISA as currently in effect, and the existing administrative and judicial interpretations thereunder. No assurance can be given that administrative, judicial or legislative changes will not occur that will not make the foregoing statements incorrect or incomplete.

 

THE PERSON WITH INVESTMENT DISCRETION SHOULD CONSULT WITH HIS OR HER ATTORNEY AND FINANCIAL ADVISORS AS TO THE PROPRIETY OF AN INVESTMENT IN SHARES IN LIGHT OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PARTICULAR PLAN AND CURRENT TAX LAW.

 

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

 

Buying and Selling Shares

 

Most investors buy and sell Shares in secondary market transactions through brokers. Shares of the Fund trade on the Exchange under the ticker symbol listed in this Prospectus. Shares are bought and sold throughout the trading day like other publicly traded securities. When buying or selling Shares through a broker, most investors incur customary brokerage commissions and charges.

 

Authorized Participants

 

The Fund continuously offers Shares in Creation Units to Authorized Participants. Shares of the Fund are to be offered to Authorized Participants in Creation Units at the Fund’s NAV.

 

Authorized Participants may offer to the public, from time to time, Shares of the Fund from any Creation Units they create. Shares of the Fund offered to the public by Authorized Participants are offered at a per Share market price that varies depending on, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares of the Fund on its Exchange, the NAV per Share and the supply of and demand for the Shares at the time of the offer. Shares initially comprising the same Creation Unit but offered by Authorized Participants to the public at different times may have different offering prices. Additionally, the price at which an Authorized Participant sells a Share may be higher or lower than the price paid by such Authorized Participant in connection with the creation of such Share in a Creation Unit. Authorized Participants do not receive from the Fund, the Sponsor or any of their affiliates, any fee or other compensation in connection with their sale of Shares to the public, although investors are expected to be charged a customary commission by their brokers in connection with the purchase and sale of Shares that varies from investor to investor. Investors are encouraged to review the terms of their brokerage accounts for applicable charges.

 

Likelihood of Becoming a Statutory Underwriter

 

The Fund issues Shares in Creation Units to Authorized Participants from time to time generally in exchange for cash. Because new Shares can be created and issued on an ongoing basis at any point during the life of the Fund, a “distribution,” as such term is used in the 1933 Act, will be occurring. An Authorized Participant, other broker-dealer firm or its client will be deemed a statutory underwriter, and thus will be subject to the prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the 1933 Act, if it purchased a Creation Unit from the Fund, broke the Creation Unit down into the constituent Shares and sold the Shares to its customers; or if it chose to couple the creation of a supply of new Shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary market demand for the Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter must take into account all the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer or its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that will lead to categorization as an underwriter. Authorized Participants, other broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some of their activities will result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner which will render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the 1933 Act.

 

61
 

 

Dealers who are neither Authorized Participants nor “underwriters” but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted to ordinary secondary trading transactions), and thus dealing with Shares that are part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of section 4(a)(3)(C) of the 1933 Act, would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by section 4(a)(3) of the 1933 Act.

 

General

 

Retail investors may purchase and sell Shares through traditional brokerage accounts. Investors who purchase Shares through a commission/fee based brokerage account may pay commissions/fees charged by the brokerage account. Investors are encouraged to review the terms of their brokerage accounts for applicable charges.

 

The offering of Creation Units is being made in compliance with FINRA Rule 2310. Accordingly, the Authorized Participants may not make any sales to any account over which they have discretionary authority without the prior written approval of a purchaser of Shares. In any event, the maximum amount of all items of value, including compensation paid from the offering proceeds and in the form of “trail commissions,” to be paid to FINRA members in connection with the offering of the Shares by the Fund will not exceed 10% of gross offering proceeds.

 

LEGAL MATTERS

 

Malik Law Group LLC has advised the Sponsor in connection with the Shares being offered. Malik Law Group LLC also advised the Sponsor with respect to its responsibilities as sponsor of, and with respect to matters relating to, the Trust and the Fund. Malik Law Group LLC has prepared the sections “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” and “Purchases by Employee Benefit Plans” with respect to ERISA. Malik Law Group LLC has not represented, nor will it represent, the Trust, the Fund or the shareholders in matters relating to the Trust or the Fund and no other counsel has been engaged to act on their behalf.

 

Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. has represented the Trust in connection with the legality of the Shares being offered hereby.

 

Certain opinions of counsel have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part.

 

EXPERTS

 

The statements of financial condition of the Trust and the Fund as of December 31, 2019, included in this prospectus has been audited by BBD, LLP, an independent auditor, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and have been so included in reliance upon the report of such firm, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

 

APPOINTMENT OF AUDITOR

 

On May 11, 2019, the Trust and the Fund appointed BBD, LLP, as their independent registered public accounting firm. BBD, LLP, audited the statements of financial condition of the Trust and the Fund as of December 31, 2019, which have been included in this prospectus. Prior to engaging BBD, LLP, as their independent auditor, the Trust and the Fund did not have an independent auditor to audit their financial statements.

 

62
 

 

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

The Trust has filed a Registration Statement on Form S-1 with the SEC under the 1933 Act. This Prospectus constitutes part of the Registration Statement filed by the Trust for itself and on behalf of each Fund. This Prospectus, which is a part of the Registration Statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in such Registration Statement, certain portions of which have been omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, including, without limitation, certain exhibits thereto (for example, the form of the Authorized Participant Agreement). The descriptions contained herein of agreements included as exhibits to the Registration Statement are necessarily summaries and may not be complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached to or incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement for copies of the actual contract or document.

 

The registration statement on Form S-1, of which this prospectus forms a part, including exhibits, is available at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file with, or furnish to, the SEC at its public reference facilities:

 

  Public Reference Room Office
  100 F Street, N.E.
  Room 1580
  Washington, D.C. 20549

 

You may also obtain copies of the documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Callers in the United States can also call (202) 551-8090 for further information on the operations of the public reference facilities.

 

PRIVACY POLICY

 

The Trust’s Commitment to Investors

 

The Sponsor and the Trust are committed to respecting the privacy of personal information investors entrust to the Trust in the course of doing business.

 

The Information the Trust Collects About Investors

 

The Sponsor, on behalf of the Trust, collects non-public personal information from various sources. For instance, forms may include names, addresses, and social security numbers. The Funds receive information from transactions in investors’ accounts, including account balances, and from correspondence between investors and the Fund or third parties, such as the Fund’s service providers. The Sponsor, on behalf of the Fund, uses such information provided by investors or their representatives to process transactions, to respond to inquiries from investors, to deliver reports, products, and services, and to fulfill legal and regulatory requirements.

 

How the Trust Handles Investors’ Personal Information

 

The Sponsor does not disclose any non-public personal information about investors to anyone unless permitted by law or approved by the affected investor. The Sponsor may share information about investors with certain third parties who are not affiliated with the Trust to process or service a transaction that investors have requested or as permitted by law. For example, sharing information with non-affiliated third parties that maintain or service investors’ accounts for the Fund is essential.

 

The Sponsor may also share information with companies that perform administrative or marketing services for the Fund including research firms. When the Fund enters into such a relationship, such third parties’ use of customer’s information is restricted, and they are prohibited from sharing it or using it for any purposes other than those for which they were hired. The Sponsor also requires service providers to maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards that comply with federal standards to guard investors’ non-public personal information.

 

How the Trust Safeguards Investors’ Personal Information

 

The Sponsor maintains physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect investors’ personal information. Within the Fund, access to personal information is restricted to those employees who require access to that information to provide products or services to customers such as processing transactions and handling inquiries. Use of customer information is restricted and customer information is required to be held in strict confidence.

 

The Sponsor will adhere to the policies and practices described in this notice for both current and former customers of the Fund.

 

63
 

 

FUTURES COMMISSION MERCHANTS

 

The Fund intends to use Wedbush, in its capacity as a registered FCM, as its FCM. Wedbush, in its capacity as a registered FCM, serves as a clearing broker to the Trust and the Fund and as such arranges for the execution and clearing of the Funds’ futures transactions. Wedbush acts as clearing broker for many other funds and individuals. A variety of executing brokers may execute futures transactions on behalf of the Fund. The executing brokers will give up all such transactions to Wedbush, as applicable.

 

Investors should be advised that Wedbush is not affiliated with and does not act as a supervisor of the Fund or the Fund’s commodity pool operators, commodity trading advisors, investment managers, trustees, general partners, administrators, transfer agents, registrars or organizers, as applicable. Additionally, Wedbush, in its capacity as FCM, is not acting as an underwriter or sponsor of the offering of any Shares or interests in the Funds and has not passed upon the merits of participating in this offering.

 

Wedbush has not passed upon the adequacy of this Prospectus or on the accuracy of the information contained herein. Additionally, Wedbush does not provide any commodity trading advice regarding the Funds’ trading activities. Investors should not rely upon Wedbush in deciding whether to invest in the Fund or retain their interests in the Fund. Investors should also note that the Funds may select additional clearing brokers or replace Wedbush as the Fund’s clearing broker.

 

Litigation and Regulatory Disclosure Relating to FCM(s)

 

Wedbush Securities Inc. (Wedbush)

 

Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush,” “Wedbsuh Futures,” or “Company”), a California corporation, is registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) as a Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”). The Company is a clearing member of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The Company maintains its principal place of business at 1000 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 900, Los Angeles, CA 90017.

 

Commodity Futures Trading Commission Regulation 1.55(k)(7) requires Wedbush Futures to disclose any material administrative, civil, enforcement or criminal complaints or actions filed against FCM where such complaints or actions have not concluded, and any enforcement complaints or actions filed against FCM during the last three years.

 

Wedbush Futures is a division of Wedbush Securities Inc. Wedbush Securities Inc. is also a broker-dealer registered with FINRA and the SEC.

 

Such issues and actions may be found at the following websites:

 

Wedbush Securities Inc. – Find actions at http://www.finra.org. This link will take you to the FINRA homepage. At this page, there is a box on the right-side where you can enter “Wedbush Securities Inc.” and click “Firm” and then click on the first option. You will be transferred to FINRA’s information specific to Wedbush Securities Inc. Click on “Get Detailed Report” and scroll down the report to the section entitled “Disclosure Events” (the page # is listed on the first page of this report) for the full list of regulatory, criminal and judicial proceedings.

 

Additional actions can be found at http://www.nfa.futures.org/basicnet/welcome.aspx This link will take you to the Welcome Page of the NFA’s Background Affiliation Status Information Center (“BASIC”). At this page, there is a box where you can enter the NFA ID of Wedbush Securities Inc. (86156) and then click “Go”. You will be transferred to the NFA’s information specific to Wedbush Securities Inc. Under the heading “Regulatory Actions”, click “details” and you will be directed to the full list of regulatory actions brought by the CFTC and exchanges. Also see the following link for additional information: https://www.wedbush.com/sites/default/files/WS_%20Fincond_2016-06- 30.pdf

 

64
 

 

Recent Regulatory Actions

 

Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities, Inc. neither admitted nor denied the rule violations upon which the penalty is based, on December 10, 2015, the Clearing House Risk Committee found that Wedbush Securities, Inc. violated CBOT Rules 970.C.2 and 971.A. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Clearing House Risk Committee fined Wedbush Securities, Inc. $75,000.

 

A subcommittee of the ICE Exchange’s Business Conduct Committee determined that Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush”) may have violated Exchange Rule 6.15(a) by failing to report large trader positions in multiple instances during the following two time periods: January 2015 through April 2015 and September 2015 through October 2015. The subcommittee further determined that Wedbush may have violated Exchange Rule 4.01 by failing to have an adequate process or procedure in place to discover errors in reporting large trader positions to the Exchange. The Committee fined Wedbush Securities $20,000.

 

Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush”) neither admitted nor denied the rule violations upon which the penalty is based, on March 28, 2017, a Panel of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Business Conduct Committee (“Panel”) found that between March 2015 and January 2016, Market Regulation staff issued requests to Wedbush for the production of records, documents and information related to regulatory inquiries. Wedbush, acting principally through its former Chief Compliance Officer, failed to respond in a timely manner to numerous requests. The Panel concluded that Wedbush thereby violated CME Rules 432.L.3 and 432.W. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Panel ordered Wedbush to pay a fine of $55,000

 

Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities Inc. neither admitted nor denied the rule violations upon which the penalty is based, on March 30, 2017, the Clearing House Risk Committee found that Wedbush Securities Inc.. violated CBOT Rules 951., 958.C., 970.A., 970.A.1., 970.A.3.d., 970.C.2., 971.A., 980.B.3. and 980.C. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Committee imposed a $500,000 fine.

 

Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities Inc. neither admitted nor denied the rule violations upon which the penalty is based, a Subcommittee of the ICE US Business Conduct Committee (“BCC Subcommittee”) determined on May 21, 2017 that Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Wedbush”) may have violated Exchange Rule 2.21(a) by failing to submit a copy of the firm’s financial statement certified by an independent Certified Public account within the requisite time period. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Subcommittee ordered Wedbush to pay a fine of $10,000.

 

FINDINGS: Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities Inc. neither admitted nor denied the rule violations upon which the penalty is based, on June 28, 2018, the Clearing House Risk Committee found that Wedbush Securities Inc. violated CBOT Rules 951., 970.A., 971.A., 971.A.1. and 980.B. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Clearing House Risk Committee imposed a $100,000 fine.

 

Pursuant to an offer of settlement in which Wedbush Securities Inc. neither admitted nor denied the rule violation upon which the penalty is based, on November 29, 2018, the Clearing House Risk Committee found that Wedbush Securities Inc. violated CBOT Rule 980.B.3. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Committee imposed a $100,000 fine.

 

Potentially material actions that have not been concluded and are not noted above:

 

Chart Trading Development LLC v. Trade Station Group, Inc., et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern Division of Texas, Tyler Division, Case No. 6:15-CV-1136-JDL. This action names Wedbush, along with numerous other defendants, for direct and indirect infringement of certain U.S. patents allegedly owned by plaintiff. Litigation in the case has been stayed pending the outcome of a review by the US Patent and Trademark Office of the applicability of the relevant patents. It is not possible presently to estimate the potential for injunctive relief or loss, if any. We believe we have meritorious defenses to the allegations made and intend to defend the firm vigorously.

 

Joseph Semprini vs. Wedbush Securities Inc. filed with the Orange County California Superior Court, Case No. 30-2015-00776114-CU-OE-CXC. This is a Class Action Complaint for Damages, Injunctive Relief and Restitution by former Newport Beach F.A., Joseph Semprini. The Class is generally all current and former Wedbush California employees who, in the period within four years of the filing of the complaint, were subject to the same allegedly unlawful conduct as Semprini. The motion for class certification has been filed and briefed, and will be heard on June 2, 2017. The outcome of that motion will determine the future of this case. It is not possible presently to estimate the potential for any loss, if any. The firm believes it has meritorious defenses to the allegations made and intends to defend the firm vigorously.

 

65
 

 

INDEX TO

CERTAIN FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Dynamic Shares Trust  
Audited Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019  
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2
Statements of Financial Condition: F-3
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF and Dynamic Shares Trust  
Notes to Financial Statements F-4
Unaudited Financial Statements as of March 31, 2020  
Statements of Financial Condition: F-8
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF and Dynamic Shares Trust  
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements F-9

 

F-1
 

 

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

To the Sponsor and Trustee of Dynamic Shares Trust

And the Shareholder of Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

Opinion on the financial statements

 

We have audited the accompanying combined and individual statement of financial condition of Dynamic Shares Trust (the “Trust”) and Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (the “Fund”), a series of the Trust as of December 31, 2019 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the combined and individual financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the combined financial position of the Trust and the individual financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

Basis for opinion

 

The Trust’s management is responsible for the combined Trust’s and the individual Fund’s financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the combined Trust’s and the individual Fund’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust and Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the combined Trust’s and individual Fund’s financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Trust and Fund are not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Trust and Fund’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the combined Trust’s and individual Fund’s financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the combined Trust’s and individual Fund’s financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the combined Trust’s and individual Fund’s financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

/s/ BBD, LLP  
BBD, LLP  

 

We have served as the Trust and Fund’s auditor since 2019.

 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

May 8, 2020

 

F-2
 

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF

Statements of Financial Condition

As of December 31, 2019

 

   DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF   DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST (combined) 
         
Assets          
Cash  $100   $100 
Total assets  $100   $100 
           
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 7)          
           
Shareholder’s equity:          
Shareholder’s equity  $100   $100 
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity  $100   $100 
Shares issued and outstanding   5    5 
Net asset value per share  $20.00   $20.00 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

 

F-3
 

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF

Notes to Financial Statements

 

1. DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS

 

Dynamic Shares Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust formed on March 8, 2019 and is currently organized into separate series (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”). The Trust has not commenced operations as of December 31, 2019.

 

As of December 31, 2019, the Trust has one series of Funds: Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (the “Fund”). The Fund has not commenced investment activities nor issued Shares, other than those issued to Dynamic Shares LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Fund did not purchase or own financial instruments as of December 31, 2019. Other than the receipt of $100 for the issuance of 5 Shares at a price per Share of $20.00, there were no receipts or disbursements of cash to or from the Fund during this period. The Fund did not receive any revenue, capital gains (losses), or incur any expenses, during this time period and therefore, does not have any performance history.

 

The Fund’s investment exposure to VIX Futures Contracts will cause it to be deemed a commodity pool, thereby subjecting the Fund to regulation under the Commodity Exchange Act and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) rules. The Sponsor is in the process of registering as a Commodity Pool Operator (“CPO”) and the Fund will be operated in accordance with applicable CFTC rules. Registration as a CPO imposes additional compliance obligations on the Sponsor and the Fund related to additional laws, regulations and enforcement policies, which could increase compliance costs and may affect the operations and financial performance of the Fund.

 

The Sponsor is the sponsor of the Trust, the Fund, and any other series of the Trust. The Sponsor also will serve as the Trust’s commodity pool operator. The Funds are commodity pools, as defined under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”), and the applicable regulations of the CFTC and are operated by the Sponsor, which will be registered as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC before the effectiveness of its Registration Statement. The Trust is not an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Sponsor has not commenced operations as of December 31, 2019, except for the purchase of Shares of the Fund.

 

Going Concern Consideration

 

At December 31, 2019, the Fund expects to incur significant costs in pursuit of its financing and acquisition plans. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Fund’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management plans to address this uncertainty through a Proposed Offering as discussed in Note 3. There is no assurance that the Fund’s plans to raise capital will be successful. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

 

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 

The Fund is an investment company, as defined by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 946 “Financial Services — Investment Companies.” As such, the Fund follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance. The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed by the Fund, as applicable, in preparation of its financial statements. These policies are in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

 

Emerging growth company

 

The Trust is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. It will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the beginning of the first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of its initial public offering, (2) the beginning of the first fiscal year after annual gross revenue is $1.07 billion (subject to adjustment for inflation) or more, (3) the date on which the Fund has, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities and (4) as of the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of common equity held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million as of the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year.

 

F-4
 

 

For as long as the Trust remains an “emerging growth company,” it may take advantage of certain exemptions from the various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and financial statements in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote to approve executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. The Trust will take advantage of these reporting exemptions until it is no longer an “emerging growth company.”

 

Basis of presentation

 

Pursuant to rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), audited financial statements are presented for the Trust, as the SEC registrant, and for each Fund individually. The debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular Fund shall be enforceable only against the assets of such Fund and not against the assets of the Trust generally or any other Fund. Accordingly, the assets of one Fund of the Trust include only those funds and other assets that are paid to, held by or distributed to the Trust for the purchase of Shares in that Fund.

 

The accompanying financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in conformity with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

 

Use of estimates

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

 

Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

 

Financial Instruments

 

The Fund will have significant exposure to one or more types of financial instruments, each of which will be recorded on a trade date basis and at fair value in the financial statements, with changes in fair value reported in the Statement of Operations.

 

The use of fair value to measure financial instruments, with related unrealized gains or losses recognized in earnings in each period, will be fundamental to the Trust’s financial statements. The fair value of a financial instrument will be the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price).

 

Derivatives

 

Derivatives (e.g. futures) will generally be valued using independent sources and/or agreements with counterparties or other procedures as determined by the Sponsor. Futures contracts will generally be valued at the last settled price on the applicable exchange on which that future trades. Futures contracts entered into by the Fund will be valued at the last sales price prior to the time at which the NAV for the Fund is determined. If there was no sale on that day, the Sponsor may, in its sole discretion, choose to determine a fair value price as the basis for determining the market value of such position for such day. Such fair value prices would generally be determined based on available inputs about the current value of the underlying and would be based on principles that the Sponsor deems fair and equitable so long as such principles are consistent with normal industry standards.

 

F-5
 

 

Fair value pricing may require subjective determinations about the value of an investment. While the Fund’s policy is intended to result in a calculation of its NAV that fairly reflects investment values as of the time of pricing, the Fund cannot ensure that fair values determined by the Sponsor or persons acting at their direction would accurately reflect the price that they could obtain for an investment if it were to dispose of that investment as of the time of pricing (for instance, in a forced or distressed sale). The prices used by the Fund may differ from the value that would be realized if the investments were sold and the differences could be material to the financial statements.

 

Realized gains (losses)

 

Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized gain (loss) on open positions will be determined on a specific identification basis and will be recognized in the Statement of Operations in the period in which the contract is closed or the changes occur, respectively.

 

Federal Income Tax

 

The Fund is registered as a series of a Delaware statutory trust and is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, the Fund does not expect to incur U.S. federal income tax liability; rather, each beneficial owner of a Fund’s Shares is required to take into account its allocable share of its Fund’s income, gain, loss, deductions and other items for its Fund’s taxable year ending with or within the beneficial owner’s taxable year.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

 

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies, removes and adds certain disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 removes the requirements to disclose the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between Levels, the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements and changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in earnings for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 includes modified requirements to disclose transfers into and out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and purchases and sales of Level 3 assets and liabilities in lieu of a Level 3 rollforward. For investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, ASU 2018-13 requires an entity to disclose the timing of liquidation of the investee’s assets. ASU 2018-13 is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Trust is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-13 on its financial statements.

 

3. PROPOSED OFFERING

 

Pursuant to the Proposed Offering, the Trust will offer for sale Common Units of Beneficial Interest (the “Shares”) at an offering price per Share of $20.00, up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $100,000,000.

 

4. MANAGEMENT FEE

 

The Fund pays the Sponsor a management fee (the “Management Fee”), monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to 1.85% per annum of its average daily NAV.

 

The Sponsor will pay routine operational, administration and other ordinary expenses of the Fund, generally, as determined by the Sponsor, including but not limited to fees and expenses of the administrator, custodian (by reimbursing the Trust), distributor and transfer agent, licensors, accounting and audit fees and expenses, tax preparation expenses, legal fees not in excess of $100,000 per annum, ongoing registration fees not exceeding 0.021% per annum of the net assets of the Fund, Financial Industrial Regulatory, Inc. (“FINRA”) filing fees, individual Schedule K-1 preparation and mailing fees not exceeding 0.10% per annum of the net assets of the Fund and report preparation and mailing expenses. The Fund is responsible for legal fees in excess of $100,000 per annum, ongoing registration fees exceeding 0.021% per annum of the net assets of the Fund and individual Schedule K-1 preparation and mailing fees exceeding 0.10% per annum of the net assets of the Fund.

 

F-6
 

 

Non-recurring fees and expenses will be paid by the Fund, if any, as determined by the Sponsor. Non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses are fees and expenses which are unexpected or unusual in nature, such as legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs or indemnification or other unanticipated expenses. Extraordinary fees and expenses also include material expenses which are not currently anticipated obligations of the Fund.

 

5. OFFERING COSTS

 

The Sponsor is responsible for the offering costs of the Fund. Normal and expected expenses incurred in connection with the continuous offering of the Shares of the Fund are paid by the Sponsor.

 

6. CREATION AND REDEMPTION OF CREATION UNITS

 

The Fund creates and redeems, or will create and redeem, Shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Units. A Creation Unit is a block of 50,000 Shares of the Fund. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities.

 

Transaction Fees on Creation and Redemption Transactions

 

The manner by which Creation Units are purchased and redeemed is dictated by the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement and Authorized Participant Handbook. By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deposit cash with the Custodian of the Fund. If permitted by the Sponsor in its sole discretion, an Authorized Participant also agrees to enter into or arrange for an exchange of futures for related position or block trade with the Fund whereby the Authorized Participant would also transfer to the Fund a number and type of exchange-traded futures contracts at or near the closing settlement price for such contracts on the purchase order date. Similarly, the Sponsor in its sole discretion may agree with an Authorized Participant to use an exchange of futures for related position to effect an order to redeem Creation Units.

 

Authorized Participants pay a fixed transaction fee up to $500 in connection with each order to create or redeem a Creation Unit to compensate The Nottingham Company, a North Carolina business corporation (the “Administrator”) as the Administrator, the Custodian and the Transfer Agent of the Fund and its Shares, for services in processing the creation and redemption of Creation Units and to offset the costs of increasing or decreasing derivative positions. The Sponsor provides such Authorized Participant with prompt notice in advance of any such waiver or adjustment of the transaction fee. Authorized Participants may sell the Shares included in the Creation Units they purchase from the Fund to other investors.

 

7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

 

There are no commitment or contingencies required to be disclosed as of December 31, 2019.

 

8. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

 

The Trust evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date that the financial statements were available for issuance for potential recognition or disclosure. There were no material events that occurred between the balance sheet date and the date that the financial statements were available for issuance to be disclosed as subsequent events or that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements.

 

F-7
 

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF

Unaudited Statements of Financial Condition

As of March 31, 2020

 

   DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF   DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST (combined) 
         
Assets          
Cash  $100   $100 
Total assets  $100   $100 
           
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 7)          
           
Shareholder’s equity:          
Shareholder’s equity  $100   $100 
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity  $100   $100 
Shares issued and outstanding   5    5 
Net asset value per share  $20.00   $20.00 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

  

F-8
 

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

DYNAMIC SHORT SHORT-TERM VOLATILITY FUTURES ETF

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements

 

1. Condensed Unaudited Financial Statements

 

The accompanying interim financial statements have been prepared without an audit. In the opinion of the Sponsor, all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, operations, and cash flows as of and for the period ended March 31, 2020, and for all periods presented herein, have been made. The Trust has not commenced operations as of March 31, 2020.

 

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States have been condensed or omitted. It is suggested that these condensed unaudited financial statements be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Trust’s December 31, 2019, audited financial statements.

 

2. Significant Accounting Policies

 

The accounting policies applied by the Trust in these condensed interim financial statements are the same as those applied by the Trust in its audited financial statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

 

3. PROPOSED OFFERING

 

Pursuant to the Proposed Offering, the Trust will offer for sale Common Units of Beneficial Interest (the “Shares”) at an offering price per Share of $20.00, up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $100,000,000.

 

4. MANAGEMENT FEE

 

The Fund pays the Sponsor a management fee (the “Management Fee”), monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to 1.85% per annum of its average daily NAV.

 

The Sponsor will pay routine operational, administration and other ordinary expenses of the Fund, generally, as determined by the Sponsor, including but not limited to fees and expenses of the administrator, custodian (by reimbursing the Trust), distributor and transfer agent, licensors, accounting and audit fees and expenses, tax preparation expenses, legal fees not in excess of $100,000 per annum, ongoing registration fees not exceeding 0.021% per annum of the net assets of the Fund, Financial Industrial Regulatory, Inc. (“FINRA”) filing fees, individual Schedule K-1 preparation and mailing fees not exceeding 0.10% per annum of the net assets of the Fund and report preparation and mailing expenses. The Fund is responsible for legal fees in excess of $100,000 per annum, ongoing registration fees exceeding 0.021% per annum of the net assets of the Fund and individual Schedule K-1 preparation and mailing fees exceeding 0.10% per annum of the net assets of the Fund.

 

Non-recurring fees and expenses will be paid by the Fund, if any, as determined by the Sponsor. Non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses are fees and expenses which are unexpected or unusual in nature, such as legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs or indemnification or other unanticipated expenses. Extraordinary fees and expenses also include material expenses which are not currently anticipated obligations of the Fund.

 

5. OFFERING COSTS

 

The Sponsor is responsible for the offering costs of the Fund. Normal and expected expenses incurred in connection with the continuous offering of the Shares of the Fund are paid by the Sponsor.

 

6. CREATION AND REDEMPTION OF CREATION UNITS

 

The Fund creates and redeems, or will create and redeem, Shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Units. A Creation Unit is a block of 50,000 Shares of the Fund. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities.

 

Transaction Fees on Creation and Redemption Transactions

 

The manner by which Creation Units are purchased and redeemed is dictated by the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement and Authorized Participant Handbook. By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deposit cash with the Custodian of the Fund. If permitted by the Sponsor in its sole discretion, an Authorized Participant also agrees to enter into or arrange for an exchange of futures for related position or block trade with the Fund whereby the Authorized Participant would also transfer to the Fund a number and type of exchange-traded futures contracts at or near the closing settlement price for such contracts on the purchase order date. Similarly, the Sponsor in its sole discretion may agree with an Authorized Participant to use an exchange of futures for related position to effect an order to redeem Creation Units.

 

Authorized Participants pay a fixed transaction fee up to $500 in connection with each order to create or redeem a Creation Unit to compensate The Nottingham Company, a North Carolina business corporation (the “Administrator”) as the Administrator, the Custodian and the Transfer Agent of the Fund and its Shares, for services in processing the creation and redemption of Creation Units and to offset the costs of increasing or decreasing derivative positions. The Sponsor provides such Authorized Participant with prompt notice in advance of any such waiver or adjustment of the transaction fee. Authorized Participants may sell the Shares included in the Creation Units they purchase from the Fund to other investors.

 

7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

 

There are no commitment or contingencies required to be disclosed as of March 31, 2020.

 

8. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

 

The Trust evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date that the financial statements were available for issuance for potential recognition or disclosure. There were no material events that occurred between the balance sheet date and the date that the financial statements were available for issuance to be disclosed as subsequent events or that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements.

 

F-9
 

 

THE SPONSOR DOES NOT HAVE A PERFORMANCE HISTORY.

 

Appendix A – Glossary of Defined Terms

 

The Glossary below defines certain of the terms and meanings used throughout this Prospectus. Each term also is defined the first time it is used in this Prospectus.

 

1933 Act   Securities Act of 1933, as amended
     
1934 Act   Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
     
1940 Act   Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended
     
Administrator   The Nottingham Company
     
Advisers Act   The Investment Advisers Act of 1940
     
Authorized Participant   Those who may purchase (i.e., create) or redeem Creation Units directly from the Funds
     
Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook   A handbook that details the procedures for placing and processing Purchase Orders and Redemption orders in Creation Units
     
Business Day   Any day other than a day when any of the NYSE Arca, the NYSE, the CBOE or the CFE division is closed for regular trading.
     
CBOE   Chicago Board Options Exchange
     
CBOT   Chicago Board of Trade
     
CEA   U.S. Commodity Exchange Act of 1936
     
CFE   CBOE Futures Exchange
     
CFTC   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission
     
CME   Chicago Mercantile Exchange
     
Creation Unit   A block of 50,000 Shares that is created for sale by the Trust to Authorized Participants and/or submitted to the Trust for redemption by an Authorized Participant.
     
Custodian   BMO Harris Bank N.A.
     
Distributor   Capital Investment Group, Inc.

 

66
 

 

DSTA   Delaware Statutory Trust Act
     
DTC   Depository Trust Company
     
FCM   Futures Commission Merchant
     
FINRA   Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
     
Financial Instrument   An instrument whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset, rate or benchmark, including futures contracts and other instruments.
     
Fund(s)   One or more of the series of the Trust offered herein.
     
ICE   Intercontinental Exchange
     
IRS   United States Internal Revenue Service
     
NAV   Net Asset Value
     
NFA   National Futures Association
     
NSCC   National Securities Clearing Corporation
     
NYSE   New York Stock Exchange
     
NYSE Arca   New York Stock Exchange Archipelago
     
PTP   Publicly traded partnership
     
S&P   Standard & Poor’s
     
SEC   United States Securities & Exchange Commission
     
Shares   Common units of beneficial interest that represent units of fractional undivided beneficial interest in and ownership of the Fund.
     
Sponsor   Dynamic Shares LLC
     
Transfer Agent   Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC
     
Trust   Dynamic Shares Trust
     
Trustee   Wilmington Trust, National Association
     
U.S.   United States of America
     
VIX Futures Contract   CBOE Volatility Index Futures Contract
     
VIX Index   CBOE Volatility Index

 

67
 

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

 

 

 

Common Units of Beneficial Interest

 

PROSPECTUS

 

Through and including ____________, 2020 (the 25th day after the date of this offering), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

 

 
 

 

PART II

 

Information Not Required in Prospectus

 

Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

 

The following chart reflects estimated amounts required to prepare and file this Registration Statement and complete the offering of the Shares registered hereby. All the expenses are estimates. All such expenses will be borne by the Sponsor.

 

Type  Amount 
SEC Registration Fee  $12,980.00 
Publishing/Edgar Agents  $5,000.00 
Printing and Mailing Costs  $7,900.00 
Accounting Fees and Expenses  $7,000.00 
Exchange Fees and Expenses  $10,000.00 
Legal Fees and Expenses  $100,000.00 
Total Expenses   $ 142,880.00  

  

Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

 

The Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of the Trust provides for, and as amended from time-to-time, will provide for, the indemnification of the Sponsor. The Sponsor (including Covered Persons as will be provided under each amended and restated Trust Agreement) shall be indemnified by the Trust (or any series (including the Fund) separately to the extent the matter in question relates to a single series or is otherwise disproportionate), against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with the defense or disposition of any action, suit or other proceeding, whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or legislative body, in which such Sponsor may be or may have been involved as a party or otherwise or with which such Sponsor may be or may have been threatened, while in office or thereafter, by reason of any alleged act or omission as the Sponsor or by reason of his or her being or having been the Sponsor except with respect to any matter as to which such Sponsor shall have been finally adjudicated in any such action, suit or other proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Sponsor’s action was in the best interests of the Trust and except that the Sponsor shall not be indemnified against any liability to the Trust or its shareholders by reason of willful misconduct or gross negligence of such Sponsor.

 

We have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than our payment of expenses incurred or paid by our Sponsor and Covered Persons or controlling person in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

Five Shares have been issued to the Sponsor at an aggregate purchase price of $100.

 

II-1
 

 

Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 

The following documents (unless otherwise indicated) are filed herewith and made a part of this Registration Statement:

 

(a) Exhibits. The following exhibit are filed herewith:

 

3.1 Trust Agreement dated March 8, 2019
4.1 Amended and Restated Trust Agreement dated April 21, 2020
4.2 Form of Authorized Participant Agreement
5.1 Opinion of Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. as to legality
8.1 Opinion of Malik Law Group LLC on tax matters
10.1 Form of Accounting and Administration Service Agreement
10.2 Form of Sponsor Agreement
10.3 Form of Dividend Disbursing and Transfer Agent Agreement
10.4 Form of Institutional Custody Agreement
10.5 Form of Distribution Agreement
10.6 Form of Futures Account Agreement
23.1 Consent of Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. (included in Exhibit 5.1).
23.2 Consent of Malik Law Group LLC (included in Exhibit 8.1).
23.3 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24.1 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Registration Statement).

 

(b)

The following financial statements are included in the Prospectus:

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

Audited Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Statements of Financial Condition

Notes to Financial Statements

   
 

Dynamic Shares Trust

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

Unaudited Financial Statements as of March 31, 2020

Unaudited Statements of Financial Condition

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements

 

Item 17. Undertakings

 

(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

 

  (1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement;

 

II-2
 

 

  (i) To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

 

  (ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement.

 

Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 per cent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;

 

  (iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

 

Provided, however, that:

 

  (A) Paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S–8, and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement; and

 

  (B) Paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S–3 or Form F–3 and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

 

  (2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the bona fide offering thereof.

 

  (3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

 

  (4) That each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to this offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in this registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

 

II-3
 

 

  (5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:

 

The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

 

  (i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
     
  (ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant’
     
  (iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or their securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant ;and
     
  (iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

 

  (b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 14 above, or otherwise, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any such action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of their respective counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

  (i) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

 

  (1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

 

  (2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at the time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

(Signature Page Follows)

 

II-4
 

 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust has duly caused this Registration Statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Chicago, Illinois, on the 8th day of May, 2020.

 

  Dynamic Shares Trust
   
  By: /s/ Weixuan Zhang
  Name: Weixuan Zhang
  Title: Chief Executive Officer

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement on Form S-1 has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Trust in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 

/s/ Weixuan Zhang   Chief Executive Officer   May 8, 2020

Weixuan Zhang

  (Principal Executive Officer)    
         
/s/ Xinyu Jiang   Chief Financial Officer   May 8, 2020
Xinyu Jiang   (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)    

 

POWER OF ATTORNEY

 

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Weixuan Zhang as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including all pre-qualification and post-qualification amendments) to this Form S-1 offering statement and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorney-in-fact and agent or his substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement on Form S-1 has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Sponsor (Dynamic Shares LLC) in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 

/s/ Weixuan Zhang   Member of the Sponsor   May 8, 2020
Weixuan Zhang        
         
/s/ Xinyu Jiang   Manager of the Sponsor   May 8, 2020
Xinyu Jiang        

 

II-5
 

EX-3.1 2 ex3-1.htm

 

Exhibit 3.1

 

TRUST AGREEMENT

 

TRUST AGREEMENT, dated as of March 8, 2019 (this “Trust Agreement”), between Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, as depositor (the “Depositor”), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, a national banking association, as owner trustee (the “Owner Trustee”). The Depositor and the Owner Trustee hereby agree as follows:

 

1. Formation of Trust.

 

(a) The trust created hereby (the “Trust”) shall be known as “Dynamic Shares Trust,” in which name the Owner Trustee and the Depositor may conduct the business of the Trust, make and execute contracts, and sue and be sued.

 

(b) The Depositor hereby assigns, transfers, conveys and sets over to the Owner Trustee the sum of $1.00. The Owner Trustee hereby acknowledges receipt of such amount in trust from the Depositor, which amount shall constitute the initial trust estate. The Owner Trustee hereby declares that it will hold the trust estate in trust for the Depositor. It is the intention of the parties hereto that the Trust created hereby constitute a statutory trust under Chapter 38 of Title 12 of the Delaware Code, 12 Del. C. § 3801 et seq. (the “Act”) and that this Trust Agreement constitute the governing instrument of the Trust. The Owner Trustee is hereby authorized and directed to execute and file a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State in the form attached hereto.

 

(c) The parties hereto will enter into an amended and restated trust agreement, satisfactory to each such party, to provide for the contemplated operation of the Trust created hereby and the issuance of certain notes by the Trust. Prior to the execution and delivery of such amended and restated trust agreement, the Owner Trustee shall not have any duty or obligation hereunder or with respect to the trust estate, except as otherwise required by applicable law or this Trust Agreement. The Depositor is hereby authorized to prepare, execute and deliver, or to cause to be prepared, executed and delivered, on behalf of the Trust, any applications, licenses, consents, agreements or other documents necessary or convenient for the business of the Trust. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Owner Trustee shall have the power and authority to enter into such documents and take such other action as the Depositor specifically directs in written instructions delivered to the Owner Trustee; provided, however, the Owner Trustee shall not be required to take any action if the Owner Trustee shall determine, or shall be advised by counsel, that such action is likely to result in personal liability or is contrary to applicable law or any agreement to which the Owner Trustee is a party.

 

2. Concerning the Owner Trustee.

 

(a) Except as otherwise expressly required by Section 1 of this Trust Agreement, the Owner Trustee shall not have any duty or liability with respect to the administration of the Trust, the investment of the Trust’s property or the payment of dividends or other distributions of income or principal to the Trust’s beneficiaries, and no implied obligations shall be inferred from this Trust Agreement on the part of the Owner Trustee. The Owner Trustee shall not be liable for the acts or omissions of the Depositor nor shall the Owner Trustee be liable for any act or omission by it in good faith in accordance with the directions of the Depositor.

 

 
 

 

(b) The Owner Trustee accepts the trusts hereby created and agrees to perform its duties hereunder with respect to the same but only upon the terms of this Trust Agreement. The Owner Trustee shall not be personally liable under any circumstances, except for its own willful misconduct or gross negligence. In particular, but not by way of limitation:

 

(i) The Owner Trustee shall not be personally liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by an officer or employee of the Owner Trustee;

 

(ii) No provision of this Trust Agreement shall require the Owner Trustee to expend or risk its personal funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of its rights or duties hereunder, if the Owner Trustee shall have reasonable grounds for believing that repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or liability is not reasonably assured or provided to it;

 

(iii) Under no circumstance shall the Owner Trustee be personally liable for any representation, warranty, covenant or indebtedness of the Trust;

 

(iv) The Owner Trustee shall not be personally responsible for or in respect of the genuineness, form or value of the Trust property, the validity or sufficiency of this Trust Agreement or for the due execution hereof by the Depositor;

 

(v) In the event that the Owner Trustee is unsure of the course of action to be taken by it hereunder, the Owner Trustee may request instructions from the Depositor and to the extent the Owner Trustee follows such instructions in good faith it shall not be liable to any person. In the event that no instructions are provided within the time requested by the Owner Trustee, it shall have no duty or liability for its failure to take any action or for any action it takes in good faith;

 

(vi) All funds deposited with the Owner Trustee hereunder may be held in a non-interest bearing trust account and the Owner Trustee shall not be liable for any interest thereon or for any loss as a result of the investment thereof at the direction of the Depositor; and

 

(vii) The Owner Trustee shall not be personally liable for (x) special, consequential, indirect or punitive damages, however styled, including, without limitation, lost profits, (y) the acts or omissions of any nominee, correspondent, clearing agency or securities depository through which it holds the Trust’s securities or assets or (z) any losses due to forces beyond the reasonable control of the Trustee, including, without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, acts of war or terrorism, insurrection, revolution, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God and interruptions, loss or malfunctions of utilities, communications or computer (software and hardware) services; and

 

2
 

 

(viii) To the extent that, at law or in equity, the Owner Trustee has duties and liabilities relating thereto to the Depositor or the Trust, the Depositor agrees that such duties and liabilities are replaced by the terms of this Trust Agreement.

 

(c) The Owner Trustee shall incur no liability to anyone in acting upon any document believed by it to be genuine and believed by it to be signed by the proper party or parties. The Owner Trustee may accept a certified copy of a resolution of the board of directors or other governing body of any corporate party as conclusive evidence that such resolution has been duly adopted by such body and that the same is in full force and effect. As to any fact or matter the manner of ascertainment of which is not specifically prescribed herein, the Owner Trustee may for all purposes hereof rely on a certificate, signed by the Depositor, as to such fact or matter, and such certificate shall constitute full protection to the Owner Trustee for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in reliance thereon.

 

(d) In the exercise or administration of the trusts hereunder, the Owner Trustee (i) may act directly or, at the expense of the Trust, through agents or attorneys, and the Owner Trustee shall not be liable for the default or misconduct of such agents or attorneys if such agents or attorneys shall have been selected by the Owner Trustee in good faith, and (ii) may, at the expense of the Trust, consult with counsel, accountants and other experts, and it shall not be liable for anything done, suffered or omitted in good faith by it in accordance with the advice or opinion of any such counsel, accountants or other experts.

 

(e) Except as expressly provided in this Section 2, in accepting and performing the trusts hereby created, the Owner Trustee acts solely as trustee hereunder and not in its individual capacity, and all persons having any claim against the Owner Trustee by reason of the transactions contemplated by this Trust Agreement shall look only to the Trust’s property for payment or satisfaction thereof.

 

3. The Depositor, as a depositor of the Trust, is hereby authorized, in its discretion, (i) to negotiate, execute, deliver and perform on behalf of the Trust one or more:

 

(a) purchase agreements, escrow agreements, subscription agreements and other similar or related agreements providing for or relating to the sale and issuance of beneficial interests and/or any other interests in the Trust; and

 

(b) assignments, asset transfer agreements, leases, and other similar or related agreements providing for or relating to the acquisition and/or disposition of assets by the Trust; (ii) to take any and all actions to enable the Trust to hold assets, including without limitation, to invest and reinvest funds contributed to the Trust from time to time; (iii) to prepare, execute and file any required tax returns; (iv) to cause the Trust to issue from time to time beneficial interests and/or other interests in the Trust in exchange for such consideration to be contributed to the Trust as the Depositor deems appropriate and cause the Trust to issue from time to time one or more certificates, in such form as it deems appropriate, evidencing such interests in the Trust; and (v) to prepare, execute and deliver on behalf of the Trust any and all documents, papers and instruments as it deems desirable in connection with any of the foregoing.

 

3
 

 

4. Compensation and Indemnification.

 

(a) The Depositor hereby agrees to (i) compensate the Owner Trustee in accordance with a separate fee agreement with the Owner Trustee, (ii) reimburse the Owner Trustee for all reasonable expenses (including reasonable fees and expenses of counsel and other experts) and (iii) indemnify, defend and hold harmless the Owner Trustee and any of the officers, directors, employees and agents of the Owner Trustee (the “Indemnified Persons”) from and against any and all losses, damages, liabilities, claims, actions, suits, costs, expenses, disbursements (including the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel (and including any legal fees or expenses incurred in connection with any action, suit, arbitration or mediation bought by an indemnified Person to enforce any indemnification or other obligation of the Depositor or other Persons or in connection with investigating, preparing or defending any legal action, commenced or threatened, in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers or duties under this Agreement)), taxes and penalties of any kind and nature whatsoever (collectively, “Expenses”), to the extent that such Expenses arise out of or are imposed upon or asserted at any time against such Indemnified Persons with respect to the performance of this Trust Agreement, the creation, operation or termination of the Trust or the transactions contemplated hereby; provided, however, that the Depositor shall not be required to indemnify any Indemnified Person for any Expenses which are finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be a result of the willful misconduct or gross negligence of such Indemnified Person.

 

(b) To the fullest extent permitted by law, Expenses to be incurred by an Indemnified Person shall, from time to time, be advanced by, or on behalf of, the Depositor prior to the final disposition of any matter upon receipt by the Depositor of an undertaking by, or on behalf of, such Indemnified Person to repay such amount if it shall be determined that the Indemnified Person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Agreement.

 

(c) As security for any amounts owing to the Owner Trustee hereunder, the Owner Trustee shall have a lien against the Trust property, which lien shall be prior to the rights of the Depositor or any other beneficial owner of the Trust. The obligations of the Depositor under this Section 4 shall survive the termination of this Trust Agreement.

 

5. Resignation and Removal. The Owner Trustee may resign upon thirty days prior notice to the Depositor. If no successor has been appointed within such thirty day period, the Owner Trustee may, at the expense of the Trust, petition a court to appoint a successor trustee. Any Person into which the Owner Trustee may be merged or with which it may be consolidated, or any Person resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Owner Trustee shall be a party, or any Person which succeeds to all or substantially all of the corporate trust business of the Owner Trustee, shall be the successor Owner Trustee under this Trust Agreement without the execution, delivery or filing of any paper or instrument or further act to be done on the part of the parties hereto, except as may be required by applicable law.

 

6. Entire Agreement. This Trust Agreement represents the entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings between the parties, whether written or oral.

 

4
 

 

7. Governing Law. This Trust Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without reference to its conflict of law provisions, and the obligations, rights and remedies of the parties hereunder shall be determined in accordance with such laws. Sections 3540 and 3561 of Title 12 of the Delaware Code shall not apply to the Trust.

 

8. Counterparts. This Trust Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same agreement.

 

9. Amendment. This Trust Agreement may be amended and restated by the parties hereto as necessary to provide for the operation of the Trust; provided, however, that the Owner Trustee shall not be required to enter into any amendment hereto which adversely affects the rights, duties or immunities of the Owner Trustee.

 

10. Dissolution and Termination. The Trust may dissolve at the written direction of the Depositor. Upon dissolution, the Owner Trustee shall, at the written direction and expense of the Depositor, file a certificate of cancellation in accordance with the Act. Any remaining expenses of the Trust shall be paid by the Depositor.

 

11. Series Trust. The Trust shall issue separate series of beneficial interests (each a “Series”) in segregated pools of assets of the Trust pursuant to Section 3806(b)(2) of the Act, and each Series shall be a separate series of the Trust within the meaning of Sections 3804(a) and 3806(b)(2) of the Act. As such, separate and distinct records shall be maintained by the Trust for each Series and the assets of the Trust associated with each Series shall be held in such separate and distinct records (directly or indirectly, including through a nominee or otherwise) and accounted for in such separate and distinct records by the Trust separately from the assets of any other Series, in each case to the extent required under Section 3804(a) of the Act. The debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular Series shall be enforceable against the assets of such Series only, and not against the assets of the Trust generally or the assets of any other Series. Further, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to the Trust generally or any other Series shall be enforceable against the assets of that particular Series. Notice of this limitation on interseries liabilities shall be set forth in the certificate of trust of the Trust (whether originally or by amendment) as filed or to be filed in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and upon the giving of such notice in the certificate of trust, the statutory provisions of Section 3804(a) of the Act relating to limitations on interseries liabilities (and the statutory effect under Section 3804(a) of setting forth such notice in the certificate of trust) shall become applicable to the Trust and each series. Every note, bond, contract or other undertaking issued by or on behalf of a particular series shall include a recitation limiting the obligation represented thereby to that series and its assets; provided, however, the failure to include such a recitation shall not affect the limitation on interseries liabilities as set forth in this Section.

 

5
 

 

12. FinCEN Compliance. To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, the Customer Identification Program (CIP) requirements established under the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Title III of Pub. L. 107 56 (signed into law October 26, 2001) and its implementing regulations (collectively, USA PATRIOT Act), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s (FinCEN) Customer Due Diligence Requirements and such other laws, rules, regulations and executive orders in effect from time to time applicable to banking institutions (“Applicable Anti-Money Laundering Law”), requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account. Pursuant to Applicable Anti-Money Laundering Law, the Owner Trustee is required to obtain on or before closing and from time to time thereafter documentation to verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account. For a non-individual person such as a business entity, a charity, a trust or other legal entity, the Owner Trustee will ask for documentation to verify the entity’s formation and existence, its financial statements, licenses, tax identification documents, identification and authorization documents from individuals claiming authority to represent the entity and other relevant documentation and information (including beneficial owners of such entities). To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, including Applicable Anti-Money Laundering Law, the Owner Trustee may conclusively rely on, and shall be fully protected and indemnified in relying on, any such information received. Failure to provide such information may result in an inability of the Owner Trustee to perform its obligations hereunder, which, at the sole option of the Owner Trustee, may result in the Owner Trustee’s resignation in accordance with the terms hereof.

 

[signature page follows]

 

6
 

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Trust Agreement to be duly executed by their respective officers hereunto duly authorized, as of the day and year first above written.

 

  DYNAMIC SHARES LLC, as Depositor
   
  By: /s/ Xinyu Jiang
  Name: Xinyu Jiang
  Title: Chief Compliance Officer
     
  WILMINGTON TRUST, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION, as Owner Trustee
   
  By: /s/ Boris Treyger
  Name: Boris Treyger
  Title: Vice President

 

7

EX-4.1 3 ex4-1.htm

 

Exhibit 4.1

 

AMENDED AND RESTATED TRUST AGREEMENT

 

OF

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST

 

WHEREAS, THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED TRUST AGREEMENT is made and entered into as of April 21, 2020, by Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, a national banking association, as trustee, for the purpose of continuing a Delaware statutory trust in accordance with the provisions hereinafter set forth;

 

WHEREAS, Dynamic Shares LLC and Wilmington Trust, National Association have heretofore created a Delaware statutory trust pursuant to the Delaware Trust Statute (as hereinafter defined) by entering into a trust agreement, dated March 8, 2019, (the “Original Trust Agreement”), and by executing and filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware the Certificate of Trust; and

 

WHEREAS, the parties hereto desire to amend and restate the Original Trust Agreement in its entirety and to provide for the matters set forth herein;

 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the agreements and obligations set forth herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, each party, hereby amends and restates the Original Trust Agreement in its entirety and agrees as follows:

 

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

 

Section 1. DEFINITIONS. Whenever used herein, unless otherwise defined or required by the context or specifically provided:

 

Adjusted Capital Account” means with respect to any Shareholder, such Shareholder’s Capital Account as of the end of the relevant fiscal year or other applicable period after giving effect to the following adjustments:

 

(a) Credit to such Capital Account any amounts which such Shareholder is obligated to restore pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(c) or is deemed to be obligated to restore to the Trust pursuant to the second to last sentences of Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-2(g)(1) and 1.704-2(i)(5).

 

(b) Debit to such Capital Account the items described in Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) and (6).

 

   
 

 

The foregoing definition of Adjusted Capital Account is intended to comply with the provisions of Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith. The “Adjusted Capital Account” of a Shareholder in respect of a Share shall be the amount that such Adjusted Capital Account would be if such Share were the only interest in the Trust held by such Shareholder from and after the date on which such Share was first issued.

 

Administrator” means any Person from time to time engaged to provide administrative services to the Trust pursuant to authority granted by the Sponsor or the Trust.

 

Affiliate” An “Affiliate” of a “Person” means (i) any Person directly or indirectly owning, controlling or holding with power to vote 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of such Person, (ii) any Person 10% or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled or held with power to vote by such Person, (iii) any Person, directly or indirectly, controlling, controlled by or under common control of such Person, (iv) any employee, officer, director, member, manager or partner of such Person, or (v) if such Person is an employee, officer, director, member, manager or partner, any Person for which such Person acts in any such capacity.

 

Authorized Participant” means a Person that is a DTC participant and has entered into an Authorized Participant Agreement that, at the relevant time, is in full force and effect.

 

Authorized Participant Agreement” means an agreement among the Trust with respect to a Fund, the Sponsor and an Authorized Participant, which may be amended or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.

 

Beneficial Owners” means owners of beneficial interests in Shares.

 

Business Day” means any day other than a day when the NYSE Arca is closed for regular trading.

 

Capital Account” means the capital account maintained for a Shareholder. The “Capital Account” of a Shareholder in respect of a Share shall be the amount that such Capital Account would be if such Share were the only interest in the Trust held by such Shareholder from and after the date on which such Share was first issued.

 

Capital Contributions” means the amounts of cash or other consideration contributed and agreed to be contributed to the Trust by any Person.

 

CEA” means the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended.

 

Certificate of Trust” means the Certificate of Trust of the Trust in the form filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to Section 3810 of the Delaware Trust Statute as amended or restated from time to time.

 

Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

 

   
 

 

Commodity Pool Operator” means any Person engaged by the Sponsor or the Trust who, in connection therewith, solicits, accepts, or receives monies or in-kind contributions for the purpose of trading in any commodity for future delivery or commodity option on or subject to the rules of any contract market for the benefit of the Trust.

 

Commodity Trading Advisor” means any Person from time to time who engages in commodity trading and related activities for the benefit of the Trust pursuant to authority granted by the Sponsor or the Trust.

 

Common Shares” means any Shares that are not Preferred Shares.

 

Corporate Trust Office” means the principal office at which at any particular time the corporate trust business of the Trustee is administered, which office at the date hereof is located at Rodney Square North, 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890, Attention: Corporate Trust Administration.

 

Covered Person” means the Trustee, the person acting as Trustee (in its individual capacity), the Sponsor and their respective Affiliates.

 

Creation Unit” means the minimum number of Shares of a Fund that may be created at any one time, which shall be 50,000 or such greater or lesser number as the Sponsor may determine from time to time for each Fund.

 

Creation Unit Capital Contribution” of a Fund means a Capital Contribution made by an Authorized Participant when purchasing a Creation Unit.

 

Delaware Trust Statute” means the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, Chapter 38 of Title 12 of the Delaware Code, 12 Del. C. § 3801 et seq., as the same may be amended from time to time.

 

Depreciation” means, for each fiscal year of the Trust or other applicable period, an amount equal to the federal income tax depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deduction allowable with respect to an asset for such year or other period, except that if the Gross Asset Value of an asset differs from its adjusted basis for federal income tax purposes at the beginning of such year or period, Depreciation shall be in an amount that bears the same ratio to such beginning Gross Asset Value as the federal income tax depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deduction for such year or other period bears to such beginning adjusted tax basis; provided, however, that if the federal income tax depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deduction for such year or period is zero, Depreciation shall be determined with reference to such beginning Gross Asset Value using any reasonable method selected by the Sponsor.

 

Depository” means The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York, or such other depository of Shares as may be selected by the Sponsor as specified herein.

 

Distributor” means any Person from time to time engaged to provide distribution services or related services to the Trust pursuant to authority granted by the Sponsor or the Trust.

 

   
 

 

DTC” means The Depository Trust Company.

 

Exchange” means the NYSE Arca or, if the Shares of any Fund shall cease to be listed on the NYSE Arca and are listed on one or more other exchanges, the exchange on which the Shares of such Fund are principally traded, as determined by the Sponsor.

 

Fund” means an established and designated Series of Shares of the Trust.

 

Gross Asset Value” means, with respect to any asset, the asset’s adjusted basis for federal income tax purposes, except as follows:

 

(a) The initial Gross Asset Value of any asset contributed by a Shareholder to the Trust shall be the gross fair market value of such asset as determined by the Sponsor.

 

(b) The Gross Asset Values of all Trust assets shall be adjusted to equal their respective gross fair market values, as determined by the Sponsor using such reasonable method of valuation as it may adopt, as of the following times:

 

(i) the acquisition of an additional interest in the Trust by a new or existing Shareholder in exchange for more than a de minimis Capital Contribution, if the Sponsor reasonably determines that such adjustment is necessary or appropriate to reflect the relative economic interests of the Shareholders in the Trust;

 

(ii) the distribution by the Trust to a Shareholder of more than a de minimis amount of property as consideration for an interest in the Trust, if the Sponsor reasonably determines that such adjustment is necessary or appropriate to reflect the relative economic interests of the Shareholders in the Trust;

 

(iii) the liquidation of the Trust within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(g); and

 

(iv) at such other times the Sponsor shall reasonably determine necessary or advisable to comply with Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-1(b) and 1.704-2.

 

(c) The Gross Asset Value of any Trust asset distributed to a Shareholder shall be the gross fair market value of such asset on the date of distribution.

 

(d) The Gross Asset Values of Trust assets shall be increased (or decreased) to reflect any adjustments to the adjusted basis of such assets pursuant to Code Section 734(b) or Code Section 743(b), but only to the extent that such adjustments are taken into account in determining Capital Accounts pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(m); provided, however, that Gross Asset Values shall not be adjusted pursuant to this subsection (d) to the extent that the Sponsor reasonably determines that an adjustment pursuant to subsection (b) above is necessary or appropriate in connection with a transaction that would otherwise result in an adjustment pursuant to this subsection (d).

 

   
 

 

(e) If the Gross Asset Value of a Trust asset has been determined or adjusted pursuant to subsection (a), subsection (b) or subsection (d) above, such Gross Asset Value shall thereafter be adjusted by the Depreciation taken into account with respect to such asset for purposes of computing Net Income and Net Losses.

 

Internal Revenue Service” or “IRS” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or any successor thereto.

 

Liquidation Date” means the date on which an event giving rise to the dissolution of the Trust occurs.

 

Net Asset Value of a Fund” at any time means the total assets of a Fund including, but not limited to, all cash and cash equivalents or other debt securities less total expenses and liabilities of such Fund, determined on the basis of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, consistently applied under the accrual method of accounting.

 

Net Asset Value per Creation Unit of a Fund” means the product obtained by multiplying the Net Asset Value per Share of a Fund by the number of Shares comprising a Creation Unit at such time.

 

Net Asset Value per Share of a Fund” means the Net Asset Value of a Fund divided by the number of Shares of the Fund outstanding on the date of calculation.

 

Net Income” and “Net Loss” mean for each fiscal year or other applicable period, an amount equal to the Trust’s taxable income or loss for such fiscal year or period, determined in accordance with Section 703(a) of the Code (for this purpose, all items of income, gain, loss, or deduction required to be stated separately pursuant to Section 703(a)(1) of the Code shall be included in taxable income or loss), with the following adjustments:

 

(a) Any income of the Trust that is exempt from federal income tax or excluded from federal gross income and not otherwise taken into account in computing Net Income or Net Loss pursuant to this definition shall be added to such taxable income or loss;

 

(b) Any expenditures of the Trust described in Section 705(a)(2)(B) of the Code or treated as Section 705(a)(2)(B) expenditures pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(i), and not otherwise taken into account in computing Net Income or Net Loss pursuant to this definition, shall be subtracted from such taxable income or loss;

 

(c) In the event the Gross Asset Value of any Trust asset is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Agreement in accordance with the definition of Gross Asset Value, the amount of such adjustment shall be taken into account as gain or loss from the disposition of such asset for purposes of computing Net Income and Net Loss;

 

(d) Gain or loss resulting from any disposition of any Trust asset with respect to which gain or loss is recognized for federal income tax purposes shall be computed by reference to the Gross Asset Value of the property disposed of, notwithstanding that the adjusted tax basis of such asset differs from its Gross Asset Value;

 

   
 

 

(e) In lieu of the depreciation, amortization, and other cost recovery deductions taken into account in computing such taxable income or loss, there shall be taken into account Depreciation for such fiscal year or other applicable period, computed in accordance with the definition of Depreciation; and

 

(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this definition, any items which are allocated pursuant to Article IV, Section 8(c) shall not be taken into account in computing Net Income or Net Loss.

 

Nonrecourse Deductions” has the meaning given in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(b)(1). The amount of Nonrecourse Deductions for a fiscal year or other applicable period equals the net increase, if any, in the amount of Trust Minimum Gain during such fiscal year or period reduced by any distributions during such fiscal year or period of proceeds of a Nonrecourse Liability that are allocable to an increase in Trust Minimum Gain, determined according to the provisions of Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-2(c) and 1.704-2(h).

 

Nonrecourse Liability” has the meaning set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(b)(3).

 

Outstanding” means, with respect to Shares or any class of Shares, all Shares of that class that are issued by the Trust and reflected as outstanding on the Trust’s books and records as of the date of determination.

 

Percentage Interest” means, as of any date of determination, (i) as to any Common Shares, the product obtained by multiplying (a) 100% less the percentage applicable to the Shares referred to in clause (ii) by (b) the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the number of such Common Shares by (y) the total number of all Outstanding Common Shares, (ii) as to any other Shares, the percentage established for such Shares by the Sponsor as a part of the issuance of such Shares.

 

Person” means any natural person, partnership, limited liability company, trust (including a statutory trust), corporation, association, or other entity.

 

Preferred Shares” means a class of Shares that entitles such Shareholders to a preference or priority over the Shareholders of any other class of Shares in (i) the right to share Net Income or Net Loss or items thereof, (ii) the right to share in Trust’s distributions, and/or (iii) rights upon dissolution or liquidation of the Trust. “Preferred Shares” shall not include Common Shares.

 

Prospectus” means the final prospectus and disclosure document of the Trust, constituting a part of a Registration Statement, as filed with the SEC and declared effective thereby, as the same may at any time and from time to time be amended or supplemented.

 

Redemption Distribution” means the cash or other assets to the extent permitted in the Registration Statement or an Authorized Participant Agreement, to be delivered in satisfaction of a redemption of a Redemption Unit as specified in Article IX Section 1.

 

Redemption Order” shall have the meaning assigned thereto in Article IX Section 1.

 

   
 

 

Redemption Unit” means the minimum number of Shares of a Fund that may be redeemed, which shall be the number of Shares of such Fund constituting a Creation Unit on the relevant redemption order date.

 

Registration Statement” means a registration statement on Form S-1, as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time, filed with the SEC pursuant to which the Trust registered the Shares.

 

Required Allocations” means (i) any limitation imposed on any allocation of Net Losses under Article IV, Section 8(a) and (ii) any allocation of an item of income, gain, loss or deduction pursuant to Article IV, Sections 8(c)(i), 8(c)(ii), 8(c)(iii), 8(c)(vi) or 8(c)(viii).

 

SEC” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

Series” means a series of Shares established pursuant to the terms of this Trust Agreement.

 

Shareholders” means the registered holders of Shares of a Fund.

 

Shareholder Minimum Gain” means an amount, with respect to each Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt, that would result if such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt were treated as a Nonrecourse Liability, determined in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)(3).

 

Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt” has the meaning given to the term “partner nonrecourse debt” in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(b)(4).

 

Shareholder Nonrecourse Deductions” has the meaning given to the term “partner nonrecourse deduction” in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)(2). The amount of Shareholder Nonrecourse Deductions with respect to a Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt for a fiscal year or other applicable period equals the net increase, if any, in the amount of Shareholder Minimum Gain during such fiscal year or other applicable period attributable to such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt, reduced by any distributions during that fiscal year or other applicable period to the Shareholder that bears the economic risk of loss for such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt to the extent that such distributions are from the proceeds of such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt and are allocable to an increase in Shareholder Minimum Gain attributable to such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt, determined according to the provisions of Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-2(h) and 1.704-2(i).

 

Shares” means the equal proportionate units of undivided beneficial interest in a Fund and may include fractions of Shares.

 

Sponsor” means Dynamic Shares LLC, or any substitute or designee of the then Sponsor therefor as provided herein, or any successor thereto by merger or operation of law. Sponsor shall also mean any person directly or indirectly instrumental in organizing each Fund, any person who will manage or participate in the management of each Fund, or any other person who regularly performs or selects the persons who perform services for the Funds. Sponsor does not include wholly independent third parties such as attorneys, accountants and underwriters whose only compensation is for professional services rendered in connection with the offering of the Shares. The term “Sponsor” shall be deemed to include its Affiliates.

 

   
 

 

Sponsor Agreement” means an agreement between the Trust and the Sponsor setting forth, among other things, the Sponsor’s compensation and the amount to be charged as a Transaction Fee, as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.

 

Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, as of any date of determination, any other Person as to which such Person owns or otherwise controls, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting shares or other similar interests or a sole general partner interest or managing member or similar interest of such Person.

 

Partnership representative” means the Person designated as the “partnership representative” pursuant to Article II, Section 5(f).

 

Transaction Fee” shall mean a non-refundable transaction fee to be payable by an Authorized Participant to the Administrator and/or Fund in connection with each purchase of a Creation Unit by an Authorized Participant.

 

Treasury Regulations” means regulations, including proposed or temporary regulations, promulgated under the Code. References herein to specific provisions of proposed or temporary regulations shall include analogous provisions of final Treasury Regulations or other successor Treasury Regulations.

 

Trust” means Dynamic Shares Trust, the Delaware statutory trust formed pursuant to the Certificate of Trust, the business and affairs of which are governed by this Trust Agreement.

 

Trust Agreement” means this Amended and Restated Trust Agreement as the same may at any time or from time to time be amended.

 

Trustee” means Wilmington Trust, National Association or any successor thereto as provided herein, acting not in its individual capacity but solely as trustee of the Trust.

 

Trust Estate” means, with respect to a Fund, all property and cash held by such Fund, and all proceeds therefrom.

 

Trust Minimum Gain” means that amount determined in accordance with the principles of Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(d).

 

ARTICLE II

PURPOSE OF TRUST AND OFFICES

 

Section 1. NAME. The Trust shall be known as “Dynamic Shares Trust” and the Sponsor shall conduct the business of the Trust under that name or any other name as it may from time to time determine, provided that the Sponsor may, without Shareholder approval, change the name of the Trust or any Series or Class (as defined in Article IV Section 1) of Shares thereof that may be established from time to time. Any name change of the Trust shall become effective upon the filing of a properly executed certificate of amendment or a restated certificate pursuant to Section 3810 of the Delaware Trust Statute.

 

   
 

 

Section 2. BUSINESS OFFICES. The principal office of the Trust, and such additional offices as the Sponsor may establish, shall be located at such place or places inside or outside the State of Delaware as the Sponsor may designate from time to time in writing to the Trustee and the Shareholders. Initially, the principal office of the Trust shall be at c/o Dynamic Shares LLC, 401 W Superior St., Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654. The principle office of the Trustee shall be at the Corporate Trust Office.

 

Section 3. DECLARATION OF TRUST. The Trust hereby acknowledges that the Trust has received the sum of $100 for each Fund in bank accounts in the name of each Fund controlled by the Sponsor from the Sponsor, and hereby declares that it shall hold such sum in trust, upon and subject to the conditions set forth herein for the use and benefit of the Shareholders of each Fund. It is the intention of the parties hereto that the Trust shall continue to be a statutory trust organized in series, or Funds, under the Delaware Trust Statute and that this Trust Agreement shall constitute the governing instrument of the Trust. It is not the intention of the parties hereto to create a general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, joint stock association, corporation, bailment or any form of legal relationship other than a Delaware statutory trust. Nothing in this Trust Agreement shall be construed to make the Shareholders partners or members of a joint stock association. The Sponsor shall not be liable to any person for the failure of the Trust or any Fund to qualify as a publicly traded partnership under the Code or any comparable provision of the laws of any State or other jurisdiction where such treatment is sought. The Trustee has filed the certificate of trust required by Section 3810 of the Delaware Trust Statute in connection with the formation of the Trust under the Delaware Trust Statute.

 

Section 4. PURPOSES AND POWERS. The purposes of the Trust and each Fund shall be to (a) directly or indirectly trade, buy, sell, spread or otherwise acquire, hold, dispose and redeem swap agreements, forward contracts, options on forward contracts, futures contracts or options on futures contracts or other derivative instruments; (b) buy or sell cash equivalents or other short term fixed instruments; (c) enter into any lawful transaction and engage in any lawful activities in furtherance of or incidental to the foregoing purposes; or (d) engage in any other lawful business activity for which a Delaware statutory trust may be organized.

 

Section 5. TAX TREATMENT.

 

(a) By accepting Shares or interests therein, the Shareholders and/or Beneficial Owners each (i) expresses its intention that the Shares of each Fund will qualify under applicable tax law as interests in a publicly traded partnership which holds the Trust Estate of each Fund for their benefit, (ii) agrees that it will file its own Federal, state and local income, franchise and other tax returns in a manner that is consistent with the treatment of each Fund as a publicly traded partnership in which each of the Shareholders thereof is a beneficiary and (iii) agrees to use reasonable efforts to notify the Sponsor promptly upon a receipt of any notice from any taxing authority having jurisdiction over such holders of Shares of each Fund with respect to the treatment of the Shares of such Fund as anything other than interests in a publicly traded partnership.

 

   
 

 

(b) The Sponsor shall prepare or cause to be prepared and filed each Fund’s tax returns as a publicly traded partnership for Federal, state and local tax purposes. Each Fund hereby indemnifies, to the full extent permitted by law, the Sponsor from and against any damages or losses (including attorneys’ fees) arising out of or incurred in connection with any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in carrying out its responsibilities under this Section 5(b), provided such action taken or omitted to be taken does not constitute fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct.

 

(c) Each Shareholder shall furnish the Sponsor with information necessary to enable the Sponsor to comply with U.S. federal income tax information reporting requirements in respect of such Shareholder’s Shares.

 

(d) The Trust shall make the election under Section 754 of the Code in accordance with applicable regulations thereunder, subject to the reservation of the right to seek to revoke any such election upon the Sponsor’s determination that such revocation is in the best interests of the Shareholders. Notwithstanding any other provision herein contained, for the purposes of computing the adjustments under Section 743(b) of the Code, the Sponsor shall be authorized (but not required) to adopt a convention whereby the price paid by a transferee of a Share will be deemed to be the lowest quoted closing price of the Shares on any Exchange on which such Shares are traded during the calendar month in which such transfer is deemed to occur.

 

(e) Except as otherwise provided herein, the Sponsor shall determine whether the Trust should make any other elections permitted by the Code.

 

(f) The Sponsor shall be the “partnership representative,” as provided in Section 6223(a) of the Code (or under any applicable state or local law providing for an analogous capacity) and shall serve as such until its successor is duly designated by the Sponsor. The partnership representative shall have authority to take any action that may be taken by a partnership representative under the provisions of the Code, as such provisions may thereafter be amended and including Treasury regulations or other guidance issued thereunder.

 

(i) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Sponsor is authorized to take any action that may be required to cause the Trust and other Subsidiaries of the Trust to comply with any withholding requirements established under the Code or any other federal, state, local or foreign law including pursuant to Sections 1441, 1442, 1445 and 1446 of the Code. To the extent that the Trust is required or elects to withhold and pay over to any taxing authority any amount resulting from the allocation or distribution of income to any Shareholder (including by reason of Section 1446 of the Code), the Sponsor may treat the amount withheld as a distribution of cash pursuant to Article IV, Section 7 or Article X, Section 1 in the amount of such withholding from such Shareholder. Any increase or decrease in withholding tax incurred by the Trust or any Subsidiary of the Trust resulting from the identity, nationality, residence or status of a Shareholder shall be allocable to and reduce the distributions of such Shareholder.

 

   
 

 

Section 6. LEGAL TITLE. Legal title to all of the Trust Estate of each Fund shall be vested in the Trust as a separate legal entity; provided, however, that where applicable law in any jurisdiction requires any part of the Trust Estate to be vested otherwise, the Sponsor may cause legal title to the Trust Estate or any portion thereof to be held by or in the name of the Sponsor or any other Person (other than a Shareholder or the Trustee) as nominee.

 

ARTICLE III

THE SPONSOR; THE TRUSTEE

 

Section 1. MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST. Pursuant to Sections 3806(a) and 3806(b)(7) of the Delaware Trust Statute, the business and affairs of the Trust shall be managed by the Sponsor in lieu of the Trustee with such powers of delegation as may be permitted by law. The Sponsor shall have power to conduct the business of the Trust and carry on its operations in any and all of its branches and maintain offices both within and without the State of Delaware, in any and all states of the United States of America, in the District of Columbia, in any and all commonwealths, territories, dependencies, colonies, or possessions of the United States of America, and in any foreign jurisdiction and to do all such other things and execute all such instruments as it deems necessary, proper or desirable to promote the interests of the Trust although such things are not herein specifically mentioned. Any determination as to what is in the interests of the Trust made by the Sponsor in good faith shall be conclusive. In construing the provisions of this Trust Agreement, the presumption shall be in favor of a grant of power to the Sponsor. The enumeration of any specific power in this Trust Agreement shall not be construed as limiting the aforesaid power. The powers of the Sponsor may be exercised without order of or resort to any court.

 

Section 2. AUTHORITY OF SPONSOR. In addition to and not in limitation of any rights and powers conferred by law or other provisions of this Trust Agreement, the Sponsor shall have and may exercise on behalf of the Trust, all powers and rights necessary, proper, convenient or advisable to effectuate and carry out the purposes, business and objectives of the Trust, which shall include, without limitation, the following:

 

(a) To enter into, execute, deliver and maintain, and to cause the Trust to perform its obligations under, contracts, agreements and any or all other documents and instruments, and to do and perform all such things as may be in furtherance of Trust purposes or necessary or appropriate for the offer and sale of the Shares and the conduct of Trust activities.

 

(b) To establish, maintain, deposit into, sign checks and/or otherwise draw upon accounts on behalf of the Trust with appropriate banking and savings institutions, and execute and/or accept any instrument or agreement incidental to the Trust’s business and in furtherance of its purposes, any such instrument or agreement so executed or accepted by the Sponsor in the Sponsor’s name shall be deemed executed and accepted on behalf of the Trust by the Sponsor.

 

(c) To deposit, withdraw, pay, retain and distribute each Trust Estate or any portion thereof in any manner consistent with the provisions of this Trust Agreement.

 

(d) To supervise the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any supplements and amendments thereto.

 

   
 

 

(e) To pay or authorize the payment of distributions to the Shareholders and expenses of each Fund.

 

(f) To make any elections on behalf of the Trust under the Code, or any other applicable U.S. federal or state tax law as the Sponsor shall determine to be in the best interests of the Trust.

 

(g) In the sole discretion of the Sponsor, to admit an Affiliate or Affiliates of the Sponsor as additional Sponsors.

 

(h) To adopt disclosure and financial reporting information gathering and control policies and procedures.

 

(i) To make any necessary determination or decision in connection with the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements and amendments thereto, and the Prospectus.

 

(j) To prepare, file and distribute, if applicable, any periodic reports or updates that may be required under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the CEA, or the rules and regulations thereunder.

 

(k) Execute, file, record and/or publish all certificates, statements and other documents and do any and all other things as may be appropriate for the formation, qualification and operation of the Trust and for the conduct of its business in all appropriate jurisdictions.

 

(l) Appoint and remove independent public accountants to audit the accounts of the Trust.

 

(m) Employ attorneys to represent the Trust.

 

(n) Adopt, implement or amend, from time to time, such disclosure and financial reporting information gathering and control policies and procedures as are necessary or desirable to ensure compliance with applicable disclosure and financial reporting obligations under any applicable securities laws.

 

(o) Enter into a Distribution Agreement with the Distributor and discharge the duties and responsibilities of the Trust and the Sponsor thereunder.

 

(p) For each Fund, enter into an Authorized Participant Agreement with each Authorized Participant and discharge the duties and responsibilities of the Fund and the Sponsor thereunder.

 

(q) For each Fund, in connection with purchase of a Creation Unit, receive Creation Unit Capital Contributions from Authorized Participants.

 

(r) For each Fund, receive from Authorized Participants and process or cause the Distributor or Administrator, as applicable, to process properly submitted Redemption Orders.

 

(s) Cause the Trust to enter into one or more custodian agreements, including with the Sponsor, on terms and conditions acceptable to the Sponsor.

 

   
 

 

(t) Authorize the Trust, for the Trust or any Fund or Class, to enter into one or more administration, transfer agency and accounting agreements and agreements for such other services necessary or appropriate to carry out the business and affairs of the Trust with any party or parties on terms and conditions acceptable to the Sponsor, including but not limited to agreements with legal counsel and an independent registered public accounting firm.

 

(u) For each Fund, receive a Redemption Order from a redeeming Authorized Participant through the Depository, and thereupon cancel or cause to be cancelled, the Shares to be redeemed in connection with the Redemption Order.

 

(v) Interact with the Depository as required.

 

(w) Enter into the Sponsor Agreement on terms and conditions acceptable to the Sponsor.

 

(x) Prosecute, defend, settle or compromise actions or claims at law or in equity as may be necessary or proper to enforce or protect the Trust’s interests. The Sponsor shall satisfy any judgment, decree or decision of any court, board or authority having jurisdiction or any settlement of any suit or claim prior to judgment or final decision thereon, first, out of any insurance proceeds available therefor, next, out of the Funds’ assets on a pro rata basis.

 

(y) Delegate those of its duties hereunder as it shall determine from time to time to one or more officers of the Trust, the Administrator, Distributor, Commodity Trading Advisors, Commodity Pool Operators or other Persons.

 

(z) In general, to carry on any other business in connection with or incidental to any of the foregoing powers, to do everything necessary, suitable or proper for the accomplishment of any purpose or the attainment of any object or the furtherance of any power herein set forth, either alone or in association with others, and to do every other act or thing incidental or appurtenant to or growing out of or connected with the aforesaid business or purposes, objects or powers.

 

The foregoing clauses shall be construed both as objects and powers, and the foregoing enumeration of specific powers shall not be held to limit or restrict in any manner the general powers of the Sponsor. Any action by one or more of the Sponsor hereunder shall be deemed an action on behalf of the Trust or the applicable Series or Class, and not an action in an individual capacity.

 

Section 3. PAYMENT OF EXPENSES BY THE TRUST. The Sponsor is authorized to pay or cause to be paid out of the principal or income of the Trust any expenses of the Trust.

 

Section 4. TRUSTEE TERM; RESIGNATION.

 

(a) Wilmington Trust, National Association has been appointed and hereby agrees to serve as the Trustee of the Trust solely for purposes of satisfying the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Trust Statute. The Trust shall have only one trustee unless otherwise determined by the Sponsor. The Trustee shall serve until such time as the Sponsor removes the Trustee or the Trustee resigns and a successor Trustee is appointed by the Sponsor in accordance with the terms of Section 7 of this Article.

 

   
 

 

(b) The Trustee may resign at any time upon the giving of at least sixty days’ advance written notice to the Trust; provided, that such resignation shall not become effective unless and until a successor Trustee shall have been appointed by the Sponsor in accordance with Section 7 of this Article or by the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. If the Sponsor does not appoint a successor Trustee within such sixty-day period, the Trustee may apply, at the expense of the Trust, to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware for the appointment of a successor Trustee.

 

Section 5. POWERS OF TRUSTEE. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Trust Agreement, the Trustee shall not be entitled to exercise any of the powers, nor shall the Trustee have any of the duties and responsibilities, of the Sponsor described in this Trust Agreement. The Trustee shall be a Trustee for the sole and limited purpose of fulfilling the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Trust Statute. The Trustee shall have only the rights, obligations and liabilities specifically provided for herein and shall have no implied rights, duties, obligations and liabilities with respect to the business and affairs of the Trust or any Fund. The Trustee shall have the power and authority to execute and file certificates as required by the Delaware Trust Statute and to accept service of process on the Trust in the State of Delaware. The Trustee shall provide prompt notice to the Sponsor of its performance of any of the foregoing. The Sponsor shall reasonably keep the Trustee informed of any actions taken by the Sponsor with respect to the Trust that would reasonably be expected to affect the rights, obligations or liabilities of the Trustee hereunder or under the Delaware Trust Statute.

 

Section 6. COMPENSATION AND EXPENSES OF THE TRUSTEE. The Trustee shall be entitled to receive from the Sponsor or an Affiliate of the Sponsor (including the Trust) reasonable compensation for its services hereunder as set forth in a separate fee agreement and shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the Sponsor or an Affiliate of the Sponsor (including the Trust) for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by it in the performance of its duties hereunder, including without limitation, the reasonable compensation, out-of-pocket expenses and disbursements of counsel and such other agents as the Trustee may employ in connection with the exercise and performance of its rights and duties hereunder.

 

Section 7. SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE. Upon the resignation or removal of the Trustee, the Sponsor shall appoint a successor Trustee by delivering a written instrument to the outgoing Trustee. Any successor Trustee must satisfy the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Trust Statute. Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor Trustee shall not become effective until a written acceptance of appointment is delivered by the successor Trustee to the outgoing Trustee and the Sponsor and any fees and expenses due to the outgoing Trustee are paid or waived by the outgoing Trustee. Following compliance with the preceding sentence, the successor Trustee shall become fully vested with all of the rights, powers, duties and obligations of the outgoing Trustee under this Trust Agreement, with like effect as if originally named as Trustee, and the outgoing Trustee shall be discharged of its duties and obligations under this Trust Agreement.

 

   
 

 

Section 8. LIABILITY OF TRUSTEE. Except as otherwise provided in this Article III, in accepting the trust continued hereby, Wilmington Trust, National Association acts solely as Trustee hereunder and not in its individual capacity, and all Persons having any claim against Wilmington Trust, National Association by reason of the transactions contemplated by this Trust Agreement and any other agreement to which the Trust or any Fund is a party shall look only to the appropriate Fund Trust Estate for payment or satisfaction thereof. In particular, but not by way of limitation:

 

(a) The Trustee shall have no liability or responsibility for the validity or sufficiency of this Trust Agreement or for the form, character, genuineness, sufficiency, value or validity of any Trust Estate or the Shares.

 

(b) The Trustee shall not be liable for any actions taken or omitted to be taken by it in accordance with the instructions of the Sponsor.

 

(c) The Trustee shall not have any liability for the acts or omissions of the Sponsor.

 

(d) The Trustee shall not have any duty or obligation to supervise the performance of any obligations of the Sponsor.

 

(e) No provision of this Trust Agreement shall require the Trustee to act or expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of any of its rights or powers hereunder if the Trustee shall have reasonable grounds for believing that such action, repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or liability is not reasonably assured or provided to it.

 

(f) Under no circumstances shall the Trustee be liable for indebtedness evidenced by or other obligations of the Trust or any Fund arising under this Trust Agreement or any other agreements to which the Trust is a party.

 

(g) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Trust Agreement, or to appear in, institute, conduct or defend any action or litigation under this Trust Agreement or any other agreements to which the Trust or any Fund is a party, at the request, order or direction of the Sponsor or any Shareholders unless the Sponsor or such Shareholders have offered to Wilmington Trust, National Association (in its capacity as Trustee and individually) security or indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred by Wilmington Trust, National Association (including, without limitation, the reasonable fees and expenses of its counsel) therein or thereby.

 

(h) The Trustee shall not be required to take any action hereunder or otherwise if the Trustee shall have reasonably determined, or shall have been advised by counsel, that such action is likely to result in liability on the part of the Trustee or is contrary to the terms hereof or is otherwise contrary to law.

 

   
 

 

(i) Whenever the Trustee is unable to decide between alternative courses of action permitted or required by the terms of this Trust Agreement, or is unsure as to the application, intent, interpretation or meaning of any provision of this Trust Agreement, the Trustee shall promptly give notice (in such form as shall be appropriate under the circumstances) to the Sponsor requesting instruction as to the course of action to be adopted, and, to the extent the Trustee acts in good faith in accordance with any such instruction received, the Trustee shall not be liable on account of such action to any Person. If the Trustee shall not have received appropriate instructions within ten calendar days of sending such notice (or within such shorter period of time as reasonably may be specified in such notice or may be necessary under the circumstances) it may, but shall be under no duty to, take or refrain from taking such action which is consistent, in its view, with this Trust Agreement, and the Trustee shall have no liability to any Person for any such action or inaction.

 

(j) The Trustee shall have no liability whatsoever to any Person except for its own willful misconduct or gross negligence.

 

ARTICLE IV

SHARES

 

Section 1. DIVISION OF BENEFICIAL INTEREST.

 

(a) The beneficial interests in the Trust shall at all times be divided into an unlimited number of Shares, without par value. The Sponsor may authorize the division of Shares into separate Series (which may be referred to as “Funds”) and the division of Series into separate classes of Shares (each a “Class”). The different Series shall be established and designated, and the variations in the relative rights and preferences as among the different Series and Classes shall be fixed and determined by the Sponsor.

 

(b) Unless the Sponsor determines otherwise, no Share shall have any priority or preference over any other Share of the same Class of a Series with respect to dividends or distributions upon termination of the Trust or of such Class or Series. Unless the Sponsor determines otherwise, all dividends and distributions shall be made ratably among all Shareholders of a particular Class of a Series from the assets held with respect to such Series according to the number of Shares of such Class of such Series held of record by such Shareholder on the record date for any dividend or distribution or on the date of termination, as the case may be. Shareholders shall have no preemptive or other right to subscribe to any additional Shares or other securities issued by the Trust or any Series. The Sponsor may from time to time divide or combine the Shares of any particular Series into a greater or lesser number of Shares of that Series.

 

   
 

 

(c) The Sponsor may issue Shares of any Fund or Class thereof for such consideration and on such terms as it may determine (or for no consideration), all without action or approval of the Shareholders thereof. All Shares when so issued on the terms determined by the Sponsor shall be fully paid and non-assessable. Every Shareholder and Beneficial Owner, by virtue of having purchased or otherwise acquired an interest in a Share, shall be deemed to have expressly consented and agreed to be bound by the terms of this Trust Agreement. Shareholders shall not have any preemptive rights to acquire additional Shares except as otherwise determined by the Sponsor.

 

Section 2. OWNERSHIP OF SHARES. The ownership of Shares shall be recorded on the books of the Trust or a transfer or similar agent for the Trust, which books shall separately record the Shares of each Series and Class. No certificates evidencing the ownership of Shares shall be issued except as the Sponsor may otherwise determine from time to time. The record books of the Trust as kept by the Trust or any transfer or similar agent, as the case may be, shall be conclusive as to who are the Shareholders of each Series and Class and as to the number of Shares of each Series and Class held from time to time by each Shareholder.

 

Section 3. STATUS OF SHARES AND LIMITATION OF PERSONAL LIABILITY.

 

(a) The death, incapacity, dissolution, termination or bankruptcy of a Shareholder during the existence of the Trust shall not operate to dissolve or terminate the Trust or any Series or Class thereof, nor entitle the representative of such Shareholder to an accounting or to take any action in court or elsewhere against the Trust, the Sponsor or the Trustee, but entitles such representative only to the rights of such Shareholder under this Trust. Ownership of Shares shall not entitle the Shareholder to any title in or to the whole or any part of the Trust Estate or right to call for a partition or division of the same or for an accounting.

 

(b) The Shareholders shall be entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to stockholders of private corporations for profit organized under the general corporation law of Delaware and no Shareholders shall be liable for claims against, or debts of the Trust or the applicable Fund.

 

Section 4. ESTABLISHMENT AND DESIGNATION OF SERIES OR CLASS.

 

(a) The establishment and designation of any Series or Class of Shares shall be effective upon the adoption by the Sponsor of a written instrument that sets forth such establishment and designation, whether directly in such instrument or by reference to, or approval of, another document that sets forth each such Series or Class of Shares including in a Registration Statement. The relative rights and preferences of each Series and Class of Shares thereof shall be as set forth herein and as set forth in such Registration Statement, except to the extent otherwise provided in the instrument establishing such Series or Class of Shares. Each Series established pursuant to this Section 4 shall be considered separate from each other Series as set forth in this Article IV.

 

   
 

 

(b) Shares of each Series or Class established pursuant to this Section 4, except to the extent otherwise provided in the instrument establishing such Series or Class, shall have the following relative rights and preferences:

 

(i) The Trust Estate of each Fund shall be held in separate and distinct records (directly or indirectly, including through a nominee or otherwise) and accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the Trust and every other Series and are referred to as “assets belonging to” that Series. The assets belonging to a Series shall belong only to that Series for all purposes, and to no other Series, and shall be subject only to the rights of creditors of that Series. Any assets, income, earnings, profits, and proceeds thereof, funds, or payments which are not readily identifiable as belonging to any particular Series shall be allocated between and among one or more Series as the Sponsor deems fair and equitable. Each such allocation shall be conclusive and binding upon the Shareholders of all Series for all purposes, and such assets, earnings, income, profits or funds, or payments and proceeds thereof shall be referred to as assets belonging to that Series. The assets belonging to a Series shall be so recorded upon the books of the Trust and shall be held in trust for the benefit of the Shareholders of that Series. The assets belonging to a Series shall be charged with the liabilities of that Series and all expenses, costs, charges and reserves attributable to that Series, except that liabilities, expenses, costs, charges and reserves allocated solely to a particular Class, if any, shall be borne by that Class.

 

(ii) The debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular Series shall be enforceable against the assets of such Series only, and not against the assets of the Trust generally or of any other Series and, unless otherwise provided by the Sponsor, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations, expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to the Trust generally or any other Series shall be enforceable against the assets of such Series. Any general liabilities, expenses, costs, charges or reserves of the Trust which are not readily identifiable as being held with respect to any particular Series shall be allocated and charged by the Sponsor to and among any one or more of the Series in such manner and on such basis as the Sponsor in its sole discretion deems fair and equitable. Notice of the contractual limitation on liabilities among Series described in the first sentence of this paragraph may, in the Sponsor’s discretion, be set forth in the certificate of trust of the Trust (whether originally or by amendment) as filed or to be filed in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to the Delaware Trust Statute, and upon the giving of such notice in the certificate of trust, the statutory provisions of Section 3804 of the Delaware Trust Statute relating to limitations on liabilities among Series (and the statutory effect under Section 3804 of the Delaware Trust Statute of setting forth such notice in the certificate of trust) shall become applicable to the Trust and each Series. Any person extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against any Series may look only to the assets of that Series to satisfy or enforce any debt, with respect to that Series. No Shareholder or former Shareholder of any Series shall have a claim on or any right to any assets allocated or belonging to any other Series, except to the extent that such Shareholder or former Shareholder has such a claim or right hereunder as a Shareholder or former Shareholder of such other Series.

 

   
 

 

(c) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Trust Agreement, no distribution including, without limitation, any distribution paid upon termination of the Trust or of any Series or Class with respect to, nor any redemption or repurchase of, the Shares of any Series or Class shall be effected by the Trust other than from the assets held with respect to such Series, nor shall any Shareholder of any particular Series otherwise have any right or claim against the assets held with respect to any other Series except to the extent that such Shareholder has such a right or claim hereunder as a Shareholder of such other Series. The Sponsor shall have full discretion to determine which items shall be treated as income and which items as capital; and each such determination and allocation shall be conclusive and binding upon the Shareholders. Any Shares of a Series acquired, through purchase, exchange or otherwise, by another Series shall not be deemed cancelled, unless the Sponsor affirmatively determines otherwise.

 

(d) Except to the extent otherwise provided in the instrument establishing such Series, all the Shares of each particular Series shall represent an equal proportionate interest in the assets held with respect to that Series (subject to the liabilities held with respect to that Series and such rights and preferences as may have been established and designated with respect to Classes of Shares within such Series).

 

(e) Except to the extent otherwise provided in the instrument establishing such Series, any fractional Share of a Series shall carry proportionately all the rights and obligations of a whole Share of that Series, including rights with respect to voting, receipt of dividends and distributions, redemption of Shares and termination of the Trust.

 

(f) The Sponsor shall have the authority to provide that the holders of Shares of any Series shall have the right to exchange said Shares for Shares of one or more other Series of Shares in conformity with such requirements and procedures as may be established by the Sponsor.

 

Section 5. ESTABLISHMENT OF INITIAL FUNDS OF THE TRUST.

 

(a) Without limiting the authority of the Sponsor set forth in Section 4 to establish and designate any further Series without requiring an amendment of this Trust Agreement, the Sponsor hereby establishes and designates one initial Series (the “Initial Fund”) as follows:

 

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

(b) The relative rights and preferences of the Initial Fund shall be as set forth in the Registration Statement for such Initial Fund.

 

Section 6. OFFER OF SHARES, PROCEDURES FOR CREATION AND ISSUANCE OF CREATION UNITS.

 

(a) Subject to the Sponsor establishing alternative procedures from time to time in its sole discretion, the procedures relating to the creation and issuance of Creation Units will be set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreements and Authorized Participant Procedures Handbooks for each Fund (which may be amended from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Authorized Participant Agreements and any such amendment will not constitute an amendment of this Trust Agreement), and will govern the Trust with respect to the creation and issuance of Creation Units. The number of Creation Units which may be issued by each Fund is limited only by the number of outstanding shares of a Fund or the Trust, as the case may be, that are registered for sale with the SEC. Unless the Sponsor determines otherwise, certificates for Creation Units will not be issued.

 

   
 

 

(b) Rejection. For each Fund, the Sponsor shall have the absolute right, but shall have no obligation, to reject any Creation Unit Capital Contribution.

 

Section 7. DISTRIBUTIONS. Distributions on Shares may be paid with such frequency as the Sponsor may determine, which may be daily or otherwise, to the Shareholders, from such of the income and capital gains, accrued or realized, from each Trust Estate, after providing for actual and accrued liabilities. Except to the extent the Sponsor otherwise determines, all distributions on Shares thereof shall be distributed pro rata to the Shareholders in proportion to the total outstanding Shares held by such Shareholders at the date and time of record established for the payment of such distribution. Such distributions may be made in cash or Shares as determined by the Sponsor or pursuant to any program that the Sponsor may have in effect at the time for the election by each Shareholder of the mode of the making of such distribution to that Shareholder. Nothing in this Section 7 shall obligate the Sponsor to cause the Trust to make any distributions.

 

Section 8. ALLOCATIONS FOR CAPITAL ACCOUNT PURPOSES.

 

For purposes of maintaining the Capital Accounts and in determining the rights of the Shareholders among themselves, the Trust’s Net Income and Net Loss shall be allocated among the Shareholders in each fiscal year or other applicable period (or portion thereof) as provided herein below.

 

(a) Net Income and Net Loss. After giving effect to the allocations set forth in this Article IV, Section 8(c), 8(d) and 8(e), Net Income or Net Loss for each fiscal year or other applicable period shall be allocated to the Shareholders in accordance with their respective Percentage Interests.

 

(b) Allocation upon Termination. With respect to all Article IV, Section 8(a) allocations following a Liquidation Date, such allocations shall be made after Capital Account balances have been adjusted by all other allocations provided under this Article IV, Section 8 and after giving effect to all distributions during such fiscal year or other applicable period; provided, however, that solely for purposes of this Article IV, Section 8(b), Capital Accounts shall not be adjusted for distributions made pursuant to Article X, Section 1.

 

(c) Mandatory Allocations. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article IV, Section 8, the following special allocations shall be made for such taxable period:

 

(i) Trust Minimum Gain Chargeback. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article IV Section 8, if there is a net decrease in Trust Minimum Gain during any Trust fiscal year or other applicable period, then, subject to the exceptions set forth in Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-2(f)(2), (3), (4) and (5), each Shareholder shall be allocated items of Trust income and gain for such period (and, if necessary, subsequent periods) in an amount equal to such Shareholder’s share of Trust Minimum Gain, as determined in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(g). This Article IV, Section 8(c)(i) is intended to comply with the Trust Minimum Gain chargeback requirement in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(f) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith.

 

   
 

 

(ii) Chargeback of Shareholder Minimum Gain. Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Article IV, Section 8 (other than Article IV, Section 8(c)(i)), if there is a net decrease in Shareholder Minimum Gain attributable to a Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt during any Trust fiscal year or other applicable period, then, subject to the exception set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)(4), each Shareholder with a share of Shareholder Minimum Gain attributable to such Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt, determined in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)(5), shall be allocated items of Trust income and gain for such period (and, if necessary, subsequent periods) in the manner and amounts provided in Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-2(i)(4). This Article IV, Section 8(c)(ii) is intended to comply with the chargeback of items of income and gain requirement in Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)(4) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith.

 

(iii) Qualified Income Offset. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article IV, Section 8 (other than Article IV, Section 8(c)(i) and (ii)), in the event any Shareholder unexpectedly receives any adjustments, allocations or distributions described in Treasury Regulation Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5), or (6) that cause an increase in an Adjusted Capital Account deficit of such Shareholder, items of Trust income and gain shall be specially allocated to such Shareholder in an amount and manner sufficient to eliminate, to the extent required by the Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 704(b) of the Code, the deficit balance in its Adjusted Capital Account. This Article IV, Section 8(c)(iii) is intended to qualify and be construed as a “qualified income offset” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith.

 

(iv) No Excess Deficit. To the extent that any Shareholder has or would have, as a result of an allocation of Net Loss (or item thereof), an Adjusted Capital Account deficit, such amount of Net Loss (or item thereof) shall be allocated to the other Shareholders in accordance with this Article IV, Section 8, but in a manner which will not produce an Adjusted Capital Account deficit as to any such Shareholder. To the extent such allocation would result in all Shareholders having Adjusted Capital Account deficits, such Net Loss (or item thereof) shall be allocated in accordance with Article IV, Section 8(a). Any allocations of Net Loss (or item thereof) pursuant to this Article IV, Section 8(c)(iv) shall be reversed with a corresponding amount of Net Profits in subsequent years.

 

(v) Nonrecourse Deductions. Nonrecourse Deductions for any taxable period shall be allocated to the Shareholders in accordance with their respective Percentage Interests. If the Sponsor determines that the Trust’s Nonrecourse Deductions should be allocated in a different ratio to satisfy the safe harbor requirements of the Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 704(b) of the Code, the Sponsor is authorized, upon notice to the other Shareholders, to revise the prescribed ratio to the numerically closest ratio that does satisfy such requirements.

 

   
 

 

(vi) Shareholder Nonrecourse Deductions. Shareholder Nonrecourse Deductions for any taxable period shall be allocated 100% to the Shareholder that bears the economic risk of loss with respect to the Shareholder Nonrecourse Debt to which such Shareholder Nonrecourse Deductions are attributable in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-2(i).

 

(vii) Nonrecourse Liabilities. Nonrecourse Liabilities of the Trust described in Treasury Regulation Section 1.752-3(a)(3) shall be allocated among the Shareholders in a manner chosen by the Sponsor and consistent with such Treasury Regulation.

 

(viii) Code Section 754 Adjustments. To the extent an adjustment to the adjusted tax basis of any Trust asset pursuant to Section 734(b) or 743(b) of the Code is required, pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(m), to be taken into account in determining Capital Accounts, the amount of such adjustment to the Capital Accounts shall be treated as an item of gain (if the adjustment increases the basis of the asset) or loss (if the adjustment decreases such basis), and such item of gain or loss shall be specially allocated to the Shareholders in a manner consistent with the manner in which their Capital Accounts are required to be adjusted pursuant to such Section of the Treasury Regulations.

 

(ix) Curative Allocation.

 

(A) The Required Allocations are intended to comply with certain requirements of the Treasury Regulations. It is the intent of the Shareholders that, to the extent possible, all Required Allocations shall be offset either with other Required Allocations or with special allocations of other items of Trust income, gain, loss or deduction pursuant to this Article IV, Section 8 (c)(ix). Therefore, notwithstanding any other provision of this Article IV, Section 8 (other than the Required Allocations), the Sponsor shall make such offsetting special allocations of Trust income, gain, loss or deduction in whatever manner it determines appropriate so that, after such offsetting allocations are made, each Shareholder’s Capital Account balance is, to the extent possible, equal to the Capital Account balance such Shareholder would have had if the Required Allocations were not part of this Agreement and all Trust items were allocated pursuant to the economic agreement among the Shareholders.

 

(B) The Sponsor shall, with respect to each fiscal year or other applicable period, (1) apply the provisions of Article IV, Section 8(c)(ix)(A) in whatever order is most likely to minimize the economic distortions that might otherwise result from the Required Allocations, and (2) divide all allocations pursuant to Article IV, Section 8 (c)(ix)(A) among the Shareholders in a manner that is likely to minimize such economic distortions.

 

Section 9. ALLOCATIONS FOR TAX PURPOSES.

 

(a) Except as otherwise provided herein, for federal income tax purposes, each item of income, gain, loss and deduction shall be allocated among the Shareholders in the same manner as its correlative item of “book” income, gain, loss or deduction is allocated pursuant to Article IV, Section 8.

 

   
 

 

(b) In accordance with Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder, income, gain, loss and deduction with respect to any property contributed to the Trust shall solely for federal income tax purposes, be allocated among the Shareholders so as to take into account any variation between the adjusted basis of such property to the Trust for federal income tax purposes and the initial Gross Asset Value. If the Gross Asset Value of any Trust asset is adjusted as described in the definition of Gross Asset Value, subsequent allocations of income, gain, loss and deduction with respect to such Trust asset shall take into account any variation between the adjusted basis of such Trust Asset for federal income tax purposes and its Gross Asset Value in the same manner as under Section 704(c) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder. In furtherance of the foregoing, the Trust shall employ any method under Section 704(c) of the Code selected by the Sponsor. The Sponsor, in an attempt to eliminate book-tax disparities, expects items of income, gain, or loss will be allocated for U.S. federal income tax purposes among the Members under the principles of the remedial method of Treasury Regulations Section 1.704-3(d). Allocations pursuant to this Section 9(b) are solely for purposes of federal, state, and local taxes and shall not affect, or in any way be taken into account in computing, any Shareholder’s Capital Account or share of Net Income, Net Loss, other items, or distributions pursuant to any provision of this Agreement.

 

(c) For the proper administration of the Trust and for the preservation of uniformity of the Shares (or any class or classes thereof), the Sponsor shall (i) adopt such conventions as it deems appropriate in determining the amount of depreciation, amortization and cost recovery deductions; (ii) make special allocations for federal income tax purposes of income (including gross income) or deductions; (iii) amend the provisions of this Agreement as appropriate (x) to reflect the proposal or promulgation of Treasury Regulations under Section 704(b) or Section 704(c) of the Code or (y) otherwise to preserve or achieve uniformity of the Shares (or any class or classes thereof); and (iv) adopt and employ such methods for (A) the maintenance of Capital Accounts for book and tax purposes, (B) the determination and allocation of adjustments under Sections 704(c), 734 and 743 of the Code, (C) the determination and allocation of taxable income, tax loss and items thereof under this Agreement and pursuant to the Code, (D) the determination of the identities and tax classification of Shareholders, (E) the provision of tax information and reports to the Shareholders, (F) the adoption of reasonable conventions and methods for the valuation of assets and the determination of tax basis, (G) the allocation of asset values and tax basis, (H) the adoption and maintenance of accounting methods, (I) the recognition of the transfer of Shares, (J) tax compliance and other tax-related requirements, including the use of computer software, and to use filing and reporting procedures similar to those employed by publicly-traded partnerships and limited liability companies, as it determines in its sole discretion are necessary and appropriate to execute the provisions of this Agreement and to comply with federal, state and local tax law, and to achieve uniformity of Shares within a class. The Sponsor may adopt such conventions, make such allocations and make such amendments to this Agreement as provided in this Article IV, Section 9(c) only if such conventions, allocations or amendments would not have a material adverse effect on the Shareholders, the holders of any class or classes of Shares issued and Outstanding or the Trust, and if such allocations are consistent with the principles of Section 704 of the Code.

 

   
 

 

(d) All items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit recognized by the Trust for federal income tax purposes and allocated to the Shareholders in accordance with the provisions hereof shall be determined without regard to any election under Section 754 of the Code that may be made by the Trust; provided, however, that such allocations, once made, shall be adjusted (in the manner determined by the Sponsor) to take into account those adjustments permitted or required by Sections 734 and 743 of the Code.

 

(e) In the event the Trust becomes listed on an Exchange or other major exchange, unless the Sponsor determines otherwise, each item of Trust income, gain, loss and deduction shall, for federal income tax purposes, be determined on an annual basis and prorated on a monthly basis and shall be allocated to the Shareholders as of the opening of such Exchange on the first Business Day of each month; provided, however, such items for the period beginning on the closing date and ending on the last day of the month in which the option closing date or the expiration of the over-allotment option occurs shall be allocated to the Shareholders as of the opening of such Exchange on the first Business Day of the next succeeding month; and provided, further, that gain or loss on a sale or other disposition of any assets of the Trust or any other extraordinary item of income or loss realized and recognized other than in the ordinary course of business, as determined by the Sponsor, shall be allocated to the Shareholders as of the opening of Exchange on the first Business Day of the month in which such gain or loss is recognized for federal income tax purposes. The Sponsor may revise, alter or otherwise modify such methods of allocation to the extent permitted or required by Section 706 of the Code and the regulations or rulings promulgated thereunder.

 

(f) Allocations that would otherwise be made to a Shareholder under the provisions of this Article IV shall instead be made to the beneficial owner of Shares held by a nominee in any case in which the nominee has furnished the identity of such owner to the Trust in accordance with Section 6031(c) of the Code or any other method determined by the Sponsor.

 

ARTICLE V

OFFICERS

 

Section 1. OFFICERS. The Sponsor may appoint officers, who shall be agents of the Trust with such titles and duties as the Sponsor shall specify. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

 

Section 2. APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS. The officers of the Trust shall be appointed by the Sponsor, and each shall serve at the pleasure of the Sponsor, subject to the rights, if any, an officer may have under any contract of employment.

 

Section 3. REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS. Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by the Sponsor. Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Trust. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice; and unless otherwise specified in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Trust under any contract to which the officer is a party.

 

   
 

 

Section 4. AUTHORITY TO ACT. Subject to the supervision and oversight of the Sponsor, the officers of the Trust are delegated the authority to act on behalf of the Trust consistent with the parameters and powers of their position as outlined from time to time by the Sponsor, including to prepare, negotiate, deliver and execute documents, agreements, plans, registration statements, any and all applications for exemptive orders, and any amendments or supplements thereto, that the officers or any of them believe, with advice of counsel, are necessary or desirable for the Trust.

 

ARTICLE VI

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, FIDUCIARY DUTY AND INDEMNITY

 

Section 1. LIABILITY OF COVERED PERSONS. A Covered Person shall have no liability to the Trust, any Fund or to any Shareholder or Beneficial Owner or other Covered Person for any loss suffered by the Trust or any Fund which arises out of any action or inaction of such Covered Person if such Covered Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interest of the Trust or the applicable Fund and such course of conduct did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Covered Person. Subject to the foregoing, neither the Sponsor nor any other Covered Person shall be personally liable for the return or repayment of all or any portion of the capital or profits of any Shareholder or assignee thereof, it being expressly agreed that any such return of capital or profits made pursuant to this Trust Agreement shall be made solely from the assets of the applicable Fund without any rights of contribution from the Sponsor or any other Covered Person.

 

Section 2. FIDUCIARY DUTY OF COVERED PERSONS.

 

(a) To the extent that, at law or in equity, a Covered Person has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating thereto to the Trust, the Funds, the Shareholders or to any other Person, a Covered Person acting under this Trust Agreement shall not be liable to the Trust, the Funds, the Shareholders or to any other Person for its good faith reliance on the provisions of this Trust Agreement. The provisions of this Trust Agreement, to the extent that they restrict or eliminate the duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities of a Covered Person otherwise existing at law or in equity are agreed by the parties hereto and the Shareholders to replace such other duties and liabilities of such Covered Person.

 

(b) Unless otherwise expressly provided herein:

 

(i) whenever a conflict of interest exists or arises between the Sponsor or any of its Affiliates, on the one hand, and the Trust, the Trustee or any Shareholder or any other Person, on the other hand; or

 

(ii) whenever this Trust Agreement or any other agreement contemplated herein or therein provides that the Sponsor shall act in a manner that is, or provides terms that are, fair and reasonable to the Trust, any Shareholder or any other Person,

 

   
 

 

the Sponsor shall resolve such conflict of interest, take such action or provide such terms, considering in each case the relative interest of each party (including its own interest) to such conflict, agreement, transaction or situation and the benefits and burdens relating to such interests, any customary or accepted industry practices, and any applicable generally accepted accounting practices or principles. In the absence of bad faith by the Sponsor, the resolution, action or terms so made, taken or provided by the Sponsor shall not constitute a breach of this Trust Agreement or any other agreement contemplated herein or of any duty or obligation of the Sponsor at law or in equity or otherwise.

 

(c) The Sponsor and any Affiliate of the Sponsor may engage in or possess an interest in other profit-seeking or business ventures of any nature or description, independently or with others, whether or not such ventures are competitive with the Trust and the doctrine of corporate opportunity, or any analogous doctrine, shall not apply to the Sponsor. If the Sponsor acquires knowledge of a potential transaction, agreement, arrangement or other matter that may be an opportunity for the Trust, it shall have no duty to communicate or offer such opportunity to the Trust, and the Sponsor shall not be liable to the Trust or to the Shareholders for breach of any fiduciary or other duty by reason of the fact that the Sponsor pursues or acquires for, or directs such opportunity to another Person or does not communicate such opportunity or information to the Trust. Neither the Trust nor any Shareholder shall have any rights or obligations by virtue of this Trust Agreement or the trust relationship created hereby in or to such independent ventures or the income or profits or losses derived therefrom, and the pursuit of such ventures, even if competitive with the activities of the Trust, shall not be deemed wrongful or improper. Except to the extent expressly provided herein, the Sponsor may engage or be interested in any financial or other transaction with the Trust, the Shareholders or any Affiliate of the Trust or the Shareholders.

 

Section 3. COMPENSATION TO THE SPONSOR. The Sponsor shall be entitled to compensation for its services as Sponsor of the Trust as set forth in the Sponsor Agreement.

 

Section 4. OTHER BUSINESS OF SHAREHOLDERS. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, any of the Shareholders and any shareholder, officer, director, employee or other person holding a legal or beneficial interest in an entity which is a Shareholder, may engage in or possess an interest in other business ventures of every nature and description, independently or with others, and the pursuit of such ventures, even if competitive with the business of the Trust, shall not be deemed wrongful or improper.

 

Section 5. INDEMNIFICATION OF COVERED PERSONS.

 

(a) For the purpose of this Section, “Covered Person” includes any Person who is or was a Trustee, Sponsor or officer of the Trust.

 

   
 

 

(b) The Trust (or, in furtherance on Article IV Section 4(b)(ii), any Fund separately to the extent the matter in question relates to a Fund or is otherwise disproportionate) shall indemnify and hold harmless each Covered Person against all claims, losses, liabilities and expenses, including but not limited to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines and penalties, and counsel fees reasonably incurred by any Covered Person, in connection with the defense or disposition of any action, suit or other proceeding, whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or legislative body, in which such Covered Person may be or may have been involved as a party or otherwise or with which such Covered Person may be or may have been threatened, while in office or thereafter, by reason of any alleged act or omission as a Covered Person or by reason of his or her being or having been such a Covered Person except with respect to any matter as to which such Covered Person shall have been finally adjudicated in any such action, suit or other proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Person’s action was in the best interests of the Trust and except that no Covered Person shall be indemnified against any liability to the Trust or its Shareholders by reason of willful misconduct or gross negligence of such Covered Person.

 

(c) Expenses, including counsel fees, so incurred by any such Covered Person (but excluding amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines or penalties) shall be paid from time to time by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of any such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such Covered Person to repay amounts so paid to the Trust if it is ultimately determined that indemnification of such expenses is not authorized under this Section.

 

Section 6. OTHER CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS. Nothing contained in Section 5 shall affect any right to indemnification to which persons other than Sponsor and officers of this Trust may be separately entitled by contract or otherwise.

 

ARTICLE VII

SHAREHOLDERS’ VOTING POWERS AND MEETINGS

 

Section 1. VOTING POWERS.

 

(a) Except as required under applicable Federal law or under the rules or regulations of an Exchange, the Shareholders shall have no voting rights hereunder (including with respect to mergers, consolidations or conversions of the Trust or transfers to or domestication in any jurisdiction by the Trust or any other matters that under the Delaware Trust Statute default voting rights are provided to holders of beneficial interests.) The Shareholders shall have the right to vote on other matters only as the Sponsor may consider desirable and so authorize in its sole discretion. To the extent that federal or Delaware law is amended, modified or interpreted by rule, regulation, order, or no-action letter to (on a mandatory basis) expand, eliminate or limit Shareholders’ right to vote on any specific matter, the Shareholders’ right to vote shall be deemed to be amended, modified or interpreted in accordance therewith without further approval by the Sponsor or the Shareholders.

 

   
 

 

(b) On each matter, if any, submitted to a vote of Shareholders, unless the Sponsor determines otherwise, all Shares of all Series and Classes shall vote together as a single class; provided, however, that: (i) as to any matter with respect to which a separate vote of any Series or Class is required by applicable law or is required by attributes applicable to any Series or Class, such requirements as to a separate vote by that Series or Class shall apply; (ii) unless the Sponsor determine that this clause (ii) shall not apply in a particular case, to the extent that a matter referred to in clause (i) above affects more than one Series or Class and the interests of each such Series or Class in the matter are identical, then the Shares of all such affected Series or Classes shall vote together as a single class; and (iii) as to any matter which does not affect the interests of a particular Series or Class, only the holders of Shares of the one or more affected Series or Classes shall be entitled to vote. As determined by the Sponsor, in its sole discretion, without the vote or consent of Shareholders, on any matter submitted to a vote of Shareholders either (i) each whole Share shall be entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote and each fractional Share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote or (ii) each dollar of Net Asset Value (number of Shares owned times Net Asset Value per share of the Trust, if no Series shall have been established or of such Series or Class, as applicable) shall be entitled to one vote on any matter on which such Shares are entitled to vote and each fractional dollar amount shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. Without limiting the power of the Trustees in any way to designate otherwise in accordance with the preceding sentence, the Sponsor hereby establishes that each whole Share shall be entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote and each fractional Share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. Shares may be voted in person or by proxy or in any manner determined by the Sponsor.

 

Section 2. VOTING POWER AND MEETINGS. Meetings of the Shareholders may be called by the Sponsor for such purposes as may be prescribed by law or by this Trust Agreement.

 

Section 3. PLACE OF MEETINGS. A meeting of Shareholders shall be held at any place designated by the Sponsor or an officer of the Trust.

 

Section 4. NOTICE OF SHAREHOLDERS’ MEETING. All notices of meetings of Shareholders shall be sent or otherwise given to each Shareholder of record not less than seven nor more than one hundred and twenty days before the date of the meeting in the manner determined by the Sponsor. The notice shall specify: (a) the place, date and hour of the meeting; and (b) the general nature of the business to be transacted.

 

Section 5. ADJOURNED MEETING; NOTICE. Any Shareholders’ meeting, whether or not a quorum is present, may be adjourned from time to time by the Sponsor or by the vote of a majority of the Shares of the Class, Series or Trust, as the case may be, represented at that meeting, either in person or by proxy. When any meeting of Shareholders is adjourned to another time or place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting at which the adjournment is taken, unless a new record date of the adjourned meeting is fixed or unless the adjournment is for more than sixty days from the date set for the original meeting, in which case the Sponsor shall set a new record date. Notice of any such adjourned meeting shall be given to each Shareholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting. At any adjourned meeting, the Trust may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting.

 

Section 6. VOTING PROCEDURE. The Trust shall be authorized to solicit, and a Shareholder shall be entitled to submit a proxy ballot containing the voting instructions of such Shareholder, in person, or by U.S. mail, overnight mail, express mail, telephone, electronic mail, telefacsimile, telegraph, internet or other electronic media, provided however, that the Sponsor or an officer of the Trust may limit or delineate the types of media and methods by which a Shareholder may submit voting instructions. On any matter any Shareholder may vote part of the shares in favor of the proposal and refrain from voting the remaining shares or vote them against the proposal, but if the Shareholder fails to specify the number of shares which the Shareholder is voting affirmatively, it will be conclusively presumed that the Shareholder’s approving vote is with respect to the total shares that the Shareholder is entitled to vote on such proposal.

 

   
 

 

Section 7. QUORUM AND REQUIRED VOTE. Except when a larger quorum is required by applicable law or by this Trust Agreement, the presence (in person or by ballot) of thirty-three and one-third percent (33 1/3%) of the Shares entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum at a Shareholders’ meeting. When any one or more Series or Classes is to vote as a single Class separate from any other Shares, thirty-three and one-third percent (33 1/3%) of the Shares of each such Series or Classes entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum at a Shareholder’s meeting of that Series or Class. Any meeting of Shareholders may be adjourned consistent with the provisions of Section 5 above, whether or not a quorum is present. When a quorum is present at any meeting, a majority of the Shares represented at the meeting shall decide any questions except when a different vote is required by any provision of this Trust Agreement or by applicable law.

 

Section 8. ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT. Any action taken by Shareholders may be taken without a meeting if Shareholders holding a majority of the Shares entitled to vote on the matter (or such larger proportion thereof as shall be required by any express provision of this Trust Agreement or applicable law) or holding a majority (or such larger proportion as aforesaid) of the Shares of any Series or Class entitled to vote separately on the matter consent to the action in writing or by other electronic means (such as via telephone or the internet) and such written consent or a record of such electronic consent is filed with the records of the meetings of Shareholders. Such consent shall be treated for all purposes as a vote taken at a meeting of Shareholders.

 

Section 9. RECORD DATES. For the purpose of determining the Shareholders of any Series or Class who are entitled to vote or act at any meeting or any adjournment thereof, the Sponsor may from time to time fix a date, which shall be not more than one-hundred and twenty days before the date of any meeting of Shareholders, as the record date for determining the Shareholders of such Series or Class having the right to notice of and to vote at such meeting and any adjournment thereof, and in such case only Shareholders of record on such record date shall have such right, notwithstanding any transfer of shares on the books of the Trust after the record date. For the purpose of determining the Shareholders of any Series or Class who are entitled to receive payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, the Sponsor may from time to time fix a date, which shall be before the date for the payment of such dividend or such other payment, as the record date for determining the Shareholders of such Series or Class having the right to receive such dividend or distribution. Without fixing a record date the Sponsor may for voting and/or distribution purposes close the register or transfer books for one or more Series for all or any part of the period between a record date and a meeting of Shareholders or the payment of a distribution. Nothing in this Section shall be construed as precluding the Sponsor from setting different record dates for different Series or Classes.

 

Section 10. WAIVER OF NOTICE BY CONSENT OF ABSENT SHAREHOLDERS. Any Shareholder may waive notice, which waiver may be submitted by U.S. mail, overnight mail, express mail, telephone, electronic mail, telefacsimile, telegraph, internet or other electronic media. The waiver of notice need not specify either the business to be transacted or the purpose of any meeting of Shareholders. Attendance by a person at a meeting shall also constitute a waiver of notice of that meeting, except when the person objects at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened and except that attendance at a meeting is not a waiver of any right to object to the consideration of matters not included in the notice of the meeting if that objection is expressly made at the beginning of the meeting.

 

   
 

 

Section 11. PROXIES. Every person entitled to vote on any matter shall have the right to do so either in person or by one or more agents authorized by a written or electronic proxy authorized by the person and filed with the Sponsor. A proxy shall be deemed authorized if the Shareholder’s name is placed on the proxy (whether by manual signature, typewriting, telephonic or internet transmission or otherwise) by the Shareholder or the Shareholder’s attorney-in-fact. A validly authorized proxy which does not state that it is irrevocable shall continue in full force and effect unless (i) revoked by the person executing it before the vote pursuant to that proxy by a writing delivered to the Trust stating that the proxy is revoked or by a subsequent proxy executed by, or attendance at the meeting and voting in person by, the person executing that proxy; or (ii) written notice of the death or incapacity of the maker of that proxy is received by the Trust before the vote pursuant to that proxy is counted; provided however, that no proxy shall be valid after the expiration of eleven months from the date of the proxy unless otherwise provided in the proxy.

 

ARTICLE VIII

RECORDS AND REPORTS

 

Section 1. MAINTENANCE OF SHARE REGISTER. The Trust shall keep at its principal office or at the office of its transfer agent or registrar, if either be appointed and as determined by the Sponsor, a record of its Shareholders, containing the names and addresses of all Shareholders and the number and series of shares held by each Shareholder.

 

Section 2. MAINTENANCE OF OTHER RECORDS. The accounting books and records and minutes of proceedings of the Shareholders and the Sponsor shall be kept at such place or places designated by the Sponsor or in the absence of such designation, at the principal office of the Trust. The minutes shall be kept in written form and the accounting books and records shall be kept either in written form or in any other form capable of being converted into written form.

 

ARTICLE IX

REDEMPTIONS

 

Section 1. REDEMPTION OF CREATION UNITS.

 

(a) Subject to the Sponsor establishing alternative procedures from time to time in its sole discretion, the procedures relating to the redemption of Creation Units are fully set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreement and Authorized Participant Procedures Handbook for each Fund (which may be amended from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Authorized Participant Agreement and any such amendment will not constitute an amendment of this Trust Agreement), and will govern the Trust with respect to redemption of Creation Units.

 

   
 

 

(b) Subject to deduction of any tax or other governmental charges due thereon, and subject to the Sponsor’s establishment of alternative procedures the redemption distribution shall consist of cash or other assets to the extent permitted in the Registration Statement or an Authorized Participant Agreement in an amount equal to the Net Asset Value per Creation Unit of a Fund multiplied by the number of Creation Unit(s) of such Fund requested in the Authorized Participant’s redemption order (“Redemption Order”) as of the time of the calculation of such Fund’s Net Asset Value per Share on the redemption order date.

 

(c) The Sponsor may, in its sole discretion, suspend the right of redemption, or postpone any redemption settlement date.

 

ARTICLE X

MISCELLANEOUS

 

Section 1. TERMINATION OF TRUST, SERIES OR CLASS.

 

(a) Unless terminated as provided herein, the Trust, and any Series or Class thereof, shall continue without limitation of time. The Trust, or any Series or Class thereof, may be dissolved at any time and for any reason by the Sponsor with written notice to the Shareholders.

 

(b) Upon dissolution of the Trust (or any Series or Class, as the case may be), after paying or making reasonable provision for all charges, taxes, expenses, claims and liabilities of the Trust, or severally, with respect to each Series or Class (or the applicable Series or Class, as the case may be), whether due or accrued or anticipated as may be determined by the Sponsor and otherwise complying with Section 3808 of the Delaware Trust Statute, the Trust shall, in accordance with the Delaware Trust Statute and such procedures as the Sponsor considers appropriate, distribute the remaining assets in kind or reduce the remaining assets held, severally, with respect to each Series or Class (or the applicable Series or Class, as the case may be), to distributable form in cash or shares or other securities, or any combination thereof, and distribute the proceeds held with respect to each Series or Class (or the applicable Series or Class, as the case may be), to the Shareholders of that Series or Class, as a Series or Class, ratably according to the number of Shares of that Series or Class held by the several Shareholders on the date of termination.

 

(c) Upon the completion of the winding up of the Trust in accordance with the Delaware Trust Statute and this Trust Agreement, the Sponsor shall cause the Trustee to file a certificate of cancellation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware in accordance with the provisions of Section 3810 of the Delaware Act and thereupon, the Trust and this Trust Agreement (other than Article VI Section 6) shall terminate. The provisions of Article VI Section 6 shall survive the termination of the Trust.

 

Section 2. MERGER AND CONSOLIDATION. The Sponsor may cause (i) the Trust to be merged into or consolidated with, converted to or to sell all or substantially all of its assets to, another trust or entity; (ii) a Series of the Trust to be consolidated with, or to sell all or substantially all of its assets to, another Series of the Trust or another series of another trust or company; (iii) the Shares of a Class of a Series to be converted into another Class of the same Series; (iv) the Shares of the Trust or any Series to be converted into beneficial interests in another statutory trust (or series thereof); or (v) the Shares of the Trust or any Series to be exchanged for shares in another trust or company under or pursuant to any state or federal statute to the extent permitted by law.

 

   
 

 

For the avoidance of doubt, the Sponsor, with written notice to the Shareholders, may approve and effect any of the transactions contemplated under (i) – (v) above without any vote or other action of the Shareholders.

 

Section 3. FILING OF COPIES, REFERENCES AND HEADINGS. The original or a copy of this Trust Agreement and of each restatement and/or amendment hereto shall be kept at the office of the Trust where it may be inspected by any Shareholder. Anyone dealing with the Trust may rely on a certificate by an officer of the Trust as to whether or not any such restatements and/or amendments have been made and as to any matters in connection with the Trust hereunder; and, with the same effect as if it were the original, may rely on a copy certified by an officer of the Trust to be a copy of this instrument or of any such restatements and/or amendments. In this instrument and in any such restatements and/or amendment, references to this Trust Agreement, and all expressions like “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”, shall be deemed to refer to this instrument as amended or affected by any such restatements and/or amendments. Headings are placed herein for convenience of reference only and shall not be taken as a part hereof or control or affect the meaning, construction or effect of this instrument. Whenever the singular number is used herein, the same shall include the plural; and the neuter, masculine and feminine genders shall include each other, as applicable. This Trust Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts each of which shall be deemed an original.

 

Section 4. APPLICABLE LAW. This Trust Agreement is created under and is to be governed by and construed and administered according to the laws of the State of Delaware and the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, 12 Del. C. § 3801 et. seq., as amended from time to time (the “Delaware Act”). The Trust shall be a Delaware statutory trust created pursuant to the Delaware Trust Statute, and without limiting the provisions hereof, the Trust may exercise all powers which are ordinarily exercised by such a statutory trust.

 

Section 5. PROVISIONS IN CONFLICT WITH LAW OR REGULATIONS.

 

(a) The provisions of this Trust Agreement are severable, and if the Sponsor determines, with the advice of counsel, that any of such provisions are in conflict with any other applicable laws and regulations, the conflicting provision(s) shall be deemed never to have constituted a part of the Trust Agreement; provided, however, that such determination shall not affect any of the remaining provisions of the Trust Agreement or render invalid any action taken or omitted prior to such determination.

 

(b) If any provision of the Trust Agreement shall be held invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall attach only to such provision in such jurisdiction and shall not in any manner affect such provision in any other jurisdiction or any other provision of the Trust Agreement in any jurisdiction.

 

Section 6. STATUTORY TRUST ONLY. It is the intention of the parties hereto to create a statutory trust pursuant to the Delaware Trust Statute. It is not the intention of the parties hereto to create a general partnership, limited partnership, joint stock association, corporation, bailment, or any form of legal relationship other than a statutory trust pursuant to the Delaware Trust Statute. Nothing in this Trust Agreement shall be construed to make the Shareholders, either by themselves or with the Trustee and the Sponsor, partners or members of a joint stock association.

 

   
 

 

Section 7. CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS; HOW EXECUTED. The Sponsor may authorize any officer or officers, agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Trust and this authority may be general or confined to specific instances; and unless so authorized or ratified by the Sponsor or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent, or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Trust by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

 

Section 8. FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Trust and of each Series shall be fixed and refixed or changed from time to time by resolution of the Sponsor.

 

Section 9. COUNTERPARTS. The Trust Agreement may be simultaneously executed in several counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, and such counterparts, together, shall constitute one and the same instrument, which shall be sufficiently evidenced by any such original counterpart.

 

ARTICLE XI

AMENDMENT

 

Section 1. AMENDMENT. This Trust Agreement may be amended without Shareholder approval, and all Shareholders purchase Shares with notice that it may be so amended except to the extent expressly required under Delaware or applicable federal law. The Sponsor may, without any Shareholder vote, amend or otherwise supplement this Trust Agreement by making an amendment, a trust instrument supplemental hereto or an amended and restated Trust Agreement; provided, that Shareholders shall have the right to vote on any amendment if expressly required under Delaware or federal law or rules or regulations under an Exchange, or submitted to them by the Sponsor in its sole discretion; and provided, further, that no amendment affecting the rights or duties of the Trustee shall be binding upon or effective against the Trustee unless consented to by the Trustee in writing.

 

(SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS)

 

   
 

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto do hereby make and enter into this Amended and Restated Trust Agreement as of the date first-above written.

     
 

DYNAMIC SHARES LLC

as Sponsor

     
  By: /s/Xinyu Jiang
  Name: Xinyu Jiang
  Title: Manager
   
 

WILMINGTON TRUST,
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION

as Trustee

     
  By: /s/Boris Treyger
  Name: Boris Treyger
  Title: Vice President

 

   

EX-4.2 4 ex4-2.htm

 

Exhibit 4.2

 

FORM OF

 

AUTHORIZED PARTICIPANT AGREEMENT

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

 

This Authorized Participant Agreement (the “Agreement”) is entered into by and between Capital Investment Group, Inc. (the “Distributor”), and _________________ (the “Participant”) and is subject to acceptance by Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC (the “Transfer Agent”), and is further subject to acknowledgement and agreement by the Dynamic Shares Trust (the “Trust”), a series trust offering a number of portfolios for which the Distributor is the distributor of such series (each a “Fund” and collectively the “Funds”) set forth on Attachment A hereto, solely with respect to Sections 4(d) and 12(c) herein. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein are defined in the current prospectus for each Fund as it may be supplemented or amended from time to time, and included in the Trust’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as it may be amended from time to time, or otherwise filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) (each Fund’s current prospectus collectively, together with such Fund’s Statement of Additional Information incorporated therein, the “Prospectus”).

 

The Distributor provides services as principal underwriter of the Funds acting on an agency basis in connection with the distribution of shares of beneficial interest of each Fund (the “Shares”). The Transfer Agent has been retained to provide certain transfer agency services and to be the order taker with respect to the purchase and redemption of Shares.

 

This Agreement is intended to set forth certain procedures by which the Participant may purchase and/or redeem Creation Units through the Federal Reserve/Treasury Automated Debt Entry System maintained at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the “Federal Reserve Book-Entry System”) and the Continuous Net Settlement (“CNS”) clearing processes of National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”) (as such processes have been enhanced to effect purchases and redemptions of Creation Units, the “CNS Clearing Process”) or, outside of the CNS Clearing Process, the manual process of The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) on a delivery versus payment basis.

 

Nothing in this Agreement shall obligate the Participant to create or redeem one or more Creation Units of Shares, to facilitate a creation or redemption through it by a participant client, or to sell, offer to sell, or promote the Shares.

 

The parties agree as follows:

 

1. STATUS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PARTICIPANT

 

(a) The Participant represents and warrants that, so long as this Agreement is in full force and effect, it has the ability to transact through the Federal Reserve Book-Entry System and, with respect to orders for the purchase of Creation Units (“Purchase Orders”) or orders for redemption of Creation Units (“Redemption Orders” and, together with Purchase Orders, the “Orders”), (i) through the CNS Clearing Process, because it is a member of NSCC and a participant in the CNS System of NSCC, and (ii) outside the CNS Clearing Process, because it is a DTC participant (a “DTC Participant”). Any change in the foregoing status of the Participant shall automatically and immediately terminate this Agreement, unless the parties have agreed otherwise in writing. The Participant shall give prompt written notice of any such change to the Distributor and the Transfer Agent.

 

 
 

 

The Participant may place Orders either through the CNS Clearing Process or outside the CNS Clearing Process, subject to the procedures for purchase and redemption set forth in the Prospectus and Section 2 of this Agreement.

 

(b) The Participant represents and warrants that: (i) it is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC, and it is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), or it is exempt from, or it is otherwise not required to be registered as, a broker-dealer or a member of FINRA; (ii) it is registered and/or licensed to act as a broker or dealer, as required under all applicable laws, rules and regulations in the states or other jurisdictions in which the Participant conducts its activities, or it is otherwise exempt; and (iii) it is a Qualified Institutional Buyer, as defined in Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”). Any change in the foregoing status of the Participant shall terminate this Agreement, unless the parties have agreed otherwise in writing. The Participant shall give prompt written notice of any such change to the Distributor and the Transfer Agent.

 

The Participant agrees that it will: (i) maintain such registrations, licenses, qualifications, and memberships in full force and effect throughout the term of this Agreement; (ii) materially comply with applicable FINRA rules and the securities laws of any jurisdiction in which it sells Shares, directly or indirectly, to the extent such laws, rules and regulations relate to the Participant’s transactions in, and activities with respect to, the Shares; and (iii) not offer or sell Shares of any Fund in any state or jurisdiction where such Shares may not lawfully be offered and/or sold.

 

(c) In the event Shares are authorized for sale in jurisdictions outside the several states, territories and possessions of the United States and the Participant offers and sells Shares in such jurisdictions and is not otherwise required to be registered or qualified as a broker or dealer, or to be a member of FINRA as set forth above, the Participant nevertheless agrees to comply with all the applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdiction in which such offer and/or sale of Shares is made, to the extent the foregoing relates to the Participant’s transactions in, and activities with respect to, the Shares.

 

(d) The Participant understands and acknowledges that the method by which Creation Units will be created and traded may raise certain issues under certain interpretations of applicable U.S. federal securities laws. For example, because new Creation Units of Shares may be issued and sold by a Fund on an ongoing basis, a “distribution”, as such term is used in the 1933 Act, may occur at any point. The Participant understands and acknowledges that some activities on its part, depending on the circumstances, may result in it being deemed a participant in a distribution in a manner which could, under certain interpretations of applicable law, render it a statutory underwriter and subject it to the prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the 1933 Act. The Participant also understands and acknowledges that dealers who are not “underwriters,” but who effect transactions in Shares, whether or not participating in the distribution of Shares, are generally required to deliver the Prospectus. For the avoidance of doubt, the Participant does not admit to being an underwriter of the Shares.

 

2

 

 

2. EXECUTION OF PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION ORDERS

 

(a) All Orders must comply with the procedures for Orders set forth in the Prospectus and in this Agreement, which includes the attachments hereto. The Participant, the Distributor, and the Transfer Agent each agrees to comply with the provisions of the Prospectus, this Agreement, and the laws, rules, and regulations that are applicable to it in its role under this Agreement. If there is a conflict between the terms of the Prospectus and the terms of this Agreement, the terms of the Prospectus control.

 

(b) The Participant understands that a Creation Unit generally will not be issued until the requisite cash and/or the designated basket of futures (the “Deposit Futures”), as well as applicable Transaction Fee and taxes, are transferred to the Trust as of the Contractual Settlement Date (as defined in Section 6, below) in accordance with the Prospectus. To the extent that the Participant posts collateral on the Contractual Settlement Date in connection with a portion of the Deposit Futures that were unable to be delivered on the Contractual Settlement Date, the Distributor agrees that it will not use any such collateral to purchase the Deposit Futures without giving reasonable advance notice and an opportunity to deliver the missing Deposit Futures to the Participant.

 

3. AUTHORIZATION OF TRANSFER AGENT

 

Solely with respect to Orders submitted through the CNS Clearing Process, the Participant hereby authorizes the Transfer Agent, or its designee, to transmit to the NSCC on behalf of the Participant such instructions, including share and cash amounts as are necessary with respect to the purchase and redemption of Creation Units, and Orders consistent with the instructions and Orders issued by the Participant to the Transfer Agent. The Participant agrees to be bound by the terms of such instructions and Orders as reported by the Transfer Agent or its designee on the Participant’s behalf to the NSCC as though such instructions were issued by the Participant directly to the NSCC; provided, however, that the Participant shall not be bound by or held liable for any loss, damage, liability, cost or expense resulting from communication errors occurring between the Transfer Agent, or its designee, and the NSCC to the extent that such instructions between the Transfer Agent, or its designee, and the NSCC do not accurately reflect in all material respects the instructions communicated by the Participant to the Transfer Agent, or its designee.

 

4. MARKETING MATERIALS AND REPRESENTATIONS

 

(a) The Participant represents and warrants that it will not make any representations concerning a Fund, Creation Units or Shares, other than those consistent with the Prospectus or any Marketing Materials (as defined in Section 4(b), below) furnished to the Participant by the Distributor.

 

(b) The Participant agrees not to furnish, or cause to be furnished by it or its employees, to any person, or to display or publish, any information or materials relating to a Fund or the Shares, including, without limitation, promotional materials and sales literature, advertisements, press releases, announcements, statements, posters, signs or other similar materials (“Marketing Materials”), unless (i) such Marketing Materials: (a) are either furnished to the Participant by the Distributor, or (b) if prepared by the Participant, are consistent in all material respects with the Prospectus or any Marketing Materials furnished to the Participant by the Distributor, and clearly indicate that such Marketing Materials are prepared and distributed by the Participant, and (ii) the Participant and such Marketing Materials prepared by the Participant comply with applicable FINRA rules and regulations. The Participant shall file all such Marketing Materials that it prepares with FINRA, if required by applicable laws, rules or regulations.

 

3

 

 

(c) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the Participant and its affiliates may, without the approval of any other party hereto, prepare and circulate, in the regular course of their businesses, any of the following items (none of which shall be deemed to be Marketing Materials): research reports; institutional communications (as such term is defined in FINRA Rule 2210); and other similar materials that include information, opinions, or recommendations relating to Shares, provided that such research reports, institutional communications, and other similar materials (i) comply with applicable FINRA rules and regulations, and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, and (ii) do not make any representations concerning a Fund, Creation Units or Shares, other than those not inconsistent with the Prospectus or any Marketing Materials furnished to the Participant by the Distributor under this Agreement.

 

(d) The Trust represents and warrants that (i) the Prospectus is effective, no stop order of the SEC or any other federal, state or foreign regulatory authority or self-regulatory authority, with respect thereto has been issued, no proceedings for such purpose have been instituted or, to its knowledge, are being contemplated; (ii) the Trust’s Registration Statement and each Prospectus included therein conforms in all material respects to the requirements of all applicable law, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder and does not and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; (iii) the Shares, when issued and delivered against payment of consideration thereof, as provided in this Agreement, will be duly and validly authorized, issued, fully paid and non-assessable and free of statutory and contractual preemptive rights, rights of first refusal and similar rights; (iv) no consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or governmental agency or body is required for the issuance and sale of the Shares, except the registration of the Shares under the 1933 Act; (v) Shares will be listed for trading on a national exchange; (vi) it will not lend Fund securities pursuant to any securities lending arrangement that would prevent the Trust from settling a Redemption Order when due; (vii) any and all Marketing Materials prepared by the Trust or the Funds’ adviser and provided to the Participant in connection with the offer and sale of Shares shall comply with applicable law, including without limitation, the provisions of the 1933 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and applicable requirements of FINRA, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact related to a Fund or the Shares or omit to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and (viii) it will not name the Participant in the Prospectus, Marketing Materials, or on the Fund’s website without the prior written consent of Participant, unless such naming is required by law, rule, or regulation. If the Participant agrees to be identified in the Prospectus, Marketing Materials, or on the Funds’ website, within a reasonable amount of time upon the termination of this Agreement, (1) the Trust shall remove any reference to the Participant from the Prospectus and Marketing Materials, and (2) the Trust shall promptly update the Funds’ website to remove any identification of the Participant as an authorized participant of the Trust.

 

4

 

 

(e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the term Marketing Materials shall not include (i) written materials of any kind that generally mention a Fund without recommending the Fund (including in connection with a list of products sold through the Participant or in the context of asset allocations), (ii) materials prepared and used for the Participant’s internal use only, (iii) brokerage communications, including correspondence and institutional communications, as defined under FINRA rules, prepared by the Participant in the normal course of its business, and (iv) research reports; provided, however, that any such materials prepared by the Participant comply with applicable FINRA rules and regulations and other applicable laws, rules and regulations.

 

5. TITLE TO FUTURES; RESTRICTED SHARES

 

(a) The Participant represents and warrants that Deposit Futures delivered by it to the custodian and/or any relevant sub-custodian in connection with a Purchase Order, at the time of delivery, the applicable Fund will acquire good and unencumbered title to such Deposit Futures, free and clear of all liens, restrictions, charges and encumbrances, and not be subject to any adverse claims, including, without limitation any restriction upon the sale or transfer of such futures imposed by any agreement or arrangement entered into by the Participant in connection with a Purchase Order. The representations provided in this Section 5 exclude restrictions due to the status of the Trust, the Fund or the advisor as an “affiliate” of such issuer of the Deposit Futures as the term “affiliate” is defined under Rule 144 under the 1933 Act and any other restriction that derives from facts, status or events that are particular to the Trust, the Fund or the advisor.

 

(b) The Distributor represents that, upon delivery of a portfolio of Deposit Futures to the Participant, the custodian and/or relevant sub-custodian in connection with a Redemption Order, the Participant will acquire good, marketable and unencumbered title to such Deposit Futures, free and clear of any and all liens, restrictions, hypothecations, charges, duties imposed on the transfer of assets and encumbrances and not subject to any adverse claims, including, without limitation, any restriction upon the sale or transfer of such Deposit Futures.

 

6. CASH COMPONENT

 

The Participant hereby agrees that, in connection with a Purchase Order, it will make available as of the contractual settlement date (the “Contractual Settlement Date”), by means reasonably satisfactory to the Trust, and in accordance with the provisions of the Prospectuses, immediately available or same day funds estimated by the Trust to be sufficient to pay the Cash Component next determined after acceptance of the Purchase Order, together with the applicable Transaction Fee. Any excess funds will be returned following settlement of the Purchase Order. The Participant agrees to ensure that the Cash Component will be received by the issuing Fund in accordance with the terms of the Prospectuses, but in any event as of the Contractual Settlement Date, and in the event payment of such Cash Component has not been made in accordance with the provisions of the Prospectuses or by such Contractual Settlement Date, the Participant agrees in connection with a Purchase Order to pay the amount of the Cash Component, plus interest, computed at such reasonable rate as may be specified by the Fund from time to time. The Participant shall be liable to the custodian, any sub-custodian, or the Trust for any amounts advanced by the custodian or any sub-custodian in its sole discretion to the Participant for payment of the amounts due and owing for the Cash Component. Computation of the Cash Component shall exclude any taxes, duties or other fees and expenses payable upon the transfer of beneficial ownership of the Deposit Futures, which shall be the sole responsibility of the Participant and not the Trust; provided that the Participant shall only be responsible for such taxes, duties, or other fees and expenses to the extent that such taxes, duties, or other fees and expenses arise out of or relate to the Participant’s purchases or redemptions of Creation Units.

 

5

 

 

7. ROLE OF PARTICIPANT

 

(a) Each Party acknowledges and agrees that, for all purposes of this Agreement, the Participant will be deemed to be an independent contractor, and will have no authority to act as agent for the Funds or the Distributor in any matter or in any respect under this Agreement. Each party agrees to make itself and its employees available, upon reasonable request and with reasonable notice, during normal business hours to consult with the other parties or their designees concerning the performance of such party’s responsibilities under this Agreement, provided that no Party shall be under any obligation to divulge or otherwise discuss any information that such Party reasonably believes (i) is proprietary in nature, or (ii) the disclosure of which to third parties is in violation of (a) applicable law or regulation, or is otherwise prohibited by law, or (b) such Party’s contractual confidentiality obligations.

 

(b) The Participant agrees as a DTC Participant and in connection with any purchase or redemption transactions in which it acts on behalf of a third party that it shall be bound by all of the obligations, of a DTC Participant in addition to any obligations that it undertakes hereunder or in accordance with the Prospectuses.

 

(c) The Participant represents and warrants that it has implemented, and agrees to maintain and implement on an on-going basis, an anti-money laundering program reasonably designed to comply with all applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001.

 

8. AUTHORIZED PERSONS OF THE PARTICIPANT

 

(a) Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, and from time to time thereafter as may be reasonably requested by the Funds, the Transfer Agent, or the Distributor, the Participant shall deliver to the Funds and the Transfer Agent, with copies to the Distributor, a certificate in the format of Attachment B to this Agreement, duly certified by the Participant’s Secretary or other duly authorized person of the Participant, setting forth the names and signatures of all persons authorized by the Participant to give Orders and instructions relating to any activity contemplated by this Agreement on behalf of the Participant (each an “Authorized Person”). Such certificate may be relied upon by the Distributor, the Transfer Agent and the Funds as conclusive evidence of the facts set forth therein and shall be considered to be in full force and effect until receipt by the Funds, the Distributor, and the Transfer Agent of a superseding certificate or of written notice (via e-mail is permissible) from the Participant that an individual should be added to, or removed from, the certificate. Whenever the Participant wants to add an Authorized Person, revoke the authority of an Authorized Person, or change or cancel a PIN Number (as defined below), the Participant shall give prompt written notice (via e-mail is permissible) of such fact to the Funds, and the Transfer Agent, with a copy to the Distributor, and such notice shall be effective upon receipt by the Funds, the Transfer Agent, and the Distributor.

 

6

 

 

(b) The Transfer Agent shall issue to each Authorized Person a unique personal identification number (“PIN Number”) by which the Participant and such Authorized Person shall be identified and instructions to the Funds, Transfer Agent, and Distributor issued by the Participant through the Authorized Person shall be authenticated. The Participant shall keep its PIN Number confidential and permit only Authorized Persons to use such PIN Number to submit instructions for the Participant, to the Funds, Transfer Agent, and Distributor; provided that the Funds, the Transfer Agent, and the Distributor acknowledge and agree that certain employees of the Participant, such as those who work in legal, compliance, risk management, or other supervisory roles may have a reasonable need to know or may have incidental access to one or more PIN Numbers. If the Participant’s PIN Number is changed, the new PIN Number will become effective on a date mutually agreed upon in writing by the Participant and the Transfer Agent. If the Participant’s PIN Number is compromised, the Participant shall contact the Transfer Agent, as promptly as practicable under the circumstances, in writing in order for a new one to be issued. Upon receipt of written notice as set forth in paragraph (a) of this Section 8, the Transfer Agent agrees to promptly issue a PIN Number when the Participant wants to change the PIN Number and shall promptly cancel a PIN Number when the Participant requests such cancellation.

 

(c) The Transfer Agent and Distributor shall not have any obligation to verify instructions and Orders given using an Authorized Person’s PIN Number and shall assume that all instructions and Orders issued to it using an Authorized Person’s PIN Number have been properly placed, unless (i) the Transfer Agent and Distributor have received from the Participant written notice as set forth in paragraph (a) of this Section 8 that such person is no longer authorized to act on behalf of Participant or (ii) the Transfer Agent has received from the Participant written notice as set forth in paragraph (b) of this Section 8 that such PIN Number is compromised.

 

(d) The Participant agrees that none of the Distributor, the Transfer Agent, or the Funds shall be liable, absent gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct, for Losses (as defined in Section 12(a), below) incurred by the Participant as a result of the unauthorized use of an Authorized Person’s PIN Number, unless the Transfer Agent, the Distributor, and the Funds previously received from the Participant written notice to revoke such PIN Number as set forth in paragraph (a) of this Section 8. This paragraph (d) shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

9. REDEMPTIONS

 

(a) The Participant understands and agrees that Redemption Orders may be submitted only on days that the Trust is open for business.

 

(b) The Participant represents and warrants that, as of the close of the business day on which it has placed a Redemption Order for the purpose of redeeming any Creation Units of any Fund, it or any party for which it is acting (whether a customer or otherwise, a “Participant Client”), as the case may be, (i) will own (within the meaning of Rule 200 of Regulation SHO) the requisite number of Shares of the relevant Fund or (ii) will have reasonable grounds to believe that the requisite number of Shares of the relevant Fund can be borrowed (as contemplated by Rule 203(b)(1) of Regulation SHO) such that, in either case, the Participant can make good delivery of the Shares to the Trust on the Contractual Settlement Date of the Redemption Order. In either case, the Participant acknowledges that: (i) it or, if applicable, its Participant Client, has or will have the authority, right and ability to tender for redemption the requisite number of Shares of the relevant Fund to be redeemed as a Creation Unit on the Contractual Settlement Date; and (ii) if such Shares submitted for redemption have been loaned or pledged to another party or are the subject of a repurchase agreement, securities lending agreement, or any other arrangement affecting legal or beneficial ownership of such Shares being submitted for redemption, there are no restrictions precluding the delivery of such Shares (including borrowed Shares, if any) for redemption, free and clear of liens, on the Contractual Settlement Date.

 

7

 

 

(c) In the event that the Distributor, Transfer Agent and/or the Trust reasonably believes in good faith that the Participant would not be able to deliver the requisite number of Shares to be redeemed as a Creation Unit on the Contractual Settlement Date, the Distributor, Transfer Agent and/or Trust may require the Participant to deliver or execute supporting documentation evidencing ownership of sufficient Shares, reasonable grounds to believe that the requisite number of Shares of the relevant Fund can be borrowed so that the Participant can make good delivery of the Shares, or its right to deliver sufficient Shares of the relevant Fund in order for the Redemption Order to be in proper form. If such documentation is not satisfactory to the Distributor, the Transfer Agent and/or the Trust, in their reasonable discretion, then the Distributor, the Transfer Agent and/or the Trust may reject, without liability, the Participant’s Redemption Order.

 

(d) In the event that the Participant receives Fund futures the value of which exceeds the net asset value attributable to the applicable Creation Unit at the time of redemption, the Participant agrees to pay, on the same business day it is notified, or cause the Participant Client to pay, on such day, to the applicable Fund an amount in cash equal to the difference or return such Fund futures to the Fund, unless the parties otherwise agree.

 

10. BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP

 

(a) The Participant represents and warrants that, based upon the number of outstanding Shares of any particular Fund, either (i) it does not, and will not in the future as the result of one or more Purchase Orders, hold 80% or more of the currently outstanding Shares of such Fund, so as to cause the Fund to have a basis in the portfolio securities deposited with the Fund different from the market value of such portfolio securities on the date of such deposit, pursuant to sections 351 and 362 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or (ii) it is carrying some or all of the Deposit Futures as a dealer and as inventory in connection with its market making activities.

 

(b) A Fund, the Distributor, and the Transfer Agent have the right to require, as a condition to the acceptance of Deposit Futures, information from the Participant, subject to applicable confidentiality and privacy obligations of the Participant, regarding ownership of the Shares by the Participant and its customers, and to rely thereon to the extent necessary to make a determination regarding ownership of 80 percent or more of the Fund’s currently outstanding Shares by a Beneficial Owner.

 

8

 

 

11. OBLIGATIONS OF PARTICIPANT

 

(a) Pursuant to its obligations under the federal securities laws, the Participant agrees to maintain all books and records of all sales of Shares made by or through it and to furnish copies of such records to the Trust, Transfer Agent and/or the Distributor upon their written reasonable request for regulatory or compliance purposes, to the extent permitted by applicable privacy and consumer protection laws and contractual confidentiality obligations.

 

(b) The Participant affirms that it has procedures in place reasonably designed to protect the privacy of non-public personal consumer/customer financial information to the extent required by applicable law, rule and regulation and that it will maintain such procedures throughout the term of this Agreement.

 

(c) The Participant represents and warrants that it has taken affirmative steps so that it will not be an affiliated person of a Fund, a promoter or principal underwriter of a Fund or an affiliated person of such persons due to ownership of Shares, including through its grant of an irrevocable proxy relating to the Shares to the Distributor.

 

12. INDEMNIFICATION

 

This Section 12 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

(a) The Participant hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Distributor, the Funds, the Transfer Agent, their respective subsidiaries, affiliates, directors, trustees, officers, employees, and agents, and each person, if any, who controls such persons within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (each a “Participant Indemnified Party”), from and against any loss, liability, cost, or expense (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) (“Losses”) incurred by such Participant Indemnified Party as a result of (i) any material breach by the Participant of any provision of this Agreement that relates to the Participant, unless such breach occurred as a result of the Participant’s reasonable adherence to instructions reasonably given to it by such Participant Indemnified Party; (ii) any material failure on the part of the Participant to perform any of its obligations set forth in this Agreement, unless such failure occurred as a result of the Participant’s reasonable adherence to instructions reasonably given to it by such Participant Indemnified Party; (iii) any material failure by the Participant to comply with applicable laws, including rules and regulations of self-regulatory organizations (“SROs”) in relation to its role as Participant under this Agreement, except that the Participant shall not be required to indemnify a Participant Indemnified Party to the extent that such failure was caused by the Participant’s reasonable adherence to instructions given or representations made by such Participant Indemnified Party who knew that such instructions given or representations made would cause the Participant to violate applicable law and the Participant did not know, and could not have reasonably known, that such instructions would cause the Participant to violate applicable law; (iv) actions of a Participant Indemnified Party taken in reasonable reliance upon any instructions reasonably believed by the Distributor, and/or the Transfer Agent to be genuine and to have been given by the Participant, except to the extent such instructions were given by a person using a PIN Number previously revoked by the Participant in accordance with Section 8 herein and such revocation was received by the Distributor and Transfer Agent prior to the transmittal of such instructions; (v) the Participant’s failure to complete an Order that has been accepted (except to the extent that such Order was permitted by the Trust in writing to be cancelled); or (vi)(1) any material representation by the Participant, its employees or its agents or other representatives about the Shares or any Participant Indemnified Party that is not consistent with the Trust’s then current Prospectus made directly in connection with the offer or the solicitation of an offer to buy or sell Shares, and (2) any untrue statement of a material fact contained in any research reports, marketing material, and sales literature described in Section 4 hereof or an omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading to the extent that such statement or omission relates to the Shares or any Participant Indemnified Party unless such representation, statement, or omission was made, or included by the Distributor or the Trust in materials furnished to the Participant or by the Participant at the written direction of the Trust or the Distributor or is based upon any omission or alleged omission by the Trust or the Distributor to state a material fact in connection with such representation, statement or omission necessary to make such representation, statement, or omission not misleading. The Participant and the Distributor understand and agree that the Trust as a third-party beneficiary to this Agreement may be entitled to proceed directly against the Participant in the event that the Participant fails to honor any of its material obligations pursuant to this Agreement that benefit the Trust.

 

9

 

 

(b) The Distributor hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Participant, its respective subsidiaries, affiliates, directors, partners, members, officers, employees and agents, and each person, if any, who controls such persons within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (each a “Distributor Indemnified Party”) from and against any Losses incurred by such Distributor Indemnified Party as a result of: (i) any material breach by the Distributor of any provision of this Agreement that relates to the Distributor, unless such breach occurred as a result of the Distributor’s reasonable adherence to instructions reasonably given to it by such Distributor Indemnified Party; (ii) any material failure on the part of the Distributor to perform any of its obligations set forth in this Agreement, unless such failure occurred as a result of the Distributor’s reasonable adherence to instructions reasonably given to it by such Distributor Indemnified Party; (iii) any material failure by the Distributor to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations, including rules and regulations of SROs, in relation to its role as Distributor hereunder; (iv) actions of a Distributor Indemnified Party taken in reasonable reliance upon any representations made in accordance with the Prospectus and this Agreement reasonably believed by such Distributor Indemnified Party to be genuine and to have been given by the Distributor; or (v) any untrue statement of a material fact or omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading made or omitted in any written materials prepared by the Distributor to the extent such written materials were furnished to the Trust by the Distributor for inclusion in any Marketing Materials furnished to the Participant by the Distributor under this Agreement.

 

(c) The Trust hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Participant, its respective subsidiaries, affiliates, directors, partners, members, officers, employees and agents, and each person, if any, who controls such persons within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (each a “Trust Indemnified Party”) from and against any Losses incurred by such Trust Indemnified Party as a result of any material breach by the Trust of its representations in Section 4(d) herein. All Shares represent interests in their underlying series, the assets and liabilities of which are separate and distinct. Any indemnification provided by the Trust in connection with the Shares shall be limited to the corresponding assets of such series.

 

10

 

 

(d) The Distributor agrees with the Participant that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 12 were determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to herein. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the 1933 Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.

 

(e) An indemnifying party shall not be liable under the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 12 with respect to any claim made against any Distributor Indemnified Party or Participant Indemnified Party, as applicable, unless the applicable indemnified party shall have notified the applicable indemnifying party in writing of the claim within a reasonable time after the summons or other notification giving information of the nature of the claim has been served upon the applicable indemnified party. However, failure to notify the applicable indemnifying party of any claim shall not relieve such indemnifying party from any liability which it may have to any Distributor Indemnified Party or Participant Indemnified Party against whom such action is brought otherwise than on account of its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph and shall only release it from such liability under this paragraph to the extent it has been materially prejudiced by such failure to give notice.

 

(f) The indemnifying party in each of Sections 12(a), 12(b), and 12(c) above shall be entitled, at its option and its own expense, to exercise sole control and authority over the defense and settlement of such action. If the indemnifying party elects to exercise sole control authority over the defense and settlement, such defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by it and satisfactory to the applicable indemnified party in such action, and who shall not, except with the consent of the applicable indemnified party, be counsel to the indemnifying party. The indemnifying party is not authorized to accept any settlement that does not provide the applicable indemnified party with a complete release or that imposes liability not covered by these indemnifications or places restrictions on the indemnified party or causes reputational harm to the indemnified party, in each case, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party.

 

(g) Sections 12(a) and 12(b) above shall not apply to the extent any such Losses are incurred as a result or in connection with any gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct on the part of any Participant Indemnified Party or Distributor Indemnified Party, as the case may be. The term “affiliate” in this Section 12 shall include, with respect to any person, entity or organization, any other person, entity or organization which directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with such person, entity, or organization

 

13. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

 

This Section 13 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

(a) In no event shall any party to this Agreement be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, exemplary, punitive or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including but not limited to loss of revenue, loss of actual or anticipated profit, loss of contracts, loss of the use of money, loss of anticipated savings, loss of business, loss of opportunity, loss of market share, loss of goodwill or loss of reputation), even if such parties have been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action. In no event shall any party to this Agreement be liable for the acts or omissions of DTC, NSCC, or any other securities depository or clearing corporation.

 

11

 

 

(b) None of the Distributor, the Trust, the Transfer Agent, or the Participant shall be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement arising out of or caused, directly or indirectly, by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including without limitation: acts of God; earthquakes; fires; floods; wars; civil or military disturbances; terrorism; sabotage; epidemics; riots; interruptions; loss or malfunction of utilities, computer (hardware or software) or communications service; accidents; labor disputes; acts of civil or military authority or governmental actions.

 

(c) In the absence of bad faith, gross negligence, or willful misconduct, the Distributor, the Participant and the Transfer Agent may conclusively rely upon, and shall be fully protected in acting or refraining from acting upon, any communication authorized under this Agreement and upon any written or oral instruction, notice, request, direction or consent reasonably believed by them to be genuine.

 

(d) In the absence of bad faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct on its part, the Transfer Agent, whether acting directly or through its agents, affiliates or attorneys, shall not be liable for any action taken, suffered or omitted or for any error of judgment made by it in the performance of its duties hereunder. The Transfer Agent shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith unless in exercising such it shall have been grossly negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts necessary to make such judgment.

 

(e) To the extent any payment of any transfer tax, sales or use tax, stamp tax, recording tax, value added tax ( but excluding any income taxes) or any other similar government charge applicable to the Purchase Order or Redemption Order of Creation Units of any Fund made pursuant to this Agreement is imposed, the Participant shall be responsible for the payment of such tax or government charge unless such tax or charge is caused by the Distributor’s, Transfer Agent’s, or Trust’s fraud, negligence, or willful misconduct. To the extent the Trust or the Distributor is required by law to pay any such tax or charge, the Participant agrees to reimburse such party for any such payment, but excluding any penalties, additions to tax or interest thereon; provided that the Participant shall only be responsible for such taxes or charges to the extent allocable to the Participant’s purchases or redemptions of Creation Units.

 

14. INFORMATION ABOUT DEPOSIT FUTURES

 

On each day that the Trust is open for business, through the facilities of the NSCC, the names and amounts of Deposit Futures to be included in the current Fund Deposit for each Fund will be published.

 

15. RECEIPT OF PROSPECTUSES BY PARTICIPANT

 

The Participant acknowledges receipt of the Prospectuses and represents that it has had an opportunity to review each Prospectus and ask questions with respect to the terms thereof.

 

12

 

 

16. CONSENT TO ELECTRONIC DELIVERY OF PROSPECTUSES

 

The Distributor will provide to the Participant copies of the Prospectus and any printed supplemental information in reasonable quantities upon request of the Participant. The Participant consents to the delivery of the Prospectus electronically at Prospectus-ny@ny.email.gs.com. The Participant understands that the current Prospectus and most recent shareholder report for each Fund are available at the applicable Fund’s website. The Distributor will notify the Participant when a revised, supplemented or amended Prospectus for any Fund is available and deliver or otherwise make available to the Participant copies of such revised, supplemented or amended Prospectus at such time and in such numbers as to enable the Participant to comply with any obligation it may have to deliver such Prospectus to its customers. As a general matter, the Distributor will make such revised, supplemented or amended Prospectuses available to the Participant no later than its effective date.

 

The Participant agrees to maintain the e-mail address set forth above and further agrees to promptly notify the Distributor if its e-mail address changes. The Participant understands that it must have Internet access to electronically access the Prospectuses. The Participant may revoke the consent to electronic delivery of the Prospectuses at any time by providing written notice to the Distributor.

 

17. NOTICES

 

Except as otherwise specifically provided in this Agreement, all notices required or permitted to be given pursuant to this Agreement shall be given in writing and delivered by personal delivery; by Federal Express or other similar delivery service; by registered or certified United States first class mail, return receipt requested; or by facsimile, e-mail or similar means of same day delivery (with a confirming copy by mail). Unless otherwise notified in writing, all notices to the Funds shall be at the address, e-mail address, or telephone or facsimile numbers indicated below the signature of the Distributor. All notices to the Participant, the Distributor, and the Transfer Agent shall be directed to the address, e-mail address, or telephone, or facsimile numbers indicated below the signature line of such party, except that for any attempt by the Transfer Agent to contact an Authorized Person of the Participant with respect to, among other things, ambiguous instructions or the suspension or cancellation of an order, the Transfer Agent agrees to contact the applicable Authorized Person that placed the Purchase Order or Redemption Order or, if such person is unavailable, an available Authorized Person on the same trading desk. A copy of all notices sent to the Participant also shall be sent to:

 

_________________

 

_________________

 

_________________

 

_________________

 

With a copy to: _________________ or such other contacts as the Participant shall designate from time to time.

 

13

 

 

18. EFFECTIVENESS, TERMINATION, AND AMENDMENT OF AGREEMENT

 

(a) This Agreement shall become effective on the date set forth below and may be terminated at any time by any party upon sixty (60) calendar days’ prior written notice to the other parties, and may be terminated earlier by the Funds, the Participant or the Distributor at any time in the event of a material breach by another party of any provision of this Agreement.

 

(b) No party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement (in whole or in part) without the prior written consent of the other party, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, provided, however, any party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement (in whole or in part) to an affiliate upon prior written notice to the other parties. Any purported assignment in violation of the provisions hereof shall be null and void.

 

(c) This Agreement may not be amended except by a writing signed by all the parties hereto. This Agreement is intended to, and shall apply to, each of the current and future Funds of the Trust, such that no amendment shall be required in the event that the Trust creates new Funds or terminates existing Funds, provided, however, that notice shall be provided to the Participant of such creation or termination of Funds.

 

19. GOVERNING LAW

 

This Section 19 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof. The parties irrevocably submit to the personal jurisdiction and service and venue of any New York State or United States Federal court sitting in New York, New York having subject matter jurisdiction, for the purposes of any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or any action taken or omitted hereunder, and waive any claim of forum non conveniens. The parties further waive personal service of any summons, complaint or other process and agree that service thereof may be made by certified or registered mail directed to such party at such party’s address for purposes of notices hereunder. THE PARTIES HERETO IRREVOCABLY WAIVE ANY AND ALL RIGHTS TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT.

 

20. COUNTERPARTS

 

This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, each of which shall be an original and all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.

 

21. SEVERANCE

 

If any provision of this Agreement is held by any court or any act, regulation, rule or decision of any other governmental or supra-national body or authority or regulatory or SRO to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason, it shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable only to the extent so held and shall not affect the validity, legality or enforceability of the other provisions of this Agreement and this Agreement shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal, or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein.

 

14

 

 

22. HEADINGS

 

Headings and sub-headings are included solely for convenient reference and shall not affect the meaning, construction, operation, or effect of the terms of this Agreement.

 

23. ENTIRE AGREEMENT

 

This Agreement, which includes the attachments, supersedes any prior agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter contained herein and constitutes the entire agreement between the parties regarding the matters contained herein.

 

24. SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS

 

This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns.

 

25. NO PROMOTION

 

Except as required by law, rule, or regulation, each of the Trust (and any Fund), the Distributor, and the Transfer Agent, solely in its capacity as Transfer Agent and in relation to this Agreement, agrees that it will not, without the prior written consent of the Participant in each instance, (i) use in advertising or publicity the name of the Participant or any affiliate of the Participant, or any partner or employee of the Participant, nor any trade name, trademark, trade device, service mark, symbol or any abbreviation, contraction or simulation thereof owned by the Participant or its affiliates, or (ii) represent, directly or indirectly, that any product or any service provided by the Trust (and any Fund), the Distributor, or the Transfer Agent, solely in its capacity as Transfer Agent and in relation to this Agreement, has been approved or endorsed by the Participant. This provision shall survive termination or expiration of this Agreement.

 

26. SURVIVAL

 

Section 4 (Marketing Materials and Representations), Section 8(c) (Authorized Persons of the Participant), Section 12 (Indemnification), Section 13 (Limitation of Liability), Section 19 (Governing Law), Section 25 (No Promotion), and this Section 26 (Survival), shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

[Signature page follows]

 

15

 

 

The duly authorized representatives of the below parties have executed this Agreement, the effective date of which shall be the date of the most recent signature below.

 

Capital Investment Group, Inc.

 

By: __________________________________________

 

Name: ______________________

 

Title: _______________________

 

Address: _______________________

 

                ________________________

 

Telephone: _____________________

 

Facsimile: ______________________

 

E-mail: ________________________

 

Date: ________________________________________

 

16

 

 

[Authorized Participant]

 

DTC/NSCC Clearing Participant Code:

 

By: _______________________________________

 

Name: ________________________________________

 

Title: _________________________________________

 

Address: ______________________________________

 

Telephone: ____________________________________

 

Facsimile: _____________________________________

 

E-mail: _______________________________________

 

Date: ________________________________________

 

17

 

 

ACCEPTED BY:

 

Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC, as Transfer Agent

 

By: __________________________________________

 

Name: Robert J. Myers

 

Title: Managing Member

 

Address: 116 South Franklin Street

                 Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804

 

Telephone: 252-984-3804

 

Facsimile: _____________________________________

 

E-mail: _____________________________________

 

Date: ________________________________________

 

18

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGED AND AGREED, SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO SECTIONS 2, 4(d), 5(b), 7(a), 11(b), 12 and 13 HEREOF:

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

 

By: __________________________________________

 

Name: ________________________________________

 

Title: _______________________________________

 

Address: ___________________________________

 

                ____________________________________

 

Telephone: __________________________________

 

Facsimile: __________________________________

 

E-mail: _____________________________________

 

Date: ________________________________________

 

19

 

 

ATTACHMENT A

 

List of Funds

 

Fund Name   Ticker   # Shares per Creation Unit
         
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF   WEIX   50,000

 

20

 

 

ATTACHMENT B

AUTHORIZED PERSONS

CERTIFIED AUTHORIZED PERSONS OF PARTICIPANT

 

The following are the names, titles and signatures of all persons (each an “Authorized Person”) authorized to give instructions relating to any activity contemplated by this Dynamic Shares Trust Authorized Participant Agreement, or any other notices, request or instruction on behalf of Participant pursuant to this Authorized Participant Agreement.

 

For Each Authorized Person:

 

Name:     Name:  
Title:     Title:  
         
Signature:     Signature:  
Phone:     Phone:  
Email:     Email:  
         
Name:     Name:  
Title:     Title:  
         
Signature:     Signature:  
Phone:     Phone:  
Email:     Email:  
         
Name:     Name:  
Title:     Title:  
         
Signature:     Signature:  
Phone:     Phone:  
Email:     Email:  
         
Name:     Name:  
Title:     Title:  
         
Signature:     Signature:  
Phone:     Phone:  
Email:     Email:  
         
Name:     Name:  
Title:     Title:  
         
Signature:     Signature:  
Phone:     Phone:  
Email:     Email:  

 

The undersigned does hereby certify that the persons listed above have been duly elected to the offices set forth beneath their names, that they presently hold such offices, that they have been duly authorized to act as Authorized Persons pursuant to the Authorized Participant Agreement by and among Capital Investment Group, Inc., and ________________, and that their signatures set forth above are their own true and genuine signatures.

 

  By:  
     
  Date:  
  Name:  
  Title:  

 

21

 

 

EX-5.1 5 ex5-1.htm

 

Exhibit 5.1

 

 

May 8, 2020

 

Dynamic Shares Trust
c/o Dynamic Shares LLC

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

 

  Re: Dynamic Shares Trust

 

Ladies and Gentlemen:

 

We have acted as special Delaware counsel to Dynamic Shares Trust, a Delaware statutory trust organized in series (the “Trust”), in connection with the matters set forth herein. This opinion is being delivered to you at your request.

 

We have examined and relied upon such records, documents, certificates and other instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the opinions expressed below, including the following documents:

 

  (a) The Certificate of Trust of the Trust, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Secretary of State”) on March 8, 2019 (the “Certificate of Trust”);
     
  (b) The Trust Agreement of the Trust, dated as of March 8, 2019, between Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, as depositor (the “Sponsor”), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”);
     
  (c) The Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of the Trust, dated as of April  21, 2020, between the Sponsor and the Trustee (the “Trust Agreement”) filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement;

 

 

 

 

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

May 8, 2020

Page 2

 

  (d) The Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed by the Trust with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about the date hereof (the “Registration Statement”), including a prospectus (the “Prospectus”) relating to the beneficial interests (the “Shares”) in the series of the Trust designated as Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (the “Fund”);
     
  (e) A form of Authorized Participant Agreement entered into by the Trust, the Sponsor and each Authorized Participant (collectively the “Participant Agreements”) filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement; and
     
  (f) A Certificate of Good Standing for the Trust, dated May 7, 2020 obtained from the Secretary of State.

 

As to various questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied upon the representations made in the foregoing documents and upon certificates of officers of the Sponsor. With respect to all documents examined by us, we have assumed (i) the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as authentic originals, (ii) the conformity with the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies or forms, and (iii) the genuineness of all signatures. Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined are used as defined in, or by reference in, the Trust Agreement.

 

Based upon and subject to the foregoing and subject to the assumptions, exceptions, qualifications and limitations set forth herein below, it is our opinion that:

 

1. The Trust has been duly formed and is validly existing as a statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, 12 Del. C. § 3801 et seq. (the “Act”).

 

2. The Shares to be issued by the Trust will be validly issued and, subject to the qualifications set forth herein, will be fully paid and nonassessable beneficial interests in the Trust.

 

3. Assuming that (i) separate and distinct records are maintained for each Fund, (ii) the assets associated with the Fund are held in such separate and distinct records (directly or indirectly including through a nominee or otherwise) and accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the Trust or any other series thereof, (iii) the notice of the limitation on liabilities of a series provided in Section 3804(a) of the Act is continuously set forth in the Certificate of Trust, and (iv) the Trust Agreement continuously provides for those matters described in (i), (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph 3, the Fund shall be entitled to the benefits of the limitation on interseries liability set forth in Section 3804(a) of the Act.

 

 

 

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

May 8, 2020

Page 3

 

The foregoing opinions are subject to the following assumptions, exceptions, qualifications and limitations:

 

A. The foregoing opinions are limited to the laws of the State of Delaware (excluding securities laws) currently in effect. We have not considered and express no opinion on the laws of any other state or jurisdiction, including federal laws or rules and regulations thereunder.

 

B. We have assumed (i) that the Trust Agreement and the Certificate of Trust are in full force and effect and have not been amended and will be in full force and effect when the Shares are issued by the Trust, (ii) except to the extent set forth in paragraph 1 above, the due creation, due formation or due organization, as the case may be, and valid existence in good standing of each party to the documents examined by us (other than the Trust) under the laws of the jurisdiction governing its creation, formation or organization, (iii) the legal capacity of each natural person who is a party to the documents examined by us, (iv) that each of the parties to the documents examined by us (other than the Trust) has the power and authority to execute and deliver, and to perform its obligations under, such documents, (v) that each of the parties to the documents examined by us (other than the Trust) has duly authorized, executed and delivered such documents, (vi) the due submission to the Sponsor of a Purchase Order Subscription Agreement by each Authorized Participant, (vii) the due acceptance by the Sponsor of each Purchase Order Subscription Agreement and the due issuance in accordance with the Trust Agreement and the Participant Agreements of the Shares relating thereto to the Authorized Participants or the Trust, as the case may be, (viii) the payment by each Authorized Participant to the Trust of the full consideration due from it for the Shares subscribed to by it, (ix) the Shares will be offered and sold as described in the Registration Statement, the Trust Agreement and the Participant Agreements and (x) that any amendment or restatement of any document reviewed by us has been accomplished in accordance with, and was permitted by, the relevant provisions of said document prior to its amendment or restatement from time to time.

 

C. We have not participated in the preparation of the Registration Statement (except for providing this opinion) or the Prospectus and assume no responsibility for their contents, other than this opinion.

 

D. The opinions in paragraph 3 above are subject to (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, receivership, reorganization, fraudulent transfer and similar laws relating to and affecting the rights and remedies of creditors generally and (ii) principles of equity, including applicable law relating to fiduciary duties (regardless of whether considered and applied in a proceeding in equity or at law). In addition, we express no opinion as to the validity or enforceability of provisions of the Trust Agreement that purport to bind a Person that is not a party to the Trust Agreement.

 

We hereby consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We also hereby consent to the use of our name under the heading “Legal Matters” in the Prospectus. In giving the foregoing consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations thereunder.

 

  Very truly yours,
   
  /s/ Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A.

 

JWP

 

 

 

EX-8.1 6 ex8-1.htm

 

Exhibit 8.1

 

 

May 8, 2020

 

Dynamic Shares LLC

Sponsor of Dynamic Shares Trust

401 W Superior St., Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

 

Re: Dynamic Shares Trust Registration Statement on Form S-1

 

Dear Sir or Madam:

 

We have served as counsel to Dynamic Shares LLC (“Sponsor”), which is the sponsor of the Dynamic Shares Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust organized into separate series, in connection with the preparation and filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, to be filed with the SEC on or about May 8, 2020 (the “Registration Statement”), registering common units of beneficial interest of one series of the Trust, the Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (the “Fund”), representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the net assets of the Fund (the “Shares”). In connection therewith, you have requested our opinion with respect to certain U.S. federal income tax matters.

 

In rendering the opinion expressed herein, we have examined and relied on the Registration Statement, originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of all such agreements, certificates and other statements of officers and other representatives of the Sponsor and the Trust and such other documents, records and instruments as we have deemed necessary to enable us to render the opinion referred to in this letter.

 

In our examination of the foregoing documents, we have assumed, with your consent, that all documents reviewed by us are original documents, or true and accurate copies of original documents, and have not been subsequently amended; the signatures of each original document are genuine; each party who executed the document had proper authority and capacity; all representations and statements set forth in such documents are true and correct; and all obligations imposed by any such documents on the parties thereto have been or will be performed or satisfied in accordance with their terms.

 

Our opinion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, pertinent judicial decisions, current interpretive rulings and pronouncements of the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), and such other authorities as we have considered relevant, in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to legislative, judicial or administrative change or differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. Our opinion is not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the conclusions expressed herein will not be challenged by the IRS or sustained by a court.

 

Based on and subject to the foregoing, we confirm that the discussion in the Registration Statement under the heading “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations,” to the extent it consists of statements of U.S. federal income tax law and legal conclusions, and subject to the limitations and qualifications set forth therein, constitutes our opinion as to the material U.S. federal income tax consequences that will apply under currently applicable law to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the Shares.

 

   
 

 

 

Dynamic Shares LLC

Sponsor of Dynamic Shares Trust

May 8, 2020

Page 2

 

The opinion stated above represents our conclusion as to the application of the U.S. federal income tax laws existing as of the date of this letter. Further, the opinion set forth above represents our conclusion based upon the assumptions, documents, facts and representations referred to above. Any material amendments to such documents, changes in any significant facts or inaccuracy of such assumptions or representations could affect the accuracy of our opinion. Although we have made such inquiries and performed such investigations as we have deemed necessary to fulfill our professional responsibilities as counsel, we have not undertaken an independent investigation of all the facts referred to in this letter and the certificates and other statements of officers and other representatives of the Sponsor and the Trust.

 

The opinion set forth in this letter is (i) limited to those matters expressly covered and no opinion is expressed in respect of any other matter, (ii) as of the date hereof, and (iii) rendered by us at the request of the Sponsor. We assume no obligation to update our opinion for events or changes in the law occurring after the effective date of the Registration Statement.

 

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion with the SEC as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the references therein to us. In giving such consent, we do not hereby admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder.

 

Very truly yours,

 

Malik Law Group LLC

 

/s/ Bilal Malik            

Name: Bilal Malik

Title: Managing Partner

 

   
 

 

EX-10.1 7 ex10-1.htm

 

Exhibit 10.1

 

FORM OF

 

ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

THIS AGREEMENT is made and entered into as of this ___ day of ____________, 2020, by and between DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST, a Delaware statutory trust, having its principal office and place of business at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654 (the “Trust”), on behalf of its series listed in Appendix A and all future series of the Trust (each a “Fund”, and collectively the “Funds” as applicable) Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, (the “Sponsor”), and THE NOTTINGHAM COMPANY, a North Carolina business corporation, having its principal office and place of business at 116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804 (the “Administrator”).

 

WHEREAS, the Administrator is in the business of providing fund accounting and administration services for the benefit of its customers; and

 

WHEREAS, the Trust desires to retain the Administrator to provide such fund accounting and administration services to each series of the Trust listed in Appendix A hereof (and as periodically amended); and

 

WHEREAS, the Administrator is willing to provide such fund accounting and administration services on the terms and conditions set forth in this agreement;

 

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants contained herein, the Trust and the Administrator hereby agree as follows:

 

1. APPOINTMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATOR

 

(a)The Trust, on behalf of each Fund listed in Appendix A, hereby retains the Administrator to provide the accounting and administrative services enumerated in Appendix B hereof, for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement.

 

(b)The Administrator hereby agrees to be retained and to furnish the services enumerated in Appendix B, for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement, in return for the compensation as provided in Section 4 of this Agreement.

 

2.SERVICES AND DUTIES OF THE ADMINISTRATOR

 

(a)With respect to each Fund, the Administrator shall provide, or cause to be provided, the accounting and administrative duties as set forth in Appendix B. The Administrator shall exercise reasonable customary care in the performance of its duties under this Agreement.

 

(b)The Administrator may from time to time adopt procedures, or modify its procedures, to implement the terms of this Agreement. However, at all times the Administrator will perform its services and duties in compliance with, and according to, the policies and direction of the Trust.

 

(c)The parties hereby mutually agree that the services and duties of the Administrator shall be confined to those matters expressly set forth in Appendix B or otherwise herein, and no implied duties are assumed by or may be asserted against the Administrator.

 

Page 1 of 22
 

 

3.BOOKS AND RECORDS

 

(a)Record Maintenance. The Administrator shall maintain customary books and records in connection with its duties as specified in this Agreement. The Administrator shall (i) keep all books and records with respect to each Fund’s books of account, (ii) records of each Fund’s securities transactions, and (iii) all other books and records as required pursuant to Commodity Futures Trading Commission Regulation 1.31 (“CFTC Regulation 1.31”) in connection with the services provided hereunder and Rule 31a-1 and under the 1940 Act, as if the Fund were subject to such requirements, and will maintain those books and records of the Trust and the Fund, and act as the document repository thereof, as required by CFTC regulation 1.31 and according to its normal retention schedule for such books and records. Any such books or records that are prepared and maintained by the Administrator on behalf of the Trust shall be the property of the Trust and will be made available to or surrendered promptly to the Trust on request. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator shall be entitled to keep copies of any books or records that the Administrator may be required to retain by law or regulation.

 

With prior approval of the Trust and in compliance with applicable law, the Administrator may subcontract to a third party the storage and maintenance of the Trust’s books and records and such costs and expenses shall be the responsibility of the Trust.

 

In case of any request or demand for the inspection of such records by another party, the Administrator will notify the Trust and follow the Trust’s instructions as to permitting or refusing such inspection; provided that the Administrator may exhibit such records as provided in Section 14 of this Agreement and to any person in any case where it is advised by its counsel that it may be held liable for failing to do so, unless (in cases involving potential exposure only to civil liability) the Trust has agreed to indemnify the Administrator against such liability.

 

(b)Delivery of Documents. The Trust shall provide the Administrator with the necessary documents, records, and other information in its possession or control to enable the Administrator to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement, including, but not limited to, a copy of the Trust documents and any amendments thereto.

 

(c)Converting to Administrator’s System. The Trust agrees to cooperate with the Administrator in converting to the Administrator’s data processing system and software (“Administrator’s System”) to the extent necessary for Administrator to perform the Administrator’s duties under this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the Trust acknowledges and agrees that all computer programs and procedures developed by or for the Administrator to perform its duties and services under this Agreement, including, but not limited to, the Administrator’s Systems, are and shall remain the sole property of the Administrator.

 

4.FEES, EXPENSES AND OTHER COMPENSATION

 

(a)Fees. In exchange for the services provided by the Administrator pursuant to Appendix B or otherwise herein, the Trust hereby agrees to pay, or cause to be paid, to the Administrator fees as specified in the Fund specific Appendices hereof. The Administrator will be entitled to additional compensation for any special projects or services requested by the Trust outside the scope of Appendix B or otherwise herein.

 

Page 2 of 22
 

 

Asset-based compensation will be calculated and accrued daily and paid to the Administrator monthly. For flat fees, partial months will be prorated. Where applicable, the fee shall be calculated based upon the average daily net assets of each Fund. For this purpose, the average daily net assets shall be computed in the manner described in the Trust’s Declaration of Trust or the Trust’s Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information for that Fund.

 

(b)Special Projects. The Trust may, from time to time, request that the Administrator perform additional tasks above and beyond the general scope of its responsibilities under Appendix B herein. The Trust hereby agrees to pay, or cause to be paid, to the Administrator special project fees as specific in Schedule 1 hereof.

 

(c)Expenses. The Trust hereby assumes and will pay, or cause to be paid, all expenses of the Trust and the Fund(s) pursuant to Schedule 2 hereof and will allocate the Fund(s)’ portion of such expenses to the Fund(s) for direct payment.

 

(d)Reimbursement. The Trust will promptly reimburse, or cause to be reimbursed, the Administrator for its reasonable expenses in connection with the Trust’s and the Fund(s)’ activities including, but not limited to:

 

(i)costs of telephone services (but not telephone equipment) including, but not limited to, long distance telephone and wire charges;

 

(ii)postage and delivery costs;

 

(iii)costs to print special forms and stationary;

 

(iv)copying charges;

 

(v)costs of financial publications (if any) or professional memberships (e.g. ICI membership) in connection with the Trust’s and the Fund(s)’ activities;

 

(vi)third party storage fees of the Trust’s and the Fund(s)’ files and records, etc.; and

 

(vii)any travel and lodging expenses incurred by officers and employees of the Administrator in connection with its services under this agreement.

 

(e)Compensation from Transactions. The Trust authorizes any entity or person associated with the Administrator that is a member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on the exchange for the account of the Trust which is permitted by Section 11(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 11a2-2(T) thereunder, and the Trust consents to the retention of compensation for such transactions in accordance with Rule 11a2-2(T)(a)(2)(iv) thereunder.

 

(f)Survival of Compensation Rates. All rights of compensation under this Agreement for services performed as of the termination date will survive the termination of this Agreement. In addition, upon liquidation or upon termination of this Agreement as to any Fund, the Administrator shall be entitled to such other compensation as set forth in Appendix C.

 

Page 3 of 22
 

 

5.NON-EXCLUSIVITY

 

The services of the Administrator rendered to the Trust are not to be deemed to be exclusive. The Administrator is free to render such services to others and to have other businesses and interests. It is understood that trustees, officers, employees, or shareholders of the Trust are or may be or become interested in the Administrator, as directors, officers, employees, and shareholders or otherwise and that directors, officers, employees, and shareholders of the Administrator and its counsel are or may be or become similarly interested in the Trust, and that the Administrator may be or become interested in the Trust as a shareholder or otherwise.

 

6.INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR STATUS

 

The Administrator will, for the purpose of this Agreement, be deemed an independent contractor and, unless otherwise expressly provided or authorized, will have no authority to act or represent the Trust in any way and will not be deemed an agent of the Trust.

 

7.LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, INDEMNIFICATION, AND RELIANCE

 

For the purposes of this Section 7 the term “Administrator” shall include directors, officers, employees, and other agents of the Administrator, as well as the Administrator itself:

 

(a)Limitation of Liability. The duties of the Administrator shall be confined to those expressly set forth in this Agreement, and no implied duties are assumed by or may be asserted against the Administrator. The Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment, mistake of law, loss or damage suffered by the Fund(s) in connection with any investment, or any act or omission of the Administrator in carrying out its duties under this Agreement, except a loss or damage resulting directly from willful misconduct or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties under this Agreement, or from reckless disregard by the Administrator of its obligations under this Agreement.

 

Further, in no event shall the Administrator be liable under any provision of, or in connection with, this agreement (regardless of whether a claim is based on contract, tort, or otherwise) for any damages other than actual and direct damages, and the Administrator shall have no liability for any incidental, indirect, consequential, special, or exemplary damages or losses which the Fund(s) may incur or suffer, whether or not the likelihood or possibility of such damages was known to the Administrator in advance.

 

(b)Indemnification. Provided that the Administrator has exercised reasonable customary care in the performance of its duties under this Agreement, the Trust assumes full responsibility and will indemnify and defend the Administrator and hold it harmless from and against any and all actions, suits, and claims, whether groundless or otherwise, and from and against any and all losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees, and disbursements, payments, expenses, and liabilities (including reasonable investigation expenses) of every nature and character arising or occurring directly or indirectly out of Administrator’s relationship to the Trust under this Agreement or any of Administrator’s action taken or nonactions with respect to the performance of services under this Agreement; provided, however, Administrator shall not be indemnified against any liability arising out of its own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard in the performance of its duties or its own reckless disregard of its duties or obligations under this Agreement. The indemnity and defense provisions set forth herein shall indefinitely survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

Page 4 of 22
 

 

The rights hereunder shall include the right to reasonable advances of defense expenses in the event of any pending or threatened litigation with respect to which indemnification hereunder may ultimately be merited. In order that the indemnification provision contained herein shall apply, however, it is understood that if in any case the Trust may be asked to indemnify, defend, or hold the Administrator harmless, the Trust shall be fully and promptly advised of all pertinent facts concerning the situation in question, and it is further understood that the Administrator will use all reasonable care to identify and notify the Trust promptly concerning any situation which presents or appears likely to present the probability of such a claim for indemnification against the Trust, but failure to do so in good faith will not affect the rights under this Agreement.

 

The Trust will be entitled to participate at its own expense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any claims subject to this indemnity provision. If the Trust elects to assume the defense of any such claim, the defense will be conducted by counsel or chosen by the Trust and satisfactory to the Administrator, whose approval will not be unreasonably withheld. In the event the Trust elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the Administrator will bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by it, absent a conflict of interest between the Trust and the Administrator. In the event of a conflict between the Trust and the Administrator or if the Trust does not elect to assume the defense of a suit, the Trust shall reimburse the Administrator for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by Administrator.

 

The Administrator may apply to the Trust at any time for instructions and may consult with the Trust’s counsel with respect to any matter arising in connection with the Administrator’s duties, and the Administrator will not be liable or accountable for any action taken or omitted by it in good faith in accordance with such instructions or with the opinion of the Trust’s counsel or auditors. Also, the Administrator will be protected in acting on any document that it reasonably believes to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper person or persons. The Administrator will not be held to have notice of any change of authority of any officers, employee, or agent of the Trust until receipt of written notice thereof from the Trust.

 

Should the foregoing indemnification agreement be found unenforceable or that contribution is required from Administrator, then the Administrator’s aggregate contribution for all losses, claims, damages, or liabilities, including rescission liabilities, shall not exceed the value of all fees earned by and expenses reimbursed to the Administrator pursuant to this Agreement. No person or entity guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation shall be entitled to contribution from any person or entity that is not so guilty.

 

Performance by the Administrator of its obligations under this Agreement does not absolve or release the Trust or the Trust’s Sponsor or commodity pool operator from its fiduciary responsibilities to the Funds or the Funds’ shareholders.

 

(c)Reliance. Except to the extent that the Administrator may be liable pursuant to this Section 7, the Administrator shall not be liable for any action taken or failure to act in good faith in reliance upon:

 

(i)Advice from the Trust or from counsel to the Trust;

 

Page 5 of 22
 

 

(ii)Any oral instruction which it receives and which it reasonably believes in good faith (pursuant to procedures mutually agreed to by the Administrator and the Advisors) was transmitted by the person or persons authorized by the Trust to give such oral instruction;

 

(iii)Any written instruction or certified copy of any resolution of the Trust, and the Administrator may rely upon the genuineness of any such document, copy or facsimile thereof reasonably believed in good faith by the Administrator to have been validly executed; or

 

(iv)Any signature, instruction, request, letter of transmittal, certificate, opinion of counsel, statement, instrument, report, notice, consent, order, or other document reasonably believed in good faith by the Administrator to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the Trust or other proper party or parties;

 

and the Administrator shall not be under any duty or obligation to inquire into the validity or invalidity or authority or lack of authority of any statement, oral or written instruction, resolution, signature, request, letter of transmittal, certificate, opinion of counsel, instrument, report, notice, consent, order, or any other document or instrument which the Administrator reasonably believes in good faith to be genuine.

 

(d)Errors of Others. The Administrator shall not be liable for the errors of other service providers to the Trust, including the errors of pricing services (other than to pursue all reasonable claims against the pricing service based on the pricing services’ standard contracts entered into by the Administrator) and errors in information provided by an commodity pool operator (including prices and pricing formulas and the untimely transmission of trade information) or custodian to the Trust; except or unless any of the Administrator’s actions or inaction is a direct or proximate cause of the error.

 

(e)Reliance on Electronic Instructions. If the Trust has the ability to originate electronic instructions to the Administrator in order to (i) effect the transfer or movement of cash or Shares or (ii) transmit Shareholder information or other information, then in such event the Administrator shall be entitled to rely on the validity and authenticity of such instruction without undertaking any further inquiry as long as such instruction is undertaken in conformity with security procedures established and agreed upon by the Administrator and the Advisors.

 

(f)If the Trust requires for the Administrator to provide the Fund with portfolio compliance services, such services shall be provided pursuant to the terms of this Section 7 (the “Portfolio Compliance Services”). The precise compliance review and testing services to be provided shall be as directed by each Fund and as mutually agreed between Administrator and such Fund, and the results of Administrator’s Portfolio Compliance Services shall be detailed in a portfolio compliance summary report (the “Compliance Summary Report”) prepared on a periodic basis as mutually agreed. Each Compliance Summary Report shall be subject to review and approval by the respective Fund.

 

(g)A Fund will examine each Compliance Summary Report delivered to it by Administrator and notify Administrator of any error, omission or discrepancy within ten (10) days of its receipt. The Fund agrees to notify Administrator promptly in writing if it fails to receive any such Compliance Summary Report. The Fund further acknowledges that unless it notifies Administrator of any error, omission or discrepancy within 10 days, such Compliance Summary Report shall be deemed final and shall not be reissued. In addition, if the Fund learns of any out-of-compliance condition before receiving a Compliance Summary Report reflecting such condition, the Fund will notify Administrator of such condition within one (1) business day after discovery thereof.

 

Page 6 of 22
 

 

(h)While Administrator will endeavor to identify out-of-compliance conditions, Administrator does not and could not for the fees charged, make any guarantees, representations, or warranties with respect to its ability to identify all such conditions. In the event of any errors or omissions in the performance of Portfolio Compliance Services, the Fund’s sole and exclusive remedy and Administrator’s sole liability shall be limited to re-performance by Administrator of the Portfolio Compliance Services affected and in connection therewith the correction of any error or omission, if practicable and the preparation of a corrected report, at no cost to the Fund.

 

8.EFFECTIVE DATE, DURATION AND TERMINATION

 

(a)Effective Date. This Agreement shall become effective on the date first written above.

 

(b)Duration. This Agreement shall remain effective for a period of three years. Thereafter, this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect unless terminated by either party.

 

(c)Termination. This Agreement may be terminated by either party at the end of the initial term or any renewal term by giving not less than ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the other party. This Agreement may also be terminated at any time as follows:

 

(i)By mutual written agreement of the parties; or

 

(ii)For cause – in the event of willful misconduct, gross negligence, or breach of this Agreement by the non-moving party. Such termination requires giving not less than thirty (30) days’ prior written notice to the other party.

 

Unless terminated for cause, the Administrator shall be paid either a Termination or Liquidation fee (as appropriate). Said fee is not a penalty but an extra fee to compensate the Administrator for its service in assisting in transferring records and reports or otherwise wrapping up its services under this Agreement for such Fund. The relevant fee shall be as follows:

 

Upon the termination of this Agreement with respect to any Fund:

 

(i)A fee equal to the compensation paid (or payable to) the Administrator for the two months immediately prior to such termination.

 

Upon the liquidation of any Fund:

 

(i)In lieu of the foregoing termination fee, a liquidation fee equal to the compensation paid (or payable to) the Administrator for the three months immediately prior such termination.

 

Termination and Liquidation fees shall be paid promptly upon termination or liquidation, respectively.

 

Page 7 of 22
 

 

Termination and Liquidation fees shall be in addition to reimbursing the Administrator for its reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the Administrator’s activities in effecting such termination or liquidation. This includes, but is not limited to, the cost of delivering to the Trust or its designee the Trust’s records and documents or copies thereof.

 

(d)Cooperation and Good Faith. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Administrator and the Trust agree to cooperate in good faith in transferring records and other information in the Administrator’s possession and wrapping up their relationship under this Agreement in a commercially reasonable manner.

 

(e)Reimbursement. Upon termination of this Agreement for any reason, the Trust shall pay to the Administrator such compensation as may be due to the Administrator under this Agreement for services performed prior to the date of termination, including any out-of-pocket reimbursements due and payable hereunder.

 

(f)Termination Fee. The above-referenced termination fee is not a penalty, but a charge to compensate the Administrator for its services in assisting in transferring records and reports and otherwise wrapping up its services under this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator shall not be entitled to the termination fee if the Administrator elects to terminate this Agreement or the Administrator is terminated due to its willful misconduct, gross negligence, or breach of this Agreement.

 

(g)Survival of Certain Obligations. The obligations of Sections 4, 7, 8, 13, and 14 shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

 

9.AMENDMENTS

 

No provision of this Agreement may be amended, modified, or waived in any manner except by a written instrument signed by the party against which the enforcement of such is sought.

 

10.ASSIGNMENT AND SUBCONTRACTING

 

(a)Assignment. The parties hereby mutually consent that:

 

(a)Without the express written consent of both parties, any assignment or attempted assignment of this Agreement constitutes a breach of the Agreement; and

 

(b)Any such assignment or attempted assignment is void; and

 

(c)Any such assignment or attempted assignment will immediately terminate this Agreement.

 

However, to the extent that such express written consent is sought, the parties also agree that such consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

 

In the event that this Agreement is successfully assigned, either by express written consent of the parties or in any way otherwise, this Agreement shall be binding upon the respective assigns.

 

(b)Subcontracting. The parties hereby mutually consent that the Administrator may, at its expense unless otherwise provided in the Agreement, subcontract with any entity or person concerning the provision of the services contemplated hereunder. The Administrator shall not, however, be relieved of any of its obligations under this Agreement by the appointment of such subcontractor. This Agreement shall be binding upon, and shall inure to the benefit of, the parties hereto and their respective successors.

 

Page 8 of 22
 

 

11.ADDITIONAL FUNDS AND CLASSES

 

If the Trust establishes one or more series of Shares or one or more classes of Shares after the effectiveness of this Agreement, such series of Shares or classes of Shares, as the case may be, shall become Funds and classes under this Agreement. However, either the Administrator or the Trust may elect in writing not to make any such series or classes subject to this Agreement.

 

12.DISTINCTION OF FUNDS

 

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the parties agree that the assets and liabilities of each Fund of the Trust are separate and distinct from the assets and liabilities of each other Fund and that no Fund shall be liable or shall be charged for any debt, obligation or liability of any other Fund, whether arising under this Agreement or otherwise. In cases where there are multiple funds managed by the same Sponsor or commodity pool operator, every attempt will be made to allocate expenses among the funds in a manner that represents the division of expense required for each fund’s operations.

 

13.PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

 

(a)Proprietary Information of the Administrator. The Trust acknowledges that the databases, computer programs, screen formats, report formats, interactive design techniques, and documentation manuals maintained by the Administrator on databases under the control and ownership of the Administrator or a third party constitute copyrighted, trade secret, or other proprietary information (collectively, “the Administrator’s Proprietary Information”) of substantial value to the Administrator or the third party. The Trust agrees to treat all Proprietary Information as proprietary to the Administrator and further agrees that it shall not divulge any Proprietary Information to any person or organization except as may be provided under this Agreement.

 

(b)Proprietary Information of the Trust. The Administrator acknowledges that the Shareholder list and all information related to Shareholders furnished to the Administrator by the Trust or by a Shareholder in connection with this Agreement (collectively, “Customer Data”), all information regarding the Trust Portfolios, arrangements with brokerage firms, compensation paid to or by the Trust, trading strategies and all such related information (collectively, “the Trust’s Proprietary Information”) constitute proprietary information of substantial value to the Trust. In no event shall the Administrator’s Proprietary Information be deemed the Trust’s Proprietary Information or Customer Data. The Administrator agrees to treat all of the Trust’s Proprietary Information and Customer Data as proprietary to the Trust and further agrees that it shall not divulge any of the Trust’s Proprietary Information or Customer Data to any person or organization except as may be provided under this Agreement or as may be directed by the Trust or as may be duly requested by regulatory authorities.

 

(c)Employee Notification. Each party agrees to take reasonable efforts to advise its employees of their obligations pursuant to this Section 13. The obligations of this Section shall survive any earlier termination of this Agreement.

 

Page 9 of 22
 

 

14.CONFIDENTIALITY

 

The Administrator and the Trust agree that all books, records, information, and data pertaining to the business of the other party, which are exchanged or received pursuant to the negotiation or the carrying out of this Agreement, shall remain confidential, and shall not be voluntarily disclosed to any other person, except that the Administrator may:

 

(a)Prepare or assist in the preparation of periodic reports to shareholders and regulatory bodies such as the SEC;

 

(b)Provide information typically supplied in the investment company industry to companies that track or report price, performance or other information regarding investment companies;

 

(c)Release such other information as approved in writing by the Trust which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld;

 

(d)Release such information as is necessary when the Administrator is exposed to civil or criminal liability for failure to comply when divulgence is requested by a duly constitutional authority or when so requested by the Trust or Advisors;

 

(e)In accordance with Section 248.11 of Regulation S-P (17 CFR 248.1 – 248.30) (“Reg S-P”), the Administrator will not directly, or indirectly through an affiliate, disclose any non-public personal information as defined in Reg S-P, received from the Fund to any person that is not affiliated with the Fund or with the Administrator and provided that any such information disclosed to an affiliate of the Administrator shall be under the same limitations on non-disclosure.

 

For the purposes of this section, the following records and other information shall not be considered confidential:

 

(a)Any record or other information that is or becomes publicly available through no fault of the Administrator;

 

(b)Any record and other information that is released by the Trust in a public release;

 

(c)Any record or other information that is lawfully obtained from third parties who are not under an obligation to keep such information confidential; or

 

(d)Any record or other information previously known by Administrator.

 

15.COMPLIANCE

 

The Administrator undertakes to comply with all applicable requirements for the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the 1940 Act, and other laws, rules, and regulations of governmental authorities having jurisdiction with respect to the duties to be performed by the Administrator under this Agreement.

 

16.TRUST OBLIGATION

 

It is understood that this Agreement has been executed on behalf of the Trust by an officer of the Trust in his capacity as an officer and not individually. The obligations of this Agreement shall only be binding upon the assets and property of each Fund and shall not be binding upon any trustee, officer, or shareholder of the Trust individually.

 

Page 10 of 22
 

 

17.REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

 

Representations of the Administrator. The Administrator represents and warrants to the Trust that:

 

(i)It is a corporation duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of North Carolina;

 

(ii)It is empowered under applicable laws and by its organizational documents to enter into this Agreement and perform its duties under this Agreement; and

 

(iii)It has access to the necessary facilities, equipment, and personnel to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement.

 

(iv)Its fees and charges set out in this Agreement are solely to cover administrative expenses and not distribution expenses.

 

Representations of the Trust. The Trust represents and warrants to the Administrator that:

 

(i)It is a Trust duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware;

 

(ii)It is empowered under applicable laws and by its Organizational Documents to enter into and perform this Agreement;

 

(iii)All proceedings required by said Organizational Documents have been taken to authorize it to enter into and perform this Agreement; and

 

(iv)A registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of each of the Funds is currently effective (or will be effective when the Administrator first performs services under this Agreement) and will remain effective during the term of this Agreement, and appropriate state securities law filings as required, have been or will be made and will continue to be made, with respect to all Shares of the Fund being offered for sale.

 

18.LEGAL CONSTRUCTION

 

(a)Severability. If any part, term or provision of this Agreement is held to be illegal, in conflict with any law or otherwise invalid, the remaining portion or portions shall be considered severable and not affected by such determination, and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be construed and enforced as if the Agreement did not contain the particular part, term or provision held to be illegal or invalid.

 

(b)Interpretation. If any provision of this Agreement, or portion thereof, is capable of two interpretations, one of which would render the provision, or portion thereof, void and the other which would render the provision, or portion thereof, valid, then the provision, or portion thereof, shall have the same meaning which renders it valid.

 

Page 11 of 22
 

 

(c)Construction. The language used herein shall be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties hereto to express their mutual intent, and no rule of strict construction shall be applied against either party.

 

19.NOTICE

 

Any notice required or permitted to be given by either party to the other party shall be in writing and will be deemed sufficient if personally delivered or sent by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, addressed by the party giving notice to the other party at the following addresses (or such other address for a party as shall be specific by like notice):

 

(a)To the Trust:

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

Attn: Weixuan Zhang

 

(b)To the Sponsor:

 

Dynamic Shares LLC

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

Attn: Weixuan Zhang

 

(c)To the Administrator:

 

The Nottingham Company

Attn: Legal Department

116 South Franklin Street

Post Office Box 69

Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27802-0069

 

20.MISCELLANEOUS

 

(a)Force Majeure. In the event that either party is unable to perform its obligations under the terms of this Agreement because of acts of God, strikes, equipment or transmission failure or damage reasonably beyond its control, or other causes reasonably beyond its control, such party shall not be liable for damages to the other party resulting from such failure to perform or otherwise from such causes.

 

(b)Arbitration. Any controversy or claim arising out of, or related to, this Agreement, its termination or the breach thereof, shall be settled by binding arbitration by three arbitrators (or by fewer arbitrator(s), if the parties subsequently agree to fewer) in the City of New York, in accordance with the rules then obtaining of the American Arbitration Association, and the arbitrators’ decision shall be binding and final, and judgment upon the award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.

 

(c)Headings. Section and paragraph headings in this Agreement are included for convenience only and are not to be used to construe or interpret this Agreement.

 

Page 12 of 22
 

 

(d)Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including all appendices, constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes any prior agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof whether oral or written.

 

(e)Multiple Originals. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument.

 

(f)Definitions of Certain Terms. The terms “interested persons” and “affiliated persons,” when used in this Agreement, will have the respective meanings specified in the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, subject to such exemptions as granted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

(g)Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of North Carolina without regard to the principles of conflict of laws, provided that nothing herein shall be construed in a manner inconsistent with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any applicable rule or order of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

[Signatures on Following Page]

 

Page 13 of 22
 

 

REPRESENTATION OF SIGNATORIES. Each of the undersigned expressly warrants and represents that they have full power and authority to sign this Agreement on behalf of the party indicated and that their signature will bind the party indicated to the terms hereof.

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the day and year first above written.

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST  
     
By:    
Name:     
Title:    
     
DYNAMIC SHARES LLC  
     
By:    
Name:    
Title:    
     
THE NOTTINGHAM COMPANY  
     
By:    
Name: Katherine M. Honey  
Title: Executive Vice President  

 

{Signature Page to Fund Accounting and Administration Service Agreement}

 

Page 14 of 22
 

 

SCHEDULE 1

 

SPECIAL PROJECT FEES

FUND ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

Legal & Administrative Projects

 

The Trust may, from time to time, request that the Administrator perform additional tasks above and beyond the general scope of its responsibilities under Appendix B herein. A non-exhaustive list of common services and their fees is included here. Additional services not listed here will be invoiced at a rate agreed to by the Trust and the Administrator.

 

S-1/3 Filing (beyond annual)  $2,500 
424B3 Filing  $500 
Form 8-K Filing  $500 
Proxy and Special Shareholder Meeting  $5,000 

 

Technology Projects

 

The Trust may, from time to time, request that the Administrator create or aid in the creation of specialized reports, databases, or other customized digital products. These may include, but are not limited to, additional data displayed for a Fund’s Advisor or shareholders on its web portal.

 

Each such project will be invoiced at a rate of $500 plus $150 per hour (beyond the first 3) worked by the Administrator’s programming staff.

 

Page 15 of 22
 

 

SCHEDULE 2

 

FUND EXPENSES

FUND ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

The Trust hereby assumes and will pay, or cause to be paid, all expenses of the Trust and the Fund(s), either pursuant to those enumerated in this Schedule, or those not otherwise allocated within this Agreement.

 

Such expenses include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

Organizational expenses   Costs and expenses of Trust meetings
Taxes   Fees payable to each Fund’s commodity pool operator
Brokerage fees and commissions with regard to portfolio transactions of the Fund(s)   Auditing and legal expenses of the Trust and the Fund(s)
Interest charges, fees, and expenses of the custodian of the Fund(s)’ portfolio securities   Cost of maintenance of the Trust’s and Fund(s)’ existence as a legal entity;
Costs of fidelity bonds and officers/errors and omissions insurance policies   Administrative expenses (including, but not limited to, any fees, expenses, and reimbursements payable to the Administrator under this Agreement)
Litigation and other extraordinary or nonrecurring expenses involving the Trust or the Fund(s)   Any actual out-of-pocket expenses of the Administrator as provided in this Agreement and as may be agreed upon from time to time
Fees and expenses of trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust as that term is defined by law   Other expenses relating to the Trust not specified in this Agreement as being the responsibility of the Administrator
Fees and expenses of the Trust’s dividend dispersing and transfer agent(s)   Outsourced compliance services including compensation of the Chief Compliance Officer of the Trust and Fund(s)
Costs and expenses of initial and ongoing registration of the Fund(s)’ shares under Federal and State securities laws   Costs of preparing (including typesetting), printing, and mailing reports, prospectuses, statements of additional information, proxy solicitation material, and notices to existing shareholders

 

The Trust recognizes and agrees to pay the following specific amounts associated with the following common expenses. The Trust acknowledges that these expenses are either charged by, or based on charges from, third party service providers, and are therefore subject to change at any time and without notice:

 

1.Securities Pricing (per item, per pricing day):

 

Equities (including exchange listed derivatives)  $0.25 
Foreign Securities  $1.00 
U.S. Treasuries  $0.50 
Asset Backed Securities  $1.00 
Conv/High Yield Bonds  $1.50 
Municipal Bonds  $0.50 
Corporate Bonds  $0.50 
Corporate Actions (Equities)  $2.00 
Corporate Actions (Foreign Securities)  $2.00 

 

2.EDGAR Filings:

 

Per Page  $6.00 

 

Page 16 of 22
 

 

APPENDIX A

 

FUNDS TO BE SERVICED

FUND ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

1.Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

Page 17 of 22
 

 

APPENDIX B

 

ADMINISTRATOR’S SERVICES

FUND ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

The Administrator will provide customary administrative services, regulatory reporting, fund accounting, and related portfolio accounting services to the Trust with adequate office space, equipment, personnel, and facilities for handling those services for the Fund(s), and such other services as the Trust may, from time to time, reasonably request, and the Administrator may, from time to time, reasonably determine to be necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement. In addition, at the request of the Trust, the Administrator will make reports to the Trust concerning the performance of its obligations hereunder.

 

The Administrator shall provide, or cause to be provided by others, the following services:

 

1.ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

 

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Administrator will:

 

a.Process and review transactions, input and reconcile the Funds’ investment activity, including but not limited to:

 

Investments, including tax lots

 

Income

 

Dividends

 

Capital activity

 

Principal paydowns

 

Cash activity

 

Corporate actions

 

Calculation of yields, including SEC yields and dividend yields when applicable

 

b.Reconcile positions against the records of the custodian or other applicable party including:

 

Securities, futures and over-the-counter (“OTC”) holdings

 

Cash including cash transfers, fees assessed and other investment related cash transactions

 

Trade settlements

 

ETF share reconciliation with DTCC

 

Commission expense and reimbursements, if applicable

 

Daily variation margin

 

c.Update each security, futures, and OTC position as to the following:

 

Daily valuation

 

Market prices obtained from approved sources or Fair Valuation obtained from an Authorized Person of the Fund

 

Page 18 of 22
 

 

d.Perform investment accounting including:

 

i.Amortization/accretion at the individual tax lot level

 

ii.Determine realized and unrealized capital gains/losses

 

iii.General ledger entries

 

iv.Daily accruing of expenses and other expense related transactions

 

v.Book value calculations

 

vi.Trade date + 1 accounting

 

vii.Daily NAV Calculation – Calculation of the NAV as of the earlier of 4:00 p.m. Eastern or close of Fund’s benchmark.

 

e.Disseminated the NAV and portfolio holdings as follows:

 

i.Provide daily NAV and holding data to Morningstar, Lipper, and other organizations as requested by the Sponsor

 

ii.Create and transmit NAV, IIV data, and holding files on a daily basis to the FTP site(s) designated by the Sponsor

 

f.Provide accounting reports in connection with the annual audit and other audits and examinations by regulatory agencies

 

g.Provide internet-based access to fund accounting data

 

h.Provide position reporting

 

i.Prepare, review and file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and annual reports on Form 10-K in accordance with U.S. GAAP and with deference to Sponsor preferences in a timely fashion, which may include:

 

i.Statements of Financial Condition

 

ii.Schedules of Investments

 

iii.Statements of Operations

 

iv.Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

 

v.Statements of Cash Flows

 

vi.Notes to Financial Statements

 

vii.Trust Combined Statements

 

j.Review/Prepare other financial data included in the 10-Qs and 10-Ks.

 

k.Prepare quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the Fund for each of the first three fiscal quarters of the Funds, and annual report on Form 10-K for the Funds fiscal year, or as requested by the Sponsor. The preparation of each Form 10-Q and 10-K includes facilitating delivery of the filing to the printer, coordination of all printer and author edits, the review of printer drafts and the review of final printer invoices.

 

l.Upon review and approval of each form 10-K and 10-Q by the Sponsor’s Principal Financial Officer (or such person performing such functions), the Administrator shall edgarize and file, or cause to be edgarized and filed, such reports (including the XBRL versions) with the SEC, CFTC and/or NFA, as required, including any applicable executive officer certifications or other exhibits to such reports.

 

Page 19 of 22
 

 

m.Coordinate with Auditors the review of the quarterly report in the 10-Q and the audit of the annual report in the 10-K.

 

n.Prepare monthly account statements in conformity with CFTC Regulations within 20 days after month end.

 

o.Prepare quarterly CPO-PQR reporting within a mutually agreed upon timeframe following the quarter end.

 

p.Prepare annual report that is filed electronically with NFA (PFS) within a mutually agreed upon timeframe following the Funds fiscal year end.

 

q.Prepare Liquidation Statements in accordance with NFA regulations in a timely manner.

 

r.Prepare and coordinate the annual shareholder mailing within 90 days of the Funds’ fiscal year subject to final review by the Funds’ Sponsor in compliance with the requirements of CFTC Rule 4.22(c). In consultation with the Funds Sponsor, facilitate delivery of the filing to the printer. Such preparation includes the coordination of all printer and author edits, the review of printer drafts and review of final printer invoices.

 

s.Prepare Seed Financial Statements as needed.

 

t.Determine monthly management fees payable and prepare authorizations for disbursements.

 

u.Prepare a quarterly report listing any known material errors/compliance violations that occurred with respect to the Administrator’s procedures.

 

v.Provide assets and/or calculations of license fees to license providers.

 

w.Prepare, update and maintain regulatory calendars with respect to services provided .

 

x.As requested by the Sponsor, assist with requests for information/documentation from the SEC, CFTC, NFA, applicable exchanges, and other regulatory authorities to the extent Administrator is in possession of such information.

 

y.Provide the Sponsor sub-certifications relating to Sarbanes-Oxley attestation for Form 10-K, and Form 10-Q filings.

 

z.Assist in responses for inquiries from the SEC and other regulatory authorities required.

 

aa.Establish expense accruals, maintain expense files and coordinate payment of invoices.

 

bb.Monitor Expense reductions related to Offering costs.

 

cc.Prepare fund budgets and recommendations for adjustments as necessary.

 

dd.Prepare monthly Fund expense analysis.

 

ee.Prepare stock split info as needed.

 

ff.Provide financial data for S-1/S-3 and other regulatory filings.

 

gg.Prepare statistical reports for information services.

 

hh.Calculate and maintain total return information.

 

ii.Prepare performance data every other month within ten days of month-end for inclusion in S-1/S-3 and as requested by Sponsor.

 

jj.Obtain Tax ID numbers, CUSIP numbers, ISIN numbers, and NSCC CUSIPs/Symbols.

 

Page 20 of 22
 

 

kk.Coordinate and facilitate DCP meetings, including preparing agendas and providing minutes.

 

ll.Establish control accounts for the new funds.

 

mm.Provide accounting and other data to the Sponsor and its Tax Accountants in support of the preparation of the K-1’s and the related filings.

 

nn.Assist in coordinating the filing of the Fidelity Bond with the SEC.

 

oo.Assist with and/or coordinate such other filings, notices and regulatory matters, including Form 8-K, on such terms and conditions as the parties hereto may mutually agree upon in writing from time to time.

 

pp.Assist the Fund in the handling of SEC examinations by providing requested documents in the possession of Administrator that are on the SEC examination request list and any other information that may be required by rule or regulation.

 

qq.At the request of the Fund Sponsor, review miscellaneous materials and reports prepared by Sponsor, auditors, outside Counsel, etc. and provide comments as appropriate.

 

rr.Prepare initial draft of annual update to the Funds’ registration statement on Form S-1/3 and coordinate with counsel regarding the filing of the Form S-1/3 with the SEC and NFA.

 

ss.Maintain books and records, compliance materials and other Fund Documents prepared by Administrator.

 

tt.IRS CIRCULAR 230 DISCLOSURE:

 

To ensure compliance with requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Service, Administrator informs the Fund that any U.S. tax advice contained in any communication from Administrator to the Fund (including any future communications) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein or therein.

 

2.LEGAL SERVICES

 

Trust and Fund shall be responsible for all legal fees incurred by the Trust and Fund.

 

3.OTHER SERVICES

 

The Administrator will perform other services for the Trust as agreed to by the Administrator and the Trust from time to time. The Administrator shall be entitled to additional compensation for such other services.

 

Page 21 of 22
 

 

APPENDIX C

 

FEES AND COMPENSATION

FUND ACCOUNTING AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICE AGREEMENT

 

Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

1.Fund Accounting and Administration Fees

 

Fund Accounting Fees

 

  Base Fee: $1,667 per month minimum

 

  Asset-Based Fee: 1 basis point (0.01%) per year

 

Administration Fees

 

  Asset-Based Fee: (minimum of $4,167 per month)

 

Net Assets  Annual Fee 
On the first $250 million   0.07%
On the next $250 million   0.06%
On the next $500 million   0.04%
On assets over $1 billion   0.035%

 

2.Portfolio Compliance Services

 

The Administrator provides monitoring and reporting of a Fund’s compliance with SEC and IRS regulations, as well as the policies and investment limitations as set forth in its offering documents.

 

For these services, each Fund will be invoiced at a rate of $625 per month.

 

3.Miscellaneous Compensation

 

(a)ETF website requirement:

 

The Administrator’s Information Technology and Programming team will seamlessly link requisite data feeds to a website designed and created for the Fund.

 

For these services, the Fund will be invoiced at a rate of $387.50 per month.

 

(b)Use of the Authorized Participant Portal: $1,000 per month.

 

Page 22 of 22

 

EX-10.2 8 ex10-2.htm

 

Exhibit 10.2

 

FORM OF SPONSOR AGREEMENT

 

This Sponsor Agreement (the “Agreement”) is dated as of _______________ between Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Sponsor”), and Dynamic Shares Trust, a statutory trust organized under the laws of Delaware (the “Trust”), both for itself and on behalf of each of its currently operating series (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”).

 

  1. The Trust and the Funds. The Trust and each of the Funds may be deemed commodity pools for purposes of the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”) and the applicable regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”). Each of the Funds is sponsored by the Sponsor, a commodity pool operator registered under the CEA. Neither the Trust nor any Fund is an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and neither is required to register thereunder. The Sponsor is not registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and is not required to register thereunder.
     
  2. Appointment. The Trust hereby appoints Sponsor as commodity pool operator for the Funds, with full power to supervise and direct the investment of the assets of the Funds as set forth herein. Sponsor hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to render services on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.
     
  3. Investment Discretion. Sponsor will manage the Funds in accordance with Sponsor’s best judgment and consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and investment strategies outlined in the Funds’ prospectus and registration statement on Form S-1.
     
  4. Reporting; Record Keeping. Sponsor shall advise the Trust, at such times as the Trust may specify, of any Fund investments made and the reasons for making a particular investment. Sponsor will be available at reasonable times to discuss the management of the Funds with the Trust or its designee. Any written reports supplied by Sponsor to the Trust discussing Fund management are intended solely for the benefit of the Trust and the Funds, and the Trust agrees that it will not disseminate such reports to any other party (other than the Funds’ service providers) without the prior consent of Sponsor, except as may be required by applicable law. Sponsor shall make or cause to be made, and shall maintain or cause to be maintained, all records as are required to be made or maintained by it in its capacity as commodity pool operator of the Funds.
     
  5. Other Accounts. The Trust understands and acknowledges that Sponsor may perform commodity trading advisory services for various persons other than the Funds. The Funds acknowledge that Sponsor may give advice and take action concerning other investing pools that may be the same as, similar to or different from the advice given, or the timing and nature of action taken, concerning the Funds. Except to the extent necessary to perform Sponsor’s obligations under this Agreement, nothing herein shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right of Sponsor, or any affiliate of Sponsor or any employee of Sponsor to engage in any other business or to devote time and attention to the management or other aspects of any other business, whether of a similar or dissimilar nature, or to render services of any kind to any other corporation, partnership, firm, trust, individual or association.

 

 

 

 

  6. Fees and Expenses. The Trust, on behalf of each Fund, shall pay Sponsor fees for its services as Sponsor hereunder and reimburse expenses of Sponsor as determined by Sponsor and the Trust, on behalf of each Fund, from time to time, all as set forth in the registration statements or reports of the Trust publicly available on the EDGAR system of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“EDGAR Filings”). The Sponsor and the Trust, on behalf of each Fund, agree that material changes to the fee payment and expense reimbursement structure shall not become effective prior to 30 days after such changes are described in one or more EDGAR Filings.
     
  7. Representations; Indemnification. The Trust represents and warrants that: (a) it has been duly organized and is validly existing under the law of the state of its organization, (b) it is duly authorized to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and has taken all action necessary to authorize its execution, delivery and performance, including the obtaining of any necessary governmental consents, (c) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, does not and will not conflict with or violate any provision of any law, rule, regulation, governing document of the Trust, contract, deed of trust, or other instrument to which the Trust is a party or to which any of the Trust or Funds’ property is subject, (d) this Agreement is a valid and binding obligation enforceable against the Trust in accordance with its terms (subject to applicable insolvency or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and subject, as to enforceability, to equitable principles of general application), and (e) each Fund will be comprised of assets that are owned by each such Fund as principal, and will not be subject to either (i) the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, or the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or (ii) any lien, security interest or other similar encumbrance (other than in favor of the clearing FCM or other clearing agent). The Trust shall hold Sponsor harmless from any liabilities, damages or expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by Sponsor for any actions taken by Sponsor acting in reasonable reliance upon such representations.
     
  8. CFTC Registration. Sponsor represents and warrants that it is registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator.
     
  9. Liability. Sponsor will be liable for losses to the Funds that are the direct result of Sponsor’s bad faith, gross negligence, willful or reckless misconduct or breach of the express terms of this Agreement. Except as set forth in the foregoing sentence, neither Sponsor nor its officers, employees or agents is liable hereunder for any act or omission or for any error of judgment in managing the Funds. Sponsor is not responsible for any special, indirect or consequential damages, or any loss incurred by reason of any act or omission, by the Funds or any broker, dealer, futures commission merchant, or custodian used hereunder or any authorized representative of the foregoing. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing herein shall in any way constitute a waiver or limitation of any rights that the Trust or the Funds may have under the federal securities laws or other applicable law.
     
  10. Tax Filings. Except as described in EDGAR Filings, Sponsor will not be responsible for making any tax credit or similar claim or any legal filing on the Trust’s or Funds’ behalf.

 

 

 

 

  11. Governing Law/Disputes. This Agreement is entered into in accordance with and shall be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware. Each party agrees that if any dispute arising from or relating to this Agreement becomes subject to any judicial proceeding, such party waives any right it may otherwise have to (a) seek punitive damages, or (b) request a jury trial.
     
  12. Termination. This Agreement may be terminated at any time by either party upon 30 days’ prior written notice to the other party. Any obligation or liability of either party resulting from actions or inactions occurring prior to termination shall not be affected by termination of this Agreement.
     
  13. Assignment. Neither party shall assign this Agreement without the written consent of the other party.
     
  14. Notices. All notices and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be addressed to the parties at their respective addresses. Sponsor shall comply with, and be entitled to act on, any instructions reasonably believed to be from an authorized representative of the Trust. Sponsor and its employees and agents shall be fully protected from all liability in acting upon such instructions, without being required to determine the authenticity of the authorization or authority of the persons providing such instructions.
     
  15. Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is adjudicated to be void, illegal, invalid, or unenforceable, the remaining terms and provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby, and each of such remaining terms and provisions are valid and enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by law, unless a party demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the invalidated provision was an essential economic term of this Agreement.
     
  16. Integration; Amendment. This Agreement together with any other written agreements between the parties entered into concurrently with this Agreement contain the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby and supersede all previous oral or written negotiations, commitments, and understandings related thereto. This Agreement may not be amended or modified in any respect, nor may any provision be waived, without the written agreement of both parties. No waiver by one party of any obligation of the other hereunder shall be considered a waiver of any other obligation of such party.
     
  17. Further Assurances. Each party hereto shall execute and deliver such other documents or agreements as may be necessary or desirable for the implementation of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.
     
  18. Headings. The headings of paragraphs herein are included solely for convenience and shall have no effect on the meaning of this Agreement.
     
  19. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which is deemed to be an original and all of which taken together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument.

 

 

 

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the day and year first above written.

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST  
     
By:           
Name:    
Title:    
     
DYNAMIC SHARES LLC  
     
By:    
Name:    
Title:    

 

 

EX-10.3 9 ex10-3.htm

 

Exhibit 10.3

 

FORM OF

 

DIVIDEND DISBURSING AND TRANSFER AGENT AGREEMENT

 

THIS DIVIDEND DISBURSING AND TRANSFER AGENT AGREEMENT (the “Agreement”) is made and entered into as of the __ day of _______________, 2020, by and among DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Trust”) with a principal place of business at 401 W Superior St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60654, on behalf of its series listed on Schedule 1 and all future series of the Trust (each a “Fund”, and collectively the “Funds” as applicable), Dynamic Shares LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, (the “Sponsor”), and NOTTINGHAM SHAREHOLDER SERVICES LLC, a North Carolina limited liability company (“Transfer Agent”), with a principal place of business at 116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804.

 

WHEREAS, the Transfer Agent is in the business of providing dividend disbursing, transfer agent, and shareholder services to companies;

 

WHEREAS, the Trust will ordinarily issue for purchase and redeem shares of the Funds (the “Shares) only in aggregations of Shares known as “Creation Units” in the amount forth on Schedule 1 (each a “Creation Unit”) principally in kind;

 

WHEREAS, The Depository Trust Company, a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York (“DTC”), or its nominee (Cede & Co.), will be the initial record or registered owner (the “Shareholder”) of all outstanding Shares; and

 

WHEREAS, the Trust desires to appoint the Transfer Agent as each Fund’s transfer agent, dividend disbursing agent, and agent in connection with certain other activities, and the Transfer Agent desires to accept such appointment;

 

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

 

1. Employment. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Trust hereby employs and appoints the Transfer Agent to act as, and the Transfer Agent agrees to act as, each Fund’s dividend disbursing and transfer agent for the authorized and issued Shares of the Funds. Transfer Agent shall render the services and assume the obligations herein set forth subject to being compensated therefor as herein provided.

 

2. Delivery of Documents. The Trust has furnished the Transfer Agent with copies properly certified or authenticated of each of the following:

 

(a) The Trust’s Amended and Restated Trust Agreement and Certificate of Trust, as filed with the State of Delaware (as presently in effect and as shall from time to time be amended);

 

(b) Resolutions of the Trust authorizing the appointment of the Transfer Agent and approving this Agreement; and

 

(c) The Trust’s registration statement (“Registration Statement”) on Form S-1 under the Securities Act of 1933 as amended (the “1933 Act”), including all exhibits, relating to Shares of beneficial interest of, and containing the prospectus (the “Prospectus”) of each Fund, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and all amendments thereto.

 

The Trust will also furnish the Transfer Agent with copies, properly certified or authenticated, of all amendments of or supplements to the foregoing.

 

Page 1 of 12
 

 

3. Duties of the Transfer Agent. Subject to the policies and direction of the Sponsor and in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the form of Authorized Participant Agreement, the Transfer Agent will provide day-to-day supervision for the dividend disbursing, transfer agent, and shareholder servicing operations of each of the Funds as set forth on Exhibit A hereof. Services to be provided shall be in accordance with the Trust’s organizational and registration documents as listed in paragraph 2 hereof and with the Prospectus of each Fund. The Transfer Agent further agrees that it:

 

(a) Will conform to all applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and will, in addition, conduct its activities under this Agreement in accordance with regulations of any other federal and state agency that may now or in the future have jurisdiction over its activities,

 

(b) Will provide, at its expense, the non-executive personnel and data processing equipment and software necessary to perform the shareholder servicing functions shown on Exhibit A hereof; and

 

(c) Will provide all office space and general office equipment necessary for the dividend disbursing, transfer agent, and shareholder servicing activities except as may be provided by third parties pursuant to separate agreements with the Trust.

 

In addition to the Services set forth on Exhibit A, the following shall be delivered to DTC participants as identified by DTC as the Shareholder for book-entry only securities: (i) annual and semi-annual reports of the Trust; (ii) Trust proxies, proxy statements, and other proxy soliciting materials; (iii) Trust prospectus and amendments and supplements thereto, including stickers; and (iv) other communications as the Trust may from time to time identify as required by law or as the Trust may reasonably request. The Transfer Agent shall provide additional services, if any, on behalf of the Trust, which may be agreed upon in writing between the Trust and Transfer Agent.

 

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, the Transfer Agent (including its directors, officers, employees, and agents) shall not be required to perform any of the duties of, assume any of the obligations or expenses of, or be liable for any of the acts or omissions of, any commodity pool operator of the Funds or the Trust or other third party subject to separate agreements with the Trust. It is the express intent of the parties hereto that the Transfer Agent shall not have control over or be responsible for the placement (except as specifically directed by a Shareholder of the Funds), investment or reinvestment of the assets of the Funds or the Trust. The Transfer Agent may from time to time, subject to the approval of the Sponsor, obtain at its own expense the services of consultants or other third parties to perform part or all of its duties hereunder, and such parties may be affiliates of the Transfer Agent.

 

4. Services Not Exclusive. The services furnished by the Transfer Agent hereunder are not to be deemed exclusive, and the Transfer Agent shall be free to furnish similar services to others so long as its services under this Agreement are not impaired thereby.

 

5. Books and Records. The Transfer Agent hereby agrees that all records that it maintains for the Trust and Funds are the property of the Trust and Funds and further agrees to surrender promptly, or provide copies of, to the Trust and Funds any of such records upon the Trust’s request. The Trust and its authorized persons shall have access to such books and records at all times during Transfer Agent’s normal business hours. The Transfer Agent shall (i) keep all books and records with respect to each Fund’s books of account, (ii) records of each Fund’s securities transactions, and (iii) all other books and records as required pursuant to Commodity Futures Trading Commission Regulation 1.31 (“CFTC Regulation 1.31”) in connection with the services provided hereunder and Rule 31a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as if the Funds were subject to such requirements, and will maintain those books and records of the Trust and the Funds, and act as the document repository thereof, as required by CFTC Regulation 1.31 and according to its normal retention schedule for such books and records.

 

Page 2 of 12
 

 

6. Expenses. During the term of this Agreement, the Transfer Agent will furnish at its own expense its office space and the executive, supervisory, and clerical personnel reasonably necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement. The Sponsor assumes and shall be responsible for all other expenses of the Trust and/or the Funds not otherwise allocated in this Agreement or the prospectus.

 

7. Compensation. For the services provided and the expenses assumed by the Transfer Agent pursuant to this Agreement, the Sponsor will pay the Transfer Agent and the Transfer Agent will accept as full compensation the fees and expenses as set forth on Exhibit B attached hereto. Special projects, not included herein and requested in writing by the Sponsor, shall be completed by the Transfer Agent and invoiced to the Sponsor on mutually agreed upon terms.

 

8. Representations and Warranties of Transfer Agent. The Transfer Agent represents and warrants to the Trust that: (i) it is duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of North Carolina; (ii) it is duly qualified to carry on its business and has obtained all regulatory licenses, approvals and consents necessary to carry on its business as now conducted; (iii) it is empowered under applicable laws and its organizational documents to act as transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent and to enter into, and perform its obligations, under this Agreement; (iv) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Transfer Agent and constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of Transfer Agent, enforceable in accordance with its terms; (v) it has and will continue to have access to the necessary facilities, equipment and personnel to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement; (vi) it is conducting its business in substantial compliance with all applicable laws and requirements; (vii) it has in place and shall maintain physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards reasonably designed to protect the availability, security, confidentiality and integrity of, and to prevent unauthorized access to or use of, any and all books, records and information related to the Trust.

 

9. Representations and Warranties of the Trust. The Trust represents and warrants to the Transfer Agent that: (i) it is duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of Delaware, with full power to carry on its business as now conducted, to enter into this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder; (ii) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Trust and constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of the Trust, enforceable in accordance with its terms; and (iii) it is conducting its business in substantial compliance with all applicable laws and requirements, and a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of each of the Funds has become effective (or will be effective when the Transfer Agent first performs services under this Agreement), and will remain effective during the term of this Agreement.

 

10. Limitation of Liability. The Transfer Agent shall not be liable for any loss, damage, or liability related to or resulting from the placement (except as specifically directed by a Shareholder of the Funds), investment, or reinvestment of assets in the Funds or the Trust or the acts or omissions of any Fund’s commodity pool operator or any other third-party subject to separate agreements with the Trust. Further, the Transfer Agent shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss or damage suffered by the Funds in connection with the performance of this Agreement or any agreement with a third party, except a loss resulting directly from (i) a breach of fiduciary duty on the part of the Transfer Agent with respect to the receipt of compensation for services; or (ii) willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard on the part of the Transfer Agent in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties under this Agreement.

 

Page 3 of 12
 

 

The provisions contained in this section shall survive the expiration or other termination of this Agreement, shall be deemed to include and protect the Transfer Agent and its directors, officers, employees, and agents and shall inure to the benefit of its/their respective successors, assigns, and personal representatives.

 

11. Indemnification of Transfer Agent. Subject to the limitations set forth in this section, and provided the Transfer Agent has exercised reasonable customary care in the performance of its duties under this Agreement, the Funds and the Trust shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless (from the assets of the Fund(s) to which the conduct in question relates) the Transfer Agent against all loss, damage, and liability, including but not limited to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines and penalties, and expenses, including reasonable accountants’ and counsel fees, incurred by the Transfer Agent in connection with the defense or disposition of any action, suit, or other proceeding, whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or legislative body, related to or resulting from this Agreement or the performance of services hereunder, except with respect to any matter as to which it has been determined that the loss, damage, or liability is a direct result of (i) a breach of fiduciary duty on the part of the Transfer Agent with respect to the receipt of compensation for services; or (ii) willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard on the part of the Transfer Agent in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties under this Agreement (either and both of the conduct described in clauses (i) and (ii) above being referred to hereinafter as “Disabling Conduct”). A determination that the Transfer Agent is entitled to indemnification may be made by (i) a final decision on the merits by a court or other body before whom the proceeding was brought that the Transfer Agent was not liable by reason of Disabling Conduct, (ii) dismissal of a court action or an administrative proceeding against the Transfer Agent for insufficiency of evidence of Disabling Conduct, or (iii) a reasonable determination, based upon a review of the facts, that the Transfer Agent was not liable by reason of Disabling Conduct by an independent legal counsel approved by the Sponsor (hereinafter referred to as an “independent legal counsel”) in a written opinion. Expenses, including accountants’ and counsel fees so incurred by the Transfer Agent (but excluding amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines or penalties), shall be paid from time to time by the Fund or Funds to which the conduct in question related in advance of the final disposition of any such action, suit or proceeding; provided, that the Transfer Agent shall have undertaken to repay the amounts so paid unless it is ultimately determined that it is entitled to indemnification of such expenses under this section and if (i) the Transfer Agent shall have provided security for such undertaking, (ii) the Trust shall be insured against losses arising by reason of any lawful advances, or (iii) an independent legal counsel in a written opinion, shall have determined, based on a review of readily available facts (as opposed to a full trial-type inquiry), that there is reason to believe that the Transfer Agent ultimately will be entitled to indemnification hereunder.

 

As to any matter disposed of by a compromise payment by the Transfer Agent referred to in this section, pursuant to a consent decree or otherwise, no such indemnification either for said payment or for any other expenses shall be provided unless such indemnification shall be approved by an independent legal counsel in a written opinion.

 

The right of indemnification provided by this section shall not be exclusive of or affect any of the rights to which the Transfer Agent may be entitled. Nothing contained in this section shall affect any rights to indemnification to which trustees, officers, or other personnel of the Trust, and other persons may be entitled by contract or otherwise under law, nor the power of the Trust to purchase and maintain liability insurance on behalf of any such person.

 

Page 4 of 12
 

 

The Trust shall take all such action as may be necessary and appropriate to authorize the Trust hereunder to pay the indemnification required by this section including, without limitation, to the extent needed, to determine whether the Transfer Agent is entitled to indemnification hereunder and the reasonable amount of any indemnity due it hereunder, or employ independent legal counsel for that purpose.

 

The provisions contained in this section shall survive the expiration or other termination of this Agreement, shall be deemed to include and protect the Transfer Agent and its directors, officers, employees, and agents and shall inure to the benefit of its/their respective successors, assigns, and personal representatives.

 

12. Indemnification of Trust. The Transfer Agent agrees to indemnify the Trust, on behalf of each Fund, and agrees to hold the Trust and each Fund harmless from and against any and all costs, expenses, charges, damages, liabilities or claims, including reasonably attorneys’ and accountants’ fees and expenses (collectively, “Losses”) sustained or incurred by arising out of the Transfer Agent’s own gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct in the performance of this Agreement; provided however, that the Transfer Agent shall have no obligation to indemnify or reimburse the Trust or any Fund under this Section 12 to the extent that the Trust is entitled to reimbursement or indemnification for such Losses under any liability insurance policy described in this Agreement or otherwise.

 

The Trust or a Fund shall not be indemnified against or held harmless from any Losses arising directly or indirectly out of the Trust’s, Fund’s or Sponsor’s own willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence. The provisions of this Section 12 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

13. Assignment and Subcontracting.

 

  a. Assignment. The Parties hereby mutually consent that:

 

  i. Without the express written consent of both parties, any assignment or attempted assignment of this Agreement constitutes a breach of the Agreement;
     
  ii. Any such assignment or attempted assignment is void; and
     
  iii. Any such assignment or attempted assignment will immediately terminate this Agreement.

 

However, to the extent that such express written consent is sought, the parties also agree that such consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

 

In the event that this Agreement is successfully assigned, either by express written consent of the parties or in any way otherwise, this Agreement shall be binding upon the respective assigns.

 

  b. Subcontracting. The parties hereby mutually consent that the Transfer Agent may, at its expense unless otherwise provided in the Agreement, subcontract with any entity or person concerning the provision of the services contemplated hereunder. The Transfer Agent shall not, however, be relieved of any of its obligations under this Agreement by the appointment of such subcontractor. This Agreement shall be binding upon, and shall inure to the benefit of, the parties hereto and their respective successors.

 

Page 5 of 12
 

 

14. Confidentiality. The Transfer Agent agrees, on behalf of itself and its officers, directors, agents, and employees, to treat as confidential all records and other information relating to the Trust and its prior, present, and future Shareholders (“Confidential Information”) and to not use or disclose the Confidential Information for any purpose other than in performance of its responsibilities and duties under the Agreement. Notwithstanding the forgoing, the Transfer Agent may divulge the Confidential Information (i) with the prior written consent of the Trust; (ii) when the Transfer Agent, in good faith, believes it may be exposed to civil or criminal contempt proceedings for failure to comply with court orders or when requested by duly constituted governmental authorities or the National Association of Securities Dealers pursuant to their respective legal authority, upon prior written notice to the Trust, unless prohibited by the court order or governmental authority; (iii) to the Trust’s commodity pool operator(s), administrator, distributor, custodian, outside legal counsel, or independent public accountants, in the ordinary course of business, to the extent necessary for those service providers to perform their respective services to the Trust; (iv) to the Trust, when requested by the Trust; or (v) when requested by a Shareholder, but only with respect to Confidential Information that specifically relates to such Shareholder and the Shareholder’s account. For purposes of this section, the following records and other information shall not be considered Confidential Information: any record or other information relating to the Trust and its prior, present, and future Shareholders (a) which is or becomes publicly available through no negligent or unauthorized act or omission by the Transfer Agent; (b) which is disseminated by the Trust in a public filing with the SEC or posted on the website of the Trust, the Fund, the Fund’s commodity pool operator, or any of the Fund’s other service providers for general public review; (c) which is lawfully obtained from third parties who are not under an obligation of confidentiality to the Trust or its prior, present, and future Shareholders; or (d) previously known by the Transfer Agent prior to the date of the Agreement.

 

15. Duration and Termination. This Agreement shall become effective as of the date hereof and shall thereafter continue in effect unless terminated as herein provided. This Agreement may be terminated by either party hereto (without penalty) at any time by giving not less than 90 days’ prior written notice to the other party hereto. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Trust shall pay to the Transfer Agent such compensation as may be due as of the date of such termination and shall likewise reimburse the Transfer Agent for any out-of-pocket expenses and disbursements reasonably incurred by the Transfer Agent to such date. Upon termination of this agreement, the parties agree to cooperate in the execution of documents and performance of other actions necessary or desirable to facilitate the succession of a new service provider. Transfer Agent will promptly deliver to the Trust or any designated third party all books and records created and/or maintained by it.

 

16. Additional Series. If the Trust establishes one or more additional series with respect to which it desires to have the Transfer Agent render services as transfer agent under the terms hereof, it shall so notify the Transfer Agent in writing, and such additional series shall automatically become Funds hereunder as of the date specified in such notice.

 

17. Amendment. This Agreement may be amended by mutual written consent of the parties. If, at any time during the existence of this Agreement, the Trust deems it necessary or advisable in the best interests of the Trust that any amendment of this Agreement be made in order to comply with the recommendations or requirements of the SEC or state regulatory agencies or other governmental authority, or to obtain any advantage under state or federal laws, and shall notify the Transfer Agent of the form of amendment which it deems necessary or advisable and the reasons therefore, and if the Transfer Agent declines to assent to such amendment, the Trust may terminate this Agreement forthwith.

 

Page 6 of 12
 

 

18. Notice. Any notice that is required to be given by the parties to each other under the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing and will be deemed sufficient if personally delivered or sent by registered or certified mailed, postage prepaid, address to the other party at the principal place of business of such party. Notices shall be effective upon delivery.

 

19. Construction. This Agreement shall be governed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of North Carolina without regard to the principles of the conflict of laws or the choice of laws. If any provision of this Agreement, or portion thereof, shall be determined to be void or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, then such determination shall not affect any other provision of this Agreement, or portion thereof, all of which other provisions and portions thereof shall remain in full force and effect. If any provision of this Agreement, or portion thereof, is capable of two interpretations, one of which would render the provision, or portion thereof, void and the other of which would render the provision, or portion thereof, valid, then the provision, or portion thereof, shall have the meaning that renders it valid.

 

20. Limitation of Liability of the Sponsor and Shareholders. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that the obligations of the Trust hereunder shall not be binding upon any of the shareholders, officers, employees or agents of the Trust or Sponsor personally, but shall bind only the trust property of the Trust, as provided in its Amended and Restated Trust Agreement. The execution and delivery of this Agreement has been authorized by the Sponsor and signed by an officer of the Trust, acting as such, and neither such authorization by the Sponsor nor such execution and delivery by such officer shall be deemed to have been made by any of them individually or to impose any liability on any of them personally, but shall bind only the trust property of the Trust as provided in its Amended and Restated Trust Agreement. The provisions of this section shall survive termination or expiration of this Agreement.

 

21. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of will is deemed an original, but such counterparts together shall constitute only one instrument.

 

22. Several Obligations. The parties acknowledge that the obligations of the Funds hereunder are several and not joint, and that no Fund is liable for any amount owing by another Fund, or the Trust on behalf of another Fund, and that the Trust has executed one instrument for convenience only.

 

23. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including all appendices, constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes any prior agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof whether oral or written.

 

[SIGNATURES ON NEXT PAGE]

 

Page 7 of 12
 

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be signed by their duly authorized officers effective as of the date indicated above.

 

  DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST
     
  By:  
  Print:  
  Title:  
     
  DYNAMIC SHARES LLC
     
  By:  
  Print:  
  Title:  
     
  NOTTINGHAM SHAREHOLDER SERVICES, LLC
     
  By:  
  Print: Robert J. Myers
  Title: Managing Member

 

{Signature Page to Dividend Disbursing and Transfer Agent Agreement}

 

Page 8 of 12
 

 

SCHEDULE 1

 

List of Funds

 

Fund Name   Ticker   # of Shares per Creation Unit
         
Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF   WEIX   50,000

 

Page 9 of 12
 

 

EXHIBIT A

 

SERVICES

 

1. Perform and facilitate the performance of purchases and redemption of Creation Units;

 

2. Prepare and transmit, cause to be transmitted, by means of DTC’s book-entry system payments for dividends and distributions on or with respect to the Shares declared by the Trust on behalf of the applicable Fund;

 

3. Maintain the record of the name and address of the Shareholder and the number of Shares issued by the Funds and held by the Shareholder;

 

4. Record the issuance of Shares of the Funds and maintain a record of the total number of Shares of the Funds that are outstanding, and, based upon data provided to it by the Funds, the authorized value of Shares. The Transfer Agent shall have no obligation, when recording the issuance of Shares, to monitor the issuance of such Shares or to take cognizance of any laws relating to the issue or sale of such Shares, which functions shall be the sole responsibility of the Funds;

 

5. Prepare and transmit to the Funds and the Trust’s administrator and to any applicable securities exchange (as specified to the Transfer Agent by the Trust or its administrator) information with respect to purchases and redemptions of Creation Units;

 

6. Confirm, or cause to be confirmed, to DTC the number of Shares issued to the Shareholder, as DTC may reasonably request;

 

7. Prepare and deliver, cause to be delivered, other reports, information and documents to DTC as DTC may reasonably request;

 

8. Extend the voting rights to the Shareholder for extension by DTC to DTC participants and the beneficial owners of Shares in accordance with policies and procedures of DTC for book-entry only securities;

 

9. Distribute or maintain, as directed by the Trust, amounts related to purchases and redemptions of Creation Units, dividends and distributions.

 

10. Maintain the following books and records of the Trust:

 

  (a) Source Documents requesting Creations and Redemptions
  (b) Correspondence/Shareholder Inquiries
  (c) Reconciliations, bank statements, copies of canceled checks, cash proofs
  (d) Daily/Monthly reconciliation of outstanding Shares between the Trust and DTC
  (e) Dividend Records

 

11. Prepare a monthly report of all purchases and redemptions of Shares and Creation Units during such month on a gross transaction basis, and identify on a daily basis the net number of Shares either redeemed or purchased on such Business Day and with respect to each Authorized Participant (as defined in the Authorized Participant Agreement) (“Authorized Participant”) purchasing or redeeming Shares, the amount of Shares or number of Creation Units purchased or redeemed;

 

Page 10 of 12
 

 

12. Receive from the Distributor (as defined in the Authorized Participant Agreement) or from its agent purchase orders from Authorized Participants for Creation Unit aggregations of Shares received in good form and accepted by or on behalf of the Trust by the Distributor, transmit appropriate trade instructions, if applicable, and pursuant to such orders issue the appropriate number of Shares of the applicable Fund and hold such Shares in the account of the Shareholder for each Fund;

 

13. Receive from the Authorized Participants creation and redemption requests, deliver the appropriate documentation thereof to each Fund’s custodian, generate and transmit or cause to be generated and transmitted confirmation of receipt of such redemption requests to the Authorized Participants submitting the same; transmit appropriate trade instructions, if applicable, and redeem the appropriate number of Creation Unit aggregations of Shares held in the account of the Shareholder;

 

14. Provide information or reports to the Trust, or such of the compliance personnel of the Sponsor, as may be reasonably requested;

 

15. Confirm the name, U.S taxpayer identification number, and principle place of business of each Authorized Participant.

 

16. The Transfer Agent may execute transactions directly with Authorized Participants to the extent necessary or appropriate to enable the Transfer Agent to carry out any of the duties set forth above.

 

Except as otherwise instructed by the Trust, the Transfer Agent shall process all transactions in accordance with the policies and procedures mutually agreed upon between the Trust and the Transfer Agent with respect to the proper net asset value to be applied to purchases received in good order by the Transfer Agent or from a Shareholder before any cut-offs established by the Funds, and such other matters set forth above as these policies and procedures are intended to address.

 

Page 11 of 12
 

 

EXHIBIT B

 

COMPENSATION SCHEDULE

 

For the services delineated in this Agreement, the Transfer Agent shall be compensated monthly, according to the following fee schedule.

 

Shareholder servicing fee:

 

$12,000 per year, per Fund

 

Page 12 of 12
 

 

EX-10.4 10 ex10-4.htm

 

Exhibit 10.4

 

BMO Harris Bank N.A.

FORM OF INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY AGREEMENT

(Non-ERISA)

 

Important Information on Opening a New Account.

 

To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, Federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account. This means when you open an account, we will ask the name and physical location of your institution, your institution’s taxpayer identification number and other information that will allow us to identify your institution. We may also ask to see certified articles of incorporation, business license, partnership agreement, trust instrument or other documents showing the existence of your institution. A Form W-9 in the most current Internal Revenue Service version will be required to provide documentation to confirm tax identification number and legal status.

 

 

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

 

 

Name of Entity (Client)
 

400 W. Superior Street, Suite 300

 

 

Street Address (required)

 

 

Post Office Box Number

Chicago

 

 

IL

 

 

60654

 

 

City State Zip Code
 
Please attach authorizing resolutions.

 

 

AGREEMENT made by and between the undersigned Client and BMO Harris Bank N.A., as Custodian. For valuable consideration, Client and Custodian agree that all assets deposited in this account (“Account”) will be managed and administered according to the following provisions of this Agreement:

 

1. Authority of Custodian. Custodian is empowered to do all things necessary or convenient for the administration of this Account. The Custodian’s duties and obligations shall be limited to those specified hereunder, in addition to those provided by law. Custodian will at all times be subject to the direction of the Client, or a person authorized by the Client to provide directions. as appropriate, and shall not act, nor be under any obligation to act, absent the direction of such persons.

 

a. Acceptance of Assets. Custodian will receive in accordance with this Agreement such cash, securities and other property acceptable to the Custodian that may from time to time be delivered to Custodian for the Account. Custodian is not obligated to accept and hold assets that it deems to be inappropriate including, but not limited to, real estate or tangible personal property. Custodian shall be responsible only for such assets as are actually received by the Custodian.

 

b. Custody and Safekeeping. With respect to all assets in the Account, Custodian agrees to keep all assets safe; collect all dividends, interest, other income and the proceeds of sales and redemptions on assets; and distribute net income and principal as directed by Client. Custodian is authorized to sign any certificates and declarations necessary for the collection of dividends, interest, other income and the proceeds on or from assets in the Account. Custodian shall have all income or capital gains distributions reinvested back into the distributing investment whenever possible unless instructed otherwise by the Client. Custodian is authorized to hold assets in the Account in the name of its nominee or registered in the name of Client.

 

1
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

c. Transactions. If Client’s broker is unable to process a transaction pursuant to Section 4, Custodian may, but is not required to, execute orders upon Client’s instructions to clear the purchase or sale of any securities. Custodian is specifically authorized, in its sole discretion, to sell or buy fractions of shares to equal whole shares or eliminate fractional shares and, upon sale or transfer of a security held under this Agreement, to sell shares and fractions of shares which are subsequently purchased pursuant to a dividend reinvestment program.

 

d. Voting Authority and Class Actions. Client will vote or instruct Custodian to act with respect to proxies, warrants, tenders, rights, options, puts, calls, consents or other actions affecting the Account. Custodian will not be liable for failing to act unless Custodian receives Client’s instructions not less than 2 business days prior to the last scheduled date by which action is required. Custodian will process class action notifications and proof of claims for all securities held in the Account and will prepare the necessary documentation prior to deadlines referenced in the notification. For purposes of this Agreement, Custodian will be deemed to have knowledge only of class actions for which it received notice from Client or from the issuer or the issuer’s agent. Custodian will credit the Account for the net class action settlement amount upon receipt.

 

e. Conditional Credit. Custodian may credit the Account conditionally on the payable date with interest, dividends, distributions, redemptions or other amounts due. If Custodian is instructed to deliver securities or other property against payment, Custodian may deliver them before receiving payment and credit the Account with anticipated proceeds. Otherwise, Custodian will credit these amounts to the Account on the date of actual receipt and reconcile them to the Account. If Custodian has credited the Account with an amount before collection, Custodian is entitled to recover any credit from Client, and Custodian may reverse the credit as of the payable or settlement date if and to the extent Custodian does not receive these amounts in the ordinary course of business.

 

f. Selection of Agents. Custodian may retain and employ such agents as it deems appropriate, including accountants, attorneys and other agents, including any of its affiliates, and may pay reasonable expenses from the Account.

 

g. Multiple Accounts. Custodian may maintain separate accounts to hold the assets in the Account. Generally, the separate accounts may not be commingled for investment purposes unless Client directs in writing that the separate accounts be commingled. Custodian will prepare separate statements of account for each separate account.

 

h. Distributions, Expenses, and Other Payments. Custodian shall make payment to such persons, including Client as Client may direct from time to time. Custodian shall be entitled to rely conclusively upon Client’s directions and shall not be liable for any distribution or other payment made in reliance upon Client’s directions.

 

2. Asset Transfers and Trade Requests.

 

a. Asset Transfers. Custodian must have confirmation of receipt of wire transfer(s) from the prior service provider or Client prior to the specific cut-off times schedule for the money market funds or specific investments (as provided by Custodian to Client upon request) that are directed by the Client or Client’s designated representative to be invested. Custodian shall use its best efforts to invest the Account within twenty-four hours, but no later than within two business days, of the date of the asset transfer from the prior service provider or the Client. Confirmation is achieved by verification that the wire transfer(s) appear on Custodian’s wire transfer systems as being received. If applicable, Client shall provide Custodian with a breakdown identifying liquidation proceeds by fund that matches the wire transfer(s). In the event that such breakdowns do not reconcile with the wire transfer(s) received, Custodian shall not be liable for any investment losses in connection with correcting any discrepancies. Custodian shall not be responsible, nor assume any liability, for loss of earnings incurred by the Account as a result of the failure of the prior service provider or Client to transfer funds on a timely basis to Custodian. Similarly, Custodian shall not be responsible, nor does it assume any liability, for loss of earnings incurred by the Account as a result of high volumes or system outages within the Fed Wire Transfer System or the Custodian Wire Transfer System which prevent wire transfers or cause receipt confirmations to be delayed past the Custodian’s cut-off times.

 

b. Trade Requests. Upon a request from Client, Custodian shall use its best efforts to initiate a trade of securities or mutual funds held in the Account on the date of such request, and shall initiate such trade no later than one business day following such request. However, Custodian has no control over, and shall not be liable for any loss of investment earnings, in connection with a failure to implement a trade of securities or mutual funds requested by Client that has been initiated by Custodian.

 

3. Investment Responsibility. Client is responsible at all times for the investment management of the assets in the Account. Custodian shall not be responsible for, nor make any determination regarding, the prudence of such investment or reinvestment. Custodian shall invest the principle and income of the Account pursuant to the written instructions of the Client and keep the same invested without distinction between principal and income. Client may designate and provide to Custodian in writing one or more third parties or authorized persons to give investment-related instructions to Custodian. Custodian may rely on these third-party or authorized person instructions to the same extent as if Client had given them.

 

2
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

4. Client’s Broker. Client agrees to transact all purchases and sales of securities through a reputable broker of Client’s choice and to communicate each transaction to Custodian within 24 hours after Client has given instructions to the broker. Client will immediately communicate the purchase or sale of any securities involving “same-day” or “next-day” funds to Custodian.

 

5. Overdrafts Prohibited; Security Interest. Cash overdrafts in the Account will not be permitted. However, to the extent they do occur, Custodian, in its sole discretion, may permit funds to be advanced to the Account and charge the Account additional fees for the amounts advanced for the length of time the overdraft exists, such fees to be charged at BMO Harris Bank N.A.’s then prime rate of interest. Client grants to Custodian a security interest in the Account at the time of the overdraft to secure the repayment of any funds advanced to the Account and any overdraft fee.

 

6. Records and Periodic Reports. Custodian will keep accurate and detailed records of all investments, receipts, disbursements or other transactions hereunder. The Custodian agrees to treat as confidential all records and other information relative to the Account. The Custodian shall not disclose such records and other information to third parties except to the extent required by law or as requested in writing by the Client. Such books and records shall be open to inspection and audit by the Client or a designated representative of the Client at all reasonable times at the Client’s expense provided that the Client provides reasonable prior notice. Custodian will provide periodic statements of Account, including all investments, receipts, disbursements and other transactions of the Account, during the term of this Agreement. If Client provides Custodian with Client’s email address, Custodian will provide Client with access to Account statements and other Account information via the Internet. Client is responsible for promptly informing Custodian of any errors or disputes related to the periodic statements. If Client does not notify Custodian in writing of any errors or disputes within 60 days of receipt of a periodic statement, Custodian will deem the statement correct and approved by the Client, and will be fully discharged and released from liability for any errors relating to the information and for transactions described in the statement. Custodian shall not be required to prepare or file any income tax returns, reports or forms for income tax purposes, unless otherwise provided in Exhibit 1 to this Agreement.

 

7. Valuation of Account. Custodian, at such times as is necessary or as the Custodian and Client agree, shall provide to Client the market value of the assets of the Account. The valuation shall be based upon valuations provided by investment managers, trustees of common trust funds, sponsors of registered investment companies, records of securities exchanges or valuation services, market data providers, or qualified appraisers. Custodian has no responsibility to review the valuations received from such sources and may rely upon such valuations without independent investigation. Custodian shall have no obligation to determine the fair market value of any assets which are not listed on any national securities exchange or for which the fair market value is not readily available, notwithstanding that Custodian’s compensation may be determined in whole or in part by such value. With respect to any such asset, Custodian may use the cost of such asset as its fair market value until otherwise instructed by the Client.

 

8. Fees and Expenses. Custodian will charge against the Account for the expense of its administration, including fees in accordance with Custodian’s fee schedule attached hereto as Exhibit 1, agreed to by Client and Custodian and transaction charges and any taxes lawfully chargeable against the Account. Notwithstanding section 10, the Custodian may propose an amended schedule of fees to the Client, and if the Client fails to object thereto within sixty (60) days of receipt, the amended fee schedule shall be deemed accepted and approved by the Client.

 

9. Custodian’s Liability and Indemnification. Custodian will not be liable for any loss, demand, damage, claim, liability, expense or depreciation (including without limitation any decrease in value of assets held in the Account due to market activity) resulting from following a direction, instruction or request from Client or any action or inaction of Custodian pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, except to the extent that such loss, demand, liability, expense or depreciation arises directly from the Custodian’s own willful misconduct or gross negligence. Client and the Account shall jointly and severally indemnify and hold harmless Custodian and Custodian’s officers, employees and affiliates from and against any loss, damage, claims, demands, liability or expense of any kind (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), including without limitation, any claims arising from any action or failure to act resulting from compliance with any direction, instruction or request believed to be genuine from the Client, except to the extent such loss is the direct result of Custodian’s gross negligence or its willful misconduct in the performance of its duties hereunder. Custodian’s right to indemnification under this Agreement will survive the termination of this Agreement for any reason. Nothing contained in this section or elsewhere in this Agreement constitutes a waiver by Client of any of its legal rights under applicable federal securities laws or any other laws whose applicability is not permitted to be contractually waived.

 

3
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

10. Amendment, Termination, and Resignation. This Agreement may be modified at any time by a writing signed by the Client and Custodian. In addition, the Custodian may propose an amendment to this Agreement by providing at least 60 days written notice of the amendment to the Client. The Client shall be deemed to have provided its consent to the change unless it affirmatively objects to the proposed amendment in a writing delivered to the Custodian prior to the expiration of such notice period. The Client and the Custodian shall negotiate a resolution of the proposed amendment in good faith if the Client objects. This Agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days’ written notice to the other, or sooner by mutual written consent. Custodian may resign at any time upon 30 days’ written notice to Client. Notice of termination will not affect transactions initiated or services performed prior to termination. Upon termination of the Agreement or resignation by Custodian, Client shall appoint a successor custodian and Custodian will deliver the assets in its custody as directed by Client. Custodian reserves the right to retain sufficient amounts to pay any fees and expenses incurred through the date of termination, plus any costs or fees Custodian incurs in connection with the termination. If Client has not appointed a successor custodian which has accepted such appointment as of the effective date of the Custodian’s resignation or termination of this Agreement, the Custodian shall have the right to deliver the assets to the Client. Upon delivery to the Client or successor of the cash, securities and other instruments under this section held by the Custodian, Custodian shall render a final accounting of its services to Client which shall be a full release and discharge of Custodian of any liability or further obligation to Client, unless written objection thereto is filed with Custodian by Client within sixty (60) days of receipt of such final accounting. Thereafter, Custodian shall have no further liability or responsibility under this Agreement or otherwise, or for any act or omission of the Client or the successor.

 

11. Miscellaneous.

 

a. Governing Law. Except to the extent preempted by federal law, this Agreement is governed by the laws of the state of Wisconsin, without regard to any conflict of law provisions.

 

b. Entire Agreement; Successor. This Agreement represents the entire agreement between Client and Custodian and, except as provided in Section 8 with respect to fees, may not be amended except in writing signed by both parties. Any reference to Custodian in this Agreement includes its corporate successor. Any reference to Client includes its legal successor.

 

c. Reliance on Instructions. Custodian is authorized to rely and act on any oral, written or electronic communication or instruction from Client that Custodian reasonably believes to be genuine. Custodian is not responsible for the failure of any electronic media.

 

d. Severability. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this Agreement will not affect or impair other provisions.

 

e. Electronic Communication. Client is responsible for obtaining, installing, maintaining and operating all necessary hardware, software and Internet access service necessary for performing online services. Custodian will not be responsible for failure from the malfunction or failure of Client’s hardware, software or Internet access service. Client is responsible for installing, updating and maintaining appropriate firewall, anti-virus and anti-spyware protection and all operating system security patches and other appropriate security protection methods, procedures and devices. All notices or communication under this Agreement may be provided by electronic communication.

 

f. Binding Agreement. Client represents and warrants that all necessary action has been taken to authorize the execution of this Agreement and that this Agreement represents its legal and binding obligation. This Agreement shall bind Custodian upon Custodian’s acceptance of assets.

 

g. Catastrophic Events. Custodian will not be liable to Client to the extent Custodian’s performance under this Agreement is delayed or prevented by events beyond Custodian’s reasonable control, including without limitation revolution or other civil disorders; wars; acts of enemies; acts of terrorists; strikes; labor disputes; fires; floods; acts of God; federal, state or municipal action; and changes to any statute, ordinance or regulation. Throughout the term of the Agreement, Custodian will maintain disaster recovery plans in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

 

12. Cost Basis Reporting.

 

a. Securities. Tax regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service require financial services companies to use First In-First Out (FIFO) as the default method of selecting lots when less than an entire holding of a security is sold. However, the Client may request a change to another method of selecting lots or may issue a standing order to the financial services company on the selection of lots. Custodian uses a Specific Identification Method of lot selection as a default in most accounts in order to realize taxable gains or losses in a manner that may be most beneficial to the Client. By signing this agreement Client issues a standing order to Custodian to use the Specific Identification Method (for which Custodian uses a long term high cost method) of tax lot selection. Client also may issue a standing order for a different tax lot selection method by separate written direction to Custodian to use one of the Custodian’s other acceptable methods.

 

4
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

b. Mutual Funds. When less than an entire holding of a mutual fund is sold the Internal Revenue Code regulations require that a financial services company notify the investor of the method of selecting tax lots. If this account is invested entirely in mutual funds, Client is hereby notified that the method identified in section 12(a) shall be used unless Custodian is otherwise directed by Client using one of the Custodian’s other acceptable methods.

 

13. Special Provisions.

 

a. Automated Cash Management System; Mutual Fund Fee Disclosure. Client authorizes Custodian to apply its Automated Cash Management System to the cash balances maintained in the Account from time to time. Client hereby initially authorizes the use of the appropriate class of shares of the BMO Money Market Fund as indicated in Exhibit 1 to this Agreement as the investment vehicle for the Automated Cash Management System. Client acknowledges the receipt of the current prospectus for the BMO Money Market Funds, which contains information regarding the fees and expenses of the Fund indicated in Exhibit 1 to this Agreement. Mutual funds held in the Account bear certain expenses and pay certain fees to investment advisers and other service providers. Client, as a mutual fund shareholder, will bear a proportionate share of such expenses and fees along with other shareholders. Custodian and its affiliates provide custodial, investment management, administrative, shareholder and other services to and receive fees from BMO Funds, and may receive fees from other mutual funds held in the Account. Mutual fund fees received by Custodian and its affiliates and by other mutual funds held in the Account are in addition to Custodian’s fees for services under this Agreement. Mutual fund shares are not deposits or obligations of, or endorsed or guaranteed by, BMO Harris Bank N.A. or any BMO affiliate. Mutual fund shares are not federally insured or guaranteed by the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board or any other government agency. Mutual fund investments involve risk, including possible loss of principal.

 

b. Prospectus Delivery. Custodian will at least annually offer to provide, and will provide upon request, an updated prospectus for the BMO Funds.

 

c. Authorized Parties. Custodian may rely on instructions or directions from any party designated by written notification from Client until such authorization has been revoked or modified by written notification from Client and shall be fully protected for reliance on such instructions or directions. The Client shall be responsible for ensuring that only authorized persons transmit such written instructions to the Custodian and that all authorized persons treat applicable authorization codes, passwords and authentication keys with care.

 

d. Disclosure of Beneficial Ownership. Pursuant to SEC Rule 14b-2, Custodian is required to provide certain beneficial ownership information to issuers of securities held in accounts. Unless Client initials immediately below, Client understands Custodian will disclose to the issuer the name and address of each beneficial owner of securities held in the Account in nominee form.

 

_____ Client understands that Custodian will not disclosure the name and address of each beneficial owner of securities held in the Account to the issuer.

 

Effective Date: This agreement is effective upon the date accepted by the Custodian.

 

Dynamic Shares Trust  
Name of Client  

 

By:    
Name and Title
Date:    

 

By:    
Name and Title
Date:    

 

Accepted:

 

BMO HARRIS BANK N.A.,  
Custodian  
   
By:          
Name and Title
Date:    

 

By:    
Name and Title
Date:    

 

Custodian’s Office Address:

 

Address: BMO Harris Bank N.A.

111 East Kilbourn Avenue

Suite 200

Milwaukee, WI 53202

[Note: Revise address when we move]

 

5
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

Exhibit #1

 

 

6
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

 

[Name of Organization – please delete] RESOLUTION

 

Name of Organization

RESOLUTIONS

 

BE IT RESOLVED THAT Name, a Title of Name of organization, is hereby authorized to enter into an Institutional Custody Agreement between [Name of Organization] and BMO Harris Bank N.A., and is further authorized to identify, from time to time, those representatives of the above-named organization who are authorized to give directions and otherwise transact business with BMO Harris Bank N.A.

 

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT Name, a Title of Name of organization, is hereby authorized to sell, assign and endorse for transfer certificates representing stocks, bonds or other securities now registered or hereafter registered in the name of [Name of Organization], and is further authorized to give such directions as may be necessary for the transfer of assets from brokerage accounts or any other deposit accounts in the name of the above-named organization to BMO Harris Bank N.A.

 

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT [Name of Organization] hereby appoints the individuals listed in the attached letter to this Resolution as individuals who are authorized to communicate with BMO Harris Bank N.A. and such individuals may provide directions to BMO Harris Bank N.A., for which BMO Harris Bank N.A. may rely upon such directions from such individuals.

 

I, Name, an officer of Name of Organization, hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a resolution adopted by the Name of Governing Body of said organization at a meeting held on , at which a quorum was present and voting, and that the same has not been repealed or amended and remains in full force and effect and does not conflict with the organization’s articles, bylaws or any other document under which the organization is operating.

 

Dated:    
     
     
    Name and Title of Officer
    (Signatory must be someone other than the officer authorized to enter into the agreement with BMO Harris Bank N.A.)

 

7
Institutional Custody (Non-ERISA) 09-2018 - CONFIDENTIAL
 

EX-10.5 11 ex10-5.htm

 

Exhibit 10.5

 

FORM OF

 

DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT

 

This Distribution Agreement (the “Agreement’) is effective the __ day of ______, 2020 by and among DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Trust”), on behalf of itself and the fund(s) listed on Schedule A, as may be amended from time to time (each a “Fund” and collectively the “Funds”), DYNAMIC SHARES LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Sponsor”), and CAPITAL INVESTMENT GROUP, INC., a North Carolina corporation (the “Distributor”).

 

WHEREAS, the Trust is a “commodity pool” organized as a statutory trust and comprised of one or more separate series, each series representing a portfolio, having filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”);

 

WHEREAS, each Fund has registered with the SEC under the 1933 Act to issue common units of fractional undivided beneficial interest (the “Shares”) on a continuous basis only in aggregations of Shares constituting a “Creation Unit” as such term is defined in the registration statement;

 

WHEREAS, the Shares of each Fund will be listed on one or more national securities exchanges (together the “Listing Exchanges”);

 

WHEREAS, the Trust and each Fund desires to retain the Distributor to act as the distributor with respect to the issuance and distribution of Creation Units of each Fund, hold itself available to receive and process orders for such Creation Units in the manner set forth in the Trust’s prospectus.

 

WHEREAS, the Distributor is a registered broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”) and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) and will continue as such during the entire term of the Agreement; and

 

WHEREAS, the Distributor desires to provide the services described herein to the Trust and each Fund.

 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter contained, intending to be legally bound, the Trust, on behalf of itself and the Funds, and the Distributor hereby agree as follows:

 

1. Sale of Creation Units; Services

 

(a) The Trust grants to the Distributor the exclusive right to sell Creation Units of each Fund listed in Schedule A hereto, as such Schedule may be amended by the Trust from time to time on written notice to the Distributor, on the terms and during the term of this Agreement and subject to the registration requirements of the 1933 Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC, and the Distributor hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to act in such capacity hereunder. Without limiting the foregoing, the Distributor shall perform the distribution services and shall perform or supervise the performance by others of the marketing services set forth in Schedule B. The Trust acknowledges and agrees that Distributor is and may in the future distribute shares of other investment companies including investment companies having investment objectives similar to those of the Funds. The Trust further understands that existing and future investors in a Fund may invest in shares of such other investment companies. The Trust agrees that the services that Distributor provides to such other investment companies shall not be deemed in conflict with its duties to the Fund under this Agreement. In its capacity as Distributor of the Creation Units, all activities of Distributor and its partners, agents, and employees shall, at its own expense, comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, including without limitation, all rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC thereunder and all rules and regulations adopted by any national securities association registered under the 1934 Act of which Distributor is a member.

 

 1 
 

 

(b) Duties of the Distributor

 

(i) The Distributor agrees to act as agent of the Trust in connection with the receipt and processing of all orders for purchases and redemptions of Creation Units of each Fund from DTC Participants or participants in the Continuous Net Settlement System of the National Securities Clearing Corporation that have executed a Participant Agreement (the “Authorized Participants”), with the Distributor and transfer agent (as applicable) and to transmit such orders to the Trust, including as appropriate, through the custodian and transfer agent in accordance with the registration statement and prospectus; provided, however, that nothing herein shall affect or limit the right and ability of the custodian to accept deposit securities and related cash components through or outside the clearing process, and as provided in and in accordance with the registration statement and prospectus. The Trust acknowledges that the Distributor shall not be obligated to accept any certain number of orders for Creation Units; provided, however, that the Distributor shall accept all orders submitted in proper form unless the Trust or its agent has notified the Distributor that it is refusing an order based on its authority to do so as described in the registration statement, as amended and supplemented from time to time.

 

(ii) The Distributor agrees that (i) at the request of the Trust, the Distributor shall enter into certain agreements (“Participant Agreements”) between and among Authorized Participants, the Distributor and the transfer agent (as applicable), for the purchase of Creation Units of a Fund, (ii) as Distributor, it shall generate, transmit and maintain copies of confirmations of Creation Unit purchase and redemption order acceptances to the purchaser or redeemer (such confirmations will indicate the time such orders were accepted and will be made available to the Trust promptly upon request), and (iii) it shall maintain telephonic, facsimile and/or access to direct computer communications links with the transfer agent and custodian.

 

(iii) The Distributor further agrees that it shall deliver copies of the Fund’s prospectus to purchasers of Creation Units and, upon request, shall deliver copies of the Fund’s statement of additional information (“SAI”), periodic reports and prospectus. In addition, the Distributor shall arrange to provide the Listing Exchanges with copies of Fund prospectuses and SAIs to be provided to purchasers in the secondary market. The Distributor will generally make it known in the brokerage community that Funds’ prospectuses and SAIs are available, including by (i) advising the Listing Exchanges on behalf of its member firms of the same, (ii) making such disclosure in all marketing and advertising materials prepared and/or filed by the Distributor with FINRA, and (iii) as may otherwise be required by the SEC. The Distributor shall consult with the Trust or its agent with respect to the production and printing of prospectuses to be used in connection with creations by Authorized Participants of Creation Units. The Distributor shall not bear any costs associated with printing prospectuses, SAIs and other such materials.

 

(iv) The Distributor shall review and approve all sales and marketing materials for compliance with applicable laws and conditions of any applicable exemptive order, and file such materials with FINRA as necessary or appropriate. All such sales and marketing materials must be approved, in writing, by the Distributor prior to use, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld.

 

(v) If the Trust, on behalf of any Fund, adopts a distribution and/or shareholder servicing plan(s) (the “Plan”), the Distributor shall enter into selling and/or investor servicing agreements or similar (“Sales and Investor Services Agreements”), consistent with applicable law and the registration statement and prospectus, with various broker-dealers, to sell Shares and provide services to shareholders. The Distributor agrees that it (i) shall assist in the administration of any Plan(s); (ii) shall, at its own expense, set up and maintain a system of recording payments of fees and reimbursement of expenses disseminated pursuant to this Agreement and other agreements related to any such Plan(s) and report such payment activity to the Trust at least quarterly; (iii) shall receive from the Trust all distribution and shareholder servicing fees, as applicable, at the rate and to the extent payable under the terms and conditions set forth in any Plan(s) adopted by the Trust, applicable to the appropriate class of shares of each Fund or class of Shares thereof, as such Plan(s) may be amended from time to time, and subject to any further limitations on such fees as the Trust may impose; and (iv) shall pay, from the fees received from the Trust pursuant to any such Plan(s), all fees and make reimbursement of all expenses, pursuant to and in accordance with such Plan(s) and any and all Sales and Investor Services Agreements. In no event shall Distributor pay any fees pursuant to any such Plan(s) until it has received payment of such fees from the Trust or the adviser.

 

 2 
 

 

(vi) The Distributor shall provide an order processing system pursuant to which the Authorized Participants may contact the Distributor (or its affiliates) and place requests to create and redeem Creation Units, including without limitation: (i) generating and transmitting confirmations of purchase and redemption order acceptances to purchasers and redeemers of Creation Units; (ii) providing acknowledgement to Authorized Participants that orders have been accepted; (iii) rejecting any orders that were not submitted in proper form or on a timely basis; (iv) obtaining representations that Authorized Participants will not place trades that would raise their total holdings to 80% or more of any fund; (v) maintaining, along with the Trust and its Transfer Agent information necessary to determine beneficial share ownership for purposes of the 80% determination or, in lieu of this, accept a certification from a Listing Exchange member firm or a member of such other exchange that the cost basis of the securities so deposited is essentially identical to their market value at the time of deposit; and (vi) maintaining a dedicated line for Authorized Participants to place share creation and redemption orders.

 

(vii) The Distributor has as of the date hereof, and shall at all times have and maintain, net capital of not less than that required by Rule 15c3-1 under the 1934 Act, or any successor provision thereto. In the event that the net capital of the Distributor shall fall below that required by Rule 15c3-1, or any successor provision thereto, the Distributor shall promptly provide notice to the Trust and the adviser of such event.

 

(viii) The Distributor agrees to maintain and preserve all books and records relating to its services in accordance with applicable law.

 

(ix) The Distributor agrees to maintain compliance policies and procedures (a “Compliance Program”) that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of the federal securities laws with respect to the Distributor’s services under this Agreement, and to provide any and all information with respect to the Compliance Program, including without limitation, information and certifications with respect to material violations of the Compliance Program and any material deficiencies or changes therein, as may be reasonably requested by the Trust’s chief compliance officer.

 

(x) Upon reasonable request by the Trust, the Distributor shall provide the Trust with information relating to the Services provided pursuant to this Agreement as necessary and applicable to enable the Trust to complete required regulatory filings.

 

2.Solicitation of Sales

 

In consideration of these rights granted to the Distributor, the Distributor agrees to use reasonable efforts in connection with the distribution of Creations Units of the Fund; provided, however, that the Distributor shall not be prevented from entering into like arrangements with other issuers. If and whenever the determination of net asset value is suspended and until such suspension is terminated, no further orders for Creation Units will be processed by Distributor except such unconditional orders as may have been placed with Distributor before it had knowledge of such suspension. The Trust reserves the right to suspend sales upon due notice to Distributor if in the judgment of the Trust it is in the best interests of the Trust to do so. Suspension shall continue until such time as may be determined by the Trust. No Creation Units shall be offered by the Trust or a Fund under any of the provisions of this Agreement and no orders for the purchase or sale of such Creation Units hereunder shall be accepted by a Fund if and so long as the effectiveness of the registration statement then in effect or any necessary amendments thereto shall be suspended under any of the provisions of the 1933 Act or if and so long as a current prospectus as required by Section 10 of said act is not on file with the SEC; provided, however, that nothing contained in this paragraph shall in any way restrict or have any application to or bearing upon a Fund’s obligation to redeem or repurchase any Shares from any shareholder in accordance with the provisions of the Fund’s prospectus or charter documents.

 

 3 
 

 

3.Authorized Representations

 

The Distributor is not authorized by the Trust to give any information or to make any representations other than those contained in the current registration statements and prospectuses of the Trust filed with the SEC or contained in shareholder reports or other material that may be prepared by or on behalf of the Trust for the Distributor’s use. The Distributor may prepare and distribute sales literature and other material as it may deem appropriate, provided that such literature and materials have been prepared in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and approved by the Fund’s operator.

 

4.Registration of Shares

 

(a) The Trust and each Fund agrees that they will take all action necessary to register Shares under the federal securities laws, and to pay all fees associated with said registration, so that there will be available for sale the number of Shares the Distributor may reasonably be expected to sell. The Trust and Funds shall make available to the Distributor such number of copies of the currently effective prospectus and statement of additional information as the Distributor may reasonably request. The Funds shall furnish to the Distributor copies of all information, financial statements and other papers which the Distributor may reasonably request for use in connection with the distribution of Creation Units of the Funds.

 

(b) The Trust agrees to issue Creation Units of each Fund and to request DTC to record on its books the ownership of the Shares constituting such Creation Units, in accordance with the book-entry system procedures described in the prospectus, in such amounts as the Distributor has requested through the transfer agent in writing or other means of data transmission, as promptly as practicable after receipt by the Trust of the requisite deposit securities/futures and cash component (together with any fees) and acceptance of such order, upon the terms described in the registration statement and Participant Agreement. The Trust may reject any order for Creation Units or stop all receipts of such orders at any time upon reasonable notice to the Distributor, in accordance with the provisions of the prospectus and statement of additional information.

 

5.Compensation

 

(a) In consideration of Distributor’s services hereunder, the Sponsor agrees to pay to Distributor the fees and charges set forth on Schedule C attached hereto. Fees will begin to accrue with respect to each Fund on the latter of the date of this Agreement or the date Distributor begins providing services to or on behalf of such Fund. The Distributor may receive compensation from the Fund’s adviser related to its services hereunder or for additional services as may be agreed to between the adviser and Distributor in writing.

 

(b) The Fund or Sponsor, as set forth in the prospectus, shall bear the cost and expenses of the registration of the Creation Units for sale under the 1933 Act.

 

 4 
 

 

(c) Subject to its receipt of the fees and charges set forth on Schedule C, the Distributor shall pay all expenses incurred in connection with the distribution services provided under this Agreement, including Distributor’s qualification and registration costs, office space, equipment, and personnel as may be necessary or convenient to provide the services.

 

(d) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Distributor and its affiliates may receive compensation or reimbursement from the Trust and the adviser with respect to any services not included under this Agreement, as may be agreed upon by the parties from time to time.

 

6.Indemnification of Distributor

 

(a) The Trust agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Distributor and each of its managers and officers and each person, if any, who controls the Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act against any loss, liability, claim, damages or expense (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending any alleged loss, liability, claim, damages, or expense and reasonable counsel fees and disbursements incurred in connection therewith), arising by reason of any person acquiring any Shares or Creation Units, based upon (i) the ground that the registration statement, prospectus, shareholder reports or other information filed or made public by the Trust (as from time to time amended) included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated or necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading provided that the Trust does not agree to indemnify the Distributor or hold it harmless to the extent that the statements or omission was made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Trust by or on behalf of the Distributor, (ii) the Trust’s failure to maintain an effective registration statement and prospectus with respect to Shares of the Fund that are the subject of the claim or demand, (iii) the Trust’s failure to properly register Fund Shares under applicable state laws, (iv) instructions given by the Trust, the Trust’s failure to perform its duties hereunder or any inaccuracy of its representations, or (vi) all actions taken by Distributor hereunder resulting from Distributor’s reliance on instructions received from an officer or agent of the Trust.

 

(b) In no case (i) is the indemnity of the Trust to be deemed to protect the Distributor or any other person against any liability to which the Distributor or such person otherwise would be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of duties or by reason of reckless disregard of obligations and duties under this Agreement (“Disqualifying Conduct”) by such party, or (ii) is the Trust to be liable to the Distributor under the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 6 with respect to any claim made against the Distributor or any person indemnified unless the Distributor or other person shall have notified the Trust in writing of the claim within a reasonable time after the summons or other first written notification giving information of the nature of the claim shall have been served upon the Distributor or such other person (or after the Distributor or the person shall have received notice of service on any designated agent). However, failure to notify the Trust of any claim shall not relieve the Trust from any liability which it may have to the Distributor or any person against whom such action is brought otherwise than on account of its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph.

 

(c) The Trust shall be entitled to participate at its own expense in the defense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any claims subject to this indemnity provision. If the Trust elects to assume the defense of any such claim, the defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Trust and satisfactory to the indemnified defendants in the suit whose approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that the Trust elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the indemnified defendants shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by them. If the Trust does not elect to assume the defense of a suit, it will reimburse the indemnified defendants for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by the indemnified defendants.

 

 5 
 

 

(d) The Trust agrees to notify the Distributor promptly of the commencement of any litigation or proceedings against it or any of its officers or Trustees in connection with the issuance or sale of Shares or Creation Units.

 

7.Indemnification of Trust

 

(a) The Distributor covenants and agrees that it will indemnify and hold harmless the Trust and each of its Trustees and officers and each person, if any, who controls the Trust within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act, against any loss, liability, damages, claim or expense (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending any alleged loss, liability, damages, claim or expense and reasonable counsel fees and disbursements incurred in connection therewith) (i) arising out of or based upon any sales literature, advertisements, information, statements or representations made by Distributor and unauthorized by the Trust or (ii) arising out of or based upon any Disqualifying Conduct by Distributor in connection with the offering and sale of any Shares, or (iii) arising out of or based upon any untrue statement of a material fact contained in information furnished by Distributor to the Fund for use in the Trust’s registration statement and used in the registration statement or arising out of or based upon any omission to state a material fact in connection with such information furnished by Distributor to the Trust and required to make such information not misleading.

 

(b) In no case (i) is the indemnity of the Distributor in favor of the Trust or any other person indemnified to be deemed to protect the Trust or any other person against any liability to which the Trust or such other person would otherwise be subject by reason of Disqualifying Conduct by such party, or (ii) is the Distributor to be liable under its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph with respect to any claim made against the Trust or any person indemnified unless the Trust or person, as the case may be, shall have notified the Distributor in writing of the claim within a reasonable time after the summons or other first written notification giving information of the nature of the claim shall have been served upon the Trust or upon any person (or after the Trust or such person shall have received notice of service on any designated agent). However, failure to notify the Distributor of any claim shall not relieve the Distributor from any liability which it may have to the Trust or any person against whom the action is brought otherwise than on account of its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph.

 

(c) The Distributor shall be entitled to participate, at its own expense, in the defense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce the claim subject to this indemnity provision, but if the Distributor elects to assume the defense, the defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Distributor and satisfactory to the indemnified defendants whose approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that the Distributor elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the defendants in the suit shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by them. If the Distributor does not elect to assume the defense of any suit, it will reimburse the indemnified defendants in the suit for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by them.

 

(d) The Distributor agrees to notify the Trust promptly of the commencement of any litigation or proceedings against it or any of its officers in connection with the issuance or sale of Shares or Creation Units.

 

8.Consequential Damages

 

In no event and under no circumstances shall either party to this Agreement be liable to anyone, including, without limitation, the other party, for consequential damages for any act or failure to act under any provision of this Agreement.

 

 6 
 

 

9.Term and Termination

 

The term of this Agreement shall become effective on the date of the initial public offering of Shares of the Trust (the “Effective Date”), and shall remain in effect through the second anniversary of its Effective Date (the “Initial Term”). This Agreement shall continue in effect for successive periods of three years after the Initial Term (a “Renewal Term”). This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by either party at the end of the Initial Term or the end of any Renewal Term on 90 days’ prior written notice; (ii) by either party hereto on such date as is specified in written notice given by the terminating party, in the event of a material breach of this Agreement by the other party, provided the terminating party has notified the other party of such material breach at least 45 days prior to the specified date of termination and the breaching party has not remedied such breach by the specified date; or (iii) effective upon the liquidation of the Trust. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “liquidation” shall mean a transaction in which the assets of the Trust are sold or otherwise disposed of and proceeds therefrom are distributed in cash to the shareholders in complete liquidation of the interests of such shareholders in the entity.

 

10.Notices

 

All notices provided for or permitted under this Agreement shall be deemed effective upon receipt, and shall be in writing and (a) delivered personally, (b) sent by commercial overnight courier with written verification of receipt, or (c) sent by certified or registered U.S. mail, postage prepaid and return receipt requested, to the party to be notified, at the address for such party set forth below:

 

Dynamic Shares Trust

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

Attn: Weixuan Zhang

 

Dynamic Shares LLC

401 W Superior St, Suite 300

Chicago, IL 60654

Attn: Weixuan Zhang

 

Capital Investment Group, Inc.

P.O. Box 4365

Rocky Mount, NC 27803

 

11.Limitation of Liability

 

A copy of the Certificate of Trust is on file with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, and notice is hereby given that this Agreement is executed on behalf of the Trustees of the Trust as Trustees and not individually and that the obligations of this instrument are not binding upon any of the Trustees, officers or shareholders of the Trust individually but binding only upon the assets and property of the applicable Fund or Trust, as relevant.

 

This Agreement is executed by or on behalf of the Trust with respect to each of the Funds. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that the obligations hereunder are binding only upon the Fund to which such obligations pertain and the assets and property of such Fund. The Distributor understands that the rights and obligations of each series of shares of the Trust under the amended and restated trust agreement are separate and distinct from those of any and all other series. The use of this single document to memorialize the separate agreement of each Fund is understood to be for clerical convenience only and shall not constitute any basis for joining the Funds for any reason.

 

 7 
 

 

12.Dispute Resolution

 

Whenever either party desires to institute legal proceedings against the other concerning this Agreement, it shall provide written notice to that effect to such other party. The party providing such notice shall refrain from instituting said legal proceedings for a period of 60 days following the date of provision of such notice. During such period, the parties shall attempt in good faith to amicably resolve their dispute by negotiation among their executive officers.

 

13.Entire Agreement; Amendments

 

This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes any prior agreement, draft or proposal with respect to the subject matter hereof. This Agreement or any part hereof may be changed or waived only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of such change or waiver is sought.

 

14.Governing Law

 

This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of North Carolina without giving effect to any conflict of laws or choice of laws, rules or principles thereof. To the extent that the applicable laws of the State of North Carolina, or any of the provisions of this Agreement, conflict with the applicable provisions of the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act shall control.

 

15.Counterparts

 

This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument. Each such counterpart shall be deemed an original, and it shall not be necessary in making proof of this Agreement to produce or account for more than one such counterpart. This Agreement shall be deemed executed by both parties when any one or more counterparts hereof or thereof, individually or taken together, bears the original or facsimile signatures of each of the parties.

 

16.Force Majeure

 

No breach of any obligation of a party to this Agreement (other than obligations to pay amounts owed) will constitute an event of default or breach to the extent it arises out of a cause, existing or future, that is beyond the control and without negligence of the party otherwise chargeable with breach or default, including without limitation: work action or strike; lockout or other labor dispute; flood; war; riot; theft; act of terrorism, pandemic, earthquake or natural disaster. Either party desiring to rely upon any of the foregoing as an excuse for default or breach will, when the cause arises, give to the other party prompt notice of the facts which constitute such cause; and, when the cause ceases to exist, give prompt notice thereof to the other party.

 

17.Severability

 

Any provision of this Agreement that is determined to be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity or unenforceability in such jurisdiction, without rendering invalid or unenforceable the remaining provisions of this Agreement or affecting the validity or enforceability of such provision in any other jurisdiction. If a court of competent jurisdiction declares any provision of this Agreement to be invalid or unenforceable, the parties agree that the court making such determination shall have the power to reduce the scope, duration, or area of the provision, to delete specific words or phrases, or to replace the provision with a provision that is valid and enforceable and that comes closest to expressing the original intention of the parties, and this Agreement shall be enforceable as so modified.

 

 8 
 

 

18.Confidential Information

 

(a) The Distributor and the Trust (in such capacity, as applicable, the “Receiving Party”) acknowledge and agree to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information (as hereinafter defined) provided by the Distributor and the Trust (in such capacity, as applicable, the “Disclosing Party”) in connection with this Agreement. The Receiving Party shall not disclose or disseminate the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information to any Person other than (a) those employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees of the Receiving Party, or (b) those employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees of any agent or affiliate, who have a need to know it in order to assist the Receiving Party in performing its obligations, or to permit the Receiving Party to exercise its rights under this Agreement. In addition, the Receiving Party (a) shall take all reasonable steps to prevent unauthorized access to the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, and (b) shall not use the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, or authorize other Persons to use the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, for any purposes other than in connection with performing its obligations or exercising its rights hereunder. As used herein, “reasonable steps” means steps that a party takes to protect its own, similarly confidential or proprietary information of a similar nature, which steps shall in no event be less than a reasonable standard of care.

 

(b) The term “Confidential Information,” as used herein, shall mean all business strategies, plans and procedures, proprietary information, methodologies, data and trade secrets, and other confidential information and materials (including, without limitation, any non-public personal information as defined in Regulation S-P) of the Disclosing Party, its affiliates, their respective clients or suppliers, or other Persons with whom they do business, that may be obtained by the Receiving Party from any source or that may be developed as a result of this Agreement.

 

(c) The provisions of this Section 18 respecting Confidential Information shall not apply to the extent, but only to the extent, that such Confidential Information: (a) is already known to the Receiving Party free of any restriction at the time it is obtained from the Disclosing Party, (b) is subsequently learned from an independent third party free of any restriction and without breach of this Agreement; (c) is or becomes publicly available through no wrongful act of the Receiving Party or any third party; (d) is independently developed by or for the Receiving Party without reference to or use of any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party; or (e) is required to be disclosed pursuant to an applicable law, rule, regulation, government requirement or court order, or the rules of any stock exchange (provided, however, that the Receiving Party shall advise the Disclosing Party of such required disclosure promptly upon learning thereof in order to afford the Disclosing Party a reasonable opportunity to contest, limit and/or assist the Receiving Party in crafting such disclosure).

 

(d) The Receiving Party shall advise its employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees, and shall require its agents and affiliates to advise their employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees, of the Receiving Party’s obligations of confidentiality and non-use under this Section 18, and shall be responsible for ensuring compliance by its and its affiliates’ employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees with such obligations. The Receiving Party shall promptly notify the Disclosing Party in writing upon learning of any unauthorized disclosure or use of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information by such persons.

 

(e) Upon the Disclosing Party’s written request following the termination of this Agreement, the Receiving Party promptly shall return to the Disclosing Party, or destroy, all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party provided under or in connection with this Agreement, including all copies, portions and summaries thereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, (a) the Receiving Party may retain one copy of each item of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information for purposes of identifying and establishing its rights and obligations under this Agreement, for archival or audit purposes and/or to the extent required by applicable law, and (b) the Distributor shall have no obligation to return or destroy Confidential Information of the Trust that resides on save tapes or other electronic forms; provided, however, that in either case all such Confidential Information retained by the Receiving Party shall remain subject to the provisions of Section 18 for so long as it is so retained. If requested by the Disclosing Party, the Receiving Party shall certify in writing its compliance with the provisions of this paragraph.

 

 9 
 

 

19.Anti-Money Laundering

 

The Distributor represents that it has in place anti-money laundering procedures which comply with applicable law in jurisdictions in which Shares are distributed. The Distributor agrees to notify the Trust of any suspicious activity of which it becomes aware relating to transactions involving Shares. Upon reasonable request, the Distributor agrees to provide the Trust with documentation relating to its anti-money laundering policies and procedures.

 

20.Use of Name

 

(a) The Trust shall not use the name of the Distributor, or any of its affiliates, in any prospectus or statement of additional information, sales literature, and other material relating to the Trust in any manner without the prior written consent of the Distributor (which shall not be unreasonably withheld); provided, however, that the Distributor hereby approves all lawful uses of the names of the Distributor and its affiliates in the prospectus and statement of additional information of the Trust and in all other materials which merely refer in accurate terms to their appointment hereunder or which are required by applicable law, regulations or otherwise by the SEC, FINRA, or any state securities authority.

 

(b) Neither the Distributor nor any of its affiliates shall use the name of the Trust in any publicly disseminated materials, including sales literature, in any manner without the prior written consent of the Trust (which shall not be unreasonably withheld); provided, however, that the Fund hereby approves all lawful uses of its name in any required regulatory filings of the Distributor which merely refer in accurate terms to the appointment of the Distributor hereunder, or which are required by applicable law, regulations or otherwise by the SEC, FINRA, or any state securities authority.

 

21.Insurance

 

The Distributor agrees to maintain liability insurance coverage which is consistent with coverage customary in the industry for distribution activities similar to the distribution activities provided to the Trust hereunder. The Distributor shall notify the Trust upon receipt of any notice of material, adverse change in the terms or provisions of its insurance coverage that may materially and adversely affect the Trust’s rights hereunder. Such notification shall include the date of change and the reason or reasons therefore. The Distributor shall notify the Trust of any material claims against it, whether or not covered by insurance that may materially and adversely affect the Trust’s rights hereunder.

 

22.Representations

 

(a) The Distributor represents and warrants that: (i) it is duly authorized and licensed under applicable law to carry out the services contemplated herein; (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement are within its power and have been duly authorized by all necessary action; (iii) its entering into this Agreement or providing the services contemplated hereby does not conflict with or constitute a default or require a consent under or breach of any provision of any agreement or document to which the Distributor is a party or by which it is bound; and (iv) it is registered as a broker-dealer under the 1934 Act and a member of FINRA and agrees to abide by all of the rules and regulations of FINRA and will notify the Trust’s chief compliance officer and operator immediately in the event of its expulsion or suspension by FINRA. Expulsion of the Distributor by FINRA will automatically terminate this Agreement immediately without notice. Suspension of Distributor by FINRA will terminate this Agreement effective immediately upon written notice of termination to the Distributor from operator.

 

(b) The Trust represents and warrants that: (i) it is duly organized as a Delaware statutory trust and is and at all times will remain duly authorized to carry out its obligations as contemplated herein; (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement are within its power and have been duly authorized by all necessary action; (iii) its entering into this Agreement does not conflict with or constitute a default or require a consent under or breach of any provision of any agreement or document to which the Trust is a party or by which it is bound; (iv) the registration statement and each Fund’s prospectus, and sales literature and advertisements approved by the adviser or other materials prepared by or on behalf of the Trust for the Distributor’s use (“Sales Literature and Advertisements”) have been prepared, and shall be prepared, in all material respects, in conformity with the 1933 Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission (the “Rules and Regulations”); and (vi) the registration statement and each Fund’s prospectus contain all material statements required to be stated therein in accordance with the 1933 Act and the Rules and Regulations; and (vii) all statements of fact contained therein, or in Sales Literature and Advertisements, are or will be true and correct in all material respects at the time indicated or the effective date, as the case may be, and any Fund’s prospectus shall not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, not misleading in light of the circumstances in which they are made. The Trust shall not file any amendment to the registration statement or Fund’s prospectus without giving the Distributor reasonable notice thereof in advance, provided that nothing in this Agreement shall in any way limit the Trust’s right to file at any time such amendments to the registration statement or any Fund’s prospectus as the Trust may deem advisable, such right being in all respects absolute and unconditional. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust shall not be deemed to make any representation or warranty as to any information or statement provided by the Distributor for inclusion in the registration statement or any Fund’s prospectus.

 

 10 
 

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Trust and Distributor have each duly executed this Agreement, as of the day and year above written.

 

DYNAMIC SHARES TRUST   DYNAMIC SHARES LLC
         
By:              By:          
Title:     Title:  

 

  CAPITAL INVESTMENT GROUP, INC.
     
  By:                
  Title:  

 

 11 
 

 

SCHEDULE A

 

List of Funds

 

1.Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF

 

SCHEDULE B

 

List of Services

 

FINRA Review

 

Review and approve all Fund marketing materials (including website) for compliance with SEC & FINRA advertising rules

 

Conduct FINRA filing of materials (including website)

 

Respond to FINRA comments on marketing materials, as necessary

 

Provide the adviser with copy of its then-current documentation regarding SEC & FINRA marketing policies

 

Contract Management

 

Coordinate and execute sub-distribution agreements with broker/dealers and authorized participants on behalf of the Fund in accordance with the prospectus

 

Coordinate and execute operational agreements related to the services contemplated by this Agreement (networking agreements, NSCC redemption agreements, etc.)

 

Coordinate and execute on behalf of the Fund shareholder service and similar agreements to the extent permitted by applicable law, as contemplated by the Trust’s distribution and/or shareholder servicing plan and as may be agreed to by the Distributor and the Fund

 

 12 
 

 

SCHEDULE C

 

Fee Schedule

 

Service Fees:

 

$5,000 per Fund, per year.

 

Out-of-Pocket Expenses:

 

The Sponsor (or the Fund, or Commodity Pool Operator, as applicable) shall pay all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Distributor in connection with activities performed for the Fund hereunder including, without limitation:

 

typesetting, printing and distribution of prospectuses and shareholder reports
production, printing, distribution and placement of advertising and sales literature and materials
engagement of designers, free-lance writers and public relations firms
long-distance telephone lines, services and charges
postage
overnight delivery charges
FINRA and registration fees
marketing expenses
record retention fees
travel, lodging and meals
NSCC charges
Fund platform fees and service fees
website monitoring review

 

 13 

 

EX-10.6 12 ex10-6.htm

 

Exhibit 10.6

 

 

Form of

Futures Account Agreement

 

In consideration of the acceptance and maintenance of one or more accounts in commodities, commodity futures contracts, options or commodities or options on commodity futures contracts, exchange for physicals and foreign exchange transactions (collectively, “futures contracts”) by Wedbush Futures, a division of Wedbush Securities Inc. (“Broker”) for the undersigned (“Customer”), it is agreed as follows (the Customer Agreement is referred to herein at times as the “Agreement”):

 

1. AUTHORIZATION:

 

Customer authorizes Broker to purchase and sell futures contracts for Customer’s account in accordance with Customer’s oral, written or electronic instructions. Customer hereby waives any defense that any such instructions were not in writing as may be required by the Statute of Frauds or any other law, rule, or regulation. If Customer’s account has been introduced to Broker by an introducing broker (“Introducing Broker”), Customer acknowledges that Broker may pay a portion of its fees and commissions to Introducing Broker and may share Customer’s information with Introducing Broker. Customer agrees that Broker shall have no liability with respect to Introducing Broker’s actions or omissions other than as required by applicable law (the phrase “applicable law(s)” shall be broadly construed to refer also to applicable regulations and the rules and policies of applicable regulators, clearing houses and exchanges/markets).

 

2. MARGIN REQUIRED:

 

Customer will at all times maintain collateral and margin for all accounts as from time to time may be required by Broker in its sole discretion or demanded by applicable laws. Customer understands that the margins required by Broker may exceed the amounts required by applicable laws or exchange or clearing house minimums. Customer shall make such margin deposits as and when requested by Broker in such manner as Broker shall designate. All deposits shall be deemed made when actually received by Broker. Any failure by Broker to call for margin at any time shall not constitute a waiver of Broker’s right to do so any time thereafter, nor shall it create any liability to Customer. Broker shall not be liable to Customer for the loss or loss of use of any margin deposits or option premiums which loss is the direct or indirect result of the bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, receivership, custodianship, or assignment for the benefit of creditors of any bank, other clearing broker, exchange, clearing organization, or similar entity.

 

3. FEES AND OTHER CHARGES:

 

Customer shall pay Broker (a) applicable brokerage, commission and other charges on any transaction executed by Broker on Customer’s behalf in effect from time to time; (b) any charges imposed on such transaction by the exchange or clearing house through which it is executed, any other transaction fees, and any tax imposed on such transaction by competent authority; (c) the amount of any loss or cost suffered by Broker that may result from such transaction; and (d) interest and service charges on any deficit in Customers’ account balance at the rates customarily charged by Broker. Such payments shall be made to Broker at its address stated above or such other place as Broker gives notice to Customer.

 

4. DEBIT AUTHORIZATION:

 

In consideration of the goods, products, and/or services provided to Customer by Broker, Customer hereby authorizes Broker to debit Customer’s account(s) without further notice for any and all fees, and expenses incurred by Broker and/or its agents and/or vendors in connection with Customer’s account(s) including, but not limited to, in connection with software, market data, clearing and exchange fees and expenses, commissions and/ other amounts for which Customer is responsible pursuant to Customer’s agreements with Broker and/or its agents or vendors.

 

5. SINGLE ACCOUNT:

 

All transactions in futures contracts for or in connection with Customer’s accounts shall be deemed to be included in a single account notwithstanding the fact that such transactions may be segregated on Broker’s records into separate accounts, either severally or jointly with others. Any transfer between such accounts may be made on Customer’s verbal instructions or at any time, from time to time, in Broker’s discretion, Broker may without notice to Customer, apply or trans fer any or all monies, securities, commodities, options, commodity futures contracts or

 

other property of Customer interchangeably among any of Customer’s accounts; provided, however, that Broker shall not, without Customer’s prior written consent, use Customer’s net equity in any account subject to the regulations of the CFTC under the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “Act”), to carry trades or to offset any net deficit of Customer in goods or property not included in the term “commodity” as defined in said regulations.

 

 
 

 

 

6. LIQUIDATION:

 

In the event that (a) Customer shall fail to timely deposit or maintain or to make payment of margin or any other amount hereunder; (b) Customer (if an individual) shall die or be judicially declared incompetent or (if an entity) shall be dissolved or otherwise terminated; (c) a proceeding under the Bankruptcy Act, an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or an application for a receiver, custodian, or trustee shall be filed or applied for by or against Customer; (d) an attachment is levied against Customer’s account; (e) the property deposited as collateral is determined by Broker in its sole discretion, regardless of current market quotation, to be inadequate to properly secure the account; or (f) at any time Broker deems it necessary for its protection for any reason whatsoever, Broker may, in the manner it deems appropriate in order to prevent or minimize loss, close out Customer’s open positions in whole or in part, sell any or all of Customer’s property held by Broker, including but not limited to exchange memberships, buy any securities, futures contracts, options or other property for Customer’s account, and cancel any outstanding orders and commitments made by Broker on behalf of Customer. Such sale, purchase or cancellation may be made at Broker’s discretion without advertising the same and without notice to Customer or Customer’s personal representatives and without prior tender, demand for margin or payment, or call of any kind upon Customer. Broker may purchase the whole or any part thereof free from any right of redemption. It is understood that a prior demand or call or prior notice of the time and place of such sale or purchase shall not be considered a waiver of Broker’s right to sell or buy without demand or notice as herein provided. Customer shall remain liable for and shall pay to Broker immediately the amount of any deficiency in any account of Customer with Broker resulting from any transaction described above. For purposes of this Customer Agreement, a reasonable amount of time shall be deemed to be one hour or less, if in Broker’s sole discretion market and/or other conditions required that margin calls be met in less than one hour.

 

7. DISCHARGE OF OBLIGATION:

 

Customer undertakes, at any time upon Broker’s demand, to discharge all obligations to Broker, or, in the event of a closing of any of Customer’s accounts in whole or in part, to pay Broker the deficiency, if any, including costs, damages or attorney fees suffered or paid by Broker, directly or indirectly, in connection with such deficiency. In lieu of requiring the immediate discharge of any of Customer’s obligations, Broker may, in Broker’s discretion, demand security for such obligation (and if Broker so elects, for all future obligations of Customer) in which event Customer will either discharge all existing obligations to Broker or furnish such security as Broker shall have demanded, and, in that connection, execute and deliver such security agreements, financing statements and other documents, informs prescribed or approved by Broker, as Broker shall reasonably request.

 

8. RISK OF LOSS; INDEMNIFICATION; LIMITATION OF LIABILITY:

 

All transactions effected for Customer’s accounts and all fluctuations in the market prices of the futures contracts carried in Customer’s accounts are at Customer’s sole risk and Customer shall be solely liable under all circumstances for any losses arising from such transactions. By execution of this Agreement, Customer warrants that Customer is willing and financially able to sustain any such losses. Broker is not responsible for the obligations of the persons with whom Customer’s transactions are effected, nor is Broker responsible for delays in transmission, delivery or execution of Customer’s orders due to malfunctions of communications facilities or other causes. Broker shall not be liable to Customer for the loss of any margin deposits which is the direct or indirect result of the bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, receivership, custodianship or assignment for the benefit of creditors of any bank, another clearing broker, exchange, clearing organization or similar entity. Customer agrees to indemnify Broker and hold Broker harmless from any liability, cost or expense (including attorneys’ fees, allocated costs of internal attorneys, compliance and other personnel, and expenses and any fines or penalties imposed by any governmental agency, contract market, exchange, clearing organization or other self-regulatory body) which Broker may incur or be subjected to with respect to Customer’s account or any transaction or position therein. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Customer agrees to reimburse Broker on demand for any cost of collection incurred by Broker in collecting any sums owing by Customer under this Agreement and any cost incurred by Broker in successfully defending itself against any claims asserted by Customer, including all attorneys’ fees, interest and expenses.

 

Customer authorizes Broker to purchase and sell futures contracts in accordance with Customer’s or Introducing Broker’s or an agent’s (as applicable) oral or written instructions. In executing transactions on an exchange, Broker will not be responsible to Customer for negligence or misconduct of any third party brokers selected by Broker. Broker will not be responsible to Customer in the event of error, failure, negligence, or misconduct on the part of any non-Guaranteed Introducing Broker, agent, Commodity Trading Advisor, or other person acting on Customer’s behalf and, without limiting the foregoing, Broker has no obligation to investigate the facts surrounding any transaction in any account which is introduced by such non-Guaranteed Introducing Broker, agent, Commodity Trading Advisor, or other person. Further, Broker is not responsible or liable whatsoever for any matter relating to the practices, actions or any other matter in regard to a non–Guaranteed Introducing Broker, agent, Commodity Trading Advisor, or other person. If using an Introducing Broker, agent, Commodity Trading Advisor or other person, Customer agrees not to bring any action or counterclaim against Broker and will assert any such claim against only the Introducing Broker, agent, Commodity Trading Advisor, or other person for any redress with respect to any matter other than Broker’s gross negligence or willful misconduct in executing, clearing and/or accounting of transactions.

 

 
 

 

 

With respect to Guaranteed Introducing Brokers, Customer agrees that Broker’s maximum liability to Customer shall be limited to the amount of the minimum net capital requirement (calculated in accordance with 17 C.F.R. §1.17 as of the date of the finding of actual liability) that would have been required for the Guaranteed Introducing Broker had it been a non-Guaranteed Introducing Broker. Customer expressly acknowledges that a finding of liability against an Introducing Broker may substantially exceed the amount of the Introducing Broker’s minimum net capital requirement which, in some circumstances, may be as low as $45,000. This means that Customer’s right to recover from Broker, with respect to any Guaranteed Introducing Broker, pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph could also be limited to $45,000.

 

Customer shall have no claim against Broker for any losses caused directly or indirectly by: (a) governmental, court, exchange, regulatory or self-regulatory organization restrictions, regulations, rules, decisions, or orders; (b) suspension or termination of trading; (c) war or civil or labor disturbance; (d) delay or inaccuracy in the transmission or reporting of orders due to a breakdown or failure of computer services, transmission, communication or execution facilities; (e) the failure or delay by any exchange or clearinghouse to enforce its rules or to pay to Broker any margin due in respect of Customer’s account; (f) the failure or delay by any bank, trust company, clearing organization, or other person which, pursuant to applicable exchange rules, is holding Customer funds, securities, or other property to pay or deliver the same to Broker; (g) any other cause or causes beyond Broker’s control; (h) as a result of any action taken by Broker or its agents to comply with applicable laws; (i) as a result of any actions taken by Broker in connection with the exercise of available remedies; (j) for acts or omissions of those neither employed nor supervised by Broker. Broker shall not be responsible for any losses except to the extent that such losses directly arise from its gross negligence or willful misconduct. In no event will Broker or any of its service providers be liable to Customer for consequential, incidental or special damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. Broker’s violation of any applicable laws shall not provide Customer with either a defense to a claim by Broker or the basis of a claim against Broker.

 

9. FAILURE TO DELIVER:

 

If at any time Customer fails to deliver to Broker any property previously sold by Broker on Customer’s behalf or fails to deliver property, securities or financial instruments in compliance with futures contracts, or if Broker shall be required or shall deem it necessary (whether by reason of the requirements of any exchange, clearing house or otherwise) to replace any securities, futures contracts, financial instruments or other property theretofore delivered by Broker for the account of Customer with other property of like equivalent kind or account, Customer authorizes Broker in its sole judgment to borrow or to buy any property necessary to make delivery thereof or to replace any such property previously delivered and to deliver the same to such other party to whom delivery is to be made. Broker may subsequently repay any borrowing thereof with property purchased or otherwise acquired for the account of Customer. Customer shall pay Broker for any cost, loss and damage from the foregoing (including consequential damages, penalties and fines) which Broker may be required to incur or which Broker may sustain from its inability to borrow or buy any such property.

 

 
 

 

 

10. SECURITY AGREEMENT:

 

All monies, securities, options, financial instruments, futures contracts or other property (“property”) now or at any future time in Customer’s account or held for Customer (either individually or jointly with others) by Broker or by any clearing house through which Customer’s trades are executed, or which may be in Broker’s or any affiliate’s possession for any purpose (including safekeeping) are hereby pledged to Broker and shall be subject to a first priority security interest, general lien and right of set off in Broker’s favor to secure all indebtedness at any time owing from Customer to Broker and/or its affiliates. Broker is hereby authorized to sell any and all property in any of Customer’s accounts without notice to satisfy such general lien. Property in or carried for the Customer’s account(s) shall be segregated as required by the Act and the rules of the CFTC. Subject to such segregation requirements, Customer hereby grants to Broker the right to pledge, re-pledge, hypothecate, re-hypothecate, or invest, either separately or with other property, any securities or other property held by Broker for the account of Customer or as collateral therefor, including without limitation to any exchange or clearing house through which trades of Customer are effected. Broker may deliver securities or other property of like or equivalent kind or amount. In lieu of requiring the immediate discharge of any obligation of Customer, Broker may, in its discretion, demand security for such obligation (and, if Broker so elects, for all future obligations of Customer), in which event Customer will either discharge all existing obligations to Broker or furnish such security as Broker shall have demanded, and, in connection therewith, execute and deliver security agreements, financing statements, and other documents, in forms required or approved by Broker. Without the consent of Broker, Customer will not cause or allow any of the collateral held in any Customer account, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, to be or become subject to liens, security interests, mortgages or encumbrances of any nature other than the security interest in favor of Broker and its affiliates. Customer acknowledges that Broker and each of its affiliates act as agents for each other in respect of the collateral subject to the security interest, lien and right of set-off described above. Broker is authorized to transfer among a regulated account and any other account, including foreign exchange accounts and non-regulated accounts and vice versa, such excess funds as may be required for any reason Broker deems appropriate in its sole and absolute discretion.

 

11. INVESTMENT OF PROPERTY:

 

All property now or hereafter held or carried by Broker for Customer may from time to time without notice to Customer be invested by Broker or others, separately or with any other property; provided that such property shall be segregated to the extent required by, and shall be invested only in accordance with, rules of the CFTC. Broker shall be under no obligation to deliver the same certificates, instruments or securities deposited with Broker or received by Broker for the account of Customer, but may deliver other certificates, instruments or securities of like or equivalent kind or amount.

 

12. NO LIABILITY FOR SYSTEM DELAYS AND FAILURES:

 

Broker shall not be liable for delays in the transmission or execution of orders due to breakdown or failure of transmission or communication facilities, or for any other cause beyond Broker’s control including, without limitation, actions taken or resulting in connection with any third party breach of Customer’s communications systems or technology used by Customer. With respect to elements of electronic order entry as to which Broker has retained any liability as expressly set forth in writing in this Agreement, Customer agrees that Broker’s liability shall be limited to gross negligence or willful misconduct. Customer agrees that Broker shall not be liable for any losses, damages, costs or expense (including, but not limited to, loss of profits, loss of use, direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages) arising from (a) any failure or malfunction, including but not limited to any inability, for any reason, to enter or cancel electronic orders; or (b) any fault in delivery, delay, omission, suspension, inaccuracy or termination, or any other cause in connection with the furnishing, performance, maintenance, use of or inability to use all or any part of any electronic order entry system or any of Broker’s and/or exchange services or facilities used to support any electronic order system (collectively referred to as “ORS”). If, in connection with the use of any ORS, Customer receives a password, Customer agrees to be solely responsible for any order entered using Customer’s password. Customer understands that while accessing an ORS through the Internet or otherwise generally is dependable, technical problems or other conditions may delay or prevent Customer from entering or canceling an order on the ORS, or likewise may delay or prevent an order transmitted through the ORS from being executed. Broker shall not be liable for, and Customer agrees not to hold or seek to hold Broker liable for, any technical problems, ORS failures and malfunctions, ORS access issues, ORS capacity issues, high Internet traffic demand, security breaches and unauthorized access beyond the reasonable control of Broker, and other similar computer problems and defects. Broker does not represent, warrant or guarantee that Customer will be able to access or use any ORS at times or locations of Customer’s choosing, or that Broker will have adequate capacity for the ORS as a whole or in any geographic location. Broker does not represent, warrant or guarantee that the ORS will provide uninterrupted and error free service. Broker does not make any warranties or guarantees, express or implied, with respect to the ORS or its content, including without limitation, warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Broker shall not be liable to Customer for any loss, cost, damages or other injury, whether in contract or tort, arising out of or caused in whole or in part by Customer’s use of or reliance on the ORS or its content. In no event will Broker be liable to Customer or any third party for any punitive, consequential, special or similar damages even if advised of the possibility of such damage. In some jurisdictions, the liability of Broker shall be limited in accordance with this Agreement to the extent permitted by law. Broker reserves the right to suspend service and deny access to any ORS without prior notice during scheduled or unscheduled ORS maintenance or upgrading or as a result of any breach by Customer of its obligations to Broker or any other risk to Broker in Broker’s sole discretion.

 

 
 

 

 

Customer acknowledges and agrees that the ORS may be used only by a User to whom Broker has issued a User ID and authorized a Password; as such terms are defined below. Broker reserves the right to terminate, suspend or change any User ID or Password and to limit or restrict, in its sole discretion, the ORS offered to Customer or User for any reason. A “User” is Customer and any person whom Customer has authorized, in a manner designated by Broker, to access Customer’s accounts through the ORS or to enter orders. “User ID” means an alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies a User for purposes of the ORS, and “Password” means any authentication device (including alphanumeric codes) associated with a User ID that Broker may now or in the future require for access to the Customer’s accounts or to Broker’s ORS.

 

Customer is fully and solely responsible for all acts and omissions relating to the use of the ORS for its accounts and the use of information regarding the account, by any person who uses the User ID and Password of any of the Users. Customer may not, and shall ensure that its Users do not, share its User IDs or Passwords with others, and must notify Broker immediately if it knows or suspects that the confidentiality of the Password or any of the Users has been compromised. Only persons to whom Broker has issued a User ID may use the ORS under that User ID. Customer further agrees to notify Broker of the names of any Users to whom it wishes to provide view-only access, if such access is available, or any other type of authority relating to the accounts or User ID.

 

Customer will adhere to all procedures instituted by Broker regarding the transmission of orders for execution. Broker and Customer shall cooperate to correct or reconcile all trades made in error or other differences which may occur between Broker and Customer or any third party. Customer agrees to immediately compare all reports of execution for accuracy and completeness with orders entered for execution and acknowledges that Broker shall not be liable in any manner whatsoever for any loss resulting from execution errors which were or should have been revealed by such comparison unless such errors are reported to Broker prior to 8:00 a.m. Central Time on the next succeeding business day. Concurrence between the parties with respect to a day’s trades will be binding, except that Broker shall have the right to amend, add, or cancel any trade if floor and clearing organization reports properly support such action. Any such amendment, addition, or cancellation will be reported to Customer promptly after receipt and review of such reports by Broker, and Customer hereby agrees to accept such amendment, addition, or cancellation. Any trade not specifically authorized by Customer must be immediately reported by Customer to Broker’s Compliance Department and Customer will be financially responsible for all trades not so reported and for any losses arising from a course of dealing involving a grant of authority or de facto control over an account to Introducing Broker or any agent.

 

13. MARKET DATA:

 

In order for the Customer to receive market data, Customer agrees to the provisions of any regulation, interpretation or document required by any exchange and market, as well as any Broker policy as maybe amended, from time to time.

 

14. FLOOR BROKERS; NO ADVICE:

 

Customer acknowledges and understands that it has a right to specify and direct which broker on the floor of a contract market is selected to execute an order placed for Customer’s accounts, and Customer hereby expressly waives such right and further agrees to hold Broker harmless for effecting such selection and from and against any liability, claim or cause of action which Customer might have against Broker under the Act or otherwise for the alleged action or omission to act of any such floor broker or from any claim arising from an alleged violation of the Act in the execution of an order for Customer’s accounts by such floor broker. Customer acknowledges that Broker does not make any trading recommendations or provide trading advice and market or other information communicated to Customer by Broker does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any futures contract. Any such information, although based upon information obtained from sources believed by Broker to be reliable, may be incomplete, may not be verified and may be changed without notice to Customer, and Broker makes no representation, warranty or guarantee with respect thereto.

 

15. CONSENT TO CROSS TRANSACTION:

 

Customer hereby agrees that Broker, its agents and/or floor brokers handling Broker’s orders, may, without prior notice, execute Customer’s orders in which Broker, its directors, officers, employees, agents and/or floor brokers may directly or indirectly, become the buyer to Customer’s sell order or the seller to Customer’s buy order, provided that such executions are made in accordance with exchange rules and any applicable provision of the Act or regulations of the CFTC.

 

 
 

 

 

16. EXERCISE, ASSIGNMENTS, AND DELIVERIES:

 

With regard to options transactions, Customer understands that some exchange clearing houses have established exercise requirements for the tender of exercise instructions and that options will become worthless in the event that Customer does not deliver instructions by such expiration times. At least two business days prior to the last trading day in the case of long and short positions in options, Customer will give Broker instructions to liquidate, exercise, or allow the expiration of such options, and will deliver to Broker sufficient funds required in connection with exercise. If such instructions or such funds are not received by Broker prior to the expiration of the option, Broker may permit an option to expire. Customer also understands that certain exchanges and clearing houses automatically exercise some “in-the-money” options unless instructed otherwise. Customer acknowledges full responsibility for taking action either to exercise or to prevent exercise of an option contract, as the case may be; Broker is not required to take any action with respect to an option, including without limitation any action to exercise a valuable option contract prior to its expiration or to prevent the automatic exercise of an option, except upon Customer’s express instructions. Customer further understands that Broker also has established exercise cut-off times, which may be different from the times established by the contract markets in clearing houses. In the event that timely exercise and assignment instructions are not given, Customer hereby agrees to waive any and all claims for damage or loss Customer might have against Broker arising out of the fact that an option was or was not exercised. Customer understands that Broker randomly assigns exercise notices to Customers, that all short option positions are subject to assignment at any time, including positions established on the same day that exercises are assigned, and that exercise assignment notices are allocated randomly from among all Customers’ short option positions which are subject to exercise.

 

With regard to futures or forwards transactions, liquidating instructions on open positions in a current delivery month must be given to Broker at least five business days prior to the first notice day in the case of long positions, and at least five business days prior to the last trading day in the case of short positions. Alternatively, sufficient funds to take delivery or the necessary delivery documents must be delivered to Broker within the same period described above. If funds, documents or instructions are not received, Broker may, without notice, either liquidate Customer’s position, roll such position forward, or make or receive delivery on behalf of Customer upon such terms and by such methods as Broker, in its sole discretion, determines. Broker shall have no liability to Customer for any such action. If Broker takes delivery of any property for Customer’s account, Customer agrees to pay all delivery, storage, insurance, interest and related charges, and to guarantee and hold Broker harmless against any loss it may suffer, directly or indirectly, from a decline in the value of such property. Customer expressly acknowledges that, particularly in volatile markets, the making or accepting of delivery may involve a higher degree of risk than liquidating a position by offset.

 

17. COMMUNICATIONS; EMAIL:

 

All communications to Customer shall be to Customer’s mailing address indicated below or to such other place as Customer gives notice in writing to Broker. All communications so sent to Customer, whether by mail, telecopy, messenger or otherwise and electronic transmission shall be deemed to have been personally delivered to Customer whether actually received or not. Notices sent by messenger shall be deemed duly given when delivered to the address of Customer as designated below. Notices sent by telecopy shall be deemed duly given one hour after the time sent. Notices sent by mail shall be deemed duly given at 8:00 A.M. (Chicago time) on the business day immediately following the date of mailing. All communications to Broker shall be to its address stated above or such other place as Broker gives notice to Customer.

 

Customer accepts full responsibility for the use and protection of Customer’s electronic mail addresses as well as for any transmission or order submitted under Customer’s electronic mail addresses. Customer acknowledges and agrees that use of electronic mail to submit orders will be at the sole risk of, and will for all purposes be binding upon, the Customer as if the electronic mail had been submitted by Customer. Customer agrees to any financial liability for any orders transmitted under the Customer’s electronic email addresses. All transmissions generated by electronic mail will be deemed to be authorized and made by Customer and Customer agrees to indemnify and defend Broker and its directors, officers, employees, agents or affiliates against any claims, costs, expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) and losses that Broker incurs arising out of Customer’s use of electronic mail. Broker reserves the right at any time, in its sole discretion, to temporarily or permanently restrict the use of electronic mail to submit orders. Further, Broker reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to institute or change policies at any time. To the extent Customer has agreed to receive communications via email, upon Customer’s request, Broker will use an alternative method of delivering such documents or information to Customer, at Customer’s sole expense, with a fee established by Broker, which may be adjusted from time to time.

 

 
 

 

 

18. REQUEST FOR ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION OF CUSTOMER STATEMENTS:

 

Customer understands that there is a risk of failure of any electronic transmission, and will not hold Broker liable directly or indirectly for such failure. If Customer fails to receive any confirmation or other statements that reflect activity of which Customer is or should be aware in any account, Customer will contact a Broker customer service representative immediately but in no event by later 8:00 a.m. (Chicago Time) on the, business day following, the day of any such activity.

 

This consent shall be effective until revoked by Customer in writing, signed by the undersigned and delivered to a Futures Division of Wedbush Securities Inc., 141 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 1710-A, Chicago, IL 60604, Attn: Compliance, after receipt and ordinary course processing by same. In addition, Customer acknowledges that for its protection and the protection of Broker, any request to change the email address listed below of Customer must be in writing and must bear the signature of Customer. In the event such a request is received from a legal entity, such as a corporation, limited liability company or partnership, the request must be accompanied by appropriate documentation establishing that the person signing the request possesses the requisite authority to bind the entity in a form acceptable to Broker. By signing below, Customer represents that the delivery and execution of this consent has been, duly authorized.

 

If Customer requires receipt of paper statements via the United States Postal Service or other means, Broker reserves the right to charge fees in respect thereof which are posted electronically by Broker and are subject to change without notice. Customer should periodically verify all applicable fees and expenses. Fees and expenses are available on the Client Portal (https://portal.wedbushfutures.com/Login) or can be obtained by contacting your Account Executive. Customer will also be required to separately agree to other fees and expenses by receipt of email acknowledgement from Customer and/or signed Customer acknowledgement (by electronic or manual means) as determined by Broker.

 

19. RIGHTS AND REMEDIES:

 

The rights and remedies conferred upon Broker shall be cumulative, and the exercise of waiver of any thereof shall not preclude or inhibit the exercise of additional rights and remedies. Broker’s failure at any time to insist upon strict compliance with this Agreement or any of its terms or any continued course of conduct on Customer’s part shall not constitute or be considered a waiver by Broker of any of its rights. This Agreement, and the documents contained in the application by Customer to Broker to open a relationship with Broker entered into in connection herewith, contain the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior agreements between the parties as to the subject matter hereof. Other than as may be expressly set forth in this Agreement, no provision of this Agreement shall in any respect be waived, modified, altered, or changed except in writing signed by a duly authorized officer of Broker.

 

20. ASSIGNMENT AND SUCCESSION:

 

This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the Broker, its successors, and assigns, and shall be binding upon Customer and Customer’s heirs, estate, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. The provisions of this Agreement shall be continuous and shall cover individually and collectively all accounts which Customer now maintains or may in the future open or reopen with Broker. Broker may assign Customer’s account to another registered futures commission merchant by notifying Customer of the date and name of the intended assignee ten (10) days prior to the assignment. Unless Customer objects to the assignment in writing prior to the scheduled date for assignment, the assignment will be binding on Customer. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, Customer agrees that Broker may modify the terms of this Agreement upon prior written notice to Customer. By continuing to accept services from Broker, Customer will have indicated acceptance of any such modification. If Customer does not accept such modification, Customer must notify Broker in writing and Customer’s account may then be terminated, but Customer will remain liable to Broker for all remaining liabilities and obligations.

 

 
 

 

 

21. CUSTOMER REPRESENTATION:

 

Customer represents that (a) (if an individual), such person is of the age of majority, of sound mind, and authorized to open accounts and enter into this Agreement and to effectuate transactions in futures contracts as contemplated hereby; (b) if an entity, Customer is validly existing and empowered to enter into this Agreement and to effect transactions in futures contracts as contemplated hereby; (c) the statements and financial information contained on Customer’s Application submitted herewith (including any financial statement submitted therewith) are true and correct; (d) Customer has read, understands and has signed the CFTC Risk Disclosure Statements previously furnished by Broker; and (e) no person or entity has any interest in or control of any account of which this Agreement pertains except as disclosed in the Customer Information and Application (Customer Application). Customer further represents that, except as theretofore disclosed to Broker in writing, he is not an officer or an employee of any exchange board of trade, clearing house, bank or trust company or an “affiliated person” (as defined in the regulations of the CFTC) of any futures commission merchant, or an introducing broker, or an officer, partner, director, or employee of any securities broker or dealer. Customer agrees to furnish appropriate financial statements to Broker, to disclose to Broker any significant changes in the financial position of Customer and to furnish promptly such other information concerning Customer as broker reasonably request.

 

22. CUSTOMER ABLE TO ASSUME RISK:

 

Customer affirms that Customer is able to assume the financial risks of commodity futures trading and that commodity futures’ trading meets Customer’s financial objectives. Customer agrees to immediately notify Broker if there is any significant change in Customer’s financial condition or objectives.

 

23. CLEARING BROKER RESPONSIBILITIES:

 

If Customer’s account is carried by Broker only as a clearing broker, Customer acknowledges that Broker is not responsible for the conduct, representations, and statements of the introducing broker in the handling of Customer’s accounts. Customer acknowledges that Broker’s sole responsibility in such circumstances is to execute, clear and account for orders transmitted to Broker by or on behalf of Customer.

 

24. CONSENT TO CREDIT CHECK; ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING PROVISIONS:

 

Customer understands an investigation may be made pertaining to Customer’s credit standing and business accounts, and authorizes Broker to contract such banks, financial institutions, and credit agencies as Broker shall deem appropriate. Customer acknowledges that any account established pursuant to this Agreement shall be subject to anti-money laundering requirements established by applicable government agencies or self-regulating organizations. Accordingly, Customer shall promptly provide any documents or certifications requested by Broker which Broker believes are necessary or advisable to obtain for anti-money laundering compliance purposes.

 

25. LIMITS ON POSITIONS HELD:

 

Customer acknowledges Broker’s right to limit the number of open positions which Customer may maintain or acquire through Broker at any time and Customer agrees not to make any trade through Broker which would have the effect of exceeding the limitations imposed on Customer by Broker. Customer further agrees not to exceed the position limits set by the CFTC or any exchange, whether acting alone or with others, and to promptly advise Broker if Customer is required to file reports of commodity positions with the CFTC.

 

26. FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS:

 

If Customer directs Broker to enter into any futures contract and such transaction is to be effected in a foreign currency; (a) any profit or loss arising as a result of a fluctuation in the exchange rate affecting such currency will be entirely for the Customer’s account and risk; (b) all initial and subsequent deposits for market purposes shall be made in U.S. Dollars in such amounts as Broker in its sole discretion may require; and (c) Broker is authorized to convert funds in the Customer’s accounts into and from such foreign currency at an exchange rate determined by Broker in its sole discretion and charge applicable fees in connection therewith.

 

 
 

 

 

27. FUNDS HELD IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND/OR FOREIGN CURRENCY:

 

Customer acknowledges and understands that Customer’s funds may be held in the United States or the country of origin of any currency other than the United States, and Customer authorizes and consents to Customer’s funds being held outside the United States in a jurisdiction other than one of the foregoing or the country of origin of the currency. Accounts are subject to the risk that events could occur which hinder or prevent the availability of these funds for distribution to customers. Such accounts also may be subject to foreign currency exchange rate risks. Customer authorizes the deposit, use and/or holding of funds into such as noted herein.

 

28. RECORDING:

 

Customer understands that Broker in its sole discretion may record, on tape or otherwise, any telephone conversation between Broker and Customer. Customer hereby agrees and consents to such recording and waives any right Customer may have to object to the admissibility into evidence of such recording in any legal proceeding to which Broker is a party or in which Broker’s records are subpoenaed.

 

29. DESIGNATION OF AGENT FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS (APPLIES TO FOREIGN TRADERS AND FOREIGN BROKERS ONLY):

 

CFTC Rule 15.05 provides that a futures commission merchant that executes transactions for the account of a foreign trader or foreign broker will be deemed to be the agent of that foreign trader or foreign broker for purposes of accepting delivery of any communication issued by or on behalf of the CFTC. The futures commission merchant is then required to transm it promptly any such communication to the foreign trader or foreign broker. A foreign trader or foreign broker may, however, designate an agent other than its futures commission merchant. Such alternate designation must be evidenced by a written agreement, which must be provided to the futures commission merchant prior to the opening of the account, and which the futures commission merchant, in turn, must forward to the CFTC. Accordingly, for any foreign trader or foreign broker Customer, unless Customer makes the alternate designation described above, Broker will be deemed Customer’s agent (and, if Customer is a broker, the agent of each Customer holding a position in Customer’s account) for purposes of receiving and transmitting all CFTC communications to Customer pursuant to CFTC Rules 15.05 and 21.03. This includes, but is not limited to, special calls for information. In the event of a special call for information, Broker shall be required to provide the information set forth in CFTC Regulation 21.03(e). Customer should be aware that failure to respond to a special call may cause the CFTC to prohibit execution of trades (other than offsetting trades) for Customer for contracts having the expiration date(s) and month(s) set forth in the special call.

 

30. TERMINATION:

 

This Agreement may be terminated by Broker or Customer immediately upon written notice to the other party; however, in the event of Customer’s bankruptcy, death, incompetence, dissolution or failure to provide adequate margin, Broker may terminate immediately without prior notice to Customer. In the event of termination and where Broker has not liquidated positions in an account under its rights granted in this Agreement, Customer shall immediately liquidate such positions, or transfer such positions to another FCM. If Customer does not comply with the foregoing, Broker may liquidate the positions and Customer agrees to indemnify and hold Broker harmless from any and all losses resulting from such liquidation. Notwithstanding any termination, Customer shall satisfy all obligations to Broker arising hereunder (including, but not limited to, payment of applicable debit balances, commissions, fees, including fees with respect to the transfer of positions to another FCM). The termination of this Agreement shall not affect the obligations of the parties arising from transactions entered into prior to such termination. Any section of this Agreement which is expressed or required to survive, or should by its nature survive, shall survive any termination and, without limitation, all indemnity obligations, waivers of liability in favor of Broker and provisions relating to choice of law, venue and/or arbitration, shall be broadly construed to survive termination.

 

31. OFFSETTING POSITIONS:

 

If Customer maintains separate accounts in which, pursuant to CFTC Regulation 1.46, offsetting positions are not closed out, Broker hereby advises Customer that (if held open) offsetting long and short hedge positions in the separate accounts may result in the charging of additional fees and commissions and the payment of additional margin, although offsetting positions will result in no additional market gain or loss.

 

 
 

 

 

32. ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE:

 

Customer agrees that any records stored by a printed media storage method shall be deemed complete, true and genuine record of Customer’s account documents and signatures. If Customer elects to open an account through the use of an electronic signature under the federal E-SIGN legislation, such electronic signature will meet the requirements of an original signature. However, at the sole discretion of Broker, documents signed and transmitted by facsimile machine or electronic mail may be accepted as original documents. The signature of any person or entity thereon, is to be considered as an original signature and the document transmitted is to be considered to have the same binding effect as an original signature on an original document. No party hereto may raise the use of a facsimile or telecopier machine as a defense to the enforcement of this Agreement or any amendment or other document executed in compliance with this section. Customer attests that if Customer has downloaded this Agreement from the internet or any electronic message, Customer has printed it directly from the PDF or other electronic file provided by Broker without modification. Customer consents and agrees that its use of a key pad, mouse or other device to select an item, button, icon or similar act/action while using any electronic service Broker offers, or in accessing or making any transactions regarding any agreement, acknowledgment, consent, terms, disclosures or conditions constitutes such Customer’s signature, acceptance and agreement as if actually signed by such Customer in writing. Further, Customer agrees that no certification authority or other third party verification is necessary to the enforceability of their signature or any resulting contract between them and Broker.

 

33. HEADINGS AND GENDER:

 

The headings of each provision are for descriptive purposes only and shall not be deemed to modify or qualify any of the rights or obligations set forth in each provision. Where the context requires, the singular shall import the plural and the masculine shall import the feminine.

 

34. GOVERNING LAW:

 

This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Illinois. No action, regardless of form, arising out of transactions under this Agreement may be brought by customer more than one year after the cause of action arose. This paragraph acts as a waiver of the Act’s two-year statute of limitations for filing complaints in Reparations, the National Futures Association’s two-year statute of limitations for filing Demands for Arbitrations and also acts as a waiver of all other state and federal law limitation periods.

 

35. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT OF RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT:

 

Customer hereby acknowledges receipt and Customer understands each of the following documents prior to the opening of the account; Risk Disclosure Statement for Futures and Options, and Electronic Trading and Order Routing Systems Disclosure Statement.

 

36. FCM DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT (RULE 1.55) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

 

The CFTC requires each futures commission merchant (“FCM”) to provide certain information to a customer prior to the time the customer first enters into an account agreement with the FCM or deposits money or securities (funds) with the FCM. To view this disclosure document, visit the following link, http://wedbushfutures.com/disclosures/disclosures.

 

37. DISCLOSURE STATEMENT RELATING TO NON-CASH MARGIN:

 

This statement is furnished to you because Rule 190.10(c) of the CFTC requires it for reasons of fair notice unrelated to Broker’s current financial condition.

 

  A. Customer should know that in the unlikely event of Broker’s bankruptcy, property, including property specifically traceable to Customer, will be returned, transferred or distributed to Customer, or on Customer’s behalf, only to the extent of Customer’s pro-rata share of all property available for distribution to customers.
     
  B. Further notice concerning the terms for the return of specifically identifiable property will be by publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
     
  C. The CFTC’ regulations concerning bankruptcies of Commodity Brokers can be found at 17 Code of Federal Regulations Part 190.

 

 
 

 

 

38. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

 

CUSTOMER HEREBY UNDERSTANDS THE AGREEMENT AND RELATED DISCLOSURES AND CONSENTS AND AGREES TO ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE AGREEMENT SET FORTH ABOVE AND RELATED DISCLOSURES. CUSTOMER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT TRADING IN COMMODITY INTERESTS IS SPECULATIVE, INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK AND IS APPROPRIATE ONLY FOR PERSONS WHO CAN ASSUME RISK OF LOSS IN EXCESS OF THEIR MARGIN DEPOSIT.

 

 

     
Printed Customer Name   Printed Name
       
By:      
  Customer Signature   Title of Signatory
       
     
Printed Customer Name (Joint Holder)   Printed Name
       
By:      
  Customer Signature (Joint Holder)   Title of Signatory
       
Date:      

 

 

 

 

EX-23.3 13 ex23-3.htm

 

Exhibit 23.3

 

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Dynamic Short Short-Term Volatility Futures ETF (the “Fund”), a series of Dynamic Shares Trust (the “Trust”) and to the use of our report dated May 8, 2020 on the combined Statement of Condition of the Trust and individual Fund as of December 31, 2019. Such financial statement appears in the Registration Statement. We also consent to use of our name under the headings “Experts” and “Appointment of Auditor” in such Registration Statement.

 

/s/ BBD, LLP  
BBD, LLP  
   
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  
May 8, 2020  

 

   

 

GRAPHIC 14 image_002.jpg begin 644 image_002.jpg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end GRAPHIC 15 ex10-4_001.jpg begin 644 ex10-4_001.jpg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end GRAPHIC 16 logo_001.jpg begin 644 logo_001.jpg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end GRAPHIC 17 ex5-1_001.jpg begin 644 ex5-1_001.jpg M_]C_X 02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@ #_VP!# @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+ M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#7J#A(6&AXB)BI*3E)66EYB9FJ*CI*6FIZBIJK*SM+6VM[BYNL+#Q,7& MQ\C)RM+3U-76U]C9VN'BX^3EYN?HZ>KQ\O/T]?;W^/GZ_\0 'P$ P$! 0$! M 0$! 0 $" P0%!@<("0H+_\0 M1$ @$"! 0#! <%! 0 0)W $" M Q$$!2$Q!A)!40=A<1,B,H$(%$*1H;'!"2,S4O 58G+1"A8D-.$E\1<8&1HF M)R@I*C4V-S@Y.D-$149'2$E*4U155E=865IC9&5F9VAI:G-T=79W>'EZ@H.$ MA8:'B(F*DI.4E9:7F)F:HJ.DI::GJ*FJLK.TM;:WN+FZPL/$Q<;'R,G*TM/4 MU=;7V-G:XN/DY>;GZ.GJ\O/T]?;W^/GZ_]H # ,! (1 Q$ /P#9_P"&>M/_ M .AAO/\ OPE'_#/6G_\ 0PWG_?A*=X^\3^/_ &MM,^J:9?6=R[(DOV+8Z,! MG##=CIW'I6UHT7Q(USP_9ZK'XETBW-W"LR0G3MVT,,@$[O3VH&8?_#/6G_\ M0PWG_?A*/^&>M/\ ^AAO/^_"4[5/'WCWP#?0KXJTVQU'3I6VK=68*;O8'H&[ MX(&?6O4=,U6U\2:!#J.E73"&ZB)BE"CH/<4 >6?\,]:?_T,-Y_W MX2C_ (9ZT_\ Z&&\_P"_"5J^&];\5ZC\2]6\.7FNQ-::4%D+QV:*\X)7"GLO M#M/_Z&&\_[ M\)6OX7^#%GX8\26>LQ:UH^M=+;:;XLU%!<:GKD>EL_(L] M.@1_+]FDD#;CZX %0:HGC#P_;M?V%ZFOV\0W2V-S"L4[*.OEN@ +>Q7F@1)X ML\"0>*K^"[EOY;6%1 V>2<\_6L#_ (4Y9_\ 09N?^_2UTFCZW-XX\'PZ MIH]Q+I,D[-L:2))2NUBN&!XP<=N:Y_X5Z_XB\56]]J&L:G$\=MA2S7&48*G3G9+T_R(_^%.6?_09N?^_2T?\ "G+/_H,W M/_?I:]%O(II[26*WN6MIF7"3*@8H?7!X-><_#_7?%&O>*-RAV-/[:Q_\ S\_!?Y"_\*&+J]@C,MZP$-G"HRTDS\(H'?GGZ T>RAV#^V ML?\ \_/P7^1R/_"G+/\ Z#-S_P!^EH_X4Y9_]!FY_P"_2UT7PZ\2MXJ\%6.H M3N'O$!@NCC'[U>"<=L\-^-=1(K-&RJY1B" P&<'UH]E#L']M8_\ Y^?@O\CG MI?"44O@23PM]KD$3V[6_VC:-P!/7'3O7GG_#/6G_ /0PWG_?A*T$U?QB?B@_ MA!_$<(@%K]I6Z6PC\PC X(Z9SGFK?B?6?&G@&%-8N;RUU[15=5N4-L()H@3C M(*G!].GIB?\,]:?_T,-Y_WX2C_ (9ZT_\ Z&&\_P"_ M"5Z_97<.H6-O>6[;H;B-98SZJPR/T->9WVL>+K7XIV/A-=?B-G>0-@DS/^&>M/_Z&&\_[\)1_PSUI_P#T,-Y_WX2N_O-(\6(GF:=X MHB>5>D5[8(8W]B4VD?AFJ/ASQU+=:\_AGQ'8#2]>1=R(K[H;I?[T3?@>#SP? M0X .._X9ZT__ *&&\_[\)1_PSUI__0PWG_?A*]$\2Z]=6%WINCZ7'$^K:F[K M"T^?+A1!N>1@.3@8P!C)(Y%13:!XD,!:'QC?]^$HKO/!6M:WJ1U:Q\0PVL6HZ;="%C; A)$**RN,D]R>%M-?^ MQ]- $MV]P0;BX16^XBC@8.,Y/I]*];TK2[31-*MM-L(A%:VR".-/;W]2>I- MCS7P?_R7?QI_UPC_ /9*6]N#K'[1%A8S_-!I-@TL2'IYC+DM]<,/^^:3P?\ M\EW\9_\ 7"/_ -DJCXX+^#/C#HWB^96_LN\06MS)CB,X*G/X;6_X":!GLE%- MCD26-9(W5T8!E93D$'H0:<2 ,DX H$4].TNTTF"2"RB$44DSSE > [L6;'IR M2<5X_P#"3Q/8Z)HFK6]S;ZC([ZE(X-M8RS+C ')12 >.E>O:3JUIK=D;RR8O M;>:\:2=GV,5++ZC(.#WKSOX&?\BWK/\ V%9?_05H Z?_ (6#I/\ SY:W_P"" MFX_^(KD?A!.EUXH\=7$:R*DM^KJ)$*, 6E/*GD'V->LUY7\*O^1S^('_ &$A M_P"A2T >J5QP(\1_$0G(;3_#JX'H]Y(O_LD9_.3VK;\2ZTGA[P]>:FR>8\28 MAB'665CM1![EB!^-UCPVWR:?K2_;[(=@_)91_P"/#_@(KU:O'_B+X'T[PKHUKXI\ M,V1MKW2;J.>0"5WWQYP0=Q/0X_ FO5=+U])M-1M6W0742RH?9AF@#RG4] M6L=%_:&:[U"?R8/[*";]I;D]!@ GM6MXK\0V/C_3+CP?X8N%N[V["_:92I1+ M2$.I9VW $GH HR>>U5E_Y.2;_L$5)\4=$O-*O;/Q]H*8U'3"!=H.D\'0Y]< MD'V/^R*!GHVFV,6EZ7:6$))BMH4A0GJ0H '\J\UUG_DXSP__ -@Q_P"4M>@^ M'M=L_$NA6FK6#[H+A-V#U1NZGW!R*\^UC_DXSP__ -@R3^4M CU2O+/C?:_9 MM#TKQ';'R]0TR^0QR+P=K=OS"_K7J=>=_$Z/_A()]#\'VWSW-[>)IH ?\0=&U^\&B^)_#(#:KI>YOLY_P"6L;J-R\]>G3ODXYQ6)IWQ MSMK><6?BC0KW2[D<.RJ64'_=.&'ZUZ0NM0+XE.A,GES?9%NHF+<2+N*L /\ M9PO_ 'T*LZAI6GZM;FWU&RM[J$C!2:,,/UH CTC4=+UFS&J:5/!<0W '[^+^ M+'8]\CT/2BN \&:2WASQCXNTG0LG3(I+:18V;<(I'1BR@GVV^^,44 9O[0?_ M "+6D?\ 7Z?_ $6U>@>!?^1!T#_KPA_] %>:_M ZE9OINDZ:EQ&UXMPTSQ*V M61-A&3Z9)XKO/AMJ]AJ7@31H[2ZBDE@M(XI8PPW(RC!!'4,KR-Y@EQ M@@CO@_G^-7=:TBTU_1KK2[^/?;7,91QW'H1[@X(]Q7@OA/5[[X1>.;G0]>+C M2KIOFEP=I'1)U]L<,!T_"@#TC2_AOJ&D>);KQ!;^*[A]0O/^/HRV<9249!QM M!&.@Q@\5VNJ:58ZWITVGZE:QW-K*,/&XX/O['W%><_$C4_$&AZ*?%'A_Q47L M9)47[,88I(P&X!1]N>OKGKUK<^&YU[4/#]KKNMZY+>/?0[TMA#&D<0)X.5&2 M<#UQSTH$+IG@G5?#B?9M \4W$6GC_5V=_;KV:EO_!NJ:[&;?6_ M%-W)9-]^UL(5M5D'HS LQ'MD5V%>8W7Q!N8?B[::9\RZ#)OT[S2/D>[&&)!] M5)5/^!&@#MI-#-KX=CT?0;D:3'$HCB>.(2&->X ;O[G-<_X-^']UX*D>.R\0 MSSV4TGFS6T]LIW-C&0P(*GIZ]*ZK5K.ZOK!X;+49=/N,Y2>)%<@^A# @C_.: M\^^''B37;SQ3K6A^*M39M5L>([80HD;IWD! R3T[]&'X 'I%Y'<36\(?7;D9KB?#?P[O?#.LW6I6OB>XF>^E$M['-:H5G.22>,;3R>1ZU: M^(=UJ]CI]K)H6K2VVJ7$Z6UK:"*-TN'8\[MRD@*H9B0< "H]8L?%RVVA:/IV MOR"\E>22^U-[5& 55Z!< #+, !UXZG% %KQ;X.O?%5S:-_PD$UC;VDR7$,,- MNK?O5.0S$GYL=AP*Z:RBN(;.*.[N!_P HZ9&N[D#KGCK4V@Z?X[U[P_I^J_\ "<1P?:X%F\H:7&=N MX9QG/- '9^)M&N-?T.?2X;_[$ERICFD$(D+1D$%0"< G/6LOP?X1O?"%DFG1 MZ[)>Z=&&\N">W4-&2<\,#TSGC'>CP]/K&AZ;K!\6ZFMS'93&1+]HA$K0^6K9 MP/0[A]:CTVYU_P 76RZC'DS?-;(D2M=3(>CL6!6,'J% )P>3VH S/^%; M:C_PEK>*/^$MN1JI79N%G'Y>S&-FST_'/?.:[R.%FLUANF2=BFV4[,*_&#\O M. ?2N2U#PWXILXVN-!\6W,LZC(MM4BCEBD]MRJK+]14?A/QHWBZ'4-&O8Y=& M\0V8*7,"$$KVWQ[@01GU!ZCKD&@"7P]X!_X1/5YYM$UB>#2KB3S)-,DC$D8/ M^PW5?U[=<50U7X:WVJ^*T\2-XKN[?4(1LMVM[9%6).?EP2%_B#<>%/%>HI=07&R2QU!HUCVANB.%P.H(SZ^QX]0H YV/1O$>SRY_%18=W MBT^-'_,DC/X5)]-U M_14T_P 3316&JWXM98WMHF:#(+?(VWIA2."[?Q-FZG8%OLUW:L-R[L9!!X(XZ41:)XH:+R;KQ:K)T,D&G) M'*1]2S*#_P !K1GUF1KZYLM/LFO)[55,_P"\$:J6&57)ZG'/IR.:FT?54UBQ M-RMO-;LLC1/%, &1E."#@FE=;&LJ-2,>=K33\=O/4-&T6RT*Q^RV2,%9S)+) M(Q>260_>=V/+,?6BM"BF9',R?#WPC-=S74WA^QDGF\-W-[$JO=MB"TC)^_.Y MVH/IDY/L#7"^-/"-M'\*(K.RNXI-3TC%\DX<;Y)@2TK?5LL?KBMW4+"T\<>- M);"^A6YT70T EB;[DMW(,@'UV)^K^U7?^%9>"O\ H6[#_OC_ .O0!H>#]?C\ M3^$].U="-T\0\U1_#(.&'Y@UQOQ5T.ZL9+/QWHF$U/2"#.!P)H.X/KC)S[$^ M@J'X"OY&NO^(?\ R3OQ!_UXR_\ H- & M?X0D?Q;>KXTNH6B@>(P:7;.03#&?]9(<<;G88]E4>IKM:X[X5?\ ),-!_P"N M!_\ 0VKL: ./^*G_ "3'7O\ KW'_ *$M7?A__P D]\/_ /7C%_Z"*I?%3_DF M.O?]>X_]"6KOP_\ ^2>^'_\ KQB_]!% ',_&>Z8>'=)TO<5AU+5(()\'K'G) M'Y@?E7HZ(L:*B*%51@ #@"N%^+GA^ZU[P/*U@C/>V$JWD2J,LVW.X#WP2?PK M9\$>*[7QAX9MM1@D7SPH2ZB!YCE Y!'H>H]C0!T=>4^-;8Z-\8_!VMVGR/J, MALKC'\8X'/X/_P".BO5J\[U.+_A+/BUI4-O\]CX:5Y[J4?=%PX&R//\ > 8 M^E $&N^%M/\ %_C_ %[2]03AM'M3%, -\+^9+AE_J.XXJ#P+XJU'0-:_X03Q M<^+Z+ T^]8_+=1_PC)ZGT^F#R.>BL?\ DKNL_P#8(M?_ $9+4WCOP39^-=&^ MSNP@OX/GL[L?>B?\.=IP,_GU% %?QU_R%?!W_8+=2U#6O#/A?Q)#)'X@TO6H_,/RW ?/KR.>^<^M>R:W MIYU70[[3PVTW$#QAO0D8%)[%TU%S2F[*ZOZ7..NYM5T/4SXP2U/]G7L:"_LT M):2- /EE]-P&,@=/UKI+[Q)8Z?HJZQ#!+=V$@WM-:A6P#@9()!]O;O6)H?C6 MS@LETGQ*1IVI6Z"*5;@824 8W*W0@BNT91Z+FVO;X7?79ZGJ\+F6%)&C:,L MH)1L97V..**S-.\2Z-JEFES;:C;[&'*O(%93Z$'D&BM4T>).C4C)IQ:^3_R- M:BBBF9!1110!YS\;_P#DFL__ %\P_P#H5:W@**:?X6:)%;W)MIFL4"3*@8H? M7!X/XU#XV\!WGC8K;W'B*6UTU&5UM(K93EP/O%B M/-3@M8QB./[-$P0>@R,@4 :OASPA_P (?<7EV/$5Y/:W+O%)BN%E*\%E]5SD9]C7!ZA\(;_6Y$76_'&KW MUL&RT+(%!'H #@?7%;WB;1=4TCPJ?^$3U;^RH],M&,=H+=)(Y HSR6!()P>< M]>M $.I?#EM2\5IXD;Q'J,.HP_+;M$D06).?DQM^8?,(="72 M;G6[F&)T,=T\$4:M< ^N0=H^GK7F_P /M5\?^.=-NKV/Q9!:1V\PB"OI\V!R*ZN[T#XDK;L;3QK8R2@<+)IB("?J,X_*@#<\(^%7\)6/]GQ:O=7E@ M@_KZA$Z&5X4MHK<(!MQ\Q;J3R>* -[Q;X5;Q;8_V?-J] MW9V+C$T-NJ?O> MF*Y+Q'XNUKP!XFT]];O8K_P]J!:/S%MQ'+;."#DX^\,'\L^G/HT$\5U;QW$$ MB2PR*'1T.0RGD$'TH DKC+WX<:=_;,FLZ'?7FA:C+S*]BP\N7O\ /&P*FCXA MW7B31M O-3?^*KR2(C#?9H([=F_X$ 2/^ XK5TW2++1M.%CI MENEK N2 HS\QZL2>6)/))Y-Q\72>.6/&77GY&]1SGV_$UT%K'A^3Q!J_@BV>]O%LM98N))A; @%9&'W#V( ].M '136T%P )X(Y M0.F] V/SJ155%"JH51T & *\J\$:SXS\73:W#<>(+:S?3+HVV8=/5PY&>:!W=K'H2VMNK MLRV\09SEB$&6/O14U% O\ D4M3_P"OT?\ HM*]5U'4;32;":^OIA#; M0C+N03CG Z>Y%>"?"#0?$.K>'KV71_%,NCPIVQ3NRW3@@?A6YX] M\'>+;?P^+Z_\83:M9VL\4DUHUN(0R[U&?E/.,YP:!GKEU!%;:1![DFO/\ X#_\DX'_ %^R_P#LM>B:A_R#;K_KB_\ (UYW\!_^2<#_ M *_9?_9:!&GX_P!-L]7UWPCI]_ L]K<7LZ21MT(^SR?KG!^HKE]%U.^^$OB) M/#6N3/-X8O')TZ_?_E@2?N,>PYY';J."<=EXM_Y&_P $C_J(3?\ I/)6WXC\ M/:?XHT2?2M2BWP2C@C[T;=F4]B* ,OXBD-\-O$#*00;"0@COQ7/_ !9U2?2_ MA(XMV*/=K#;%AV5AEOS (_&N)U#7-4\&^&M>\ ^)V:2-K&0:3?8)$J8X0_R' MH>.F*]!^)&@3^(?A9+;6J-)<0117,:*,EB@!('OMW4#.J\-V$.E^&-+L;=0L M4%K&@ [_ "C)_$Y-:,LB0PO*Y(1%+,0">!["N5^&WB6W\3^";"X2135D48Y^HP1]:ZV@1R,'BOP9JOB2S\F_AFUF(/#"HCD$BA\;E(QTX!YZ8KD MOBU>0Z?XW\"WMRS+!!=M)(54L0H:,G ')_"I=.93^TEJV""1I:@X]<1T[XF_ M\E%^'O\ U_G_ -#CH&:FL_%WPY8:3<7%G)%!9E SUYKO MHV+Q(S#!*@FJVJ:;;:QI=UIUXF^WN8FBD ZX(QQ[U)#<6QFDLXIT>:W5?,C# M L@.=N1VS@T"/'?AKXET?0=8\8QZI?);-+JKN@96.0&8$\"MV]:V^)WBC1)] M(<2Z)HET;BXO>@EE !6) >3V)/3!XS5?X/?\A3QM_P!A=OYM5+5@WPI^(JZS M"I7PQKK[+Q%'RV\W74P&1] MG (7Y@!D$C//X4 H->.^%?#&M> ' MD_L[7X)[6Y=#-;SV!VD],@B3(./Z<5['0!F:]IU]JNE26=CJ9TYY>M<_X(\#7?@F$V5OKKW6FEFD-M+:J"'(ZAPS@CLU*1[A@[LG+9'';CIBNNMDFCMHTN)5FF"@/(J; MQ]0N3CZ9J6B@#GO&7@_3O&FAOIU\"C@[H+A "\+^H]1ZCO6[!%Y%O%#G.Q N M?7 Q4E% '%7?PYMHM;DUKPYJ=SH6H3',_P!G57AF[_/$W!_#%73HWBR=/*N/ M%<$:'@O:::J2$>Q9V /X5U%% &+H7A72/#WFR65N6NYB6GO)V\R>8GJ6<\GZ M=/:N>\4?#V^\3^(;/5I/$DMJ;!]]E'#:+^Y.0 M0F+_ (3VXA4C!,6G0JWYCD5=T/PA_P (YX?N;+3=1E_M&Y8RSZE=)YTDDA_B M8$C/' &<#W[]-10!P'A7X=:AX2O[FYLO%$LRWDHENXI[-6$K9))R""I.3R/R MKKMS ]B#R#6C10!R7A[PKK/AS35TVW\3- GRAPHIC 18 ex5-1_002.jpg begin 644 ex5-1_002.jpg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end GRAPHIC 19 ex8-1_001.jpg begin 644 ex8-1_001.jpg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ex8-1_002.jpg begin 644 ex8-1_002.jpg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end