Revenue

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Management fees

The Company’s management fees are a function of the fee rates the Affiliates charge to their clients, which are typically expressed in basis points, and the levels of the Company’s assets under management. The greatest driver of increases or decreases in this average fee rate is changes in the mix of the Company’s assets under management caused by net inflows or outflows in certain asset classes or disproportionate market movements.

Performance fees

The Company’s alternative products subject to performance fees earn these fees upon exceeding high-water mark performance thresholds or outperforming a hurdle rate. Conversely, the separate accounts / other products, which primarily earn management fees, are potentially subject to performance adjustments up or down based on investment performance versus benchmarks (i.e. fulcrum fees).

Other revenue

Included in other revenue are certain payroll and benefits costs and expenses paid on behalf of Funds by the Company’s Affiliates. In instances where a customer reimburses the Company for a cost paid on the customer’s behalf, the Company is acting as a principal and the reimbursement is accrued on a gross basis at cost as the corresponding reimbursable expenses are incurred. Revenue from expense reimbursement amounted to $1.3 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Revenue from expense reimbursement amounted to $2.3 million and $5.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is recorded in other revenue in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other revenue may also consist of other miscellaneous revenue, consisting primarily of administration and consulting services.

Disaggregation of management fee revenue

The Company classifies its revenue (including only consolidated Affiliates that are included in management fee revenue) among the following asset classes:


i.	U.S. equity, which includes small cap through large cap securities and substantially value or blended investment styles;


ii.	Global / non-U.S. equity, which includes global and international equities including emerging markets;


iii.	Fixed income, which includes government bonds, corporate bonds and other fixed income investments in the United States; and


iv.	Alternatives, which consist of timberland investments, secondary Funds focused in real estate and private equity, and other alternative investments.

Revenue by asset class for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were (in millions):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S. equity	$	40.0	$	45.5	$	80.4	$	93.1
Global / non-U.S. equity	116.0		126.2		232.9		254.8
Fixed income	6.5		6.8		12.9		13.6
Alternatives	43.4		47.9		87.2		109.9
Management fee revenue	$	205.9	$	226.4	$	413.4	$	471.4