6-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the month of September 2023

Commission file number: 001-39109

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

Room 4106, Building 12B1

Shenzhen Bay Ecological Technology Park

Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518067

People’s Republic of China

Phone: +86 755 2699 8968

(Address and Telephone Number of Principal Executive Offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F. Form 20-F  ☒ Form 40-F  ☐

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This current report on Form 6-K is hereby incorporated by reference into the registration statements of Fangdd Network Group Ltd. on Form F-3 (No. 333-267397) and shall be a part thereof from the date on which this current report is furnished, to the extent not superseded by documents or reports subsequently filed.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description
99.1	Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – this instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

DR
	Fangdd Network Group Ltd.
	By:	/s/ Xi Zeng
		Name:	Xi Zeng
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors
Date: September 29, 2023

EX-99.1

FANGDD NETWORK GROUP LTD.

INDEX TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONTENTS	PAGE(S)
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND JUNE 30, 2023	F-2 – F-3
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2023	F-4
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2023	F-5
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2023	F-6 – F-7
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-8 – F-60

F-1

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
			(Note 2(g))
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	143,934	130,735	18,029
Restricted cash	38,811	13,782	1,901
Short-term investments	2,000	—	—
Accounts receivable, net	470,997	380,536	52,478
Prepayments and other assets, net	191,996	277,109	38,214
Inventories	11,157	12,650	1,745
Total current assets	858,895	814,812	112,367
Non-current assets
Property, equipment and software, net	3,037	3,723	513
Equity method investments, net	206,086	149,196	20,575
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000	414
Goodwill, net	454	454	63
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,207	1,362	188
Total non-current assets	217,784	157,735	21,753
Total assets	1,076,679	972,547	134,120
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term bank borrowings (including short-term bank borrowings of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB72,500 and nil as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	72,500	—	—
Accounts payable (including accounts payable of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB638,295 and RMB514,564 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	659,215	534,823	73,755
Customers’ refundable fees (including customers’ refundable fees of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB30,747 and RMB31,517 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	30,747	31,517	4,346
Accrued expenses and other payables (including accrued expenses and other payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB145,088 and RMB86,989 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	181,140	120,252	16,584
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB2,468 and RMB463 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	4,876	1,021	141
Operating lease liabilities-current (including operating lease liabilities-current of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB1,096 and RMB465 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	1,243	465	64
Total current liabilities	949,721	688,078	94,890
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB27,429 and RMB27,669 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	30,772	31,681	4,369
Operating lease liabilities (including operating lease liabilities of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB791 and RMB779 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	792	779	107
Total non-current liabilities	31,564	32,460	4,476
Total liabilities	981,285	720,538	99,366
Commitments and contingencies (Note 23)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-2

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
			(Note 2(g))
Equity:
Class A Ordinary shares(US$0.0000001par value, 50,000,000,000 and 50,000,000,000 shares authorized including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively,1,850,866,648 and 20,856,591,996 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	1	14	2
Class B Ordinary shares (US$0.0000001 par value, 50,000,000,000 and 50,000,000,000 shares authorized including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023,respectively, 619,938,058 and 490,418,360 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	—	—	—
Class C Ordinary shares (US$0.0000001 par value, 50,000,000,000 and 50,000,000,000 shares authorized including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, 75,000 and 5,700,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	—	—	—
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631	5,197,029	716,703
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(393,841)	(392,574)	(54,138)
Accumulated deficit	(4,557,675)	(4,548,217)	(627,228)
Total Fangdd Network Group Ltd. shareholders' equity	100,116	256,252	35,339
Non-controlling interests	(4,722)	(4,243)	(585)
Total equity	95,394	252,009	34,754
Total liabilities and equity	1,076,679	972,547	134,120

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-3

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
			(Note 2(g))
Revenue	144,834	153,488	21,167
Cost of revenue	(140,128)	(133,673)	(18,434)
Gross profit	4,706	19,815	2,733
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing expenses	(8,802)	(1,855)	(256)
Product development expenses	(39,797)	(17,725)	(2,444)
General and administrative expenses	(134,300)	(69,204)	(9,544)
Total operating expenses	(182,899)	(88,784)	(12,244)
Loss from operations	(178,193)	(68,969)	(9,511)
Other income (expenses):
Interest expense, net	(1,797)	(69)	(10)
Foreign currency exchange gain, net	441	392	54
Gain (Loss) on short-term investments	153	(640)	(88)
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	—	(3,000)	(414)
Impairment loss for equity method investments	(62,623)	(11,779)	(1,624)
Impairment loss for non-current assets	(7,642)	—	—
Government grants	12,270	1,658	229
Other income, net	50,880	88,617	12,221
Share of (loss) profit from equity method investees, net of income tax	(115)	442	61
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries	—	(200)	(28)
(Loss) Income before income tax	(186,626)	6,452	890
Income tax (expense) benefit	(5,474)	2,909	401
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361	1,291
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,745)	97	13
Net (loss) income attributable to Fangdd Network Group Ltd.	(196,845)	9,458	1,304
Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares	—	—	—
Deemed dividend to preferred shareholder	—	—	—
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	(196,845)	9,458	1,304
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361	1,291
Other comprehensive income
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	9,159	1,267	175
Total comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(182,941)	10,628	1,466
Total comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,745)	97	13
Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	(187,686)	10,725	1,479
Net (loss) income per share attributable to ordinary shareholders
Basic and diluted	(0.10)	0.001	—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing net (loss) income per share
Basic and diluted	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-4

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

								Total
						Accumulated		shareholders’
					Additional	other		equity attributable
	Class A		Class B		paid-in	comprehensive	Accumulated	to Fangdd Network	Noncontrolling
	Ordinary shares		Ordinary shares		capital	loss	deficit	Group Limited	interests	Total equity
	Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2022	1,426,450,073	1	619,938,058	—	5,031,772	(404,877)	(4,313,637)	313,259	(9,582)	303,677
Net loss for the year	—	—	—	—	—	—	(196,845)	(196,845)	4,745	(192,100)
Capital contribution from noncontrolling shareholder	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	376	376
Share-based compensation	—	—	—	—	9,207	—	—	9,207	—	9,207
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—	—	—	—	9,159	—	9,159	—	9,159
Balance as of June 30, 2022	1,426,450,073	1	619,938,058	—	5,040,979	(395,718)	(4,510,482)	134,780	(4,461)	130,319

										Total
										shareholders'
								Accumulated		equity attributable
							Additional	other		to Fangdd
	Class A Ordinary		Class B Ordinary		Class C Ordinary		paid-in	Comprehensive	Accumulated	Network Group	Noncontrolling
	shares		shares		shares		capital	loss	deficit	Limited	interests	Total equity
	Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2023	1,850,866,648	1	619,938,058	—	75,000	—	5,051,631	(393,841)	(4,557,675)	100,116	(4,722)	95,394
Net income (loss) for the year	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9,458	9,458	(97)	9,361
Share-based compensation	5,394,150	—	—	—	—	—	82	—	—	82	—	82
Capital contribution from noncontrolling shareholder	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	561	561
Acquisition of additional interests in subsidiaries	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	1
Disposal of subsidiaries	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14	14
Issuance of ordinary shares	120,811,500	—	—	—	5,625,000	—	264	—	—	264	—	264
Conversion of class B ordinary shares to class A ordinary shares	129,519,698	—	(129,519,698)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Issuance of convertible promissory note	—	—	—	—	—	—	4,343	—	—	4,343	—	4,343
Conversion of convertible promissory note	18,750,000,000	13	—	—	—	—	140,709	—	—	140,722	—	140,722
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1,267	—	1,267	—	1,267
Balance as of June 30, 2023	20,856,591,996	14	490,418,360	—	5,700,000	—	5,197,029	(392,574)	(4,548,217)	256,252	(4,243)	252,009
US$ (Note 2(g))		—		—		—	716,703	(54,138)	(627,228)	35,339	(585)	34,754

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-5

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
			(Note 2(g))
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361	1,291
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	2,081	463	64
Amortization of right-of-use assets	—	647	89
Share-based compensation expenses	9,207	82	11
Gain (Loss) on short-term investments	(153)	640	88
Impairment loss for non-current assets	7,642	—	—
Impairment on short-term investments	144,027	—	—
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	—	3,000	414
Impairment loss for equity method investments	62,623	11,779	1,624
Share of profit (loss) from equity method investments, net of income tax	115	(442)	(61)
(Reversal) Allowance for doubtful accounts	(81,004)	38,281	5,279
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	175	32	5
Foreign currency exchange gain, net	(441)	(392)	(54)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisition
Accounts receivable	299,277	53,396	7,364
Prepayments and other assets	21,664	(88,941)	(12,266)
Accounts payable	(262,834)	(124,392)	(17,154)
Customers’ refundable fees	9,433	770	106
Accrued expenses and other payables	(70,588)	(60,885)	(8,396)
Operating lease liabilities	—	(593)	(82)
Income tax payables	4,246	(2,946)	(406)
Net cash used in operating activities	(46,630)	(160,140)	(22,084)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and software	(194)	(64)	(9)
Investment in equity method investments	(32,354)	—	—
Return of capital from equity method investees	19,311	45,553	6,282
Cash proceeds paid for business combination, net of cash acquired	(648)	—	—
Cash paid for short-term investments	(262,896)	(10,000)	(1,379)
Proceeds from disposal of short-term investments	121,022	11,360	1,567
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(155,759)	46,849	6,461
Cash flows from financing activities:
Contribution from noncontrolling shareholder	490	576	79
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—	264	36
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory note, net of issuance costs	—	145,064	20,005
Repayment for short-term bank borrowings	(50,000)	(72,500)	(9,998)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(49,510)	73,404	10,122
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	9,601	1,659	229
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(242,298)	(38,228)	(5,272)

F-6

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
			(Note 2(g))
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	516,238	182,745	25,202
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	273,940	144,517	19,930
Supplemental information
Interest paid	(3,233)	(592)	(82)
Income tax paid	(812)	(37)	(5)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-7

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1.Organization and principal activities

Fangdd Network Group Ltd. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 19, 2013 as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law (2011 Revision) (as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands. The registered office of the Company is at the offices of Appleby Trust (Cayman) Ltd., Clifton House, 75 Fort Street, P.O. Box 1350, Grand Cayman KY1-1108, Cayman Islands.

The Company is an investment holding company. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, variables interest entity and variables interest entity’s subsidiaries (together, “the Group”) is principally engaged in the provision of real estate information services through its online platform which also offers integrated marketing services for individual customers, real estate developers and agents in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

The accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the VIE’s subsidiaries.

Variable interest entity

The Group conducts the business in the PRC through Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co. Ltd. (“Shenzhen Fangdd”), a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on October 10, 2011. Shenzhen Fangdd holds the necessary PRC operating licenses for the real estate agency and online business. The equity interests of Shenzhen Fangdd are legally held by individuals who act as nominee equity holders of Shenzhen Fangdd on behalf of Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co. Ltd. (“Fangdd Information”). Shenzhen Fangdd entered into a series of contractual agreements with its legal shareholders and Fangdd Information, including the Business Operation Agreement, Powers of Attorney, Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, Exclusive Option Agreements, Operation Maintenance Service Agreement and Technology Development and Application Service Agreement (collectively, the “Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements”) in March 2014 and were subsequently amended in 2017 to reflect the registration of the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements with the relevant registration authority and amended when certain nominee equity holders transferred their nominal shareholdings in Shenzhen Fangdd to other nominee equity holders.

Pursuant to the Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements, the Group, through Fangdd Information, is able to exercise effective control over, bears the risks of, enjoys substantially all of the economic benefits of Shenzhen Fangdd, and has an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd when and to the extent permitted by PRC law at a nominal price. The Group’s management concluded that Shenzhen Fangdd is a consolidated VIE of the Group and Fangdd Information is the primary beneficiary of Shenzhen Fangdd. As such, the financial results of Shenzhen Fangdd and its subsidiaries are included in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group.

The principal terms of the agreements entered into among Shenzhen Fangdd, the nominee equity holders and Fangdd Information are further described below.

● Business Operation Agreement

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into a business operation agreement, pursuant to which Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders undertake not to enter into any transactions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, obligations, rights or business operations without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent.

F-8

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Additionally, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders undertake that, without the Fangdd Information’s prior written consent, they shall not (a) sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of any rights associated with their equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd, (b) approve any merger or acquisition of Shenzhen Fangdd, (c) take any actions that may have a material adverse effect on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, or sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose or impose other encumbrances of any assets, businesses or income of Shenzhen Fangdd, (d) request Shenzhen Fangdd to declare dividend or make other distribution, (e) amend Shenzhen Fangdd’s articles of association, (f) increase, decrease or otherwise change Shenzhen Fangdd’s registered capital. Fangdd Information may request Shenzhen Fangdd to transfer at any time all the intellectual property rights held by Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information or any person designated by Fangdd Information. Shenzhen Fangdd and certain of its shareholders, including Yi Duan, Jiancheng Li and Xi Zeng, shall be jointly and severally responsible for the performance of their obligations under this agreement. This agreement has a term of ten years, which may be extended upon Fangdd Information’s unilateral written confirmation prior to the expiry. Shenzhen Fangdd has no right of transfer without Fangdd information’s written confirmation or right of early termination while Fangdd Information may unilaterally transfer its rights and obligations under this agreement to third parties at any time through written notification and may early terminate this agreement via a 30-day prior written notice.

● Powers of Attorney

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has issued a power of attorney, irrevocably appointing Mr. Jiancheng Li, a director of Fangdd Information, as such shareholder’s attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including, but not limited to, the right to call shareholders’ meeting, the right to vote on all matters of Shenzhen Fangdd that require shareholders’ approval, and the right to dispose of all or part of the shareholder’s equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd, on behalf of such shareholder. The foregoing authorization is conditioned upon Mr. Jiancheng Li’s continuing directorship at Fangdd Information and Fangdd Information’s written consent to such authorization. In the event that Mr. Jiancheng Li ceases to serve as a director of Fangdd Information or that Fangdd Information requests the shareholders to terminate the authorization in writing, the power of attorney will terminate immediately and the shareholder shall then appoint any person designated by Fangdd Information as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights. Other than the foregoing circumstances, the power of attorney will remain in force until the termination of the business operation agreement and during its effective term, shall not be amended or terminated without consent of Fangdd Information.

● Equity Interest Pledge Agreements

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has entered into an equity interest pledge agreement with Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd, pursuant to which, the shareholders have pledged all of his or her equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information to guarantee the performance by Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders of their obligations under the main contracts, which include technology development and application service agreement, the operation maintenance service agreement, the business operation agreement and the exclusive option agreements. Each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd agrees that, during the term of the equity interest pledge agreement, he or she will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests without the prior written consent of Fangdd Information. The equity interest pledge agreements remain effective until Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders discharge all of their obligations under the main contracts. The Group has registered the equity pledge with the local branches of the Administration for Industry and Commerce in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

F-9

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

● Exclusive Option Agreements

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into an exclusive option agreement, pursuant to which each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders has irrevocably granted Fangdd Information an exclusive option, to the extent permitted by PRC law, to purchase, or have its designated person or persons to purchase, at its discretion all or part of the shareholder’s equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd or all or part of Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets. The purchase price shall be a nominal price unless where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets, or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, or otherwise prohibits purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price. If the PRC laws and regulations prohibit purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price, the purchase price shall be equal to the original investment of the equity interests made by such shareholders or the book value of the assets. Where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, the purchase price shall be the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations. However, if the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations exceed the original investment of the equity interests or the book value of the assets, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders shall reimburse Fangdd Information the exceeded amount after deducting all taxes and fees paid under PRC laws and regulations. The shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd undertake, among other things, that they shall not take any actions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, nor shall they appoint or replace any directors, supervisors and officers of Shenzhen Fangdd without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent. These agreements have terms of ten years, which may be extended upon Fangdd Information’s written confirmation prior to the expiry.

● Operation Maintenance Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into an operation maintenance service agreement, pursuant to which Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with operation maintenance services and marketing services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not engage any third party to provide the services covered by this agreement. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account factors such as the labor cost, facility cost and marketing expenses incurred by Fangdd Information in providing the services. Unless otherwise agreed by both parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

● Technology Development and Application Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into a technology development and application service agreement, pursuant to which, Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with technology development and application services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not accept any technology development and application services covered by this agreement from any third party. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account multiple factors, such as the labor and time consumed for provision of the service, the type and complexity of the services provided, the difficulties in providing the service, the commercial value of services provided and the market price of comparable services. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

F-10

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Risks in relation to Shenzhen Fangdd structure

In the opinion of the Group’s management, the contractual arrangements have resulted in Fangdd Information having the power to direct activities that most significantly impact Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries, including appointing key management, setting up operating policies, exerting financial controls and transferring profit or assets out of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries at its discretion. Fangdd Information considers that it has the right to receive all the benefits and assets of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’ subsidiaries. As Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries were established as limited liability companies under the PRC law, their creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Fangdd Information for the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’s subsidiaries, and Fangdd Information does not have the obligation to assume the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’ subsidiaries.

The Group has determined that Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements are in compliance with PRC laws and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Group’s ability to enforce Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements.

If the PRC government finds that these contractual arrangements do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment in the internet business, or if the PRC government otherwise finds that the Group, the VIE, or any of its subsidiaries is in violation of PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate the business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including but not limited to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic China (“MIIT”), which regulates internet information service companies, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

● revoking the business and operating licenses;

● discontinuing or restricting the operations;

● imposing fines or confiscating any of the income that they deem to have been obtained through illegal operations;

● imposing conditions or requirements with which the Group or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply;

● requiring the Company or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations;

● placing restrictions on the right to collect revenues;

● restricting or prohibiting the use of the proceeds from this offering to finance the business and operations of the VIE; and

● taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the business.

The imposition of any of these penalties could have a material and adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these penalties results in the inability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIE, the Group may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

There is no VIE in which the Group has a variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary. Currently there is no contractual arrangement that could require the Group to provide additional financial support to Shenzhen Fangdd.

F-11

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following consolidated assets and liabilities information of the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, and consolidated operating results and cash flows information for the periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, have been included in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cash and cash equivalents	56,850	39,002
Restricted cash	38,811	13,782
Short-term investments	2,000	—
Accounts receivable, net	466,269	376,194
Amount due from related parties*	600,557	565,714
Prepayments and other current assets, net	188,144	121,627
Inventories	11,157	12,650
Total current assets	1,363,788	1,128,969
Property, equipment and software, net	3,036	3,723
Equity method investments, net	204,850	149,196
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,032	1,346
Total non-current assets	215,918	157,265
Total assets	1,579,706	1,286,234
Short-term bank borrowings	72,500	—
Accounts payable	638,295	514,564
Customers’ refundable fees	30,747	31,517
Current installments of long-term loans from a related party**	—	1,162,000
Amounts due to related parties*	183,076	125,354
Accrued expenses and other payables	145,088	86,989
Income tax payables	2,468	463
Operating lease liabilities-current	1,096	465
Total current liabilities	1,073,270	1,921,352
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,429	27,669
Operating lease liabilities	791	779
Long-term loans from a related party excluding current installments**	1,352,000	190,000
Total non-current liabilities	1,380,220	218,448
Total liabilities	2,453,490	2,139,800

*     Amounts due from and to related parties represent the amounts due from and to subsidiaries other than the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

**   Long-term loans from a related party represents entrusted loans with 3-year term at annual interest rate of 0.2-0.5% (2022: 0.2-0.5)% from Fangdd Information via Bank of China in Shenzhen, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

F-12

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Total revenue	142,071	152,241
Net (loss) income	(27,433)	18,275
Net cash used in operating activities	(19,483)	(15,592)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(10,048)	45,299
Net cash used in financing activities	(58,509)	(72,584)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(88,040)	(42,877)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	251,873	95,661
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	163,833	52,784

Sales Commitment Arrangements

Certain property sales contracts entered with real estate developers provide the Group with exclusive selling rights for the selected properties for a specific period of time (the “Exclusive Sales Contracts”), which typically lasts for several months. Certain of these Exclusive Sales Contracts requires the Group or, in case of tri-party agreements (see below), the Group’s equity method investees to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period (the “Sales Commitment Arrangements”). Under the Sales Commitment Arrangements, the real estate developers either enter into project sales contracts with the Group directly (the “Self-Commitment Arrangements”) or enter into tri-party agreements with the Group and its equity method investees (the “Non-Group Commitment Arrangements”). The Group, or in case of tri-party agreements, its equity method investees is required to advance real estate developer an initial deposit prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The amount of initial deposits required is generally determined at a percentage of the minimum transaction price, as pre-agreed with the real estate developer, of the properties (the “Base Transaction Price”) to be sold to home purchasers in the market during the exclusive sales period. The amount of deposits advanced by the Group, or its equity method investees are adjusted throughout the exclusive sales period based on an agreed schedule such that 100% of the Base Transaction Price for the unsold properties, if any, is advanced to the real estate developers at the end of the exclusive sales period. If all properties are sold during the exclusive sales period, any outstanding deposits are immediately returned to the Group, or its equity method investees. Under all of these arrangements, the Group is responsible to render the properties sales services as specified in the exclusive sales contracts.

For Self-Commitment Arrangements, the Group is required under the project sales contracts to advance the deposits and purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. The Group would either finance the entire deposits with its own fund or by entering into separate collaborative agreements with certain funds providers (the “Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements”) that, are either independent third parties or the Group’s equity method investees, to fully or partially fund the deposits required. The funds providers provide the Group with the funds required and requested the funds to be designated for use in a specific Self-Commitment Arrangement. Pursuant to the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements, the Group is required to share with the funds provider a portion of the Base Commission Income (see note 2(v)) and any Sales Incentive Income (see note 2(v)) earned, based on the agreed profit sharing arrangements. However, the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or the funds providers. The amounts of profit shared with the funds providers under the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements are recorded in “Cost of revenue” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The funds provided by these independent third parties or equity method investees to the Group to fulfil the deposits requirement under the Self-Commitment Arrangements are recorded as “Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements” or “Amounts due to equity method investees under collaborative agreements”. The deposits advanced by the Group to the property developers, either using entirely its own funds or combining its own funds with funds provided by funds providers, are recorded as “Security deposits with real estate developers” included in “Prepayments and other assets, net” (see note 7(2)) on the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

F-13

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

For Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the equity method investees of the Group are obliged to pay the deposits required directly to the real estate developers and subject to the commitment to purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. No payable to the equity method investees or deposits with real estate developers were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in respect of the deposits payments or refund transactions directly made by the funds providers to property developers, as the Group is not the obligator for such deposit payments or the purchase commitment regarding the unsold properties. The Group would enter into separate collaborative agreements (the “Non-Group Collaborative Agreements”) to set out the basis of sharing of the Base Commission Income and any Sales Incentive Income earned, with the equity method investees under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements. And the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or these equity method investees.

Under certain Non-Group Commitment Arrangements entered into amongst the Group, the equity method investees and real estate developers in 2019 and 2020, the equity method investee (i.e. fund provider) has the option to withdraw from the arrangement by paying a penalty to the real estate developer at any time during the term of the arrangement. The withdrawal penalty is based on either not more than 10% of the total Based Transaction Price of all properties or not more than 10% of the Based Transaction Price of the unsold properties at the withdrawal date. The Group is not responsible for the penalty payment. Upon the withdrawal by the fund provider, the Non-Group Commitment Arrangement would be terminated, and the Group would cease to have the right of exclusive sales. The Group did not enter into any such arrangement during January to June, 2022 and 2023.

Although the Group is responsible to design and execute the overall sales plan as well as managing and directing its Registered Agents to facilitate the property transactions, the equity method investees do not simply provide financial resources but also participate in these processes through joint evaluation with the Group about the marketability of the specified properties and their pricing strategy. The Non-Group Collaborative Arrangements are accounted for under ASC 808 with costs incurred and revenue generated by the Group and the equity method investees reported in their respective Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Revenue earned from the real estate developer for property sales contracts with Non-Group Collaborative Agreements simultaneously entered with equity method investees are presented on a gross basis with the Base Commission Income and Sales Incentive Income recognized as “Revenue” and the amounts of profit shared with equity method investees recorded in “Cost of Revenue” in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as the Group is deemed to be the principal under these arrangements.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Group earned Sales Incentive Income of RMB4,677 for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB282 with the funds providers (including the Group’s equity method investees).

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group earned Sales Incentive Income of RMB405 for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB1,068 with the funds providers (including the Group's equity method investees).

The Group believes its key management has sufficient knowledge and experience in the relevant real estate markets and has in place adequate process that guides its selection of projects, negotiation of terms and ongoing monitoring of risks.

F-14

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Prior to entering into a Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group would assess the marketability of the specified properties, the reasonableness of the Base Transaction Price and other relevant factors. The Group performs such assessment based on the results of its research activities and other factors such as the availability of agents’ resources and has determined that the probability of all properties under such arrangements not being sold within the exclusive sales period is low. The Group believes that the developers enter into such Sales Commitment Arrangement largely due to liquidity consideration in that it could shorten the cash payback period through the receipts of deposits under the arrangement. Also, such Sales Commitment Arrangement may provide higher return to the developer when the properties are sold at a price in excess of the Base Transaction price. Therefore, the Group determines that it is remote that the real estate developers will request the Group, or for Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the Group’s equity method investees to purchase the unsold properties at the end of exclusive sales period. Management has concluded such assessment is supported by the historical experiences where developers agreed to an extended sales period for a few months in those limited instances where certain properties remained unsold at the end of exclusive sales period.

The Group started entering into the above-mentioned Sales Commitment Arrangements in 2016. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not enter into any property sales contracts with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, except for the parking space sale contracts described below, which the Group entered into during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and settled during the six months ended June 30, 2023. All new property sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement are entered with the property developers and equity method investees in tri-party agreements under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group’s equity method investees, rather than the Group, are required to pay the deposits directly to the property developers and obliged to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of exclusive sales period. In 2021, the Group entered into certain contracts for the sale of parking spaces with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group had advanced the deposits of RMB40,085 and nil to the property developers as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

The deposits made by the Group under all the Exclusive Sales Contracts including those under the Self-Commitment Arrangement are recorded as security deposits with real estate developers, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, under current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Group assesses the recoverability of the deposits with real estate developers based on a combination of factors, including the contractual terms, the developers’ intention in entering into such arrangements as described above, the continuing assessment of the marketability of the properties during the exclusive sales period and the extended sales period, if any, historical experiences and negotiation results of developers’ action at the end of exclusive sales period, and the market price of similar properties. An allowance for doubtful accounts against the deposits is recorded when any portion of deposits is considered not recoverable.

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)    Basis of presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America  (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’).

(b)    Going concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Group will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Group’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Group’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements.

The Group has experienced recurring losses from operations. As of June 30, 2023, the Group had an accumulated deficit of RMB4,548,217. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group had cash outflows from operating activities of RMB160,140. As of June 30, 2023, the cash and cash equivalents balance was RMB130,735.

F-15

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group has prepared a future cash flow forecasts, taken the actions of equity financing and the management is of the opinion that the Group will have sufficient unrestricted liquidity for at least the next 12 months from the date of approval of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Among the assumptions made by the management, it is expected that the Group will continue to reduce its operating expenditure by reducing headcounts and office space. Accordingly, management concludes that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

The Group has taken positive actions to speed up the collection of accounts receivable, such as litigation, strict developer credit rating management, but the effects of these actions may be limited where the developers have already been in severe finance distress. The Group also intends to obtain additional equity or debt financing arrangements, however, the availability and amount of such funding are not certain. Additionally, the strict macroeconomic regulation on real estate market and the tightening of mortgage lending activities have negatively impacted the real estate market and heightened the credit risk associated with developers. The new and resale property transactions are expected to remain vulnerable to macro challenges for an extended period, which may adversely impact the Group’s ability to raise the financing needed. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern. If the going concern basis were not appropriate for these financial statements, adjustments would be necessary for the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used.

(c)    Principle of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the results of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors. A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, exercises effective control over the activities that most impact the economic performance, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All intercompany transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

(d)    Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and the reported revenues and expenses during the reported period in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates include, but not limited to, allowance for accounts, loans and other receivable, recognition of goodwill, realization of deferred income tax assets, impairment loss for long-term equity investment and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

F-16

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(e)    Business combinations and noncontrolling interests

The Group accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair value of the assets transferred to the sellers, liabilities incurred by the Group and equity instruments issued by the Group. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Group may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any further adjustments are recorded in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

For the Group’s non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Consolidated net (loss) income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income includes net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests when applicable.

(f)    Foreign Currency

The Group’s reporting currency is Renminbi (‘‘RMB’’). The functional currency of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated in the Cayman Island, British Virgin Islands (‘‘BVI’’), and Hong Kong (‘‘HK’’) is the United States dollars (‘‘US$’’). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries is RMB.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rate at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange differences are recorded as foreign currency exchange gain in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Total foreign currency exchange differences were a gain of RMB441 and a gain of RMB392 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

The financial statements of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated at Cayman Island, BVI and Hong Kong are translated from the functional currency into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated into RMB using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts other than earnings (deficit) generated in the current period are translated into RMB using the appropriate historical rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated into RMB using the average exchange rates for the relevant period. The resulted foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, and the accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

F-17

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(g)    Convenience Translation

Translations of certain balances in accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from RMB into US$ as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB7.2513 representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2023. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on June 30, 2023, or at any other rate. The US$ convenience translation is not required under U.S. GAAP and all US$ convenience translation amounts in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited.

(h)    Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Group is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, and non-income tax matters. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed.

(i)    Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have original maturities of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

(j)    Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents:

Bank balances of RMB38,811 and RMB13,782 were frozen for lawsuits undergoing with suppliers and brokerage firms as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Cash deposits restricted for use over one year after the balance sheet date are classified as non-current assets in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(k)    Short-term investments

Short-term investments include investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks which are redeemable by the Group at any time. The wealth management products are either unsecured with variable interest rates or fixed interest rate. The Group measures the short-term investments at fair value using the quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of the related tax effect, excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until realized. Realized gains or losses from the sale of short-term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as gain on short-term investments when earned in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

F-18

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(l)    Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from the real estate developers for primary property business and individual customers for secondary property business upon the completion of their services. Accounts receivables are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, if any. The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its accounts receivable, such as the age of the amounts due, the payment history, credit-worthiness and the financial condition of the debtor. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which a loss is determined to be probable. The Group also makes a specific allowance if there is strong evidence indicating that an accounts receivable is likely to be unrecoverable. Accounts receivable are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Group does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure. Allowance of RMB557,073 and RMB593,312 was provided as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Approximately 6% of the Group’s accounts receivable represent output VAT amounts, which are excluded from the Group’s revenues.

(m)    Loans receivable, net

Loans receivable represents loan originated or purchased by the Group (see note 7). The Group has the intent and the ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The loans receivable portfolio consists of personal loans with term period ranging from 30 days to 5 years. In the Consolidated Balance Sheets, loans receivable that mature within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date are included in “Prepayment and other current assets” while loans receivable that will mature one year after the balance sheet date are included in “Other non-current assets”.

The allowance for loan losses is determined at a level believed to be reasonable to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio as of each balance sheet date. The allowance is provided based on an assessment performed on a portfolio basis. All loans are assessed collectively depending on factors such as delinquency rate, size, and other risk characteristics of the portfolio.

The Group writes off loans receivable and the related allowance when management determines that full repayment of such loan is not probable. The primary factor in making such determination is the estimated recoverable amounts from the delinquent debtor.

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, loan receivables of RMB17,816 and RMB5,729 were due from the Group’s employees respectively.

(n)     Property, equipment and software, net

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment. Property, equipment and software are depreciated and amortized at rates sufficient to write off their costs less impairment and residual value if any over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease or their estimated useful lives, if shorter.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

	Estimated
Category	useful lives
Buildings	20 years
Leasehold improvements	2-3 years
Furniture, office equipment	3-5 years
Motor vehicles	3-4 years
Software	2-10 years

F-19

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, whereas the costs of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the costs, accumulated depreciation and impairment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

(o)    Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly include those intangible assets other than software acquired through business combination. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Intangible assets arising from business combinations are measured at fair value upon acquisition using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis and ratio analysis with reference to comparable companies in similar industries under the income approach. Major assumptions used in determining the fair value of these intangible assets include future growth rates and weighted average cost of capital. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Category	Estimated useful lives
Non-competed agreements	Over the contracted term of up to 6 years
Trademarks	10 years

(p)    Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of the Group’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. The Group assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20 (“ASC 350-20”), “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other: Goodwill”, which requires that goodwill to be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment”, on January 1, 2022, the Group has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If the Group believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, the Group considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on either quoted market prices of the ordinary shares or estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Group is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04(“ASU 2017-04”), “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Group adopted the ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2022.

F-20

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

As triggered by the cease of Yuancui business during the year ended December 31, 2021, the related goodwill of RMB31,188 was fully impaired during the year ended December 31, 2021 in accordance with the two-step test of ASC 350-20(see note 10). On and after January 1, 2022, the Group performed qualitative and quantitative assessment in accordance with ASU 2017-04, there was no such goodwill impairment during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

(q)    Equity method investments

The Group accounts for an equity method investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority of the equity interest or otherwise controls and the investments are either common stock or in substance common stock using the equity method. The Group’s share of the investee’s profit and loss is recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The Group assesses its equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors as well as all relevant and available information including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends, and other Group-specific information such as financing rounds.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group recognized an impairment loss of RMB11,779 for equity method investments (see note 11).

(r)    Long-term equity investments

Long-term equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in the consolidation of the investee, that do not have readily determinable fair value are measured and recorded at cost, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar equity investments of the issuer. Purchased options on these equity investments that are not derivatives are accounted for in a manner consistent with the accounting for the equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value.

(s)    Impairment loss of non-current assets

Property, equipment and software and intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the non-current by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge of non-current assets was recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2023(see note 8 and 9).

(t)    Value added taxes

The Group’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to value added tax (“VAT”). Revenue from sales of transaction and service is generally subject to VAT at the rate of 6% and subsequently paid to PRC tax authorities after netting input VAT on purchase of service received. The excess of output VAT over input VAT is reflected in accrued expenses and other payables, and the excess of input VAT is reflected in Prepayments and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(u)    Fair Value

Fair value represents the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

F-21

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Accounting guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs are:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial assets and liabilities of the Group primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable, short-term bank borrowings, accounts payable, customers’ refundable fees, accrued expenses and other payables. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximated to their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

(v)    Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.  

Revenues are recorded net of value-added taxes.

Commission income

Through its platforms and services provided by real estate agents registered as a member in the Group’s platform (the “Registered Agents”), the Group earns commission revenue from real estate developers for sales transactions of primary properties and to a lesser extent from home owners for sales or rental transactions of secondary properties. For services rendered by the Registered Agents in completing the transactions, the Group pays those the agents a commission fee. The real estate developers and home owners are collectively referred as the property owners. For each of the property’s transactions, the Group enters into contracts with the Registered Agents (the “Agents’ Contracts”) and properties owners (the “Properties Sales Contracts”) separately. As Registered Agents are involved in providing the services to the property owners, the Group considers all the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in these properties transactions in accordance with ASC 606-10.

F-22

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group has determined that it is a principal for the following reasons: (1) the Properties Sales Contract and the Agents’ Contract are negotiated and entered into separately between the Group and the property owners and the Registered Agents, respectively, at the discretion of the Group, and there is no contractual relationship between the property owners and the Registered Agents; (2) the Group negotiates with the property owners the total commission fee to be paid by the properties owners. The Group also determines the commission rate payable to the Registered Agents at its discretion without any involvement of the properties owners; (3) pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts, the Group is responsible for the sales or leasing of the properties. In particular, the Group is responsible to undertake the sales and marketing activities it considers necessary to induce potential home purchasers to visit the sales center of the property and complete the purchase of properties from the real estate developers. The Group is entitled to a pre-determined commission income upon the signing of the sales agreements between the real estate developers and the home purchasers pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts. The Group’s project management team carries out a series of activities including sales data analysis, development of project sales strategy, resources allocation, assignment of agents, sales and marketing activities, and monitoring of the entire sales process; (4) the Group monitors Registered Agents’ services and provide them with instructions and guidelines in approaching and serving the home purchasers.

Commission income for sales transactions of primary properties and rental transactions for secondary properties are recognized by the Group upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements or rental agreements and making the required down payment by the home purchasers or tenants. Commission income for sales transactions of secondary properties are recognized when the transfer over legal title of ownership of the properties between the home owners and home purchasers are complete.

The Group also enters into certain arrangements with real-estate developers pursuant to which potential home purchasers may pay the Group a fixed amount in return for a discount for their purchases of specified properties from the real estate developers. The fees paid by the home purchasers to the Group are fully refundable before the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. For these transactions, except for the fees received from the home purchasers, the Group is not entitled to any additional commission from the real estate developers. The Group recognizes commission income in the amount of fees received from the home purchasers when the Group’s services are rendered upon the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. Fees received from home purchasers in advance of the revenue recognition are recorded as “Customers’ Refundable Fees” (see note 14) on the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For primary properties transactions, the Group generally earns a fixed commission rate (“Base Commission”) of the pre-determined properties transaction price (the “Base Transaction Price”) as stated in the Properties Sales Contracts. For certain primary properties transactions, the Group obtains exclusive sales right from real estate developers to sell the properties for a limited period of time and is required to advance certain amount of deposits. Not all of the Exclusive Sales Contracts contains Sales Commitment Arrangement as disclosed in note 1. Pursuant to those Exclusive Sales Contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group is permitted to sell the properties in the market at a price above the Base Transaction Price. In addition to the Base Commission, the Group is entitled to an additional income (the “Sales Incentive Income”), determined at a progressive rate on the excess of the actual transaction price over the Base Transaction price. Same as Base Commission income, the Sales Incentive Income is also recognized as revenue upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements and making the down payment by the home purchasers.

Franchise Income

The Group enters into franchise agreements with certain third party real estate agency companies located in those cities where the Group does not have an established sales office. Pursuant to these franchise agreements, the Group grants the franchisees with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources in return for a franchise fee. For franchise agreements entered from 2018 onward, franchise fee is determined at an agreed fixed amount over a period of time and are recognized by the Group on a straight-line basis over the contractual period. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized franchise income of RMB773 and nil respectively.

F-23

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Financial service income

The Group provides lending financial services to home purchasers, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees who meet the Group’s credit assessment requirements. Financial services income from loans receivable is recognized using the effective interest rate method.

Other value-added services

Other value-added services are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over which the services are rendered, they mainly represent subscription fee earned by offering Registered Agents with a suite of marketing and business technology products and services for use in a specified period of time so as to assist them growing and managing their businesses.

Loans facilitation services

Loans facilitation services are recognized as revenue when the relevant loans agreements were signed and the related loans were drew down by the home purchasers. Loans facilitation services primarily consists of the services to facilitate the home purchasers, Registered Agents and other market participants borrowing from the financial institutions in the property transactions.

Parking space transaction facilitating services

Parking space transaction facilitating services are recognized as revenue when services are rendered to facilitate the appointment of real estate agents by Shanghai Lianlian Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Lianlian”, known as Shenzhen Jinyiyun Supply Chain Technology Co., Ltd. before (“Shenzhen Jinyiyun”)), a related party, as agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. Certain directors and management of the Group are principal shareholders of Shanghai Lianlian. The Group’s services primarily consist of providing support and information to Shanghai Lianlian to identify real estate agents in the Group’s platform and introduction of agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. The service fee is chargeable to the real estate agent and revenue is recognized upon signing of the relevant agency agreement. The Group recognized no parking space transaction facilitating services income in the periods of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

(w)    Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of agents’ commission, sharing of sales incentive income with fund providers, promotion and operational expenses, and salaries and benefits expenses that incurred for properties transactions and parking space transaction facilitating services.

(x)    Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses mainly consist of salaries and advertising costs, which consist primarily of online and offline advertisements, are expensed when the services are received.

(y)    Product development expenses

Product development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits expenses, depreciation of equipment relating to the development of new products or upgrading of existing products and other expenses for the product activity of the Group. The Group expenses product development expenses as incurred.

F-24

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(z)    General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses mainly consist of provision of allowance for doubtful accounts, payroll and related staff costs for corporate functions, as well as other general corporate expenses such as rental expenses and depreciation expenses for offices and equipment for use by these corporate functions of the Group.

(aa)    Government grants

Government grants represent amounts granted by local government authorities as an incentive for companies to promote economic development of the local technology industry. Government grants received by the Group were non-refundable and were for the purpose of giving immediate incentive with no future costs or obligations are recognized in earnings in the Group’s Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

(bb)    Share-based Compensation

Share-based awards granted to the employees and directors in the form of share options are subject to service and performance conditions. They are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards, and are recognized as compensation expense using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, if and when the Group considers that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.

Estimation of the fair market value of the Group’s ordinary shares involves significant assumptions that might not be observable in the market, and a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility (approximated by the volatility of comparable companies), discount rate, risk-free interest rate and subjective judgments regarding the Group’s projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants are made. Share-based compensation in relation to the share options is estimated using the Binominal Option Pricing Model. The determination of the fair value of share options is affected by the share price of the Group’s ordinary shares as well as the assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rate, exercise multiple and expected dividend yield. The fair value of these awards was determined with the assistance from a valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm using management’s estimates and assumptions.

(cc)    Employee Benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in China participate in a government mandated, multi-employer, defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. PRC labor laws require the entities incorporated in China to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution calculated at a stated contribution rate on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The fair value of the employee benefits liabilities approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Employee social insurance benefits included as expenses in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income amounted to RMB9,394 and RMB4,520 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

F-25

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(dd)    Income Tax

Income tax are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Group reduces the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance, if based on the available evidence, it is “more-likely-than-not” that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed at each reporting period based on a “more-likely-than-not” realization threshold. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of futures profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Group’s experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any, not expiring.

The Group recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Group records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense and penalties in general and administrative expenses.

(ee)    Leases

On January 1, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

The Group reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the Group the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Group determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the consolidated balance sheets, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

Each lease liability is measured using the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Group and a duration similar to the lease term. The Group’s leases have remaining terms of one to three years, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Group considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Group is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.

F-26

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Group elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Group includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable in nature and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use assets or operating lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in rental and other related expenses in the Group’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

All of the Group’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices. As a result of the adoption, the Group recognized approximately RMB385 of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities respectively on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2022. The adoption had no impact on the Group’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately 1.41 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.65%. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, right-of-use assets obtained under operating leases was RMB1,362 thousand. The Group’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

(ff)    Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, considering the accretions to redemption value and the deemed dividend of the preferred shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, any net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. A net loss is not allocated to participating securities when the participating securities does not have contractual obligation to share losses.

The Company’s preferred shares are participating securities as they participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The preferred shares have no contractual obligation to fund or otherwise absorb the Group’s losses. Accordingly, any undistributed net income is allocated on a pro rata basis to the ordinary shares and preferred shares; whereas any undistributed net loss is allocated to ordinary shares only.

Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the accretion and allocation of net income related to the preferred shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of shares issuable upon the conversion of the preferred shares and convertible loan using the if-converted method, and ordinary shares issuable upon the vest of restricted ordinary shares or exercise of outstanding share option (using the treasury stock method). Ordinary equivalent shares are calculated based on the most advantageous conversion rate or exercise price from the standpoint of the security holder. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

(gg)    Segment Reporting

The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. For the purpose of internal reporting and management’s operation review, the Group’s Chief Executive Officer and management personnel do not segregate the Group’s business by service lines. All service categories are viewed as in one and the only operating segment.

F-27

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(hh)    Statutory Reserves

The Group’s subsidiaries, VIE, and VIE’s subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to the Foreign Investment Enterprises established in the PRC, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign owned enterprise have to make appropriations from their after-tax profits (as determined under generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC (‘‘PRC GAAP’’)) to non-distributable reserve funds including general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group.

In addition, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, registered as Chinese domestic companies, must make appropriations from their after-tax profits as determined under the PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds including statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be 10% of the after-tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the Group.

The general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted for use. They may only be applied to offset losses or increase the registered capital of the respective entity. The staff bonus and welfare fund are liability in nature and is restricted to make payment of special bonuses to employees and for the collective welfare of employees. None of these reserves is allowed to be transferred to the Group by way of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, no appropriation was made to the general reserve fund by the Group’s wholly foreign owned PRC subsidiaries, and no appropriation was made to the statutory surplus fund by the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, respectively. No appropriation has been made by these companies to discretionary funds.

(ii)    Newly adopted accounting standard updates

The Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022.

In January,2022, for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

F-28

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(jj)  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity”, which simplifies an issuer’s accounting for certain convertible instruments and the application of derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. This guidance also addresses how convertible instruments are accounted for in the diluted earnings per share calculation and required enhanced disclosures about the terms of convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new guidance is required to be applied either retrospectively to financial instruments outstanding as of the beginning of the first comparable reporting period for each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the change to be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for the Group for the year ending March 31, 2023 and interim reporting periods during the year ending March 31, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Group concluded that the adoption of this guidance had no material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08), which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments, with early adoption permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Group does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

3.Concentration and Risk

Concentration of customers

There are no customers from whom revenue individually represent more than 10% of the total revenue of the Group for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

Concentration of credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable and security deposit with real estate developers included under prepayments and other current assets.

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments were held by reputable financial institutions, located in the PRC and Hong Kong, which management believes are of high credit quality and financially sound based on public available information.

F-29

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are primarily derived from revenue earned from real estate developers. Security deposits with real estate developers are also unsecured and are the advance payment to real estate developers to obtain the exclusive selling right under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangements (see note 1). The risk with respect to accounts receivable and security deposit with real estate developers are managed by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

The Group is exposed to default risk on its loans receivable. The Group gives internal ratings to financial instruments based on their credit quality and risk characteristics. The Group assesses the allowance for credit loss related to loans receivable on a quarterly basis, either on an individual or collective basis.

Cash concentration

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash mentioned below maintained at banks consist of the following:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
RMB denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the PRC	114,589	77,678
HKD denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	334	238
U.S. dollar denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	57,421	55,741
Financial Institutions in the PRC	10,401	10,860

The bank deposits with financial institutions in the PRC are insured by the government authority for up to RMB500. The bank deposits with financial institutions in Hong Kong are insured by the government authority for up to HK$500. The Group has not experienced any losses in uninsured bank deposits and does not believe that it is exposed to any significant risks on cash held in bank accounts. To limit exposure to credit risk, the Group primarily places bank deposits with large financial institutions in the PRC and Hong Kong.

Currency risk

The Group’s operational transactions and its assets and liabilities are primarily denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and international economic and political developments that affect the supply and demand of RMB in the foreign exchange market. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). Remittances from China in currencies other than RMB by the Group must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies and require certain supporting documentation in order to execute the remittance.

Interest rate risk

The Group’s short-term bank borrowings bear interests at fixed rates. If the Group were to renew these loans upon maturity and the related banks only agree to offer variable rate for such renewal, the Group might then be subject to interest rate risk.

F-30

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

4.Fair value measurement

The following table sets forth the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:

December 31, 2022

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Balance at
	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Fair Value
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Assets
Short-term investments
-Wealth management products	—	2,000	—	2,000
Total Assets	—	2,000	—	2,000

The Group values its investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks using quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as level 2.

The Group’s short-term investments as of December 31, 2022 were acquired close to the year-end dates with maturity from  seven days to three months and were fully redeemed during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

There have no transfers between level 1, level 2 and level 3 categories.

5.Lease

The following table presents balances reported in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Group’s leases:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,207	1,362
Operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

The following table presents operating lease cost reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income related to the Group’s leases:

	As of December 31,	As of June30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease cost	714	698
Short-term lease cost	7,821	929
Total	8,535	1,627

F-31

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Group’s leases as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 to the present value of its operating lease payments:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
2023	1,295	484
2024	804	792
Total undiscounted operating lease payments	2,099	1,276
Less: imputed interest	(64)	(32)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

6.Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Accounts receivable from real estate developers	1,023,787	969,550
Accounts receivable from individual customers	4,283	4,298
	1,028,070	973,848
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts	(557,073)	(593,312)
Accounts receivable, net	470,997	380,536

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Group pledged accounts receivable from real estate developers of RMB44,889 and nil as security for bank loans of RMB30,000 and nil respectively (see note 13).

The following table presents the movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	710,168	557,073
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(82,825)	36,439
Written-off	(70,270)	(200)
Balance at the end of the period	557,073	593,312

The provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was included in general and administrative expenses.

F-32

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

7.Prepayments and other assets, net

		As of December 31,	As of June 30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Loans receivable, net	(1)	25,988	9,442
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	(2)	66,978	26,398
Rental and other deposits, net	(3)	5,672	4,718
Other receivables		93,358	236,551
Prepayments and other assets, net		191,996	277,109

(1)    Loans receivable, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured loans	12,070	6,719
Unsecured loans	21,562	7,524
	33,632	14,243
Less: allowance for doubtful loans	(7,644)	(4,801)
Loans receivable, net	25,988	9,442

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, loans receivable are primarily personal loans made to home purchasers, home owners, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees. These loans have an original term from 30 days to 5 years and carry interest rates between 3.6%~20% per annum.

On December 25, 2017, the Group entered into a one-year arrangement with an independent third party trust, under which the Group would refer home owners on their platform to obtain personal loans from the trust. The Group is entitled to a loan facilitation fee ranging from 0.8% to 4% of the amounts of completed loan transactions. The personal loans are secured by the homeowners’ properties. The Group provided guarantee on the principal and interest repayment of the loans to the trust and committed to purchase all the unpaid loans principal and accrued interests due from the homeowners upon the end of the arrangement on December 25, 2018. On December 25, 2018, the Group purchased from the trust, pursuant to the arrangement, unpaid secured loans at a consideration of RMB21,424, determined based on the outstanding principal and interest payable by the homeowners. These loans have been recorded in secured loans receivable of RMB12,070 and RMB6,719 on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, with an allowance for doubtful loans of RMB5,347 and RMB3,268, respectively.

In June 2021, the Group lent aggregately RMB45,000 to certain real estate agent companies in Shenzhen, Suzhou and Shanghai at annual interest rate of 6.48% with repayment terms of 12 months. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group determined the remaining balance of the loans of RMB25,000 was not recoverable and full provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was made. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the remaining balance of the loans was fully collected and the Group reversed the previous provision of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB25,000.

F-33

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for doubtful loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	31,694	7,644
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(20,179)	1,737
Written-off	(3,871)	(4,580)
Balance at the end of the period	7,644	4,801

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on the Group’s loan loss history, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. The allowance is calculated at portfolio-level since the loans portfolio is typically of smaller balance homogenous loans and is collectively evaluated for impairment. In estimating the allowance of the loan portfolio, the Group also considers qualitative factors such as current economic conditions and/or events in specific industries and geographical areas, including unemployment levels, trends in real estate values, peer comparisons, and other pertinent factors such as regulatory guidance.

The following table sets forth the aging of loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
1-29 days past Due	3,000	—
30-89 days past Due	200	—
Over 180 days past Due	20,828	10,896
Total past Due	24,028	10,896
Current	9,604	3,347
Total loans	33,632	14,243

(2) Security deposits with real estate developers, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Security deposits with real estate developers under Exclusive Sales Contract
- Without Sales Commitment Arrangement	98,066	97,676
- With Sales Commitment Arrangement	40,085	—
	138,151	97,676
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(71,173)	(71,278)
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	66,978	26,398

The Group is required to advance certain deposits to obtain the exclusive selling right for a limited period of time under Exclusive Sales Contracts (see note 1). The balance of deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract with Sales Commitment Arrangement is related to a parking space sales project which was entered during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was settled during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

F-34

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

An allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB71,173 and RMB71,278 was made against the deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract without Sales Commitment Arrangement which were considered not recoverable during the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

(3) Rental and other deposits, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Rental and other deposits	9,656	8,702
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(3,984)	(3,984)
Rental and other deposits, net	5,672	4,718

An allowance of doubtful accounts of RMB3,984 was mainly recognized against rental and other deposits which were considered not recoverable as of December 31,2022 and June 30, 2023.

8. Property, equipment and software, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Buildings	2,594	3,752
Leasehold improvements	57,162	46,189
Furniture and office equipment	2,738	2,461
Motor vehicles	1,633	1,633
Software*	4,699	4,699
Total Property, equipment and software	68,826	58,734
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(58,147)	(55,011)
Impairment loss	(7,642)	—
Total Property, equipment and software, net	3,037	3,723

Depreciation and amortization expenses were RMB2,081 and RMB463 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Impairment loss represents the carrying amounts of property, equipment and software relating to the business of Shanghai Yuancui Information Technology Co., Ltd. ("Yuancui") which was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22).

*All of the software were purchased outside the Group and used internally by the Group.

9.Intangible assets, net

	As of December31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Non-competed agreements	6,740	6,740
Trademarks	1,070	1,070
Total intangible assets	7,810	7,810
Less: Accumulated amortization	(2,158)	(2,158)
Impairment loss	(5,652)	(5,652)
Total intangible assets, net	—	—

F-35

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the period ended December 31, 2020, the Group acquired intangible assets amounting to RMB 7,810 in connection with the acquisition of Yuancui, which were measured at fair value upon acquisition. The amortization expenses were nil and nil, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Yuancui business was ceased during the period ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22), and the intangible assets were fully impaired accordingly.

10.Goodwill, net

	Amount
	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2022	—
Additions	454
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454
Additions	—
Balance as of June 30, 2023	454

In October 2020, the Group acquired a 51% equity interest in Yuancui with total consideration of RMB30,000. The excess of total consideration over net assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill which amounted to RMB31,188 at the acquisition date (See note 22). The Group estimated the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities with the assistance of an independent valuation firm. Yuancui business was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22) and the related goodwill was fully impaired.

In March 2022, the Group acquired a 78% equity interest in Beijing Tuqiang Yunxia Technology Limited ("Tuqiang"). The excess of total consideration over net assets was recorded as goodwill which amounted to RMB454 at the acquisition date (See note 22).

11.Equity method investment, net

Balance as of January 1, 2022	257,122
Additions	33,154
Share of results	(2,020)
Return of capital	(19,547)
Impairment losses	(62,623)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	206,086
Share of results	441
Return of capital	(45,552)
Impairment losses	(11,779)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	149,196

During the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group made certain equity method investments. The Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but it has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices.

In connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, the Group invested into certain limited partnerships as a limited partner. The Group has determined that given the design of these limited partnerships, they are considered to be unconsolidated VIEs and the Group is not considered to be the primary beneficiary, as further described below.

F-36

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the limited partnerships were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider, details of which are disclosed in note 1. Under these arrangements, an initial deposit is required to be paid to the real estate developers prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The limited partnerships are designed such that the investors (including the Group) would make their respective initial equity capital payments based on the initial deposit requirements. The investors are committed to provide additional capital funding in several tranches based on a funding schedule prepared considering of the forecast sale plan and actual progress of properties sales throughout the exclusive sale period.

The Group has determined that the total equity investment at risk of these limited partnerships is limited to the capital injected in these limited partnerships and does not include the commitments of the partners to contribute additional equity as the funding commitments are not reported as equity in the balance sheet of the limited partnerships. Capital investments of the partners are the only source of funding of these limited partnerships. In addition, the amount of paid-up capital at inception is limited to the funding requirements for the initial stage of the project. The Group has determined that the limited partnerships are VIEs as their total equity investments at risk are not considered to be sufficient to permit the limited partnerships to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support.

To determine whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of these limited partnerships, the Group has evaluated whether it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships that could potentially be significant to these entities.

The Group determined that the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the limited partnerships include: (i) selecting real estate projects, (ii) negotiating the terms of sale commitment arrangement, (iii) monitoring the progress of property sales and (iv) for the limited partnerships under Non-Group Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, managing the disposal of unsold properties, if any, at the end of the sales period that the limited partnerships are required to purchase from the property developer.

Based on these activities that the Group considered to be most significant, the Group evaluated who has the power to direct them beginning with an assessment of the parties involved in the ownership and governance structure of these limited partnerships. In this regard, each of the limited partnerships is sponsored by an investor that is unrelated to the Group. The investments of the sponsoring investor in the limited partnerships are generally in the form of both limited partnership interest and general partnership interest, with these partnership interests being held by two or more of the sponsoring investor’s-controlled subsidiaries. Under the limited partnership agreement, the general partner can make key management decisions for the limited partnership. In addition, the Group does not have any kick-out right or the unilateral ability to exercise any substantive participating rights. Accordingly, the Group has determined that the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance rests with the general partner and the other limited partners that are all under the common control of the sponsoring investor.

The Group’s obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships are limited to its committed capital investments or its rights to receive sharing of profit from the limited partnerships based on its proportionate share of the capital contributions.

Based on the analysis above, as the Group does not have the power to direct the activities of limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance, the Group has concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of the limited partnerships established in connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements. The Group determined that it has significant influence over these limited partnerships and therefore has accounted for its investments under the equity method.

F-37

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group considers, as a limited partner, that its maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships are the maximum loss that could potentially be recorded through earnings in future periods as a result of its investments and other variable interests in the limited partnerships, regardless of the probability of the losses actually occurring. The Group’s maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are set out below, which represent the aggregated amounts of the carrying amounts of the investments in limited partnerships and the maximum amount of additional capital commitments as stipulated in the respective partnership deeds. The Group does not have any other obligation or commitment to provide any guarantee, loan or other financial support to the limited partnerships.

		Maximum
		amount of	Maximum
	Aggregated	additional	exposures to the
	carrying amount	capital	losses of the
	(before impairment loss)	commitment	limited
	of the limited partnerships	(Note 22(b))	partnerships
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454,803	300,019	754,822
Balance as of June 30, 2023	410,928	327,869	738,797

Impairment loss

In considering current property market conditions and the operating performance of the limited partnerships, the Group recognized other-than-temporary impairment loss of RMB62,623 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Yunde Investment Limited Partnership (“Yunde”) and Ningbo Meishan Muju Investment Limited Partnership (“Muju”) during the year ended December 31, 2022 and of RMB11,779 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Jiuchuan Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuchuan”), Ningbo Meishan Jiushi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushi”)and Ningbo Meishan Jiuzhen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuzhen”) during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Disposal

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Ningbo Meishan Deyu Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyu”) and Ningbo Meishan Jiuyi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuyi”) withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22). Deyu was cancelled in September, 2022.

F-38

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following equity method investees were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider or other transactions, details of which are disclosed in note 1. The Group’s effective interests to the limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as below:

	As of
	December 31,		As of June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the limited partnerships
Shanghai Gefei Chengyun Investment Center Limited Partnership (“Gefei Chengyun”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Jiushen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushen”)	12	%	12	%
Tibet Shiguan Business Management Limited Partnership (“Shiguan”)	27.6	%	—	***
Jiuchuan	10	%	10	%
Ningbo Meishan Decheng Investment Limited Partnership (“Decheng”)	2	%	—	***
Yiwu Longshu Tianye Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshutianye”)	26	%	26	%
Yiwu Longshu Qianli Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshuqianli”)	16	%	—	***
Jiuyi	—	*	—	*
Jiuzhen	20	%	20	%
Yunde	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Deyan Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyan”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Detong Investment Limited Partnership (“Detong”)	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Derong Investment Limited Partnership (“Derong”)	37	%	37	%
Jiushi	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Qixing Management Limited Partnership (“Qixing”)	15.7	%	15.7	%
Shanghai Ruokun Management Limited Partnership (“Ruokun”)	20	%	—	***
Deyu	—	*	—	*
Hangzhou Honggeng Investment Limited Partnership (“Honggeng”)	20	%	—	***
Shenzhen Jiaxinda No.3 Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiaxinda”)	10	%	10	%
Shanghai Fangjin Management Limited Partnership (“Fangjin”)	49	%	—	***
Muju	30	%	30	%
Name of other equity method investees
Shenzhen Chenji Zhaozhao Technology Co., Ltd(“Chenji Zhaozhao”)	30	%**	—	***
Shanghai Tinghaozhu Space Design Co., Ltd(“Tinghaozhu Space”)	40	%**	40	%**

*During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi. Therefore, Deyu and Jiuyi become consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22).

**During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group invested the Chenji Zhaozhao and Tinghaozhu Space, both of which the Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices accounting for 30% and 40% of their total equity, respectively.

***During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group fully disposed its equity interests in the Shiguan, Decheng, Longshuqianli, Ruokun, Honggeng, Fangjin and Chenji Zhaozhao through company cancellation or share transference.

F-39

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group made additional investments into these limited partnerships and received return of capital from these limited partnerships, details of which are summarized below:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the	Capital	Return of	Capital	Return of
limited partnerships	Investments	capital	Investments	capital
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Jiushen	6,350	(18,500)	—	(9,850)
Longshutianye	—	—	—	(663)
Jiuzhen	—	(414)	—	—
Deyan	—	—	—	(200)
Derong	—	(1)	—	—
Jiushi	—	—	—	(32,650)
Fangjin	—	(234)	—	—
Muju	23,814	(398)	—	—
Name of other equity method investees
Chenji Zhaozhao	2,190	—	—	(2,190)
Tinghaozhu Space	800	—	—	—
Total	33,154	(19,547)	—	(45,553)

Summary of combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 are presented below:

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance sheet data:
Current assets	854,415	606,804
Non-current assets	171,618	76,240
Total assets	1,026,033	683,044
Current liabilities	226,849	145,718
Total liabilities	226,849	145,718
Equity	799,184	537,326
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	1,026,033	683,044

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating data:
Revenue	842	10
Operating loss	(3,033)	(1,062)
Net loss	(2,742)	(895)

F-40

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

12.Long-term equity investment, net

In accordance with the Capital Injection and Share Transfer Agreement entered between the Group, Chengdu Haofangtong Technology Corporation Limited (“Haofangtong”) and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong dated July 7, 2018, the Group agreed to acquire 26% equity interests of Haofangtong by (1) subscribing 4,029,543 newly issued shares (the “New Share Issuing”), which represents 7% equity interests of Haofangtong, with a consideration of RMB56,000 (2) an option to purchase 10,937,339 shares, representing 19% equity interests of Haofangtong after New Share Issuing, from the existing shareholders for RMB32,000 if Haofangtong and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong fulfill certain conditions under the agreement. Haofangtong’s principle activities are the development and sales of Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system for real estate agents.

On September 5, 2018, the Group completed the transaction of subscripting 4,029,543 newly issued shares of Haofangtong. Management has determined that the consideration paid of RMB56,000 represents the cost of (i) 7% equity interests of Haofangtong and (ii) a purchase option in respect of an additional 19% equity interests of Haofangtong from the existing shareholders for RMB32,000. The total consideration paid is allocated to the 7% equity interest and the purchase option, based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

The Group has determined that it does not have significant influence in Haofangtong and that there is no readily determinable fair value of Haofangtong’s shares. The investments in the 7% equity interests and the purchase option on additional equity interests are measured at their respective allocated costs, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes.

In December 2019, the Group determined that the decline in the fair value of the equity investments in Haofangtong, including the purchase option of additional equity interests, was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB16,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2019. The fair value is based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

No impairment or adjustment for observable price changes on such investments was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020.

In December 2021, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB26,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2021, with the estimated fair value determined by management based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

In December 2022, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB8,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

In June 2023, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB3,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended June 30, 2023, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

13.Short-term bank borrowings

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured bank loans	72,500	—
Short-term borrowing	72,500	—

F-41

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The weighted average interest rates of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are 6.6% and 4.8%, respectively. The details of security and guarantee of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as below.

In July 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50%. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi (see note 23) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 24). In December 2021, the Group repaid RMB15,400 among the loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank borrowed in 2021. In July 2022, the Group fully repaid the remaining balance of a one-year loan of RMB100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank of RMB84,600.

In September 2022, the Group borrowed a 11-month loan of RMB42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50%. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi (see note 24) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 24). The loan of RMB42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank was fully repaid in January, 2023.

In March 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB50,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 4.35%. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB84,333 as of December 31, 2021. The loan of RMB50,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in March 2022.

In August 2022, the Group borrowed a 6-month loan of RMB30,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 3.80%. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB44,889 as of December 31, 2022. The loan of RMB30,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in February, 2023.

In June 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB180 from Bank of Nanjing, at annual interest rate of 5.00%. The loan of RMB180 from Bank of Nanjing was fully repaid in June 2022.

The loan agreements with Bank of China, Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank and Bank of Nanjing contain certain financial and non-financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Group was in compliance with the relevant covenants.

14.Customers’ refundable fees

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year/period	30,997	30,747
Cash received from customers	42,298	5,467
Cash refunded to customers	(46,554)	(6,235)
Revenue recognized	4,006	1,538
Balance at the end of the year/period	30,747	31,517

Customers’ refundable fees represent the commission income received in advance (see note 2(v)).

F-42

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

15.Accrued expenses and other payables

		As of
		December	As of June
		31,	30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Accrual for salary and bonus		6,426	5,238
Other taxes and surcharge payable		24,081	24,977
Down payments collected on behalf of secondary property sellers	(1)	—	—
Amounts due to franchisees	(2)	218	218
Professional service fee		982	838
Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements	(3)	41,444	40,973
Accrued expenses		10,406	2,479
Receipt in advance		12,551	9,696
Others		85,032	35,833
Accrued expenses and other payables		181,140	120,252

(1) These amounts were held on behalf of home purchasers in respect of their down payments made for secondary property transactions for which legal title transfer from property sellers had not yet been completed.

(2) The Group entered into franchise agreements with certain real estate agency companies which are granted with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources. These amounts as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 represent the commission received on behalf of the real estate agency companies and guarantee deposits.

(3) The amount represents funds provided by third parties under Collaborative Agreements (see note 1) for the parking space sales projects.

16.Taxation

a)    Income tax

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary is subject to Hong Kong profits tax at the rate of 16.5% on its taxable income generated from the operations in Hong Kong. A two-tiered Profits Tax rates regime was introduced since year 2018 where the first HK$2,000 of assessable profits earned by a company will be taxed at half the current tax rate (8.25%) whilst the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at 16.5%. There is an anti-fragmentation measure where each group will have to nominate only one company in the group to benefit from the progressive rates. Payments of dividends by the subsidiary to the Company is not subject to withholding tax in Hong Kong.

F-43

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

PRC

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”) in the PRC, domestic companies are subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25%.  The Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries are subject to the statutory income tax rate at 25% unless otherwise specified. On October 31, 2017, Shenzhen Fangdd obtained a certificate from the Guangdong provincial government for a High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) qualification and the certificate was renewed on December 11, 2020. This renewed certificate entitled Shenzhen Fangdd to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 15% for a period of three years from 2020 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant year.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China with a “place of effective management” within China is considered a China resident enterprise for Chinese enterprise income tax purposes. A China resident enterprise is generally subject to certain Chinese tax reporting obligations and a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. The implementation rules to the New EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities are considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that the legal entities organized outside the PRC should be treated as residents for 2008 EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC are deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income tax at a rate of 25%. Dividends paid to non-PRC-resident corporate investor from profits earned by the PRC subsidiaries after January 1, 2008 would be subject to a withholding tax. The EIT law and its relevant regulations impose a withholding tax at 10%, unless reduced by a tax treaty or agreement, for dividends distributed by a PRC-resident enterprise to its non-PRC-resident corporate investor for earnings generated beginning on January 1, 2008. As at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, there was no retained earnings from consolidated level of all the foreign subsidiaries. And thus, the Company has not provided for deferred tax liabilities on undistributed earnings.

Loss before provision for income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cayman	(140,369)	(3,271)
Hong Kong SAR	(1,911)	(952)
BVI	—	—
PRC, excluding Hong Kong SAR	(44,346)	10,675
	(186,626)	6,452

Income tax (expense) benefit consists of the following:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Current income tax expense (benefit)	5,474	(2,909)
	5,474	(2,909)

F-44

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The actual income tax expense reported in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for each of six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% to loss before income taxes due to the following:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(Loss) profit before tax	(186,626)	6,452
Income tax computed at PRC statutory tax rate	(46,657)	1,613
Effect of preferential tax rate*	(1,815)	—
Tax rate differential not subject to PRC income tax	35,255	899
Non-deductible expense	12,200	(2,176)
Change in valuation allowance	4,484	896
Additional deduction for research and development expenses	(625)	(466)
Tax-exempted income	92	—
Late payment surcharge on uncertain tax position	1,149	(3,712)
Others	1,391	37
	5,474	(2,909)

* Shenzhen Fangdd enjoys a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2014 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant years. Please refer to Note 15 – a) PRC section for details.

b)    Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as follows:

	As of	As of
	December 31,	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net operating loss carry forward	103,285	90,576
Allowance for doubtful accounts	172,898	180,992
Payroll and accrued expenses	4,157	4,157
Deductible advertisement expenses	1,024	3,134
Long-term equity investment impairment	74,988	80,159
Intangible assets*	28,031	26,260
Gross deferred tax assets	384,382	385,278
Less: Valuation allowance	(384,382)	(385,278)
Net deferred tax assets	—	—

* In December 2020, Shenzhen Fangdd transferred certain internal developed software to another subsidiary of the Group at a consideration of RMB141.5 million which resulted a difference between the financial statement carrying amounts of the intangible asset and the respective tax base.

F-45

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The movements of the valuation allowance are as follows:

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	(324,682)	(384,382)
Changes of valuation allowances	(59,700)	(896)
Balance at the end of the period	(384,382)	(385,278)

As of June 30,2023, the valuation allowance of RMB385,278 was related to the deferred income tax asset of subsidiaries of the Company. These entities were in a cumulative loss position, which is a significant negative indicator to overcome that sufficient income will be generated over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible or utilized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible or utilized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The net operating losses carry forwards of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries amounted to RMB354,436 as of June 30, 2023, of which RMB31,483, RMB22,229, RMB47,116, RMB148,871 and RMB84,783 and RMB19,954 will expire if unused by December 31, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Beginning balance	(28,575)	(30,772)
Additions	(2,197)	(909)
Ending balance	(30,772)	(31,681)

RMB30,772 and RMB31,681 of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are related to uncertainty with regards to the deductibility of certain business expenses incurred as well as recognition of certain income for tax purpose. Those, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 were included in other non-current liabilities. The Group is currently unable to provide an estimate of a range of total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that is reasonably possible to change significantly within the next twelve months. The accrued interest and penalties were recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as components of income tax expense.

According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years for tax underpayment due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB100. In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitations is 10 years. There is no statute of limitations for tax evasions.

F-46

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

17.Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

All of the Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares immediately upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares consist of the following:

	Series A-2	Series B	Series C
	Preferred	Preferred	Preferred
	Shares	Shares	Shares	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019	102,743	446,889	2,193,512	2,743,144
Redemption value accretion	3,041	15,642	97,625	116,308
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,747	11,870	59,017	73,634
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(108,531)	(474,401)	(2,350,154)	(2,933,086)
Balance as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and June 30, 2023	—	—	—	—

Since the date of incorporation, the Company has completed four rounds of financing by issuing preferred shares, namely, Series A-1 and A-2 preferred shares issued in 2013 (the Series A-1 preferred shares and Series A-2 preferred shares are collectively referred as “Series A preferred shares”), Series B preferred shares issued in 2014, and Series C preferred shares issued in 2015. Series A-1 preferred shares are non-redeemable convertible preferred shares while the other series preferred shares are redeemable and convertible.

On October 25, 2013, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series A Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 259,257,900 shares of Series A preferred shares, of which 111,110,000 series A-1 preferred shares were issued at par value and 148,147,900 series A-2 preferred shares were issued at a price of US$0.07 per share with total consideration of US$9,830 (equivalent to approximately RMB58,980) (see note 17 for the detail of Series A-1 preferred shares). The issuance of the Series A preferred shares was completed in 2013.

On June 12, 2014, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series B Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 177,834,496 shares of Series B preferred shares at a price of US$0.25 per share with total consideration of US$45,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB276,764). The issuance of the Series B preferred shares was completed in 2014.

On June 30, 2015, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series C Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 286,959,017 shares of Series C preferred shares at a price of US$0.78 per share with total consideration of US$223,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB1,364,046). The issuance of the Series C preferred shares was completed in 2015. Pursuant to the agreement with Series C Investor, the Company repurchased on 29,596,670 ordinary shares with consideration of US$23,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB140,612), and 9,007,682 Series A-1 preferred shares with consideration of US$7,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB42,000).

On October 8, 2019, the Company granted an option to acquire 172,908,894 Class A ordinary shares at par value to its Series C preferred shareholder, Greyhound Investment Ltd., in exchange for, among other things, the shareholder’s consent to amend the qualified IPO definition in the Company’s shareholders’ agreement and articles of association to authorize the offering the Company then contemplated. The option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. is exercisable on the earlier of (i) 61 calendar days after the completion of the offering, and (ii) February 14, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the fair value of the option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. on October 8, 2019 of RMB642,174 was recorded as a deemed dividend. Greyhound Investment Ltd. exercised the option on January 7, 2020.

F-47

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Company had classified the Series A-2 Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for periods prior to their conversion to Class A ordinary shares on November 1, 2019 as they were contingently redeemable at the option of the holders after a specified time period.

The Company has determined that conversion and redemption features embedded in the Redeemable Preferred Shares are not required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a derivative, as the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded conversion and redemption features are clearly and closely related to that of the Preferred Shares. The Preferred Shares are not readily convertible into cash as there is not a market mechanism in place for trading of the Company’s shares.

The Company has determined that there was no beneficial conversion feature attributable to any of the Preferred Shares because the initial effective conversion prices of these Preferred Shares were higher than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares at the relevant commitment dates.

In addition, the carrying values of the Preferred Shares are accreted from the share issuance dates to the redemption value on the earliest redemption dates. The accretions are recorded against retained earnings, or in the absence of retained earnings, additional charges are recorded by increasing the accumulated deficit.

The rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are as follows:

Redemption Rights

At any time on or after June 12, 2019 if there is no Qualified Initial Public Offering (‘‘Qualified IPO’’), each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

At any time after the earlier of (a) the fifth anniversary of the commitment date of the series C preferred shares purchase agreement (“Closing Date”) (if there is no Qualified IPO) or (b) any redemption initiated by the holders of Series A-2 Shares or Series B Shares pursuant to above, each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series C Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

The price at which each Preferred Share shall be redeemed equal to 150% of its Original Issue Price, plus any dividend which have been declared (but which remain unpaid) in respect of the Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share split, share dividends, combination, recapitalizations and similar events with respect to each series.

The Company accretes changes in the redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date of the Preferred Shares using effective interest method. Changes in the redemption value are considered to be changes in accounting estimates.

Conversion Rights

Each Preferred Share is convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time after the date of issuance of such Preferred Shares according to a conversion ratio, subject to adjustments for dilution, including but not limited to stock splits, stock dividends and capitalization and certain other events. Each Preferred Share is convertible into a number of ordinary shares determined by dividing the applicable original issuance price by the conversion price. The conversion price of each Preferred Share is the same as its original issuance price and no adjustments to conversion price have occurred. At December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, each Preferred Share is convertible into one ordinary share.

F-48

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Each Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into ordinary shares, at the then applicable preferred share conversion price upon (i) closing of a Qualified Initial Public Offering (‘‘Qualified IPO’’) or (ii) each Series B Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into Ordinary Shares upon the affirmative written consent of the holders of 75% or more of then outstanding Series B Preferred Shares.

Voting Rights

Each Preferred Share shall be entitled to that number of votes corresponding to the number of ordinary shares on an as-converted basis. Preferred Shares shall vote together with the holders of Ordinary Shares, and not as a separate class or series with respect to certain specified matters. Otherwise, the holders of Preferred Shares and ordinary shares shall vote together as a single class.

Dividend Rights

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and the Series B Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series C Preferred Share calculated on an as-converted basis.

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares and Series A Preferred Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series B Preferred Share (calculated on an as-converted basis).

Liquidation Preferences

In the event of any liquidation including deemed liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of the Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive a per share amount equal to 150% of the original preferred share issue price of the respective series of Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share dividends, share splits, combinations, recapitalizations or similar events, plus all accrued and declared but unpaid dividends thereon, in the sequence of Series C Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares, Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series A-1 Preferred Shares. After such liquidation amounts have been paid in full, any remaining funds or assets of the Company legally available for distribution to shareholders shall be distributed on a pro rata, pari passu basis among the holders of the Preferred Shares, on an as-converted basis, together with the holders of the ordinary shares.

The modifications of the rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are not considered substantial, and are thus accounted for as a modification rather than an extinguishment of the Preferred Shares. Where there is a transfer of value between ordinary shareholders and Preferred Shares holders as a result of such modifications, the transfer of value is accounted for as deemed dividends, recorded as additions/reductions in accumulated deficit and reductions/additions in the Preferred Shares carrying amounts.

18.Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Ordinary shares

Upon incorporation in 2013, the Company’s authorized ordinary shares were 2,000,000,000 shares with a par value of US$0.0000001 each and issued 975,308,700 ordinary shares at par value. The number of authorized ordinary shares was increased from 2,000,000,000 to 2,275,948,587 as of December 31, 2018 after the issuance of Series A-1, A-2, B and C Preferred Shares.

F-49

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Immediately prior to the completion of Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019, its authorized share capital was changed to US$500 divided into 5,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 3,380,061,942 Class A ordinary shares, (ii) 619,938,058 Class B Ordinary Shares of a par value, and (iii) 1,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. 619,938,058 ordinary shares beneficially owned by the Company’s founders, Yi Duan, Xi Zeng and Jiancheng Li were re-designated into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis and remaining 325,773,972 ordinary shares were re-designated into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. All outstanding preferred shares were converted into 715,043,731 Class A ordinary shares.

Upon the completion of Company’s initial public offering and exercise of the overallotment options, the Company issued 150,000,000 and 12,504,475 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$0.52 per Class A ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$71,596 (equivalent to approximately RMB498,436).

On October 14, 2022, the Company’s authorized share capital was changed to US$5,000 divided into 50,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 30,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of a par value, (ii) 10,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of a par value, and (iii) 10,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Upon the completion of the Company’s the offering on December 8, 2022, the Company issued 375,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$0.0017 per Class A ordinary share and 75,000 Class C ordinary shares at price of US$0.0036 per Class C ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$450 (equivalent to approximately RMB3,136).

On February 21, 2023, 129,519,698 Class A ordinary shares were issued to Mr. Jiancheng Li upon the conversion of the same number of Class B ordinary shares held by him on February 21, 2023.

On March 3, 2023, the company additionally offered and issued 120,811,500 Class A ordinary shares at an offering price of US$0.0017 per Class A ordinary share. The total net proceeds received were US$23 (equivalent to approximately RMB158).

On February 10, 2023, the Company received a convertible promissory note payment of US$21 million, under which the Company would sell and issue a convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$21 million to an investor through private placement. The Note will mature in six months following the issuance, bearing interest at the rate of 8% per annum which shall be payable on the maturity date. At any time after the issuance and before the maturity date, the Note is convertible, in whole but not in part, into class A ordinary shares of the Company at the option of the holder thereof at a price equal to 64% of the higher of the following (adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio): (i) the average closing price of the Company’s American depositary shares (the “ADSs”) for the last 5 days preceding the date of the conversion notice and (ii) US$0.47. Each ADS currently represents 375 Class A Ordinary Shares. To maintain a stable corporate structure following the potential conversion of the Note, the Company had simultaneously entered into a share subscription agreement, under which the Company has agreed to sell and issue up to 7,875,000 class C ordinary shares of the Company with the same rights, privileges and restrictions approved by the board of directors on November 29, 2022 to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company, if the Company receives a conversion notice from the Note holder. The per share purchase price would be calculated based on the average closing price of the Company’s ADSs for the 30 trading days prior to the closing notice date and adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio.

On March 9, 2023, the Company entered into a note conversion agreement with the holder of the convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$21 million. Pursuant to the Note Conversion Agreement, the Noteholder has converted the outstanding balance of the Note into an aggregate of 18,750,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company at an amended conversion price of US$0.00112 per share. Concurrently with the conversion of the Note, the Company has issued 5,625,000 Class C ordinary shares of the Company, at a purchase price of US$0.00271 per share, to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company.

F-50

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, the holders of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share, the holders of Class C ordinary shares is entitled to 10,000 votes per share, while the holders of Class A ordinary shares entitle to one vote per share. Each Class B and each Class C ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B or Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Series A-1 Preferred Shares are not redeemable and are convertible to Ordinary Shares at a 1-to-1 initial conversion ratio at the option of the holder at any time after the date of issuance. The liquidation preference of Series A-1 Preferred Shares is preferable to Ordinary Shares but subordinated to redeemable convertible preferred shares as disclosed in Note 16.

On November 1, 2019, all Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares upon the Company’s completion of IPO.

19.Share-Based Compensation

On December 21, 2018, the Group adopted the 2018 Share Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”).

Under the 2018 Plan, the Board of Directors has approved that a maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards granted under the 2018 Plan shall be 260,454,163 shares.

All stock options granted under the 2018 Plan are not exercisable until the consummation of the Group’s IPO and certain of the option granted to employees are required to render service to the Group in accordance with a stipulated service schedule under which an employee earns an entitlement to vest in 30% of his option grants at the end of each of the first two years and 40% at the end of the third year of completed service.

Prior to the completion of the IPO, the stock options granted to the employees and directors shall be forfeited upon the termination of employment of the employees and directors.

Options granted under the 2018 Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2021, grantees are entitled to vest the option at the end of the first year of completed service.

F-51

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following table sets forth the stock options activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022

			Weighted
		Weighted	average	Weighted
		average	remaining	average
	Number of	exercise	contractual	grant date
	shares	price	term	fair value
		US$		US$
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022	130,156,288	0.0000001	4.02	0.44
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	—	—	—	—
-Forfeited	(6,523,225)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022	123,633,063	0.0000001	3.51	0.45
Exercisable as of June 30, 2022	38,489,988	0.0000001	1.58	1.33
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	74,131,026	0.0000001	2.69	0.59
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	(5,393,650)	0.0000001	—	—
-Forfeited	(1,392,250)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	67,345,126	0.0000001	2.30	0.54
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023	67,065,601	0.0000001	2.30	0.54

Options granted to Grantees were measured at fair value on the dates of grant using the Binomial Option Pricing Model with the following assumptions:

	2019		2021
Expected volatility	60	%	48.56	%
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)	2.8	%	1.25	%
Exercise multiple	2.2		2.2
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Contractual term (in years)	5		5

The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical volatility of the Company and comparable peer public companies with a time horizon close to the expected term of the Group’s options. The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of U.S. treasury bonds denominated in US$ for a term consistent with the expected term of the Group’s options in effect at the option valuation date. The exercise multiple is estimated as the ratio of fair value of underlying shares over the exercise price as of the time the option is exercised, based on a consideration of empirical studies on the actual exercise behavior of employees. The expected dividend yield is zero as the Group has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its shares, and the Group does not anticipate any dividend payments in the foreseeable future. The expected term is the contract life of the option.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized RMB 9,207 and RMB82 share-based compensation expenses relating to the 2018 Plan.

On April 28, 2020, the Group and all Grantees entered into certain agreements pursuant to which Grantees agreed not to exercise any stock option, in whole or in part, for a 12-month period commencing from April 28, 2020. There were no other changes to the terms of the relevant stock option grants. The Group determined that the agreements between the Group and the Grantees constitutes a modification to the terms of the option grants with no incremental fair value for the underlying awards. Accordingly, there was no impact on the total compensation cost or the pattern for which the relevant compensation charges are recognized.

As of June 30, 2023, RMB37 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested share options is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.93 years.

F-52

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

20.Revenue information

Revenue consists of the following:

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Base commission from transactions	117,080	143,563
Innovation initiatives and other value-added services	27,754	9,925
	144,834	153,488

As the Group generates substantially all of its revenues from customers domiciled in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. All of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC.

Innovation initiatives and other value-added services primarily consists of sales incentive income, franchise income, financial services income, loan facilitation services, parking space transaction services, income from software as a service (“SaaS”) platform participants and revenue from other value-added services rendered to the Registered Agents and market participants.

21.(Loss) income per share

The following table sets forth the basic and diluted net loss per share computation and provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator for the periods presented:

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,745)	97
Numerator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	(196,845)	9,458
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Denominator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Net (loss) income per ordinary share
—Basic and diluted	(0.10)	0.001

The potentially dilutive securities that have not been included in the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive or immaterial to the net (loss) income per share are as follows:

	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
Share options to employees	123,633,063	67,345,126
Total	123,633,063	67,345,126

F-53

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

22.Business combination

Acquisition of Yuancui

Yuancui mainly engages in the provision of comprehensive operational solution for real estate agencies including application software to manage their businesses, brand authorization and operation training to real estate agencies. On October 30, 2020, the Group completed the subscription for newly issued ordinary shares of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB20,000 and acquired equity interest from the shareholders of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB10,000. Upon the completion of the transactions, the Group held 51% equity interest in Yuancui and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group.

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (i)	16,408
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets (note 9)
-Non-competed agreements	6,740
-Trademarks	1,070
Goodwill	31,188
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,953)
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	(23,453)
Total	30,000

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash consideration from RMB20,000 from subscription of new shares.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Yuancui derived by the purchase consideration, adjusted for a discount for control premium.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Yuancui and the Group, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Group did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In June 2021, the Group injected further cash capital of RMB8,563 and the Group’s equity interest in Yuancui increased to 70.0%.

In considering property market conditions and the operating performance of Yuancui, the Group ceased all businesses of Yuancui during 2021 and the goodwill recognized from the acquisition was fully impaired.

Acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi

The Group invested in Jiuyi and Deyu as a limited partner during 2018 and 2019, respectively, in connection with certain properties sales projects under the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Deyu and Jiuyi withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group.

F-54

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi that constitute business combinations are summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (Note)	58,578

Note: Net assets acquired primarily included cash and deposits with real estate developers.

In relation to the revaluation of previously held interests, no material gain or loss was recognized by the Group recognized in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated income statements for the six months ended June 30, 2022, for the other acquisitions that constitute business combinations.

Acquisition of Tuqiang

Tuqiang mainly engages in the provision of internet information services for real estate developers and agencies. On March 31, 2022, the Group completed the acquirement 78% equity interest in Tuqiang. Upon the completion of the transactions, the Group held 78% equity interest in Tuqiang and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group.

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired(i)	(968)
Goodwill	454
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	114
Total	(400)

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash, accounts receivables from real estate developers and accrued expenses undertaken.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Tuqiang derived by the purchase consideration.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Tuqiang and the Group, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Group did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

23.Commitments and Contingencies

Capital commitment

As a limited partner of those equity method investees disclosed in note 11, the Group is committed to make further capital injection into the limited partnership in accordance with the respective partnership deeds. Such capital investment commitment amounted to RMB300,019 and RMB327,869 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

F-55

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

24.Related Party Balance and Transactions

	For the six months ended
	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Transactions with related parties
(1) Base commission income and Sales incentive income shared with related parties under Self-Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Ningbo Meishan Jiufeng Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiufeng”)	23	—
Jiuzhen	4,022	—
Shanghai Chongkai Enterprise Management (LLP) (“Chongkai”)	59	—
Muju	566	286
	4,670	286

	For the six months
	ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Other income shared with related parties
Chenji Zhaozhao	—	100
	—	100
	4,670	386

Under the respective Non-Group Commitment Agreements, the equity method investees above are parties under tri-party agreements pursuant to which they directly advanced the deposits to the real estate developers for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, these related parties entered an Exclusive Sales Contracts which is required to directly advance deposit to the real estate developers while neither the Group nor these related parties is required to purchase any unsold unit of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period.

F-56

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group borrowed bank loan secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai Culture & Media Co., Ltd.(“ Suzhou Chaxiaobai”). The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 13). The loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank was fully repaid in January, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Amounts due to related parties
(1) Payables for income shared under Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Gefei Chengyun	10,759	10,759
Jiufeng	242	242
Jiuchuan	9,403	9,403
Longshutianye	10,140	10,140
Yunde	9,383	9,383
Detong	3,274	3,274
Qixing	964	—
Jiushi	65	65
	44,230	43,266

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Payables for Base Commission Income shared with related parties under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Derong	9,733	9,733
Jiushen	29	29
Jiufeng	495	495
	10,257	10,257
(3) Other payables
Jiushen	790	790
Jiuzhen	3,981	3,981
Chongkai	3,689	3,689
Jiufeng	149	149
Muju	5,561	5,847
Chenji Zhaozhao	191	—
	14,361	14,456
Total	68,848	67,979

Jiuchuan, Decheng, Longshutianye, Longshuqianli, Yunde, Gefei chengyun, Jiushen, Detong, Derong, Qixing, Jiuzhen, Deyan, Jiushi and Muju are equity method investees of the Group.

Jiusheng and Jiufeng are subsidiaries of Jiushen.

Chongkai is a company owned by two of the founders and certain management of the Group.

F-57

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

25.Parent only financial information

The following condensed parent company financial information of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of June 30, 2023, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long-term obligations, mandatory dividend or redemption requirements of redeemable shares or guarantees of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., except for those, which have been separately disclosed in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(a)    Condensed Balance Sheets

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Assets
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	22,710	25,364
Total current asset	22,710	25,364
Non-current asset
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total non-current asset	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total assets	1,556,647	1,852,968
Liabilities
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,225	25,792
Total current liability	27,225	25,792
Total liabilities	27,225	25,792
Equity
Class A ordinary shares	1	14
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631	5,197,029
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(393,841)	(392,574)
Accumulated deficit	(3,128,369)	(2,977,293)
Total equity	1,529,422	1,827,176
Total liabilities and equity	1,556,647	1,852,968

F-58

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(b)    Condensed Statements of Results of Operations

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
General and administrative expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Total operating expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Loss from operations	(150,286)	(5,188)
Equity (loss) income of subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	(110,690)	20,474
Other income:
Interest income, net	1,297	—
Other income, net	8,620	1,710
(Loss) income before income tax	(251,059)	16,996
Income tax expense	—	—
Net (loss) income	(251,059)	16,996
Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares	—	—
Deemed dividend to preferred shareholder	—	—
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	(251,059)	16,996

(c)    Condensed statements of cash flows

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net cash used in operating activities	2,155	(143,941)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	—	—
Investment in short-term investments	(162,180)	—
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments	18,153	—
Net cash used in investing activities	(144,027)	—
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—	264
Proceeds from issuance of issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuance costs	—	145,064
Net cash provided by financing activities	—	145,328
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	9,159	1,267
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(132,713)	2,654
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	162,974	22,710
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	30,261	25,364

26.Subsequent events

The Group evaluated its subsequent events through September 29, 2023, the date on which these financial statements were issued. Expect for the below transaction, there is no material events or transactions needing recognition or disclosure found.

F-59

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

On July 17, 2023, the Company offered to certain investors (i) an aggregate of 11,428,565 American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., each representing 375 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0000001 per share, at a price of US$0.70 per ADS, (ii) certain regular warrants, or the Regular Warrants, to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,428,565 ADSs, and (iii) certain reset warrants, or the Reset Warrants, that permit cashless exercise of up to an aggregate of 28,571,413 ADSs. The Regular Warrants and the Reset Warrants are collectively referred to as Warrants in the prospectus supplement announced. Such securities are being issued pursuant to the prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus, and that certain securities purchase agreement, dated July 17, 2023, by and between us and the investors. This prospectus supplement also covers the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Warrants.

Warrants are offered together with the ADSs to each investor. Each Regular Warrant will be immediately exercisable upon issuance and remain exercisable within five years for ADSs at an exercise price of US$0.77, which is subject to downward adjustment pursuant to the terms thereof following the 45th trading day after the date of this prospectus supplement, or the Measurement Date (such 45 trading day period is referred to as the Measurement Period). Each Reset Warrant permits cashless exercise on the end of the 45-day Measurement Period into a number of ADSs equal to the difference between (i) the quotient obtained by dividing (a) an investor’s subscription amount by (b) the greater of (A) the average of the five lowest volume-weighted average prices, or VWAPs, of the ADSs during the Measurement Period and (B) $0.20, and (ii) the number of ADSs issued to such investor at the closing and if applicable, on the 15th and 30th trading days during the Measurement Period. The Reset Warrants may also be exercisable at an exercise price of US$0.77 within six months after issuance.

On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into a share subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD (the “Subscriber”), a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors (the “Board”) and the chief executive officer of the Company. Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Company issued 1,371,427 newly created Class C ordinary shares of par value US$0.0000001 each (the “Class C Ordinary Shares”) to the Subscriber, at a per share price of US$0.0022. Each American depositary share (the “ADS”) represents 375 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0000001 each, of the Company. The Class C Ordinary Shares have the same rights, privileges and restrictions approved by the Board on November 29, 2022. The Company issued the additional Class C Ordinary Shares to the Subscriber for the purpose of maintaining a stable corporate structure following the closing of the Company’s US$8.0 million registered direct offering that was announced on July 17, 2023.

On July 24, 2023, the Company changed the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing three hundred and seventy-five (375) Class A ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing five thousand six hundred and twenty-five (5,625) Class A ordinary shares. For the ADS holders, the change in the ADS ratio will have the same effect as a one-for-fifteen reverse ADS split. There will be no change to the Company’s Class A ordinary shares. The effect of the ratio change on the ADS trading price on Nasdaq take place at the open of trading on August 4, 2023 (U.S. Eastern Time).

F-60

XML

Document and Entity Information	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	6-K
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Registrant Name	Fangdd Network Group Ltd.
Entity Central Index Key	0001750593
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023

XML

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	¥ 130,735	$ 18,029	¥ 143,934
Restricted cash	13,782	1,901	38,811
Short-term investments			2,000
Accounts receivable, net	380,536	52,478	470,997
Prepayments and other assets, net	277,109	38,214	191,996
Inventories	12,650	1,745	11,157
Total current assets	814,812	112,367	858,895
Non-current assets
Property, equipment and software, net	3,723	513	3,037
Equity method investments, net	149,196	20,575	206,086
Long-term equity investment, net	3,000	414	6,000
Goodwill, net	454	63	454
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,362	188	2,207
Total non-current assets	157,735	21,753	217,784
Total assets	972,547	134,120	1,076,679
Current liabilities
Short-term bank borrowings (including short-term bank borrowings of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB72,500 and nil as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)			72,500
Accounts payable (including accounts payable of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB638,295 and RMB514,564 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	534,823	73,755	659,215
Customers' refundable fees (including customers' refundable fees of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB30,747 and RMB31,517 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	31,517	4,346	30,747
Accrued expenses and other payables (including accrued expenses and other payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB145,088 and RMB86,989 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	120,252	16,584	181,140
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB2,468 and RMB463 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	1,021	141	4,876
Operating lease liabilities-current (including operating lease liabilities-current of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB1,096 and RMB465 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	465	64	1,243
Total current liabilities	688,078	94,890	949,721
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB27,429 and RMB27,669 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	31,681	4,369	30,772
Operating lease liabilities (including operating lease liabilities of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB791 and RMB779 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Note 1)	779	107	792
Total non-current liabilities	32,460	4,476	31,564
Total liabilities	720,538	99,366	981,285
Commitments and contingencies
Equity:
Additional paid-in capital	5,197,029	716,703	5,051,631
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(392,574)	(54,138)	(393,841)
Accumulated deficit	(4,548,217)	(627,228)	(4,557,675)
Total Fangdd Network Group Ltd. shareholders' equity	256,252	35,339	100,116
Non-controlling interests	(4,243)	(585)	(4,722)
Total equity	252,009	34,754	95,394
Total liabilities and equity	972,547	134,120	1,076,679
Common Class A
Equity:
Ordinary shares	14	2	1
Class B ordinary shares
Equity:
Ordinary shares

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UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥) shares
Current liabilities
Short-term bank borrowings			¥ 72,500
Accounts payable	¥ 534,823	$ 73,755	659,215
Customers' refundable fees	31,517	4,346	30,747
Income tax payables	1,021	141	4,876
Operating lease liabilities-current	465	64	1,243
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	31,681	4,369	30,772
Operating lease liabilities	¥ 779	$ 107	¥ 792
Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares
Equity:
Ordinary shares, shares authorized | shares	50,000,000,000	50,000,000,000	50,000,000,000
Common Class A
Equity:
Common stock par value | $ / shares		$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued | shares	20,856,591,996	20,856,591,996	1,850,866,648
Ordinary shares, shares outstanding | shares	20,856,591,996	20,856,591,996	1,850,866,648
Class B ordinary shares
Equity:
Common stock par value | $ / shares		$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued | shares	490,418,360	490,418,360	619,938,058
Ordinary shares, shares outstanding | shares	490,418,360	490,418,360	619,938,058
Class C ordinary shares
Equity:
Common stock par value | $ / shares		$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued | shares	5,700,000	5,700,000	75,000
Ordinary shares, shares outstanding | shares	5,700,000	5,700,000	75,000
VIE
Current liabilities
Short-term bank borrowings	¥ 0		¥ 72,500
Accounts payable	514,564		638,295
Customers' refundable fees	31,517		30,747
Accrued expenses and other payables	86,989		145,088
Income tax payables	463		2,468
Operating lease liabilities-current	465		1,096
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,669		27,429
Operating lease liabilities	¥ 779		¥ 791

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UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares shares
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Revenue	¥ 153,488	$ 21,167	¥ 144,834
Cost of revenue	(133,673)	(18,434)	(140,128)
Gross profit	19,815	2,733	4,706
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing expenses	(1,855)	(256)	(8,802)
Product development expenses	(17,725)	(2,444)	(39,797)
General and administrative expenses	(69,204)	(9,544)	(134,300)
Total operating expenses	(88,784)	(12,244)	(182,899)
Loss from operations	(68,969)	(9,511)	(178,193)
Other income (expenses):
Interest expense, net	(69)	(10)	(1,797)
Foreign currency exchange gain, net	392	54	441
Gain (Loss) on short-term investments	(640)	(88)	153
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	(3,000)	(414)
Impairment loss for equity method investments	(11,779)	(1,624)	(62,623)
Impairment loss for non-current assets | ¥	0		(7,642)
Government grants	1,658	229	12,270
Other income, net	88,617	12,221	50,880
Share of (loss) profit from equity method investees, net of income tax	442	61	(115)
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries	(200)	(28)
(Loss) Income before income tax	6,452	890	(186,626)
Income tax (expense) benefit	2,909	401	(5,474)
Net (loss) income	9,361	1,291	(192,100)
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	97	13	(4,745)
Net (loss) income attributable to Fangdd Network Group Ltd.	9,458	1,304	(196,845)
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	9,458	1,304	(196,845)
Net (loss) income	9,361	1,291	(192,100)
Other comprehensive income
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	1,267	175	9,159
Total comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	10,628	1,466	(182,941)
Total comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	97	13	(4,745)
Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	¥ 10,725	$ 1,479	¥ (187,686)
(Loss) income per share
Basic (in dollars per share) | ¥ / shares	¥ 0.001		¥ (0.10)
Diluted (in dollars per share) | ¥ / shares	¥ 0.001		¥ (0.10)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, basic | shares	13,937,948,159	13,937,948,159	2,046,388,131
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, diluted | shares	13,937,948,159	13,937,948,159	2,046,388,131

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UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total shareholders' equity attributable to Fangdd Network Group Limited CNY (¥)	Total shareholders' equity attributable to Fangdd Network Group Limited USD ($)	Ordinary shares Common Class A CNY (¥) shares	Ordinary shares Class B ordinary shares shares	Ordinary shares Class C ordinary shares shares	Additional paid-in capital CNY (¥)	Additional paid-in capital USD ($)	Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income CNY (¥)	Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income USD ($)	Accumulated deficit CNY (¥)	Accumulated deficit USD ($)	Non-controlling interests CNY (¥)	Non-controlling interests USD ($)	CNY (¥)	USD ($)
Balance at the beginning of the period at Dec. 31, 2021	¥ 313,259		¥ 1			¥ 5,031,772		¥ (404,877)		¥ (4,313,637)		¥ (9,582)		¥ 303,677
Balance at the beginning of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021 | shares			1,426,450,073	619,938,058
CHANGES IN DEFICIT
Net loss	(196,845)									(196,845)		4,745		(192,100)
Capital contribution from noncontrolling shareholder												376		376
Share-based compensation	9,207					9,207								9,207
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	9,159							9,159						9,159
Balance at the end of the period at Jun. 30, 2022	134,780		¥ 1			5,040,979		(395,718)		(4,510,482)		(4,461)		130,319
Balance at the end of the period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022 | shares			1,426,450,073	619,938,058
Balance at the beginning of the period at Dec. 31, 2021	313,259		¥ 1			5,031,772		(404,877)		(4,313,637)		(9,582)		303,677
Balance at the beginning of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021 | shares			1,426,450,073	619,938,058
Balance at the end of the period at Dec. 31, 2022	100,116		¥ 1			5,051,631		(393,841)		(4,557,675)		(4,722)		95,394
Balance at the end of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022 | shares			1,850,866,648	619,938,058	75,000
CHANGES IN DEFICIT
Net loss	9,458									9,458		(97)		9,361	$ 1,291
Capital contribution from noncontrolling shareholder												561		561
Share-based compensation	82					82								82
Share-based compensation (in shares) | shares			5,394,150
Acquisition of additional interests in subsidiaries												1		1
Disposal of subsidiaries												14		14
Issuance of ordinary shares	264					264								264
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares) | shares			120,811,500		5,625,000
Conversion of class B ordinary shares to class A ordinary shares (in shares) | shares			129,519,698	(129,519,698)
Issuance of convertible promissory note	4,343					4,343								4,343
Conversion of convertible promissory note	140,722		¥ 13			140,709								140,722
Conversion of convertible promissory note (in shares) | shares			18,750,000,000
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	1,267							1,267						1,267	175
Balance at the end of the period at Jun. 30, 2023	¥ 256,252	$ 35,339	¥ 14			¥ 5,197,029	$ 716,703	¥ (392,574)	$ (54,138)	¥ (4,548,217)	$ (627,228)	¥ (4,243)	$ (585)	¥ 252,009	$ 34,754
Balance at the end of the period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023 | shares			20,856,591,996	490,418,360	5,700,000

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UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Parenthetical) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Foreign currency translation adjustments, tax	¥ 0	¥ 0

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UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	¥ 9,361	$ 1,291	¥ (192,100)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	463	64	2,081
Amortization of right-of-use assets	647	89
Share-based compensation expenses	82	11	9,207
Gain (Loss) on short-term investments	640	88	(153)
Impairment loss for non-current assets	0		7,642
Impairment on short-term investments			144,027
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	3,000	414
Impairment loss for equity method investments	11,779	1,624	62,623
Share of profit (loss) from equity method investments, net of income tax	(442)	(61)	115
(Reversal) Allowance for doubtful accounts	38,281	5,279	(81,004)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	32	5	175
Foreign currency exchange gain, net	(392)	(54)	(441)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisition
Accounts receivable	53,396	7,364	299,277
Prepayments and other assets	(88,941)	(12,266)	21,664
Accounts payable	(124,392)	(17,154)	(262,834)
Customers' refundable fees	770	106	9,433
Accrued expenses and other payables	(60,885)	(8,396)	(70,588)
Operating lease liabilities	(593)	(82)
Income tax payables	(2,946)	(406)	4,246
Net cash used in operating activities	(160,140)	(22,084)	(46,630)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and software	(64)	(9)	(194)
Investment in equity method investments			(32,354)
Return of capital from equity method investees	45,553	6,282	19,311
Cash proceeds paid for business combination, net of cash acquired			(648)
Cash paid for short-term investments	(10,000)	(1,379)	(262,896)
Proceeds from disposal of short-term investments	11,360	1,567	121,022
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	46,849	6,461	(155,759)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Contribution from noncontrolling shareholder	576	79	490
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	264	36
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory note, net of issuance costs	145,064	20,005
Repayment for short-term bank borrowings	(72,500)	(9,998)	(50,000)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	73,404	10,122	(49,510)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	1,659	229	9,601
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(38,228)	(5,272)	(242,298)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	182,745	25,202	516,238
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	144,517	19,930	273,940
Supplemental information
Interest paid	(592)	(82)	(3,233)
Income tax paid	¥ (37)	$ (5)	¥ (812)

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Organization and principal activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization and principal activities

Organization and principal activities

1.Organization and principal activities

Fangdd Network Group Ltd. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 19, 2013 as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law (2011 Revision) (as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands. The registered office of the Company is at the offices of Appleby Trust (Cayman) Ltd., Clifton House, 75 Fort Street, P.O. Box 1350, Grand Cayman KY1-1108, Cayman Islands.

The Company is an investment holding company. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, variables interest entity and variables interest entity’s subsidiaries (together, “the Group”) is principally engaged in the provision of real estate information services through its online platform which also offers integrated marketing services for individual customers, real estate developers and agents in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

The accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the VIE’s subsidiaries.

Variable interest entity

The Group conducts the business in the PRC through Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co. Ltd. (“Shenzhen Fangdd”), a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on October 10, 2011. Shenzhen Fangdd holds the necessary PRC operating licenses for the real estate agency and online business. The equity interests of Shenzhen Fangdd are legally held by individuals who act as nominee equity holders of Shenzhen Fangdd on behalf of Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co. Ltd. (“Fangdd Information”). Shenzhen Fangdd entered into a series of contractual agreements with its legal shareholders and Fangdd Information, including the Business Operation Agreement, Powers of Attorney, Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, Exclusive Option Agreements, Operation Maintenance Service Agreement and Technology Development and Application Service Agreement (collectively, the “Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements”) in March 2014 and were subsequently amended in 2017 to reflect the registration of the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements with the relevant registration authority and amended when certain nominee equity holders transferred their nominal shareholdings in Shenzhen Fangdd to other nominee equity holders.

Pursuant to the Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements, the Group, through Fangdd Information, is able to exercise effective control over, bears the risks of, enjoys substantially all of the economic benefits of Shenzhen Fangdd, and has an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd when and to the extent permitted by PRC law at a nominal price. The Group’s management concluded that Shenzhen Fangdd is a consolidated VIE of the Group and Fangdd Information is the primary beneficiary of Shenzhen Fangdd. As such, the financial results of Shenzhen Fangdd and its subsidiaries are included in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group.

The principal terms of the agreements entered into among Shenzhen Fangdd, the nominee equity holders and Fangdd Information are further described below.

● Business Operation Agreement

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into a business operation agreement, pursuant to which Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders undertake not to enter into any transactions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, obligations, rights or business operations without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent.

Additionally, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders undertake that, without the Fangdd Information’s prior written consent, they shall not (a) sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of any rights associated with their equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd, (b) approve any merger or acquisition of Shenzhen Fangdd, (c) take any actions that may have a material adverse effect on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, or sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose or impose other encumbrances of any assets, businesses or income of Shenzhen Fangdd, (d) request Shenzhen Fangdd to declare dividend or make other distribution, (e) amend Shenzhen Fangdd’s articles of association, (f) increase, decrease or otherwise change Shenzhen Fangdd’s registered capital. Fangdd Information may request Shenzhen Fangdd to transfer at any time all the intellectual property rights held by Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information or any person designated by Fangdd Information. Shenzhen Fangdd and certain of its shareholders, including Yi Duan, Jiancheng Li and Xi Zeng, shall be jointly and severally responsible for the performance of their obligations under this agreement. This agreement has a term of ten years, which may be extended upon Fangdd Information’s unilateral written confirmation prior to the expiry. Shenzhen Fangdd has no right of transfer without Fangdd information’s written confirmation or right of early termination while Fangdd Information may unilaterally transfer its rights and obligations under this agreement to third parties at any time through written notification and may early terminate this agreement via a 30-day prior written notice.

● Powers of Attorney

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has issued a power of attorney, irrevocably appointing Mr. Jiancheng Li, a director of Fangdd Information, as such shareholder’s attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including, but not limited to, the right to call shareholders’ meeting, the right to vote on all matters of Shenzhen Fangdd that require shareholders’ approval, and the right to dispose of all or part of the shareholder’s equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd, on behalf of such shareholder. The foregoing authorization is conditioned upon Mr. Jiancheng Li’s continuing directorship at Fangdd Information and Fangdd Information’s written consent to such authorization. In the event that Mr. Jiancheng Li ceases to serve as a director of Fangdd Information or that Fangdd Information requests the shareholders to terminate the authorization in writing, the power of attorney will terminate immediately and the shareholder shall then appoint any person designated by Fangdd Information as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights. Other than the foregoing circumstances, the power of attorney will remain in force until the termination of the business operation agreement and during its effective term, shall not be amended or terminated without consent of Fangdd Information.

● Equity Interest Pledge Agreements

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has entered into an equity interest pledge agreement with Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd, pursuant to which, the shareholders have pledged all of his or her equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information to guarantee the performance by Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders of their obligations under the main contracts, which include technology development and application service agreement, the operation maintenance service agreement, the business operation agreement and the exclusive option agreements. Each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd agrees that, during the term of the equity interest pledge agreement, he or she will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests without the prior written consent of Fangdd Information. The equity interest pledge agreements remain effective until Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders discharge all of their obligations under the main contracts. The Group has registered the equity pledge with the local branches of the Administration for Industry and Commerce in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

● Exclusive Option Agreements

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into an exclusive option agreement, pursuant to which each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders has irrevocably granted Fangdd Information an exclusive option, to the extent permitted by PRC law, to purchase, or have its designated person or persons to purchase, at its discretion all or part of the shareholder’s equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd or all or part of Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets. The purchase price shall be a nominal price unless where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets, or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, or otherwise prohibits purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price. If the PRC laws and regulations prohibit purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price, the purchase price shall be equal to the original investment of the equity interests made by such shareholders or the book value of the assets. Where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, the purchase price shall be the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations. However, if the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations exceed the original investment of the equity interests or the book value of the assets, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders shall reimburse Fangdd Information the exceeded amount after deducting all taxes and fees paid under PRC laws and regulations. The shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd undertake, among other things, that they shall not take any actions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, nor shall they appoint or replace any directors, supervisors and officers of Shenzhen Fangdd without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent. These agreements have terms of ten years, which may be extended upon Fangdd Information’s written confirmation prior to the expiry.

● Operation Maintenance Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into an operation maintenance service agreement, pursuant to which Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with operation maintenance services and marketing services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not engage any third party to provide the services covered by this agreement. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account factors such as the labor cost, facility cost and marketing expenses incurred by Fangdd Information in providing the services. Unless otherwise agreed by both parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

● Technology Development and Application Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into a technology development and application service agreement, pursuant to which, Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with technology development and application services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not accept any technology development and application services covered by this agreement from any third party. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account multiple factors, such as the labor and time consumed for provision of the service, the type and complexity of the services provided, the difficulties in providing the service, the commercial value of services provided and the market price of comparable services. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

Risks in relation to Shenzhen Fangdd structure

In the opinion of the Group’s management, the contractual arrangements have resulted in Fangdd Information having the power to direct activities that most significantly impact Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries, including appointing key management, setting up operating policies, exerting financial controls and transferring profit or assets out of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries at its discretion. Fangdd Information considers that it has the right to receive all the benefits and assets of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’ subsidiaries. As Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries were established as limited liability companies under the PRC law, their creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Fangdd Information for the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’s subsidiaries, and Fangdd Information does not have the obligation to assume the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’ subsidiaries.

The Group has determined that Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements are in compliance with PRC laws and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Group’s ability to enforce Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements.

If the PRC government finds that these contractual arrangements do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment in the internet business, or if the PRC government otherwise finds that the Group, the VIE, or any of its subsidiaries is in violation of PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate the business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including but not limited to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic China (“MIIT”), which regulates internet information service companies, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

● revoking the business and operating licenses;

● discontinuing or restricting the operations;

● imposing fines or confiscating any of the income that they deem to have been obtained through illegal operations;

● imposing conditions or requirements with which the Group or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply;

● requiring the Company or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations;

● placing restrictions on the right to collect revenues;

● restricting or prohibiting the use of the proceeds from this offering to finance the business and operations of the VIE; and

● taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the business.

The imposition of any of these penalties could have a material and adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these penalties results in the inability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIE, the Group may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

There is no VIE in which the Group has a variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary. Currently there is no contractual arrangement that could require the Group to provide additional financial support to Shenzhen Fangdd.

The following consolidated assets and liabilities information of the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, and consolidated operating results and cash flows information for the periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, have been included in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cash and cash equivalents	56,850	39,002
Restricted cash	38,811	13,782
Short-term investments	2,000	—
Accounts receivable, net	466,269	376,194
Amount due from related parties*	600,557	565,714
Prepayments and other current assets, net	188,144	121,627
Inventories	11,157	12,650
Total current assets	1,363,788	1,128,969
Property, equipment and software, net	3,036	3,723
Equity method investments, net	204,850	149,196
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,032	1,346
Total non-current assets	215,918	157,265
Total assets	1,579,706	1,286,234
Short-term bank borrowings	72,500	—
Accounts payable	638,295	514,564
Customers’ refundable fees	30,747	31,517
Current installments of long-term loans from a related party**	—	1,162,000
Amounts due to related parties*	183,076	125,354
Accrued expenses and other payables	145,088	86,989
Income tax payables	2,468	463
Operating lease liabilities-current	1,096	465
Total current liabilities	1,073,270	1,921,352
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,429	27,669
Operating lease liabilities	791	779
Long-term loans from a related party excluding current installments**	1,352,000	190,000
Total non-current liabilities	1,380,220	218,448
Total liabilities	2,453,490	2,139,800

*     Amounts due from and to related parties represent the amounts due from and to subsidiaries other than the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

**   Long-term loans from a related party represents entrusted loans with 3-year term at annual interest rate of 0.2-0.5% (2022: 0.2-0.5)% from Fangdd Information via Bank of China in Shenzhen, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Total revenue	142,071	152,241
Net (loss) income	(27,433)	18,275
Net cash used in operating activities	(19,483)	(15,592)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(10,048)	45,299
Net cash used in financing activities	(58,509)	(72,584)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(88,040)	(42,877)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	251,873	95,661
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	163,833	52,784

Sales Commitment Arrangements

Certain property sales contracts entered with real estate developers provide the Group with exclusive selling rights for the selected properties for a specific period of time (the “Exclusive Sales Contracts”), which typically lasts for several months. Certain of these Exclusive Sales Contracts requires the Group or, in case of tri-party agreements (see below), the Group’s equity method investees to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period (the “Sales Commitment Arrangements”). Under the Sales Commitment Arrangements, the real estate developers either enter into project sales contracts with the Group directly (the “Self-Commitment Arrangements”) or enter into tri-party agreements with the Group and its equity method investees (the “Non-Group Commitment Arrangements”). The Group, or in case of tri-party agreements, its equity method investees is required to advance real estate developer an initial deposit prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The amount of initial deposits required is generally determined at a percentage of the minimum transaction price, as pre-agreed with the real estate developer, of the properties (the “Base Transaction Price”) to be sold to home purchasers in the market during the exclusive sales period. The amount of deposits advanced by the Group, or its equity method investees are adjusted throughout the exclusive sales period based on an agreed schedule such that 100% of the Base Transaction Price for the unsold properties, if any, is advanced to the real estate developers at the end of the exclusive sales period. If all properties are sold during the exclusive sales period, any outstanding deposits are immediately returned to the Group, or its equity method investees. Under all of these arrangements, the Group is responsible to render the properties sales services as specified in the exclusive sales contracts.

For Self-Commitment Arrangements, the Group is required under the project sales contracts to advance the deposits and purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. The Group would either finance the entire deposits with its own fund or by entering into separate collaborative agreements with certain funds providers (the “Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements”) that, are either independent third parties or the Group’s equity method investees, to fully or partially fund the deposits required. The funds providers provide the Group with the funds required and requested the funds to be designated for use in a specific Self-Commitment Arrangement. Pursuant to the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements, the Group is required to share with the funds provider a portion of the Base Commission Income (see note 2(v)) and any Sales Incentive Income (see note 2(v)) earned, based on the agreed profit sharing arrangements. However, the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or the funds providers. The amounts of profit shared with the funds providers under the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements are recorded in “Cost of revenue” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The funds provided by these independent third parties or equity method investees to the Group to fulfil the deposits requirement under the Self-Commitment Arrangements are recorded as “Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements” or “Amounts due to equity method investees under collaborative agreements”. The deposits advanced by the Group to the property developers, either using entirely its own funds or combining its own funds with funds provided by funds providers, are recorded as “Security deposits with real estate developers” included in “Prepayments and other assets, net” (see note 7(2)) on the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the equity method investees of the Group are obliged to pay the deposits required directly to the real estate developers and subject to the commitment to purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. No payable to the equity method investees or deposits with real estate developers were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in respect of the deposits payments or refund transactions directly made by the funds providers to property developers, as the Group is not the obligator for such deposit payments or the purchase commitment regarding the unsold properties. The Group would enter into separate collaborative agreements (the “Non-Group Collaborative Agreements”) to set out the basis of sharing of the Base Commission Income and any Sales Incentive Income earned, with the equity method investees under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements. And the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or these equity method investees.

Under certain Non-Group Commitment Arrangements entered into amongst the Group, the equity method investees and real estate developers in 2019 and 2020, the equity method investee (i.e. fund provider) has the option to withdraw from the arrangement by paying a penalty to the real estate developer at any time during the term of the arrangement. The withdrawal penalty is based on either not more than 10% of the total Based Transaction Price of all properties or not more than 10% of the Based Transaction Price of the unsold properties at the withdrawal date. The Group is not responsible for the penalty payment. Upon the withdrawal by the fund provider, the Non-Group Commitment Arrangement would be terminated, and the Group would cease to have the right of exclusive sales. The Group did not enter into any such arrangement during January to June, 2022 and 2023.

Although the Group is responsible to design and execute the overall sales plan as well as managing and directing its Registered Agents to facilitate the property transactions, the equity method investees do not simply provide financial resources but also participate in these processes through joint evaluation with the Group about the marketability of the specified properties and their pricing strategy. The Non-Group Collaborative Arrangements are accounted for under ASC 808 with costs incurred and revenue generated by the Group and the equity method investees reported in their respective Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Revenue earned from the real estate developer for property sales contracts with Non-Group Collaborative Agreements simultaneously entered with equity method investees are presented on a gross basis with the Base Commission Income and Sales Incentive Income recognized as “Revenue” and the amounts of profit shared with equity method investees recorded in “Cost of Revenue” in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as the Group is deemed to be the principal under these arrangements.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Group earned Sales Incentive Income of RMB4,677 for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB282 with the funds providers (including the Group’s equity method investees).

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group earned Sales Incentive Income of RMB405 for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB1,068 with the funds providers (including the Group's equity method investees).

The Group believes its key management has sufficient knowledge and experience in the relevant real estate markets and has in place adequate process that guides its selection of projects, negotiation of terms and ongoing monitoring of risks.

Prior to entering into a Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group would assess the marketability of the specified properties, the reasonableness of the Base Transaction Price and other relevant factors. The Group performs such assessment based on the results of its research activities and other factors such as the availability of agents’ resources and has determined that the probability of all properties under such arrangements not being sold within the exclusive sales period is low. The Group believes that the developers enter into such Sales Commitment Arrangement largely due to liquidity consideration in that it could shorten the cash payback period through the receipts of deposits under the arrangement. Also, such Sales Commitment Arrangement may provide higher return to the developer when the properties are sold at a price in excess of the Base Transaction price. Therefore, the Group determines that it is remote that the real estate developers will request the Group, or for Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the Group’s equity method investees to purchase the unsold properties at the end of exclusive sales period. Management has concluded such assessment is supported by the historical experiences where developers agreed to an extended sales period for a few months in those limited instances where certain properties remained unsold at the end of exclusive sales period.

The Group started entering into the above-mentioned Sales Commitment Arrangements in 2016. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not enter into any property sales contracts with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, except for the parking space sale contracts described below, which the Group entered into during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and settled during the six months ended June 30, 2023. All new property sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement are entered with the property developers and equity method investees in tri-party agreements under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group’s equity method investees, rather than the Group, are required to pay the deposits directly to the property developers and obliged to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of exclusive sales period. In 2021, the Group entered into certain contracts for the sale of parking spaces with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group had advanced the deposits of RMB40,085 and nil to the property developers as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

The deposits made by the Group under all the Exclusive Sales Contracts including those under the Self-Commitment Arrangement are recorded as security deposits with real estate developers, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, under current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Group assesses the recoverability of the deposits with real estate developers based on a combination of factors, including the contractual terms, the developers’ intention in entering into such arrangements as described above, the continuing assessment of the marketability of the properties during the exclusive sales period and the extended sales period, if any, historical experiences and negotiation results of developers’ action at the end of exclusive sales period, and the market price of similar properties. An allowance for doubtful accounts against the deposits is recorded when any portion of deposits is considered not recoverable.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)    Basis of presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America  (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’).

(b)    Going concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Group will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Group’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Group’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements.

The Group has experienced recurring losses from operations. As of June 30, 2023, the Group had an accumulated deficit of RMB4,548,217. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group had cash outflows from operating activities of RMB160,140. As of June 30, 2023, the cash and cash equivalents balance was RMB130,735.

The Group has prepared a future cash flow forecasts, taken the actions of equity financing and the management is of the opinion that the Group will have sufficient unrestricted liquidity for at least the next 12 months from the date of approval of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Among the assumptions made by the management, it is expected that the Group will continue to reduce its operating expenditure by reducing headcounts and office space. Accordingly, management concludes that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

The Group has taken positive actions to speed up the collection of accounts receivable, such as litigation, strict developer credit rating management, but the effects of these actions may be limited where the developers have already been in severe finance distress. The Group also intends to obtain additional equity or debt financing arrangements, however, the availability and amount of such funding are not certain. Additionally, the strict macroeconomic regulation on real estate market and the tightening of mortgage lending activities have negatively impacted the real estate market and heightened the credit risk associated with developers. The new and resale property transactions are expected to remain vulnerable to macro challenges for an extended period, which may adversely impact the Group’s ability to raise the financing needed. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern. If the going concern basis were not appropriate for these financial statements, adjustments would be necessary for the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used.

(c)    Principle of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the results of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors. A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, exercises effective control over the activities that most impact the economic performance, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All intercompany transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

(d)    Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and the reported revenues and expenses during the reported period in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates include, but not limited to, allowance for accounts, loans and other receivable, recognition of goodwill, realization of deferred income tax assets, impairment loss for long-term equity investment and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

(e)    Business combinations and noncontrolling interests

The Group accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair value of the assets transferred to the sellers, liabilities incurred by the Group and equity instruments issued by the Group. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Group may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any further adjustments are recorded in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

For the Group’s non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Consolidated net (loss) income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income includes net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests when applicable.

(f)    Foreign Currency

The Group’s reporting currency is Renminbi (‘‘RMB’’). The functional currency of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated in the Cayman Island, British Virgin Islands (‘‘BVI’’), and Hong Kong (‘‘HK’’) is the United States dollars (‘‘US$’’). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries is RMB.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rate at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange differences are recorded as foreign currency exchange gain in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Total foreign currency exchange differences were a gain of RMB441 and a gain of RMB392 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

The financial statements of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated at Cayman Island, BVI and Hong Kong are translated from the functional currency into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated into RMB using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts other than earnings (deficit) generated in the current period are translated into RMB using the appropriate historical rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated into RMB using the average exchange rates for the relevant period. The resulted foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, and the accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

(g)    Convenience Translation

Translations of certain balances in accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from RMB into US$ as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB7.2513 representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2023. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on June 30, 2023, or at any other rate. The US$ convenience translation is not required under U.S. GAAP and all US$ convenience translation amounts in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited.

(h)    Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Group is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, and non-income tax matters. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed.

(i)    Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have original maturities of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

(j)    Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents:

Bank balances of RMB38,811 and RMB13,782 were frozen for lawsuits undergoing with suppliers and brokerage firms as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Cash deposits restricted for use over one year after the balance sheet date are classified as non-current assets in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(k)    Short-term investments

Short-term investments include investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks which are redeemable by the Group at any time. The wealth management products are either unsecured with variable interest rates or fixed interest rate. The Group measures the short-term investments at fair value using the quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of the related tax effect, excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until realized. Realized gains or losses from the sale of short-term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as gain on short-term investments when earned in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

(l)    Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from the real estate developers for primary property business and individual customers for secondary property business upon the completion of their services. Accounts receivables are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, if any. The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its accounts receivable, such as the age of the amounts due, the payment history, credit-worthiness and the financial condition of the debtor. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which a loss is determined to be probable. The Group also makes a specific allowance if there is strong evidence indicating that an accounts receivable is likely to be unrecoverable. Accounts receivable are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Group does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure. Allowance of RMB557,073 and RMB593,312 was provided as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Approximately 6% of the Group’s accounts receivable represent output VAT amounts, which are excluded from the Group’s revenues.

(m)    Loans receivable, net

Loans receivable represents loan originated or purchased by the Group (see note 7). The Group has the intent and the ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The loans receivable portfolio consists of personal loans with term period ranging from 30 days to 5 years. In the Consolidated Balance Sheets, loans receivable that mature within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date are included in “Prepayment and other current assets” while loans receivable that will mature one year after the balance sheet date are included in “Other non-current assets”.

The allowance for loan losses is determined at a level believed to be reasonable to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio as of each balance sheet date. The allowance is provided based on an assessment performed on a portfolio basis. All loans are assessed collectively depending on factors such as delinquency rate, size, and other risk characteristics of the portfolio.

The Group writes off loans receivable and the related allowance when management determines that full repayment of such loan is not probable. The primary factor in making such determination is the estimated recoverable amounts from the delinquent debtor.

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, loan receivables of RMB17,816 and RMB5,729 were due from the Group’s employees respectively.

(n)     Property, equipment and software, net

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment. Property, equipment and software are depreciated and amortized at rates sufficient to write off their costs less impairment and residual value if any over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease or their estimated useful lives, if shorter.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

	Estimated
Category	useful lives
Buildings	20 years
Leasehold improvements	2-3 years
Furniture, office equipment	3-5 years
Motor vehicles	3-4 years
Software	2-10 years

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, whereas the costs of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the costs, accumulated depreciation and impairment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

(o)    Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly include those intangible assets other than software acquired through business combination. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Intangible assets arising from business combinations are measured at fair value upon acquisition using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis and ratio analysis with reference to comparable companies in similar industries under the income approach. Major assumptions used in determining the fair value of these intangible assets include future growth rates and weighted average cost of capital. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Category	Estimated useful lives
Non-competed agreements	Over the contracted term of up to 6 years
Trademarks	10 years

(p)    Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of the Group’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. The Group assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20 (“ASC 350-20”), “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other: Goodwill”, which requires that goodwill to be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment”, on January 1, 2022, the Group has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If the Group believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, the Group considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on either quoted market prices of the ordinary shares or estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Group is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04(“ASU 2017-04”), “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Group adopted the ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2022.

As triggered by the cease of Yuancui business during the year ended December 31, 2021, the related goodwill of RMB31,188 was fully impaired during the year ended December 31, 2021 in accordance with the two-step test of ASC 350-20(see note 10). On and after January 1, 2022, the Group performed qualitative and quantitative assessment in accordance with ASU 2017-04, there was no such goodwill impairment during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

(q)    Equity method investments

The Group accounts for an equity method investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority of the equity interest or otherwise controls and the investments are either common stock or in substance common stock using the equity method. The Group’s share of the investee’s profit and loss is recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The Group assesses its equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors as well as all relevant and available information including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends, and other Group-specific information such as financing rounds.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group recognized an impairment loss of RMB11,779 for equity method investments (see note 11).

(r)    Long-term equity investments

Long-term equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in the consolidation of the investee, that do not have readily determinable fair value are measured and recorded at cost, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar equity investments of the issuer. Purchased options on these equity investments that are not derivatives are accounted for in a manner consistent with the accounting for the equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value.

(s)    Impairment loss of non-current assets

Property, equipment and software and intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the non-current by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge of non-current assets was recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2023(see note 8 and 9).

(t)    Value added taxes

The Group’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to value added tax (“VAT”). Revenue from sales of transaction and service is generally subject to VAT at the rate of 6% and subsequently paid to PRC tax authorities after netting input VAT on purchase of service received. The excess of output VAT over input VAT is reflected in accrued expenses and other payables, and the excess of input VAT is reflected in Prepayments and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(u)    Fair Value

Fair value represents the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

Accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Accounting guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs are:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial assets and liabilities of the Group primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable, short-term bank borrowings, accounts payable, customers’ refundable fees, accrued expenses and other payables. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximated to their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

(v)    Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.  

Revenues are recorded net of value-added taxes.

Commission income

Through its platforms and services provided by real estate agents registered as a member in the Group’s platform (the “Registered Agents”), the Group earns commission revenue from real estate developers for sales transactions of primary properties and to a lesser extent from home owners for sales or rental transactions of secondary properties. For services rendered by the Registered Agents in completing the transactions, the Group pays those the agents a commission fee. The real estate developers and home owners are collectively referred as the property owners. For each of the property’s transactions, the Group enters into contracts with the Registered Agents (the “Agents’ Contracts”) and properties owners (the “Properties Sales Contracts”) separately. As Registered Agents are involved in providing the services to the property owners, the Group considers all the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in these properties transactions in accordance with ASC 606-10.

The Group has determined that it is a principal for the following reasons: (1) the Properties Sales Contract and the Agents’ Contract are negotiated and entered into separately between the Group and the property owners and the Registered Agents, respectively, at the discretion of the Group, and there is no contractual relationship between the property owners and the Registered Agents; (2) the Group negotiates with the property owners the total commission fee to be paid by the properties owners. The Group also determines the commission rate payable to the Registered Agents at its discretion without any involvement of the properties owners; (3) pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts, the Group is responsible for the sales or leasing of the properties. In particular, the Group is responsible to undertake the sales and marketing activities it considers necessary to induce potential home purchasers to visit the sales center of the property and complete the purchase of properties from the real estate developers. The Group is entitled to a pre-determined commission income upon the signing of the sales agreements between the real estate developers and the home purchasers pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts. The Group’s project management team carries out a series of activities including sales data analysis, development of project sales strategy, resources allocation, assignment of agents, sales and marketing activities, and monitoring of the entire sales process; (4) the Group monitors Registered Agents’ services and provide them with instructions and guidelines in approaching and serving the home purchasers.

Commission income for sales transactions of primary properties and rental transactions for secondary properties are recognized by the Group upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements or rental agreements and making the required down payment by the home purchasers or tenants. Commission income for sales transactions of secondary properties are recognized when the transfer over legal title of ownership of the properties between the home owners and home purchasers are complete.

The Group also enters into certain arrangements with real-estate developers pursuant to which potential home purchasers may pay the Group a fixed amount in return for a discount for their purchases of specified properties from the real estate developers. The fees paid by the home purchasers to the Group are fully refundable before the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. For these transactions, except for the fees received from the home purchasers, the Group is not entitled to any additional commission from the real estate developers. The Group recognizes commission income in the amount of fees received from the home purchasers when the Group’s services are rendered upon the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. Fees received from home purchasers in advance of the revenue recognition are recorded as “Customers’ Refundable Fees” (see note 14) on the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For primary properties transactions, the Group generally earns a fixed commission rate (“Base Commission”) of the pre-determined properties transaction price (the “Base Transaction Price”) as stated in the Properties Sales Contracts. For certain primary properties transactions, the Group obtains exclusive sales right from real estate developers to sell the properties for a limited period of time and is required to advance certain amount of deposits. Not all of the Exclusive Sales Contracts contains Sales Commitment Arrangement as disclosed in note 1. Pursuant to those Exclusive Sales Contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group is permitted to sell the properties in the market at a price above the Base Transaction Price. In addition to the Base Commission, the Group is entitled to an additional income (the “Sales Incentive Income”), determined at a progressive rate on the excess of the actual transaction price over the Base Transaction price. Same as Base Commission income, the Sales Incentive Income is also recognized as revenue upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements and making the down payment by the home purchasers.

Franchise Income

The Group enters into franchise agreements with certain third party real estate agency companies located in those cities where the Group does not have an established sales office. Pursuant to these franchise agreements, the Group grants the franchisees with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources in return for a franchise fee. For franchise agreements entered from 2018 onward, franchise fee is determined at an agreed fixed amount over a period of time and are recognized by the Group on a straight-line basis over the contractual period. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized franchise income of RMB773 and nil respectively.

Financial service income

The Group provides lending financial services to home purchasers, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees who meet the Group’s credit assessment requirements. Financial services income from loans receivable is recognized using the effective interest rate method.

Other value-added services

Other value-added services are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over which the services are rendered, they mainly represent subscription fee earned by offering Registered Agents with a suite of marketing and business technology products and services for use in a specified period of time so as to assist them growing and managing their businesses.

Loans facilitation services

Loans facilitation services are recognized as revenue when the relevant loans agreements were signed and the related loans were drew down by the home purchasers. Loans facilitation services primarily consists of the services to facilitate the home purchasers, Registered Agents and other market participants borrowing from the financial institutions in the property transactions.

Parking space transaction facilitating services

Parking space transaction facilitating services are recognized as revenue when services are rendered to facilitate the appointment of real estate agents by Shanghai Lianlian Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Lianlian”, known as Shenzhen Jinyiyun Supply Chain Technology Co., Ltd. before (“Shenzhen Jinyiyun”)), a related party, as agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. Certain directors and management of the Group are principal shareholders of Shanghai Lianlian. The Group’s services primarily consist of providing support and information to Shanghai Lianlian to identify real estate agents in the Group’s platform and introduction of agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. The service fee is chargeable to the real estate agent and revenue is recognized upon signing of the relevant agency agreement. The Group recognized no parking space transaction facilitating services income in the periods of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

(w)    Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of agents’ commission, sharing of sales incentive income with fund providers, promotion and operational expenses, and salaries and benefits expenses that incurred for properties transactions and parking space transaction facilitating services.

(x)    Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses mainly consist of salaries and advertising costs, which consist primarily of online and offline advertisements, are expensed when the services are received.

(y)    Product development expenses

Product development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits expenses, depreciation of equipment relating to the development of new products or upgrading of existing products and other expenses for the product activity of the Group. The Group expenses product development expenses as incurred.

(z)    General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses mainly consist of provision of allowance for doubtful accounts, payroll and related staff costs for corporate functions, as well as other general corporate expenses such as rental expenses and depreciation expenses for offices and equipment for use by these corporate functions of the Group.

(aa)    Government grants

Government grants represent amounts granted by local government authorities as an incentive for companies to promote economic development of the local technology industry. Government grants received by the Group were non-refundable and were for the purpose of giving immediate incentive with no future costs or obligations are recognized in earnings in the Group’s Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

(bb)    Share-based Compensation

Share-based awards granted to the employees and directors in the form of share options are subject to service and performance conditions. They are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards, and are recognized as compensation expense using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, if and when the Group considers that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.

Estimation of the fair market value of the Group’s ordinary shares involves significant assumptions that might not be observable in the market, and a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility (approximated by the volatility of comparable companies), discount rate, risk-free interest rate and subjective judgments regarding the Group’s projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants are made. Share-based compensation in relation to the share options is estimated using the Binominal Option Pricing Model. The determination of the fair value of share options is affected by the share price of the Group’s ordinary shares as well as the assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rate, exercise multiple and expected dividend yield. The fair value of these awards was determined with the assistance from a valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm using management’s estimates and assumptions.

(cc)    Employee Benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in China participate in a government mandated, multi-employer, defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. PRC labor laws require the entities incorporated in China to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution calculated at a stated contribution rate on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The fair value of the employee benefits liabilities approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Employee social insurance benefits included as expenses in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income amounted to RMB9,394 and RMB4,520 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

(dd)    Income Tax

Income tax are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Group reduces the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance, if based on the available evidence, it is “more-likely-than-not” that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed at each reporting period based on a “more-likely-than-not” realization threshold. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of futures profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Group’s experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any, not expiring.

The Group recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Group records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense and penalties in general and administrative expenses.

(ee)    Leases

On January 1, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

The Group reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the Group the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Group determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the consolidated balance sheets, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

Each lease liability is measured using the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Group and a duration similar to the lease term. The Group’s leases have remaining terms of one to three years, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Group considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Group is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.

The Group’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Group elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Group includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable in nature and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use assets or operating lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in rental and other related expenses in the Group’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

All of the Group’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices. As a result of the adoption, the Group recognized approximately RMB385 of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities respectively on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2022. The adoption had no impact on the Group’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately 1.41 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.65%. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, right-of-use assets obtained under operating leases was RMB1,362 thousand. The Group’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

(ff)    Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, considering the accretions to redemption value and the deemed dividend of the preferred shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, any net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. A net loss is not allocated to participating securities when the participating securities does not have contractual obligation to share losses.

The Company’s preferred shares are participating securities as they participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The preferred shares have no contractual obligation to fund or otherwise absorb the Group’s losses. Accordingly, any undistributed net income is allocated on a pro rata basis to the ordinary shares and preferred shares; whereas any undistributed net loss is allocated to ordinary shares only.

Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the accretion and allocation of net income related to the preferred shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of shares issuable upon the conversion of the preferred shares and convertible loan using the if-converted method, and ordinary shares issuable upon the vest of restricted ordinary shares or exercise of outstanding share option (using the treasury stock method). Ordinary equivalent shares are calculated based on the most advantageous conversion rate or exercise price from the standpoint of the security holder. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

(gg)    Segment Reporting

The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. For the purpose of internal reporting and management’s operation review, the Group’s Chief Executive Officer and management personnel do not segregate the Group’s business by service lines. All service categories are viewed as in one and the only operating segment.

(hh)    Statutory Reserves

The Group’s subsidiaries, VIE, and VIE’s subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to the Foreign Investment Enterprises established in the PRC, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign owned enterprise have to make appropriations from their after-tax profits (as determined under generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC (‘‘PRC GAAP’’)) to non-distributable reserve funds including general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group.

In addition, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, registered as Chinese domestic companies, must make appropriations from their after-tax profits as determined under the PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds including statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be 10% of the after-tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the Group.

The general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted for use. They may only be applied to offset losses or increase the registered capital of the respective entity. The staff bonus and welfare fund are liability in nature and is restricted to make payment of special bonuses to employees and for the collective welfare of employees. None of these reserves is allowed to be transferred to the Group by way of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, no appropriation was made to the general reserve fund by the Group’s wholly foreign owned PRC subsidiaries, and no appropriation was made to the statutory surplus fund by the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, respectively. No appropriation has been made by these companies to discretionary funds.

(ii)    Newly adopted accounting standard updates

The Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022.

In January,2022, for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

(jj)  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity”, which simplifies an issuer’s accounting for certain convertible instruments and the application of derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. This guidance also addresses how convertible instruments are accounted for in the diluted earnings per share calculation and required enhanced disclosures about the terms of convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new guidance is required to be applied either retrospectively to financial instruments outstanding as of the beginning of the first comparable reporting period for each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the change to be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for the Group for the year ending March 31, 2023 and interim reporting periods during the year ending March 31, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Group concluded that the adoption of this guidance had no material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08), which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments, with early adoption permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Group does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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Concentration and Risk

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Concentration and Risk

Concentration and Risk

3.Concentration and Risk

Concentration of customers

There are no customers from whom revenue individually represent more than 10% of the total revenue of the Group for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

Concentration of credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable and security deposit with real estate developers included under prepayments and other current assets.

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments were held by reputable financial institutions, located in the PRC and Hong Kong, which management believes are of high credit quality and financially sound based on public available information.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are primarily derived from revenue earned from real estate developers. Security deposits with real estate developers are also unsecured and are the advance payment to real estate developers to obtain the exclusive selling right under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangements (see note 1). The risk with respect to accounts receivable and security deposit with real estate developers are managed by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

The Group is exposed to default risk on its loans receivable. The Group gives internal ratings to financial instruments based on their credit quality and risk characteristics. The Group assesses the allowance for credit loss related to loans receivable on a quarterly basis, either on an individual or collective basis.

Cash concentration

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash mentioned below maintained at banks consist of the following:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
RMB denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the PRC	114,589	77,678
HKD denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	334	238
U.S. dollar denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	57,421	55,741
Financial Institutions in the PRC	10,401	10,860

The bank deposits with financial institutions in the PRC are insured by the government authority for up to RMB500. The bank deposits with financial institutions in Hong Kong are insured by the government authority for up to HK$500. The Group has not experienced any losses in uninsured bank deposits and does not believe that it is exposed to any significant risks on cash held in bank accounts. To limit exposure to credit risk, the Group primarily places bank deposits with large financial institutions in the PRC and Hong Kong.

Currency risk

The Group’s operational transactions and its assets and liabilities are primarily denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and international economic and political developments that affect the supply and demand of RMB in the foreign exchange market. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). Remittances from China in currencies other than RMB by the Group must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies and require certain supporting documentation in order to execute the remittance.

Interest rate risk

The Group’s short-term bank borrowings bear interests at fixed rates. If the Group were to renew these loans upon maturity and the related banks only agree to offer variable rate for such renewal, the Group might then be subject to interest rate risk.

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Fair value measurement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurement

4.Fair value measurement

The following table sets forth the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:

December 31, 2022

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Balance at
	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Fair Value
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Assets
Short-term investments
-Wealth management products	—	2,000	—	2,000
Total Assets	—	2,000	—	2,000

The Group values its investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks using quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as level 2.

The Group’s short-term investments as of December 31, 2022 were acquired close to the year-end dates with maturity from  seven days to three months and were fully redeemed during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

There have no transfers between level 1, level 2 and level 3 categories.

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Lease

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Lease

Lease

5.Lease

The following table presents balances reported in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Group’s leases:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,207	1,362
Operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

The following table presents operating lease cost reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income related to the Group’s leases:

	As of December 31,	As of June30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease cost	714	698
Short-term lease cost	7,821	929
Total	8,535	1,627

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Group’s leases as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 to the present value of its operating lease payments:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
2023	1,295	484
2024	804	792
Total undiscounted operating lease payments	2,099	1,276
Less: imputed interest	(64)	(32)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

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Accounts receivable, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable, net

6.Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Accounts receivable from real estate developers	1,023,787	969,550
Accounts receivable from individual customers	4,283	4,298
	1,028,070	973,848
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts	(557,073)	(593,312)
Accounts receivable, net	470,997	380,536

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Group pledged accounts receivable from real estate developers of RMB44,889 and nil as security for bank loans of RMB30,000 and nil respectively (see note 13).

The following table presents the movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	710,168	557,073
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(82,825)	36,439
Written-off	(70,270)	(200)
Balance at the end of the period	557,073	593,312

The provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was included in general and administrative expenses.

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Prepayments and other assets, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Prepayments and other assets, net

Prepayments and other assets, net

7.Prepayments and other assets, net

		As of December 31,	As of June 30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Loans receivable, net	(1)	25,988	9,442
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	(2)	66,978	26,398
Rental and other deposits, net	(3)	5,672	4,718
Other receivables		93,358	236,551
Prepayments and other assets, net		191,996	277,109

(1)    Loans receivable, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured loans	12,070	6,719
Unsecured loans	21,562	7,524
	33,632	14,243
Less: allowance for doubtful loans	(7,644)	(4,801)
Loans receivable, net	25,988	9,442

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, loans receivable are primarily personal loans made to home purchasers, home owners, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees. These loans have an original term from 30 days to 5 years and carry interest rates between 3.6%~20% per annum.

On December 25, 2017, the Group entered into a one-year arrangement with an independent third party trust, under which the Group would refer home owners on their platform to obtain personal loans from the trust. The Group is entitled to a loan facilitation fee ranging from 0.8% to 4% of the amounts of completed loan transactions. The personal loans are secured by the homeowners’ properties. The Group provided guarantee on the principal and interest repayment of the loans to the trust and committed to purchase all the unpaid loans principal and accrued interests due from the homeowners upon the end of the arrangement on December 25, 2018. On December 25, 2018, the Group purchased from the trust, pursuant to the arrangement, unpaid secured loans at a consideration of RMB21,424, determined based on the outstanding principal and interest payable by the homeowners. These loans have been recorded in secured loans receivable of RMB12,070 and RMB6,719 on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, with an allowance for doubtful loans of RMB5,347 and RMB3,268, respectively.

In June 2021, the Group lent aggregately RMB45,000 to certain real estate agent companies in Shenzhen, Suzhou and Shanghai at annual interest rate of 6.48% with repayment terms of 12 months. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group determined the remaining balance of the loans of RMB25,000 was not recoverable and full provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was made. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the remaining balance of the loans was fully collected and the Group reversed the previous provision of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB25,000.

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for doubtful loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	31,694	7,644
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(20,179)	1,737
Written-off	(3,871)	(4,580)
Balance at the end of the period	7,644	4,801

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on the Group’s loan loss history, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. The allowance is calculated at portfolio-level since the loans portfolio is typically of smaller balance homogenous loans and is collectively evaluated for impairment. In estimating the allowance of the loan portfolio, the Group also considers qualitative factors such as current economic conditions and/or events in specific industries and geographical areas, including unemployment levels, trends in real estate values, peer comparisons, and other pertinent factors such as regulatory guidance.

The following table sets forth the aging of loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
1-29 days past Due	3,000	—
30-89 days past Due	200	—
Over 180 days past Due	20,828	10,896
Total past Due	24,028	10,896
Current	9,604	3,347
Total loans	33,632	14,243

(2) Security deposits with real estate developers, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Security deposits with real estate developers under Exclusive Sales Contract
- Without Sales Commitment Arrangement	98,066	97,676
- With Sales Commitment Arrangement	40,085	—
	138,151	97,676
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(71,173)	(71,278)
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	66,978	26,398

The Group is required to advance certain deposits to obtain the exclusive selling right for a limited period of time under Exclusive Sales Contracts (see note 1). The balance of deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract with Sales Commitment Arrangement is related to a parking space sales project which was entered during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was settled during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

An allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB71,173 and RMB71,278 was made against the deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract without Sales Commitment Arrangement which were considered not recoverable during the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

(3) Rental and other deposits, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Rental and other deposits	9,656	8,702
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(3,984)	(3,984)
Rental and other deposits, net	5,672	4,718

An allowance of doubtful accounts of RMB3,984 was mainly recognized against rental and other deposits which were considered not recoverable as of December 31,2022 and June 30, 2023.

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Property, equipment and software, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Property, equipment and software, net

Property, equipment and software, net

8. Property, equipment and software, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Buildings	2,594	3,752
Leasehold improvements	57,162	46,189
Furniture and office equipment	2,738	2,461
Motor vehicles	1,633	1,633
Software*	4,699	4,699
Total Property, equipment and software	68,826	58,734
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(58,147)	(55,011)
Impairment loss	(7,642)	—
Total Property, equipment and software, net	3,037	3,723

Depreciation and amortization expenses were RMB2,081 and RMB463 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Impairment loss represents the carrying amounts of property, equipment and software relating to the business of Shanghai Yuancui Information Technology Co., Ltd. ("Yuancui") which was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22).

*All of the software were purchased outside the Group and used internally by the Group.

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Intangible assets, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets, net

9.Intangible assets, net

	As of December31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Non-competed agreements	6,740	6,740
Trademarks	1,070	1,070
Total intangible assets	7,810	7,810
Less: Accumulated amortization	(2,158)	(2,158)
Impairment loss	(5,652)	(5,652)
Total intangible assets, net	—	—

During the period ended December 31, 2020, the Group acquired intangible assets amounting to RMB 7,810 in connection with the acquisition of Yuancui, which were measured at fair value upon acquisition. The amortization expenses were nil and nil, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Yuancui business was ceased during the period ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22), and the intangible assets were fully impaired accordingly.

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Goodwill, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill, net

Goodwill, net

10.Goodwill, net

	Amount
	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2022	—
Additions	454
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454
Additions	—
Balance as of June 30, 2023	454

In October 2020, the Group acquired a 51% equity interest in Yuancui with total consideration of RMB30,000. The excess of total consideration over net assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill which amounted to RMB31,188 at the acquisition date (See note 22). The Group estimated the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities with the assistance of an independent valuation firm. Yuancui business was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22) and the related goodwill was fully impaired.

In March 2022, the Group acquired a 78% equity interest in Beijing Tuqiang Yunxia Technology Limited ("Tuqiang"). The excess of total consideration over net assets was recorded as goodwill which amounted to RMB454 at the acquisition date (See note 22).

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Equity method investment, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity method investment, net

Equity method investment, net

11.Equity method investment, net

Balance as of January 1, 2022	257,122
Additions	33,154
Share of results	(2,020)
Return of capital	(19,547)
Impairment losses	(62,623)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	206,086
Share of results	441
Return of capital	(45,552)
Impairment losses	(11,779)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	149,196

During the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group made certain equity method investments. The Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but it has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices.

In connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, the Group invested into certain limited partnerships as a limited partner. The Group has determined that given the design of these limited partnerships, they are considered to be unconsolidated VIEs and the Group is not considered to be the primary beneficiary, as further described below.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the limited partnerships were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider, details of which are disclosed in note 1. Under these arrangements, an initial deposit is required to be paid to the real estate developers prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The limited partnerships are designed such that the investors (including the Group) would make their respective initial equity capital payments based on the initial deposit requirements. The investors are committed to provide additional capital funding in several tranches based on a funding schedule prepared considering of the forecast sale plan and actual progress of properties sales throughout the exclusive sale period.

The Group has determined that the total equity investment at risk of these limited partnerships is limited to the capital injected in these limited partnerships and does not include the commitments of the partners to contribute additional equity as the funding commitments are not reported as equity in the balance sheet of the limited partnerships. Capital investments of the partners are the only source of funding of these limited partnerships. In addition, the amount of paid-up capital at inception is limited to the funding requirements for the initial stage of the project. The Group has determined that the limited partnerships are VIEs as their total equity investments at risk are not considered to be sufficient to permit the limited partnerships to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support.

To determine whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of these limited partnerships, the Group has evaluated whether it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships that could potentially be significant to these entities.

The Group determined that the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the limited partnerships include: (i) selecting real estate projects, (ii) negotiating the terms of sale commitment arrangement, (iii) monitoring the progress of property sales and (iv) for the limited partnerships under Non-Group Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, managing the disposal of unsold properties, if any, at the end of the sales period that the limited partnerships are required to purchase from the property developer.

Based on these activities that the Group considered to be most significant, the Group evaluated who has the power to direct them beginning with an assessment of the parties involved in the ownership and governance structure of these limited partnerships. In this regard, each of the limited partnerships is sponsored by an investor that is unrelated to the Group. The investments of the sponsoring investor in the limited partnerships are generally in the form of both limited partnership interest and general partnership interest, with these partnership interests being held by two or more of the sponsoring investor’s-controlled subsidiaries. Under the limited partnership agreement, the general partner can make key management decisions for the limited partnership. In addition, the Group does not have any kick-out right or the unilateral ability to exercise any substantive participating rights. Accordingly, the Group has determined that the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance rests with the general partner and the other limited partners that are all under the common control of the sponsoring investor.

The Group’s obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships are limited to its committed capital investments or its rights to receive sharing of profit from the limited partnerships based on its proportionate share of the capital contributions.

Based on the analysis above, as the Group does not have the power to direct the activities of limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance, the Group has concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of the limited partnerships established in connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements. The Group determined that it has significant influence over these limited partnerships and therefore has accounted for its investments under the equity method.

The Group considers, as a limited partner, that its maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships are the maximum loss that could potentially be recorded through earnings in future periods as a result of its investments and other variable interests in the limited partnerships, regardless of the probability of the losses actually occurring. The Group’s maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are set out below, which represent the aggregated amounts of the carrying amounts of the investments in limited partnerships and the maximum amount of additional capital commitments as stipulated in the respective partnership deeds. The Group does not have any other obligation or commitment to provide any guarantee, loan or other financial support to the limited partnerships.

		Maximum
		amount of	Maximum
	Aggregated	additional	exposures to the
	carrying amount	capital	losses of the
	(before impairment loss)	commitment	limited
	of the limited partnerships	(Note 22(b))	partnerships
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454,803	300,019	754,822
Balance as of June 30, 2023	410,928	327,869	738,797

Impairment loss

In considering current property market conditions and the operating performance of the limited partnerships, the Group recognized other-than-temporary impairment loss of RMB62,623 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Yunde Investment Limited Partnership (“Yunde”) and Ningbo Meishan Muju Investment Limited Partnership (“Muju”) during the year ended December 31, 2022 and of RMB11,779 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Jiuchuan Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuchuan”), Ningbo Meishan Jiushi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushi”)and Ningbo Meishan Jiuzhen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuzhen”) during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Disposal

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Ningbo Meishan Deyu Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyu”) and Ningbo Meishan Jiuyi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuyi”) withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22). Deyu was cancelled in September, 2022.

The following equity method investees were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider or other transactions, details of which are disclosed in note 1. The Group’s effective interests to the limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as below:

	As of
	December 31,		As of June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the limited partnerships
Shanghai Gefei Chengyun Investment Center Limited Partnership (“Gefei Chengyun”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Jiushen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushen”)	12	%	12	%
Tibet Shiguan Business Management Limited Partnership (“Shiguan”)	27.6	%	—	***
Jiuchuan	10	%	10	%
Ningbo Meishan Decheng Investment Limited Partnership (“Decheng”)	2	%	—	***
Yiwu Longshu Tianye Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshutianye”)	26	%	26	%
Yiwu Longshu Qianli Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshuqianli”)	16	%	—	***
Jiuyi	—	*	—	*
Jiuzhen	20	%	20	%
Yunde	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Deyan Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyan”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Detong Investment Limited Partnership (“Detong”)	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Derong Investment Limited Partnership (“Derong”)	37	%	37	%
Jiushi	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Qixing Management Limited Partnership (“Qixing”)	15.7	%	15.7	%
Shanghai Ruokun Management Limited Partnership (“Ruokun”)	20	%	—	***
Deyu	—	*	—	*
Hangzhou Honggeng Investment Limited Partnership (“Honggeng”)	20	%	—	***
Shenzhen Jiaxinda No.3 Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiaxinda”)	10	%	10	%
Shanghai Fangjin Management Limited Partnership (“Fangjin”)	49	%	—	***
Muju	30	%	30	%
Name of other equity method investees
Shenzhen Chenji Zhaozhao Technology Co., Ltd(“Chenji Zhaozhao”)	30	%**	—	***
Shanghai Tinghaozhu Space Design Co., Ltd(“Tinghaozhu Space”)	40	%**	40	%**

*During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi. Therefore, Deyu and Jiuyi become consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22).

**During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group invested the Chenji Zhaozhao and Tinghaozhu Space, both of which the Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices accounting for 30% and 40% of their total equity, respectively.

***During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group fully disposed its equity interests in the Shiguan, Decheng, Longshuqianli, Ruokun, Honggeng, Fangjin and Chenji Zhaozhao through company cancellation or share transference.

During the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group made additional investments into these limited partnerships and received return of capital from these limited partnerships, details of which are summarized below:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the	Capital	Return of	Capital	Return of
limited partnerships	Investments	capital	Investments	capital
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Jiushen	6,350	(18,500)	—	(9,850)
Longshutianye	—	—	—	(663)
Jiuzhen	—	(414)	—	—
Deyan	—	—	—	(200)
Derong	—	(1)	—	—
Jiushi	—	—	—	(32,650)
Fangjin	—	(234)	—	—
Muju	23,814	(398)	—	—
Name of other equity method investees
Chenji Zhaozhao	2,190	—	—	(2,190)
Tinghaozhu Space	800	—	—	—
Total	33,154	(19,547)	—	(45,553)

Summary of combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 are presented below:

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance sheet data:
Current assets	854,415	606,804
Non-current assets	171,618	76,240
Total assets	1,026,033	683,044
Current liabilities	226,849	145,718
Total liabilities	226,849	145,718
Equity	799,184	537,326
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	1,026,033	683,044

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating data:
Revenue	842	10
Operating loss	(3,033)	(1,062)
Net loss	(2,742)	(895)

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Long-term equity investment, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Long-term equity investment, net

Long-term equity investment, net

12.Long-term equity investment, net

In accordance with the Capital Injection and Share Transfer Agreement entered between the Group, Chengdu Haofangtong Technology Corporation Limited (“Haofangtong”) and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong dated July 7, 2018, the Group agreed to acquire 26% equity interests of Haofangtong by (1) subscribing 4,029,543 newly issued shares (the “New Share Issuing”), which represents 7% equity interests of Haofangtong, with a consideration of RMB56,000 (2) an option to purchase 10,937,339 shares, representing 19% equity interests of Haofangtong after New Share Issuing, from the existing shareholders for RMB32,000 if Haofangtong and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong fulfill certain conditions under the agreement. Haofangtong’s principle activities are the development and sales of Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system for real estate agents.

On September 5, 2018, the Group completed the transaction of subscripting 4,029,543 newly issued shares of Haofangtong. Management has determined that the consideration paid of RMB56,000 represents the cost of (i) 7% equity interests of Haofangtong and (ii) a purchase option in respect of an additional 19% equity interests of Haofangtong from the existing shareholders for RMB32,000. The total consideration paid is allocated to the 7% equity interest and the purchase option, based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

The Group has determined that it does not have significant influence in Haofangtong and that there is no readily determinable fair value of Haofangtong’s shares. The investments in the 7% equity interests and the purchase option on additional equity interests are measured at their respective allocated costs, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes.

In December 2019, the Group determined that the decline in the fair value of the equity investments in Haofangtong, including the purchase option of additional equity interests, was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB16,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2019. The fair value is based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

No impairment or adjustment for observable price changes on such investments was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020.

In December 2021, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB26,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2021, with the estimated fair value determined by management based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

In December 2022, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB8,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

In June 2023, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB3,000 was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the year ended June 30, 2023, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

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Short-term bank borrowings

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Short-term bank borrowings

Short-term bank borrowings

13.Short-term bank borrowings

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured bank loans	72,500	—
Short-term borrowing	72,500	—

The weighted average interest rates of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are 6.6% and 4.8%, respectively. The details of security and guarantee of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as below.

In July 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50%. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi (see note 23) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 24). In December 2021, the Group repaid RMB15,400 among the loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank borrowed in 2021. In July 2022, the Group fully repaid the remaining balance of a one-year loan of RMB100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank of RMB84,600.

In September 2022, the Group borrowed a 11-month loan of RMB42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50%. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi (see note 24) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 24). The loan of RMB42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank was fully repaid in January, 2023.

In March 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB50,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 4.35%. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB84,333 as of December 31, 2021. The loan of RMB50,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in March 2022.

In August 2022, the Group borrowed a 6-month loan of RMB30,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 3.80%. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB44,889 as of December 31, 2022. The loan of RMB30,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in February, 2023.

In June 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB180 from Bank of Nanjing, at annual interest rate of 5.00%. The loan of RMB180 from Bank of Nanjing was fully repaid in June 2022.

The loan agreements with Bank of China, Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank and Bank of Nanjing contain certain financial and non-financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Group was in compliance with the relevant covenants.

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Customers' refundable fees

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Customers' refundable fees

Customers' refundable fees

14.Customers’ refundable fees

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year/period	30,997	30,747
Cash received from customers	42,298	5,467
Cash refunded to customers	(46,554)	(6,235)
Revenue recognized	4,006	1,538
Balance at the end of the year/period	30,747	31,517

Customers’ refundable fees represent the commission income received in advance (see note 2(v)).

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Accrued expenses and other payables

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accrued expenses and other payables

Accrued expenses and other payables

15.Accrued expenses and other payables

		As of
		December	As of June
		31,	30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Accrual for salary and bonus		6,426	5,238
Other taxes and surcharge payable		24,081	24,977
Down payments collected on behalf of secondary property sellers	(1)	—	—
Amounts due to franchisees	(2)	218	218
Professional service fee		982	838
Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements	(3)	41,444	40,973
Accrued expenses		10,406	2,479
Receipt in advance		12,551	9,696
Others		85,032	35,833
Accrued expenses and other payables		181,140	120,252

(1) These amounts were held on behalf of home purchasers in respect of their down payments made for secondary property transactions for which legal title transfer from property sellers had not yet been completed.

(2) The Group entered into franchise agreements with certain real estate agency companies which are granted with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources. These amounts as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 represent the commission received on behalf of the real estate agency companies and guarantee deposits.

(3) The amount represents funds provided by third parties under Collaborative Agreements (see note 1) for the parking space sales projects.

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Taxation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Taxation

Taxation

16.Taxation

a)    Income tax

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary is subject to Hong Kong profits tax at the rate of 16.5% on its taxable income generated from the operations in Hong Kong. A two-tiered Profits Tax rates regime was introduced since year 2018 where the first HK$2,000 of assessable profits earned by a company will be taxed at half the current tax rate (8.25%) whilst the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at 16.5%. There is an anti-fragmentation measure where each group will have to nominate only one company in the group to benefit from the progressive rates. Payments of dividends by the subsidiary to the Company is not subject to withholding tax in Hong Kong.

PRC

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”) in the PRC, domestic companies are subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25%.  The Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries are subject to the statutory income tax rate at 25% unless otherwise specified. On October 31, 2017, Shenzhen Fangdd obtained a certificate from the Guangdong provincial government for a High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) qualification and the certificate was renewed on December 11, 2020. This renewed certificate entitled Shenzhen Fangdd to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 15% for a period of three years from 2020 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant year.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China with a “place of effective management” within China is considered a China resident enterprise for Chinese enterprise income tax purposes. A China resident enterprise is generally subject to certain Chinese tax reporting obligations and a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. The implementation rules to the New EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities are considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that the legal entities organized outside the PRC should be treated as residents for 2008 EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC are deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income tax at a rate of 25%. Dividends paid to non-PRC-resident corporate investor from profits earned by the PRC subsidiaries after January 1, 2008 would be subject to a withholding tax. The EIT law and its relevant regulations impose a withholding tax at 10%, unless reduced by a tax treaty or agreement, for dividends distributed by a PRC-resident enterprise to its non-PRC-resident corporate investor for earnings generated beginning on January 1, 2008. As at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, there was no retained earnings from consolidated level of all the foreign subsidiaries. And thus, the Company has not provided for deferred tax liabilities on undistributed earnings.

Loss before provision for income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cayman	(140,369)	(3,271)
Hong Kong SAR	(1,911)	(952)
BVI	—	—
PRC, excluding Hong Kong SAR	(44,346)	10,675
	(186,626)	6,452

Income tax (expense) benefit consists of the following:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Current income tax expense (benefit)	5,474	(2,909)
	5,474	(2,909)

The actual income tax expense reported in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for each of six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% to loss before income taxes due to the following:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(Loss) profit before tax	(186,626)	6,452
Income tax computed at PRC statutory tax rate	(46,657)	1,613
Effect of preferential tax rate*	(1,815)	—
Tax rate differential not subject to PRC income tax	35,255	899
Non-deductible expense	12,200	(2,176)
Change in valuation allowance	4,484	896
Additional deduction for research and development expenses	(625)	(466)
Tax-exempted income	92	—
Late payment surcharge on uncertain tax position	1,149	(3,712)
Others	1,391	37
	5,474	(2,909)

* Shenzhen Fangdd enjoys a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2014 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant years. Please refer to Note 15 – a) PRC section for details.

b)    Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are as follows:

	As of	As of
	December 31,	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net operating loss carry forward	103,285	90,576
Allowance for doubtful accounts	172,898	180,992
Payroll and accrued expenses	4,157	4,157
Deductible advertisement expenses	1,024	3,134
Long-term equity investment impairment	74,988	80,159
Intangible assets*	28,031	26,260
Gross deferred tax assets	384,382	385,278
Less: Valuation allowance	(384,382)	(385,278)
Net deferred tax assets	—	—

* In December 2020, Shenzhen Fangdd transferred certain internal developed software to another subsidiary of the Group at a consideration of RMB141.5 million which resulted a difference between the financial statement carrying amounts of the intangible asset and the respective tax base.

The movements of the valuation allowance are as follows:

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	(324,682)	(384,382)
Changes of valuation allowances	(59,700)	(896)
Balance at the end of the period	(384,382)	(385,278)

As of June 30,2023, the valuation allowance of RMB385,278 was related to the deferred income tax asset of subsidiaries of the Company. These entities were in a cumulative loss position, which is a significant negative indicator to overcome that sufficient income will be generated over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible or utilized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible or utilized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The net operating losses carry forwards of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries amounted to RMB354,436 as of June 30, 2023, of which RMB31,483, RMB22,229, RMB47,116, RMB148,871 and RMB84,783 and RMB19,954 will expire if unused by December 31, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Beginning balance	(28,575)	(30,772)
Additions	(2,197)	(909)
Ending balance	(30,772)	(31,681)

RMB30,772 and RMB31,681 of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are related to uncertainty with regards to the deductibility of certain business expenses incurred as well as recognition of certain income for tax purpose. Those, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 were included in other non-current liabilities. The Group is currently unable to provide an estimate of a range of total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that is reasonably possible to change significantly within the next twelve months. The accrued interest and penalties were recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as components of income tax expense.

According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years for tax underpayment due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB100. In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitations is 10 years. There is no statute of limitations for tax evasions.

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

17.Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

All of the Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares immediately upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares consist of the following:

	Series A-2	Series B	Series C
	Preferred	Preferred	Preferred
	Shares	Shares	Shares	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019	102,743	446,889	2,193,512	2,743,144
Redemption value accretion	3,041	15,642	97,625	116,308
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,747	11,870	59,017	73,634
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(108,531)	(474,401)	(2,350,154)	(2,933,086)
Balance as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and June 30, 2023	—	—	—	—

Since the date of incorporation, the Company has completed four rounds of financing by issuing preferred shares, namely, Series A-1 and A-2 preferred shares issued in 2013 (the Series A-1 preferred shares and Series A-2 preferred shares are collectively referred as “Series A preferred shares”), Series B preferred shares issued in 2014, and Series C preferred shares issued in 2015. Series A-1 preferred shares are non-redeemable convertible preferred shares while the other series preferred shares are redeemable and convertible.

On October 25, 2013, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series A Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 259,257,900 shares of Series A preferred shares, of which 111,110,000 series A-1 preferred shares were issued at par value and 148,147,900 series A-2 preferred shares were issued at a price of US$0.07 per share with total consideration of US$9,830 (equivalent to approximately RMB58,980) (see note 17 for the detail of Series A-1 preferred shares). The issuance of the Series A preferred shares was completed in 2013.

On June 12, 2014, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series B Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 177,834,496 shares of Series B preferred shares at a price of US$0.25 per share with total consideration of US$45,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB276,764). The issuance of the Series B preferred shares was completed in 2014.

On June 30, 2015, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series C Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 286,959,017 shares of Series C preferred shares at a price of US$0.78 per share with total consideration of US$223,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB1,364,046). The issuance of the Series C preferred shares was completed in 2015. Pursuant to the agreement with Series C Investor, the Company repurchased on 29,596,670 ordinary shares with consideration of US$23,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB140,612), and 9,007,682 Series A-1 preferred shares with consideration of US$7,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB42,000).

On October 8, 2019, the Company granted an option to acquire 172,908,894 Class A ordinary shares at par value to its Series C preferred shareholder, Greyhound Investment Ltd., in exchange for, among other things, the shareholder’s consent to amend the qualified IPO definition in the Company’s shareholders’ agreement and articles of association to authorize the offering the Company then contemplated. The option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. is exercisable on the earlier of (i) 61 calendar days after the completion of the offering, and (ii) February 14, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the fair value of the option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. on October 8, 2019 of RMB642,174 was recorded as a deemed dividend. Greyhound Investment Ltd. exercised the option on January 7, 2020.

The Company had classified the Series A-2 Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for periods prior to their conversion to Class A ordinary shares on November 1, 2019 as they were contingently redeemable at the option of the holders after a specified time period.

The Company has determined that conversion and redemption features embedded in the Redeemable Preferred Shares are not required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a derivative, as the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded conversion and redemption features are clearly and closely related to that of the Preferred Shares. The Preferred Shares are not readily convertible into cash as there is not a market mechanism in place for trading of the Company’s shares.

The Company has determined that there was no beneficial conversion feature attributable to any of the Preferred Shares because the initial effective conversion prices of these Preferred Shares were higher than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares at the relevant commitment dates.

In addition, the carrying values of the Preferred Shares are accreted from the share issuance dates to the redemption value on the earliest redemption dates. The accretions are recorded against retained earnings, or in the absence of retained earnings, additional charges are recorded by increasing the accumulated deficit.

The rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are as follows:

Redemption Rights

At any time on or after June 12, 2019 if there is no Qualified Initial Public Offering (‘‘Qualified IPO’’), each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

At any time after the earlier of (a) the fifth anniversary of the commitment date of the series C preferred shares purchase agreement (“Closing Date”) (if there is no Qualified IPO) or (b) any redemption initiated by the holders of Series A-2 Shares or Series B Shares pursuant to above, each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series C Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

The price at which each Preferred Share shall be redeemed equal to 150% of its Original Issue Price, plus any dividend which have been declared (but which remain unpaid) in respect of the Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share split, share dividends, combination, recapitalizations and similar events with respect to each series.

The Company accretes changes in the redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date of the Preferred Shares using effective interest method. Changes in the redemption value are considered to be changes in accounting estimates.

Conversion Rights

Each Preferred Share is convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time after the date of issuance of such Preferred Shares according to a conversion ratio, subject to adjustments for dilution, including but not limited to stock splits, stock dividends and capitalization and certain other events. Each Preferred Share is convertible into a number of ordinary shares determined by dividing the applicable original issuance price by the conversion price. The conversion price of each Preferred Share is the same as its original issuance price and no adjustments to conversion price have occurred. At December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, each Preferred Share is convertible into one ordinary share.

Each Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into ordinary shares, at the then applicable preferred share conversion price upon (i) closing of a Qualified Initial Public Offering (‘‘Qualified IPO’’) or (ii) each Series B Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into Ordinary Shares upon the affirmative written consent of the holders of 75% or more of then outstanding Series B Preferred Shares.

Voting Rights

Each Preferred Share shall be entitled to that number of votes corresponding to the number of ordinary shares on an as-converted basis. Preferred Shares shall vote together with the holders of Ordinary Shares, and not as a separate class or series with respect to certain specified matters. Otherwise, the holders of Preferred Shares and ordinary shares shall vote together as a single class.

Dividend Rights

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and the Series B Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series C Preferred Share calculated on an as-converted basis.

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares and Series A Preferred Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series B Preferred Share (calculated on an as-converted basis).

Liquidation Preferences

In the event of any liquidation including deemed liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of the Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive a per share amount equal to 150% of the original preferred share issue price of the respective series of Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share dividends, share splits, combinations, recapitalizations or similar events, plus all accrued and declared but unpaid dividends thereon, in the sequence of Series C Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares, Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series A-1 Preferred Shares. After such liquidation amounts have been paid in full, any remaining funds or assets of the Company legally available for distribution to shareholders shall be distributed on a pro rata, pari passu basis among the holders of the Preferred Shares, on an as-converted basis, together with the holders of the ordinary shares.

The modifications of the rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are not considered substantial, and are thus accounted for as a modification rather than an extinguishment of the Preferred Shares. Where there is a transfer of value between ordinary shareholders and Preferred Shares holders as a result of such modifications, the transfer of value is accounted for as deemed dividends, recorded as additions/reductions in accumulated deficit and reductions/additions in the Preferred Shares carrying amounts.

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Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

18.Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Ordinary shares

Upon incorporation in 2013, the Company’s authorized ordinary shares were 2,000,000,000 shares with a par value of US$0.0000001 each and issued 975,308,700 ordinary shares at par value. The number of authorized ordinary shares was increased from 2,000,000,000 to 2,275,948,587 as of December 31, 2018 after the issuance of Series A-1, A-2, B and C Preferred Shares.

Immediately prior to the completion of Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019, its authorized share capital was changed to US$500 divided into 5,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 3,380,061,942 Class A ordinary shares, (ii) 619,938,058 Class B Ordinary Shares of a par value, and (iii) 1,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. 619,938,058 ordinary shares beneficially owned by the Company’s founders, Yi Duan, Xi Zeng and Jiancheng Li were re-designated into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis and remaining 325,773,972 ordinary shares were re-designated into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. All outstanding preferred shares were converted into 715,043,731 Class A ordinary shares.

Upon the completion of Company’s initial public offering and exercise of the overallotment options, the Company issued 150,000,000 and 12,504,475 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$0.52 per Class A ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$71,596 (equivalent to approximately RMB498,436).

On October 14, 2022, the Company’s authorized share capital was changed to US$5,000 divided into 50,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 30,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of a par value, (ii) 10,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of a par value, and (iii) 10,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Upon the completion of the Company’s the offering on December 8, 2022, the Company issued 375,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$0.0017 per Class A ordinary share and 75,000 Class C ordinary shares at price of US$0.0036 per Class C ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$450 (equivalent to approximately RMB3,136).

On February 21, 2023, 129,519,698 Class A ordinary shares were issued to Mr. Jiancheng Li upon the conversion of the same number of Class B ordinary shares held by him on February 21, 2023.

On March 3, 2023, the company additionally offered and issued 120,811,500 Class A ordinary shares at an offering price of US$0.0017 per Class A ordinary share. The total net proceeds received were US$23 (equivalent to approximately RMB158).

On February 10, 2023, the Company received a convertible promissory note payment of US$21 million, under which the Company would sell and issue a convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$21 million to an investor through private placement. The Note will mature in six months following the issuance, bearing interest at the rate of 8% per annum which shall be payable on the maturity date. At any time after the issuance and before the maturity date, the Note is convertible, in whole but not in part, into class A ordinary shares of the Company at the option of the holder thereof at a price equal to 64% of the higher of the following (adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio): (i) the average closing price of the Company’s American depositary shares (the “ADSs”) for the last 5 days preceding the date of the conversion notice and (ii) US$0.47. Each ADS currently represents 375 Class A Ordinary Shares. To maintain a stable corporate structure following the potential conversion of the Note, the Company had simultaneously entered into a share subscription agreement, under which the Company has agreed to sell and issue up to 7,875,000 class C ordinary shares of the Company with the same rights, privileges and restrictions approved by the board of directors on November 29, 2022 to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company, if the Company receives a conversion notice from the Note holder. The per share purchase price would be calculated based on the average closing price of the Company’s ADSs for the 30 trading days prior to the closing notice date and adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio.

On March 9, 2023, the Company entered into a note conversion agreement with the holder of the convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$21 million. Pursuant to the Note Conversion Agreement, the Noteholder has converted the outstanding balance of the Note into an aggregate of 18,750,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company at an amended conversion price of US$0.00112 per share. Concurrently with the conversion of the Note, the Company has issued 5,625,000 Class C ordinary shares of the Company, at a purchase price of US$0.00271 per share, to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company.

In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, the holders of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share, the holders of Class C ordinary shares is entitled to 10,000 votes per share, while the holders of Class A ordinary shares entitle to one vote per share. Each Class B and each Class C ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B or Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Series A-1 Preferred Shares are not redeemable and are convertible to Ordinary Shares at a 1-to-1 initial conversion ratio at the option of the holder at any time after the date of issuance. The liquidation preference of Series A-1 Preferred Shares is preferable to Ordinary Shares but subordinated to redeemable convertible preferred shares as disclosed in Note 16.

On November 1, 2019, all Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares upon the Company’s completion of IPO.

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Share-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

19.Share-Based Compensation

On December 21, 2018, the Group adopted the 2018 Share Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”).

Under the 2018 Plan, the Board of Directors has approved that a maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards granted under the 2018 Plan shall be 260,454,163 shares.

All stock options granted under the 2018 Plan are not exercisable until the consummation of the Group’s IPO and certain of the option granted to employees are required to render service to the Group in accordance with a stipulated service schedule under which an employee earns an entitlement to vest in 30% of his option grants at the end of each of the first two years and 40% at the end of the third year of completed service.

Prior to the completion of the IPO, the stock options granted to the employees and directors shall be forfeited upon the termination of employment of the employees and directors.

Options granted under the 2018 Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2021, grantees are entitled to vest the option at the end of the first year of completed service.

The following table sets forth the stock options activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022

			Weighted
		Weighted	average	Weighted
		average	remaining	average
	Number of	exercise	contractual	grant date
	shares	price	term	fair value
		US$		US$
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022	130,156,288	0.0000001	4.02	0.44
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	—	—	—	—
-Forfeited	(6,523,225)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022	123,633,063	0.0000001	3.51	0.45
Exercisable as of June 30, 2022	38,489,988	0.0000001	1.58	1.33
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	74,131,026	0.0000001	2.69	0.59
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	(5,393,650)	0.0000001	—	—
-Forfeited	(1,392,250)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	67,345,126	0.0000001	2.30	0.54
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023	67,065,601	0.0000001	2.30	0.54

Options granted to Grantees were measured at fair value on the dates of grant using the Binomial Option Pricing Model with the following assumptions:

	2019		2021
Expected volatility	60	%	48.56	%
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)	2.8	%	1.25	%
Exercise multiple	2.2		2.2
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Contractual term (in years)	5		5

The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical volatility of the Company and comparable peer public companies with a time horizon close to the expected term of the Group’s options. The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of U.S. treasury bonds denominated in US$ for a term consistent with the expected term of the Group’s options in effect at the option valuation date. The exercise multiple is estimated as the ratio of fair value of underlying shares over the exercise price as of the time the option is exercised, based on a consideration of empirical studies on the actual exercise behavior of employees. The expected dividend yield is zero as the Group has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its shares, and the Group does not anticipate any dividend payments in the foreseeable future. The expected term is the contract life of the option.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized RMB 9,207 and RMB82 share-based compensation expenses relating to the 2018 Plan.

On April 28, 2020, the Group and all Grantees entered into certain agreements pursuant to which Grantees agreed not to exercise any stock option, in whole or in part, for a 12-month period commencing from April 28, 2020. There were no other changes to the terms of the relevant stock option grants. The Group determined that the agreements between the Group and the Grantees constitutes a modification to the terms of the option grants with no incremental fair value for the underlying awards. Accordingly, there was no impact on the total compensation cost or the pattern for which the relevant compensation charges are recognized.

As of June 30, 2023, RMB37 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested share options is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.93 years.

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Revenue information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue information

Revenue information

20.Revenue information

Revenue consists of the following:

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Base commission from transactions	117,080	143,563
Innovation initiatives and other value-added services	27,754	9,925
	144,834	153,488

As the Group generates substantially all of its revenues from customers domiciled in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. All of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC.

Innovation initiatives and other value-added services primarily consists of sales incentive income, franchise income, financial services income, loan facilitation services, parking space transaction services, income from software as a service (“SaaS”) platform participants and revenue from other value-added services rendered to the Registered Agents and market participants.

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(Loss) income per share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

(Loss) income per share

21.(Loss) income per share

The following table sets forth the basic and diluted net loss per share computation and provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator for the periods presented:

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,745)	97
Numerator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	(196,845)	9,458
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Denominator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Net (loss) income per ordinary share
—Basic and diluted	(0.10)	0.001

The potentially dilutive securities that have not been included in the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive or immaterial to the net (loss) income per share are as follows:

	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
Share options to employees	123,633,063	67,345,126
Total	123,633,063	67,345,126

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Business combination

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Business combination

Business combination

22.Business combination

Acquisition of Yuancui

Yuancui mainly engages in the provision of comprehensive operational solution for real estate agencies including application software to manage their businesses, brand authorization and operation training to real estate agencies. On October 30, 2020, the Group completed the subscription for newly issued ordinary shares of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB20,000 and acquired equity interest from the shareholders of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB10,000. Upon the completion of the transactions, the Group held 51% equity interest in Yuancui and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group.

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (i)	16,408
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets (note 9)
-Non-competed agreements	6,740
-Trademarks	1,070
Goodwill	31,188
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,953)
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	(23,453)
Total	30,000

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash consideration from RMB20,000 from subscription of new shares.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Yuancui derived by the purchase consideration, adjusted for a discount for control premium.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Yuancui and the Group, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Group did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In June 2021, the Group injected further cash capital of RMB8,563 and the Group’s equity interest in Yuancui increased to 70.0%.

In considering property market conditions and the operating performance of Yuancui, the Group ceased all businesses of Yuancui during 2021 and the goodwill recognized from the acquisition was fully impaired.

Acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi

The Group invested in Jiuyi and Deyu as a limited partner during 2018 and 2019, respectively, in connection with certain properties sales projects under the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Deyu and Jiuyi withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group.

The acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi that constitute business combinations are summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (Note)	58,578

Note: Net assets acquired primarily included cash and deposits with real estate developers.

In relation to the revaluation of previously held interests, no material gain or loss was recognized by the Group recognized in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated income statements for the six months ended June 30, 2022, for the other acquisitions that constitute business combinations.

Acquisition of Tuqiang

Tuqiang mainly engages in the provision of internet information services for real estate developers and agencies. On March 31, 2022, the Group completed the acquirement 78% equity interest in Tuqiang. Upon the completion of the transactions, the Group held 78% equity interest in Tuqiang and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group.

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired(i)	(968)
Goodwill	454
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	114
Total	(400)

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash, accounts receivables from real estate developers and accrued expenses undertaken.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Tuqiang derived by the purchase consideration.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Tuqiang and the Group, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Group did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Commitments and Contingencies

23.Commitments and Contingencies

Capital commitment

As a limited partner of those equity method investees disclosed in note 11, the Group is committed to make further capital injection into the limited partnership in accordance with the respective partnership deeds. Such capital investment commitment amounted to RMB300,019 and RMB327,869 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

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Related Party Balance and Transactions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Related Party Balance and Transactions

Related Party Balance and Transactions

24.Related Party Balance and Transactions

	For the six months ended
	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Transactions with related parties
(1) Base commission income and Sales incentive income shared with related parties under Self-Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Ningbo Meishan Jiufeng Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiufeng”)	23	—
Jiuzhen	4,022	—
Shanghai Chongkai Enterprise Management (LLP) (“Chongkai”)	59	—
Muju	566	286
	4,670	286

	For the six months
	ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Other income shared with related parties
Chenji Zhaozhao	—	100
	—	100
	4,670	386

Under the respective Non-Group Commitment Agreements, the equity method investees above are parties under tri-party agreements pursuant to which they directly advanced the deposits to the real estate developers for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, these related parties entered an Exclusive Sales Contracts which is required to directly advance deposit to the real estate developers while neither the Group nor these related parties is required to purchase any unsold unit of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group borrowed bank loan secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai Culture & Media Co., Ltd.(“ Suzhou Chaxiaobai”). The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 13). The loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank was fully repaid in January, 2023.

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Amounts due to related parties
(1) Payables for income shared under Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Gefei Chengyun	10,759	10,759
Jiufeng	242	242
Jiuchuan	9,403	9,403
Longshutianye	10,140	10,140
Yunde	9,383	9,383
Detong	3,274	3,274
Qixing	964	—
Jiushi	65	65
	44,230	43,266

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Payables for Base Commission Income shared with related parties under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Derong	9,733	9,733
Jiushen	29	29
Jiufeng	495	495
	10,257	10,257
(3) Other payables
Jiushen	790	790
Jiuzhen	3,981	3,981
Chongkai	3,689	3,689
Jiufeng	149	149
Muju	5,561	5,847
Chenji Zhaozhao	191	—
	14,361	14,456
Total	68,848	67,979

Jiuchuan, Decheng, Longshutianye, Longshuqianli, Yunde, Gefei chengyun, Jiushen, Detong, Derong, Qixing, Jiuzhen, Deyan, Jiushi and Muju are equity method investees of the Group.

Jiusheng and Jiufeng are subsidiaries of Jiushen.

Chongkai is a company owned by two of the founders and certain management of the Group.

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Parent only financial information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Parent only financial information

Parent only financial information

25.Parent only financial information

The following condensed parent company financial information of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of June 30, 2023, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long-term obligations, mandatory dividend or redemption requirements of redeemable shares or guarantees of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., except for those, which have been separately disclosed in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(a)    Condensed Balance Sheets

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Assets
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	22,710	25,364
Total current asset	22,710	25,364
Non-current asset
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total non-current asset	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total assets	1,556,647	1,852,968
Liabilities
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,225	25,792
Total current liability	27,225	25,792
Total liabilities	27,225	25,792
Equity
Class A ordinary shares	1	14
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631	5,197,029
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(393,841)	(392,574)
Accumulated deficit	(3,128,369)	(2,977,293)
Total equity	1,529,422	1,827,176
Total liabilities and equity	1,556,647	1,852,968

(b)    Condensed Statements of Results of Operations

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
General and administrative expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Total operating expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Loss from operations	(150,286)	(5,188)
Equity (loss) income of subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	(110,690)	20,474
Other income:
Interest income, net	1,297	—
Other income, net	8,620	1,710
(Loss) income before income tax	(251,059)	16,996
Income tax expense	—	—
Net (loss) income	(251,059)	16,996
Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares	—	—
Deemed dividend to preferred shareholder	—	—
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	(251,059)	16,996

(c)    Condensed statements of cash flows

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net cash used in operating activities	2,155	(143,941)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	—	—
Investment in short-term investments	(162,180)	—
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments	18,153	—
Net cash used in investing activities	(144,027)	—
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—	264
Proceeds from issuance of issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuance costs	—	145,064
Net cash provided by financing activities	—	145,328
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	9,159	1,267
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(132,713)	2,654
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	162,974	22,710
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	30,261	25,364

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Subsequent events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Subsequent events

Subsequent events

26.Subsequent events

The Group evaluated its subsequent events through September 29, 2023, the date on which these financial statements were issued. Expect for the below transaction, there is no material events or transactions needing recognition or disclosure found.

On July 17, 2023, the Company offered to certain investors (i) an aggregate of 11,428,565 American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., each representing 375 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0000001 per share, at a price of US$0.70 per ADS, (ii) certain regular warrants, or the Regular Warrants, to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,428,565 ADSs, and (iii) certain reset warrants, or the Reset Warrants, that permit cashless exercise of up to an aggregate of 28,571,413 ADSs. The Regular Warrants and the Reset Warrants are collectively referred to as Warrants in the prospectus supplement announced. Such securities are being issued pursuant to the prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus, and that certain securities purchase agreement, dated July 17, 2023, by and between us and the investors. This prospectus supplement also covers the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Warrants.

Warrants are offered together with the ADSs to each investor. Each Regular Warrant will be immediately exercisable upon issuance and remain exercisable within five years for ADSs at an exercise price of US$0.77, which is subject to downward adjustment pursuant to the terms thereof following the 45th trading day after the date of this prospectus supplement, or the Measurement Date (such 45 trading day period is referred to as the Measurement Period). Each Reset Warrant permits cashless exercise on the end of the 45-day Measurement Period into a number of ADSs equal to the difference between (i) the quotient obtained by dividing (a) an investor’s subscription amount by (b) the greater of (A) the average of the five lowest volume-weighted average prices, or VWAPs, of the ADSs during the Measurement Period and (B) $0.20, and (ii) the number of ADSs issued to such investor at the closing and if applicable, on the 15th and 30th trading days during the Measurement Period. The Reset Warrants may also be exercisable at an exercise price of US$0.77 within six months after issuance.

On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into a share subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD (the “Subscriber”), a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors (the “Board”) and the chief executive officer of the Company. Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Company issued 1,371,427 newly created Class C ordinary shares of par value US$0.0000001 each (the “Class C Ordinary Shares”) to the Subscriber, at a per share price of US$0.0022. Each American depositary share (the “ADS”) represents 375 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0000001 each, of the Company. The Class C Ordinary Shares have the same rights, privileges and restrictions approved by the Board on November 29, 2022. The Company issued the additional Class C Ordinary Shares to the Subscriber for the purpose of maintaining a stable corporate structure following the closing of the Company’s US$8.0 million registered direct offering that was announced on July 17, 2023.

On July 24, 2023, the Company changed the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing three hundred and seventy-five (375) Class A ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing five thousand six hundred and twenty-five (5,625) Class A ordinary shares. For the ADS holders, the change in the ADS ratio will have the same effect as a one-for-fifteen reverse ADS split. There will be no change to the Company’s Class A ordinary shares. The effect of the ratio change on the ADS trading price on Nasdaq take place at the open of trading on August 4, 2023 (U.S. Eastern Time).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

(a)    Basis of presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America  (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’).

Going concern

(b)    Going concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Group will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Group’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Group’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements.

The Group has experienced recurring losses from operations. As of June 30, 2023, the Group had an accumulated deficit of RMB4,548,217. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group had cash outflows from operating activities of RMB160,140. As of June 30, 2023, the cash and cash equivalents balance was RMB130,735.

The Group has prepared a future cash flow forecasts, taken the actions of equity financing and the management is of the opinion that the Group will have sufficient unrestricted liquidity for at least the next 12 months from the date of approval of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Among the assumptions made by the management, it is expected that the Group will continue to reduce its operating expenditure by reducing headcounts and office space. Accordingly, management concludes that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

The Group has taken positive actions to speed up the collection of accounts receivable, such as litigation, strict developer credit rating management, but the effects of these actions may be limited where the developers have already been in severe finance distress. The Group also intends to obtain additional equity or debt financing arrangements, however, the availability and amount of such funding are not certain. Additionally, the strict macroeconomic regulation on real estate market and the tightening of mortgage lending activities have negatively impacted the real estate market and heightened the credit risk associated with developers. The new and resale property transactions are expected to remain vulnerable to macro challenges for an extended period, which may adversely impact the Group’s ability to raise the financing needed. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern. If the going concern basis were not appropriate for these financial statements, adjustments would be necessary for the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used.

Principle of Consolidation

(c)    Principle of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the results of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors. A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, exercises effective control over the activities that most impact the economic performance, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All intercompany transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

(d)    Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and the reported revenues and expenses during the reported period in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates include, but not limited to, allowance for accounts, loans and other receivable, recognition of goodwill, realization of deferred income tax assets, impairment loss for long-term equity investment and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

Business combinations and noncontrolling interests

(e)    Business combinations and noncontrolling interests

The Group accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair value of the assets transferred to the sellers, liabilities incurred by the Group and equity instruments issued by the Group. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Group may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any further adjustments are recorded in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

For the Group’s non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Consolidated net (loss) income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income includes net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests when applicable.

Foreign Currency

(f)    Foreign Currency

The Group’s reporting currency is Renminbi (‘‘RMB’’). The functional currency of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated in the Cayman Island, British Virgin Islands (‘‘BVI’’), and Hong Kong (‘‘HK’’) is the United States dollars (‘‘US$’’). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries is RMB.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rate at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange differences are recorded as foreign currency exchange gain in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Total foreign currency exchange differences were a gain of RMB441 and a gain of RMB392 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

The financial statements of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated at Cayman Island, BVI and Hong Kong are translated from the functional currency into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated into RMB using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts other than earnings (deficit) generated in the current period are translated into RMB using the appropriate historical rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated into RMB using the average exchange rates for the relevant period. The resulted foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, and the accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

Convenience Translation

(g)    Convenience Translation

Translations of certain balances in accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from RMB into US$ as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB7.2513 representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2023. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on June 30, 2023, or at any other rate. The US$ convenience translation is not required under U.S. GAAP and all US$ convenience translation amounts in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited.

Commitments and Contingencies

(h)    Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Group is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, and non-income tax matters. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

(i)    Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have original maturities of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

Restricted cash

(j)    Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents:

Bank balances of RMB38,811 and RMB13,782 were frozen for lawsuits undergoing with suppliers and brokerage firms as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Cash deposits restricted for use over one year after the balance sheet date are classified as non-current assets in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Short-term investments

(k)    Short-term investments

Short-term investments include investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks which are redeemable by the Group at any time. The wealth management products are either unsecured with variable interest rates or fixed interest rate. The Group measures the short-term investments at fair value using the quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of the related tax effect, excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until realized. Realized gains or losses from the sale of short-term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as gain on short-term investments when earned in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Accounts Receivable

(l)    Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from the real estate developers for primary property business and individual customers for secondary property business upon the completion of their services. Accounts receivables are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, if any. The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its accounts receivable, such as the age of the amounts due, the payment history, credit-worthiness and the financial condition of the debtor. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which a loss is determined to be probable. The Group also makes a specific allowance if there is strong evidence indicating that an accounts receivable is likely to be unrecoverable. Accounts receivable are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Group does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure. Allowance of RMB557,073 and RMB593,312 was provided as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. Approximately 6% of the Group’s accounts receivable represent output VAT amounts, which are excluded from the Group’s revenues.

Loans receivable, net

(m)    Loans receivable, net

Loans receivable represents loan originated or purchased by the Group (see note 7). The Group has the intent and the ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The loans receivable portfolio consists of personal loans with term period ranging from 30 days to 5 years. In the Consolidated Balance Sheets, loans receivable that mature within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date are included in “Prepayment and other current assets” while loans receivable that will mature one year after the balance sheet date are included in “Other non-current assets”.

The allowance for loan losses is determined at a level believed to be reasonable to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio as of each balance sheet date. The allowance is provided based on an assessment performed on a portfolio basis. All loans are assessed collectively depending on factors such as delinquency rate, size, and other risk characteristics of the portfolio.

The Group writes off loans receivable and the related allowance when management determines that full repayment of such loan is not probable. The primary factor in making such determination is the estimated recoverable amounts from the delinquent debtor.

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, loan receivables of RMB17,816 and RMB5,729 were due from the Group’s employees respectively.

Property, equipment and software, net

(n)     Property, equipment and software, net

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment. Property, equipment and software are depreciated and amortized at rates sufficient to write off their costs less impairment and residual value if any over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease or their estimated useful lives, if shorter.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

	Estimated
Category	useful lives
Buildings	20 years
Leasehold improvements	2-3 years
Furniture, office equipment	3-5 years
Motor vehicles	3-4 years
Software	2-10 years

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, whereas the costs of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the costs, accumulated depreciation and impairment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Intangible assets

(o)    Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly include those intangible assets other than software acquired through business combination. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Intangible assets arising from business combinations are measured at fair value upon acquisition using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis and ratio analysis with reference to comparable companies in similar industries under the income approach. Major assumptions used in determining the fair value of these intangible assets include future growth rates and weighted average cost of capital. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Category	Estimated useful lives
Non-competed agreements	Over the contracted term of up to 6 years
Trademarks	10 years

Goodwill

(p)    Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of the Group’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. The Group assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20 (“ASC 350-20”), “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other: Goodwill”, which requires that goodwill to be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment”, on January 1, 2022, the Group has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If the Group believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, the Group considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on either quoted market prices of the ordinary shares or estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Group is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04(“ASU 2017-04”), “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Group adopted the ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2022.

As triggered by the cease of Yuancui business during the year ended December 31, 2021, the related goodwill of RMB31,188 was fully impaired during the year ended December 31, 2021 in accordance with the two-step test of ASC 350-20(see note 10). On and after January 1, 2022, the Group performed qualitative and quantitative assessment in accordance with ASU 2017-04, there was no such goodwill impairment during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Equity method investments

(q)    Equity method investments

The Group accounts for an equity method investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority of the equity interest or otherwise controls and the investments are either common stock or in substance common stock using the equity method. The Group’s share of the investee’s profit and loss is recognized in the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The Group assesses its equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors as well as all relevant and available information including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends, and other Group-specific information such as financing rounds.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group recognized an impairment loss of RMB11,779 for equity method investments (see note 11).

Long-term equity investments

(r)    Long-term equity investments

Long-term equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in the consolidation of the investee, that do not have readily determinable fair value are measured and recorded at cost, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar equity investments of the issuer. Purchased options on these equity investments that are not derivatives are accounted for in a manner consistent with the accounting for the equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value.

Impairment loss of non-current assets

(s)    Impairment loss of non-current assets

Property, equipment and software and intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the non-current by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge of non-current assets was recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2023(see note 8 and 9).

Value added taxes

(t)    Value added taxes

The Group’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to value added tax (“VAT”). Revenue from sales of transaction and service is generally subject to VAT at the rate of 6% and subsequently paid to PRC tax authorities after netting input VAT on purchase of service received. The excess of output VAT over input VAT is reflected in accrued expenses and other payables, and the excess of input VAT is reflected in Prepayments and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair Value

(u)    Fair Value

Fair value represents the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

Accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Accounting guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs are:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial assets and liabilities of the Group primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable, short-term bank borrowings, accounts payable, customers’ refundable fees, accrued expenses and other payables. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximated to their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Revenue

(v)    Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.  

Revenues are recorded net of value-added taxes.

Commission income

Through its platforms and services provided by real estate agents registered as a member in the Group’s platform (the “Registered Agents”), the Group earns commission revenue from real estate developers for sales transactions of primary properties and to a lesser extent from home owners for sales or rental transactions of secondary properties. For services rendered by the Registered Agents in completing the transactions, the Group pays those the agents a commission fee. The real estate developers and home owners are collectively referred as the property owners. For each of the property’s transactions, the Group enters into contracts with the Registered Agents (the “Agents’ Contracts”) and properties owners (the “Properties Sales Contracts”) separately. As Registered Agents are involved in providing the services to the property owners, the Group considers all the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in these properties transactions in accordance with ASC 606-10.

The Group has determined that it is a principal for the following reasons: (1) the Properties Sales Contract and the Agents’ Contract are negotiated and entered into separately between the Group and the property owners and the Registered Agents, respectively, at the discretion of the Group, and there is no contractual relationship between the property owners and the Registered Agents; (2) the Group negotiates with the property owners the total commission fee to be paid by the properties owners. The Group also determines the commission rate payable to the Registered Agents at its discretion without any involvement of the properties owners; (3) pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts, the Group is responsible for the sales or leasing of the properties. In particular, the Group is responsible to undertake the sales and marketing activities it considers necessary to induce potential home purchasers to visit the sales center of the property and complete the purchase of properties from the real estate developers. The Group is entitled to a pre-determined commission income upon the signing of the sales agreements between the real estate developers and the home purchasers pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts. The Group’s project management team carries out a series of activities including sales data analysis, development of project sales strategy, resources allocation, assignment of agents, sales and marketing activities, and monitoring of the entire sales process; (4) the Group monitors Registered Agents’ services and provide them with instructions and guidelines in approaching and serving the home purchasers.

Commission income for sales transactions of primary properties and rental transactions for secondary properties are recognized by the Group upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements or rental agreements and making the required down payment by the home purchasers or tenants. Commission income for sales transactions of secondary properties are recognized when the transfer over legal title of ownership of the properties between the home owners and home purchasers are complete.

The Group also enters into certain arrangements with real-estate developers pursuant to which potential home purchasers may pay the Group a fixed amount in return for a discount for their purchases of specified properties from the real estate developers. The fees paid by the home purchasers to the Group are fully refundable before the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. For these transactions, except for the fees received from the home purchasers, the Group is not entitled to any additional commission from the real estate developers. The Group recognizes commission income in the amount of fees received from the home purchasers when the Group’s services are rendered upon the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. Fees received from home purchasers in advance of the revenue recognition are recorded as “Customers’ Refundable Fees” (see note 14) on the Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For primary properties transactions, the Group generally earns a fixed commission rate (“Base Commission”) of the pre-determined properties transaction price (the “Base Transaction Price”) as stated in the Properties Sales Contracts. For certain primary properties transactions, the Group obtains exclusive sales right from real estate developers to sell the properties for a limited period of time and is required to advance certain amount of deposits. Not all of the Exclusive Sales Contracts contains Sales Commitment Arrangement as disclosed in note 1. Pursuant to those Exclusive Sales Contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group is permitted to sell the properties in the market at a price above the Base Transaction Price. In addition to the Base Commission, the Group is entitled to an additional income (the “Sales Incentive Income”), determined at a progressive rate on the excess of the actual transaction price over the Base Transaction price. Same as Base Commission income, the Sales Incentive Income is also recognized as revenue upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements and making the down payment by the home purchasers.

Franchise Income

The Group enters into franchise agreements with certain third party real estate agency companies located in those cities where the Group does not have an established sales office. Pursuant to these franchise agreements, the Group grants the franchisees with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources in return for a franchise fee. For franchise agreements entered from 2018 onward, franchise fee is determined at an agreed fixed amount over a period of time and are recognized by the Group on a straight-line basis over the contractual period. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized franchise income of RMB773 and nil respectively.

Financial service income

The Group provides lending financial services to home purchasers, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees who meet the Group’s credit assessment requirements. Financial services income from loans receivable is recognized using the effective interest rate method.

Other value-added services

Other value-added services are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over which the services are rendered, they mainly represent subscription fee earned by offering Registered Agents with a suite of marketing and business technology products and services for use in a specified period of time so as to assist them growing and managing their businesses.

Loans facilitation services

Loans facilitation services are recognized as revenue when the relevant loans agreements were signed and the related loans were drew down by the home purchasers. Loans facilitation services primarily consists of the services to facilitate the home purchasers, Registered Agents and other market participants borrowing from the financial institutions in the property transactions.

Parking space transaction facilitating services

Parking space transaction facilitating services are recognized as revenue when services are rendered to facilitate the appointment of real estate agents by Shanghai Lianlian Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Lianlian”, known as Shenzhen Jinyiyun Supply Chain Technology Co., Ltd. before (“Shenzhen Jinyiyun”)), a related party, as agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. Certain directors and management of the Group are principal shareholders of Shanghai Lianlian. The Group’s services primarily consist of providing support and information to Shanghai Lianlian to identify real estate agents in the Group’s platform and introduction of agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. The service fee is chargeable to the real estate agent and revenue is recognized upon signing of the relevant agency agreement. The Group recognized no parking space transaction facilitating services income in the periods of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

Cost of Revenue

(w)    Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of agents’ commission, sharing of sales incentive income with fund providers, promotion and operational expenses, and salaries and benefits expenses that incurred for properties transactions and parking space transaction facilitating services.

Sales and marketing expenses

(x)    Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses mainly consist of salaries and advertising costs, which consist primarily of online and offline advertisements, are expensed when the services are received.

Product development expenses

(y)    Product development expenses

Product development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits expenses, depreciation of equipment relating to the development of new products or upgrading of existing products and other expenses for the product activity of the Group. The Group expenses product development expenses as incurred.

General and administrative expenses

(z)    General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses mainly consist of provision of allowance for doubtful accounts, payroll and related staff costs for corporate functions, as well as other general corporate expenses such as rental expenses and depreciation expenses for offices and equipment for use by these corporate functions of the Group.

Government grants

(aa)    Government grants

Government grants represent amounts granted by local government authorities as an incentive for companies to promote economic development of the local technology industry. Government grants received by the Group were non-refundable and were for the purpose of giving immediate incentive with no future costs or obligations are recognized in earnings in the Group’s Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Share-based Compensation

(bb)    Share-based Compensation

Share-based awards granted to the employees and directors in the form of share options are subject to service and performance conditions. They are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards, and are recognized as compensation expense using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, if and when the Group considers that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.

Estimation of the fair market value of the Group’s ordinary shares involves significant assumptions that might not be observable in the market, and a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility (approximated by the volatility of comparable companies), discount rate, risk-free interest rate and subjective judgments regarding the Group’s projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants are made. Share-based compensation in relation to the share options is estimated using the Binominal Option Pricing Model. The determination of the fair value of share options is affected by the share price of the Group’s ordinary shares as well as the assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rate, exercise multiple and expected dividend yield. The fair value of these awards was determined with the assistance from a valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm using management’s estimates and assumptions.

Employee Benefits

(cc)    Employee Benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in China participate in a government mandated, multi-employer, defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. PRC labor laws require the entities incorporated in China to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution calculated at a stated contribution rate on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The fair value of the employee benefits liabilities approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Employee social insurance benefits included as expenses in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income amounted to RMB9,394 and RMB4,520 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Income Tax

(dd)    Income Tax

Income tax are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Group reduces the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance, if based on the available evidence, it is “more-likely-than-not” that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed at each reporting period based on a “more-likely-than-not” realization threshold. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of futures profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Group’s experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any, not expiring.

The Group recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Group records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense and penalties in general and administrative expenses.

Leases

(ee)    Leases

On January 1, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

The Group reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the Group the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Group determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the consolidated balance sheets, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

Each lease liability is measured using the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Group and a duration similar to the lease term. The Group’s leases have remaining terms of one to three years, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Group considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Group is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.

The Group’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Group elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Group includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable in nature and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use assets or operating lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in rental and other related expenses in the Group’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

All of the Group’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices. As a result of the adoption, the Group recognized approximately RMB385 of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities respectively on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2022. The adoption had no impact on the Group’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately 1.41 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.65%. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, right-of-use assets obtained under operating leases was RMB1,362 thousand. The Group’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

Earnings (Loss) per Share

(ff)    Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, considering the accretions to redemption value and the deemed dividend of the preferred shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, any net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. A net loss is not allocated to participating securities when the participating securities does not have contractual obligation to share losses.

The Company’s preferred shares are participating securities as they participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The preferred shares have no contractual obligation to fund or otherwise absorb the Group’s losses. Accordingly, any undistributed net income is allocated on a pro rata basis to the ordinary shares and preferred shares; whereas any undistributed net loss is allocated to ordinary shares only.

Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the accretion and allocation of net income related to the preferred shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of shares issuable upon the conversion of the preferred shares and convertible loan using the if-converted method, and ordinary shares issuable upon the vest of restricted ordinary shares or exercise of outstanding share option (using the treasury stock method). Ordinary equivalent shares are calculated based on the most advantageous conversion rate or exercise price from the standpoint of the security holder. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

Segment Reporting

(gg)    Segment Reporting

The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. For the purpose of internal reporting and management’s operation review, the Group’s Chief Executive Officer and management personnel do not segregate the Group’s business by service lines. All service categories are viewed as in one and the only operating segment.

Statutory Reserves

(hh)    Statutory Reserves

The Group’s subsidiaries, VIE, and VIE’s subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to the Foreign Investment Enterprises established in the PRC, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign owned enterprise have to make appropriations from their after-tax profits (as determined under generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC (‘‘PRC GAAP’’)) to non-distributable reserve funds including general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group.

In addition, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, registered as Chinese domestic companies, must make appropriations from their after-tax profits as determined under the PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds including statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be 10% of the after-tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the Group. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the Group.

The general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted for use. They may only be applied to offset losses or increase the registered capital of the respective entity. The staff bonus and welfare fund are liability in nature and is restricted to make payment of special bonuses to employees and for the collective welfare of employees. None of these reserves is allowed to be transferred to the Group by way of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, no appropriation was made to the general reserve fund by the Group’s wholly foreign owned PRC subsidiaries, and no appropriation was made to the statutory surplus fund by the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, respectively. No appropriation has been made by these companies to discretionary funds.

Newly adopted accounting standard updates

(ii)    Newly adopted accounting standard updates

The Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022.

In January,2022, for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(jj)  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity”, which simplifies an issuer’s accounting for certain convertible instruments and the application of derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. This guidance also addresses how convertible instruments are accounted for in the diluted earnings per share calculation and required enhanced disclosures about the terms of convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new guidance is required to be applied either retrospectively to financial instruments outstanding as of the beginning of the first comparable reporting period for each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the change to be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for the Group for the year ending March 31, 2023 and interim reporting periods during the year ending March 31, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Group concluded that the adoption of this guidance had no material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08), which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments, with early adoption permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Group does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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Organization and principal activities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization and principal activities

Schedule of consolidated assets and liabilities information and consolidated operating results and cash flows information of the Group's VIE and VIE's subsidiaries

The following consolidated assets and liabilities information of the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, and consolidated operating results and cash flows information for the periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, have been included in the accompanying Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cash and cash equivalents	56,850	39,002
Restricted cash	38,811	13,782
Short-term investments	2,000	—
Accounts receivable, net	466,269	376,194
Amount due from related parties*	600,557	565,714
Prepayments and other current assets, net	188,144	121,627
Inventories	11,157	12,650
Total current assets	1,363,788	1,128,969
Property, equipment and software, net	3,036	3,723
Equity method investments, net	204,850	149,196
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,032	1,346
Total non-current assets	215,918	157,265
Total assets	1,579,706	1,286,234
Short-term bank borrowings	72,500	—
Accounts payable	638,295	514,564
Customers’ refundable fees	30,747	31,517
Current installments of long-term loans from a related party**	—	1,162,000
Amounts due to related parties*	183,076	125,354
Accrued expenses and other payables	145,088	86,989
Income tax payables	2,468	463
Operating lease liabilities-current	1,096	465
Total current liabilities	1,073,270	1,921,352
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,429	27,669
Operating lease liabilities	791	779
Long-term loans from a related party excluding current installments**	1,352,000	190,000
Total non-current liabilities	1,380,220	218,448
Total liabilities	2,453,490	2,139,800

*     Amounts due from and to related parties represent the amounts due from and to subsidiaries other than the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

**   Long-term loans from a related party represents entrusted loans with 3-year term at annual interest rate of 0.2-0.5% (2022: 0.2-0.5)% from Fangdd Information via Bank of China in Shenzhen, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Total revenue	142,071	152,241
Net (loss) income	(27,433)	18,275
Net cash used in operating activities	(19,483)	(15,592)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(10,048)	45,299
Net cash used in financing activities	(58,509)	(72,584)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(88,040)	(42,877)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	251,873	95,661
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	163,833	52,784

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software, net

	Estimated
Category	useful lives
Buildings	20 years
Leasehold improvements	2-3 years
Furniture, office equipment	3-5 years
Motor vehicles	3-4 years
Software	2-10 years

Summary of estimated useful lives of intangible assets

Category	Estimated useful lives
Non-competed agreements	Over the contracted term of up to 6 years
Trademarks	10 years

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Concentration and Risk (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Concentration and Risk

Schedule of components of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash maintained at bank

	As of December 31,	As of June 30
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
RMB denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the PRC	114,589	77,678
HKD denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	334	238
U.S. dollar denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in the Hong Kong	57,421	55,741
Financial Institutions in the PRC	10,401	10,860

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Fair value measurement (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair value measurement

Summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis

December 31, 2022

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Balance at
	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Fair Value
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Assets
Short-term investments
-Wealth management products	—	2,000	—	2,000
Total Assets	—	2,000	—	2,000

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Lease (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Lease

Schedule of operating lease balances

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,207	1,362
Operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

Schedule of components of lease expense

	As of December 31,	As of June30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating lease cost	714	698
Short-term lease cost	7,821	929
Total	8,535	1,627

Schedule of present value of operating lease payments

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
2023	1,295	484
2024	804	792
Total undiscounted operating lease payments	2,099	1,276
Less: imputed interest	(64)	(32)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	2,035	1,244

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Accounts receivable, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Prepayments and other assets, net

Schedule of movement of allowance for doubtful accounts

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	710,168	557,073
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(82,825)	36,439
Written-off	(70,270)	(200)
Balance at the end of the period	557,073	593,312

Accounts receivable

Prepayments and other assets, net

Schedule of accounts receivable, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Accounts receivable from real estate developers	1,023,787	969,550
Accounts receivable from individual customers	4,283	4,298
	1,028,070	973,848
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts	(557,073)	(593,312)
Accounts receivable, net	470,997	380,536

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Prepayments and other assets, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Prepayments and other assets, net

Schedule of prepayments and other assets

		As of December 31,	As of June 30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Loans receivable, net	(1)	25,988	9,442
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	(2)	66,978	26,398
Rental and other deposits, net	(3)	5,672	4,718
Other receivables		93,358	236,551
Prepayments and other assets, net		191,996	277,109

(1)    Loans receivable, net

(2) Security deposits with real estate developers, net

(3) Rental and other deposits, net

Schedule of allowance for doubtful loans

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	31,694	7,644
(Reversal) Provision for the period	(20,179)	1,737
Written-off	(3,871)	(4,580)
Balance at the end of the period	7,644	4,801

Schedule of aging of loans receivable

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
1-29 days past Due	3,000	—
30-89 days past Due	200	—
Over 180 days past Due	20,828	10,896
Total past Due	24,028	10,896
Current	9,604	3,347
Total loans	33,632	14,243

Schedule of security deposits with real estate developers, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Security deposits with real estate developers under Exclusive Sales Contract
- Without Sales Commitment Arrangement	98,066	97,676
- With Sales Commitment Arrangement	40,085	—
	138,151	97,676
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(71,173)	(71,278)
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	66,978	26,398

Schedule of rental and other deposits, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Rental and other deposits	9,656	8,702
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(3,984)	(3,984)
Rental and other deposits, net	5,672	4,718

Loans receivable

Prepayments and other assets, net

Schedule of loans receivable

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured loans	12,070	6,719
Unsecured loans	21,562	7,524
	33,632	14,243
Less: allowance for doubtful loans	(7,644)	(4,801)
Loans receivable, net	25,988	9,442

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Property, equipment and software, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Property, equipment and software, net

Schedule of property, equipment and software, net

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Buildings	2,594	3,752
Leasehold improvements	57,162	46,189
Furniture and office equipment	2,738	2,461
Motor vehicles	1,633	1,633
Software*	4,699	4,699
Total Property, equipment and software	68,826	58,734
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(58,147)	(55,011)
Impairment loss	(7,642)	—
Total Property, equipment and software, net	3,037	3,723

*All of the software were purchased outside the Group and used internally by the Group.

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Intangible assets, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Intangible assets, net

Schedule of Intangible assets

	As of December31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Non-competed agreements	6,740	6,740
Trademarks	1,070	1,070
Total intangible assets	7,810	7,810
Less: Accumulated amortization	(2,158)	(2,158)
Impairment loss	(5,652)	(5,652)
Total intangible assets, net	—	—

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Goodwill, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill, net

Schedule of Goodwill, net

	Amount
	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2022	—
Additions	454
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454
Additions	—
Balance as of June 30, 2023	454

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Equity method investment, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity method investment, net

Schedule of equity method investments

Balance as of January 1, 2022	257,122
Additions	33,154
Share of results	(2,020)
Return of capital	(19,547)
Impairment losses	(62,623)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	206,086
Share of results	441
Return of capital	(45,552)
Impairment losses	(11,779)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	149,196

Schedule of information pertaining to limited partnerships

		Maximum
		amount of	Maximum
	Aggregated	additional	exposures to the
	carrying amount	capital	losses of the
	(before impairment loss)	commitment	limited
	of the limited partnerships	(Note 22(b))	partnerships
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2022	454,803	300,019	754,822
Balance as of June 30, 2023	410,928	327,869	738,797

Schedule of effective interests, additional investments into these limited partnerships and received return of capital from these limited partnerships

	As of
	December 31,		As of June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the limited partnerships
Shanghai Gefei Chengyun Investment Center Limited Partnership (“Gefei Chengyun”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Jiushen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushen”)	12	%	12	%
Tibet Shiguan Business Management Limited Partnership (“Shiguan”)	27.6	%	—	***
Jiuchuan	10	%	10	%
Ningbo Meishan Decheng Investment Limited Partnership (“Decheng”)	2	%	—	***
Yiwu Longshu Tianye Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshutianye”)	26	%	26	%
Yiwu Longshu Qianli Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Longshuqianli”)	16	%	—	***
Jiuyi	—	*	—	*
Jiuzhen	20	%	20	%
Yunde	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Deyan Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyan”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Detong Investment Limited Partnership (“Detong”)	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Derong Investment Limited Partnership (“Derong”)	37	%	37	%
Jiushi	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Qixing Management Limited Partnership (“Qixing”)	15.7	%	15.7	%
Shanghai Ruokun Management Limited Partnership (“Ruokun”)	20	%	—	***
Deyu	—	*	—	*
Hangzhou Honggeng Investment Limited Partnership (“Honggeng”)	20	%	—	***
Shenzhen Jiaxinda No.3 Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiaxinda”)	10	%	10	%
Shanghai Fangjin Management Limited Partnership (“Fangjin”)	49	%	—	***
Muju	30	%	30	%
Name of other equity method investees
Shenzhen Chenji Zhaozhao Technology Co., Ltd(“Chenji Zhaozhao”)	30	%**	—	***
Shanghai Tinghaozhu Space Design Co., Ltd(“Tinghaozhu Space”)	40	%**	40	%**

*During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi. Therefore, Deyu and Jiuyi become consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22).

**During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group invested the Chenji Zhaozhao and Tinghaozhu Space, both of which the Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices accounting for 30% and 40% of their total equity, respectively.

***During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Group fully disposed its equity interests in the Shiguan, Decheng, Longshuqianli, Ruokun, Honggeng, Fangjin and Chenji Zhaozhao through company cancellation or share transference.

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023
Name of the	Capital	Return of	Capital	Return of
limited partnerships	Investments	capital	Investments	capital
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Jiushen	6,350	(18,500)	—	(9,850)
Longshutianye	—	—	—	(663)
Jiuzhen	—	(414)	—	—
Deyan	—	—	—	(200)
Derong	—	(1)	—	—
Jiushi	—	—	—	(32,650)
Fangjin	—	(234)	—	—
Muju	23,814	(398)	—	—
Name of other equity method investees
Chenji Zhaozhao	2,190	—	—	(2,190)
Tinghaozhu Space	800	—	—	—
Total	33,154	(19,547)	—	(45,553)

Schedule of combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance sheet data:
Current assets	854,415	606,804
Non-current assets	171,618	76,240
Total assets	1,026,033	683,044
Current liabilities	226,849	145,718
Total liabilities	226,849	145,718
Equity	799,184	537,326
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	1,026,033	683,044

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Operating data:
Revenue	842	10
Operating loss	(3,033)	(1,062)
Net loss	(2,742)	(895)

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Short-term bank borrowings (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Short-term bank borrowings

Schedule of Short-term bank borrowings

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Secured bank loans	72,500	—
Short-term borrowing	72,500	—

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Customers' refundable fees (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Customers' refundable fees

Schedule of Customers' refundable fees

	As of
	December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year/period	30,997	30,747
Cash received from customers	42,298	5,467
Cash refunded to customers	(46,554)	(6,235)
Revenue recognized	4,006	1,538
Balance at the end of the year/period	30,747	31,517

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accrued expenses and other payables

Schedule of components of accrued expenses and other payables

		As of
		December	As of June
		31,	30,
		2022	2023
		RMB	RMB
Accrual for salary and bonus		6,426	5,238
Other taxes and surcharge payable		24,081	24,977
Down payments collected on behalf of secondary property sellers	(1)	—	—
Amounts due to franchisees	(2)	218	218
Professional service fee		982	838
Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements	(3)	41,444	40,973
Accrued expenses		10,406	2,479
Receipt in advance		12,551	9,696
Others		85,032	35,833
Accrued expenses and other payables		181,140	120,252

(1) These amounts were held on behalf of home purchasers in respect of their down payments made for secondary property transactions for which legal title transfer from property sellers had not yet been completed.

(2) The Group entered into franchise agreements with certain real estate agency companies which are granted with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources. These amounts as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 represent the commission received on behalf of the real estate agency companies and guarantee deposits.

(3) The amount represents funds provided by third parties under Collaborative Agreements (see note 1) for the parking space sales projects.

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Taxation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Taxation

Schedule of (Loss) income before provision for income taxes is attributable to the geographic locations

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cayman	(140,369)	(3,271)
Hong Kong SAR	(1,911)	(952)
BVI	—	—
PRC, excluding Hong Kong SAR	(44,346)	10,675
	(186,626)	6,452

Schedule of components of income tax expense

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Current income tax expense (benefit)	5,474	(2,909)
	5,474	(2,909)

Schedule of reconciliation of actual income tax expense reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and amount computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% to income before income taxes

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(Loss) profit before tax	(186,626)	6,452
Income tax computed at PRC statutory tax rate	(46,657)	1,613
Effect of preferential tax rate*	(1,815)	—
Tax rate differential not subject to PRC income tax	35,255	899
Non-deductible expense	12,200	(2,176)
Change in valuation allowance	4,484	896
Additional deduction for research and development expenses	(625)	(466)
Tax-exempted income	92	—
Late payment surcharge on uncertain tax position	1,149	(3,712)
Others	1,391	37
	5,474	(2,909)

* Shenzhen Fangdd enjoys a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2014 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant years. Please refer to Note 15 – a) PRC section for details.

Schedule of tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities

	As of	As of
	December 31,	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net operating loss carry forward	103,285	90,576
Allowance for doubtful accounts	172,898	180,992
Payroll and accrued expenses	4,157	4,157
Deductible advertisement expenses	1,024	3,134
Long-term equity investment impairment	74,988	80,159
Intangible assets*	28,031	26,260
Gross deferred tax assets	384,382	385,278
Less: Valuation allowance	(384,382)	(385,278)
Net deferred tax assets	—	—

* In December 2020, Shenzhen Fangdd transferred certain internal developed software to another subsidiary of the Group at a consideration of RMB141.5 million which resulted a difference between the financial statement carrying amounts of the intangible asset and the respective tax base.

Schedule of movements of the valuation allowance

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the period	(324,682)	(384,382)
Changes of valuation allowances	(59,700)	(896)
Balance at the end of the period	(384,382)	(385,278)

Schedule of reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits

	For the
	Year	For the Six
	Ended	Months
	December	Ended June
	31,	30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Beginning balance	(28,575)	(30,772)
Additions	(2,197)	(909)
Ending balance	(30,772)	(31,681)

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

Schedule of movements in redeemable convertible preferred shares

	Series A-2	Series B	Series C
	Preferred	Preferred	Preferred
	Shares	Shares	Shares	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019	102,743	446,889	2,193,512	2,743,144
Redemption value accretion	3,041	15,642	97,625	116,308
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,747	11,870	59,017	73,634
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(108,531)	(474,401)	(2,350,154)	(2,933,086)
Balance as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and June 30, 2023	—	—	—	—

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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Compensation

Schedule of Stock option activities

			Weighted
		Weighted	average	Weighted
		average	remaining	average
	Number of	exercise	contractual	grant date
	shares	price	term	fair value
		US$		US$
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022	130,156,288	0.0000001	4.02	0.44
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	—	—	—	—
-Forfeited	(6,523,225)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022	123,633,063	0.0000001	3.51	0.45
Exercisable as of June 30, 2022	38,489,988	0.0000001	1.58	1.33
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	74,131,026	0.0000001	2.69	0.59
-Grant to Employees	—	—	—	—
-Exercised	(5,393,650)	0.0000001	—	—
-Forfeited	(1,392,250)	0.0000001	—	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	67,345,126	0.0000001	2.30	0.54
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023	67,065,601	0.0000001	2.30	0.54

Schedule of assumptions using Binomial Option Pricing Model

	2019		2021
Expected volatility	60	%	48.56	%
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)	2.8	%	1.25	%
Exercise multiple	2.2		2.2
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Contractual term (in years)	5		5

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Revenue information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue information

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Base commission from transactions	117,080	143,563
Innovation initiatives and other value-added services	27,754	9,925
	144,834	153,488

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(Loss) income per share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of basic and diluted net loss per share

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	(192,100)	9,361
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,745)	97
Numerator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	(196,845)	9,458
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Denominator for basic and diluted net (loss) income per share calculation	2,046,388,131	13,937,948,159
Net (loss) income per ordinary share
—Basic and diluted	(0.10)	0.001

Schedule of anti-dilutive securities

	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
Share options to employees	123,633,063	67,345,126
Total	123,633,063	67,345,126

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Business combination (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Business Acquisition

Schedule of acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi

The acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi that constitute business combinations are summarized as follows:

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (Note)	58,578

Note: Net assets acquired primarily included cash and deposits with real estate developers.

Acquisition of Yuancui

Business Acquisition

Schedule of allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired (i)	16,408
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets (note 9)
-Non-competed agreements	6,740
-Trademarks	1,070
Goodwill	31,188
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,953)
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	(23,453)
Total	30,000

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash consideration from RMB20,000 from subscription of new shares.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Yuancui derived by the purchase consideration, adjusted for a discount for control premium.

Acquisition of Tuqiang

Business Acquisition

Schedule of allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition

	Amount
	RMB
Net assets acquired(i)	(968)
Goodwill	454
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	114
Total	(400)

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash, accounts receivables from real estate developers and accrued expenses undertaken.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Tuqiang derived by the purchase consideration.

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Related Party Balance and Transactions (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Related Party Balance and Transactions

Schedule of transactions with related parties

	For the six months ended
	June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Transactions with related parties
(1) Base commission income and Sales incentive income shared with related parties under Self-Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Ningbo Meishan Jiufeng Investment Limited Partnership(“Jiufeng”)	23	—
Jiuzhen	4,022	—
Shanghai Chongkai Enterprise Management (LLP) (“Chongkai”)	59	—
Muju	566	286
	4,670	286

	For the six months
	ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Other income shared with related parties
Chenji Zhaozhao	—	100
	—	100
	4,670	386

Schedule of amounts due to related parties

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Amounts due to related parties
(1) Payables for income shared under Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Gefei Chengyun	10,759	10,759
Jiufeng	242	242
Jiuchuan	9,403	9,403
Longshutianye	10,140	10,140
Yunde	9,383	9,383
Detong	3,274	3,274
Qixing	964	—
Jiushi	65	65
	44,230	43,266

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
(2) Payables for Base Commission Income shared with related parties under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Derong	9,733	9,733
Jiushen	29	29
Jiufeng	495	495
	10,257	10,257
(3) Other payables
Jiushen	790	790
Jiuzhen	3,981	3,981
Chongkai	3,689	3,689
Jiufeng	149	149
Muju	5,561	5,847
Chenji Zhaozhao	191	—
	14,361	14,456
Total	68,848	67,979

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Parent only financial information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Parent only financial information

Schedule of Condensed Balance Sheets

(a)    Condensed Balance Sheets

	As of December 31,	As of June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Assets
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	22,710	25,364
Total current asset	22,710	25,364
Non-current asset
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total non-current asset	1,533,937	1,827,604
Total assets	1,556,647	1,852,968
Liabilities
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,225	25,792
Total current liability	27,225	25,792
Total liabilities	27,225	25,792
Equity
Class A ordinary shares	1	14
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631	5,197,029
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(393,841)	(392,574)
Accumulated deficit	(3,128,369)	(2,977,293)
Total equity	1,529,422	1,827,176
Total liabilities and equity	1,556,647	1,852,968

Schedule of Condensed Statements of Results of Operations

(b)    Condensed Statements of Results of Operations

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
General and administrative expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Total operating expenses	(150,286)	(5,188)
Loss from operations	(150,286)	(5,188)
Equity (loss) income of subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	(110,690)	20,474
Other income:
Interest income, net	1,297	—
Other income, net	8,620	1,710
(Loss) income before income tax	(251,059)	16,996
Income tax expense	—	—
Net (loss) income	(251,059)	16,996
Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares	—	—
Deemed dividend to preferred shareholder	—	—
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	(251,059)	16,996

Schedule of Condensed statements of cash flows

(c)    Condensed statements of cash flows

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Net cash used in operating activities	2,155	(143,941)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	—	—
Investment in short-term investments	(162,180)	—
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments	18,153	—
Net cash used in investing activities	(144,027)	—
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—	264
Proceeds from issuance of issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuance costs	—	145,064
Net cash provided by financing activities	—	145,328
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	9,159	1,267
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(132,713)	2,654
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	162,974	22,710
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	30,261	25,364

XML

Organization and principal activities (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023
Business Operation Agreement
Variable interest entity
Term (in years)	P10Y
Threshold period of written notice required to terminate the agreement	30 days
Exclusive Option Agreements
Variable interest entity
Threshold period of written notice required to terminate the agreement	10 years

XML

Organization and principal activities - Consolidated assets and liabilities information of the Group's VIE and VIE's subsidiaries (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Cash and cash equivalents	¥ 130,735	$ 18,029	¥ 143,934
Restricted cash	13,782	1,901	38,811
Short-term investments			2,000
Accounts receivable, net	380,536	52,478	470,997
Prepayments and other assets, net	277,109	38,214	191,996
Inventories	12,650	1,745	11,157
Total current assets	814,812	112,367	858,895
Property, equipment and software, net	3,723	513	3,037
Equity method investments, net	149,196	20,575	206,086
Long-term equity investment, net	3,000	414	6,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,362	188	2,207
Total non-current assets	157,735	21,753	217,784
Total assets	972,547	134,120	1,076,679
Short-term bank borrowings			72,500
Accounts payable	534,823	73,755	659,215
Customers' refundable fees	31,517	4,346	30,747
Accrued expenses and other payables	120,252	16,584	181,140
Income tax payables	1,021	141	4,876
Operating lease liabilities-current	465	64	1,243
Total current liabilities	688,078	94,890	949,721
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	31,681	4,369	30,772
Operating lease liabilities	779	107	792
Total non-current liabilities	32,460	4,476	31,564
Total liabilities	720,538	$ 99,366	981,285
VIE
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Cash and cash equivalents	39,002		56,850
Restricted cash	13,782		38,811
Short-term investments			2,000
Accounts receivable, net	376,194		466,269
Amounts due from related parties	565,714		600,557
Prepayments and other assets, net	121,627		188,144
Inventories	12,650		11,157
Total current assets	1,128,969		1,363,788
Property, equipment and software, net	3,723		3,036
Equity method investments, net	149,196		204,850
Long-term equity investment, net	3,000		6,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,346		2,032
Total non-current assets	157,265		215,918
Total assets	1,286,234		1,579,706
Short-term bank borrowings	0		72,500
Accounts payable	514,564		638,295
Customers' refundable fees	31,517		30,747
Current instalments of long-term loans from a related party	1,162,000
Amounts due to related parties	125,354		183,076
Accrued expenses and other payables	86,989		145,088
Income tax payables	463		2,468
Operating lease liabilities-current	465		1,096
Total current liabilities	1,921,352		1,073,270
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,669		27,429
Operating lease liabilities	779		791
Long-term loans from a related party excluding current installments	190,000		1,352,000
Total non-current liabilities	218,448		1,380,220
Total liabilities	¥ 2,139,800		¥ 2,453,490

XML

Organization and principal activities - Long-term loan from a related party (Details) - VIE - Fangdd Information	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Variable interest entity
Term of loans (in years)	3 years
Minimum
Variable interest entity
Annual interest (as a percent)	0.20%	0.20%
Maximum
Variable interest entity
Annual interest (as a percent)	0.50%	0.50%

XML

Organization and principal activities - Income Statement and Cash flow information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Variable interest entity
Total revenue	¥ 153,488	$ 21,167	¥ 144,834
Net (loss) income	9,458	1,304	(196,845)
Net cash used in operating activities	(160,140)	(22,084)	(46,630)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	46,849	6,461	(155,759)
Net cash used in financing activities	73,404	10,122	(49,510)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(38,228)	(5,272)	(242,298)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	182,745	25,202	516,238	¥ 516,238
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	144,517	$ 19,930	273,940	182,745
VIE
Variable interest entity
Total revenue	152,241		142,071
Net (loss) income	18,275		(27,433)
Net cash used in operating activities	(15,592)		(19,483)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	45,299		(10,048)
Net cash used in financing activities	(72,584)		(58,509)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(42,877)		(88,040)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	95,661		251,873	251,873
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	¥ 52,784		¥ 163,833	¥ 95,661

XML

Organization and principal activities - Sales Commitment Arrangements (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Variable interest entity
Percentage of base transaction price	100.00%	100.00%
Payable to equity method investees for direct transactions with property developers	¥ 0
Deposits with real estate developers	0
Revenue	153,488	$ 21,167	¥ 144,834
Base commission from transactions
Variable interest entity
Revenue	143,563		117,080
Sales Commitment Arrangements
Variable interest entity
Deposits with real estate developers	0			¥ 40,085
Sales Commitment Arrangements | Sales Incentive
Variable interest entity
Revenue	405		4,677
Self-Commitment or Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Sales Incentive
Variable interest entity
Revenues shared with fund providers (including the Group's equity method investees)	¥ 1,068		¥ 282
Maximum
Variable interest entity
Withdrawal penalty	10.00%

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) $ / ¥	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / ¥	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Foreign Currency
Foreign currency exchange gain, net	¥ 392	$ 54	¥ 441
Convenience Translation
Translation to USD	7.2513	7.2513

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Restricted cash (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Frozen for a lawsuit
Restricted cash
Restricted Cash	¥ 13,782	¥ 38,811

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Accounts Receivable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Allowance for doubtful accounts	¥ 593,312	¥ 557,073	¥ 710,168
Percentage of accounts receivable represent output VAT	6.00%

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Loans receivable, net (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Loan receivables	¥ 5,729	¥ 17,816
Minimum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Debt instrument term	30 days
Maximum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Debt instrument term	5 years

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Property, equipment and software and intangible assets (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, equipment and software, net
Goodwill impairment	¥ 0	¥ 31,188
Non-competed agreements
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets (in years)	6 years
Trademarks
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of intangible assets (in years)	10 years
Buildings
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	20 years
Leasehold improvements | Minimum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	2 years
Leasehold improvements | Maximum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	3 years
Furniture, office equipment | Minimum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	3 years
Furniture, office equipment | Maximum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	5 years
Motor vehicles | Minimum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	3 years
Motor vehicles | Maximum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	4 years
Software | Minimum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	2 years
Software | Maximum
Property, equipment and software, net
Estimated useful lives of property, equipment and software (in years)	10 years

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) segment	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Going concern
Accumulated deficit	¥ (4,548,217)			$ (627,228)	¥ (4,557,675)
Net cash provided by operating activities	160,140	$ 22,084	¥ 46,630
Cash and cash equivalents	130,735			18,029	143,934
Equity method investments
Impairment losses	11,779
Impairment of Long-lived Assets other than goodwill
Impairment loss for non-current assets	¥ 0		7,642
Value added taxes
Vat rate	6.00%	6.00%
Revenue
Revenue	¥ 153,488	$ 21,167	144,834
Employee Benefits
Employee social insurance benefits	4,520		9,394
Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,362			188	2,207
Retained earnings	¥ (4,548,217)			$ (627,228)	¥ (4,557,675)
Weighted-average remaining lease term	1 year 4 months 28 days			1 year 4 months 28 days
Weighted-average discount rate	3.65%			3.65%
Right-of-use assets obtained under operating leases	¥ 1,362
Segment Reporting
Operating segments | segment	1	1
Statutory Reserves
Minimum percentage of after-tax profits appropriated to the general reserve fund	10.00%	10.00%
Maximum percentage of after-tax profits appropriated to the general reserve fund	50.00%	50.00%
Minimum percentage of after-tax profits appropriated to the statutory surplus fund	10.00%	10.00%
Maximum percentage of after-tax profits appropriated to the statutory surplus fund	50.00%	50.00%
Appropriation to the general reserve fund	¥ 0		0
Appropriation to statutory surplus fund	0		0
Appropriation to the discretionary funds	0		0
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Going concern
Accumulated deficit	0
Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	385
Retained earnings	0
Franchise Income
Revenue
Revenue	¥ 0		¥ 773

XML

Concentration and Risk (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 HKD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)
Concentration and Risk
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	¥ 144,517	$ 19,930		¥ 182,745	$ 25,202	¥ 273,940	¥ 516,238
PRC
Concentration and Risk
Cash, PRC insured	500
Hong Kong
Concentration and Risk
Cash, PRC insured | $			$ 500
RMB | PRC
Concentration and Risk
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	77,678			114,589
U. S. Dollar | PRC
Concentration and Risk
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	10,860			10,401
U. S. Dollar | Hong Kong
Concentration and Risk
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	55,741			57,421
Hong Kong dollar | Hong Kong
Concentration and Risk
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	¥ 238			¥ 334

XML

Fair value measurement (Details) - Recurring ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Assets
Total Assets	¥ 2,000
Wealth management products
Assets
Short-term investments	2,000
Level 2
Assets
Total Assets	2,000
Level 2 | Wealth management products
Assets
Short-term investments	¥ 2,000

XML

Fair value measurement - Short-term investments (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Minimum
Fair Value Measurement
Maturity term of short term investments (in days or months)	7 days
Maximum
Fair Value Measurement
Maturity term of short term investments (in days or months)	3 months

XML

Fair value measurement - Transfers (Details) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)
Fair value measurement
No transfers	¥ 0

XML

Lease - Operating lease balances (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Lease
Operating lease right-of-use assets	¥ 1,362	$ 188	¥ 2,207
Operating lease liabilities	¥ 1,244		¥ 2,035

XML

Lease - Components of lease expense (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lease
Operating lease cost	¥ 698	¥ 714
Short-term lease cost	929	7,821
Total	¥ 1,627	¥ 8,535

XML

Lease - Operating lease payments (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lease
2023	¥ 484	¥ 1,295
2024	792	804
Total undiscounted operating lease payments	1,276	2,099
Less: imputed interest	(32)	(64)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	¥ 1,244	¥ 2,035

XML

Accounts receivable, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)
Prepayments and other assets, net
Accounts receivable, gross	¥ 973,848		¥ 1,028,070
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts	(593,312)		(557,073)	¥ (710,168)
Accounts receivable, net	380,536	$ 52,478	470,997
Short-term bank borrowings			72,500
Bank loans
Prepayments and other assets, net
Short-term bank borrowings	0		30,000
Real estate developers
Prepayments and other assets, net
Accounts receivable, gross	969,550		1,023,787
Real estate developers | Pledged | Bank loans
Prepayments and other assets, net
Accounts receivable, gross	0		44,889
Individual customers
Prepayments and other assets, net
Accounts receivable, gross	¥ 4,298		¥ 4,283

XML

Accounts receivable, net - Movement of allowance for doubtful accounts (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts receivable, net
Balance at the beginning of the period	¥ 557,073	¥ 710,168
(Reversal) Provision for the period	36,439	(82,825)
Written-off	(200)	(70,270)
Balance at the end of the period	¥ 593,312	¥ 557,073

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Prepayments and other assets, net
Loans receivable, net	¥ 9,442		¥ 25,988
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	26,398		66,978
Rental and other deposits, net	4,718		5,672
Other receivables	236,551		93,358
Prepayments and other assets, net	¥ 277,109	$ 38,214	¥ 191,996

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net - Loans receivable, net (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands			1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 25, 2018	Dec. 25, 2017	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans receivable, net
Loans receivable, gross				¥ 14,243	¥ 33,632
Less: allowance for doubtful loans				(4,801)	(7,644)	¥ (31,694)
Loans receivable, net				9,442	25,988
Provision of allowance for doubtful accounts						¥ 25,000
Secured loans
Loans receivable, net
Loans receivable, gross				6,719	12,070
Secured loans | Independent Third Party Trust
Loans receivable, net
Term of arrangement		1 year
Secured receivables acquired from trust
Loans receivable, net
Consideration for loans purchased	¥ 21,424
Secured receivables acquired from trust | Independent Third Party Trust
Loans receivable, net
Loans receivable, gross				6,719	12,070
Less: allowance for doubtful loans				(3,268)	(5,347)
Unsecured loans
Loans receivable, net
Loans receivable, gross				¥ 7,524	21,562
Real estate agent companies
Loans receivable, net
Loans receivable, gross			¥ 45,000
Loan original term			12 months
Interest rate on loan			6.48%
Reversal in the provision of allowance for doubtful accounts					¥ 25,000
Minimum
Loans receivable, net
Loan original term				30 days
Interest rate on loan				3.60%
Minimum | Secured loans | Independent Third Party Trust
Loans receivable, net
Percentage on loan facilitation fee		0.80%
Maximum
Loans receivable, net
Loan original term				5 years
Interest rate on loan				20.00%
Maximum | Secured loans | Independent Third Party Trust
Loans receivable, net
Percentage on loan facilitation fee		4.00%

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net - Allowance for doubtful accounts (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepayments and other assets, net
Balance at the beginning of the period	¥ 7,644	¥ 31,694
(Reversal) Provision for the period	1,737	(20,179)
Written-off	(4,580)	(3,871)
Balance at the end of the period	¥ 4,801	¥ 7,644

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net - Aging of loans receivable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans	¥ 14,243	¥ 33,632
1-29 days past Due
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans		3,000
30-89 days past Due
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans		200
Over 180 days past Due
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans	10,896	20,828
Total past Due
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans	10,896	24,028
Current
Prepayments and other assets, net
Total loans	¥ 3,347	¥ 9,604

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net - Security deposits (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepayments and other assets, net
Security deposits with real estate developers	¥ 97,676	¥ 138,151
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(71,278)	(71,173)
Security deposits with real estate developers, net	26,398	66,978
Without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Prepayments and other assets, net
Security deposits with real estate developers	¥ 97,676	98,066
Sales Commitment Arrangements
Prepayments and other assets, net
Security deposits with real estate developers		¥ 40,085

XML

Prepayments and other assets, net - Rental and other deposit (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepayments and other assets, net
Rental and other deposits	¥ 8,702	¥ 9,656
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(3,984)	(3,984)
Rental and other deposits, net	¥ 4,718	¥ 5,672

XML

Property, equipment and software, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	¥ 58,734			¥ 68,826
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(55,011)			(58,147)
Impairment loss				(7,642)
Total Property, equipment and software, net	3,723		$ 513	3,037
Depreciation and amortization	463	¥ 2,081
Buildings
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	3,752			2,594
Leasehold Improvements
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	46,189			57,162
Furniture and office equipment
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	2,461			2,738
Vehicles
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	1,633			1,633
Software And Software Development Costs
Property, equipment and software, net
Total Property, equipment and software	¥ 4,699			¥ 4,699

XML

Intangible assets, net (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Intangible assets, net
Total intangible assets		¥ 7,810	¥ 7,810
Less: Accumulated amortization		(2,158)	(2,158)
Impairment loss		(5,652)	(5,652)
Yuancui
Intangible assets, net
Less: Accumulated amortization		0		¥ 0
Intangible assets acquired in connection with business combination	¥ 7,810
Non-competed agreements
Intangible assets, net
Total intangible assets		6,740	6,740
Trademarks
Intangible assets, net
Total intangible assets		¥ 1,070	¥ 1,070

XML

Intangible assets, net - Additional Information (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Intangible assets, net
Amortization expenses		¥ 2,158	¥ 2,158
Yuancui
Intangible assets, net
Intangible assets acquired in connection with business combination	¥ 7,810
Amortization expenses		¥ 0		¥ 0

XML

Goodwill, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)
Goodwill, net
Balance at beginning	¥ 454
Impairment loss	0			¥ 31,188
Additions			¥ 454
Balance at ending	¥ 454	$ 63	¥ 454

XML

Goodwill, net - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2020 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Mar. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2021	Oct. 30, 2020 CNY (¥)
Goodwill, net
Goodwill		¥ 454	$ 63	¥ 454
Yuancui
Goodwill, net
Equity interest acquired (as a percent)	51.00%				78.00%	70.00%	51.00%
Total consideration	¥ 30,000
Goodwill	¥ 31,188				¥ 454		¥ 31,188
Tuqiang
Goodwill, net
Equity interest acquired (as a percent)					78.00%
Goodwill					¥ 454

XML

Equity method investment, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Equity method investment, net
Balance at the beginning	¥ 206,086
Additions			¥ 32,354
Share of results	442	$ 61	(115)
Return of capital	(45,553)	(6,282)	(19,311)
Impairment losses	(11,779)
Balance at the ending	149,196	$ 20,575		¥ 206,086
Equity Method Investees Excluding Shanghai Qinlin Information Technology Co. Ltd And Shanghai Gefei Fangdd Asset Management Ltd [Member]
Equity method investment, net
Balance at the beginning	206,086		¥ 257,122	257,122
Additions				33,154
Share of results	441			(2,020)
Return of capital	(45,552)			(19,547)
Impairment losses	(11,779)			(62,623)
Balance at the ending	¥ 149,196			¥ 206,086

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Equity method investment, net - Limited Partnerships (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity method investment, net
Aggregated carrying amount (before impairment loss) of the limited partnerships	¥ 410,928	¥ 454,803
Maximum amount of additional capital commitment	327,869	300,019
Maximum exposures to the losses of the limited partnerships	738,797	754,822
Impairment losses	11,779
Capital Investments		33,154
Return of capital	(45,553)	(19,547)
Equity Method Investees Excluding Shanghai Qinlin Information Technology Co. Ltd And Shanghai Gefei Fangdd Asset Management Ltd [Member]
Equity method investment, net
Impairment losses	¥ 11,779	¥ 62,623
Gefei Chengyun
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	20.00%	20.00%
Jiushen
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	12.00%	12.00%
Capital Investments		¥ 6,350
Return of capital	¥ (9,850)	¥ (18,500)
Shiguan
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		27.60%
Jiuchuan
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	10.00%	10.00%
Decheng
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		2.00%
Longshutianye
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	26.00%	26.00%
Return of capital	¥ (663)
Longshuqianli
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		16.00%
Jiuzhen
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	20.00%	20.00%
Return of capital		¥ (414)
Yunde
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	20.00%	20.00%
Deyan
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	20.00%	20.00%
Return of capital	¥ (200)
Detong
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	40.00%	40.00%
Derong
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	37.00%	37.00%
Return of capital		¥ (1)
Jiushi
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	40.00%	40.00%
Return of capital	¥ (32,650)
Qixing
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	15.70%	15.70%
Ruokun
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		20.00%
Honggeng
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		20.00%
Jiaxinda
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	10.00%	10.00%
Fangjin
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		49.00%
Return of capital		¥ (234)
Muju
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	30.00%	30.00%
Capital Investments		¥ 23,814
Return of capital		¥ (398)
Chenji Zhaozhao
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships		30.00%
Capital Investments		¥ 2,190
Return of capital	¥ (2,190)
Tinghaozhu Space
Equity method investment, net
Effective interests in the limited partnerships	40.00%	40.00%
Capital Investments		¥ 800

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Equity method investment, net - Summary combined unaudited financial information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)
Summary combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees
Current assets	¥ 814,812			¥ 858,895	$ 112,367
Non-current assets	157,735			217,784	21,753
Total assets	972,547			1,076,679	134,120
Current liabilities	688,078			949,721	94,890
Total liabilities	720,538			981,285	99,366
Equity	252,009		¥ 130,319	95,394	34,754	¥ 303,677
Total liabilities and equity	972,547			1,076,679	$ 134,120
Revenue	153,488	$ 21,167	144,834
Net loss	9,361	$ 1,291	¥ (192,100)
Equity method investees
Summary combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees
Current assets	606,804			854,415
Non-current assets	76,240			171,618
Total assets	683,044			1,026,033
Current liabilities	145,718			226,849
Total liabilities	145,718			226,849
Equity	537,326			799,184
Total liabilities and equity	683,044			1,026,033
Revenue	10			842
Operating loss	(1,062)			(3,033)
Net loss	¥ (895)			¥ (2,742)

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Long-term equity investment, net (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 05, 2018 CNY (¥) shares	Jul. 07, 2018 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2020 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2019 CNY (¥)
Long-term equity investment, net
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment			¥ 3,000	$ 414			¥ 0	¥ 16,000
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment			11,779
Haofangtong
Long-term equity investment, net
Number of shares purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value | shares	4,029,543
Ownership percentage acquired	7.00%
Consideration for purchase of financial instruments	¥ 56,000
Percentage ownership for additional shares that can be purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value	19.00%
Purchase price set for additional shares that can be purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value	¥ 32,000
Haofangtong | Scenario, Plan
Long-term equity investment, net
Expected cumulative percentage ownership after all transactions		26.00%
Number of shares purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value | shares		4,029,543
Ownership percentage acquired		7.00%
Consideration for purchase of financial instruments		¥ 56,000
Number of additional shares that can be purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value | shares		10,937,339
Percentage ownership for additional shares that can be purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value		19.00%
Purchase price set for additional shares that can be purchased equity securities without readily determinable fair value		¥ 32,000
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment						¥ 26,000
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment			¥ 3,000		¥ 8,000

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Short-term bank borrowings (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Aug. 31, 2022	Jul. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jul. 31, 2021	Jun. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Jun. 30, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023	Jan. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Short-term bank borrowings
Short-term bank borrowings											¥ 72,500
Weighted average interest rates (as a percent)								4.80%			6.60%
Secured bank loans
Short-term bank borrowings
Short-term bank borrowings											¥ 72,500
Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank
Short-term bank borrowings
Debt instrument term	11 months		1 year		1 year
Borrowed amount	¥ 42,500		¥ 100,000		¥ 100,000					¥ 42,500
Interest rate (as a percent)	7.50%				7.50%
Repayment of borrowings			¥ 84,600	¥ 15,400
Bank of China
Short-term bank borrowings
Debt instrument term		6 months					1 year
Borrowed amount		¥ 30,000					¥ 50,000		¥ 30,000		¥ 44,889		¥ 50,000
Interest rate (as a percent)		3.80%					4.35%
Collateral				¥ 84,333
Bank of Nanjing
Short-term bank borrowings
Debt instrument term						1 year
Borrowed amount						¥ 180						¥ 180
Interest rate (as a percent)						5.00%

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Customers' refundable fees (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Movement In Customers Refundable Fees
Balance at the beginning of the year/period	¥ 30,747	¥ 30,997
Cash received from customers	5,467	42,298
Cash refunded to customers	(6,235)	(46,554)
Revenue recognized	1,538	4,006
Balance at the end of the year/period	¥ 31,517	¥ 30,747

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Accrued expenses and other payables
Accrual for salary and bonus	¥ 5,238		¥ 6,426
Other taxes and surcharge payable	24,977		24,081
Down payments collected on behalf of secondary property sellers	0
Amounts due to franchisees	218		218
Professional service fee	838		982
Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements	40,973		41,444
Accrued expenses	2,479		10,406
Receipt in advance	9,696		12,551
Others	35,833		85,032
Accrued expenses and other payables	¥ 120,252	$ 16,584	¥ 181,140

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Taxation - Income Tax Rates (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 02, 2008	Jun. 30, 2023 HKD ($) company	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Taxation
Statutory tax rate (as a percent)		25.00%	25.00%
Retained earnings				¥ (4,557,675)									¥ (4,548,217)	$ (627,228)
HNTE
Taxation
Preferential tax rate (as a percent)				15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%
Hong Kong
Taxation
Statutory tax rate (as a percent)		16.50%
Amount of assessable profits under lowered tax rate | $		$ 2,000
Percentage of lowered income tax rate (as a percent)		8.25%
Number of companies from each group benefit from the progressive rates | company		1
PRC
Taxation
Statutory tax rate (as a percent)		25.00%
Withholding Tax Rate	10.00%
Retained earnings | ¥				¥ 0									¥ 0
PRC | HNTE
Taxation
Preferential tax rate (as a percent)				15.00%	15.00%	15.00%

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Taxation - Loss before provision for income taxes is attributable to the geographic locations (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Taxation
(Loss) Income before income tax	¥ 6,452	$ 890	¥ (186,626)
Cayman
Taxation
(Loss) income before tax, foreign	(3,271)		(140,369)
Hong Kong
Taxation
(Loss) income before tax, foreign	(952)		(1,911)
PRC
Taxation
(Loss) income before tax, domestic	¥ 10,675		¥ (44,346)

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Taxation - Components of income tax (expense) benefit (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Taxation
Current income tax expense (benefit)	¥ (2,909)		¥ 5,474
Income tax expense	¥ (2,909)	$ (401)	¥ 5,474

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Taxation - Reconciliation of actual income tax expense and amount computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Taxation
Statutory tax rate (as a percent)	25.00%	25.00%	25.00%
(Loss) profit before tax	¥ 6,452	$ 890	¥ (186,626)
Income tax computed at PRC statutory tax rate	1,613		(46,657)
Effect of preferential tax rate	0		(1,815)
Tax rate differential not subject to PRC income tax	899		35,255
Non-deductible expense	(2,176)		12,200
Change in valuation allowance	896		4,484
Additional deduction for research and development expenses	(466)		(625)
Tax-exempted income	0		92
Late payment surcharge on uncertain tax position	(3,712)		1,149
Other	37		1,391
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	¥ (2,909)	$ (401)	¥ 5,474
HNTE
Taxation
Preferential tax rate (as a percent)				15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%

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Taxation - Deferred tax assets and liabilities - Components (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2021
Taxation
Net operating loss carry forward	¥ 103,285	¥ 90,576
Allowance for doubtful accounts	172,898	180,992
Payroll and accrued expenses	4,157	4,157
Deductible advertisement expenses	1,024	3,134
Long-term equity investment impairment	74,988	80,159
Intangible assets	28,031	26,260
Gross deferred tax assets	384,382	385,278
Less: Valuation allowance	(384,382)	¥ (385,278)	¥ (324,682)
Consideration from intangible assets transferred	¥ 141,500

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Taxation - Movements of the valuation allowance (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Tax Assets Valuation Allowance, Movements
Balance at the beginning of the period	¥ (384,382)	¥ (324,682)
Changes of valuation allowances	(896)	(59,700)
Balance at the end of the period	¥ (385,278)	¥ (384,382)

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Taxation - Operating losses carry forwards (Details) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)
Taxation
Net operating losses carry forwards	¥ 354,436
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2023, if unused	31,483
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2024, if unused	22,229
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2025, if unused	47,116
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2026, if unused	148,871
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2027, if unused	84,783
Net operating losses carry forwards, expire in December 31, 2028, if unused	¥ 19,954

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Taxation - Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns
Beginning balance	¥ (30,772)	¥ (28,575)
Additions	(909)	(2,197)
Ending balance	¥ (31,681)	¥ (30,772)

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Taxation - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)
Tax Examinations Computational Errors
Taxation
Statute of limitation, period (in years)	3 years
Tax Examinations Underpayment of Taxes Exceeding Threshold Amount
Taxation
Statute of limitation, period (in years)	5 years
Minimum threshold amount for determining statute of limitation	¥ 100
Tax Examinations Transfer Pricing Issues
Taxation
Statute of limitation, period (in years)	10 years
Tax Examinations Tax Evasion
Taxation
Statute of limitation, period (in years)	0 years

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares - Movements in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares (Details) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019 CNY (¥)
Movements in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Balance at the beginning of the period	¥ 2,743,144
Redemption value accretion	116,308
Foreign currency translation adjustment	73,634
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(2,933,086)
Series A-2 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Movements in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Balance at the beginning of the period	102,743
Redemption value accretion	3,041
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,747
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(108,531)
Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Movements in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Balance at the beginning of the period	446,889
Redemption value accretion	15,642
Foreign currency translation adjustment	11,870
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	(474,401)
Series C Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Movements in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Balance at the beginning of the period	2,193,512
Redemption value accretion	97,625
Foreign currency translation adjustment	59,017
Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares	¥ (2,350,154)

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares - Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares (Details) $ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands										6 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2022 shares	Nov. 01, 2019 shares	Oct. 08, 2019 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2015 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2015 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 12, 2014 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 12, 2014 CNY (¥) shares	Oct. 25, 2013 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 25, 2013 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2023 item	Dec. 31, 2018 shares	Dec. 31, 2017 shares	Dec. 31, 2016 shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Rounds of financing issuing preferred shares since inception | item										4
Redemption price (as a percent)										150.00%
Liquidation preference, percentage of original issue price										150.00%
Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)								259,257,900	259,257,900
Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)								111,110,000	111,110,000
Shares repurchased (in shares)				9,007,682	9,007,682
Total consideration on shares repurchased				$ 7,000	¥ 42,000
Shares issued for each shares converted								1
Series A-2 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)								148,147,900	148,147,900
Share price | $ / shares								$ 0.07
Total consideration on shares issued								$ 9,830	¥ 58,980
Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)						177,834,496	177,834,496
Share price | $ / shares						$ 0.25
Total consideration on shares issued						$ 45,000	¥ 276,764
Threshold minimum percentage of outstanding preferred share holders to provide written consent										75.00%
Series C Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)				286,959,017	286,959,017
Share price | $ / shares				$ 0.78
Total consideration on shares issued				$ 223,000	¥ 1,364,046
Ordinary shares
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Shares repurchased (in shares)				29,596,670	29,596,670
Total consideration on shares repurchased				$ 23,000	¥ 140,612
Shares issued for each shares converted											1	1	1
Common Class A
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)	375,000,000	150,000,000
Common Class A | Greyhound Investment Ltd
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
Options granted			172,908,894
Stock options, Threshold exercisable period			61 days
Grant date fair value of stock options granted | ¥			¥ 642,174

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Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares (Details) $ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands												6 Months Ended
	Mar. 09, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Mar. 03, 2023 CNY (¥) shares	Mar. 03, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 21, 2023 shares	Feb. 10, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 08, 2022 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 08, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Nov. 29, 2022 shares	Nov. 01, 2019 CNY (¥) shares	Nov. 01, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 25, 2013 shares	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares	Oct. 14, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 shares	Jan. 01, 2013 $ / shares shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, shares authorized															50,000,000,000	2,275,948,587	2,000,000,000
Ordinary shares, par value | $ / shares															$ 0.0000001		$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued																	975,308,700
Authorized share capital | $															$ 5,000
Net proceeds						¥ 3,136	$ 450					¥ 264	$ 36
Proceeds from issuance of convertible debt | $					$ 21,000
Debt principal amount | $	$ 21,000				$ 21,000
Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)											111,110,000
Shares issued for each shares converted											1
Class A & Class B ordinary shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, shares authorized										5,000,000,000
Authorized share capital | $										$ 500
Class A ordinary shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, shares authorized										3,380,061,942					30,000,000,000
Ordinary shares, par value | $ / shares										$ 0.0000001			$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued					375								20,856,591,996	1,850,866,648
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)						375,000,000	375,000,000		150,000,000	150,000,000
Number of shares re-designated									325,773,972	325,773,972
Re-designation ratio									1	1
Number of shares issued upon conversion of outstanding preferred shares									715,043,731	715,043,731
Exercise of share options under share-based compensation									12,504,475	12,504,475
Offering price per share | $ / shares			$ 0.0017				$ 0.0017			$ 0.52
Net proceeds		¥ 158	$ 23						¥ 498,436	$ 71,596
Voting rights									one	one
Conversion of stock		120,811,500	120,811,500	129,519,698					1	1
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 0.00112
Share issued during period share conversion units	18,750,000,000
Class B ordinary shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, shares authorized										619,938,058					10,000,000,000
Ordinary shares, par value | $ / shares													$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued													490,418,360	619,938,058
Number of shares re-designated									619,938,058	619,938,058
Re-designation ratio									1	1
Voting rights									ten	ten
Class C ordinary shares
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, par value | $ / shares													$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Common stock issued	5,625,000												5,700,000	75,000
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)						75,000	75,000	7,875,000
Offering price per share | $ / shares							$ 0.0036
Voting rights									10,000	10,000
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 0.00271
Shares not designated yet
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Ordinary shares, shares authorized										1,000,000,000					10,000,000,000
ADS
Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares
Debt instrument interest rate					8.00%
Maximum percentage of holder to company's ordinary shares					64.00%
Conversion price | $ / shares					$ 0.47

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Share-Based Compensation - Additional information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			6 Months Ended
	Apr. 28, 2020 CNY (¥)	Dec. 21, 2018 shares	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense			¥ 82	$ 11	¥ 9,207
Total unrecognized compensation expense			37
Share-based compensation expenses			¥ 82	$ 11	¥ 9,207
Total unrecognized compensation expense, weighted average recognition period			11 months 4 days	11 months 4 days
Stock options
Share-Based Compensation
Grantees agreed not to exercise any stock option (in months)	12 months
Impact on total compensation cost from incremental fair value	¥ 0
2018 Plan | Stock options
Share-Based Compensation
Maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued | shares		260,454,163
2018 Plan | Vesting first year | Stock options
Share-Based Compensation
Percentage of Vesting rights		30.00%
Vesting Period		12 months
2018 Plan | Vesting second year | Stock options
Share-Based Compensation
Percentage of Vesting rights		30.00%
Vesting Period		2 years
2018 Plan | Vesting third year | Stock options
Share-Based Compensation
Percentage of Vesting rights		40.00%
Vesting Period		36 months

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Share-Based Compensation - Stock option Activities (Details) - Stock options - 2018 Plan - $ / shares	6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of shares
Outstanding at the beginning of period (in shares)	74,131,026	130,156,288	130,156,288
Exercised (in shares)	(5,393,650)
Forfeited (in shares)	(1,392,250)	(6,523,225)
Outstanding at the end of period (in shares)	67,345,126	123,633,063	74,131,026	130,156,288
Exercisable (in shares)	67,065,601	38,489,988
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Exercised (in dollars per share)	0.0000001
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	0.0000001	0.0000001
Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Weighted average remaining contractual term
Outstanding (in Years)	2 years 3 months 18 days	3 years 6 months 3 days	2 years 8 months 8 days	4 years 7 days
Exercisable at the end of period (in years)	2 years 3 months 18 days	1 year 6 months 29 days
Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding (in dollars per share)	$ 0.54	$ 0.45	$ 0.59	$ 0.44
Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 0.54	$ 1.33

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Share-Based Compensation - Fair value assumptions (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2019
Share-Based Compensation
Expected dividend yield	0.00%
Stock options | 2018 Plan
Share-Based Compensation
Expected volatility		48.56%	60.00%
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)		1.25%	2.80%
Exercise multiple		2.2	2.2
Expected dividend yield		0.00%	0.00%
Contractual term (in years)		5 years	5 years

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Revenue information (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Revenue information
Total revenue	¥ 153,488	$ 21,167	¥ 144,834
Base commission from transactions
Revenue information
Total revenue	143,563		117,080
Innovation initiatives and other value-added services
Revenue information
Total revenue	¥ 9,925		¥ 27,754

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(Loss) income per share - Reconciliation (Details) ¥ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares shares
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	¥ 9,361	$ 1,291	¥ (192,100)
Net (profit) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	97	$ 13	(4,745)
Numerator for basic and diluted net loss per share calculation | ¥	¥ 9,458		¥ (196,845)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares | shares	13,937,948,159	13,937,948,159	2,046,388,131
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, diluted | shares	13,937,948,159	13,937,948,159	2,046,388,131
Basic (in dollars per share) | ¥ / shares	¥ 0.001		¥ (0.10)
Diluted (in dollars per share) | ¥ / shares	¥ 0.001		¥ (0.10)

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(Loss) income per share - Securities excluded (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Loss per share
Dilutive securities excluded	67,345,126	123,633,063
Share options | Employees
Loss per share
Dilutive securities excluded	67,345,126	123,633,063

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Business combination (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	Oct. 30, 2020 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2021 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Mar. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Oct. 31, 2020 CNY (¥)
The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition
Goodwill			¥ 454	$ 63	¥ 454
Yuancui
Business combination
Cash consideration for subscription of newly issued ordinary shares	¥ 20,000
Cash consideration for acquisition of equity interest from the shareholders	¥ 10,000
Equity interest held (in percent)	51.00%	70.00%				78.00%	51.00%
The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition
Net assets acquired	¥ 16,408
Goodwill	31,188					¥ 454	¥ 31,188
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,953)
Noncontrolling interests	(23,453)
Total	30,000
Cash consideration for further capital injection		¥ 8,563
Yuancui | Non-competed agreements
The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets	6,740
Yuancui | Trademarks
The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets	¥ 1,070
Tuqiang
Business combination
Equity interest held (in percent)						78.00%
The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition
Net assets acquired						¥ (968)
Goodwill						454
Noncontrolling interests						114
Total						¥ (400)

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Business combination - Schedule of acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi (Details) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)
Deyu and Jiuyi
Business combination
Net assets acquired	¥ 58,578

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies.
Capital investment commitment	¥ 327,869	¥ 300,019

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Related Party Balance and Transactions (Details) ¥ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) item	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Other income shared with related parties	¥ 100
Funding provided by related parties	386	¥ 4,670
Amounts due to related parties	67,979		¥ 68,848
Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	14,456		14,361
Jiushen | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	790		790
Jiufeng | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	149		149
Chenji Zhaozhao
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Other income shared with related parties	100
Chenji Zhaozhao | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties			191
Jiuzhen | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	¥ 3,981		3,981
Chongkai
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Number of company founders | item	2
Chongkai | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	¥ 3,689		3,689
Muju | Other Payables
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	5,847		5,561
Self Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Base commission income and sales incentive income shared with related parties	286	4,670
Self Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Jiufeng
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Base commission income and sales incentive income shared with related parties	0	23
Self Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Jiuzhen
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Base commission income and sales incentive income shared with related parties	0	4,022
Self Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Chongkai
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Base commission income and sales incentive income shared with related parties	0	59
Self Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Muju
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Base commission income and sales incentive income shared with related parties	286	¥ 566
Exclusive Sales Contracts Without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	10,257		10,257
Exclusive Sales Contracts Without Sales Commitment Arrangement | Jiushen
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	29		29
Exclusive Sales Contracts Without Sales Commitment Arrangement | Jiufeng
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	495		495
Exclusive Sales Contracts Without Sales Commitment Arrangement | Derong
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	9,733		9,733
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	43,266		44,230
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Gefei Chengyun
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	10,759		10,759
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Jiufeng
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	242		242
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Jiuchuan
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	9,403		9,403
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Longshutianye
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	10,140		10,140
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Yunde
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	9,383		9,383
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Detong
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	3,274		3,274
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Qixing
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due from a related party	0		(964)
Non-Group Collaborative Agreements | Jiushi
Related Party Balance and Transactions
Amounts due to related parties	¥ 65		¥ 65

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Parent only financial information - Condensed Balance Sheets (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	¥ 130,735	$ 18,029	¥ 143,934
Total current assets	814,812	112,367	858,895
Non-current asset
Total non-current assets	157,735	21,753	217,784
Total assets	972,547	134,120	1,076,679
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other payables	120,252	16,584	181,140
Total current liability	688,078	94,890	949,721
Total liabilities	720,538	99,366	981,285
Equity:
Additional paid-in capital	5,197,029	716,703	5,051,631
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(392,574)	(54,138)	(393,841)
Accumulated deficit	(4,548,217)	(627,228)	(4,557,675)
Total Fangdd Network Group Ltd. shareholders' equity	256,252	35,339	100,116
Total liabilities and equity	972,547	$ 134,120	1,076,679
Reportable Legal Entities | Parent Company
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	25,364		22,710
Total current assets	25,364		22,710
Non-current asset
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE's subsidiaries	1,827,604		1,533,937
Total non-current assets	1,827,604		1,533,937
Total assets	1,852,968		1,556,647
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other payables	25,792		27,225
Total current liability	25,792		27,225
Total liabilities	25,792		27,225
Equity:
Class A ordinary shares	14		1
Additional paid-in capital	5,197,029		5,051,631
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(392,574)		(393,841)
Accumulated deficit	(2,977,293)		(3,128,369)
Total Fangdd Network Group Ltd. shareholders' equity	1,827,176		1,529,422
Total liabilities and equity	¥ 1,852,968		¥ 1,556,647

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Parent only financial information - Condensed Statements of Results of Operations (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses	¥ (69,204)	$ (9,544)	¥ (134,300)
Total operating expenses	(88,784)	(12,244)	(182,899)
Loss from operations	(68,969)	(9,511)	(178,193)
Other income:
Interest income, net	(69)	(10)	(1,797)
Other income, net	88,617	12,221	50,880
(Loss) Income before income tax	6,452	890	(186,626)
Income tax expense	(2,909)	(401)	5,474
Net (loss) income	9,458	1,304	(196,845)
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	9,458	$ 1,304	(196,845)
Reportable Legal Entities | Parent Company
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses	(5,188)		(150,286)
Total operating expenses	(5,188)		(150,286)
Loss from operations	(5,188)		(150,286)
Equity (loss) income of subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE's subsidiaries	20,474		(110,690)
Other income:
Interest income, net	0		1,297
Other income, net	1,710		8,620
(Loss) Income before income tax	16,996		(251,059)
Income tax expense	0
Net (loss) income	16,996		(251,059)
Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares	0
Deemed dividend to preferred shareholder	0
Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders	¥ 16,996		¥ (251,059)

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Parent only financial information - Condensed statements of cash flows (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			6 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 08, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Parent only financial information
Net cash used in operating activities			¥ (160,140)	$ (22,084)	¥ (46,630)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investment in short-term investments			(10,000)	(1,379)	(262,896)
Net cash used in investing activities			46,849	6,461	(155,759)
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	¥ 3,136	$ 450	264	36
Proceeds from issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuance costs			145,064	20,005
Net cash provided by financing activities			73,404	10,122	(49,510)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents			1,659	229	9,601
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(38,228)	(5,272)	(242,298)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period			182,745	25,202	516,238
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period			144,517	$ 19,930	273,940
Reportable Legal Entities | Parent Company
Parent only financial information
Net cash used in operating activities			(143,941)		2,155
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investment in short-term investments					(162,180)
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments					18,153
Net cash used in investing activities					(144,027)
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs			264
Proceeds from issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuance costs			145,064
Net cash provided by financing activities			145,328
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents			1,267		9,159
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			2,654		(132,713)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period			22,710		162,974
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period			¥ 25,364		¥ 30,261

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Subsequent events (Details) - $ / shares	Jul. 24, 2023	Jul. 17, 2023	Dec. 08, 2022	Nov. 29, 2022	Nov. 01, 2019	Jul. 21, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 09, 2023	Feb. 10, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Oct. 14, 2022	Jan. 01, 2013
Subsequent events
Common stock issued												975,308,700
Common stock par value											$ 0.0000001	$ 0.0000001
Common Class A
Subsequent events
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)			375,000,000		150,000,000
Common stock issued							20,856,591,996		375	1,850,866,648
Common stock par value					$ 0.0000001		$ 0.0000001			$ 0.0000001
Common Class C
Subsequent events
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)			75,000	7,875,000
Common stock issued							5,700,000	5,625,000		75,000
Common stock par value							$ 0.0000001			$ 0.0000001
Subsequent events
Subsequent events
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)		11,428,565
Number of securities called by warrants or rights		28,571,413
Subsequent events | Common Class A
Subsequent events
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)	375
Common stock issued		375				375
Common stock par value		$ 0.0000001
Share price		0.70				$ 0.0022
Stock issued during period shares other (in shares)	5,625
Subsequent events | Common Class A | Warrant
Subsequent events
Share price		0.20
Warrants exercise price		$ 0.77
Subsequent events | Common Class C
Subsequent events
Stock issued during period shares new issue (in shares)		8,000,000.0
Common stock issued						1,371,427
Common stock par value						$ 0.0000001