UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒	Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended May 31, 2023 or
☐	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from                 to                

Commission file number 1-6263

AAR CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 36-2334820
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One AAR Place, 1100 N. Wood Dale Road, Wood Dale, Illinois 60191

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (630) 227-2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value	AIR	New York Stock Exchange
		Chicago Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by nonaffiliates was approximately $1,524 million (based upon the closing price of the Common Stock at November 30, 2022 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange).

On June 30, 2023, there were 34,934,957 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the Company’s proxy statement for the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be held September 19, 2023, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	9
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	18
Item 2.	Properties	18
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	18
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	18
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	19
Item 6.	(Reserved)	20
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	29
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	31
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	74
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	74
Item 9B.	Other Information	77
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	77
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	77
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	77
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	77
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	77
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	78
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	78
EXHIBIT INDEX
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	82
SIGNATURES

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PART I

ITEM 1.BUSINESS

General

AAR CORP. and its subsidiaries are referred to herein collectively as “AAR,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” unless the context indicates otherwise. AAR was founded in 1951, organized in 1955 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1966. We are a diversified provider of products and services to the worldwide aviation and government and defense markets.

In fiscal 2023, we established new partnerships, expanded our service offerings, and enhanced our approach to safety to best serve our customers across the world. The global recovery in commercial air travel drove an increased demand for our services, enabling us to achieve strong results across our portfolio, particularly in used serviceable material and new parts distribution. Our actions to reduce costs and improve operating efficiency were reflected in our improved profitability during fiscal 2023.

Our sales to commercial customers in fiscal 2023 increased by $245.0 million, or 22.6%, over the prior year reflecting the recovery in commercial air travel following the height of the impact of COVID-19 as well as growth from recently awarded new parts distribution contracts. Our sales to government customers in fiscal 2023 decreased by $74.5 million, or 10.1%, from the prior year as we completed certain government programs, including our Afghanistan contracts.

We were also successful in winning new long-term agreements in both our commercial and government markets. We were awarded a significant expansion of our exclusive agreement with Unison Industries which broadens our distribution of select Unison ignitor plugs, ignition leads, harnesses, and related spare parts. We also extended our distribution relationship with Leach International Corp to supply electromechanical and solid-state switch gears to the electronics end-market. In our commercial programs activities, we were awarded a multi-year, flight-hour component support contract with flydubai for their growing Boeing 737 MAX fleet.

In our government market, we were awarded a firm-fixed price contract from the U.S. Air Force to produce Next Generation All Aluminum Cargo Pallets with a total contract value, including option periods, of $173.5 million. We were also awarded a contract from the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation to provide commercial common parts for the Royal Norwegian Air Force P-8A fleet.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, we acquired Trax USA Corp. (“Trax”), a leading independent provider of aircraft MRO and fleet management software which was founded in 1999. The acquisition price was $120 million in cash, plus up to a $20 million earn-out payment based on adjusted revenue in calendar year 2023 and 2024. Trax offers critical software applications to a diverse global customer base of airlines and MROs supporting approximately 5,000 aircraft. Trax’s comprehensive solutions support the entire spectrum of maintenance activities and create the system of record required by airlines and MROs. The Trax acquisition adds established, higher-margin aviation aftermarket software offerings with recurring revenue to our portfolio and provides opportunities to cross-sell products and services.

During fiscal 2023, we continued our strong focus on working capital management with cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations of $23.8 million which included significant investments in inventory, rotable assets, and licensing arrangements to support further growth. Borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility were $272.0 million at May 31, 2023 with an availability on the facility of $336.9 million.

Over the long-term, we expect to see strength in our aviation products and services given our offerings of value-added solutions to both commercial and government and defense customers. We believe long-term commercial aftermarket growth trends are favorable. As we continue to invest in the pipeline of opportunities in the government market, our long-term strategy continues to emphasize investing in the business and capitalizing on opportunities in both the commercial and government markets.

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Business Segments

Aviation Services

The Aviation Services segment provides aftermarket support and services for the commercial aviation and government and defense markets and accounted for approximately 95% of our sales in fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021. In this segment, we also provide inventory management and distribution services, maintenance, repair, and overhaul (“MRO”) services, and engineering services. Business activities in this segment are primarily conducted through AAR Supply Chain, Inc.; AAR Government Services, Inc.; AAR Aircraft & Engine Sales & Leasing, Inc.; AAR Aircraft Services, Inc.; AAR Allen Services, Inc.; AAR Landing Gear LLC; AAR International, Inc.; Trax USA CORP.; and AAR Airlift Group, Inc.

We sell and lease a wide variety of new, overhauled and repaired engine and airframe parts and components and aircraft to our commercial aviation and government/defense customers.

We provide customized flight hour component inventory and repair programs, warranty claim management, and outsourcing programs for engine and airframe parts and components in support of our airline and government customers’ maintenance activities. The types of services provided under these programs include some or all of the following functions: material planning, sourcing, logistics, information and program management, and parts and component repair and overhaul. We are also an authorized distributor for more than 30 product lines, which include parts from over 300 Federal Supply Class codes sourced from over 20 leading aviation original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”s). We also have an interest in a joint venture supporting the distribution of OEM parts to customers in Asia.

We provide fleet management and operations of customer-owned aircraft for the U.S. Department of State (“DoS”) under the INL/A WASS contract. We are the prime contractor on this ten-year performance-based contract which began in fiscal 2018. Our services under the contract include operating and maintaining the global DoS fleet of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft.

We also provide customized performance-based supply chain logistics programs in support of the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”) and foreign governments. The types of services provided under these programs include some or all of the following functions: material planning, sourcing, logistics, information and program management, airframe maintenance and maintenance planning, and component repair and overhaul.

We provide major airframe inspection, maintenance, repair and overhaul, painting services, line maintenance, airframe modifications, structural repairs, avionics service and installation, exterior and interior refurbishment, and engineering services and support for many types of commercial and military aircraft. We also repair and overhaul various components, landing gears, wheels, and brakes for commercial and military aircraft.

We operate six airframe maintenance facilities and one landing gear overhaul facility. Our landing gear overhaul facility is in Miami, Florida, where we repair and overhaul landing gear, wheels, brakes, and actuators for different types of commercial and military aircraft. Our U.S. airframe maintenance facilities are in Indianapolis, Indiana; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Miami, Florida; and Rockford, Illinois and our Canadian airframe maintenance facilities are in Trois Rivieres, Quebec and Windsor, Ontario.

In addition to our North American facilities, we also have an interest in a joint venture which operates an airframe maintenance facility in India. The facility received certain regulatory approvals and commenced airframe maintenance operations in the second quarter of fiscal 2022.

The majority of our product sales are made pursuant to standard commercial purchase orders. Government sales are generally made under standard types of government contracts, which can include firm fixed-price contracts, cost plus fixed fee contracts, and time-and-materials contracts. For cost plus fixed fee contracts, we typically receive reimbursement of our costs, to the extent the costs are allowable under contractual and regulatory provisions, in addition to receiving a fixed fee. Some of our contracts call for the performance of specified services or the delivery of specified products under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (“ID/IQ”) arrangements. Certain inventory supply and management and performance-based logistics program agreements reflect negotiated terms and conditions.

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To support activities within the Aviation Services segment, we acquire aviation parts and components from domestic and foreign airlines, independent aviation service companies, aircraft leasing companies, and OEMs. We have ongoing arrangements with OEMs that provide us access to parts, repair manuals, and service bulletins in support of parts manufactured by them. Although the terms of each arrangement vary, they typically are made on standard OEM terms as to duration, price, and delivery. From time to time, we purchase airframes and engines for resale or disassembly into individual parts and components. Airframes and engines may also be leased to airlines by us or through joint ventures on a short-term basis prior to disassembly or sale.

Expeditionary Services

The Expeditionary Services segment primarily consists of products and services supporting the movement of equipment and personnel by the U.S. and foreign governments and non-governmental organizations. The Expeditionary Services segment accounted for approximately 5% of our sales in fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021. Business activities in this segment are primarily conducted through AAR Manufacturing, Inc. and Brown International Corporation.

We design, manufacture, and repair transportation pallets and a wide variety of containers and shelters used in support of military and humanitarian tactical deployment activities. The containers and shelters are used in numerous mission requirements, including armories, supply and parts storage, refrigeration systems, tactical operation centers, briefing rooms, laundry and kitchen facilities, water treatment, and sleeping quarters. Shelters include both stationary and vehicle-mounted applications.We also provide engineering, design, and system integration services for specialized command and control systems.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2021, we sold our composites manufacturing business, which resulted in a charge of $20.2 million. The sale of the Composites business was consistent with our multi-year strategy to focus our portfolio on our core services offerings, and the transaction has allowed us to further prioritize our efforts in our principal operations.

Sales in this segment are generally made to customers pursuant to standard commercial purchase orders and contracts. Government sales are generally made under standard types of government contracts, which can include firm fixed-price contracts, cost plus fixed fee contracts, and time-and-materials contracts. Some of our contracts call for the performance of specified services or the delivery of specified products under ID/IQ arrangements, however, the majority of our products and services are procured via definite contracts.

Change in Operating Segments

During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) implemented changes in how he evaluates the business, allocates resources, and assesses performance. Specifically, this new structure results in the separation of our Aviation Services segment into three new operating segments: Parts Supply, Repair & Engineering and Integrated Solutions. Beginning with the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we will report under this new structure using the following four operating segments:

● Parts Supply, primarily consisting of our sales of used serviceable engine and airframe parts and components and distribution of new parts;

● Repair & Engineering, primarily consisting of our maintenance, repair, and overhaul services across airframes and components, including landing gear;

● Integrated Solutions, primarily consisting of our fleet management and operations of customer-owned aircraft, customized performance-based supply chain logistics programs in support of the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”) and foreign governments, flight hour component inventory and repair programs for commercial airlines, and integrated software solutions including Trax; and

● Expeditionary Services, primarily consisting of products and services supporting the movement of equipment and personnel by the U.S. and foreign governments and non-governmental organizations.

In conjunction with the re-alignment, our CODM will evaluate each segment’s performance based on operating income instead of gross profit as the CODM believes operating income is a more comprehensive profitability measure for each operating segment. These changes will be initially reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2023 and are not reflected herein.

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Raw Materials and Procurement of Repair and Other Services

Although we generated approximately 60% of our fiscal 2023 sales from the sale of products, we are generally engaged in only limited manufacturing activities and have minimal exposure to fluctuations in both the availability and pricing of raw materials. We purchase raw materials for our manufacturing operations, including steel, aluminum, extrusions, balsa, and other necessary supplies from several vendors. Where necessary, we have been able to obtain raw materials and other inventory items from numerous sources for each segment at competitive prices, terms, and conditions, and we expect to be able to continue to do so.

Historically, we have not been significantly impacted by inflation. Increases in raw material costs, freight, or other costs have generally been offset through efficiencies or price increases. A portion of our contracts contain terms and conditions that enable us to pass inflationary price increases to our customers. In those cases whereby inflationary increases are not contractually stipulated, we attempt to actively negotiate price increases. We have consistently implemented actions to deliver efficiencies and cost savings. While the historical benefits of these efforts have generally offset the margin impact of competitive pricing conditions in the markets that we serve, there are no assurances that higher prices can effectively be passed through to our customers or that we will be able to fully offset the effects of higher costs through price increases on a timely basis.

Terms of Sale

We generally sell our products and services under standard 30-day payment terms. On occasion, certain customers will negotiate extended payment terms of 60-90 days. Except for customary warranty provisions, customers neither have the right to return products nor do they have the right to extended financing. Our government contracts may extend several years and include one or more base years and one or more option years. The government generally has the right not to exercise options to extend or expand our contracts and may otherwise terminate, cancel, or modify some contracts at its convenience.

Customers

The principal customers for our products and services in the Aviation Services segment are domestic and foreign passenger airlines, domestic and foreign cargo airlines, regional and commuter airlines, business and general aviation operators, OEMs, aircraft leasing companies, aftermarket aviation support companies, the DoD and its contractors, the DoS, and foreign military organizations or governments. In the Expeditionary Services segment, our principal customers include the DoD and its contractors, foreign military organizations or governments, defense organizations, and OEMs.

Sales of aviation products and services to our commercial airline customers are generally affected by such factors as the number, type and average age of aircraft in service, the levels of aircraft utilization (e.g., frequency of schedules, flying hours, and take-off and landing cycles), the number of airline operators, the general economy, and the level of sales of new and used aircraft. Sales to the DoD and other government agencies are subject to a number of factors, including the level of troop deployment worldwide, government funding, competitive bidding, and requirements generated by worldwide geopolitical events.

We primarily market and sell products and services through our own employees. In certain markets outside of the United States, we rely on foreign sales representatives to assist in the sale of our products and services.

Sales to Government and Defense Customers

Sales to global government and defense customers (including sales to branches, agencies, and departments of the U.S. government) were $661.7 million (33.2% of consolidated sales), $736.2 million (40.5% of consolidated sales) and $845.9 million (51.2% of consolidated sales) in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Sales to branches, agencies, and departments of the U.S. government and their contractors were $577.0 million (29.0% of consolidated sales), $620.0 million (34.1% of consolidated sales) and $738.8 million (44.7% of consolidated sales) in fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Sales to government and defense customers are reported in each of our operating segments (See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). Since such sales are subject to competitive bidding and government funding, no assurance can be given that such sales will continue at levels previously experienced. The majority of our U.S. government sales are for products and services supporting DoS flight operations and DoD logistics and mobility strategy. Thus, our government contracts have changed, and may continue to change, with fluctuations in defense and other governmental agency spending and requirements.

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For example, the U.S. Government decided to withdraw its U.S. Department of State personnel presence in Afghanistan during calendar year 2021. In conjunction with the U.S. exit from Afghanistan, we concluded our activities in country under our INL/A WASS and U.S. Department of Defense contracts in fiscal 2022. The operations related to our activities in Afghanistan contributed revenue of $67 million in fiscal 2021.

Our government contracts are also often subject to termination for convenience by the customer; in the event of such a termination, we are contractually entitled to recover all allowable costs incurred by us through the date of termination.

Government Regulation and Certificates

The Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) regulates the manufacture, repair, and operation of all aircraft and aircraft parts operated in the United States. Similar rules and regulatory authorities exist in other countries. The inspection, maintenance and repair procedures for the various types of aircraft and equipment are prescribed by these regulatory authorities and can be performed only by certified repair facilities utilizing certified technicians. The FAA requires that various maintenance routines be performed on aircraft engines, certain engine parts, and airframes at regular intervals based on take off and landing cycles or flight time. Our businesses, which sell defense products and services directly to the U.S. government or through its contractors, can be subject to various laws and regulations governing pricing and other factors.

We have nine FAA certificated repair stations in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Of the nine certificated FAA repair stations, seven are also European Aviation Safety Agency (“EASA”) and three are also Transport Canada Civil Aviation (“TCCA”) certificated repair stations. Such certificates, which are ongoing in duration, are required for us to perform authorized maintenance, repair, and overhaul services for our customers and are subject to revocation by the government for non-compliance with applicable regulations. All of the certificated repair stations are in the Aviation Services segment. We believe that we possess all licenses and certifications that are material to the conduct of our business.

We also have a 40% ownership interest in a joint venture in Nagpur, India which operates an airframe maintenance facility as a Directorate General of Civil Aviation (“DGCA”) certificated repair station for heavy maintenance on Airbus A320 aircraft.

Competition

Competition in each of our markets is based on quality, ability to provide a broad range of products and services, speed of delivery, and price. Competitors in our Aviation Services segment include OEMs, the service divisions of large commercial airlines, and other independent suppliers of parts, repair, and overhaul services to the commercial and defense markets. Our Expeditionary Services segment competes with a number of divisions of large corporations and other large and small companies. Although certain of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do, we believe that we have maintained a satisfactory competitive position through our responsiveness to customer needs, our attention to quality, and our unique combination of market expertise and technical and financial capabilities.

Backlog

Backlog represents the amount of revenue that we expect to derive from unshipped orders or signed contracts. The backlog primarily relates to our long-term programs where we provide component inventory management, supply chain logistics programs, and/or repair services. Backlog includes our remaining performance obligations based on the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not yet been performed as of May 31, 2023 and excludes unexercised contract options and potential orders under contracts such as ID/IQ contracts.

At May 31, 2023, our firm backlog was approximately $740 million, and we expect that approximately 45% of this backlog will be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months and approximately 75% will be recognized as revenue over the next three years.

Human Capital Resources

As of May 31, 2023, we employed approximately 5,000 employees worldwide, with approximately 3,850 employees in the U.S. and approximately 1,150 employees outside of the U.S. The numbers are inclusive of approximately 100 U.S. employees from our recent Trax acquisition. We also retained approximately 500 contract workers as of May 31, 2023, the majority of whom are located at

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our airframe maintenance facilities. We retain these contract workers as they provide unique skill sets which are necessary at certain facilities as well as mitigate the impact of demand variability with our customers.

Our employees provide the foundation for our ability to achieve our strategic objectives. They are instrumental in driving operational execution and strong financial performance and maintaining a strong quality and compliance program.

The success and growth of our business depends on our ability to attract, retain, and develop a population of talented and high-performing employees at all levels of our organization. To achieve this objective, we have formulated a human capital management vision to be the place of choice for people to build an inspiring career. Our people are at the center of our business. We care about the experience they have with us and the impact we collectively have in our community.

Our human capital management strategy is centered on a purposeful culture, proactive career development and an inspiring employee experience. We believe this strategy is important because it helps us ensure workforce engagement, retention and productivity, which sets a foundation for strong business growth. Our human capital strategy includes the components noted below.

We are excited that Tracey Patterson has joined AAR as our Chief HR Officer leading our people strategy globally. Tom Hoferer has also joined as our Senior Vice President and General Manager to lead our Repair & Engineering segment where a large percentage of our workforce resides.

Commitment to Safety

One of our primary objectives is the health and safety of our employees. The commitment to safety starts at the top levels of our organization. Our Board of Directors maintains an Aviation Safety and Training Committee which oversees safety and training matters as well as our culture of safety compliance. We believe a safe and secure workplace is fundamental and important to our success and we are committed to providing a safe and healthy workplace, and complying with applicable safety and health laws, regulations and internal requirements. We are also committed to engaging our employees to continually improve health and safety by acting upon opportunities to reduce risk and improve our safety and health performance. We maintain comprehensive safety programs focused on identifying hazards and eliminating risks that can lead to severe injuries.

We launched a corporatewide Safety and Management System (“SMS”), making us the first independent third-party MRO organization to implement this FAA recognized program. Our corporate SMS provides a single platform for all employees to proactively identify and report hazards, perform risk analysis, mitigate risks and share best practices.

Competitive Pay and Benefits

We focus on paying our employees competitively. We strive to provide competitive pay opportunities which reward our employees for achieving and exceeding objectives that create long-term value for stockholders. Providing competitive pay enhances our ability to attract and retain strong, innovative talent.

Providing comprehensive, competitive and affordable benefits is important to our attraction and retention strategy. We offer health benefits which include various medical/pharmacy/dental plan options as well as a cost comparison tool to assist employees with their decisions. Health savings accounts for those in a high deductible health plan and flexible spending accounts for both health care and dependent care are also available to employees. The retirement, investment, and tax savings/deferral opportunities offered to employees include competitive 401k benefits and an Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

Employees are eligible for paid and unpaid leaves and, in addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to meet the needs of employees including an employee assistance program which provides some free counseling sessions, educational assistance and adoption assistance. Some of our facilities have fitness centers on site for employees to use.

Diversity, Inclusion and Engagement

We are an equal opportunity employer and recognize the value of an inclusive workforce. We believe that diversity and inclusivity empowers us to live our core values, and to be more innovative and focused on embracing new ideas for an ever-changing world. We have established company-wide Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) where employees can foster connections and develop in a supportive environment. Our ERGs also support the recruitment and development of diverse talent throughout the organization.

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We are continually seeking out new ways to broaden our exposure to underrepresented groups in the aviation industry and to do our part to develop talent globally. AAR’s Fellowship Program provides recipients tuition assistance and the opportunity to work at one of our MRO facilities while completing their Airframe and Powerplant program at a partner college. After graduation, fellows in good standing are guaranteed employment with us. Due to the success of this program, we have expanded our Fellowship program in calendar 2023 to include two Indianapolis, Indiana colleges.

Talent Development

Our continued success depends on a workforce of skilled talent. Attracting people to join us and retaining that workforce requires collaboration across industry, education, and government to develop pathways for future talent. We are proud to lead the way. Our custom-built Eagle Career Pathway program is helping us build the next generation labor force, hire from untapped talent pools and enable easy transition from military service. We are also proud to partner with Choose Aerospace, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, to create a general aviation curriculum based on FAA standards. Following a successful pilot program, the curriculum officially launched across six states.

Internally, our global talent development model aligns with our desire to support a talented and high performing workforce throughout our organization. Annual talent reviews are conducted to provide meaningful and timely feedback, identify career aspirations and opportunities to grow future focused skills. The development of our talent is ongoing through Individual Development Plans, assessments, learning and development classes, mentorship programs, and cohort style leadership development programs. We seek to foster a spirit of continuous learning and our workforce has responded with a total of 19,000 hours of professional development since 2019 including 5,000 hours in fiscal 2023.

Business Ethics

Our Code of Conduct (“Code”) is a statement of the principles and standards that we expect our employees to follow. Each officer, director and employee is required to use good ethical judgement when conducting business and comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations. The Code describes what is appropriate behavior and guides ethical business decisions that maintain a commitment to integrity. Failure to comply with the Code and applicable laws can have severe consequences for both us and individuals involved, including disciplinary action, civil penalties or criminal prosecution under certain circumstances.

Available Information

For additional information concerning our business segments, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business Segment Information” in Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Our internet address is www.aarcorp.com. We make available free of charge through our web site our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information contained on our web site is not a part of this report.

Information about our Executive Officers

Information concerning each of our executive officers is set forth below:

Name	Age	Present Position with the Company
John M. Holmes	46	Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, Director
Sean M. Gillen	37	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jessica A. Garascia	44	Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Secretary
Chris Jessup	45	Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer
Eric S. Pachapa	50	Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
Tracey Patterson	48	Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer

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Mr. Holmes is Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, having served in that capacity since January 2023. Prior to that he served as President and Chief Executive Officer since June 2018. From June 2017 to May 2018, Mr. Holmes served as President and Chief Operating Officer. From February 2015 to June 2017, Mr. Holmes served as Chief Operating Officer – Aviation Services. Prior to that, Mr. Holmes served as Group Vice President, Aviation Services – Inventory Management and Distribution from 2012 to 2015, General Manager and Division President of our Allen Asset Management business from 2003 to 2012, and in various other positions since joining the Company in September 2001. Mr. Holmes has been a director of the Company since 2017.

Mr. Gillen is Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, having served in that capacity since January 2019. Prior to joining AAR, Mr. Gillen was Vice President and Treasurer of USG Corporation since 2017. Prior to USG, Mr. Gillen spent nine years in investment banking with Goldman Sachs, most recently as a Vice President in their Global Industrials Group.

Ms. Garascia is Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Secretary, having served in the capacity of General Counsel and Secretary since February 2020 and Chief Administrative Officer since July 2022. Prior to joining the Company, from September 2013 through February 2020, Ms. Garascia served in positions of increasing responsibility for USG Corporation, most recently as Deputy General Counsel. Prior to USG, Ms. Garascia was an attorney for the Museum of Science and Industry and the law firm of Jenner & Block.

Mr. Jessup is Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer, having served in that capacity since June 2017. Mr. Jessup previously served as Chief Commercial Officer for the Company’s Aviation Services segment since February 2015, and prior to that, he served in various capacities within the Company’s Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul operations.

Mr. Pachapa is Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer, having served in that capacity since July 2016. Mr. Pachapa previously served as Controller since October 2015 and Senior Director of Accounting and Reporting since April 2014. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Pachapa was with Glanbia plc from 2011 to 2014, and with Ernst & Young LLP from 1996 to 2011.

Ms. Patterson is Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer, having served in that capacity since February 2023. Prior to joining the Company, from June 2006 through February 2023, Ms. Patterson served in positions of increasing responsibility for Accenture, most recently as Managing Director in their Operations business leading Global HR Operations for Accenture. Prior to Accenture, Ms. Patterson spent ten years in client service delivery with Aon and Arthur Andersen.

Each executive officer is elected annually by the Board of Directors. Executive officers continue to hold office until their successors are duly elected or until their death, resignation, termination or reassignment.

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

The following is a description of the principal risks inherent in our business. Any of the risks and uncertainties described below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and should be considered in evaluating us. Although the risks are organized by heading, and each risk is described separately, many of the risks are interrelated. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the material risks affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be material that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations in the future.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are affected by factors that adversely impact the commercial aviation industry.

As a provider of products and services to the commercial aviation industry, we are greatly affected by overall economic conditions of that industry. The commercial aviation industry is historically cyclical and has been negatively affected in the past by geopolitical events, conflicts and wars, weather related events, natural disasters, pandemics, disruption to fuel and oil production and supply shortages, high fuel and oil prices, environmental concerns (including climate change), lack of capital, cost inflation, and weak economic conditions. As a result of these and other events, from time to time certain of our customers have filed for bankruptcy protection or ceased operation. The impact of instability in the global financial markets may lead airlines to reduce domestic or international capacity. In addition, certain of our airline customers have in the past been impacted by tight credit markets, which limited their ability to buy parts, services, engines, and aircraft.

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A reduction in the operating fleet of aircraft both in the U.S. and abroad will result in reduced demand for parts support and maintenance activities for the type of aircraft affected. A deteriorating airline environment may also result in our inability to fully collect outstanding accounts receivable, which we experienced during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. Reduced demand from customers caused by weak economic conditions, including tight credit conditions and customer bankruptcies, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, an increase in energy costs and the price of fuel to the airlines could result in additional pressure on the operating costs of airlines, who comprise our largest customers. The market for jet fuel is inherently volatile and is subject to, among other things, changes in government policy on jet fuel production, fluctuations in the global supply of crude oil and disruptions in oil production or delivery caused by hostility in oil-producing areas. Airlines are sometimes unable to pass on increases in fuel prices to customers by increasing fares due to the competitive nature of the airline industry, and this compounds the pressure on operating costs, and in turn, airlines’ ability to do business with us. In addition, our business depends on maintaining a sufficient supply of various products to meet our customers’ demands. If we were to lose a key supplier, or were unable to obtain the same levels of deliveries from these suppliers and were unable to supplement those purchases with products obtained from other suppliers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, our key suppliers could also increase the pricing of their products, which would negatively affect our operating results if we were not able to pass these price increases through to our customers.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth rates have been and may continue to be adversely affected by these and other events that impact the aviation industry, including the following:

● deterioration in the financial condition of our existing and potential customers;

● reductions in the need for, or the deferral of, aircraft maintenance and repair services and spare parts support;

● retirement of older generation aircraft, resulting in lower prices for spare parts and services for those aircraft;

● reductions in demand for used aircraft and engines;

● increased in-house maintenance by airlines;

● lack of parts in the marketplace;

● acts of terrorism;

● economic sanctions;

● inflationary pressures and conditions;

● political, social and economic instability and disruptions;

● cost of labor shortages and other changes in labor conditions;

● future outbreaks of infectious diseases; and

● acts of God.

Pandemics and other disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19, and similar public health threats that may arise in the future, may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

While commercial airline traffic recovered significantly from COVID-19 over the last two years, pandemics, disease outbreaks or similar public health threats, continues to pose a range of risks to our business. The emergence of new variants or diseases, developments in the public health situation, the reimposition of regional or global travel restrictions, and other pandemic-related complications could have a negative impact on our business.

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Reduced numbers of aircraft flying or flight hours negatively impacts the demand for our aftermarket parts support and maintenance services, and any prolonged reduction in the future could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and liquidity.

From the COVID-19 pandemic, some businesses have expanded remote working opportunities and continued to restrict non-essential travel for their employees, which has kept demand for business air travel below pre-pandemic levels. Consumer behavior related to traveling may continue to be negatively impacted by adverse changes in business travel patterns or adverse changes in the perceived or actual economic climate, including declines in income levels and/or loss of wealth resulting from the impact from economic conditions.

We are unable to predict the extent to which disease outbreaks or other public health threats that may arise in the future may change air travel, which could have a material impact on our business. The degree to which any future disease outbreaks or public health threats may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity is uncertain and will depend on future developments.

Our U.S. government contracts may not continue at present sales levels, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our sales to branches, agencies and departments of the U.S. government and their contractors were $577.0 million (29.0% of consolidated sales) in fiscal 2023 (See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). The majority of our U.S. government sales is for products and services supporting DoD aircraft sustainment and mobility strategy and DoS flight operations and are, therefore, subject to changes in defense and other governmental agency funding and spending. Our contracts with the U.S. government and their contractors are typically agreements to provide products and services at a fixed price and have a term of one year or less, frequently subject to extension for one or more additional periods of one year at the option of the government customer. Sales to agencies of the U.S. government and their contractors are subject to a number of factors, including the level of troop and personnel deployment worldwide, competitive bidding, U.S. government funding, requirements generated by world events, and budgetary constraints. For example, in conjunction with the U.S. exit from Afghanistan in fiscal 2022, we concluded our activities in country under our DoS and DoD contracts.

U.S. government programs are subject to annual congressional budget authorization and appropriation processes. In recent years, U.S. government appropriations have been affected by larger U.S. government budgetary issues and related legislation, including the statutory limit on the amount of permissible federal debt. These issues could negatively affect the timely collection of our U.S. government invoices.

Future congressional appropriation and authorization of defense spending and the application of sequestration remain marked by significant debate and an uncertain schedule. The federal debt limit continues to be actively debated as plans for long-term national fiscal policy are discussed. The outcome of these debates could have a significant impact on defense spending broadly and programs we support in particular.

If there are funding delays and constraints, we may be required to continue to perform for some period of time on certain of our U.S. government contracts even if the U.S. government is unable to make timely payments. Future budget cuts, including cuts mandated by sequestration, or future procurement decisions could result in reductions, cancellations, and/or delays of existing contracts or programs which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, U.S. government programs budgets could be negatively impacted by possible policy changes on defense spending, spending priorities outside defense, reduction in military presence overseas and in general pressure to reduce U.S. defense spending. A significant reduction in defense spending could result in a reduction in the amount of our products and services furnished to the U.S. government.

We use estimates when accounting for long-term contracts and face risks of cost overruns and losses on these contracts.

We sell certain of our products and services to our commercial, government, and defense customers under firm contracts providing for fixed unit prices, regardless of costs incurred by us. The cost of providing products or services may be adversely affected by increases in the cost of labor, materials, fuel, overhead, and other unknown variants, including manufacturing and other operational

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inefficiencies and differences between assumptions used by us to price a contract and actual results. Increased costs may result in cost overruns and losses on such contracts, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We recognize revenue on our long-term contracts primarily over time as there is continuous transfer of control to the customer over the duration of the contract as the services are delivered, which generally requires estimates of total costs at completion, fees earned on the contract, or both. This estimation process is complex and involves significant judgment related to assumptions on flight hours, component repair costs, labor hours and rates, and contract penalties and incentives. Adjustments to estimates are often required as work progresses, experience is gained and additional information becomes known, even though the scope of the work required under the contract may not change. Any adjustment as a result of a change in estimates is recognized as events become known. Changes in the underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates could result in adjustments that may adversely affect our future financial results.

If our subcontractors or suppliers fail to perform their contractual obligations, our contract profitability and our ability to win new contracts may be adversely affected.

We rely on subcontractors to perform a portion of the services we agree to provide our customers, and our suppliers provide necessary inventory and component parts. A failure by one or more of our subcontractors or suppliers to satisfactorily provide on a timely basis the agreed-upon services or supplies may affect our ability to perform our contractual obligations. Deficiencies in the performance of our subcontractors and/or suppliers could result in liquidated damages or our customer terminating our contract for default. A termination for default could expose us to liability and adversely affect our financial performance and our ability to win new contract awards.

Success at our airframe maintenance facilities is dependent upon continued outsourcing by the airlines and our ability to maintain our operational footprint.

We currently perform airframe maintenance, repair, and overhaul activities at six leased locations. If our maintenance facilities become unavailable either temporarily or permanently due to our inability to extend our leases on commercial reasonable terms, labor disruptions or circumstances beyond our control, such as geopolitical developments or logistical complications arising from acts of war, cyber-attacks, weather, global climate change, earthquakes or other natural disasters including public health crises, we may be unable to shift such work to other facilities or to make up for lost work. Revenues at these facilities fluctuate based on demand for maintenance which, in turn, is driven by the number of aircraft operating and the extent of outsourcing of maintenance activities by airlines. In addition, certain airlines operate certain new fleet types and/or newer generation aircraft and we may not have contractual arrangements to service these aircraft nor technicians trained and certified to perform the required airframe maintenance, repair, and overhaul activities. If either the number of aircraft operating or the level of outsourcing of maintenance activities declines, we may not be able to execute our operational and financial plans at our maintenance, repair, and overhaul facilities, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations may be adversely affected by a shortage of skilled personnel or work stoppages.

Our business has historically been dependent on educated and skilled aviation mechanics because of the complex nature of many of our products and services. We face competition for management and qualified technical personnel from other companies and organizations. Furthermore, we have a collective bargaining agreement covering approximately 200 employees in our Expeditionary Services segment (approximately 5% of our total workforce).

Our ability to operate successfully and meet our customers’ demands could be jeopardized if we are unable to attract and retain a sufficient number of skilled personnel, including aviation mechanics, to conduct our business, or we experience a significant or prolonged work stoppage in such an environment. In such case, our ability to secure new work and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. There is significant competition for such personnel in the industries in which we operate. We may be impacted by higher labor costs and/or labor shortages due to wage and salary inflationary pressures in the economy, a tightening labor market and increased rates of employee resignations generally throughout the U.S. economy.

Employees in certain locations have shown increased interest in unionization. If a significant portion of our employees were to become unionized, our labor costs could increase and our business could be negatively affected by other requirements and expectations that could increase our costs, change our employee culture, decrease our flexibility and disrupt our business. Additionally, our responses to any union organizing efforts could negatively impact how we are perceived and have adverse effects on our business, including on our financial results. These responses could also expose us to legal risk, causing us to incur costs to defend legal and regulatory actions, potential penalties and restrictions or reputational harm.

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We operate in highly competitive markets, and competitive pressures may adversely affect us.

The markets for our products and services to our commercial, government, and defense customers are highly competitive, and we face competition from a number of sources, both domestic and international. Our competitors include aircraft manufacturers, aircraft component and parts manufacturers, airline and aircraft service companies, other companies providing maintenance, repair and overhaul services, other aircraft spare parts distributors and redistributors. Some of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources than we have and others may price their products and services below our selling prices. These competitive markets also create pressure on our ability to hire and retain qualified technicians and other skilled labor needs. We believe that our ability to compete depends on superior customer service and support, on-time delivery, sufficient inventory availability, competitive pricing, and effective quality assurance programs.

Our government customers, including the DoD and DoS, may turn to commercial contractors, rather than traditional defense contractors, for certain work, or may utilize set asides such as small business, women-owned, or minority-owned contractors or determine to source work internally rather than use us. We are also impacted by bid protests from unsuccessful bidders on new program awards and task orders. Bid protests could result in significant expense for us, contract modifications, or the award decision being overturned and loss of the contract award. Even where a bid protest does not result in the loss of an award, the resolution can extend the time until the contract activity can begin, and delay earnings. These competitive pressures, with potential impacts on both our commercial and government business, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to risks associated with operating internationally.

We conduct our business in a number of foreign countries, some of which are politically unstable or subject to military or civil conflicts. Consequently, we are subject to a variety of risks that are specific to international operations, including the following:

● military conflicts, civil strife, and political risks;

● export regulations that could erode profit margins or restrict exports;

● export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors, including the aviation sector, and parties in Russia by the U.S., the U.K., the European Union and others;

● compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, United Kingdom (“UK”) Bribery Act 2010, and other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws; see Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information about certain pending proceedings;

● the burden and cost of compliance with foreign laws, treaties, and technical standards and changes in those regulations;

● contract award and funding delays;

● potential restrictions on transfers of funds;

● import and export duties and value added taxes;

● foreign exchange risk;

● transportation delays and interruptions;

● uncertainties arising from foreign local business practices and cultural considerations; and

● changes in U.S. policies on trade relations and trade policy, including implementation of or changes in trade sanctions, tariffs, and embargoes.

Any measures adopted to reduce the potential impact of losses resulting from the risks of doing business internationally, may not be adequate, and the regions in which we operate might not continue to be stable enough to allow us to operate profitably or at all.

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Acquisitions expose us to risks, including the risk that we may be unable to effectively integrate acquired businesses.

We have completed acquisitions in the past and we have discussions with third parties regarding acquisitions on a regular basis. Acquisitions involve risks, including difficulties in integrating the operations and personnel, the effects of amortization of any acquired intangible assets and the potential impairment of goodwill, and the potential loss of key employees of the acquired business. In addition, acquisitions often require substantial management resources and have the potential to divert our attention from our existing business. For any businesses we may acquire in the future, we may not be able to execute our operational, financial, or integration plans for the acquired businesses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of the Trax acquisition, and may face difficulties integrating Trax’s operations.

We expect the acquisition of Trax, as a provider of comprehensive MRO and airline fleet management software, to expand our proprietary technology and digital portfolio and accelerate our strategy to offer digital solutions to our customers. However, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of the Trax acquisition or our digital solutions strategy, including any synergies, cross-selling opportunities, cost savings or growth opportunities. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Further, we may not be able to execute our integration plans for Trax and may face diversion of management attention from our existing business, unanticipated costs and risks associated with expanding further into the digital solutions market. Failing to realize the anticipated benefits and difficulties integrating Trax could have a material adverse effect on business, operating results and financial condition.

Market values for our aviation products fluctuate and we may be unable to recover our costs incurred on engines, rotable components and other aircraft parts.

We make a number of assumptions when determining the recoverability of rotable components, engines, and other assets which are on lease, available for lease, or supporting our long-term programs. These assumptions include historical sales trends, current and expected usage trends, replacement values, current and expected lease rates, residual values, future demand, and future cash flows. Reductions in demand for these assets or declining market values, as well as differences between actual results and the assumptions utilized by us when determining the recoverability of our aircraft, engines, and other assets, could result in impairment charges in future periods, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our business could be negatively affected by cyber or other security threats or other disruptions.

Our business depends heavily on information technology and computerized systems to communicate and operate effectively. We store sensitive data including proprietary business information, intellectual property and confidential employee or other personal data on our servers and databases. Our systems and technologies, or those of third parties on which we rely, could fail or become unreliable due to equipment failures, software viruses, cyber threats, ransomware attacks, terrorist acts, natural disasters, power failures, political or social unrest, pandemics or other public health issues or other causes. These threats arise in some cases as a result of our role as a defense contractor.

Cyber security threats are evolving and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our sensitive information, business e-mail compromises, ransomware attacks, and other electronic security breaches, including at our customers, suppliers, subcontractors, and joint venture partners, that could lead to disruptions in mission critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, and corruption of data.

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A theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of customer, stockholder, employee or our proprietary data by cybercrime or otherwise, noncompliance with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such data could adversely impact our reputation and could result in costs, fines, litigation or regulatory action against us. Security breaches can create system disruptions and shutdowns that could result in disruptions to our operations. We cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities, new vulnerabilities or other developments will not compromise or breach the security solutions protecting our information technology, networks and systems. A failure of or cyber‐attack on our information systems technology or those of our partners, customers, vendors, or suppliers could adversely affect our ability to process orders, maintain proper levels of inventory, collect accounts receivable and pay expenses; all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Such serious harm can involve, among other things, misuse of our assets, business disruptions, loss of data, unauthorized access to trade secrets and confidential business information, unauthorized access to personal information, legal claims or proceedings, reporting errors, processing inefficiencies, negative media attention, reputational harm, loss of sales, remediation and increased insurance costs, and interference with regulatory compliance. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience some of these types of cybersecurity threats and incidents, which could be material in the future.

The procedures and controls we utilize to monitor and mitigate these threats may not be sufficient to prevent security threats from materializing. If any of these events were to materialize, the costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results, and financial condition.

Moreover, expenditures incurred in implementing and maintaining cyber security and other procedures and controls could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may need to make significant capital expenditures to keep pace with technological developments in our industry.

The industries in which we participate are constantly undergoing development and change, and it is likely that new products, equipment, and methods of repair and overhaul services will be introduced in the future. We may need to make significant expenditures to purchase new equipment and to train our employees to keep pace with any new technological developments. These expenditures could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

We may need to reduce the carrying value of our assets.

We own and distribute a significant amount of engines, aircraft parts and components, as well as own manufacturing facilities and joint venture investments. Recurring losses in certain operations could require us to evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of the related assets and recognize an impairment charge through earnings to reduce the carrying value. In addition, if aircraft or engines for which we offer replacement parts or supply repair and overhaul services are retired and there are fewer aircraft that require these parts or services, our revenues may decline.

We make a number of assumptions when determining the recoverability of our assets, including historical sales trends, current and expected usage trends, replacement values, current and expected lease rates, residual values, future demand, and future cash flows. Differences between actual results and the assumptions utilized by us when determining the recoverability of our assets could result in impairment charges in future periods, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We have recorded goodwill and other intangible assets related to acquisitions, including $122.3 million associated with our acquisition of Trax in fiscal 2023. If we are unable to achieve the projected levels of operating results, it may be necessary to record an impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of goodwill and related intangible assets. Similarly, if we were to lose a key customer or if a regulator were to terminate any of our repair certificates at our airframe maintenance or landing gear facilities, we might be required to record an impairment charge if we were unable to operate.

We may not be able to fully execute our stock repurchase program and may not otherwise return capital to our stockholders in the foreseeable future.

In 2021, we announced a stock repurchase program with authorization to repurchase up to $150 million of our common stock, of which $92.4 million has been repurchased under the program as of May 31, 2023. There is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares or value that will be repurchased under the stock repurchase program and we may discontinue purchases at any time. Whether

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we make any further repurchases will depend on many factors, including but not limited to our business and financial performance, the business and market conditions at the time, including the price of our shares, and other factors that management considers relevant. Additionally, we expect to fund repurchases under our stock repurchase program through cash on hand, which may impact our ability to pursue potential strategic opportunities. Although our stock repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness and there can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value.

Our credit agreement prohibits payment of a dividend or repurchase of our stock if a default exists under the agreement. In addition, we have not declared a dividend on our common stock since 2020, and there can be no assurance that we will do so in the foreseeable future. The declaration and payment of cash dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our future earnings, cash flows, financial condition, capital requirements and strategy and any future government restrictions. If we do not pay dividends or continue to execute on our stock repurchase program, investors will have to rely on the possibility of stock appreciation and sell their shares to realize a return on their investment.

We are dependent upon continued availability of financing to manage our business and to execute our business strategy, and additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Our ability to manage our business and to execute our business strategy is dependent, in part, on the continued availability of debt and equity capital. Access to the debt and equity capital markets may be limited by various factors, including the condition of overall credit markets, general economic factors, interest rates, state of the aviation industry, our financial performance, and credit ratings. Debt and equity capital may not continue to be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. Our inability to obtain financing on favorable terms could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our existing debt includes restrictive and/or financial covenants.

Certain financing arrangements, including our Revolving Credit Facility and our accounts receivable financing program, require us to comply with various restrictive covenants and some contain financial covenants that require us to comply with specified financial ratios and tests. Our failure to meet these covenants could result in default under these loan and debt agreements and may result in a cross-default under other debt agreements. In the event of a default and our inability to obtain a waiver of the default, all amounts outstanding under our debt agreements could be declared immediately due and payable. Our failure to comply with these covenants could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

If we fail to comply with government procurement laws and regulations, we could lose business and be liable for various penalties or sanctions.

We must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of government contracts. In the U.S., these laws and regulations include the Federal Acquisition Regulations, Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations, the Truth in Negotiations Act, Cost Accounting Standards, and laws, regulations, and orders restricting the use and dissemination of classified information under the U.S. export control laws and the export of certain products and technical information and safeguarding of contractor information systems.

In addition, we are subject to U.S. government inquiries and investigations, including periodic audits of costs that we determine are reimbursable under government contracts. U.S. government agencies routinely audit government contractors, including the Company, to review performance under contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards, as well as the adequacy of and compliance with internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be misclassified or inaccurately allocated to a specific contract are not reimbursable, and to the extent already reimbursed, must be refunded. Also, any inadequacies in our systems and policies could result in payments being withheld, penalties and reduced future business.

U.S. government rules allow contracting officers to impose contractual withholdings at no less than certain minimum levels if a contracting officer determines that one or more of a contractor’s business systems have one or more significant deficiencies. If a contracting officer were to impose such a withholding on us or even on a prime contractor where we are the subcontractor, it would

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increase the risk that we would not be paid in full or paid timely. If future audit adjustments exceed our estimates, our profitability could be adversely affected.

If a government inquiry or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties or administrative sanctions, including contract termination, fines, forfeiture of fees, suspension of payment and suspension or debarment from doing business with government agencies, any of which could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to significant government regulation and may need to incur significant expenses to comply with new or more stringent governmental regulation.

The aviation industry is highly regulated by the FAA in the U.S. and equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries. Before we sell any of our products that are to be installed in an aircraft, such as engines, engine parts and components, and airframe and accessory parts and components, they must meet certain standards of airworthiness established by the FAA or the equivalent regulatory agencies in certain other countries. We operate repair stations that are licensed by the FAA and the equivalent regulatory agencies in certain other countries, and hold certificates to operate aircraft. Specific regulations vary from country to country; although regulatory requirements in other countries are generally satisfied by compliance with FAA requirements. New and more stringent governmental regulations may be adopted in the future that, if enacted, may have an adverse impact on us.

If any of our material licenses, certificates, authorizations, or approvals were revoked or suspended by the FAA or equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our industry is susceptible to product and other liability claims, and claims not adequately covered by insurance may adversely affect our financial condition.

Our business exposes us to possible claims for property damage and bodily injury or death, which may result if an engine, engine part or component, airframe part or accessory, or any other aviation product that we have sold, manufactured, or repaired fails, or if an aircraft we operated, serviced, or in which our products are installed, has an accident. Claims may arise in the future, and our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us in all circumstances. Additionally, we might not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability claim not covered by adequate insurance could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We could be negatively impacted by stakeholder and market focus on Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) matters.

There has been an increasing focus on corporate ESG practices and disclosures over the past few years, and expectations in this area are rapidly evolving. The criteria used to evaluate ESG practices may continue to evolve, which could result in greater expectations and may cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy new criteria and abide by any new disclosure requirements. The increasing attention to sustainability could also result in reduced demand for certain of our products and/or reduced profits. If we are unable to respond effectively, investors may conclude that our ESG policies and/or actions are inadequate and decide not to invest in our stock. If we are perceived to have failed to achieve our ESG initiatives or accurately disclose our progress on such matters, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We must comply with extensive environmental requirements, and any exposure to environmental liabilities may adversely affect us.

Federal, state, and local requirements relating to the discharge and emission of substances into the environment, the disposal of hazardous wastes, the remediation and abatement of contaminants, and other activities affecting the environment have had and may continue to have an impact on our operations. Management cannot assess the possible effect of compliance with future environmental requirements or of future environmental claims for which we may not have adequate indemnification or insurance coverage. If we were required to pay the expenses related to any future environmental claims for which neither indemnification nor insurance coverage were available, these expenses could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Future environmental regulatory developments in the United States and abroad concerning environmental issues, such as climate change, could adversely affect our operations and increase operating costs and, through their impact on our customers, reduce demand for our products and services. Actions may be taken in the future by the U.S. government, state governments within the United States, foreign governments, or the International Civil Aviation Organization to regulate the emission of greenhouse gases by the aviation industry. The precise nature of any such requirements and their applicability to us and our customers are difficult to predict, but the impact to us and the aviation industry would likely be adverse and could be significant, including the potential for increased fuel costs, carbon taxes or fees, or a requirement to purchase carbon credits.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

In the Aviation Services segment, we conduct parts supply activities from our headquarters in Wood Dale, Illinois, which we own. In addition to warehouse space, this facility includes executive, sales and administrative offices. Our principal maintenance, repair, overhaul, engineering and other service activities for this segment are conducted at U.S. facilities leased by us in Indianapolis, Indiana; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Miami, Florida; Medley, Florida; and Rockford, Illinois and at Canadian facilities leased by us in Trois Rivieres, Quebec and Windsor, Ontario.

We also lease facilities in Garden City, New York; Jacksonville, Florida; Rockledge, Florida; Ogden, Utah; Windsor, Connecticut; Brussels, Belgium; London, England; and Crawley, England, and own a building near Schiphol International Airport in the Netherlands to support activities in the Aviation Services segment.

Our principal activities in the Expeditionary Services segment are conducted at a facility we own in Cadillac, Michigan.

We also operate sales offices that support all our activities and are leased in London, England; Crawley, England; Paris, France; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Tokyo, Japan; Shanghai, China; Singapore, Republic of Singapore; and Dubai, UAE.

We believe that our owned and leased facilities are suitable and adequate for our operational requirements.

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Note 17 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended May 31, 2023 contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K includes information on legal proceedings that constitute material contingencies for financial reporting purposes that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or liquidity if they were resolved in a manner that is adverse to us. The information in Note 17 is incorporated by reference in this Item 3.

There are no matters which constitute material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party other than those incorporated into this item by reference from Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended May 31, 2023 contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and the Chicago Stock Exchange under the symbol “AIR.” On June 30, 2023, there were approximately 775 holders of common stock, including participants in security position listings.

Stockholder Return Performance Graph

The following graph compares the total return on a cumulative basis of $100 invested, and reinvestment of dividends in our common stock on May 31, 2018 to the Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Index and the Proxy Peer Group:

		Indexed Returns
	Base Period	Years Ending
Company/Index/Peer Group	5/31/18	5/31/19	5/31/20	5/31/21	5/31/22	5/31/23
AAR CORP.	100.00	67.84	45.89	94.99	109.71	114.01
S&P 500 Index	100.00	103.78	117.11	164.32	163.83	168.62
Peer Group	100.00	107.72	79.11	125.38	113.68	125.57

The S&P 500 Index is comprised of domestic industry leaders in four major sectors: Industrial, Financial, Utility, and Transportation, and serves as a broad indicator of the performance of the U.S. equity market. The Company’s Fiscal 2023 Proxy Peer Group companies are listed as follows:

Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc.	Kaman Corporation
Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc.	Moog Inc.
Barnes Group Inc.	MSC Industrial Direct Co., Inc.
Crane Co.	Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc. *
Curtiss-Wright Corporation	The Timken Company
Ducommun Incorporated *	TriMas Corporation
Heico Corporation	Triumph Group, Inc.
Hexcel Corporation	Woodward, Inc.

*  New peer group companies added for fiscal 2023 due to their business and financial comparability to the Company.

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Three companies were removed from the prior year’s peer group: Cubic Corporation was acquired, and Teledyne Technologies Incorporated and CACI International Inc were judged to no longer be suitable comparator companies due to their size.

The Company annually revisits the composition of the peer group to ensure that the Company’s performance is measured against those of comparably sized and situated companies. The mix of the Company’s commercial and government/defense markets presents a challenge in constructing a peer group, given that many government/defense contractors have substantially greater resources than the Company.

Dividends

The prohibition on our payment of dividends under the Payroll Support Program of the CARES Act ended September 30, 2021. We did not declare any dividends in fiscal 2022 or 2023. The declaration and payment of cash dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our future earnings, cash flows, financial condition, capital requirements and strategy and any future government restrictions.

ITEM 6. (Reserved)

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in millions)

Background and Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations, and quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Form 10-K. For a discussion of the comparison of fiscal 2022 and 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2022 (filed July 21, 2022).

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contain certain statements relating to future results, which are forward-looking statements as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may also be identified because they contain words such as ‘‘anticipate,’’ ‘‘believe,’’ ‘‘continue,’’ ‘‘could,’’ ‘‘estimate,’’ ‘‘expect,’’ ‘‘intend,’’ ‘‘likely,’’ ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘might,’’ ‘‘plan,’’ ‘‘potential,’’ ‘‘predict,’’ ‘‘project,’’ ‘‘seek,’’ ‘‘should,’’ ‘‘target,’’ ‘‘will,’’ ‘‘would,’’ or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions and estimates based on information available to us as of the dates such assumptions and estimates are made, and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those factors discussed under Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated. Should one or more of those risks or uncertainties materialize adversely, or should underlying assumptions or estimates prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described. Those events and uncertainties are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many are beyond our control. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

General Overview

We report our activities in two business segments: Aviation Services comprised of supply chain and maintenance, repair and overhaul (“MRO”) activities and Expeditionary Services comprised of manufacturing activities.

The Aviation Services segment consists of aftermarket support and services offerings that provide spare parts and maintenance support for aircraft operated by our commercial and government/defense customers. Sales in the Aviation Services segment are derived from the sale and lease of a wide variety of new, overhauled and repaired engine and airframe parts and components to the commercial aviation and government and defense markets. We provide customized inventory supply chain management, performance-based logistics programs, customer fleet management and operations, and aircraft component repair management services. The segment also includes repair, maintenance and overhaul of aircraft, landing gear and components. Cost of sales consists principally of the cost of product, direct labor, and overhead.

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The Expeditionary Services segment consists of primarily manufacturing operations with sales derived from the design and manufacture of pallets, shelters, and containers used to support the U.S. military’s requirements for a mobile and agile force including engineering, design, and system integration services for specialized command and control systems. Cost of sales consists principally of the cost of material to manufacture products, direct labor and overhead.

Our chief operating decision making officer (“CODM”) is our Chief Executive Officer and he evaluates performance on our operating segments using gross profit as the primary profitability measure. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting cost of sales from sales. The assets and certain expenses related to corporate activities are not allocated to the segments. Our operating segments are aligned principally around differences in products and services.

Change in Operating Segments

During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, our CODM implemented changes in how he evaluates the business, allocates resources, and assesses performance. Specifically, this new structure results in the separation of our Aviation Services segment into three new operating segments: Parts Supply, Repair & Engineering and Integrated Solutions. Beginning with the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we will report under this new structure using the following four operating segments:

● Parts Supply, primarily consisting of our sales of used serviceable engine and airframe parts and components and distribution of new parts;

● Repair & Engineering, primarily consisting of our maintenance, repair, and overhaul services across airframes and components, including landing gear;

● Integrated Solutions, primarily consisting of our fleet management and operations of customer-owned aircraft, customized performance-based supply chain logistics programs in support of the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”) and foreign governments, flight hour component inventory and repair programs for commercial airlines, and integrated software solutions including Trax; and

● Expeditionary Services, primarily consisting of products and services supporting the movement of equipment and personnel by the U.S. and foreign governments and non-governmental organizations.

In conjunction with the re-alignment, our CODM will evaluate each segment’s performance based on operating income instead of gross profit as the CODM believes operating income is a more comprehensive profitability measure for each operating segment. These changes will be initially reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2023 and are not reflected herein.

Business Trends and Outlook

In fiscal 2023, we established new partnerships, expanded our service offerings, and enhanced our approach to safety to best serve our customers across the world. The global recovery in air travel drove an increased demand for our services, enabling us to achieve strong results across our portfolio, particularly in used serviceable material and new parts distribution. Our actions to reduce costs and improve operating efficiency were reflected in our improved profitability during fiscal 2023.

Our sales to commercial customers in fiscal 2023 increased by $245.0 million, or 22.6%, over the prior year reflecting the recovery in commercial air travel following the height of the impact of COVID-19 as well as growth from recently awarded new parts distribution contracts. Our sales to government customers in fiscal 2023 decreased by $74.5 million, or 10.1%, from the prior year as we completed certain government programs, including our Afghanistan contracts.

We were also successful in winning new long-term agreements in both our commercial and government markets. We were awarded a significant expansion of our exclusive agreement with Unison Industries which broadens our distribution of select Unison ignitor plugs, ignition leads, harnesses, and related spare parts. We also extended our distribution relationship with Leach International Corp to supply electromechanical and solid-state switch gears to the electronics end-market. In our commercial programs activities, we were awarded a multi-year, flight-hour component support contract with flydubai for their growing Boeing 737 MAX fleet.

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In our government market, we were awarded a firm-fixed price contract from the U.S. Air Force to produce Next Generation All Aluminum Cargo Pallets with a total contract value, including option periods, of $173.5 million. We were also awarded a contract from the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation to provide commercial common parts for the Royal Norwegian Air Force P-8A fleet.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, we acquired Trax USA Corp. (“Trax”), a leading independent provider of aircraft MRO and fleet management software which was founded in 1999. The acquisition price was $120 million in cash, plus up to a $20 million earn-out payment based on adjusted revenue in calendar year 2023 and 2024. Trax offers critical software applications to a diverse global customer base of airlines and MROs supporting approximately 5,000 aircraft. Trax’s comprehensive solutions support the entire spectrum of maintenance activities and create the system of record required by airlines and MROs. The Trax acquisition adds established, higher-margin aviation aftermarket software offerings with recurring revenue to our portfolio and provides opportunities to cross-sell products and services.

During fiscal 2023, we continued our strong focus on working capital management with cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations of $23.8 million which included significant investments in inventory, rotable assets, and licensing arrangements to support further growth. Borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility were $272.0 million at May 31, 2023 with an availability on the facility of $336.9 million.

Over the long-term, we expect to see strength in our aviation products and services given our offerings of value-added solutions to both commercial and government and defense customers. We believe long-term commercial aftermarket growth trends are favorable. As we continue to invest in the pipeline of opportunities in the government market, our long-term strategy continues to emphasize investing in the business and capitalizing on opportunities in both the commercial and government markets.

Results of Operations – Fiscal 2023 Compared with Fiscal 2022

Sales and gross profit for our two operating segments for the years ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		% Change
Sales:
Aviation Services
Commercial	$	1,320.5	$	1,081.6	22.1	%
Government and defense		578.2		664.2	(12.9)	%
	$	1,898.7	$	1,745.8	8.8	%
Expeditionary Services
Commercial	$	8.3	$	2.2	277.3	%
Government and defense		83.5		72.0	16.0	%
	$	91.8	$	74.2	23.7	%

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		% Change
Gross Profit:
Aviation Services
Commercial	$	248.2	$	180.3	37.7	%
Government and defense		106.9		117.2	(8.8)	%
	$	355.1	$	297.5	19.4	%
Expeditionary Services
Commercial	$	0.9	$	—	n/a
Government and defense		14.1		15.7	(10.2)	%
	$	15.0	$	15.7	(4.5)	%

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Aviation Services Segment

Sales in the Aviation Services segment increased $152.9 million, or 8.8%, over the prior year due to a $238.9 million, or 22.1%, increase in sales to commercial customers. The increase in sales to commercial customers was primarily attributable to increased sales of $91.1 million related to new parts distribution activities and $71.4 million in our MRO activities as commercial passenger air traffic continues to recover from the impact of COVID-19. In addition, sales increased $43.2 million in our aftermarket trading activities which included whole asset sales of $74.0 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $66.6 million in the prior year.

During fiscal 2023, sales in this segment to government and defense customers decreased $86.0 million, or 12.9%, from the prior year. The decrease in sales to government and defense customers was primarily attributable to the completion of certain government programs, including Afghanistan contracts.

Changes in estimates and assumptions related to our programs accounted for using the cost-to-cost method are recorded using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. In fiscal 2023, we recognized net favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments of $8.3 million compared to net favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments of $10.0 million in fiscal 2022. These adjustments primarily relate to our long-term, power-by-the-hour programs where we provide component inventory management and repair services to commercial customers as well as certain long-term government programs.

Cost of sales in Aviation Services increased $95.3 million, or 6.6%, over the prior year which was largely in line with the sales increase of 8.8% discussed above.

Gross profit in the Aviation Services segment increased $57.6 million, or 19.4%, over the prior year. Gross profit in this segment on sales to commercial customers increased $67.9 million, or 37.7%, over the prior year primarily due to the COVID-19 recovery discussed above. Gross profit margin on sales to commercial customers increased to 18.8% from 16.7% in the prior year period primarily from our actions to reduce both our fixed and variable cost structure.

Gross profit on sales to government and defense customers decreased $10.3 million, or 8.8%, from the prior year with the gross profit margin increasing to 18.5% from 17.6%. This increased gross profit margin is primarily due to higher recoveries on indirect costs and improved profitability on short-term contracts where revenue is recognized over time as the work progresses with our customer.

Expeditionary Services Segment

Sales in the Expeditionary Services segment increased $17.6 million, or 23.7%, over the prior year primarily due to higher volumes for our mobility products. Gross profit in the Expeditionary Services segment decreased $0.7 million, or 4.5%, from the prior year primarily due to changes in the mix of products sold. Gross profit margin decreased to 16.3% from 21.2% in the prior year primarily as a result of changes in the mix of products sold.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $28.2 million, or 13.9%, over the prior year primarily due to investments to support the sales growth as our commercial activities continue the recovery from the impact of COVID-19. These investments include $7.0 million of acquisition and amortization expenses for Trax which was acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. As a percent of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to 11.6% from 11.1% in the prior year largely due to our investments to support sales growth.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $9.8 million in fiscal 2023 reflecting the impact of both higher interest rates and higher average borrowings to fund investments in the business, including our acquisition of Trax in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Our average borrowing rate was 5.11% in fiscal 2023 compared to 1.09% in the prior year.

Income Taxes

Our fiscal 2023 effective income tax rate for continuing operations was 25.9% compared to 25.3% in the prior year. The increase in our effective tax rate is primarily due to higher non-deductible expenses in fiscal 2023 compared to the prior year.

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Liquidity, Capital Resources and Financial Position

Our operating activities are funded and commitments met through the generation of cash from operations. Our ability to generate cash from operations is influenced primarily by our operating performance and changes in working capital. In addition to operations, our current capital resources include an unsecured revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement referred to below and an accounts receivable financing program. Periodically, we may also raise capital through common stock and debt financings in the public or private markets. We continually evaluate various financing arrangements, including the issuance of common stock or debt, which would allow us to improve our liquidity position and finance future growth on commercially reasonable terms. Our continuing ability to borrow from our lenders and issue debt and equity securities to the public and private markets in the future may be negatively affected by a number of factors, including the overall health of the credit markets, general economic conditions, airline industry conditions, geo-political events, and our operating performance.

At May 31, 2023, our liquidity and capital resources included working capital of $746.4 million inclusive of cash of $68.4 million.

On December 14, 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement with various financial institutions as lenders and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $620 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that we can draw upon for working capital and general corporate purposes. Under certain circumstances, we may request an increase to the lending commitments under the Credit Agreement by an aggregate amount of up to $300 million, not to exceed $920 million in total. The Credit Agreement expires on December 14, 2027.

On December 14, 2022, and in connection with our entry into the Credit Agreement, we terminated our revolving credit facility under the credit agreement dated April 12, 2011, as amended, (the “2011 Credit Agreement”) with the outstanding borrowings under the 2011 Credit Agreement at the date of its termination rolled over to the Credit Agreement.

Borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility under the Credit Agreement at May 31, 2023 were $272.0 million and there were approximately $11.1 million of outstanding letters of credit, which reduced the availability under this facility to $336.9 million as of May 31, 2023. There are no other terms or covenants limiting the availability of the Revolving Credit Facility.

In the first quarter of fiscal 2021, we received $57.2 million from the U.S. Treasury Department through the Payroll Support Program under the CARES Act. This funding included a $48.5 million cash grant, which was to be used exclusively for the continuation of payment of employee wages, salaries and benefits for employees of certain MRO facilities, and a low interest 10-year senior unsecured promissory note of $8.7 million. In fiscal 2021, we recognized the full amount of the grant as contra-expense within Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses. The Promissory Note was re-paid in full during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.

As of May 31, 2023, we also had other financing arrangements that did not limit availability on our Revolving Credit Facility including outstanding letters of credit of $11.6 million and foreign lines of credit of $9.2 million.

We maintain a Purchase Agreement with Citibank N.A. (“Purchaser”) for the sale, from time to time, of certain accounts receivable due from certain customers (the “Purchase Agreement”). Under the Purchase Agreement, the maximum amount of receivables sold is limited to $150 million and Purchaser may, but is not required to, purchase the eligible receivables we offer to sell. The term of the Purchase Agreement runs through February 22, 2024, but, the Purchase Agreement may be terminated earlier under certain circumstances. The term of the Purchase Agreement is automatically extended for annual terms unless either party provides advance notice that they do not intend to extend the term.

We have no retained interests in the sold receivables, other than limited recourse obligations in certain circumstances, and only perform collection and administrative functions for the Purchaser. We account for these receivable transfers as sales under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, and de-recognize the sold receivables from our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Receivables sold under the Purchase Agreement during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $171.6 million, $283.3 million, and $440.6 million, respectively. Amounts remitted to the Purchaser on its behalf during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $173.8 million, $306.9 million, and $476.3 million, respectively. As of May 31, 2023 and May 31, 2022, we had collected cash of $1.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively, which was not yet remitted to the Purchaser as of those dates and was classified as Restricted cash on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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At May 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial and other covenants under each of our financing arrangements.

On December 16, 2021, our Board of Directors authorized a renewal of our stock repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to $150 million of our common stock with no expiration date. During fiscal 2023, we repurchased 1.2 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $50.1 million. No repurchases were made during the three-month period ended May 31, 2023. Since inception of the renewal authorization, we have repurchased 2.2 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $92.4 million. The timing and amount of repurchases are subject to prevailing market conditions and other considerations, including our liquidity and acquisition and other investment opportunities.

Cash Flows – Fiscal 2023 Compared with Fiscal 2022

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities–continuing operations was $23.8 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $89.8 million in fiscal 2022. The decrease from the prior period of $66.0 million was primarily attributable to an $18 million license fee payment to Unison Industries for an amendment of our distribution agreement and increased investments in inventory and rotable assets to support future growth.

Net cash used in operating activities–discontinued operations was $0.5 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $14.6 million in fiscal 2022. The decrease from the prior year of $14.1 million was primarily attributable to the payments related to our settlement of the U.S. Department of Justice’s False Claims Act investigation.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $138.0 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $16.5 million in fiscal 2022. The increase in cash used from the prior period was primarily related to our acquisition of Trax in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $137.7 million in fiscal 2023 compared to a use of cash of $59.8 million in fiscal 2022. The increase in cash provided was primarily related to additional borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility in the current year period to fund the Trax acquisition and investments in inventory and rotable assets to support sales growth.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

A summary of contractual cash obligations and off-balance sheet arrangements as of May 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Payments Due by Period
			Due in		Due in		Due in		Due in		Due in		After
			Fiscal		Fiscal		Fiscal		Fiscal		Fiscal		Fiscal
	Total		2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		2028
On Balance Sheet:
Credit Agreement borrowings	$	272.0	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	272.0	$	—
Facilities and equipment operating leases		69.7		14.5		12.3		9.1		8.4		7.8		17.6
Credit Agreement interest1		80.5		17.7		17.7		17.7		17.7		9.7		—
Off Balance Sheet:
Purchase obligations2		540.9		406.1		93.4		34.6		4.8		—		2.0
Pension contributions3		0.4		0.4		—		—		—		—		—

Notes:

1 Interest was determined using the interest rate in effect on May 31, 2023.

2 Purchase obligations arise in the ordinary course of business and represent a binding commitment to acquire inventory, including raw materials, parts, and components, as well as equipment to support the operations of our business.

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3 Our contribution policy for the domestic plans is to contribute annually, at a minimum, an amount which is deductible for federal income tax purposes and that is sufficient to meet actuarially computed pension benefits. For our Netherlands pension plan, our policy is to fund at least the minimum amount required by the local laws and regulations.

We routinely issue letters of credit and performance bonds in the ordinary course of business. These instruments are typically issued in conjunction with insurance contracts or other business requirements. The total of these instruments outstanding at May 31, 2023 was $22.7 million.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Management has made estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities to prepare the Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates made by management include those related to assumptions used in accounting for business combinations, assessing goodwill impairment, adjustments to reduce the value of inventories and certain rotable assets, revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, and assumptions used in determining pension plan obligations. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The following is a summary of the accounting policies considered critical by management.

Business Combinations

When we acquire a business, we allocate the purchase price by recognizing assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at acquisition date with any excess of the purchase consideration when compared to the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired recognized as goodwill. A preliminary fair value is determined once a business is acquired, with the final determination of fair value completed no later than one year from the date of acquisition.

The determination of the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment and estimates, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenues, costs and cash flows, discount rates, and selection of comparable companies. We engage the assistance of valuation specialists in concluding on fair value measurements in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations.

The fair value of the intangible assets is estimated using several valuation methodologies, including the income-based or market-based approaches, which represent Level 3 fair value measurements. The value for customer relationships is typically estimated based on a multi-period excess earnings approach. The more significant inputs used in the customer relationships intangible asset valuation include (i) future revenue growth rates, (ii) projected gross margins, (iii) the customer attrition rate, and (iv) the discount rate. The value for developed technology is estimated based on a relief from royalty approach. The more significant inputs used in the developed technology intangible asset valuation include (i) future revenue growth rates, (ii) profitability, (iii) technology obsolescence, (iv) market royalty rates, and (v) the discount rate. The useful lives are estimated based on the future economic benefit expected to be received from the assets.

Transaction costs are not included as components of consideration transferred but instead, expensed as incurred.

Goodwill

Under accounting standards for goodwill and other intangible assets, goodwill and other intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized, but are subject to annual impairment tests. We review and evaluate our goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets for potential impairment at a minimum annually, on May 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment is possible.

The accounting standards for goodwill allow for either a qualitative or quantitative approach for the annual impairment test. Under the qualitative approach, factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and company-specific events or circumstances are assessed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. When the quantitative approach is utilized, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit with the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, we would be required to recognize an impairment loss for the excess carrying value of the reporting unit’s assets.

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As of May 31, 2023, we had three reporting units, which included two in our Aviation Services segment (Aviation Supply Chain and MRO) and one comprised of our Expeditionary Services segment. In fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, we utilized the qualitative assessment approach for all reporting units. Under this approach, we considered the overall industry and market conditions related to the aerospace and government/defense markets as well as conditions in the global capital markets. We also considered the long-term forecasts for each reporting unit, which incorporated specific opportunities and risks, working capital requirements, and capital expenditure needs. The fair value of our reporting units is also impacted by our overall market capitalization and may be impacted by volatility in our stock price and assumed control premium, among other items. We concluded it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value at the respective measurement dates, and thus no impairment charges were recorded in those fiscal years.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the specific identification, average cost or first-in, first-out methods. Write-downs are made for excess and obsolete inventories and inventories that have been impaired as a result of industry conditions. We have utilized certain assumptions when determining the market value of inventories, such as inventory quantities and aging, historical sales of inventory, current and expected future aviation usage trends, replacement values, expected future demand, and historical scrap recovery rates. Reductions in demand for certain of our inventories or declining market values, as well as differences between actual results and the assumptions utilized by us when determining the market value of our inventories, could result in the recognition of impairment charges in future periods.

In conjunction with reclassifying rotable assets as inventory held for sale, we recognized rotable asset impairment charges of $1.0 million and $1.4 million in fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

Our unit of accounting for revenue recognition is a performance obligation included in our customer contracts. A performance obligation reflects the distinct good or service that we must transfer to a customer. At contract inception, we evaluate if the contract should be accounted for as a single performance obligation or if the contract contains multiple performance obligations. In some cases, our contract with the customer is considered one performance obligation as it includes factors such as whether the good or service being provided is significantly integrated with other promises in the contract, whether the service provided significantly modifies or customizes another good or service or whether the good or service is highly interdependent or interrelated. If the contract has more than one performance obligation, we determine the standalone price of each distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation and allocate the transaction price based on their relative standalone selling prices.

The transaction price of a contract, which can include both fixed and variable amounts, is allocated to each performance obligation identified. Some contracts contain variable consideration, which could include incremental fees or penalty provisions related to performance. Variable consideration that can be reasonably estimated based on current assumptions and historical information is included in the transaction price at the inception of the contract but limited to the amount that is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Variable consideration that cannot be reasonably estimated is recorded when known.

Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time based on transfer of control of products and services to our customers. The majority of our sales from products are recognized at a point in time upon transfer of control to the customer, which generally occurs upon shipment. In connection with certain sales of products, we also provide logistics services, which include inventory management, replenishment, and other related services. The price of such services is generally included in the price of the products delivered to the customer, and revenues are recognized upon delivery of the product, at which point the customer has obtained control of the product. We do not account for these services separate from the related product sales as the services are inputs required to fulfill part orders received from customers.

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For our performance obligations that are satisfied over time, we measure progress in a manner that depicts the performance of transferring control to the customer. As such, we utilize the input method of cost-to-cost to recognize revenue over time as this depicts when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the relationship of actual costs incurred to date to the estimated total cost at completion of the performance obligation. We are required to make certain judgments and estimates, including estimated revenues and costs, as well as inflation and the overall profitability of the arrangement. Key assumptions involved include future labor costs and efficiencies, overhead costs, and ultimate timing of product delivery. Differences may occur between the judgments and estimates made by management and actual program results.

Changes in estimates and assumptions related to our arrangements accounted for using the cost-to-cost method are recorded using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. These changes are primarily adjustments to the estimated profitability for our long-term programs where we provide component inventory management and/or repair services.

When contracts are modified, we consider whether the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications that are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration with the original goods or services provided, are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract with the effect of the contract modification recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. When the modifications include additional performance obligations that are distinct, they are accounted for as a new contract and performance obligation, which are recognized prospectively.

Under most of our U.S. government contracts, if the contract is terminated for convenience, we are entitled to payment for items delivered and fair compensation for work performed, the costs of settling and paying other claims, and a reasonable profit on the costs incurred or committed.

Shipping and handling fees and costs incurred associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in Cost of sales on our Consolidated Statements of Income, and are not considered a performance obligation to our customers. Our reported sales on our Consolidated Statements of Income include sales and related non-income taxes. We also utilize the “as invoiced” practical expedient in certain cases where performance obligations are satisfied over time and the invoiced amount corresponds directly with the value we are providing to the customer.

The timing of revenue recognition, customer billings, and cash collections results in a contract asset or contract liability at the end of each reporting period. Contract assets consist of unbilled receivables or costs incurred where revenue recognized over time using the cost-to-cost model exceeds the amounts billed to customers. Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Certain customers make advance payments prior to the satisfaction of our performance obligations on the contract. These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such performance obligations are satisfied, either over time as costs are incurred or at a point in time when deliveries are made. Contract assets and contract liabilities are determined on a contract-by-contract basis.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to reflect the expected uncollectibility of accounts receivable based on past collection history and specific risks identified among uncollected accounts. In determining the required allowance, we consider factors such as general and industry-specific economic conditions, customer credit history, and our customers’ current and expected future financial performance. The majority of our customers are recurring customers with an established payment history. Certain customers are required to undergo an extensive credit check prior to delivery of products or services.

We perform regular evaluations of customer payment experience, current financial condition, and risk analysis. We may require collateral in the form of security interests in assets, letters of credit, and/or obligation guarantees from financial institutions for transactions executed on other than normal trade terms. We also maintain trade credit insurance for certain customers to provide coverage, up to a certain limit, in the event of insolvency of some customers.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We are required to test for impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows. When applying accounting standards addressing impairment of long-lived assets, we have utilized certain assumptions to estimate future undiscounted cash flows, including current and future sales volumes or lease rates, expected changes to cost structures, lease terms, residual values, market conditions, and trends impacting future demand. Differences between actual results and the assumptions utilized by us when determining undiscounted cash flows could result

28

in future impairments of long-lived assets. In our Expeditionary Services segment, we consolidated manufacturing facilities and recognized impairment and related charges of $2.6 million during fiscal 2021.

We maintain a significant inventory of rotable parts and equipment to service customer aircraft and components. Portions of that inventory are used parts that are often exchanged with parts removed from aircraft or components, and are reworked to a useable condition. We may have to recognize an impairment of our rotable parts and equipment if we discontinue using or servicing certain aircraft models or if an older aircraft model is phased-out in the industry. In light of declines in commercial airline volumes and commercial program contract terminations driven by the impact of COVID, we evaluated future cash flows related to certain rotable assets supporting long-term programs and recognized asset impairment charges of $2.3 million and $5.8 million in fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Pension Plans

Effective May 31, 2022, our Union and U.S. Retirement Plans were merged (collectively, the “Merged U.S. Plan”). We are planning to terminate the Merged U.S. Plan in the first half of fiscal 2024 upon the anticipated transfer of the Merged U.S. Plan’s obligations to a third-party. The Merged U.S. Plan is in an overfunded position of $8.7 million and we do not anticipate making any contributions to the Merged U.S. Plan in conjunction with the termination. We expect to recognize a non-cash pension settlement charge related to the actuarial losses in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, upon settlement of the obligations of the Merged U.S. Plan. This charge is expected to occur in fiscal 2024, with the specific timing and final amounts dependent upon several factors.

Our total pension plan assets exceed our total projected benefit obligation by $4.6 million as of May 31, 2023 with the overfunded position primarily attributable to the Merged U.S. Plan.

The liabilities and net periodic cost of our pension plans are determined utilizing several actuarial assumptions, the most significant of which are the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets.

We use discount rates to measure our benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost for our pension plans. We used a broad population of Aa-rated corporate bonds as of May 31, 2023 to determine the discount rate assumption. All bonds were denominated in U.S. Dollars, with a minimum outstanding of $50.0 million. This population of bonds was narrowed from a broader universe of over 500 Moody’s Aa-rated, non-callable (or callable with make-whole provisions) bonds by eliminating the top 10^th percentile and the bottom 40^th percentile to adjust for any pricing anomalies and to represent the bonds we would most likely select if we were to actually annuitize our pension plan liabilities. This portfolio of bonds was used to generate a yield curve and associated spot rate curve to discount the projected benefit payments and settlements for the Merged U.S. Plan. The discount rate is the single level rate that produces the same result as the spot rate curve.

We establish the long-term asset return assumption based on a review of historical compound average asset returns, both company-specific and relating to the broad market, as well as analysis of current market and economic information and future expectations. For our Merged U.S. Plan, we have invested the majority of the plan assets in fixed income investments in anticipation of the upcoming termination of the Merged U.S. Plan. The asset return is expected to correspond to the changes in the discount rate and the valuation of the pension obligation to mitigate the risk of a significant reduction in the current overfunded position.

In calculating the net pension cost, the expected return on assets is applied to a calculated value on plan assets, which recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets in a systematic manner over five years. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is a component of the total net unrecognized gain or loss and is subject to amortization in the future.

ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our exposure to market risk includes fluctuating interest rates under our credit agreements, changes in foreign exchange rates, and credit losses on accounts receivable. See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on accounts receivable exposure.

We are exposed to the risk that our earnings and cash flows could be adversely impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. A 10 percent increase in the average interest rate affecting our financial instruments, including the average outstanding balance of our debt obligations would not have had a significant impact on our pre-tax income during fiscal 2023.

29

Revenues and expenses of our foreign operations are translated at average exchange rates during the year, and balance sheet accounts are translated at year-end exchange rates. Balance sheet translation adjustments are excluded from the results of operations and are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. A hypothetical 10 percent devaluation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies would not have had a material impact on our financial position or continuing operations during fiscal 2023.

30

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Chicago, IL, Auditor Firm ID: 185)	32
Consolidated Statements of Income	34
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	35
Consolidated Balance Sheets	36
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	38
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	39

31

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

AAR CORP.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AAR CORP. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of May 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended May 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of May 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended May 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated July 18, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Assessment of the write-down of inventories

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the inventory balance as of May 31, 2023 was $574.1 million. The Company records inventory within the Aviation Services segment at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The write-down of slow moving inventory is recorded for excess or obsolete inventory based on certain inputs and assumptions used to determine the net realizable value. These assumptions include the number of days transpiring from the date the inventory was originally received and the historical sales of inventory to determine recovery rates. Other inputs include current and expected future aviation usage trends, replacement values, expected future demand, and historical scrap recovery rates.

32

We identified the assessment of the write-down of inventories for a portion of the inventory within the Aviation Services segment as a critical audit matter. The primary inputs and assumptions used in determining the write-down of slow moving inventory include the historical recovery rates, which are based on the number of days transpiring from the date the inventory was originally received, the historical sales of inventory, and the identification of specific inventories associated with aircraft with declining usage trends. The assessment of these inputs required a higher degree of subjective auditor judgment in evaluating the future customer demand for slow moving inventory.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s inventory process, including controls over the Company’s evaluation of the impact on the estimate of net realizable value based on 1) the number of days transpiring from the date the inventory was originally received, 2) historical sales of inventory, and 3) specific inventories associated with aircraft with declining usage trends. We also tested relevant information technology application controls over the determination of the number of days transpiring from the date the inventory was originally received. We evaluated the write-down to determine that it was recorded using the Company’s policy based on the number of days transpiring from the date the inventory was originally received and the recovery rates of existing inventory based on historical sales. We also assessed that the recovery rates applied to slow moving inventory were consistent with historical sales of these inventory items. We assessed the identification of specific inventory with declining usage trends by evaluating external industry information.

Evaluation of the estimate of costs at completion of certain performance obligations

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, for revenue with performance obligations that are satisfied over time, the Company recognizes revenue using the cost-to-cost input method, which depicts when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the relationship of costs incurred to date to the estimated total costs at completion of the performance obligation. The net favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments recognized during fiscal year 2023 associated with revenue recognized over time totaled $8.3 million, which resulted from changes in the estimated billings and costs at completion of the performance obligations.

We identified the evaluation of the estimate of total costs at completion of the performance obligations for certain contracts within the Aviation Services segment as a critical audit matter. The key inputs and assumptions used in determining the revenue to be recognized include current and future costs to support the program, and future labor costs. The testing of the key inputs and assumptions required the application of subjective auditor judgment because of the estimation uncertainty associated with the inputs and assumptions.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s revenue process, including controls over 1) the assessment of the estimated future costs, 2) actual costs incurred for each performance obligation that are used by the Company in their assessment of the measure of progress, and 3) the approval of costs recorded for each performance obligation to assess the allowability per the contract. We obtained the Company’s forecast for the cost of a selection of Aviation Services revenue contracts and assessed that the measure of progress was determined using actual costs to date plus the estimated future costs to support the satisfaction of performance obligations. We selected a sample of contract costs where revenue is recognized over time to test actual fiscal year 2023 program costs by comparing them to underlying documentation. We evaluated the Company’s historical estimates to assess their consistency with the Company’s historical actual costs.

	/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1985.
Chicago, Illinois
July 18, 2023

33

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
	(In millions, except per share data)
Sales:
Sales from products	$	1,238.7	$	1,078.3	$	934.9
Sales from services		751.8		741.7		717.4
		1,990.5		1,820.0		1,652.3
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of products		985.2		869.4		773.8
Cost of services		635.2		637.4		602.6
Provision for credit losses		2.6		1.2		8.5
Selling, general and administrative		230.4		202.2		182.4
		1,853.4		1,710.2		1,567.3
Earnings (Loss) from joint ventures		(3.2)		(2.9)		0.2
Operating income		133.9		106.9		85.2
Losses related to sale and exit of business		(0.7)		(1.7)		(20.2)
Other income (expense), net		(0.8)		2.2		4.3
Interest expense		(12.2)		(2.4)		(5.0)
Interest income		1.0		0.1		0.2
Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes		121.2		105.1		64.5
Provision for income taxes		31.4		26.6		18.2
Income from continuing operations		89.8		78.5		46.3
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		0.4		0.2		(10.5)
Net income	$	90.2	$	78.7	$	35.8
Earnings per share – basic:
Earnings from continuing operations	$	2.55	$	2.19	$	1.31
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations		0.01		0.01		(0.30)
Earnings per share – basic	$	2.56	$	2.20	$	1.01
Earnings per share – diluted:
Earnings from continuing operations	$	2.52	$	2.16	$	1.30
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations		0.01		0.01		(0.30)
Earnings per share – diluted	$	2.53	$	2.17	$	1.00

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

34

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
	(In millions)
Net income	$	90.2	$	78.7	$	35.8
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Currency translation adjustments		(2.9)		(6.7)		5.9
Unrecognized pension and post retirement costs, net of tax benefit (expense) of $(0.3) in 2023, $1.4 in 2022, and $5.2 in 2021		(1.0)		5.4		20.4
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(3.9)		(1.3)		26.3
Comprehensive income	$	86.3	$	77.4	$	62.1

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

35

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

ASSETS

	May 31,
	2023		2022
	(In millions, except share data)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	68.4	$	53.5
Restricted cash		13.4		5.4
Accounts receivable, net		241.3		214.0
Contract assets		86.9		73.6
Inventories		574.1		550.5
Rotable assets and equipment on or available for short-term lease		50.6		53.6
Assets of discontinued operations		13.5		16.2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		49.7		40.4
Total current assets		1,097.9		1,007.2
Property, plant and equipment, at cost:
Land		3.3		3.3
Buildings and improvements		95.9		94.7
Equipment and furniture and fixtures		295.7		269.9
		394.9		367.9
Accumulated depreciation		(268.8)		(258.3)
		126.1		109.6
Other assets:
Goodwill		175.8		116.4
Intangible assets, net		63.7		3.3
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		63.7		73.0
Rotable assets supporting long-term programs		178.1		166.6
Other non-current assets		127.8		97.8
		609.1		457.1
	$	1,833.1	$	1,573.9

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

36

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

	May 31,
	2023		2022
	(In millions, except share data)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	158.5	$	156.4
Accrued liabilities		179.6		174.6
Liabilities of discontinued operations		13.4		17.2
Total current liabilities		351.5		348.2
Long-term debt		269.7		98.9
Operating lease liabilities		48.2		57.4
Deferred tax liabilities		33.6		20.0
Other liabilities		31.0		14.9
		382.5		191.2
Equity:
Preferred stock, $1.00 par value, authorized 250,000 shares; none issued		—		—
Common stock, $1.00 par value, authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued 45,300,786 shares at cost		45.3		45.3
Capital surplus		484.5		477.5
Retained earnings		910.6		820.4
Treasury stock, 10,385,237 and 9,909,702 shares at cost, respectively		(317.8)		(289.1)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(23.5)		(19.6)
Total equity		1,099.1		1,034.5
	$	1,833.1	$	1,573.9

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

37

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

FOR THE THREE YEARS ENDED MAY 31, 2023

(In millions)
​

									Accumulated
									Other
	Common		Capital		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Total
	Stock		Surplus		Earnings		Stock		Income (Loss)		Equity
Balance, May 31, 2020	$	45.3	$	478.6	$	706.0	$	(282.7)	$	(44.6)	$	902.6
Net income		—		—		35.8		—		—		35.8
Cash dividends		—		—		(0.1)		—		—		(0.1)
Stock option activity		—		3.6		—		3.0		—		6.6
Restricted stock activity		—		(2.4)		—		5.6		—		3.2
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—		—		—		—		26.3		26.3
Balance, May 31, 2021	$	45.3	$	479.8	$	741.7	$	(274.1)	$	(18.3)	$	974.4
Net income		—		—		78.7		—		—		78.7
Stock option activity		—		2.0		—		19.3		—		21.3
Restricted stock activity		—		(4.3)		—		8.1		—		3.8
Repurchase of shares		—		—		—		(42.4)		—		(42.4)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(1.3)		(1.3)
Balance, May 31, 2022	$	45.3	$	477.5	$	820.4	$	(289.1)	$	(19.6)	$	1,034.5
Net income		—		—		90.2		—		—		90.2
Stock option activity		—		0.3		—		19.2		—		19.5
Restricted stock activity		—		6.7		—		2.2		—		8.9
Repurchase of shares		—		—		—		(50.1)		—		(50.1)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(3.9)		(3.9)
Balance, May 31, 2023	$	45.3	$	484.5	$	910.6	$	(317.8)	$	(23.5)	$	1,099.1

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

38

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash flows provided by operating activities:
Net income	$	90.2	$	78.7	$	35.8
Less: Loss (Income) from discontinued operations		(0.4)		(0.2)		10.5
Income from continuing operations		89.8		78.5		46.3
Adjustments to reconcile income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		27.9		33.1		36.3
Stock-based compensation expense		13.5		8.2		9.2
Provision for credit losses		2.6		1.2		8.5
Pension settlement charges		—		1.4		0.9
Deferred tax provision (benefit)		(2.2)		8.7		8.4
Loss (Earnings) from joint ventures		3.2		2.9		(0.2)
Customer contract termination and restructuring costs		—		—		2.2
Impairment charges		1.0		2.9		9.1
Losses on sale and exit of business		0.7		1.7		20.2
Changes in certain assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable		(18.1)		(49.0)		(4.5)
Contract assets		(13.7)		(1.9)		(26.4)
Inventories		(23.6)		(10.4)		74.9
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(8.6)		(10.2)		49.8
Rotable assets supporting long-term programs		(19.3)		3.0		9.1
Accounts payable		—		29.4		(62.6)
Accrued and other liabilities		(6.4)		(10.5)		16.2
Deferred revenue on long-term programs		(4.0)		3.8		(83.0)
Other		(19.0)		(3.0)		(5.9)
Net cash provided by operating activities–continuing operations		23.8		89.8		108.5
Net cash used in operating activities–discontinued operations		(0.5)		(14.6)		(3.3)
Net cash provided by operating activities		23.3		75.2		105.2
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Property, plant and equipment expenditures		(29.5)		(17.3)		(11.3)
Payment for acquisition of Trax, net of cash acquired		(103.3)		—		—
Proceeds from asset sales		—		7.3		—
Proceeds from termination of life insurance policies		—		—		10.0
Joint venture and other investment activity		(5.2)		(6.5)		0.8
Net cash used in investing activities		(138.0)		(16.5)		(0.5)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:
Short-term borrowings (repayments), net		172.0		(9.5)		(470.0)
Repayments on long-term borrowings		—		(24.7)		—
Purchase of treasury stock		(50.1)		(42.4)		—
Stock compensation activity		17.7		16.8		0.6
Other		(1.9)		—		(0.1)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		137.7		(59.8)		(469.5)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(0.1)		(0.2)		0.3
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		22.9		(1.3)		(364.5)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year		58.9		60.2		424.7
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year	$	81.8	$	58.9	$	60.2

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

39

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

AAR CORP. (the “Company”) is a diversified provider of services and products to the worldwide commercial aviation and government and defense markets. Services and products include: aviation supply chain and parts support programs; customer fleet management and operations; maintenance, repair and overhaul (“MRO”) of airframes, landing gear, and certain other airframe components; design and manufacture of specialized pallets, shelters, and containers; aircraft modifications and aircraft and engine sales and leasing. We serve commercial, government and defense aircraft fleet operators, original equipment manufacturers, and independent service providers around the world, and various other domestic and foreign military customers.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions.

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year presentation to conform to the 2023 presentation.

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In November 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance. The ASU increases transparency of government assistance by focusing on the types of assistance given, an entity’s accounting for the assistance, and the effect of the assistance on the entity’s financial statements to allow for more comparable information for investors and other financial statement users. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this ASU in fiscal 2023. See Note 13 for further information on the Company’s treatment of government assistance received.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. This ASU requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Generally, this ASU results in the acquirer recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities at the same amounts recorded by the acquiree. Historically, such amounts were recognized by the acquirer at fair value in accordance with acquisition accounting. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted this standard in fiscal 2023 and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

Our unit of accounting for revenue recognition is a performance obligation included in our customer contracts. A performance obligation reflects the distinct good or service that we must transfer to a customer. At contract inception, we evaluate if the contract should be accounted for as a single performance obligation or if the contract contains multiple performance obligations. In some cases, our contract with the customer is considered one performance obligation as it includes factors such as whether the good or service being provided is significantly integrated with other promises in the contract, whether the service provided significantly modifies or customizes another good or service or whether the good or service is highly interdependent or interrelated. If the contract has more than one performance obligation, we determine the standalone price of each distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation and allocate the transaction price based on their relative standalone selling prices.

40

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The transaction price of a contract, which can include both fixed and variable amounts, is allocated to each performance obligation identified. Some contracts contain variable consideration, which could include incremental fees or penalty provisions related to performance. Variable consideration that can be reasonably estimated based on current assumptions and historical information is included in the transaction price at the inception of the contract but limited to the amount that is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Variable consideration that cannot be reasonably estimated is recorded when known.

Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time based on transfer of control of products and services to our customers. The majority of our sales from products typically represent distinct performance obligations and are recognized at a point in time upon transfer of control to the customer, which generally occurs upon shipment. In connection with certain sales of products, we also provide logistics services, which include inventory management, replenishment, and other related services. The price of such services is generally included in the price of the products delivered to the customer, and revenues are recognized upon delivery of the product, at which point the customer has obtained control of the product. We do not account for these services separate from the related product sales as the services are inputs required to fulfill part orders received from customers.

For our performance obligations that are satisfied over time, we measure progress in a manner that depicts the performance of transferring control to the customer. As such, we utilize the input method of cost-to-cost to recognize revenue over time as this depicts when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the relationship of actual costs incurred to date to the estimated total cost at completion of the performance obligation.

We are required to make certain judgments and estimates, including estimated revenues and costs, as well as inflation and the overall profitability of the arrangement. Key assumptions involved can include customer volume, future labor costs and efficiencies, repair or overhaul costs, overhead costs, and ultimate timing of product delivery. Differences may occur between the judgments and estimates made by management and actual program results. For contracts that are deemed to be loss contracts, we establish forward loss reserves for total estimated costs that are in excess of total estimated consideration in the period in which they become known.

We utilize the portfolio approach to estimate the amount of revenue to recognize for certain contracts which require over-time revenue recognition. Such contracts are grouped together either by revenue stream, customer or product line with each portfolio of contracts grouped together based on having similar characteristics. The portfolio approach is utilized only when the result of the accounting is not expected to be materially different than if applied to individual contracts.

We also may enter into offset agreements or conditions as part of obtaining orders for our products and services from certain government customers in foreign countries. These agreements are designed to enhance the social and economic environment of the foreign country by requiring the contractor to promote investment in the country. These agreements also may be satisfied through our use of cash or other means of providing financial support for in-country projects with local companies. The amounts ultimately applied against our offset agreements are based on negotiations with the customer and satisfaction of our offset obligations are included in the estimates of our total costs to complete the contract.

When contracts are modified, we consider whether the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications that are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration with the original goods or services provided, are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract with the effect of the contract modification recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. When the modifications include additional performance obligations that are distinct, they are accounted for as a new contract and performance obligation, which are recognized prospectively.

Certain contracts with customers have options for the customer to acquire additional goods or services. In most cases, the pricing of these options is reflective of the standalone selling price of the good or service. These options do not provide the customer with a material right and are accounted for only when the customer exercises the option to purchase the additional goods or services. If the option on the customer contract was not indicative of the standalone selling price of the good or service, the material right would be accounted for as a separate performance obligation.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Under most of our U.S. government contracts, if the contract is terminated for convenience, we are entitled to payment for items delivered and fair compensation for work performed, the costs of settling and paying other claims, and a reasonable profit on the costs incurred or committed.

In the ordinary course of business, agencies of the U.S. and other governments audit our claimed indirect costs and conduct inquiries and investigations of our business practices with respect to government contracts to determine whether our operations are conducted in accordance with these requirements and the terms of the relevant contracts. U.S. government agencies, including the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCAA”), routinely audit our claimed indirect costs, for compliance with the Cost Accounting Standards and the Federal Acquisition Regulations. These agencies also conduct reviews and investigations and make inquiries regarding our accounting and other systems in connection with our performance and business practices with respect to our government contracts and subcontracts.

Costs to fulfill and obtain a contract are considered for capitalization based on contract specific facts and circumstances. The incremental costs to fulfill a contract, including setup and implementation costs prior to beginning the period of performance, are capitalized when expenses are incurred prior to the start of satisfying a performance obligation. The capitalized costs are subsequently expensed over the contract’s period of performance.

We have elected to use certain practical expedients permitted under ASC 606. Shipping and handling fees and costs incurred associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in Cost of sales on our Consolidated Statements of Income, and are not considered a performance obligation to our customers. Our reported sales on our Consolidated Statements of Income include sales and related non-income taxes. We also utilize the “as invoiced” practical expedient in certain cases where performance obligations are satisfied over time and the invoiced amount corresponds directly with the value we are providing to the customer.

Cumulative Catch-up Adjustments

Changes in estimates and assumptions related to our arrangements accounted for using the cost-to-cost method are recorded using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. These changes are primarily adjustments to the estimated profitability for our long-term programs where we provide component inventory management, supply chain logistics programs, and/or repair services.

Favorable and unfavorable cumulative catch-up adjustments were as follows:

	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments	$	12.6	$	15.0	$	16.1
Unfavorable cumulative catch-up adjustments		(4.3)		(5.0)		(4.1)
Net cumulative catch-up adjustments	$	8.3	$	10.0	$	12.0

Contract Assets and Liabilities

The timing of revenue recognition, customer billings, and cash collections results in a contract asset or contract liability at the end of each reporting period. For instances where we recognize revenue prior to having an unconditional right to payment, we record a contract asset or liability. When an unconditional right to consideration exists, we reduce our contract asset or liability and recognize an unbilled or trade receivable. When amounts are dependent on factors other than the passage of time in order for payment from a customer to be due, we record a contract asset which consists of costs incurred where revenue recognized over time using the cost-to-cost model exceeds the amounts billed to customers. Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Certain customers make advance payments prior to the satisfaction of our performance obligations on the contract. These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such performance obligations are satisfied, either over time as costs are incurred or at a point in time when deliveries are made. Contract assets and contract liabilities are determined on a contract-by-contract basis.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Net contract assets and liabilities are as follows:

	May 31,
	2023		2022		Change
Contract assets – current	$	86.9	$	73.6	$	13.3
Contract assets – non-current		27.5		22.5		5.0
Contract liabilities:
Deferred revenue – current		(19.7)		(20.5)		0.8
Deferred revenue on long-term contracts		(12.7)		(10.1)		(2.6)
Net contract assets	$	82.0	$	65.5	$	16.5

Contract assets – non-current is reported within Other non-current assets, deferred revenue – current is reported within Accrued Liabilities, and deferred revenue on long-term contracts is reported within Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in contract assets and contract liabilities primarily result from the timing difference between our performance of services and payments from customers.

During fiscal 2022 and 2021, certain commercial power-by-the-hour (“PBH”) customer contracts were terminated or restructured resulting in charges of $5.2 million and $5.7 million, respectively.

To support our PBH customer contracts, we previously entered into an agreement with a component repair facility to outsource a portion of the component repair and overhaul services. The agreement included certain minimum repair volume guarantees, which we have not met. During fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized charges of $1.9 million, $1.7 million and $4.5 million, respectively, to reflect our estimated obligation over the remainder of the agreement for not achieving the minimum volume guarantees. As of May 31, 2023, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included remaining loss reserves of $5.1 million with $4.3 million classified as current in Accrued liabilities and $0.8 million classified as long-term in Other liabilities.

Changes in our deferred revenue were as follows:

	Year ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred revenue at beginning of period	$	(30.6)	$	(31.3)
Revenue deferred		(267.0)		(259.0)
Revenue recognized		257.8		242.3
Other (1)		7.4		17.4
Deferred revenue at end of period	$	(32.4)	$	(30.6)

⁽¹⁾ Other includes cumulative catch-up adjustments, foreign currency translation, acquisitions, and other adjustments.

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of May 31, 2023, we had approximately $740 million of remaining performance obligations, also referred to as firm backlog, which excludes unexercised contract options and potential orders under our indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contracts. We expect that approximately 45% of this backlog will be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months and approximately 75% will be recognized over the next three years. The amount of remaining performance obligations that are expected to be recognized as revenue beyond 12 months, primarily relates to our long-term programs where we provide component inventory management, supply chain logistics programs, and/or repair services.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Financial Instruments and Concentrations of Market or Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of market or credit risk consist principally of trade receivables. While our trade receivables are diverse and represent a number of entities and geographic regions, the majority are with the U.S. government and its contractors and entities in the aviation industry. The composition of our accounts receivable is as follows:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. Government contracts:
Trade receivables	$	13.1	$	31.6
Unbilled receivables		18.9		25.9
		32.0		57.5
All other customers:
Trade receivables		179.7		136.8
Unbilled receivables		29.6		19.7
		209.3		156.5
	$	241.3	$	214.0

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value because of it bearing a variable interest rate.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to reflect the expected uncollectibility of accounts receivable based on past collection history and specific risks identified among uncollected accounts. In determining the required allowance, we consider factors such as general and industry-specific economic conditions, customer credit history, and our customers’ current and expected future financial performance. The majority of our customers are recurring customers with an established payment history. Certain customers are required to undergo an extensive credit check prior to delivery of products or services.

Our allowance for credit losses also includes reserves for estimated product returns based on historical return rates. The reserve for estimated product returns is recognized as a reduction to sales with a corresponding reduction to cost of sales for the estimated cost of inventory that is expected to be returned.

We perform regular evaluations of customer payment experience, current financial condition, and risk analysis. We may require collateral in the form of security interests in assets, letters of credit, and/or obligation guarantees from financial institutions for transactions executed on other than normal trade terms. We also maintain trade credit insurance for certain customers to provide coverage, up to a certain limit, in the event of insolvency of some customers.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The change in our allowance for credit losses was as follows:

	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Balance, beginning of year	$	17.9	$	16.4	$	22.1
Provision charged to operations, net of recoveries		2.6		1.2		8.5
Deductions for accounts written off and other reclassifications		(7.1)		0.3		(14.2)
Balance, end of year	$	13.4	$	17.9	$	16.4

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other, goodwill and other intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to annual impairment tests. We review and evaluate our goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets for potential impairment at a minimum annually, on May 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment is possible.

As of May 31, 2023, we had three reporting units, which included two in our Aviation Services segment (Aviation Supply Chain and MRO) and one comprised of our Expeditionary Services segment. We utilized the qualitative assessment approach for all reporting units which considers general economic conditions, industry specific performance, changes in reporting unit carrying values, and assumptions used in the most recent fair value calculation. We concluded it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value at May 31, 2023, and thus no impairment charges were recorded.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for fiscal 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	Aviation		Expeditionary
	Services		Services		Total
Balance as of May 31, 2021	$	100.5	$	18.8	$	119.3
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(2.9)		—		(2.9)
Balance as of May 31, 2022		97.6		18.8		116.4
Trax acquisition (1)		60.5		—		48.5
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(1.1)		—		(1.1)
Balance as of May 31, 2023	$	157.0	$	18.8	$	175.8

⁽¹⁾ See Note 15 for the accounting treatment for the Trax acquisition, including the preliminary fair values allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets, other than goodwill, are comprised of the following:

	May 31, 2023
			Accumulated
	Gross		Amortization		Net
Amortizable intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	40.5	$	(5.8)	$	34.7
Developed technology		22.0		(0.2)		21.8
		62.5		(6.0)		56.5
Unamortized intangible assets:
Trademarks		7.2		—		7.2
	$	69.7	$	(6.0)	$	63.7

	May 31, 2022
			Accumulated
	Gross		Amortization		Net
Amortizable intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	11.3	$	(9.1)	$	2.2
Unamortized intangible assets:
Trademarks		1.1		—		1.1
	$	12.4	$	(9.1)	$	3.3

Customer relationships are being amortized over 12-20 years and developed technology is being amortized over 20 years. Amortization expense recorded during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1.3 million, $1.1 million, and $1.8 million, respectively. The estimated aggregate amount of amortization expense for intangible assets in each of the next five fiscal years is $4.4 million per year.

Foreign Currency

Our foreign subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. All balance sheet accounts of foreign subsidiaries transacting business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated at year-end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Translation adjustments are excluded from the results of operations and are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until such subsidiaries are liquidated. Income and losses from foreign currency transactions re-measurements are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses.

Business Combinations

Transaction costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured and recognized based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, any excess of the purchase consideration when compared to the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

If the initial accounting for the business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the acquisition occurs, the business combination is recorded and disclosed on a preliminary basis. Subsequent to the acquisition date, and not later than one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the initial preliminary recognized amounts are recorded to the extent new information is obtained about the measurement of assets and liabilities that existed as of the date of the acquisition.

Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid instruments which have original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash represents cash on hand that is legally restricted as to withdrawal or usage. Restricted cash includes $12.1 million on deposit with an escrow agent related to our acquisition of Trax USA Corp. (“Trax”) in March 2023 and $1.3 million required to be set aside by a contractual agreement related to receivable securitization arrangements.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The restrictions related to our Trax acquisition lapse at the time of resolution of certain contingencies including, but not limited to, the finalization of working capital adjustments, indebtedness adjustments, and other contingencies. The restrictions related to the receivable securitization arrangements lapse at the time we remit the customer payments collected by us as servicer of previously sold customer receivables to the purchaser.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the specific identification, average cost, or first-in, first-out methods. From time-to-time, we purchase aircraft and engines for disassembly to individual parts and components. Costs are assigned to these individual parts and components utilizing list prices from original equipment manufacturers and recent sales history. Expenditures for the repair of parts and components are capitalized as inventory.

The following is a summary of inventories:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Aircraft and engine parts, components and finished goods	$	488.9	$	465.9
Raw materials and parts		59.6		62.2
Work-in-process		25.6		22.4
	$	574.1	$	550.5

Rotable Assets and Equipment under Leases

The cost of the asset under lease is the original purchase price plus overhaul costs. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated service life of the equipment. The balance sheet classification of equipment under lease is generally based on lease term, with fixed-term leases less than twelve months generally classified as short-term and all others generally classified as long-term.

Equipment on short-term lease includes aircraft engines and parts on or available for lease to satisfy customers’ immediate short-term requirements. The leases are renewable with fixed terms, which generally vary from one to twelve months.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Other Non-Current Assets

We record property, plant and equipment at cost. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over useful lives of 10-40 years for buildings and improvements and 3-10 years for equipment, furniture and fixtures, and capitalized software. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the applicable lease.

Repair and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or disposal, cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and related gains and losses are included in results of operations.

Rotable assets supporting long-term programs consist of rotable component parts used to support long-term supply chain programs. The assets are being depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, we are required to test for impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows. We utilize certain assumptions to estimate future undiscounted cash flows, including demand for our services, future market conditions and trends, business development pipeline of opportunities, current and future lease rates, lease terms, and residual values.

47

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

During fiscal 2021, we evaluated future cash flows related to certain rotable assets supporting long-term PBH programs in light of declines in commercial airline volumes and commercial program contract terminations. In our Aviation Services segment, we recognized asset impairment charges of $5.8 million related to these rotable assets in fiscal 2021. In conjunction with the termination of a PBH contract, we evaluated future cash flows related to the rotable assets supporting that fleet type and recognized asset impairment charges of $2.3 million in fiscal 2022.

In conjunction with the decision to exit certain product lines, we recognized rotable asset impairment charges of $1.0 million and $1.4 million in fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, in conjunction with reclassifying the rotable assets as inventory held for sale.

In our Expeditionary Services segment, we consolidated manufacturing facilities and recognized impairment and related charges of $2.6 million during fiscal 2021.

Future rent due to us under long-term leases during each of the next five fiscal years is $17.7 million in 2024, $17.8 million in 2025, $15.6 million in 2026, $10.4 million in 2027, and $7.5 million in 2028.

Investments

Investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but do not control the entity, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Significant influence generally exists if we have a 20% to 50% ownership interest in the investee. Our share of the net earnings or loss of our investees is included in operating income on our Consolidated Statements of Income since the activities of the investees are closely aligned with our operations.

Equity investments in entities over which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence and whose securities do not have a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost less impairment, if any, adjusted for changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes for the identical investment of the same issuer should they occur. During fiscal 2023, we recognized a gain of $0.9 million related to an observable price increase for one of our investments.

We evaluate our investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period. During fiscal 2023, we recognized an impairment loss of $1.0 million related to the recoverability for one of our investments over which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence.

Our investments are classified in Other non-current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Distributions from joint ventures are classified as operating or investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows based upon an evaluation of the specific facts and circumstances of each distribution.

Restructuring and Other Exit Costs

We recognize charges for restructuring and other exit costs such as product line exits and facility closures at their fair value when incurred. In cases where employees are required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits and will be retained beyond the minimum retention period, we recognize the expense ratably over the future service period.

During fiscal 2021, we incurred severance and furlough-related costs of $9.0 million which were included as a component of Cost of sales and services and Selling, general and administrative on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S., state, and several foreign jurisdictions. In the ordinary course of business, there can be transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns in accordance with

48

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

applicable accounting guidance for accounting for income taxes, using currently enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

We record a valuation allowance when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Both positive and negative evidence are considered in forming our judgment as to whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, and more weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. Valuation allowances are reassessed whenever there are changes in circumstances that may cause a change in judgment.

The accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Where necessary, we record a liability for the difference between the benefit recognized for financial statement purposes and the tax position taken or expected to be taken on our tax return. To the extent that our assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made.

Supplemental Information on Cash Flows

Supplemental information on cash flows is as follows:

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Interest paid	$	11.1	$	2.1	$	4.3
Income taxes paid		35.7		23.9		8.2
Income tax refunds		1.3		3.8		8.3

During fiscal 2023, treasury stock increased $28.7 million reflecting the repurchase of 1.2 million common shares for $50.1 million partially offset by restricted stock activity of $2.2 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $19.2 million.

During fiscal 2022, treasury stock increased $15.0 million reflecting the repurchase of 1.0 million common shares for $42.4 million partially offset by restricted stock activity of $8.1 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $19.3 million.

During fiscal 2021, treasury stock decreased $8.6 million reflecting restricted stock activity of $5.6 million and the re-issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy statutory tax obligations, of $3.0 million.

Use of Estimates

We have made estimates and utilized certain assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent liabilities to prepare these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

2. Discontinued Operations

During the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we decided to pursue the sale of our Contractor-Owned, Contractor-Operated (“COCO”) business previously included in our Expeditionary Services segment. Due to this strategic shift, the assets, liabilities, and results of

49

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

operations of our COCO business have been reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements relate to our continuing operations.

Following the sale of the last operating contract of the COCO business in 2020, our continuing involvement in the COCO business is limited to the lease of certain aircraft which is an obligation of the acquirer of the COCO business. The assets and liabilities of our discontinued operations are primarily comprised of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease-related liabilities.

3. Sale of Receivables

On February 23, 2018, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with Citibank N.A. (“Purchaser”) for the sale, from time to time, of certain accounts receivable due from certain customers (the “Purchase Agreement”). Under the Purchase Agreement, the maximum amount of receivables sold is limited to $150 million and Purchaser may, but is not required to, purchase the eligible receivables we offer to sell. The term of the Purchase Agreement runs through February 22, 2024, but, the Purchase Agreement may be terminated earlier under certain circumstances. The term of the Purchase Agreement is automatically extended for annual terms unless either party provides advance notice that they do not intend to extend the term.

We have no retained interests in the sold receivables, other than limited recourse obligations in certain circumstances, and only perform collection and administrative functions for the Purchaser. We account for these receivable transfers as sales under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, and de-recognize the sold receivables from our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Receivables sold under the Purchase Agreement during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $ 171.6 million, $ 283.3 million, and $440.6 million, respectively. Amounts remitted to the Purchaser on its behalf during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $ 173.8 million, $ 306.9 million, and $476.3 million, respectively. As of May 31, 2023 and May 31, 2022, we had collected cash of $1.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively, which was not yet remitted to the Purchaser as of those dates and was classified as Restricted cash on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We recognize discounts on the sale of our receivables and other fees related to the Purchase Agreement in Other expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Income. During fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, we incurred discounts on the sale of our receivables and other fees of $ 0.6 million, $ 0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

4. Financing Arrangements

Debt Outstanding

A summary of the carrying amount of our debt is as follows:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Revolving Credit Facility with interest payable monthly	$	272.0	$	100.0
Debt issuance costs, net		(2.3)		(1.1)
Long-term debt	$	269.7	$	98.9

At May 31, 2023, our variable rate debt had a fair value that approximates its carrying value and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

On October 18, 2017, we entered into a Credit Agreement with the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, as lender (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provided a Canadian $31 million term loan with the proceeds used to fund the acquisition of two MRO facilities in Canada from Premier Aviation. The term loan was paid in full at the expiration of the Credit Agreement on November 1, 2021.

50

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

On December 14, 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement with various financial institutions as lenders and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $620 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that we can draw upon for working capital and general corporate purposes. Under certain circumstances, we may request an increase to the lending commitments under the Credit Agreement by an aggregate amount of up to $300 million, not to exceed $920 million in total. The Credit Agreement expires on December 14, 2027. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a variable rate based on the secured overnight financing rate, or SOFR, plus 112.5 to 200 basis points based on certain financial measurements if a SOFR loan, or at the offered fluctuating Base Rate plus 12.5 to 100 basis points based on certain financial measurements if a Base Rate loan.

On December 14, 2022, and in connection with our entry into the Credit Agreement, we terminated our revolving credit facility under the credit agreement dated April 12, 2011, as amended, (the “2011 Credit Agreement”) with the outstanding borrowings under the 2011 Credit Agreement at the date of its termination rolled over to the Credit Agreement.

Borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility at May 31, 2023 were $272.0 million and there were approximately $11.1 million of outstanding letters of credit, which reduced the availability of this facility to $336.9 million.

Our financing arrangements require us to comply with leverage and interest coverage ratios and comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants, including those relating to financial reporting and notification, compliance with applicable laws, and limitations on additional liens, indebtedness, acquisitions, investments and disposition of assets. Our Credit Agreement also requires our significant domestic subsidiaries to provide a guarantee of payment under the Credit Agreement. At May 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the financial and other covenants in our financing agreements.

Borrowing activity under the Credit Agreement during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Maximum amount borrowed	$	350.0		$	124.5		$	579.5
Average daily borrowings		210.2			105.9			257.5
Average interest rate during the year		5.11	%		1.09	%		1.20	%

We also have $9.2 million available under foreign lines of credit as of May 31, 2023.

5. Equity

Stock-Based Compensation

We grant stock-based awards under the AAR CORP. 2013 Stock Plan, as Amended and Restated Effective July 13, 2020 (the “2013 Stock Plan”) which has been approved by our stockholders. Under the 2013 Stock Plan, we are authorized to issue stock options to employees and non-employee directors that allow the grant recipients to purchase shares of common stock at a price not less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Generally, stock options awarded expire ten years from the date of grant and are exercisable in three annual increments commencing one year after the date of grant. In addition to stock options, the 2013 Stock Plan also provides for the grant of time-based restricted stock awards and performance-based restricted stock awards. The 2013 Stock Plan also provides for the grant of stock appreciation units and restricted stock units; however, to date, no such awards have been granted.

Restricted stock grants (whether time-based or performance-based) are designed, among other things, to align employee interests with the interests of stockholders and to encourage the recipient to build a career with us. Restricted stock typically vests over periods of one to three years from the date of grant. Restricted stock grants may be performance-based with vesting to generally occur over a period of three years. All restricted stock that has been granted and, if performance-based, earned according to performance criteria carries full dividend and voting rights, regardless of whether it has vested.

51

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Substantially all stock options and restricted stock are subject to forfeiture prior to vesting if the employee’s employment terminates for any reason other than death, disability or retirement. Under the 2013 Stock Plan, we have granted a total of 5,957,965 shares and there were 866,307 shares available for grant as of May 31, 2023.

Stock Options

During fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, we granted stock options with respect to 221,900 shares, 144,815 shares and 936,170 shares, respectively. The weighted average fair value per share of stock options granted during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $17.61, $13.42 and $5.89, respectively. The fair value of each stock option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted average assumptions:

	Stock Options Granted In Fiscal Year
	2023		2022		2021
Risk-free interest rate	3.1	%	0.8	%	0.4	%
Expected volatility of common stock	42.2	%	41.6	%	40.2	%
Dividend yield	0.0	%	0.8	%	1.6	%
Expected option term in years	5.2		5.3		4.8

The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our common stock, and the expected option term represents the period of time that the stock options granted are expected to be outstanding based on historical exercise trends. The dividend yield represents our anticipated cash dividends at the grant date over the expected option term.

A summary of stock option activity for the three years ended May 31, 2023 consisted of the following (shares in thousands):

	2023			2022			2021
		Weighted			Weighted			Weighted
		Average			Average			Average
	Shares	Exercise Price		Shares	Exercise Price		Shares	Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	2,045	$	29.86	2,612	$	28.34	1,851	$	32.74
Granted	222		41.88	145		37.84	936		18.94
Exercised	(631)		25.31	(686)		25.53	(110)		23.93
Cancelled	(63)		33.25	(26)		36.17	(65)		25.59
Outstanding at end of year	1,573	$	33.24	2,045	$	29.86	2,612	$	28.34
Options exercisable at end of year	1,018	$	35.09	1,189	$	33.57	1,371	$	31.56

The weighted-average remaining term (in years) for options outstanding at the end of the year was 6.2 years, 6.7 years, and 7.1 years at May 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The weighted-average remaining term (in years) for options exercisable at the end of the year was 5.2 years, 5.7 years, and 5.5 years at May 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The total fair value of stock options that vested during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $3.6 million, $4.3 million, and $3.9 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $15.5 million, $14.4 million, and $1.5 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding was $26.6 million and $37.6 million as of May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Expense recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses for stock options during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $3.5 million, $3.8 million, and $4.0 million, respectively. As of May 31, 2023, we had $3.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options that will be expensed over an average period of 1.6 years.

52

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Restricted Stock

We provide executives and other key employees an opportunity to be awarded performance-based and time-based restricted stock. The fair value of restricted shares is the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The performance-based awards are contingent upon the achievement of certain objectives, which generally include cumulative income, average return on capital, and relative total shareholder return over a three-year performance period. Performance-based restricted shares of 74,660 and 43,010 were granted to executives and key employees during fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. No performance-based restricted shares were granted in fiscal 2021. Time-based restricted shares of 93,450, 260,742, and 144,255 were granted to executives and key employees during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We also award time-based restricted stock to our non-employee directors as part of their annual compensation. Time-based restricted shares of 28,851, 32,307, and 72,021 were granted to members of the Board of Directors during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Restricted share activity during fiscal 2023 was as follows (shares in thousands):

		Weighted Average
	Number of	Fair Value
	Shares	on Grant Date
Nonvested at May 31, 2022	554	$	38.95
Granted	197		42.01
Vested	(97)		39.43
Forfeited	(82)		36.33
Nonvested at May 31, 2023	572		43.92

Expense recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses for all restricted share programs during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $10.0 million, $4.4 million, and $5.2 million, respectively. As of May 31, 2023 we had $14.3 million of unearned compensation related to restricted shares that will be expensed over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

6. Income Taxes

The provision for income tax on income from continuing operations includes the following components:

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current:
Federal	$	25.9	$	11.0	$	5.2
State		2.9		2.6		1.2
Foreign		4.8		4.3		3.4
		33.6		17.9		9.8
Deferred		(2.2)		8.7		8.4
	$	31.4	$	26.6	$	18.2

53

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The reconciliation from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% to our effective income tax rate is as follows:

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Provision for income tax at the federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
Tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation	(2.0)		(2.0)		1.1
Non-deductible compensation	2.8		1.1		1.2
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.6		4.9		3.8
Other	1.5		0.3		1.1
Effective income tax rate	25.9	%	25.3	%	28.2	%

Income before provision for income taxes includes the following components:

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Domestic	$	87.7	$	77.1	$	43.7
Foreign		33.5		28.0		20.8
	$	121.2	$	105.1	$	64.5

Our foreign earnings are comprised primarily of the results of our operations in Canada and Europe.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities result primarily from the differences in the timing of the recognition of transactions for financial reporting and income tax purposes. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following components:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Operating lease liabilities	$	17.8	$	21.0
Employee and retirement benefits		8.0		7.6
State net operating losses		6.9		8.0
Other		4.4		1.9
Total deferred tax assets		37.1		38.5
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets		(27.3)		(10.3)
Tangible assets		(19.5)		(21.7)
ROU operating lease assets		(18.6)		(22.1)
Other		(5.3)		(4.4)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(70.7)		(58.5)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(33.6)	$	(20.0)

As of May 31, 2023, we have determined that the realization of our deferred tax assets is more likely than not and that a valuation allowance is not required. Our net operating losses have carry forward periods that range from 5 to 20 years. Our history of operating earnings, our expectations for continued future earnings, the nature of certain of our deferred tax assets and the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, primarily related to depreciation, support the recoverability of the majority of the deferred tax assets.

Income tax receivable was $6.8 and $2.7 million at May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Our federal income tax returns for fiscal years 2020 and subsequent are open for examination. Various states and foreign jurisdictions also remain open subject to their applicable statute of limitations.

54

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

7. Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus, when their effect is dilutive, incremental shares consisting of shares subject to stock options and shares issuable upon vesting of restricted stock awards.

In accordance with ASC 260-10-45, Share-Based Payment Arrangements and Participating Securities and the Two-Class Method, our unvested restricted stock awards are deemed participating securities since these shares are entitled to participate in dividends declared on common shares. During periods of net income, the calculation of earnings per share for common stock excludes income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards from the numerator and excludes the dilutive impact of those shares from the denominator. During periods of net loss, no effect is given to the participating securities because they do not share in the losses of the Company.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share information for each of the years in the three-year period ended May 31, 2023 (shares in millions).

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Basic and Diluted EPS:
Income from continuing operations	$	89.8	$	78.5	$	46.3
Less income attributable to participating shares		(1.1)		(0.6)		(0.4)
Income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders		88.7		77.9		45.9
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to common stockholders		0.4		0.2		(10.5)
Net income attributable to common stockholders for earnings per share	$	89.1	$	78.1	$	35.4
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic		34.7		35.6		35.0
Additional shares from assumed exercise of stock options		0.4		0.4		0.3
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted		35.1		36.0		35.3
Earnings per share – basic:
Earnings from continuing operations	$	2.55	$	2.19	$	1.31
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations		0.01		0.01		(0.30)
Earnings per share - basic	$	2.56	$	2.20	$	1.01
Earnings per share – diluted:
Earnings from continuing operations	$	2.52	$	2.16	$	1.30
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations		0.01		0.01		(0.30)
Earnings per share - diluted	$	2.53	$	2.17	$	1.00

At May 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively, outstanding options to purchase 197,300, 229,800 and 1,054,400 shares of common stock were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share, because the exercise price of these options was greater than the average market price of the common shares for the year then ended.

55

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

8. Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plans

Prior to January 1, 2000, the pension plan for substantially all domestic salaried and non-union hourly employees (“U.S. Retirement Plan”) had a benefit formula based primarily on years of service and compensation. Effective January 1, 2000, we converted the U.S. Retirement Plan to a cash balance pension plan with the retirement benefit expressed as a dollar amount in an account that grows with annual pay-based credits and interest on the account balance. The interest crediting rate under the U.S. Retirement Plan is determined quarterly and is equal to 100% of the average 30-year treasury rate for the second month preceding the applicable quarter published by the Internal Revenue Service. The average interest crediting rate under our cash balance plan for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2023 was 4.46%. Effective June 1, 2005, the U.S. Retirement Plan was frozen and the annual pay-based credits were discontinued.

Prior to May 31, 2022, our domestic plans also include a defined benefit pension plan for certain union hourly employees in which benefits are based primarily on a fixed amount per year of service (“Union Plan”). The Union Plan was frozen in fiscal 2018.

Effective May 31, 2022, our Union and U.S. Retirement Plans were merged (collectively, the “Merged U.S. Plan”). We are planning to terminate the Merged U.S. Plan in the first half of fiscal 2024 upon the anticipated transfer of the Merged U.S. Plan’s obligations to a third-party. The Merged U.S. Plan is in an overfunded position of $8.7 million and we do not anticipate making any contributions to the Merged U.S. Plan in conjunction with the termination. We expect to recognize a non-cash pension settlement charge related to the actuarial losses in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, upon settlement of the obligations of the Merged U.S. Plan. This charge is expected to occur in fiscal 2024, with the specific timing and final amounts dependent upon several factors.

We also have a defined benefit pension plan covering certain employees in the Netherlands (“Netherlands Plan”). Benefit formulas are generally based on years of service and compensation. Effective January 1, 2022, the Netherlands Plan was frozen and any benefits subsequent to that date are earned by participants in a multi-employer defined contribution plan with the premiums charged to us determined by the third-party pension fund who administers the multi-employer plan. Pension expense in fiscal 2023 and 2022 for this defined contribution plan was $1.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

56

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The change to our projected benefit obligation and the fair value of our plan assets for our pension plans for the year ended May 31, 2023 was as follows:

	Merged		Other U.S.		Netherlands
	U.S. Plan		Plans		Plan		Total
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	60.1	$	3.7	$	56.4	$	120.2
Service cost		0.3		—		0.2		0.5
Interest cost		1.7		0.1		1.5		3.3
Net actuarial gain		(4.4)		(0.5)		(4.6)		(9.5)
Benefits and administrative payments		(4.0)		(0.3)		(1.5)		(5.8)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		(0.7)		(0.7)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	53.7	$	3.0	$	51.3	$	108.0
Change in the fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	69.0	$	—	$	57.2	$	126.2
Actual return on plan assets		(2.6)		—		(4.8)		(7.4)
Employer contributions		—		0.3		—		0.3
Benefits and administrative payments		(4.0)		(0.3)		(1.5)		(5.8)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		(0.7)		(0.7)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	62.4	$	—	$	50.2	$	112.6
Funded status at end of year	$	8.7	$	(3.0)	$	(1.1)	$	4.6
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	25.7	$	0.1	$	6.3	$	32.1

57

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The change to our projected benefit obligation and the fair value of our plan assets for our pension plans for the year ended May 31, 2022 was as follows:

	Merged		Other U.S.		Netherlands
	U.S. Plan		Plans		Plan		Total
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	70.9	$	4.4	$	83.7	$	159.0
Service cost		0.3		—		1.2		1.5
Interest cost		2.0		0.1		1.0		3.1
Participant contributions		—		—		0.1		0.1
Net actuarial loss		(7.6)		(0.4)		(17.0)		(25.0)
Benefits and administrative payments		(3.0)		(0.4)		(1.7)		(5.1)
Settlements		(2.5)		—		—		(2.5)
Curtailment		—		—		(2.0)		(2.0)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		(8.9)		(8.9)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	60.1	$	3.7	$	56.4	$	120.2
Change in the fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	81.3	$	—	$	77.1	$	158.4
Actual return on plan assets		(6.8)		—		(9.9)		(16.7)
Employer contributions		—		0.4		0.1		0.5
Participant contributions		—		—		0.1		0.1
Benefits and administrative payments, including settlements		(5.5)		(0.4)		(1.7)		(7.6)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		(8.5)		(8.5)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	69.0	$	—	$	57.2	$	126.2
Funded status at end of year	$	8.9	$	(3.7)	$	0.8	$	6.0
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	26.2	$	0.7	$	3.9	$	30.9

Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Other non-current assets	$	8.7	$	9.7
Accrued liabilities		(0.2)		(0.3)
Other liabilities		(3.9)		(3.4)
Funded status at end of year	$	4.6	$	6.0

The following tables provide the projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for all pension plans with a projected benefit obligation or accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	54.3	$	3.7
Fair value of plan assets		50.2		—

58

AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	54.3	$	3.7
Accumulated benefit obligation		51.6		3.7
Fair value of plan assets		50.2		—

The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans was $105.3 million and $116.5 million at May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

Pension expense (benefit) charged to the Consolidated Statements of Income includes the following components:

	For the Year Ended May 31, 2023
	Merged		Other U.S.		Netherlands
	U.S. Plan		Plans		Plan		Total
Service cost	$	0.3	$	—	$	0.2	$	0.5
Interest cost		1.7		0.1		1.5		3.3
Expected return on plan assets		(2.0)		—		(2.1)		(4.1)
Recognized net actuarial loss		0.8		—		—		0.8
	$	0.8	$	0.1	$	(0.4)	$	0.5

	For the Year Ended May 31, 2022
	Merged		Other U.S.		Netherlands
	U.S. Plan		Plans		Plan		Total
Service cost	$	0.3	$	—	$	1.2	$	1.5
Interest cost		2.0		0.1		1.0		3.1
Expected return on plan assets		(5.0)		—		(2.5)		(7.5)
Settlements		1.4		—		—		1.4
Recognized net actuarial loss		1.2		0.1		0.2		1.5
	$	(0.1)	$	0.2	$	(0.1)	$	—

	For the Year Ended May 31, 2021
	Merged		Other U.S.		Netherlands
	U.S. Plan		Plans		Plan		Total
Service cost	$	0.3	$	—	$	2.2	$	2.5
Interest cost		2.1		0.1		0.9		3.1
Expected return on plan assets		(4.8)		—		(1.8)		(6.6)
Settlements		0.9		—		—		0.9
Recognized net actuarial loss		1.5		0.1		0.7		2.3
	$	—	$	0.2	$	2.0	$	2.2

The non-service cost components above are classified in Other income (expense), net on the Statements of Income.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Assumptions

The assumptions used in accounting for our plans are estimates of factors including, among other things, the amount and timing of future benefit payments. The following table presents the weighted-average discount rate assumptions used in the measurement of our projected benefit obligations:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. plans	5.59	%	2.96	%
Netherlands plan	3.70		2.80

A summary of the weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension expense is as follows:

	For the Year Ended
	May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Discount rate:
U.S. plans	2.96	%	2.87	%	2.83	%
Netherlands plan	2.80		1.20		1.20
Expected long-term rate on plan assets:
U.S. plans	2.91	%	7.25	%	7.25	%
Netherlands plan	3.90		3.30		2.50

The discount rate was determined by discounting the expected future benefit payments and settlements for the projected benefit obligation, discounting those expected payments using a theoretical zero-coupon spot yield curve derived from a universe of high-quality bonds as of the measurement date and solving for the single equivalent discount rate that resulted in the same projected benefit obligation.

Plan Assets

The assets of U.S pension plans are invested in compliance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Prior to the decision to terminate the Merged U.S. Plan, the investment goals were to provide a total return that, over the long term, optimizes the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable risk, and to maintain a broad diversification across asset classes and among investment managers. The assets of the U.S. pension plans were invested primarily in equity and fixed income mutual funds, individual common stocks, and fund-of-funds hedge funds.

In conjunction with the decision to terminate the Merged U.S. Plan, our investment policy was amended and the asset allocations was significantly changed and invested primarily in cash and fixed income investments to hedge changes in interest rates and maintain the positive funded status of the Merged U.S. Plan while we complete the necessary steps to terminate the Merged U.S. Plan.

To develop our expected rate of return assumption on the Merged U.S. Plan, we use long-term historical return information for our targeted asset mix and current market conditions as of the measurement date. The expected return for each asset class is weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption.

The assets of the Netherlands Plan are primarily invested in funds-of-funds where each fund holds a portfolio of equity and fixed income mutual funds.

60

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, pension plan assets at their fair value as of May 31, 2023:

	Level 1(1)		Level 2(2)		Level 3(3)		Total
Fixed income:
Government securities and corporate bond mutual funds	$	—	$	60.0	$	—	$	60.0
Funds-of-funds		—		39.9		—		39.9
Insurance annuities		—		—		10.4		10.4
Cash and cash equivalents		2.3		—		—		2.3
	$	2.3	$	99.9	$	10.4	$	112.6

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, pension plan assets at their fair value as of May 31, 2022:

	Level 1(1)		Level 2(2)		Level 3(3)		Total
Fixed income:
Government securities and corporate bond mutual funds	$	—	$	49.6	$	—	$	49.6
Funds-of-funds		—		45.9		—		45.9
Insurance annuities		—		—		11.3		11.3
Cash and cash equivalents		14.6		—		—		14.6
	$	14.6	$	95.5	$	11.3		121.4
Other investments measured at net asset value (4)								4.8
Total pension plan assets							$	126.2

(1) Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that we have the ability to access as of the reporting date.

(2) Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are directly observable for the asset or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data.

(3) Unobservable inputs, such as internally developed pricing models or third party valuations for the asset due to little or no market activity for the asset.

(4) Other investments measured at net asset value included alternative investments, such as hedge funds, which are valued using the net asset value as a practical expedient.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Level 3 pension assets and other investments measured at net asset value for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Hedge		Fund-of-		Insurance
	Funds		funds		Annuities		Total
Balance as of May 31, 2021	$	5.1	$	11.0	$	15.6	$	31.7
Sales		—		(11.0)		(4.3)		(15.3)
Return on plan assets related to assets still held at May 31, 2022		(0.3)		—		—		(0.3)
Balance as of May 31, 2022		4.8		—		11.3		16.1
Sales		(4.8)		—		—		(4.8)
Return on plan assets related to assets still held at May 31, 2023		—		—		(0.9)		(0.9)
Balance as of May 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	10.4	$	10.4

Valuation Techniques Used to Determine Fair Value

Cash equivalents are investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The fair values are based on observable market prices and categorized as Level 1.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

With respect to individually held equity securities, including investments in U.S. and international securities, the trustees obtain prices from pricing services, whose prices are obtained from direct feeds from market exchanges, which we are able to independently corroborate. Equity securities held individually are primarily traded on exchanges that contain only actively traded securities, due to the volume trading requirements imposed by these exchanges. Equity securities are valued based on quoted prices in active markets and categorized as Level 1.

Equity and fixed income mutual funds are maintained by investment companies that hold certain investments in accordance with a stated set of fund objectives, which are consistent with our overall investment strategy. The values of some of these funds are publicly quoted. For equity and fixed income mutual funds which are publicly quoted, the funds are valued based on quoted prices in active markets and have been categorized as Level 1. As certain of our funds-of-funds investments are also derived from quoted prices in active markets, we have categorized certain funds-of-funds investments as Level 2.

Insurance annuities require the utilization of unobservable inputs, including undiscounted cash flow techniques which results in Level 3 treatment in the fair value hierarchy.

Hedge fund investments include those seeking to maximize absolute returns using a broad range of strategies to enhance returns and provide additional diversification. The fair value of hedge funds was determined using net asset value or its equivalent subject to certain restrictions, such as a lock-up period and a redemption notice period.

Future Benefit Payments and Funding

The following table summarizes our estimated future pension payments by fiscal year:

	Fiscal Year
											2029 to
	2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		2033
Estimated future pension payments	$	57.3	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.8	$	12.3

The estimated payments in fiscal 2024 reflect the projected timing of the planned termination of the Merged U.S. Plan and transfer of its assets and obligations to a third party.

Our contribution policy for the domestic plans is to contribute annually, at a minimum, an amount which is deductible for federal income tax purposes and that is sufficient to meet actuarially computed pension benefits. For our Netherlands Plan, our policy is to fund at least the minimum amount required by the local laws and regulations. We anticipate contributing approximately $0.4 million to our pension plans during fiscal 2024.

U.S. Defined Contribution Plans

Our U.S. defined contribution plans are intended to qualify as a 401(k) plans under the Internal Revenue Code. Employees may contribute up to 75% of their pretax compensation, subject to applicable regulatory limits and we may make discretionary matching contributions up to 5% of employee compensation. Our contributions vest on a pro-rata basis during the first three years of employment. We also maintain a non-qualified retirement plan that makes up 401(k) benefits that would otherwise be lost as a result of Internal Revenue Code limits and provides additional employer contributions for certain executives and key employees to supplement the benefits provided by the defined contribution plans.

In response to the impact from COVID-19, we temporarily suspended our matching contributions to the defined contribution plans effective June 1, 2020 and reinstated the contributions effective December 1, 2020. Expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for our matching contributions during fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $7.5 million, $7.3 million, and $4.0 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Changes in our accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) by component for each of the years in the three-year period ended May 31, 2023 were as follows (all amounts are net of tax):

	Currency
	Translation
	Adjustments		Pension Plans		Total
Balance as of June 1, 2020	$	(2.0)	$	(42.6)	$	(44.6)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		5.9		4.4		10.3
Amounts reclassified from AOCL		—		16.0		16.0
Total other comprehensive loss		5.9		20.4		26.3
Balance as of May 31, 2021		3.9		(22.2)		(18.3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(6.7)		4.6		(2.1)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL		—		0.8		0.8
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		(6.7)		5.4		(1.3)
Balance as of May 31, 2022		(2.8)		(16.8)		(19.6)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(2.9)		0.7		(2.2)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL		—		(1.7)		(1.7)
Total other comprehensive loss		(2.9)		(1.0)		(3.9)
Balance as of May 31, 2023	$	(5.7)	$	(17.8)	$	(23.5)

10. Other Non-current Assets

At May 31, 2023 and 2022, other non-current assets consisted of the following:

	May 31,
	2023		2022
License fees, net	$	39.6	$	22.2
Contract assets		27.5		22.5
Investments in joint ventures		16.6		20.0
Assets under deferred compensation plan		15.2		12.4
Debt and equity investments		11.4		4.5
Pension assets		8.7		9.8
Other		8.8		6.4
	$	127.8	$	97.8

Investments in Aircraft Joint Ventures

Under the terms of servicing agreements with certain of our aircraft joint ventures, we provide administrative services and technical advisory services, including aircraft evaluations, oversight and logistical support of the maintenance process and records management. We also provide evaluation and inspection services prior to the purchase of an aircraft and remarketing services with respect to the divestiture of aircraft by the joint ventures. During fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, we were paid $1.0 million, $1.1 million, and $1.0 million, respectively, for such services.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, we acquired an aircraft and two engines from one of our aircraft joint ventures for $16.8 million, net of $0.2 million in remarketing fees earned on the purchase, and then sold the assets for $17.0 million.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Investment in Indian Joint Venture

Our investments in joint ventures include $9.8 million for our 40% ownership interest in a joint venture in India to operate an airframe maintenance facility. The facility received certain regulatory approvals and commenced airframe maintenance operations in the second quarter of fiscal 2022.

We guarantee 40% of the Indian joint venture’s debt and have recognized a guarantee liability of $9.6 million as of May 31, 2023. Each of the partners in the Indian joint venture also has a loan to the joint venture proportionate to its equity ownership. In addition to the net equity investment of $6.4 million, our investment in the Indian joint venture includes $3.4 million for our loan to the joint venture as of May 31, 2023.

We account for our share of the earnings or losses of the Indian joint venture using the equity method with a reporting lag of two months, as the financial statements of the Indian joint venture are not completed on a timely basis that is sufficient for us to apply the equity method on a current basis. Our share of the Indian joint venture’s losses for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $2.7 million, $1.8 million, and $0 million, respectively.We are currently evaluating a potential exit from our investment in the Indian joint venture.

Investment in Malaysian Joint Venture

In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, we made the decision to exit our joint venture which operates a landing gear wheel and brake repair and overhaul facility in Malaysia. In conjunction with the decision to exit the joint venture, we recognized an impairment charge of $1.9 million reflecting the anticipated net proceeds from our investment. During fiscal 2022, we decided to pursue a shutdown of the joint venture and recognized additional impairment charges and related shutdown costs of $0.7 million which is reported in Loss from joint ventures on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

License Fees

In June 2011, we entered into a ten-year agreement with Unison Industries (“Unison”) to be the exclusive worldwide aftermarket distributor for Unison’s electrical components, sensors, switches and other systems for aircraft and industrial uses. In June 2020, we entered into an extension and expansion of our agreement with Unison including a new termination date of December 31, 2031, an initial $25.0 million license fee paid in June 2020 to Unison, and annual license fees at a fixed percentage of our net sales of Unison products. The June 2020 payment of $25.0 million was capitalized and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the new agreement.

In September 2022, we entered into another amendment of our agreement with Unison to include a one-year extension of the termination date to December 31, 2032, an $18.0 million license fee paid in September 2022, and an increase to the fixed percentage of annual license fees for our net sales of Unison products. The September 2022 payment of $18.0 million relates to specific product lines and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable license period applicable to these product lines. As of May 31, 2023, the unamortized balance of the license is $36.6 million.

Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements

We previously entered into split-dollar life insurance agreements to benefit certain former executives and officers. Under the terms of the arrangements, we made premium payments on the individuals’ behalf and we retained a collateral interest in the policies generally to the extent of the premiums we previously paid. As of May 31, 2023, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included $5.5 million in Other non-current assets for cumulative premiums paid and expected to be reimbursed upon termination of the policies.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

During the second quarter of fiscal 2021, certain split-dollar life insurance agreements were terminated and we received $12.0 million for reimbursement of both the life insurance premiums we previously paid and a portion of our prior tax payments made on the individuals’ behalf related to their imputed income on the policies. The reimbursement of the premiums paid of $10.0 million has been classified as cash flow from investing activities with the remainder included in cash flow from operating activities as it represents the reimbursement of a portion of the income taxes previously paid and expensed. In the second quarter of fiscal 2021, we recognized a benefit of $1.3 million in Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statement of Income for the net recovery of the taxes previously paid on behalf of the individuals.

11. Leases

We lease facilities, offices, vehicles, and equipment. We determine at inception whether an arrangement that provides us control over the use of an asset is a lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Our lease agreements do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate nor is it available to us from our lessors. We estimate our incremental borrowing rate based on information available at lease commencement in order to discount lease payments to present value.

Our lease costs are allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis unless another systematic or rational basis is more representative of the pattern in which the underlying asset is expected to be used. Variable lease costs are expensed in the period in which the obligation for those payments are incurred. ROU assets are evaluated for impairment in a manner consistent with the treatment of other long-lived assets. We elected the practical expedients to not separate lease and non-lease components for both lessee and lessor relationships and to not apply the recognition requirements to leases with terms of twelve months or less.

Certain leases include options to renew or extend the terms of the lease, which are included in the determination of the ROU assets and lease liabilities when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Our leases may also include variable lease payments such as escalation clauses based on consumer price index rates, maintenance costs and utilities. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate are included in the determination of ROU assets and lease liabilities using the index or rate at the lease commencement date, whereas variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate are recorded as lease expense in the period incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.

The summary of our operating lease cost is as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	20.3	$	20.8	$	16.4
Short-term lease cost		5.9		2.2		1.7
Variable lease cost		3.2		9.2		3.5
	$	29.4	$	32.2	$	21.6

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

With the exception of a land lease for one of our airframe maintenance facilities that expires in 2108, our operating leases expire at various dates through 2034. Maturities of our operating lease payments as of May 31, 2023 are as follows:

2024	$	14.5
2025		12.3
2026		9.1
2027		8.4
2028		7.8
Thereafter		17.6
Total undiscounted payments		69.7
Less: Imputed interest		(9.2)
Present value of minimum lease payments		60.5
Less: Operating lease liabilities – current		(12.3)
Operating lease liabilities – non-current	$	48.2

The current portion of operating lease liabilities are presented within Accrued liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Excluding leases related to our discontinued operations, our weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate are as follows:

	May 31,
	2023	2022
Remaining lease term	6.9 years	7.6 years
Discount rate	3.8%	3.7%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	14.5	$	14.1	$	15.3
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining ROU assets		4.5		9.5		5.2

12. Commitments

We enter into purchase obligations, which arise in the ordinary course of business and represent a binding commitment to acquire inventory, including raw materials, parts and components, as well as equipment to support the operations of our business. The aggregate amount of purchase obligations due in each of the next five fiscal years is $406.1 million in 2024, $93.4 million in 2025, $34.6 million in 2026, $4.8 million in 2027 and none in 2028.

We routinely issue letters of credit and performance bonds in the ordinary course of our business. These instruments are typically issued in conjunction with insurance contracts or other business requirements. The total of these instruments outstanding at May 31, 2023 was approximately $22.7 million which includes $12.9 million related to a guarantee of 40% of the outstanding debt of our Indian joint venture. We have recognized a current liability of $9.6 million based on the fair value of our guarantee obligation.

13. Government Subsidies

We receive grants from certain governments in exchange for compliance with certain conditions relating to our activities in a specific jurisdiction. Grants can be structured to encourage investment, job creation, job retention, employee training, and other related activities. We recognize government grants when there is reasonable assurance that we will comply with the conditions of the grant and the grant is received or is probable of receipt and the amount is determinable. Government grants are recorded as a reduction to the related expense to which the grant relates in our Consolidated Statement of Income.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted in the U.S. in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferral of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss carrybacks, and other areas. The payroll tax deferral required that the deferred payroll taxes be paid over two years, with the first half, or $6.2 million, paid in December 2021 and the other half paid in December 2022.

During the three-month period ended August 31, 2020, we received $57.2 million from the U.S. Treasury Department through the Payroll Support Program under the CARES Act. This funding included a $48.5 million cash grant which was to be used exclusively for the continuation of payment of employee wages, salaries and benefits for employees of certain MRO facilities. In fiscal 2021, we recognized the full amount of the grant as contra-expense within Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses of $47.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

The remaining funding of $8.7 million was a low interest 10-year senior unsecured promissory note (“Promissory Note”) which included interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of (i) 1.0% for the first five years, and the applicable secured overnight financing rate plus 2.0% in years six through ten plus (ii) in kind interest of 3.0% for the first five years and increasing by 1.0% each year over the remaining term. The Promissory Note was pre-payable at par at any time and we re-paid the Promissory Note in full during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. The restrictions previously applicable to us relating to dividends, stock repurchases, employee compensation, and certain workforce actions have lapsed.

Other countries have enacted legislation similar to the CARES Act to provide relief and stimulus measures to assist companies in mitigating the financial impact from COVID-19 and supporting their employees. In fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, our foreign subsidiaries recognized subsidies of $1.6 million, $4.9 million, and $7.9 million, respectively, from foreign governments which have been deducted from the related expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

We have a government grant that is used to support job training and workforce development costs at one of our U.S. airframe maintenance facilities. For this grant, we recognized contra-expense within Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses of $2.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively in fiscal 2023.

14. Sale of Composites Business

On August 31, 2020, we completed the sale of our aerostructures and aerospace products operations located in Clearwater, Florida and Sacramento, California (“Composites”). The Composites business was formerly included in our Expeditionary Services segment.

We recognized a loss on the sale of the Composites business of $19.5 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, the post-closing working capital adjustment was finalized resulting in an additional loss of $0.7 million. The sale also included contingent consideration of up to $6.5 million based on the achievement of sales targets over a three-year period subsequent to the sale. We recognized a charge of $1.3 million in the three-month period ended November 30, 2021 to reflect the fair value of the contingent consideration at zero as it is unlikely the sales targets will be achieved.

15. Acquisition

On March 20, 2023, we acquired the outstanding shares of Trax for a purchase price of $120.0 million plus contingent consideration of up to $20.0 million based on Trax’s adjusted revenue in calendar years 2023 and 2024. Trax is a leading provider of aircraft MRO and fleet management software supporting a broad spectrum of maintenance activities for a diverse global customer base of airlines and MROs.

The purchase price was paid at closing except for $12.0 million which was placed on deposit with an escrow agent to secure potential indemnification obligations and fund any post-closing adjustments for working capital and indebtedness. The preliminary post-closing adjustments for working capital and indebtedness are estimated to be a reduction in the purchase price of $2.8 million.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The contingent consideration is based on an adjusted revenue target and requires certain of the former owners’ continued employment through December 31, 2024, and is treated as compensation expense within Selling, general and administrative expenses. The adjusted revenue target is based on revenue recognized under U.S. GAAP adjusted for certain events related to deferred revenue, customer commitments, and other adjustments. We recognized compensation expense of $1.1 million in fiscal 2023.

We accounted for the acquisition using the acquisition method and included the results of Trax operations in our consolidated financial statements from the effective date of the acquisition. Trax is reported within our Aviation Services segment. The acquisition was funded using a combination of proceeds from our Revolving Credit Facility and cash on hand. Transaction costs associated with the acquisition of $4.9 million were expensed as incurred within Selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal 2023.

The amounts recorded for certain assets and liabilities are preliminary in nature and are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about their acquisition date fair values. Since the acquisition was only recently completed, the allocation of the purchase price is preliminary and will likely change in future periods as fair value estimates of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are finalized, including those related to working capital and income taxes. The final determination of the fair values will be completed within the one-year measurement period. The preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows:

Accounts receivable	$	8.8
Other assets		6.7
Intangible assets		61.7
Deferred revenue		(6.8)
Deferred tax liabilities		(15.8)
Other liabilities		(2.6)
Net assets acquired		52.0
Goodwill		60.5
Purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	112.5

Acquired amortizable intangible assets include customer relationships of $33.6 million and developed technology of $22.0 million which are being amortized over 12 years and 20 years, respectively. Intangible assets also include tradenames of $6.1 million which are indefinite-lived. The goodwill associated with the Trax acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes and is primarily attributable to the benefits we expect to derive from expected synergies including complimentary products and services, cross-selling opportunities and intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, such as their assembled workforce.

16. Business Segment Information

Segment Reporting

Our chief operating decision making officer (“CODM”) is our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer and consistent with how he evaluates performance and the way we are organized internally, we report our activities in two segments: Aviation Services comprised of supply chain and MRO activities and Expeditionary Services comprised of manufacturing activities.

The Aviation Services segment consists of aftermarket support and services offerings that provide spare parts and maintenance support for aircraft operated by our commercial and government/defense customers. Sales in the Aviation Services segment are derived from the sale and lease of a wide variety of new, overhauled and repaired engine and airframe parts and components to the commercial aviation and government and defense markets. We provide customized inventory supply chain management, performance-based logistics programs, customer fleet management and operations, and aircraft component repair management services. The segment also includes repair, maintenance and overhaul of aircraft, landing gear and components. Cost of sales consists principally of the cost of product, direct labor, and overhead.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The Expeditionary Services segment consists of primarily manufacturing operations with sales derived from the design and manufacture of pallets, shelters, and containers used to support the U.S. military’s requirements for a mobile and agile force including engineering, design, and system integration services for specialized command and control systems. Cost of sales consists principally of the cost of material to manufacture products, direct labor and overhead.

The accounting policies for the segments are the same as those described in Note 1. Our CODM evaluates performance based on the operating segments and utilizes gross profit as a primary profitability measure. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting cost of sales from sales. The assets and certain expenses related to corporate activities are not allocated to the segments. Our operating segments are aligned principally around differences in products and services.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, our CODM implemented changes in how he evaluates the business, allocates resources, and assesses performance. Specifically, this new structure results in the separation of our Aviation Services segment into three new operating segments: Parts Supply, Repair & Engineering and Integrated Solutions. Beginning with the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we will report under this new structure using the following four operating segments:

● Parts Supply, primarily consisting of our sales of used serviceable engine and airframe parts and components and distribution of new parts;

● Repair & Engineering, primarily consisting of our maintenance, repair, and overhaul services across airframes and components, including landing gear;

● Integrated Solutions, primarily consisting of our fleet management and operations of customer-owned aircraft, customized performance-based supply chain logistics programs in support of the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”) and foreign governments, flight hour component inventory and repair programs for commercial airlines, and integrated software solutions including Trax; and

● Expeditionary Services, primarily consisting of products and services supporting the movement of equipment and personnel by the U.S. and foreign governments and non-governmental organizations.

In conjunction with the re-alignment, our CODM will evaluate each segment’s performance based on operating income instead of gross profit as the CODM believes operating income is a more comprehensive profitability measure for each operating segment. These changes will be initially reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2023 and are not reflected herein.

Selected financial information for each segment is as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net sales:
Aviation Services	$	1,898.7	$	1,745.8	$	1,553.7
Expeditionary Services		91.8		74.2		98.6
	$	1,990.5	$	1,820.0	$	1,652.3

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Gross profit:
Aviation Services	$	355.1	$	297.5	$	263.2
Expeditionary Services		15.0		15.7		12.7
	$	370.1	$	313.2	$	275.9

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Total assets:
Aviation Services	$	1,617.1	$	1,367.3
Expeditionary Services		67.0		74.8
Corporate and discontinued operations		149.0		131.8
	$	1,833.1	$	1,573.9

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Capital expenditures:
Aviation Services	$	23.0	$	16.2	$	8.1
Expeditionary Services		6.1		1.0		3.1
Corporate		0.4		0.1		0.1
	$	29.5	$	17.3	$	11.3

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation and amortization:1
Aviation Services	$	25.7	$	31.2	$	33.7
Expeditionary Services		1.5		1.6		2.3
Corporate		14.2		8.5		9.5
	$	41.4	$	41.3	$	45.5

1 Includes amortization of stock-based compensation.

Reconciliations of our segment gross profit to income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes is as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Segment gross profit	$	370.1	$	313.2	$	275.9
Provision for credit losses		(2.6)		(1.2)		(8.5)
Selling, general and administrative		(230.4)		(202.2)		(182.4)
Earnings (Loss) from joint ventures		(3.2)		(2.9)		0.2
Losses related to sale and exit of business		(0.7)		(1.7)		(20.2)
Other income (expenses), net		(0.8)		2.2		4.3
Interest expense		(12.2)		(2.4)		(5.0)
Interest income		1.0		0.1		0.2
Income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes	$	121.2	$	105.1	$	64.5

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State, other U.S. government agencies and their contractors are our only customers representing 10% or more of total sales in any of the last three fiscal years. Sales by segment for these customers are as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Aviation Services	$	499.7		$	557.4		$	657.0
Expeditionary Services		77.3			62.6			81.8
	$	577.0		$	620.0		$	738.8
Percentage of total sales		29.0	%		34.1	%		44.7	%

Sales across the major customer markets for each of our operating segments were as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Aviation Services:
Commercial	$	1,320.5	$	1,081.6	$	793.9
Government and defense		578.2		664.2		759.8
	$	1,898.7	$	1,745.8	$	1,553.7
Expeditionary Services:
Commercial	$	8.3	$	2.2	$	12.5
Government and defense		83.5		72.0		86.1
	$	91.8	$	74.2	$	98.6

Sales by type of product/service was as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Aviation supply chain	$	1,365.3	$	1,275.1	$	1,172.7
Maintenance, repair and overhaul services		533.4		470.7		381.0
Mobility products		91.8		74.2		98.6
	$	1,990.5	$	1,820.0	$	1,652.3

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Geographic Data

Sales by geographic region for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended May 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Aviation Services:
North America	$	1,443.5	$	1,346.2	$	1,255.7
Europe/Africa		267.4		223.7		207.5
Other		187.8		175.9		90.5
	$	1,898.7	$	1,745.8	$	1,553.7
Expeditionary Services:
North America	$	89.6	$	74.0	$	95.9
Other		2.2		0.2		2.7
	$	91.8	$	74.2	$	98.6

	May 31,
	2023		2022
Long-lived assets:
United States	$	559.9	$	400.4
Europe		78.5		74.3
Other		96.8		92.0
	$	735.2	$	566.7

Sales to unaffiliated customers in foreign countries (including sales through foreign sales offices of domestic subsidiaries) were approximately $588.6 million (29.6% of sales), $484.5 million (26.6% of sales) and $370.5 million (22.4% of sales) in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

17. Legal Proceedings and Other Matters

We are involved in various claims and legal actions, including environmental matters, arising in the ordinary course of business. We are not a party to any material pending legal proceeding (including any governmental or environmental proceeding) other than routine litigation incidental to our business except for the following:

Department of Justice Investigation

As previously reported, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DoJ”), acting through the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Illinois, conducted an investigation of AAR Airlift Group, Inc. (“Airlift”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of AAR CORP., under the federal civil False Claims Act (“FCA”). The investigation related to Airlift’s performance of several contracts awarded by the U.S. Transportation Command (“TRANSCOM”) concerning the operations and maintenance of rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft in Afghanistan and Africa, as well as several U.S. Navy contracts. In June 2018, the DoJ informed Airlift that part of the investigation was precipitated by a lawsuit filed under the qui tam provisions of the FCA by a former employee of Airlift.

In June 2021, Airlift and the DoJ reached an agreement to settle the FCA investigation and related matters for approximately $11.5 million which concluded the DoJ investigation into Airlift’s contracts with TRANSCOM and the U.S. Navy. As part of the settlement, Airlift and AAR did not admit any wrongdoing.

We recognized charges of $11.0 million in discontinued operations in fiscal 2021 related to this agreement and related matters with payment for the entire matter made in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.

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AAR CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

Self-Reporting of Potential Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Violations

The Company retained outside counsel to investigate possible violations of the Company’s Code of Conduct, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other applicable laws, relating to the Company’s activities in Nepal and South Africa. Based on these investigations, in fiscal 2019, we self-reported these matters to the DoJ, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the UK Serious Fraud Office. The Company is fully cooperating with the reviews by these agencies, although we are unable at this time to predict what action, if any, they may take.

Russian Bankruptcy Litigation

During calendar years 2016 and 2017, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries purchased four engines from VIM-AVIA Airlines, LLC (“VIM-AVIA”), a company organized in Russia. Subsequent to the purchase of the engines, VIM-AVIA declared bankruptcy in Russian courts, and shortly thereafter the receiver of the VIM-AVIA bankruptcy estate and one of the major creditors of VIM-AVIA filed a claw-back action against our subsidiaries alleging that the contracts entered into with VIM-AVIA in the 2016-2017 timeframe are invalid. The clawback action alleged that our subsidiaries owe the VIM-AVIA bankruptcy estate approximately $13 million, the alleged fair market value of the four engines at the time of sale. In March 2022, the Russian court awarded a $1.8 million judgment against the Company relating to one engine, and dismissed all the other claims against the Company relating to the three remaining engines. The Company has appealed the $1.8 million judgment entered against it by the Russian court, and the receiver and the creditor have appealed that portion to the Russian court’s judgment dismissing their claims relating to the remaining three engines. These appeals remain pending. The Company strongly disputes all claims asserted in the clawback action. However, with the developments in the Russia/Ukraine conflict, the U.S. and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies imposed a range of sanctions and export controls in February 2022 on Russian entities and individuals. These sanctions and export controls have resulted in heightened tensions between the United States and Russia and a hostile business and legal environment for foreign companies in Russia, which may negatively impact the Company’s ability to defend a VIM-AVIA appeal of the judgments in the Company’s favor. We have recognized a liability for the $1.8 million judgment in the three-month period ended February 28, 2023.

Performance Guarantee

In conjunction with the fiscal 2021 sale of our Composites business, we retained a performance guarantee to a customer of the Composites business (the “Customer”) under an existing contract providing flap track fairings on the A220 aircraft (“A220 Contract”). The term of the A220 Contract and our performance guarantee extend for the duration that A220 aircraft are in service and the customer continues to maintain support for the A220 aircraft. The performance guarantee does not contain a financial cap.

In March 2022, the buyer of the Composites business (the “Buyer”) filed for bankruptcy and moved to have the bankruptcy court reject the A220 Contract. The Customer also notified us that it believes the Buyer has failed to timely deliver products in accordance with the terms of the A220 Contract and that the Customer has incurred losses related to the asserted non-compliance that the Customer believes is covered by our performance guarantee. To date, the Customer has provided us with limited details in support of the extent of the Customer’s claimed losses with respect to the A220 Contract and its contention that we may be responsible under our performance guarantee to reimburse the Customer for any portion of its claimed losses. The Customer filed suit against us during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 claiming damages of at least $32 million.

In this regard, while we are continuing to seek additional detail around the facts and legal basis underlying the claim for losses the Customer attributed to the A220 Contract and the Customer’s corresponding claim under the performance guarantee, we strongly disagree with the premise of the Customer’s claim based on the information available and known to us at this time, and we believe that we have numerous defenses available against this claim that we will vigorously pursue. While it is reasonably possible that we will incur a loss from the claim under the performance guarantee, we are unable to estimate the range of loss on this claim. There can be no assurance that the Customer’s claim under the performance guarantee will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and cash flows.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), as of May 31, 2023. This evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures. Therefore, effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Based upon our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of May 31, 2023, ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the reports that are filed under the Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner.

Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of AAR CORP. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems which are determined to be effective provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and oversight of the Board of Directors, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023 based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. However, under guidelines established by the Securities and Exchange Commission, companies are allowed to exclude acquired businesses from management’s report on internal control over financial reporting for the first year subsequent to acquisition. Accordingly, in making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023, management excluded the internal control activities of the acquisition of Trax USA Corp. which constituted approximately 0.2% of total sales and 1.2% of total assets as of and for the year ended May 31, 2023.

Based on our assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023.

KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. That report appears below.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended May 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
AAR CORP.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited AAR CORP. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of May 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended May 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated July 18, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company acquired Trax USA Corp. during 2023, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2023, Trax USA Corp.’s internal control over financial reporting associated with 0.2% of total sales and 1.2% of total assets included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended May 31, 2023. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Trax USA Corp.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

	/s/ KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois
July 18, 2023

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ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

ITEM 9C.DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item regarding the Directors of the Company and nominees for election of the Board is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Information about Our Director Nominees and Our Continuing Directors” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this item regarding the Executive Officers of the Company appears under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers” in Part I, Item 1 above.

The information required by this item regarding the identification of the Audit Committee as a separately-designated standing committee of the Board and the status of one or more members of the Audit Committee being an “audit committee financial expert” is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “The Board’s Role and Responsibilities – Role and Responsibilities of the Board Committees” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this item regarding our Code of Conduct applicable to our directors, officers and employees is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Board Practices and Policies – Code of Conduct” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

There have been no material changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to the Company’s board of directors. The information regarding these procedures is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Director Nominations and Qualifications” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the captions ‘‘Executive Compensation” and ‘‘Director Compensation” of our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Stock Ownership Information” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this item regarding equity compensation plan information is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the captions “Director Independence” and “Board Practices and Policies – Related Person Transaction Policy” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees and Services” in our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 15.EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1) Financial Statements

Our consolidated financial statements are as set forth under Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K.

(a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements.

(a) (3) Exhibits

Management contracts and compensatory arrangements have been marked with an asterisk (*) on the Exhibit Index which is contained below:

	Index		Exhibits
3.	Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws	3.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2004)
		3.2	By-Laws, as amended July 9, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 13, 2018)
4.	Instruments defining the rights of security holders	4.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation (see Exhibit 3.1).
		4.2	By-Laws, as amended July 9, 2018 (See Exhibit 3.2).
		4.3	Description of Capital Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2022)
		4.4	Indenture providing for Issuance of Debt Securities between AAR CORP. as Issuer and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee dated as of December 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended November 30, 2010)
		4.5	Indenture providing for Issuance of Subordinated Debt Securities between AAR CORP. as Issuer and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee dated as of December 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended November 30, 2010) Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, the Registrant is not filing certain documents. The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of each such document upon the request of the Commission.

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	Index		Exhibits
10.	Material Contracts	10.1*	AAR CORP. Directors’ Retirement Plan, dated April 14, 1992 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 1992), amended May 26, 2000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2000) and April 10, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2001)
		10.2*	AAR CORP. Supplemental Key Employee Retirement Plan, as Amended and Restated effective July 13, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020)
		10.3*	AAR CORP. Nonemployee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, as Amended and Restated effective July 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019)
		10.4*	Form of Fiscal 2024 Director Restricted Stock Agreement (filed herewith)
		10.5*	Form of Split Dollar Insurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2006)
		10.6*	Form of Directors’ and Officers’ Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 31, 2008)
		10.7*	Form of Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2012)
		10.8*	AAR CORP. 2013 Stock Plan (as Amended and Restated Effective July 13, 2020) (incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement dated August 28, 2020)
		10.9*	Form of Severance and Change in Control Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020)
		10.10	Credit Agreement dated December 14, 2022 among AAR CORP., Wells Fargo, N.A., as administrative agent, and the various financial institutions party thereto (filed herewith)
		10.11	Purchase Agreement dated February 23, 2018 by and among AAR CORP., as seller representative and servicer, the sellers time to time party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 28, 2018)

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Index		Exhibits
	10.12	First Amendment to Purchase Agreement dated as of May 22, 2018 by and among AAR CORP., as seller representative and servicer, the sellers time to time party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 25, 2018)
	10.13	Second Amendment to Purchase Agreement dated as of October 25, 2018 by and among AAR CORP., as seller representative and servicer, the sellers time to time party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended November 30, 2020)
	10.14	Third Amendment to Purchase Agreement dated as of October 7, 2020 by and among AAR CORP., as seller representative and servicer, the sellers time to time party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended November 30, 2020)
	10.15	Amendment dated December 23, 2021 to Purchase Agreement dated as of February 23, 2018 by and among AAR CORP., as seller representative and servicer, the sellers time to time party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2022)
	10.16*	Post-Retirement Agreement dated May 24, 2018 between AAR CORP. and David P. Storch (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 25, 2018), as amended May 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 4, 2019), as amended July 11, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019), and as amended July 13, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2021))
	10.17*	Consulting Agreement between the Company and David P. Storch, dated September 20, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 31, 2022)
	10.18*	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of May 24, 2018 between AAR CORP. and John M. Holmes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 25, 2018)
	10.19*	First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of July 30, 2020 between AAR CORP. and John M. Holmes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2020)
	10.20*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 31, 2021)

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	Index		Exhibits
		10.21*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 31, 2021)
		10.22*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Performance Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 31, 2021)
		10.23*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2023 Short-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2022)
		10.24*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2023 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2022)
		10.25*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2023 Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2022)
		10.26*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2023 Performance Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended August 31, 2022)
		10.27	Payroll Support Agreement dated July 30, 2020 by and between AAR Aircraft Services, Inc., Aviation Maintenance Staffing, Inc., AAR Landing Gear LLC, and the United States Treasury (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 31, 2020)
		10.28*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Special Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 25, 2022)
		10.29*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Special Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 25, 2022)
		10.30*	Form of AAR CORP. Fiscal 2022 Special Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 25, 2022)
21.	Subsidiaries of the	21.1	Subsidiaries of AAR CORP. (filed herewith)
	Registrant
23.	Consents of experts and counsel	23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith)
31.		31.1	Section 302 Certification dated July 18, 2023 of John M. Holmes, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Registrant (filed herewith)
		31.2	Section 302 Certification dated July 18, 2023 of Sean M. Gillen, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Registrant (filed herewith)
32.		32.1	Section 906 Certification dated July 18, 2023 of John M. Holmes, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Registrant (filed herewith)

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	Index		Exhibits
		32.2	Section 906 Certification dated July 18, 2023 of Sean M. Gillen, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Registrant (filed herewith)
101.		101	The following materials from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2023, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at May 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for fiscal years ended May 31, 2023, 20212 and 2021, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, (v) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the three years ended May 31, 2023 and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.**
104.	Cover Page Interactive Data File	104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101)

** Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.

ITEM 16.FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	AAR CORP.
	(Registrant)
Date: July 18, 2023	BY:	/s/ JOHN M. HOLMES
		John M. Holmes
		Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
		July 18, 2023
/s/ JOHN M. HOLMES	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
John M. Holmes	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ SEAN M. GILLEN	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Sean M. Gillen	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ ERIC S. PACHAPA	Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting
Eric S. Pachapa	Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ ANTHONY K. ANDERSON	Director
Anthony K. Anderson
/s/ MICHAEL R. BOYCE	Director
Michael R. Boyce
/s/ JOHN W. DIETRICH	Director
John W. Dietrich
/s/ ROBERT F. LEDUC	Director
Robert F. Leduc
/s/ ELLEN M. LORD	Director
Ellen M. Lord
/s/ DUNCAN J. MCNABB	Director
Duncan J. McNabb
/s/ PETER PACE	Director
Peter Pace
/s/ JENNIFER L. VOGEL	Director
Jennifer L. Vogel
/s/ MARC J. WALFISH	Director
Marc J. Walfish

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