SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

4.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

4.1.   Cash and cash equivalents

For the purposes of the statements of financial position and statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks and short-term highly liquid investments. Investments can be readily convertible to known amounts of cash and they are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value. In the consolidated statements of financial position, bank overdrafts are included in borrowings within current liabilities.

4.2.   Inventories

Inventories are recognized at cost initially and subsequently at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost comprises all costs of purchase and conversion as well as other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Weighted average cost is used to determine the cost of ordinarily interchangeable items.

Estimates

The Group assesses the recoverability of inventories considering their sale price, whether the inventories are damaged and whether they have become obsolete in whole or in part.

Net realizable value is the sale price estimated to be attained in the ordinary course of business, less costs of completion and other selling expenses.

The Group sets up an allowance for obsolescence or slow-moving inventories in relation to finished and in-process products. The allowance for obsolescence or slow-moving inventories is recognized for finished products and in-process products based on an analysis by Management of the aging of inventory stocks.

4.3.Biological assets

Within current assets, growing crops are included as biological assets from the moment of sowing until the moment of harvest (approximately 5 to 7 months depending on the crop). At harvest time the biological assets are transformed into agricultural products, including seed varieties for resale, and incorporated into the inventory.

Costs are capitalized as biological assets if, and only if, (a) it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity, and (b) the cost can be measured reliably. The Group capitalizes costs such as: planting, harvesting, weeding, seedlings, irrigation, agrochemicals, fertilizers and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are directly attributable to the management of biological assets, among others.

Biological assets, both at initial recognition and at each subsequent reporting date, are measured at fair value less costs to sell, except where fair value cannot be reliably measured. Cost approximates fair value when little biological transformation has taken place since the costs were originally incurred or the impact of biological transformation on price is not expected to be material.

Gains and losses that arise from measuring biological assets at fair value less costs to sell and measuring agricultural produce at the point of harvest at fair value less costs to sell are recognized in the statement of income in the period in which they arise in the line item “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets”.

From the harvest time, agricultural products are valued at net realizable value because there is a market asset, and the risk of non-sale is non-significant.

Generally, the estimation of the fair value of biological assets is based on models or inputs that are not observable in the market and the use of unobservable inputs is significant to the overall valuation of the assets. Unobservable inputs are determined based on the best information available. Key assumptions include future market prices, estimated yields at the point of harvest, estimated production cycle, future cash flows, future costs of harvesting and other costs, and estimated discount rate.

Market prices are generally determined by reference to observable data in the principal market for the agricultural produce. Harvesting costs and other costs are estimated based on historical and statistical data. Yields are estimated based on several factors, including the location of the farmland and soil type, environmental conditions, infrastructure and other restrictions and growth at the time of measurement. Yields are subject to a high degree of uncertainty and may be affected by several factors out of the Group’s control including but not limited to extreme or unusual weather conditions, plagues and other crop diseases, among other factors.

4.4.   Business combinations

The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The acquisition cost is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary, which is measured at fair value at the acquisition date, and the amount of any non-controlling interest in such subsidiary. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in a subsidiary at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the recognized amounts of subsidiary’s identifiable net assets. The acquisition related costs are expensed as incurred.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the Group is recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. The contingent consideration is classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument under IFRS 9 is measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, which is the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount of the non-controlling interest and any previous interest carried over the net identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities assumed.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, as of the acquisition date, allocated to each of the cash-generating units of the Group that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination, without considering whether other assets or liabilities of the subsidiary are allocated to those units.

Any impairment in the carrying value is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. In the case of acquisitions in stages, prior to the write-off of the previously held equity interest in the subsidiary, said interest is re-measured at fair value as of the date of acquisition of control over the subsidiary. The result of the re-measurement at fair value is recognized in profit or loss.

When a seller in a business combination has contractually agreed to indemnify the Group for the result of a contingency or uncertainty related to the entirety or a portion of an asset or liability, the Group recognizes an indemnification asset. The indemnification asset is measured on the same basis as the indemnification item. At the end of each period, the Group measures the indemnification assets recognized at the acquisition date on the same basis as the indemnified liability, subject to any contractual limitation on the amount and, for an indemnification asset that is not periodically measured at fair value, based on Management’s assessment of the recoverability of the indemnification asset. The Group derecognizes the indemnification asset when it collects or sells it, or when it loses the right over it.

4.5.   Business combination under common control

Common control of business combination is excluded from the scope of IFRS 3. There is no other specific guidance on this topic elsewhere in IFRS. Therefore, management needs to use judgement to develop an accounting policy that provides relevant and reliable information in accordance with IAS 8. Management accounting police choice for business combination under common control is “Predecessor value method”. A Predecessor value method involves accounting for the assets and liabilities of the acquired business using existing carrying values. Differences between the carrying value and the amount payable should be accounted as an equity contribution.

Management’s accounting policy choice is to use a prospective presentation method.

4.6.   Impairment of non-financial assets (excluding inventories and deferred tax assets)

Impairment tests on goodwill and intangible assets not yet available for use, or with indefinite useful lives, are undertaken annually at the end of the reporting period. Other non-financial assets are subject to impairment tests whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Where the carrying value of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount (i.e., the higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell), the asset is written down accordingly.

Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the impairment test is carried out on the smallest group of assets to which it belongs for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (its Cash Generating Unit or CGU). Goodwill is allocated on initial recognition to each of the Group’s CGUs that are expected to benefit from a business combination that gives rise to the goodwill.

Impairment charges are included in profit or loss, except to the extent they reverse gains previously recognized in other comprehensive income. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed.

Estimate

Impairment testing of goodwill and intangible assets not yet available for use, or with indefinite useful lives, requires the use of significant assumptions for the estimation of future cash flows and the determination of discount rates. The significant assumptions and the determination of discount rates for the impairment testing of goodwill are further explained in Note 7.9.

4.7.   Joint arrangements

An associate is an entity over which the Group exerts significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in financial and operating policy decision-making at such entity, but it does not involve control or joint control over those policies.

The Group is a party to a joint arrangement when there is a contractual arrangement that confers joint control over the relevant activities of the arrangement to the Group and at least one other party. Joint control is assessed under the same principles as control over subsidiaries.

The Group classifies its interests in joint arrangements as either:

- Joint ventures: where the group has rights to only the net assets of the joint arrangement.

- Joint operations: where the group has both the rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities of the joint arrangement.

In assessing the classification of interests in joint arrangements, the Group considers:

- The structure of the joint arrangement;

- The legal form of joint arrangements structured through a separate vehicle;

- The contractual terms of the joint arrangement agreement; and

- Any other facts and circumstances (including any other contractual arrangements).

The Group accounts for its interests in joint ventures using the equity method, where the Group’s share of post-acquisition profits and losses and other comprehensive income is recognized in the Consolidated statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income.

Losses in excess of the Group’s investment in the joint venture are recognized only to the extent that the Group has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the joint venture.

Profits and losses arising on transactions between the Group and its joint ventures are recognized only to the extent of unrelated investors’ interests in the joint venture. The Group’s share in a joint venture’s profits and losses resulting from a transaction is eliminated against the carrying amount of investment in the joint venture through the line “share of profit (or loss) of joint ventures” in the Consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

Any premium paid for an investment in a joint venture above the fair value of the Group’s share of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired is capitalized and included in the carrying amount of the investment in the joint venture. Where there is objective evidence that the investment in a joint venture has been impaired, the carrying amount of the investment is tested for impairment in the same way as other non-financial assets.

When the Group loses significant influence in an associate or joint control over a joint venture, it measures and recognizes any investment held at fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate or joint venture when losing significant influence or joint control and the fair value of the held investment and sale revenue are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group accounts for its interests in joint operations by recognizing its share of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in accordance with its contractually conferred rights and obligations.

For all joint arrangements structured in separate vehicles the Group must assess the substance of the joint arrangement in determining whether it is classified as a joint venture or joint operation. This assessment requires the Group to consider whether it has rights to the joint arrangement’s net assets (in which case it is classified as a joint venture), or rights to and obligations for specific assets, liabilities, expenses, and revenues (in which case it is classified as a joint operation).

Estimates

There is uncertainty regarding Management’s estimates of the Group’s ability to recover the carrying amounts of the investments in joint ventures, since such estimates depend on the joint ventures’ ability to generate sufficient funds to complete the development projects, the future outcome of the project deregulation process and the amounts and timing of the cash flows from projects, among other future events.

Management assesses whether there are impairment indicators and, if any, it performs a recoverability analysis.

Management estimates of the recoverability of these investments represent the best estimate based on available evidence, the existing facts and circumstances, using reasonable and provable assumptions in the cash flow projections.

Therefore, the consolidated financial statements do not include adjustments that would be required if the Group were unable to recover the carrying amount of the above-mentioned assets by generating sufficient economic benefits in the future.

4.8.   Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment items are initially recognized at cost. In addition to the purchase price, cost also includes costs directly attributable to such property, plant and equipment items. There are no unavoidable costs with respect to dismantling and removing items. The cost of property, plant and equipment items acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the acquisition date.

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate the property, plant or equipment items’ cost or revalued amounts, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives or, in the case of leasehold improvements and certain leased plant and equipment, the shorter lease term as follows:

Research instruments: 3 to 10 years

Office equipment: 5 to 10 years

Vehicles: 5 years

Computer equipment and software: 3 years

Fixture and fittings: 10 years

Machinery and equipment: 5 to 10 years

Buildings: 50 years

Useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed every year as required by IAS 16.

Assets under items Land and Buildings, are accounted for at fair value arising from the last revaluation performed, applying the revaluation model indicated by IAS 16.

Starting with the fiscal year ended on June 30, 2024, the Group modified its Property, Plant, and Equipment valuation policy by changing the revaluation frequency for items classified under Buildings and Land. The revaluation must never exceed five years between each occurrence, in compliance with the maximum periods established by accounting standards, or whenever there are indications that the carrying amount differs significantly from the amount that could be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting year.

To obtain fair values, the existence or not of an active market is considered for the assets in their current status. For those assets for which an active market in their current status exists, the fair values were determined based on their market values. For the remaining cases, the market values of comparable new assets are analyzed, applying a discount based on the status and wear of each asset and considering the characteristics of each of the revalued assets (for example, improvements made, maintenance status, level of productivity, use, etc.

Estimates

The Group carries certain classes of property, plant and equipment under the revaluation model under IAS 16. The revaluation model requires that the Group carry property, plant and equipment at revalued amounts, being fair value at the date of revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and any subsequent accumulated impairment losses. IAS 16 requires that the Group carry out these revaluations with sufficient regularity so that the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment do not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of a reporting period. The determination of fair value at the date of revaluation requires judgments, estimates and assumptions based on market conditions prevailing at the time of any such revaluation. Changes to any of the Group’s judgments, estimates or assumptions or to the market conditions subsequent to a revaluation will result in changes to the fair value of property, plant and equipment.

The Group prepares the corresponding revaluations on a regular basis taking into account the work of independent appraisers. The Group uses different valuation techniques depending on the class of property being valued. Generally, the Group determines the fair value of its industrial buildings and warehouses based on a depreciated replacement cost approach. The Group determines the fair value of its land based on active market prices adjusted, if necessary, for differences in the nature, location or condition of the specific asset. If this information is not available, the Group may use alternative valuation methods, such as recent prices in less active markets.

Property valuation is a significant area of estimation uncertainty. Fair values are prepared regularly by Management, taking into account independent valuations. The determination of fair value for the different classes of property, plant and equipment is sensitive to the selection of various significant assumptions and estimates. Changes in those significant assumptions and estimates could materially affect the determination of the revalued amounts of property, plant and equipment. The Group utilizes historical experience, market information and other internal information to determine and/or review the appropriate revalued amounts.

The following are the most significant assumptions used in the preparation of the revalued amounts for its classes of property, plant and equipment:

a)      Land: The Group generally uses the market price of a square meter of land for the same or similar location as the most significant assumption to determine the revalued amount. The Group typically uses comparable land sales in the same location to assess appropriateness of the value of its land.

b)      Industrial buildings and warehouses: The Group generally determines the construction cost of a new asset and then the Group adjusts it for normal wear and tear. Construction prices may include, but are not limited to, construction materials, labor costs, installation and assembly costs, site preparation, professional fees and applicable taxes. Construction costs may differ significantly from year to year and are subject to macroeconomic changes in the economy where the Group operates, such as the impact of inflation and foreign exchange rates. The construction cost of its industrial buildings and warehouses is determined on a US dollar per constructed square meter basis, while the construction cost of its mills, facilities and grain storage facilities is determined by reference to their total capacity measured in tons milled or stored, respectively. A 5% increase or decrease in the construction costs or the estimate of normal wear and tear relating to such assets could have an impact of $ 1.2 million on their revalued amounts.

Increases in the carrying amounts arising on revaluation of land and buildings are recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income and accumulated in reserves in shareholders’ equity. To the extent that the increase reverses a decrease previously recognized in profit or loss, the increase is first recognized in profit or loss. Decreases that reverse previous increases of the same asset are first recognized in other comprehensive income to the extent of the remaining surplus attributable to the asset; all other decreases are charged to profit or loss.

4.9.   Leases

Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and corresponding liability at the date of which the leased asset is available for use by the Group. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of the asset’s useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.

In determining the lease term, we consider all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated).

Short term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis as an expense in the income statement.

At initial recognition, the right-of-use asset is measured considering the value of the initial measurement of the lease liability; any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives; and any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee. After initial recognition, the right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and/or impairment losses, and adjusted for any re-measurement of the lease liability. Depreciation of the right-of-use asset is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated duration of the lease contract.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at such date, including variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate as of the commencement date; amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees; the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease; and fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable. After the commencement date, we measure the lease liability by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability; reducing the carrying amount to reflect lease payments made; and re-measuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications.

The above-mentioned inputs for the valuation of the right of use assets and lease liabilities including the determination of the contracts within the scope of the standard, the contract term ant interest rate used in the discounted cash flow involved a management’s estimations.

4.10. Intangible assets

a)Externally acquired intangible assets

Externally acquired intangible assets are initially recognized at acquisition date fair value (which is considered as their cost). After initial recognition, those assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Intangible assets acquired from third parties have an estimated useful life as follows (in years):

Software: 3 years

Trademarks and patents: 5 years

Certification ISO Standards: 3 years

Useful lives and amortization methods are reviewed every year as required by IAS 38.

Estimates

To value acquired intangible assets, valuation techniques generally accepted in the market are applied, based mainly on the revenue approach (such as excess earnings, relief from royalty, and with or without), considering the characteristics of the assets to be valued and available information to estimate their acquisition date fair value. Application of these valuation techniques requires the use of several assumptions related to future cash flows and the discount rate.

b)Internally generated intangible assets (development costs)

Expenditure on internally developed products is capitalized if it can be demonstrated that:

- It is technically feasible to develop the product for it to be sold;

- Adequate resources are available to complete the development;

- There is an intention to complete and sell the product;

- The Group is able to sell the product;

- Sale of the product will generate future economic benefits; and

- Expenditure on the project can be measured reliably.

Development expenditure not satisfying the above criteria and expenditure on the research phase of internal projects are recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income as incurred.

Capitalized development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the periods the Group expects to benefit from selling the products developed.

Useful lives and amortization methods are reviewed every year as required by IAS 38.

The research and development process can be divided into several discrete steps or phases, which generally begin with discovery, validation and development and end with regulatory approval and commercial launch. The process for developing seed traits is relatively similar for both GM and non-GM traits. However, the two differ significantly in later phases of development. For example, obtaining regulatory approval for GM seeds is a far more comprehensive and lengthy process than for non-GM seeds. Although breeding programs and industrial biotechnology solutions may have shorter or simpler phases than those described below, the Group has used the industry consensus for seed-trait development phases to characterize its technology portfolios, which is generally divided into the following six phases:

i) Discovery: The first phase in the technology development process is the discovery or identification of candidate genes or genetic systems, metabolites, or microorganisms potentially capable of enhancing specified plant characteristics or enabling an agro-industrial biotech solution.

ii) Proof of concept: Upon successful validation of the technologies in model systems (in vitro or in vivo), promising technologies graduate from discovery and are advanced to the proof-of-concept phase. The goal of this phase is to validate a technology within the targeted organism before moving forward with technology escalation activities or extensive field validation.

iii) Early development: In this phase, field tests commenced in the proof-of-concept phase are expanded to evaluate various permutations of a technology in multiple geographies and growing cycles, as well as other characteristics in order to optimize the technology’s performance in the targeted organisms. The goal of the early development phase is to identify the best mode of use of a technology to define its performance concept.

iv) Advanced development and deregulation: In this phase, extensive field tests are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology for its intended purpose. In the case of GM traits, the process of obtaining regulatory approvals from government authorities is also initiated during this phase, and tests are performed to evaluate the potential environmental impact of modified plants. For solutions involving microbial fermentation, industrial-scale runs are conducted.

v) Pre-launch: This phase involves finalizing the regulatory approval process and preparing for the launch and commercialization of the technology. The range of activities in this phase includes seed increases, pre-commercial production, and product and solution testing with selected customers. Usually, a more detailed marketing strategy and preparation of marketing materials occur during this phase.

vi) Product launch: In general, this phase, which is the last milestone of the research and development process, is carried out by the Group, the joint ventures and/or the Group’s technology licensees. When technology is commercialized through the joint ventures or technology licensees, a successful product launch will trigger royalty payments to the Group, which are generally calculated as a percentage of the net sales realized by the technology and captured upon commercialization.

Demonstrability of technical feasibility generally occurs when the project reaches the “advanced development and deregulation” phase because at this stage success is considered to be probable.

c)Intangible assets acquired in a business combination

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination and recognized separately from goodwill are initially recognized at acquisition date fair value (which is considered as their cost). After initial recognition, those assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses in the same manner as intangible assets acquired separately.

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination have an estimated useful life as follows (in years):

Product development: 5 - 15 years

Trademarks: 20 years

Customer loyalty: 14 - 26 years

Estimates

To value intangible assets acquired from a business combination, valuation techniques generally accepted in the market were applied, based mainly on the revenue approach (such as excess earnings, relief from royalty, and with or without), considering the characteristics of the assets to be valued and available information to estimate their acquisition date fair value. Application of these valuation techniques requires the use of several assumptions related to future cash flows and the discount rate.

4.11. Investment properties

Investment properties shall be measured initially at its cost. The cost of a purchased investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. Directly attributable expenditure includes, for example, professional fees for legal services, property transfer taxes and other transaction costs.

In the measurement after initial recognition, the Group has chosen the cost model for all investment property.

4.12. Financial assets and liabilities

The Group measures its financial assets and liabilities at initial recognition at fair value and subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

The Group has not irrevocably designated a financial asset or liability as measured at fair value through profit or loss to eliminate or significantly reduce a measurement or recognition inconsistency.

Financial assets or liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value through profit and loss due to the business model used in their negotiation and/or the contractual characteristics of their cash flows.

Estimates

The Group makes estimates of collectability of its recorded receivables. Management analyzes trade account receivables in accordance with conventional criteria, adjusting the amount through a charge of an allowance for bad debts upon recognition of the inability of third parties to afford their financial obligations to the Group. Management specifically analyzes the accounts receivable, the historical bad debts, solvency of customers, current economic trends and the changes to the payment conditions of customers to assess the adequate allowance for bad debts.

Offsetting of financial assets with financial liabilities

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and presented for their net amount in the statements of financial position only when the Group has the right, legally enforceable, to compensate the recognized amounts and has the intention to liquidate for the net amount or to settle the asset and cancel the liability simultaneously.

4.13. Borrowings

The Group measures its borrowings at initial recognition at fair value and, subsequently, are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.

Borrowing costs, either generic or specific, attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale (qualifying assets) are included in the cost of the assets until the moment that they are substantially ready for use or sale. Income earned on the temporary investments of funds generated in specific borrowings still pending use in the qualifying assets, are deducted from the total of financing costs potentially eligible for capitalization.

All other loan costs are recognized under financial costs, through profit and loss.

4.14. Convertible notes

The convertible notes were classified as compound instruments, a non-derivative financial instrument that contains both a liability and an equity component. The equity component was measured as the residual amount that results from deducting the fair value of the liability component from the initial carrying amount of the instrument. The fair value of the consideration of the liability component was measured first at the fair value of a similar liability (including any embedded non-equity derivative features, such as an issuer’s call option to redeem the bond early) that does not have any associated equity conversion option.

The Group considers that if the instrument meets the ‘fixed for fixed’ condition, as the strike price is pre-determined at inception and only varies over time, and it is therefore classified as equity. As regards to the mandatory conversion feature, as it is a contingent settlement provision, the Group decided to measure the liability component at initial recognition, based on its best estimate of the present value of the redemption amount and allocated the residual to the equity component.

4.15. Employee benefits

Employee benefits are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the reporting period and are presented as current liabilities.

The accounting policies related to incentive payments based on shares are detailed in Note 4.21.

4.16. Provisions

The Group has recognized provisions for liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. The provision is measured at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period, discounted at a pre-tax rate reflecting current market assessments of the time value of money and risks specific to the liability.

4.17. Change in ownership interest in subsidiaries without change of control

Transactions with non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions - ie., as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The recorded value corresponds to the difference between the fair value of the consideration paid and/or received and the relevant share acquired and/or transferred of the carrying value of the net assets of the subsidiary.
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4.18. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when control has been transferred to the buyer. Transfers of control vary depending on the individual terms of the sales contract. Revenues are recognized when control of the products has been transferred, which generally means that the products have been delivered to the customer and there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect a customer’s acceptance of the products. Generally, acceptance occurs upon shipment or delivery, but ultimately depends on the terms of the underlying contracts. The customer is then invoiced at the agreed-upon price with the usual payment terms for each geographical region. Those payment terms do not contain a significant financing component.

The timing of performance sometimes differs from the timing that the associated consideration is received from the customer, thus resulting in the recognition of a contract asset or contract liability. We recognize a contract liability if the customer’s payment of consideration is received prior to completion of our related performance obligation.

As a part of our customary business practices, we offer a number of sales incentives to our customers, including volume discounts, retailer incentives, prepayment options and other product rebates. For all such contracts that include any variable consideration, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Although determining the transaction price for consideration requires significant judgment, we have meaningful historical experience with incentives provided to customers and estimate the expected consideration in view of historical patterns of incentive payouts. These estimates are reassessed each reporting period.

We also offer an assurance warranty, which gives customers a refund or exchange right in the case the delivered product does not conform to specifications. Replacement products are accounted for under the warranty guidance if the customer exchanges one product for another of the same type, quality, and price. We have significant experience with historical return patterns and use this experience to include returns in the estimate of transaction price.

With respect to services, we mainly provide R&D and seed treatment services. Revenue associated with services is recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period. Each of the services to be provided has a detailed work plan in which all activities to be rendered are listed. The stage of completion for services is determined in accordance with the execution of the performed tasks listed in the respective work plan. The level of execution of such services is provided by our technical experts, who provide information relating to the transfer of goods or services. We have no material revenue for services that cannot be reliably estimated.

Revenue for usage-based royalties relating to licensed intellectual property rights is recognized at the later of when the performance obligation is satisfied and when a sale or use occurs.

Typically, our average payment terms range from 130 to 160 days at a consolidated level. Longer terms may be granted in limited circumstances; however, the effects of such sales are not material to our consolidated financial statements. Those payment terms do not contain a significant financing component.

4.19. Current and deferred income tax

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized where the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the Consolidated statement of financial position differs from its tax base, except for differences arising on:

- The initial recognition of goodwill;

- The initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction which is not a business combination and at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting or taxable profit; and

- Investments in subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the difference and it is probable that the difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Recognition of deferred tax assets is restricted to those instances where it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the difference can be utilized.

The amount of the asset or liability is determined using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the deferred tax liabilities / (assets) are settled / (recovered).

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on either:

- The same taxable entity within the Group, or

- Different entities within the Group which intend either to settle current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or recovered.

4.20. Share-based payments

Certain executives and directors of the Group were granted incentives in the form of shares and options to purchase Bioceres Crop Solutions shares as consideration for services.

The cost of these share-based transactions is determined based on their fair value at the date upon which such incentives are granted using a valuation model that is appropriate in the circumstances.

This cost is recognized as an expense together with an increase in equity throughout the period in which the service or performance conditions are satisfied (i.e., the vesting period). The accumulated expense recorded in connection with these transactions at the end of each year until the vesting date reflects the time elapsed between the vesting period and Management’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will vest. The charge to income/loss for the period represents the variation in the accumulated expense recorded between the beginning and the end of the year.

Non-market related service and performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the grant date fair value of the equity instruments, but the probability that the conditions are fulfilled is assessed as part of Management’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will vest. Market-related performance conditions are reflected in the grant date fair value. Any other conditions related to equity-settled share-based payment transactions but without a service requirement are considered as non-vesting conditions. Non-vesting conditions are reflected in the fair value of the equity instruments and are charged to income/loss immediately unless there are service and/or performance conditions as well.

No amount is recognized for transactions that will not vest because non-market related performance conditions and/or service conditions were not satisfied. When transactions include market-related conditions or non-vesting conditions, the transactions are considered to be vested, irrespective of whether a market-related condition or the non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all the other performance and/or service conditions are met.

When the terms and conditions of an equity-settled share-based payment transaction are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the grant date fair value, unmodified, provided that the original terms have been complied with. An additional expense, measured at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee.

When the transaction is settled by the Bioceres Crop Solutions or by the counterparty, any remainder of the fair value is charged to income immediately.

The dilutive effect of current options is considered in the calculation of the diluted earnings per share.

Estimates

The estimate of the fair value of equity-settled share-based payment transactions requires a determination to be made of the most adequate option pricing model to apply depending on the terms and conditions of the arrangement. This estimate also requires a determination of those factors most appropriate to the pricing model, including the expected life of the option and the expected volatility of the share price upon the basis of which hypotheses are made. The Group measures the fair value of these transactions at the grant date applying the Black-Scholes formula adjusted to consider the possible dilutive effect of the future exercise of the share options granted on their estimated fair value at grant date, as established in paragraph B41 of IFRS 2.