Income Taxes (Tables)

The components of net loss before tax provision from income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

The components of the benefit for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Current income tax provision (benefit)
Federal	$	49	$	(25)	$	75
State		61		7		10
Total current income tax provision (benefit)		110		(18)		85
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision
Federal		(295)		(167)		(58)
State		(69)		(211)		(50)
Total deferred income tax (benefit)		(364)		(378)		(108)
Total benefit from income taxes	$	(254)	$	(396)	$	(23)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Benefit for income taxes at statutory rate	19.0	%	19	%	19	%
(Decreases) increases resulting from:
Federal tax credits	1.3	%	1.1	%	0.4	%
Change in valuation allowance	(8.0)	%	(7.2)	%	(9.4)	%
Net losses surrendered for research credit	(5.3)	%	(3.7)	%	(6.7)	%
Preferred share warrants	(3.3)	%	(0.6)	%	(1.1)	%
Other	(2.9)	%	(6.8)	%	(2.1)	%
Effective income tax rate	0.8	%	1.8	%	0.1	%

Significant components of the Company’s current and deferred tax assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018, were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2019		2018
Deferred tax assets:
Operating loss carryforwards	$	7,082	$	4,953
Research credit carryforwards		434		197
Operating lease liability		439		—
Accrued expenses and other		1,779		1,149
Total deferred tax assets		9,734		6,299
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating lease right-of-use asset		(422)		—
Depreciation & amortization		(326)		(163)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(748)		(163)
Valuation allowance		(8,104)		(5,621)
Net deferred tax assets	$	882	$	515