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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

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(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR (G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023

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OR

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☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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Date of event requiring this shell company report             

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For the transition period from                        to

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Commission file number: 001-38857

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Bit Origin Ltd

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(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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(Translation of Registrant's name into English)

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Cayman Islands

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(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

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27F, Samsung Hub

3 Church Street Singapore 049483

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(Address of principal executive offices)

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Lucas Wang, Chief Executive Officer

347-556-4747

ir@bitorigin.io

27F, Samsung Hub

3 Church Street Singapore 049483

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(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 3,381,092 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

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☐  Yes  ☒  No

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If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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☐  Yes  ☒  No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

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☒  Yes  ☐  No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

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☒  Yes   ☐  No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

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Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐  Item 17   ☐ Item 18

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If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

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☐  Yes  ☒  No

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Conventions Used in this Annual Report

Unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

This annual report on 20-F contains translations of certain RMB amounts into U.S. dollar amounts at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The relevant exchange rates are listed below. No representation is made that the RMB amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at such rate:

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We have relied on statistics provided by a variety of publicly-available sources regarding the industry we are involved in. We did not, directly or indirectly, sponsor or participate in the publication of such materials, and these materials are not incorporated in this annual report other than to the extent specifically cited in this annual report.

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We have sought to provide current information in this annual report and believe that the statistics provided in this annual report remain up-to-date and reliable, and these materials are not incorporated in this annual report other than to the extent specifically cited in this annual report. On May 23, 2023, the Company effected a one-for-thirty (1-for-30) reverse share split of the Company’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares (the “Reverse Share Split”). The par value of the ordinary shares was increased in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to $0.30 per share and the number of authorized ordinary shares was reduced in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to 10,000,000 ordinary shares. Unless specified otherwise, and except as provided in the financial statements and footnotes thereto, all references in this annual report to share and per share data have been adjusted, including historical data which has been retroactively adjusted, to give effect to the Reverse Share Split.

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SPECIAL CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain matters discussed in this report may constitute forward-looking statements for purposes of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The words “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “aim,” “will,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning market and industry segment growth and demand and acceptance of new and existing products; any projections of sales, earnings, revenue, margins or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; and any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, as well as all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. Our actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation, those discussed under “Item 3—Key Information—Risk Factors,” “Item 4—Information on the Company,” “Item 5—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and elsewhere in this report, as well as factors which may be identified from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or in the documents where such forward-looking statements appear. All written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report reflect our views and assumptions only as of the date this report is signed. Except as required by law, we assume no responsibility for updating any forward-looking statements. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and our other filings with the SEC. These reports attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

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PART I

ITEM 1.     IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 2.     OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 3.      KEY INFORMATION

3.A. [Reserved]

3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

3.C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

3.D. Risk Factors

Summary Risk Factors

You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in our ordinary shares. Below please find a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully under “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Risks Related to United States Government Regulations

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Risks Related to Canadian Government Regulations

Risks Related to Singaporean Government Regulations

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

If we are unable to successfully implement our Bitcoin mining business plan, it would affect our financial and business condition and results of operations.

In December 2021, we decided to enter the Bitcoin mining business. There are various risks related to these efforts, including the risk that these efforts may not provide the expected benefits in our anticipated time frame, if at all, and may prove costlier than expected; and the risk of adverse effects to our business, results of operations and liquidity if past and future undertakings, and the associated changes to our business, do not prove to be cost effective or do not result in the cost savings and other benefits at the levels that we anticipate. Our intentions and expectations with regard to the execution of our business plan, and the timing of any related initiatives, are subject to change at any time based on management’s subjective evaluation of our overall business needs. If we are unable to successfully execute our business plan, whether due to failure to realize the anticipated benefits from our business initiatives in the anticipated time frame or otherwise, we may be unable to achieve our financial targets.

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Our results of operations are expected to be impacted by significant fluctuation of Bitcoin price.

The price of Bitcoin has experienced significant fluctuations over its relatively short existence and may continue to fluctuate significantly in the future. Bitcoin prices ranged from approximately US$9,138 per coin as of June 30, 2020; to US$35,041 per coin as of June 30, 2021; US$19,785 as of June 30, 2022 and US$30,477 as of June 30, 2023, according to Coin Market Cap.

As we are engaged in Bitcoin mining, we expect our results of operations to continue to be affected by the Bitcoin price. Any future significant reductions in the price of Bitcoin will likely have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that the Bitcoin price will remain high enough to sustain our operation or that the Bitcoin price will not decline significantly in the future. Furthermore, fluctuations in the Bitcoin price can have an immediate impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares even before our financial performance is affected, if at all.

Various factors, mostly beyond our control, could impact the Bitcoin price. For example, the usage of Bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace is relatively low in comparison with the usage for speculation, which contributes to Bitcoin’s price volatility. Additionally, the reward for Bitcoin mining will decline over time. The most recent halving event occurred in May 2020 and next one to occur will be four years later, which may further contribute to Bitcoin price volatility.

If, pursuant to our hosting service contracts with hosting service providers, hosting service providers cannot or will not supply sufficient electric power or services for us to operate our miners or if such agreements are terminated, we may be required to relocate some or all of our miners to an alternative facility, which may have a less advantageous cost structure and our business and results of operations may suffer as a result.

We have entered into hosting service contracts in connection with certain miners’ facilities in the United States. If we are unable to secure sufficient power supply from the current hosting service providers, or if the current hosting service providers are unable to supply sufficient electric power, we may be forced to seek out alternative mining facilities and may be forced to accept less advantageous terms. Further, during relocation to a new mining facility, we will not be able to operate our miners and therefore we will not be able to generate revenue. Should this occur, our operations may be disrupted, which may have a material adverse effect on our operations.

The development and acceptance of cryptographic and algorithmic protocols governing the issuance of and transactions in cryptocurrencies is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate.

The use of cryptocurrencies to, among other things, buy and sell goods and services and complete transactions, is part of a new and rapidly evolving industry that employs Bitcoin assets based upon a computer-generated mathematical and/or cryptographic protocol. Large-scale acceptance of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment has not occurred, and may never occur. The growth of this industry in general, and the use of Bitcoin, in particular, is subject to a high degree of uncertainty, and the slowing or stopping of the development or acceptance of developing protocols may occur unpredictably. The factors include, but are not limited to:

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The outcome of these factors could have negative effects on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations as well as potentially negative effect on the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, which would harm investors in our securities.

Banks and financial institutions may not provide banking services, or may cut off services, to businesses that engage in Bitcoin-related activities or that accept cryptocurrencies as payment, including financial institutions of investors in our securities. Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance by banks and other financial institutions, may indirectly adversely affect our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

A number of companies that engage in Bitcoin and/or other Bitcoin-related activities have been unable to find banks or financial institutions that are willing to provide them with bank accounts and other services. Similarly, a number of companies and individuals or businesses associated with cryptocurrencies may have had and may continue to have their existing bank accounts closed or services discontinued with financial institutions in response to government action. As of the date hereof, we have not experienced any service disruptions with or have our accounts closed by any banks or other financial institutions. To the extent that such events may happen to us, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

The usefulness of cryptocurrencies as a payment system and the public perception of cryptocurrencies could be damaged if banks or financial institutions were to close the accounts of businesses engaging in Bitcoin and/or other Bitcoin-related activities. This could occur as a result of compliance risk, cost, government regulation or public pressure. The risk applies to securities firms, clearance and settlement firms, national stock and derivatives on commodities exchanges, the over-the-counter market, and the Depository Trust Company, which, if any of such entities adopts or implements similar policies, rules or regulations, could negatively affect our relationships with financial institutions and impede our ability to convert cryptocurrencies to fiat currencies. Such factors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and harm investors.

In addition, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or the FDIC, as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. We do not have any cash or other assets on deposit with the banks named above. However, the recent events could lead to losses or defaults by parties with whom we conduct business, which in turn, could have an indirect adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition.

We may face risks of Internet disruptions, which could have an adverse effect on the price of cryptocurrencies.

A disruption of the Internet may affect the use of cryptocurrencies and subsequently the value of our securities. Generally, cryptocurrencies and our business of mining cryptocurrencies is dependent upon the Internet. A significant disruption in Internet connectivity could disrupt a currency’s network operations until the disruption is resolved and have an adverse effect on the price of cryptocurrencies and our ability to mine cryptocurrencies.

The impact of geopolitical and economic events on the supply and demand for cryptocurrencies is uncertain.

Geopolitical crises may motivate large-scale purchases of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which could increase the price of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies rapidly. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease, as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of our inventory following such downward adjustment. Such risks are similar to the risks of purchasing commodities in general uncertain times, such as the risk of purchasing, holding or selling gold. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in cryptocurrencies as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.

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As an alternative to fiat currencies that are backed by central governments, cryptocurrencies, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our ordinary shares. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of cryptocurrencies either globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

There is a lack of liquid markets for cryptocurrencies, and blockchain/Bitcoin-based assets are susceptible to potential manipulation.

Cryptocurrencies that are represented and trade on a ledger-based platform may not necessarily benefit from viable trading markets. Stock exchanges have listing requirements and vet issuers; requiring them to be subjected to rigorous listing standards and rules, and monitor investors transacting on such platform for fraud and other improprieties. These conditions may not necessarily be replicated on a distributed ledger platform, depending on the platform’s controls and other policies. The laxer a distributed ledger platform is about vetting issuers of Bitcoin assets or users that transact on the platform, the higher the potential risk for fraud or the manipulation of the ledger due to a control event. These factors may decrease liquidity or volume or may otherwise increase volatility of investment securities or other assets trading on a ledger-based system, which may adversely affect us. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account and harm investors.

Our Bitcoins may be subject to loss, theft or restriction on access. We have policy to safeguard our crypto assets, however, our business and financial condition may be affected if the policies and procedures surrounding the safeguarding of crypto assets are not effective.

There is a risk that some or all of our Bitcoins could be lost or stolen. Cryptocurrencies are stored in platforms commonly referred to as “wallets” by holders of Bitcoins which may be accessed to exchange a holder’s Bitcoin assets. Access to our Bitcoin assets could also be restricted by cybercrime (such as a denial-of-service attack) against a service at which we maintain a hosted hot wallet. A hot wallet refers to any Bitcoin wallet that is connected to the Internet. Generally, hot wallets are easier to set up and access than wallets in cold storage, but they are also more susceptible to hackers and other technical vulnerabilities. Cold storage refers to any Bitcoin wallet that is not connected to the Internet. Cold storage is generally more secure from external attack than hot storage but is not ideal for quick or regular transactions and we may experience lag time in our ability to respond to market fluctuations in the price of our Bitcoin assets. Moreover, cold storage may increase the risk of internal theft or malfeasance. We currently keep our Bitcoins in both cold storage in Ledger’s 100% cold storage solution Ledger Nano X, which is based on established, industry best practices to safeguard our digital assets from loss, destruction or other issues relating to hackers and technological attack, and another secured crypto and Bitcoin wallet, imToken, which is a Web3 App that builds a comprehensive risk control system to safeguard our digital assets and supports hardware wallets and cold wallets to keep our private key offline and prevent cyber-attacks. We may be in control and possession of substantial holdings of Bitcoin, and as we increase in size, we may become a more appealing target of hackers, malware, cyber-attacks or other security threats. Ledger’s security system may be penetrable and may not be free from defect. The cold and hot storage locations and our Bitcoins may be subject to loss, theft or restriction on access. Any of these events may adversely affect our operations and, consequently, our investments and profitability.

Hackers or malicious actors may launch attacks to steal, compromise or secure cryptocurrencies, such as by attacking the Bitcoin network source code, exchange miners, third-party platforms, cold and hot storage locations or software, or by other means. We may be in control and possession of one of the more substantial holdings of Bitcoins. As we increase in size, we may become a more appealing target of hackers, malware, cyber-attacks or other security threats. Any of these events may adversely affect our operations and, consequently, our investments and profitability. The loss or destruction of a private key required to access our digital wallets may be irreversible and we may be denied access for all time to our Bitcoin holdings or the holdings of others held in those compromised wallets. Our loss of access to our private keys or our experience of a data loss relating to our digital wallets could adversely affect our investments and assets.

Cryptocurrencies are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public and private keys relating to the local or online digital wallet in which they are held, which wallet’s public key or address is reflected in the network’s public blockchain. We will publish the public key relating to digital wallets in use when we verify the receipt of transfers and disseminate such information into the network, but we will need to safeguard the private keys relating to such digital wallets. To the extent such private keys are lost, destroyed or otherwise compromised, we will be unable to access our Bitcoin rewards and such private keys may not be capable of being restored by any network. Any loss of private keys relating to digital wallets used to store our digital assets could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other digital assets we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

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The security system and operational infrastructure may be breached due to the actions of outside parties, error or malfeasance of an employee of ours or the hosting partners, or otherwise, and, as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our, private keys, data or Bitcoins. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees of ours to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our infrastructure. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, or may be designed to remain dormant until a predetermined event and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security system occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security system could be harmed, which could adversely affect an investment in us. In the event of a security breach, we may be forced to cease operations, or suffer a reduction in assets, the occurrence of each of which could adversely affect an investment in us.

The limited rights of legal recourse available to us expose us and our investors to the risk of loss of our Bitcoin for which no person is liable, and our lack of insurance protection for risk of loss of our digital assets exposes us and our shareholders to the risk of loss of our digital assets for which no person may ultimately be held liable and we may not be able to recover our losses.

At this time, there is no specifically enumerated U.S. or foreign governmental, regulatory, investigative or prosecutorial authority or mechanism through which to bring an action or complaint regarding missing or stolen cryptocurrency; though law enforcement agencies like the FBI have recovered stolen Bitcoin, that recovery has required significant amounts of time. To the extent that we are unable to recover our losses from such action, error or theft, such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations of and potentially the value of any Bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

We do not have any insurance that covers our miners or Bitcoin in the event of loss or fraud. Further, banking institutions will not accept our digital assets and such digital assets are, therefore, not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”). Therefore, a loss may be suffered with respect to our digital assets which is not covered by insurance and we may not be able to recover any of our carried value in these digital assets if they are lost or stolen or suffer significant and sustained reduction in conversion spot price. If we are not otherwise able to recover damages from a malicious actor in connection with these losses, our business and results of operations may suffer, which may have a material negative impact on our share price. Currently, we do not have any insurance to cover our digital assets or mining equipment. The market for such insurance is in the early stages and we intend to purchase such insurance in the future. Any losses may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The Bitcoin which we mine, is subject to halving; the Bitcoin reward for successfully uncovering a block will halve several times in the future and Bitcoin’s value may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.

Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in cryptocurrencies using a Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm. At a predetermined block, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” For Bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 Bitcoin currency rewards per block and this was cut in half to 25 in November 28, 2012 at block 210,000 and again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000. The next halving for Bitcoin occurred in May 2020 at block 630,000 when the reward was reduced to 6.25. This process will reoccur until the total amount of Bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million, which is expected around 2140. If the award of Bitcoin rewards for solving blocks and transaction fees are not sufficiently high, we may not have an adequate incentive to continue mining and may cease our mining operations. Halving may result in a reduction in the aggregate hash rate of the Bitcoin network as the incentive for miners decreases. Miners ceasing operations would reduce the collective processing power on the network, which would adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions (i.e., temporarily decreasing the speed at which blocks are added to a blockchain until the next scheduled adjustment in difficulty for block solutions) and make Bitcoin networks more vulnerable to a malicious actor or botnet obtaining control in excess of 50 percent of the processing power active on a blockchain, potentially permitting such actor or botnet to manipulate a blockchain in a manner that adversely affects the network and our activities. A reduction in confidence in the confirmation process or processing power of the network could result and be irreversible. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other digital assets we mine, whether now or in the future, or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account. While Bitcoin prices have had a history of price fluctuations around the halving of its Bitcoin rewards, there is no guarantee that the price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the trading price of Bitcoin does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue we earn from our mining operations would see a corresponding decrease, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

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We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to mining operations, such as ours.

The operation of a Bitcoin or other Bitcoin mine can require massive amounts of electrical power. Further, our mining operations can only be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including electrical power costs, associated with mining a Bitcoin are lower than the price of a Bitcoin. As a result, any mine we establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power for that mine on a cost-effective basis, and our establishment of new mines requires us to find locations where that is the case. There may be significant competition for suitable mine locations, and government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to mining operations in times of electricity shortage or may otherwise potentially restrict or prohibit the provision or electricity to mining operations.

Any shortage of electricity supply or increase in electricity cost in a jurisdiction may negatively impact the viability and the expected economic return for Bitcoin mining activities in that jurisdiction. In addition, the significant consumption of electricity may have a negative environmental impact, including contribution to climate change, which may give rise to public opinion against allowing the use of electricity for Bitcoin mining activities or government measures restricting or prohibiting the use of electricity for Bitcoin mining activities.

Regulatory actions in one or more countries could severely affect the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use certain cryptocurrencies or to exchange them for fiat currency.

One or more countries, such as China or Russia, may take regulatory actions in the future that could severely restrict the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies or to exchange them for fiat currency. In some nations, it is illegal to accept payment in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for consumer transactions and banking institutions are barred from accepting deposits of cryptocurrencies. Such restrictions may adversely affect us as the large-scale use of cryptocurrencies as a means of exchange is presently confined to certain regions.

Furthermore, in the future, foreign governments may decide to subsidize or in some other way support certain large-scale cryptocurrency mining projects, thus adding hash rate to the overall network. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on the amount of Bitcoin we may be able to mine, the value of Bitcoin and any other cryptocurrencies we may potentially acquire or hold in the future, and, consequently, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We might require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our existing solutions, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our ordinary shares. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired.

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We may pursue additional opportunities to acquire complementary businesses, which could further increase leverage and debt service requirements and could adversely affect our financial situation if we fail to successfully integrate the acquired business.

As part of our growth strategy, we have been actively seeking opportunities to deploy emerging technologies, including crypto asset mining and blockchain technologies with diversified expansion strategy recently. Although as of the date of this annual report, we do not have any plan to engage in other crypto-related businesses or services, expand the mining operations, or mine crypto assets other than Bitcoin, we may pursue selective acquisitions of complementary businesses in the future. Inherent in any future acquisitions are certain risks such as increasing leverage and debt service requirements and combining company cultures and facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, particularly during the period immediately following such acquisitions. Additional debt or equity capital may be required to complete future acquisitions, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise the required capital. Furthermore, acquisitions involve a number of risks and challenges, including:

These opportunities may also expose us to successor liability relating to actions involving any acquired entities, their respective management or contingent liabilities incurred prior to our involvement and will expose us to liabilities associated with ongoing operations, in particular to the extent we are unable to adequately and safely manage such acquired operations. These transactions may also be structured in such a manner that would result in our assumption of obligations or liabilities not identified during our pre-acquisition due diligence.

Any of these and other factors could adversely affect our ability to achieve anticipated cash flows at acquired operations or realize other anticipated benefits of acquisitions, which could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on us.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

We may face several risks due to disruptions in the crypto asset markets, including but not limited to the risk from depreciation in our share price, financing risk, risk of increased losses or impairments in our investments or other assets, risks of legal proceedings and government investigations, and risks from price declines or price volatility of crypto assets.

In 2022 and the beginning of 2023, some of the well-known crypto asset market participants, including Celsius Network, Voyager Digital Ltd., Three Arrows Capital and Genesis Global Holdco, LLC, declared bankruptcy. In November 2022, FTX, the third largest digital asset exchange by volume at the time, halted customer withdrawals and shortly thereafter, FTX and its subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy, resulting in a loss of confidence in participants of the digital asset ecosystem and negative publicity surrounding digital assets more broadly. Furthermore, it also revealed potential systemic risks and industry contagion as a significant number of other major market participants were affected by FTX’s bankruptcy – namely, among others, BlockFi Inc., as one of the largest digital assets lending companies.

In response to these events, the digital asset markets, including the market for Bitcoin specifically, have experienced extreme price volatility and several other entities in the digital asset industry have been, and may continue to be, negatively affected, further undermining confidence in the digital assets markets and in Bitcoin. These events have also negatively impacted the liquidity of the digital assets markets as certain entities affiliated with FTX engaged in significant trading activity. If the liquidity of the digital assets markets continues to be negatively impacted by these events, digital asset prices (including the price of Bitcoin) may continue to experience significant volatility and confidence in the digital asset markets may be further undermined. These events are continuing to develop and it is not possible to predict at this time all of the risks that they may pose to us, our service providers or on the digital asset industry as a whole.

We had no direct and material exposure to FTX or any of the above-mentioned cryptocurrency companies. We will not have material assets that may not be recovered or may otherwise be lost or misappropriated due to the bankruptcies. However, the failure or insolvency of large exchanges and key institutions in the cryptocurrency asset industry like FTX may cause the price of Bitcoin to fall and decrease confidence in the ecosystem, which could adversely affect an investment in us. Such volatility and decrease in Bitcoin price have had a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and we expect our results of operations to continue to be affected by the Bitcoin price as all our revenue has been from Bitcoin mining production. In particular, our production in November 2022 was negatively affected by the strong volatility of the Bitcoin price. As a result, we scaled down our operations to cut down costs. In December 2022, due to high energy price and the Georgia site’s weak condition in general, SonicHash US suspended the operation of the miners in the Georgia site and shipped 1,490 miners that were deployed in the Georgia site to the mining facility in Marion, Indiana and were deployed since January 2023. In addition, in December 2022, we reached an agreement with Your Choice 4 CA, Inc., the host of the mining facility in Marion, Indiana, that the hosting fee is adjusted to equal to the sum of (i) the electricity cost of the mining activities and (ii) 50% of SonicHash US’s profit generated from the Indiana site, i.e., the difference of the market price of the Bitcoins mined from the Indiana site and the electricity cost. The market price of the Bitcoins is the daily Bitcoin closing price available at CoinMarketCap.com as of the day immediately prior to the day that we receive the electricity bill. The new fee structure has decreased our cost significantly in December 2022. We will continue adjusting our short-term strategy to optimize our operating efficiency in the current dynamic market conditions.

We cannot assure that the Bitcoin price will remain high enough to sustain our operation or that the Bitcoin price will not decline significantly in the future. Fluctuations in the Bitcoin price have had and are expected to continue to have an immediate impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares even before our financial performance is affected, if at all. To the extent investors view our ordinary shares as linked to the value of our Bitcoin holdings, these potential consequences of a Bitcoin trading venue’s failure could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our ordinary shares.

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In addition, a perceived lack of stability in the digital asset exchange market and the closure or temporary shutdown of digital asset exchanges due to business failure, hackers or malware, government-mandated regulation, or fraud, may reduce confidence in digital asset networks and result in greater volatility in cryptocurrency values. These potential consequences of a digital asset exchange’s failure could adversely affect an investment in us.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not subject to any legal proceedings or government investigations in the United States or in other jurisdictions. However, in the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class-action litigation has often been brought against that company. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type may be expensive to defend and may divert our management’s attention and resources from the operation of our business.

The recent disruption in the crypto asset markets may harm our reputation.

To the extent our counterparties/suppliers view our business as linked to the value of our Bitcoin holdings, they may lose confidence in enter into business with us and may deem our business to be risky. It may be difficult for us to reach the same business terms with such counterparties/suppliers like we did before. For example, our suppliers would require more deposits or advance payments from us.

In addition, additional regulations may subject us to investigation, administrative or regulatory proceedings, and civil or criminal litigations, all of which could harm our reputation and affect our business operation and the value of our ordinary shares. If we have difficulties to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may have to cease certain or all of our operations. Any such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

It may be illegal now, or in the future, to mine, acquire, own, hold, sell or use Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies, participate in blockchains or utilize similar cryptocurrency assets in one or more countries, the ruling of which could adversely affect us.

Although currently cryptocurrencies generally are not regulated or are lightly regulated in most countries, several countries, such as China, India and Russia, may continue taking regulatory actions in the future that could severely restrict the right to mine, acquire, own, hold, sell or use these cryptocurrency assets or to exchange for local currency. For example, in China and Russia (India is currently proposing new legislation), it is illegal to accept payment in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for consumer transactions and banking institutions are barred from accepting deposits of cryptocurrencies. In addition, in March 2021, the governmental authorities for the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia banned Bitcoin mining in the province due to the industry’s intense electrical power demands and its negative environmental impacts. If other countries, including the U.S., implement similar restrictions, such restrictions may adversely affect us. For example, in New York State, a moratorium on certain Bitcoin mining operations that run on carbon-based power sources was signed into law on November 22, 2022. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and thus harm investors.

Our Bitcoin holdings are less liquid than our existing cash and cash equivalents and may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents.

We hold the mined Bitcoin in order to enjoy the potential benefits of the appreciation of the Bitcoin price. We do not currently store Bitcoin on any trading platform. Historically, the bitcoin markets have been characterized by more price volatility, less liquidity, and lower trading volumes compared to sovereign currencies markets, as well as relative anonymity, a developing regulatory landscape, susceptibility to market abuse and manipulation, and various other risks inherent in its entirely electronic, virtual form and decentralized network. During times of market instability, we may not be able to sell our bitcoin at reasonable prices or at all. For example, although the Coinbase exchange (the Bitcoin trading exchange we plan to use) has, to date, not been directly impacted, a number of bitcoin trading venues recently have temporarily halted deposits and withdrawals. As a result, our Bitcoin holdings may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, we hold Bitcoins in a cold wallet. Any withdrawals from the cold wallet to deposit with Coinbase and subsequent transaction requests may cause delays, during which time the price of Bitcoins may decrease. If the Bitcoins price decreases when we trade the Bitcoins for fiat currency, the amount of fiat currency we receive will decrease as well and our results of operation will be negatively impact.

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The mining rigs may experience damages.

Our mining rigs in current mining locations and any future sites will be subject to a variety of risks relating to physical condition and operation of the sites, including but not limited to construction or repair defects or other structural or building damage, and any damage resulting from natural disasters and climate change, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and windstorms. Our mining rigs are not covered by any insurance to which we are the beneficiary. In the event of damages or loss to the mining rig, our business and results of operations may suffer, which may have a material negative impact on the price of our ordinary shares.

Our board of management have experience in risk management and we have risk management policies in place in light of current crypto asset market conditions. However, if we are not able to timely and appropriately adapt to changes in our business environment or to accurately assess where we are positioned within a business cycle and make adjustments to our risk management policies, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our board of management have experience in risk management and our company have risk management policies in place covering financing, liquidity management, Bitcoin management, supplier management and counter party management. Our board of management is evaluating the risk exposure monthly and constantly adapting to the latest trend of the industry. Specifically, in light of current crypto asset market conditions and to mitigate the effect of Bitcoin price volatility, our risk management policies focus on finding cost-effective hosting sites, raising funds with a low financing cost, and renegotiating with existing site hosts to reduce cost.

However, the Bitcoin mining and related industries are emerging and evolving, which may lead to period-to-period variability and may make it difficult to evaluate our risk exposures. If we are not able to timely and appropriately adapt to changes in our business environment or to accurately assess where we are positioned within a business cycle and make adjustments to our risk management policies, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may face financing, liquidity, or other risks related to the impact that the current crypto asset market disruption has had, directly or indirectly, on the value of the crypto assets we use as collateral or the value of our crypto assets used by others as collateral.

We have pledged 55 of our Bitcoins as collateral for financings and short-term loans in the amount of $819,000 from a third party. A significant decrease of value of Bitcoins may lead us to receive a margin call from our lender and require us to pledge more Bitcoins or provide other types of collaterals. If we fail to do so, the lender may seize the Bitcoins pledged and result a financial loss for us. In addition, it will limit our ability to obtain additional financing.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

The laws of the Cayman Islands may not provide our shareholders with benefits comparable to those provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association (as may be amended and restated from time to time) and by the laws of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights of shareholders and responsibilities of directors in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, as a matter of Cayman Islands law, directors of a Cayman Islands company owe fiduciary duties to the company and separately a duty of care, diligence and skill to the company. Under Cayman Islands law, directors and officers owe the following fiduciary duties: (i) a duty to act in good faith in what the director or officer believes to be in the best interests of the company as a whole; (ii) a duty to exercise powers for the purposes for which those powers were conferred and not for a collateral purpose; (iii) directors should not improperly fetter the exercise of future discretion; (iv) a duty to exercise powers fairly as between different classes of shareholders; (v) a duty to exercise independent judgment; and (vi) a duty not to put themselves in a position in which there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interests. Our memorandum and articles of association have modified this last obligation by providing that a director shall be at liberty to vote in respect of any contact or transaction in which the director is so interested provided that the nature of the interest of any director in such transaction shall be disclosed by the director at or prior to its consideration and any vote thereon. Conversely, under Delaware corporate law, a director has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders (made up of two components) and the director’s duties prohibit self-dealing by a director and mandate that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally.

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands (other than decisions of the Privy Council in appeals from the Cayman Islands courts). The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Some of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside of the United States, and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult, impractical or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers outside of the United States.

Any judgment obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands (the “Grand Court”) if (a) the judgment was given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) our company either submitted to the jurisdiction of the foreign court or was resident and carrying on business in the jurisdiction and was duly served with process, (c) the judgment was final and conclusive, (d) the judgment was not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty or similar fiscal or revenue obligations imposed on our company, and (e) the judgment was not obtained by fraud and is not of a kind the recognition and enforcement of which would be contrary to the principles of natural justice or public policy in the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. It is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

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The economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands may adversely impact us or our operations.

The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, have recently introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. With effect from January 1, 2019, the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act, (2021 Revision) (the “Substance Act”) came into force in the Cayman Islands introducing certain economic substance requirements for in-scope Cayman Islands entities which are engaged in certain “relevant activities,” which, in the case of exempted companies incorporated before January 1, 2019, will apply in respect of financial years commencing July 1, 2019, onwards. As we are a Cayman Islands company, compliance obligations include filing annual notifications for the Company, which needs to state whether we are carrying out any relevant activities and if so, whether we have satisfied economic substance tests to the extent required under the Substance Act. As it is a new regime, it is anticipated that the Substance Act will evolve and be subject to further clarification and amendments. We may need to allocate additional resources to keep updated with these developments, and may have to make changes to our operations in order to comply with all requirements under the Substance Act. Failure to satisfy these requirements may subject us to penalties under the Substance Act.

We are a holding company and may rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make dividend payments to us, or any tax implications of making dividend payments to us, could limit our ability to pay our parent company expenses or pay dividends to holders of our ordinary shares.

We are a holding company and we may rely on dividends to be paid by our subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends pursuant to its respective policy or make other distributions to us.

Risks Related to United States Government Regulations

We are subject to an extensive and rapidly-evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations could adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

Our Bitcoin mining business may be or may become subject to extensive laws, rules, regulations, policies, orders, determinations, directives, treaties, and legal and regulatory interpretations and guidance in the markets in which we operate, including those typically applied to financial services and banking, securities, commodities, the exchange, and transfer of digital assets, cross-border and domestic money and cryptocurrency transmission businesses, as well as those governing data privacy, data governance, data protection, cybersecurity, fraud detection, payment services (including payment processing and settlement services), consumer protection, antitrust and competition, bankruptcy, tax, anti-bribery, economic and trade sanctions, anti-money laundering, and counter-terrorist financing. Many of these legal and regulatory regimes were adopted prior to the advent of the internet, mobile technologies, digital assets, and related technologies. As a result, they often do not contemplate or address unique issues associated with digital assets, are subject to significant uncertainty, and vary widely across U.S. federal, state, and local jurisdictions. These legal and regulatory regimes, including the laws, rules, and regulations thereunder, evolve frequently and may be modified, interpreted, and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another. Moreover, the relative novelty and evolving nature of our business and the significant uncertainty surrounding the regulation of digital assets requires us to exercise our judgement as to whether certain laws, rules, and regulations apply to us, and it is possible that governmental bodies and regulators may disagree with our conclusions. To the extent we have not complied with such laws, rules, and regulations, we could be subject to significant fines, limitations on our business, reputational harm, and other regulatory consequences, as well as criminal penalties, each of which may be significant and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition to existing laws and regulations, various governmental and regulatory bodies, including legislative and executive bodies, in the United States, as well as in other countries may adopt new laws and regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations may be issued by such bodies or the judiciary, which may adversely impact the development and use of digital assets as a whole, digital asset mining operations, and our legal and regulatory status in particular by changing how we operate our business, how our operations are regulated, and what products or services we and our competitors can offer, requiring changes to our compliance and risk mitigation measures, imposing new licensing requirements or new costs of doing business, or imposing a total ban on certain activities or transactions with respect to digital assets, as has occurred in certain jurisdictions in the past.

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If laws or regulations or their respective interpretation change, we may become subject to ongoing examinations, oversight, and reviews by U.S. federal and state regulators, which would have broad discretion to audit and examine our business if we become subject to their oversight. Adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our reputation and brand and our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities for penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance.

Our operations and properties are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in the United States. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that can be released into the environment; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands; imposing specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by noise or the release of hazardous substances into the environment.

The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to impact the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental regulation compliance or remediation. New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Changing environmental regulation and public energy policy may expose our business to new risks.

Our Bitcoin mining operations require a substantial amount of power and can only be successful, and ultimately profitable, if the costs we incur, including for electricity, are lower than the revenue we generate from our operations. As a result, any mine we establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power for that mine on a cost-effective basis, and our establishment of new mines requires us to find locations where that is the case. For instance, our plans and strategic initiatives for expansion are based, in part, on our understanding of current environmental and energy regulations, policies, and initiatives enacted by federal, New York State and Georgia State regulators. If new regulations are imposed, or if existing regulations are modified, the assumptions we made underlying our plans and strategic initiatives may be inaccurate, and we may incur additional costs to adapt our planned business, if we are able to adapt at all, to such regulations.

In addition, there continues to be a lack of consistent climate legislation, which creates economic and regulatory uncertainty for our business because the Bitcoin mining industry, with its high energy demand, may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. New legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Further, any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. For example, the recently passed legislation in the state of New York imposing a moratorium on certain Bitcoin mining operations that run carbon-based power.

Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition and results of operations. Further, even without such regulation, increased awareness and any adverse publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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Pending regulation related to electricity consumption by mining companies may impact our result of operation.

On September 16, 2022, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury), the Department of Justice (the DOJ), and other U.S. government agencies released eight reports (the “Reports”), including Action Plan to Address Illicit Financial Risks of Digital Assets issued by Treasury, Crypto-Assets: Implications for Consumers, Investors and Businesses issued by Treasury, The Future of Money and Payments issued by Treasury, Climate and Energy Implications of Crypto-Assets in the United States issued by the White House, Policy Objectives for a U.S. Central Bank Digital Currency System issued by the White House, Technical Evaluation for a U.S. Central Bank Digital Currency System issued by the White House, The Role of Law Enforcement in Directing, Investigating, and Prosecuting Criminal Activity Related to Digital Assets issued by the DOJ, and Responsible Advancement of US Competitiveness in Digital Assets issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The Reports were issued in response to White House Executive Order 14067 on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets, which calls for a whole-of-government alignment of the federal government’s approach to digital assets.

In December 2022, Senator Edward J. Markey, Chair of the Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate, and Nuclear Safety, and Representative Jared Huffman Senate introduced the Crypto-Asset Environmental Transparency Act. The legislation would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct a comprehensive impact study of U.S. cryptomining activity and require the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from cryptomining operations that consume more than 5 megawatts of power. If the bill is passed by both the Senate and the House and signed into law, mining facilities may be required to report greenhouse gas emissions and to obtain permits and the price to rent mining facilities may increase. If the price increase significantly and if we are not able to find alternative facilities with reasonable price acceptable to us, our operation will be disrupted and our results of operation will be negatively impact.

The regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change, may materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced legislation or are contemplating legislative and regulatory changes in response to various climate change interest groups and the potential impact of climate change. Given the very significant amount of electrical power required to operate digital asset mining machines, as well the environmental impact of mining for the rare earth metals used in the production of mining servers, the digital asset mining industry may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. United States legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Specifically, imposition of a carbon tax or other regulatory fee in a jurisdiction where we operate or on electricity that we purchase could result in substantially higher energy costs, and due to the significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency mining machines, could in turn put our facilities at a competitive disadvantage. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Furthermore, even without such regulation, increased awareness and any adverse publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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A particular digital asset’s status as a “security” in any relevant jurisdiction is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if a regulator disagrees with our characterization of a digital asset, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, and penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, a determination that Bitcoin or any other digital asset that we own or mine is a “security” may adversely affect the value of Bitcoin and our business.

The SEC and its staff have taken the position that certain digital assets fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws. The legal test for determining whether any given digital asset is a security, as described below, is a highly complex, fact-driven analysis that may evolve over time, and the outcome is difficult to predict. Our determination that the digital assets we hold are not securities is a risk-based assessment and not a legal standard or one binding on regulators. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular digital asset as a security. Furthermore, the SEC’s views in this area have evolved over time and it is difficult to predict the direction or timing of any continuing evolution. It is also possible that a change in the governing administration or the appointment of new SEC commissioners could substantially impact the views of the SEC and its staff. Public statements made by senior officials at the SEC indicate that the SEC does not intend to take the position that Bitcoin is a security (as currently offered and sold). However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other digital asset. As of the date of this annual report, with the exception of certain centrally issued digital assets that have received “no-action” letters from the SEC staff, Bitcoin and Ethereum, or ETH, are the only digital assets which senior officials at the SEC have publicly stated are unlikely to be considered securities. As a Bitcoin mining company, we do not believe we are an issuer of any “securities” as defined under the federal securities laws. Our internal process for determining whether the digital assets we hold or plan to hold is based upon the public statements of the SEC and existing case law. The digital assets we hold or plan to hold, other than Bitcoin, may have been created by an issuer as an investment contract under the Howey test, SEC v. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946), and may be deemed to be securities by the SEC. However, the Company was not the issuer that created these digital assets and is holding them on an interim basis until liquidated. Should the SEC state that Bitcoin, or other digital assets we hold should be deemed to be securities, we may no longer be able to hold any of these digital assets. It will then likely become difficult or impossible for such digital asset to be traded, cleared or custodied in the United States through the same channels used by non-security digital assets, which in addition to materially and adversely affecting the trading value of the digital asset is likely to cause substantial volatility and significantly impact its liquidity and market participants’ ability to convert the digital asset into U.S. dollars. Our inability to exchange Bitcoin for fiat or other digital assets (and vice versa) to administer our treasury management objectives may decrease our earnings potential and have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), a company may fall within the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(1)(A) thereof if it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or under section 3(a)(1)(C) thereof if it is engaged or proposes to engage in business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” (as defined therein) having a value exceeding 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. There is no authoritative law, rule or binding guidance published by the SEC regarding the status of digital assets as “securities” or “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act. Although we believe that we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in investment securities, and we do not hold ourselves out as being primarily engaged, or proposing to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, to the extent the digital assets which we mine, own, or otherwise acquire may be deemed “securities” or “investment securities” by the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction, we may meet the definition of an investment company. If we fall within the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would be required to register with the SEC. If an investment company fails to register, it likely would have to stop doing almost all business, and its contracts would become voidable. Generally non-U.S. issuers may not register as an investment company without an SEC order.

The classification of a digital asset as a security under applicable law has wide-ranging implications for the regulatory obligations that flow from the mining, sale and trading of such assets. For example, a digital asset that is a security in the United States may generally only be offered or sold in the United States pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC or in an offering that qualifies for an exemption from registration. Persons that effect transactions in digital assets that are securities in the United States may be subject to registration with the SEC as a “broker” or “dealer.”

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There can be no assurances that we will properly characterize any given digital asset as a security or non-security for purposes of determining which digital assets to mine, hold and trade, or that the SEC, or a court, if the question was presented to it, would agree with our assessment. We could be subject to judicial or administrative sanctions for failing to offer or sell digital assets in compliance with the registration requirements, or for acting as a broker or dealer without appropriate registration. Such an action could result in injunctions, cease and desist orders, as well as civil monetary penalties, fines, and disgorgement, criminal liability, and reputational harm. For instance, all transactions in such supported digital asset would have to be registered with the SEC, or conducted in accordance with an exemption from registration, which could severely limit its liquidity, usability and transactability. Further, it could draw negative publicity and a decline in the general acceptance of the digital asset. Also, it may make it difficult for such digital asset to be traded, cleared, and custodied as compared to other digital assets that are not considered to be securities.

If the SEC or another regulatory body considers Bitcoin to be a security under U.S. securities laws, we may be required to comply with significant SEC registration and/or other requirements.

In general, novel or unique assets such as Bitcoin and other digital assets may be classified as securities if they meet the definition of investment contracts under U.S. law. In recent years, the offer and sale of digital assets other than Bitcoin, most notably Kik Interactive Inc.’s Kin tokens and Telegram Group Inc.’s TON tokens, have been deemed to be investment contracts by the SEC. While we believe that Bitcoin is unlikely to be considered an investment contract, and thus a security under the investment contract definition, we cannot provide any assurances that digital assets that we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, including Bitcoin, will never be classified as securities under U.S. law. This would obligate us to comply with registration and other requirements by the SEC and, therefore, cause us to incur significant, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in the Company.

Enactment of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 (the “Infrastructure Act”) may have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

On November 15, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden signed the Infrastructure Act. Section 80603 of the Infrastructure Act modifies and amends the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”) by requiring brokers of digital asset transactions to report their customers to the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS. This provision was included to enforce the taxability of digital asset transactions. Section 80603 defines “broker” as “any person who (for consideration) is responsible for regularly providing any service effectuating transfers of digital assets on behalf of another person.” That could potentially include miners, validators, and developers of decentralized applications. These functions play a critical role in our business and in the functioning of the blockchain ecosystem. Importantly, these functions have no way of identifying their anonymous users. Indeed, Bitcoin’s blockchain was designed for anonymity.

This reporting requirement does not take effect until January 1, 2023 and thus affects tax returns filed in 2024. The implementation of these requirements will require further guidance from the federal government. Disclosing the identity of our Bitcoin mining operations and associated accounts to ensure they can be taxed by the IRS could cause a significant devaluing of our business, the Bitcoin currency, and the entire digital asset market. Additionally, noncompliance with this provision could lead to significant fines and/or regulatory actions against our Company.

Our interactions with a blockchain and mining pools may expose us to SDN or blocked persons or cause us to violate provisions of law that did not contemplate distributive ledger technology.

The Office of Financial Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury (“OFAC”) requires us to comply with its sanction program and not conduct business with persons named on its specially designated nationals (“SDN”) list. However, because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions we may inadvertently and without our knowledge engage in transactions with persons named on OFAC’s SDN list or from countries on OFAC’s sanctioned countries’ list. We also rely on a third-party mining pool service provider for our mining revenue payments and other participants in the mining pool, unknown to us, may also be persons from countries on OFAC’s SDN list or from countries on OFAC’s sanctioned countries list. Our Company’s policy prohibits any transactions with such SDN individuals or persons from sanctioned countries, but we may not be adequately capable of determining the ultimate identity of the individual with whom we transact with respect to selling Bitcoin assets. Moreover, federal law prohibits any U.S. person from knowingly or unknowingly possessing any visual depiction commonly known as child pornography. Recent media reports have suggested that persons have imbedded such depictions on one or more blockchains. Because our business requires us to download and retain one or more blockchains to effectuate our ongoing business, it is possible that such digital ledgers contain prohibited depictions without our knowledge or consent. To the extent government enforcement authorities enforce these and other laws and regulations that are impacted by decentralized distributed ledger technology, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties, all of which could harm our reputation and affect the value of our ordinary shares.

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If regulatory changes or interpretations of our activities require our registration as a money services business (“MSB”) under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, or otherwise under state laws, we may incur significant compliance costs, which could be substantial or cost-prohibitive. If we become subject to these regulations, our costs in complying with them may have a material negative effect on our business and the results of our operations.

To the extent that our activities cause us to be deemed an MSB under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, we may be required to comply with FinCEN regulations, including those that would mandate us to implement anti-money laundering programs, make certain reports to FinCEN and maintain certain records.

To the extent that our activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter” (“MT”) or equivalent designation, under state law in any state in which we operate (currently, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas), we may be required to seek a license or otherwise register with a state regulator and comply with state regulations that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, maintenance of certain records and other operational requirements. Such additional federal or state regulatory obligations may cause us to incur extraordinary expenses, possibly affecting an investment in our securities in a materially adverse manner. Furthermore, the Company and our service providers may not be capable of complying with certain federal or state regulatory obligations applicable to MSBs and MTs. If we are deemed to be subject to and determine not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may act to leave a particular state or the U.S. completely. Any such action would be expected to materially adversely affect our operations.

The ongoing regulatory developments may impact the treatment of digital assets under the law, and may have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On March 9, 2022, President Biden signed an executive order on cryptocurrencies. While the executive order did not mandate any specific regulations, it instructs various federal agencies to consider potential regulatory measures, including the evaluation of the creation of a U.S. Central Bank digital currency.

In addition, the Commodities Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”), does not currently impose any direct obligations on us related to the mining or exchange of Bitcoins. Generally, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the federal agency that administers the CEA, regards Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as commodities. This position has been supported by decisions of federal courts.

However, the CEA imposes requirements relative to certain transactions involving Bitcoin and other digital assets that constitute a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or an option on such a contract), a swap, or a transaction involving margin, financing or leverage that does not result in actual delivery of the commodity within 28 days to persons not defined as “eligible contract participants” or “eligible commercial entities” under the CEA (e.g., retail persons). Changes in the CEA or the regulations promulgated by the CFTC thereunder, as well as interpretations thereof and official promulgations by the CFTC, may impact the classification of Bitcoins and, therefore, may subject them to additional regulatory oversight by the agency. Although to date the CFTC has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or non-financed, margined or leveraged transactions in Bitcoin, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who violate certain prohibitions under the CEA related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including Bitcoin, in interstate commerce (e.g., manipulation and engaging in certain deceptive practices).

We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of digital assets under the law, including, but not limited to, whether digital assets will be classified as a security, commodity, currency and/or new or other existing classification.

Any requirements imposed by the CFTC related to our mining activities could cause us to incur additional extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in the Company. In addition, changes in the classification of Bitcoins could subject us, as a result of our Bitcoin mining operations, to additional regulatory oversight by the agency. Although to date the CFTC has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or non-financed, margined or leveraged transactions in Bitcoin, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who violate certain prohibitions under the CEA related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including Bitcoin, in interstate commerce (e.g., manipulation and engaging in certain deceptive practices).

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Moreover, if our mining activities were deemed by the CFTC to constitute a collective investment in derivatives for our shareholders, we may be required to register as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC through the National Futures Association. Such additional registrations may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in the Company. If we determine not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may seek to cease certain of our operations. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in the Company.

While no provision of the CEA, or CFTC rules, orders or rulings (except as noted herein) appears to be currently applicable to our business, this is subject to change. Any such change and new regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because there has been limited precedent set for financial accounting of Bitcoin and other Bitcoin assets, the determination that we have made for how to account for Bitcoin assets transactions may be subject to change.

Because there has been limited precedent set for the financial accounting of cryptocurrencies and related revenue recognition and no official guidance has yet been provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or the SEC, it is unclear how companies may in the future be required to account for Bitcoin transactions and assets and related revenue recognition. A change in regulatory or financial accounting standards or interpretation by the SEC could result in the necessity to change our accounting methods and restate our financial statements. Such a restatement could adversely affect the accounting for our newly mined Bitcoin rewards and more generally negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation. Such circumstances would have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations as well as and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies we hold or expects to acquire for our own account and harm investors.

Future developments regarding the treatment of digital assets for U.S. federal income and applicable state, local and non-U.S. tax purposes could adversely impact our business.

Due to the new and evolving nature of digital assets and the absence of comprehensive legal guidance with respect to digital assets and related transactions, many significant aspects of the U.S. federal income and applicable state, local and non-U.S. tax treatment of transactions involving digital assets, such as the purchase and sale of Bitcoin and the receipt of staking rewards and other digital asset incentives and rewards products, are uncertain, and it is unclear what guidance may be issued in the future with respect to the tax treatment of digital assets and related transactions.

Current IRS guidance indicates that for U.S. federal income tax purposes digital assets such as Bitcoins should be treated and taxed as property, and that transactions involving the payment of Bitcoins for goods and services should be treated in effect as barter transactions. The IRS has also released guidance to the effect that, under certain circumstances, hard forks of digital currencies are taxable events giving rise to taxable income and guidance with respect to the determination of the tax basis of digital currency. However, current IRS guidance does not address other significant aspects of the U.S. federal income tax treatment of digital assets and related transactions. Moreover, although current IRS guidance addresses the treatment of certain forks, there continues to be uncertainty with respect to the timing and amount of income inclusions for various crypto asset transactions, including, but not limited to, staking rewards and other crypto asset incentives and rewards products. While current IRS guidance creates a potential tax reporting requirement for any circumstance where the ownership of a Bitcoin passes from one person to another, it preserves the right to apply capital gains treatment to those transactions, which is generally favorable for investors in Bitcoin.

There can be no assurance that the IRS will not alter its existing position with respect to digital assets in the future or that other state, local and non-U.S. taxing authorities or courts will follow the approach of the IRS with respect to the treatment of digital assets such as Bitcoins for income tax and sales tax purposes. Any such alteration of existing guidance or issuance of new or different guidance may have negative consequences including the imposition of a greater tax burden on investors in Bitcoin or imposing a greater cost on the acquisition and disposition of Bitcoin, generally; in either case potentially having a negative effect on the trading price of Bitcoin or otherwise negatively impacting our business. In addition, future technological and operational developments that may arise with respect to digital currencies may increase the uncertainty with respect to the treatment of digital currencies for U.S. federal income and applicable state, local and non-U.S. tax purposes.

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Risks Related to Canadian Government Regulations

The regulations of Alberta Utilities Commission (“AUC”) may have an adverse impact on our Canadian operations.

The Alberta Utilities Commission (“AUC”) is the Province of Alberta’s electric generation regulatory agency. The AUC regulates and oversees the development of and generation of electricity under the Hydro and Electric Act (the “Act”). The AUC ensures that proposed electric generation activities are in the public interest while considering related environmental and social issues. As such, the AUC must approve all cryptocurrency miners seeking to develop their own electric generation in Alberta, unless their operations are exempt.

The AUC requires a formal application and approval for all generation plants over 10 MW. An application to the AUC is not required when all of the following criteria are met:

We may in the future lease mining facilities in Canada. If our hosting partner fails to meet the AUC requirements in the future, it may be required to discontinue operations and we may have to look for an alternative site to accommodate our miners. If we are not able to find an alternative with acceptable fees, our result of operation will be adversely impact.

Risks Related to Singaporean Government Regulations

Current and future laws and regulations approved by the Singaporean government may have an adverse impact on our operations in Singapore.

As of the date of this annual report, there are no legislation or prohibitions directly applicable to Bitcoin or cryptocurrency mining as an activity. To the extent that cryptocurrency mining constitutes a regulated product in the future, it may fall under the scope of the Securities and Futures Act 2001, the Commodity Trading Act 1992 or the Payment Services Act 2019. Nevertheless, profits arising from operations that mine cryptocurrencies in exchange for money are subject to income tax.

We are not currently engaging in any active business and is seeking opportunities in crypto asset mining and blockchain technologies in Singapore. Should we participate in the mining or other blockchain technologies in Singapore, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations such as the new Financial Services and Markets Bill passed in April 2022. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on the amount of Bitcoin we may be able to mine, the value of Bitcoin and any other cryptocurrencies we may potentially acquire or hold in the future and, consequently, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

We incur additional costs as a result of becoming a public company, which could negatively impact our net income and liquidity.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley and rules and regulations implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market require significantly heightened corporate governance practices for public companies. We expect that these rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and will make many corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

We do not expect to incur materially greater costs as a result of becoming a public company than those incurred by similarly sized U.S. public companies. If we fail to comply with these rules and regulations, we could become the subject of a governmental enforcement action, investors may lose confidence in us and the market price of our ordinary shares could decline.

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The obligation to disclose information publicly may put us at a disadvantage to competitors that are private companies.

As a publicly listed company, we are required to file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission upon the occurrence of matters that are material to our company and shareholders. In some cases, we will need to disclose material agreements or results of financial operations that we would not be required to disclose if we were a private company. Our competitors may have access to this information, which would otherwise be confidential. This may give them advantages in competing with our company. Similarly, as a U.S.-listed public company, we will be governed by U.S. laws that our competitors, which are mostly private Chinese companies, are not required to follow. To the extent compliance with U.S. laws increases our expenses or decreases our competitiveness against such companies, our public listing could affect our results of operations.

The market price of our ordinary shares has recently declined significantly, and our ordinary shares could be delisted from the Nasdaq or trading could be suspended.

The listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market is contingent on our compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market’s conditions for continued listing. On June 14, 2022, the Company received a written notification from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”), notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1.00 per share (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”), and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Based on the closing bid price of our ordinary shares for the 30 consecutive business days from May 2, 2022, to June 13, 2022, the Company no longer meets the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided 180 calendar days, or until December 12, 2022, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. On December 13, 2022, the Company received a written notice from Nasdaq stating that, although the Company had not regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement by December 12, 2022, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company is eligible for an additional 180 calendar day period, or until June 12, 2023, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. On May 23, 2023, the Company effected the Reverse Share Split in order to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. On June 14, 2023, the Company received notice from Nasdaq informing the Company that it had regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market and that the matter is now closed.

Our ordinary shares will continue to be listed and traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, subject to our compliance with the other listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot assure you that we will not receive other deficiency notifications from Nasdaq in the future. A decline in the closing price of our ordinary shares could result in a breach of the requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If we do not maintain compliance, Nasdaq could commence suspension or delisting procedures in respect of our ordinary shares. The commencement of suspension or delisting procedures by an exchange remains at the discretion of such exchange and would be publicly announced by the exchange. If a suspension or delisting were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted securities. In addition, our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired. Furthermore, with respect to any suspended or delisted ordinary shares, we would expect decreases in institutional and other investor demand, analyst coverage, market making activity and information available concerning trading prices and volume, and fewer broker-dealers would be willing to execute trades with respect to such ordinary shares. A suspension or delisting would likely decrease the attractiveness of our ordinary shares to investors and cause the trading volume of our ordinary shares to decline, which could result in a further decline in the market price of our ordinary shares.

In the event that our ordinary shares are delisted from Nasdaq, U.S. broker-dealers may be discouraged from effecting transactions in our ordinary shares because they may be considered penny stocks and thus be subject to the penny stock rules.

The SEC has adopted a number of rules to regulate “penny stock” that restricts transactions involving stock which is deemed to be penny stock. Such rules include Rules 3a51-1, 15g-1, 15g-2, 15g-3, 15g-4, 15g-5, 15g-6, 15g-7, and 15g-9 under the Exchange Act. These rules may have the effect of reducing the liquidity of penny stocks. “Penny stocks” generally are equity securities with a price of less than $5.00 per share (other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or quoted on Nasdaq if current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system). The Company’s ordinary shares could be considered to be a “penny stock” within the meaning of the rules. The additional sales practice and disclosure requirements imposed upon U.S. broker-dealers may discourage such broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our ordinary shares, which could severely limit the market liquidity of such ordinary shares and impede their sale in the secondary market.

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A U.S. broker-dealer selling a penny stock to anyone other than an established customer or “accredited investor” (generally, an individual with a net worth in excess of $1,000,000 or an annual income exceeding $200,000, or $300,000 together with his or her spouse) must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. In addition, the “penny stock” regulations require the U.S. broker-dealer to deliver, prior to any transaction involving a “penny stock”, a disclosure schedule prepared in accordance with SEC standards relating to the “penny stock” market, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. A U.S. broker-dealer is also required to disclose commissions payable to the U.S. broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, a U.S. broker-dealer is required to submit monthly statements disclosing recent price information with respect to the “penny stock” held in a customer’s account and information with respect to the limited market in “penny stocks”.

The market for “penny stocks” has suffered in recent years from patterns of fraud and abuse. Such patterns include (i) control of the market for the security by one or a few broker-dealers that are often related to the promoter or issuer; (ii) manipulation of prices through prearranged matching of purchases and sales and false and misleading press releases; (iii) “boiler room” practices involving high-pressure sales tactics and unrealistic price projections by inexperienced sales persons; (iv) excessive and undisclosed bid-ask differentials and markups by selling broker-dealers; and (v) the wholesale dumping of the same securities by promoters and broker-dealers after prices have been manipulated to a desired level, resulting in investor losses. Our management is aware of the abuses that have occurred historically in the penny stock market. Although we do not expect to be in a position to dictate the behavior of the market or of broker-dealers who participate in the market, management will strive within the confines of practical limitations to prevent the described patterns from being established with respect to our securities.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” and our disclosure obligations differ from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, we may not provide you the same information as U.S. domestic reporting companies or we may provide information at different times, which may make it more difficult for you to evaluate our performance and prospects.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements as U.S. domestic issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we will not be required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements. We will not be required to disclose detailed individual executive compensation information. Furthermore, our directors and executive officers will not be required to report equity holdings under Section 16 of the Exchange Act and will not be subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime.

As a foreign private issuer, we will also be exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. However, we will still be subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act. Since many of the disclosure obligations imposed on us as a foreign private issuer differs from those imposed on U.S. domestic reporting companies, you should not expect to receive the same information about us and at the same time as the information provided by U.S. domestic reporting companies.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. We have followed and intend to follow Cayman Islands corporate governance practices in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange that listed companies must obtain its shareholders’ approval of all equity compensation plans and any material amendments to such plans. As a result of our reliance on the “foreign private issuer” exemptions, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

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We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although we could lose that status sooner if our revenues exceed $1.235 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, or if the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following June 30. We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail our company of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in net revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of the provision that allow us to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the securities exchange on which we list, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations will nonetheless increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, interim, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.

As a result of disclosure of information in this annual report and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business, brand and reputation and results of operations.

We also expect that being a public company and these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The market price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Share prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on the price appreciation of our ordinary shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ordinary shares as a source for any future dividend income.

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Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions, and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ordinary shares. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ordinary shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ordinary shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our ordinary shares.

Future issuances or sales, or perceived issuances or sales, of substantial amounts of ordinary shares in the public market could materially and adversely affect the prevailing market price of the ordinary shares and our ability to raise capital in the future.

The market price of our ordinary shares could decline as a result of future sales of substantial amounts of ordinary shares or other securities relating to the ordinary shares in the public market, including by the Company’s substantial shareholders, or the issuance of new ordinary shares by the Company, or the perception that such sales or issuances may occur. Future sales, or perceived sales, of substantial amounts of the ordinary shares could also materially and adversely affect our ability to raise capital in the future at a time and at a price favorable to us, and our shareholders will experience dilution in their holdings upon our issuance or sale of additional securities in the future.

Future financing may cause a dilution in your shareholding or place restrictions on our operations.

We may need to raise additional funds in the future to finance further expansion of our capacity and business relating to our existing operations, acquisitions or strategic partnerships. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of new equity or equity-linked securities of the Company other than on a pro rata basis to existing shareholders, the percentage ownership of such shareholders in the Company may be reduced, and such new securities may confer rights and privileges that take priority over those conferred by the ordinary shares. Alternatively, if we meet such funding requirements by way of additional debt financing, we may have restrictions placed on us through such debt financing arrangements which may:

We have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If any material weakness persists or if we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report its financial results could be adversely affected.

In connection with the preparation of the financial statement for the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended June 30, 2023, our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023 and determined they were not effective as described in Part II. Item 15. “Controls and Procedures” of this annual report. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

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There can be no assurance that any of our efforts we are implementing, or our internal control over financial reporting generally, will remediate any material weakness or avoid future weaknesses or deficiencies. Any failure to remediate the material weakness and any future weaknesses or deficiencies or any failure to implement required new or improved controls or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet its reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in its financial statements. If we are unable to remediate its material weaknesses, our management may not be able to conclude that its disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting are effective, which could result in investors losing confidence in its reported financial information and may lead to a decline in the share price.

There can be no assurance that we will not be passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

We will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” if, in any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Based upon our income and assets, including goodwill, and the value of our ordinary shares, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future.

While we do not expect to become a PFIC, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, fluctuations in the market price of our ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares.

Securities analysts may not cover our ordinary shares and this may have a negative impact on the market price of our ordinary shares.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over independent analysts (provided that we have engaged various non-independent analysts). We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by independent securities and industry analysts. If no independent securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our ordinary shares would be negatively impacted. If we obtain independent securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ordinary shares, changes their opinion of our ordinary shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ordinary shares could decrease and we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price and trading volume of our ordinary shares to decline.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ordinary shares.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

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We may in the future be the subject of unfavorable allegations made by short sellers. Any such allegations may be followed by periods of instability in the market price of our ordinary shares and negative publicity. If and when we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would expect to strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable federal or state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations and shareholder’s equity, and the value of any investment in our ordinary shares could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.

ITEM 4.       INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

4.A. History and development of the company

Corporate History

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on January 23, 2018. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we primarily conduct our operations through our subsidiaries SonicHash Canada, SonicHash Singapore and SonicHash US.

SonicHash Canada was formed on December 14, 2021 under the laws of Alberta, Canada. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is not currently engaging in any active business.

SonicHash Singapore was formed on December 16, 2021 under the laws of Singapore. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is not currently engaging in any active business.

SonicHash US was formed on December 17, 2021 under the laws of Delaware. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is engaged in Bitcoin mining in the United States. As of the date of this annual report, SonicHash US has 3,200 miners, representing a hash power of 304.8 PH/s, deployed in a mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and has delivered 1,050 miners, representing a hash power of 99.1 PH/s, to the same mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming, ready to be deployed as soon as the Phase II of the mining facility starts operation.

On April 27, 2022, as approved by a majority of shareholders in a special meeting of shareholders, we completed a disposition in which we sold all the equity interest in its subsidiaries WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited for a total price of US$1,000,000 pursuant to a share purchase agreement dated March 31, 2022. Such disposition includes the sale of the subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities of WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited, including the following:

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As a result of the disposition, the Company does not operate under a VIE structure anymore. As of the date of this annual report, the Company does not have any subsidiaries or any business operation in the Mainland China, Hong Kong or Macau.

Effective February 15, 2022, we changed trading symbol of our ordinary shares from “PLIN” to “BTOG”. Effective April 29, 2022, we changed the Company’s name from “China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd.” to “Bit Origin Ltd”.

On June 14, 2022, the Company received a written notification from Nasdaq, notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Based on the closing bid price of our ordinary shares for the 30 consecutive business days from May 2, 2022, to June 13, 2022, the Company no longer meets the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided 180 calendar days, or until December 12, 2022, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

On September 13, 2022, the Company amended its memorandum of association to reflect a change in authorized share capital from US$1,500,000 consisting of 150,000,000 shares of US$0.01 each to US$3,000,000 consisting of 300,000,000 shares of US$0.01 each, as approved by the special shareholders meeting on April 27, 2022.

On December 13, 2022, the Company received a written notice from Nasdaq stating that, although the Company had not regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement by December 12, 2022, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company is eligible for an additional 180 calendar day period, or until June 12, 2023, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

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On May 23, 2023, as approved and authorized by a majority of the shareholders of the Company at an annual meeting of shareholders held on May 18, 2023, the board of directors of the Company approved the Reverse Share Split at a ratio of one-for-thirty (1-for-30). Upon the opening of the market on May 30, 2023, the Company’s ordinary shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on a post-Reverse Share Split basis under the current symbol “BTOG”. The new CUSIP number following the Reverse Share Split is G21621118. The Reverse Share Split reduced the number of outstanding shares of the Company from approximately 100.9 million to approximately 3.3 million and affected all outstanding ordinary shares. Every thirty (30) outstanding ordinary shares were combined into and automatically become one post-Reverse Share Split ordinary share. No fractional shares was issued in connection with the Reverse Share Split. Instead, the Company issued one full post-Reverse Share Split ordinary share to any shareholder who would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the process. The par value of the ordinary shares was increased in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to $0.30 per share and the number of authorized ordinary shares was reduced in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to 10,000,000 ordinary shares. After the Reverse Share Split, all options, warrants and other convertible securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split were adjusted by dividing the number of ordinary shares into which the options, warrants and other convertible securities are exercisable or convertible by thirty (30) and multiplying the exercise or conversion price thereof by thirty (30), all in accordance with the terms of the plans, agreements or arrangements governing such options, warrants and other convertible securities and subject to rounding to the nearest whole share. In connection with the Reverse Share Split, the Company amended and restated its memorandum and articles of association to reflect the adjustment of the number of authorized ordinary shares and the par value.

On June 14, 2023, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq stating that because the Company’s ordinary shares had a closing bid price at or above $1.00 per share for 11 consecutive business days from May 30 to June 13, 2023, the Company had regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and that the matter is now closed.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 27F, Samsung Hub, 3 Church Street Singapore 049483. The telephone number of our principal executive offices is 347-556-4747. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is provided by McGrath Tonner Corporate Services Limited and located at 5th Floor, Genesis Close, George Town, PO Box 446, Grand Cayman, KYl-1106, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168. Our corporate website is http://bitorigin.io/. The information contained in our website is not a part of this annual report.

The SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Material Licenses and Permits

Our operating subsidiary, SonicHash US, has obtained all material licenses and approvals required for its operations in the United States.

4.B. Business overview

Bit Origin Ltd is a Cayman Islands exempted company and conducts business through its operating subsidiary, SonicHash US, in the United States.

As part of our growth strategy, we have been actively seeking opportunities to deploy emerging technologies, including crypto asset mining and blockchain technologies with diversified expansion strategy recently. In particular, we are engaged in Bitcoin mining. Due to the recent development in the cryptocurrency industry (See “Impact of Recent Developments Regarding Crypto Asset Market” below), we have focused on existing layouts and mining sites in the United States, and other types of expansion and exploration have been suspended. As of the date of this annual report, we do not have any plan to engage in other crypto-related businesses or services, expand the mining operations, or mine crypto assets other than Bitcoin.

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We use specialized computers, known as miners, to generate Bitcoins, a digital asset (also known as a cryptocurrency). The miners use application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”) chips. These chips enable the miners to apply greater computational power, or “hash rate”, to provide transaction verification services (known as solving a block) which helps support the Bitcoin blockchain. For every block added, the Bitcoin blockchain awards a Bitcoin award equal to a set number of Bitcoins per block. These Bitcoin awards are subject to “halving,” whereby the Bitcoin award per block is reduced by half in order to control the supply of Bitcoins on the market. When Bitcoin was first launched in 2009, miners were awarded 50 Bitcoins if they first solved a new block; this award was halved to 25 Bitcoins per new block in 2012, and halved again in 2016 to 12.5 Bitcoins per new block. Most recently, in May 2020, the then prevailing reward of 12.5 Bitcoins per new block was halved to 6.25 Bitcoins. This reward rate is expected to next halve during 2024 to 3.125 Bitcoins per new block and will continue to halve at approximately four-year intervals until all potential 21 million Bitcoins have been mined. Miners with a greater hash rate have a higher chance of solving a block and receiving a Bitcoin award.

Miners

As of the date of this annual report, SonicHash US has purchased and owns 4,250 high performance Bitcoin miners, including 2,638 units of Koi C16 and 1,612 units of Bitmain Antminer S19j pro. The age of the miners ranges from 10 months to 18 months. The average age is 16.2 months. The average downtime due to scheduled or unscheduled maintenances is 5%. The energy efficiency of the C16 miners and the S19j pro miners is 3.4KWH and 3.05 KWH, respectively.

As of the date of this annual report, SonicHash US has 3,200 miners, representing a hash power of 304.8 PH/s, deployed in a mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and has delivered 1,050 miners, representing a hash power of 99.1 PH/s, to the same mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming, ready to be deployed as soon as the Phase II of the mining facility starts operation. From May 2022 to June 2023, SonicHash US mined a total of 279.55 Bitcoins.

SonicHash US holds the mined Bitcoin in order to enjoy the potential benefits of the appreciation of the Bitcoin price. SonicHash US currently does not store Bitcoin on any trading platform. We do not hold any virtual assets other than Bitcoin. The price of Bitcoins is volatile. It has decreased recently and may continue to decrease if the liquidity of the digital assets markets continues to be negatively impacted by the recent bankruptcy of some well-known crypto asset market participants and negative publicity surrounding digital assets. Our finance department is constantly monitoring the trend of Bitcoin price and will make proposals to our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). The CFO will determine whether the Bitcoin trading price is favorable and whether it is necessary for the Company to sell Bitcoins to improve the cashflow. If the CFO approves the trading of Bitcoins, she will instruct the Vice President to transfer the Bitcoins to the Coinbase exchange and execute the trade. We do not have an agreement with the Coinbase exchange . If the Bitcoins cannot be sold at the approved price within one day after the transfer, the CFO will review the recalibrated proposal prepared by the finance department and approve the new price and new number of Bitcoins to be sold if the CFO deems the proposal is reasonable. If we trade Bitcoins for fiat currency, we will withdraw the fiat currency immediately from the Coinbase exchange and deposit it into the Company’s bank account. If the Bitcoins price decreases when we trade the Bitcoins for fiat currency, the amount of fiat currency we receive will decrease as well and our results of operation will be negatively impact. See “--Impact of Recent Developments Regarding Crypto Asset Market” below.

All of our crypto assets are Bitcoins, and we currently keep our Bitcoins in both cold wallet Ledger Nano X in Singapore, and another secured crypto and Bitcoin wallet, imToken. A cold wallet refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is not connected to the Internet. A cold wallet is generally more secure than hot wallet, which refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the Internet. The management of the Company is responsible to supervise the Bitcoin and the auditor of the Company is responsible to verify the existence for the Bitcoin held in the cold wallet. In addition, hot storage locations allow us to easily manage various blockchains including BTC, ETH and support stablecoins. We do not have any insurance that covers our miners or Bitcoin in the event of loss or fraud. We have not used a third-party custodian to store our Bitcoins. The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and CFO of the Company maintain control of and have access to the private key. We have policy to safeguard our crypto assets. All the transactions involving the Bitcoins, such as withdrawing, transferring, or selling the Bitcoins from our wallet must be set up by the Vice President, authorized by the CFO and executed by the CEO. We also verbally confirm the wallet address with the receiver and perform a trial transaction with 0.01 Bitcoin before any transaction to verify the wallet address of the receiver.

The cost of mining consists primarily of hosting costs and depreciation expense of our own mining equipment. The hosting costs include installment fees, electricity, internet services and other necessary services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. The depreciation expenses are the sunk cost to the mining operation, at $17,600/BTC mined. Our breakeven price is around $14,000 per Bitcoin.

From July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023, the Bitcoin price range was between $15,599.05 and $30,327.94. Our revenue recognition is based on the daily BTC reward and daily BTC lowest price available at CoinMarketCap.com.

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Mining Facilities

Macon, Georgia

The mining facility in Macon, Georgia is managed by Horizon Mining Ltd. SonicHash US entered into a hosting agreement with Horizon Mining Ltd on May 1, 2022, pursuant to which Horizon Mining Ltd will provide electricity, internet, as well as installation service, loading and unloading service, security service, inventory management service, and other maintenance services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. The hosting agreement is for a term of one year from execution and can be extended at any time upon agreement of both parties. If either party commits a material breach of the hosting agreement and fails to cure with 30 days after such breach, the non-breaching party can terminate the hosting agreement. The service fee is $295,082 per month, which includes all of the electricity and internet costs, the cost of maintenance services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment (not including insurance for loss of power or damage to the hosted mining machines). SonicHash US has paid a deposit in the amount of $741,585 pursuant to the hosting agreement and such deposit will be returned to SonicHash US within seven days after all the mining equipment is removed from the facilities. The hosting agreement expired on April 30, 2023. Either party can extend the agreement with prior notice to the other party. In December 2022, due to high energy price and the Georgia site’s weak condition in general, SonicHash US suspended the operation of the miners in the Georgia site and shipped the 1,490 miners that were deployed in the Georgia site to the mining facility in Marion, Indiana and were deployed since January 2023.

The aggregate average, mean and range of Bitcoins mined on a monthly basis by the miners located in Macon Georgia during the periods from May 2022 through November 2022 are as follows:

​

Marion, Indiana

The mining facility in Marion, Indiana is managed by Your Choice Four CA, Inc. On June 6, 2022, SonicHash US entered into a hosting agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc., pursuant to which SonicHash US delivered 1,000 Bitcoin mining equipment to the Your Choice Four CA, Inc.’s facilities in the State of Indiana and Your Choice Four CA, Inc. installed the mining equipment and provide electricity, internet and other maintenance services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. The hosting agreement is for a term of one year and can be renewed with a four months’ advance notice to Your Choice Four CA, Inc. If either party has material breach of the hosting agreement and fails to cure with 30 days after such breach, the non-breaching party can terminate the hosting agreement. In addition, SonicHash US can terminate the hosting agreement if Your Choice Four CA, Inc. fails to furnish the services during any two-month period or for seven consecutive days excluding downtime caused by scheduled maintenance, demand response curtailment and/or force majeure. SonicHash US has paid a deposit in the amount of $404,914 and such deposit will be returned to SonicHash US within 30 days upon termination of the hosting agreement.

On June 10, 2022, Sonic Hash US also entered into a service agreement with Ever Best Bit Limited which serves as an advisor and consultant to help the Company to find the data mining host service which meets Company’s requirements. Ever Best Bit Limited facilitated SonicHash US to enter into the hosting agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. SonicHash US agreed to pay Ever Best Bit Limited a service fee of $0.024/kWh, calculated based on the following formula: Total Services Fee: (Electrical Meter Reading + Electrical Meter Reading * 3% Electrical Power Loss) * Electricity Rate $0.024/kWh. The service agreement shall only terminate when the hosting agreement terminates. The term of the service and the termination date is the same as the agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. The agreement with Ever Best Bit Limited will be renewed if the agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. is renewed.

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On July 6, 2022, SonicHash US entered into another hosting agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc., pursuant to which SonicHash US delivered 700 units of Bitcoin mining equipment to Your Choice Four CA, Inc.’s facilities in the State of Indiana and Your Choice Four CA, Inc. installed the mining equipment and provide electricity, internet and other maintenance services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. The hosting agreement is for a term of one year and can be renewed with a four months’ advance notice to Your Choice Four CA, Inc. If either party has material breach of the hosting agreement and fails to cure within 30 days after such breach, the non-breaching party can terminate the Hosting Agreement. In addition, SonicHash US can terminate the hosting agreement if Your Choice Four CA, Inc. fails to furnish the services during any two-month period or for 7 consecutive days excluding downtime caused by scheduled maintenance, demand response curtailment and/or force majeure. Pursuant to the hosting agreement, the host shall maintain a minimum service level of at least 90% uptime during any 30-day period, except in the event of maintenance, miner failure, repair, and force majeure. The host shall also be responsible for, repair or reimburse any cosmetic damage or operation deficiency to the miners due to the host’s intentional acts, willful misconduct, gross negligence or omission. SonicHash US has paid a deposit in the amount of $250,286 and such deposit will be returned to SonicHash US within 30 days upon termination of the hosting agreement.

On July 7, 2022, SonicHash US entered into another service agreement with Ever Best Bit Limited, which serves as an advisor and consultant to help the Company to find the data mining host service which meet Company’s requirements. Ever Best Bit Limited facilitated SonicHash US to enter into the hosting agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. SonicHash US agreed to pay Ever Best Bit Limited a service fee of $0.020/kWh, calculated based on the following formula: Total Services Fee: (Electrical Meter Reading + Electrical Meter Reading * 3% Electrical Power Loss) * Electricity Rate $0.020/kWh. The service agreement shall only terminate when the hosting agreement terminates. The term of the service and the termination date is the same as the agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. The agreement with Ever Best Bit Limited will be renewed if the agreement with Your Choice Four CA, Inc. is renewed.

The hosting fee payable to Your Choice Four CA, Inc. is calculated by: (Electrical Meter Reading + Electrical Meter Reading * 3% Electrical Power Loss) * Electricity Rate ($0.060/kW). The service fee payable to Ever Best Bit Limited is calculated by: (Electrical Meter Reading + Electrical Meter Reading * 3% Electrical Power Loss) * Electricity Rate ($0.060/kWh). For example, assuming the miners consumes 10,000 KWH in electricity, the hosting fee payable to Your Choice Four CA, Inc. will be (10000+3%*10000)*$0.06=$618.00 and the service fee payable to Ever Best Bit Limited will be (10000+3%*10000)*$0.024=$247.20. The total fee for the 10,000 KWH electricity consumption will be $618.00+$247.20=$865.20.

In December 2022, we reached an agreement with Your Choice 4 CA, Inc., the host of the mining facility in Marion, Indiana, that the hosting fee is adjusted to equal to the sum of (i) the electricity cost of the mining activities and (ii) 50% of SonicHash US’s profit generated from the Indiana site, i.e., the difference of the market price of the Bitcoins mined from the Indiana site and the electricity cost. The market price of the Bitcoins is the daily Bitcoin closing price available at CoinMarketCap.com as of the day immediately prior to the day that we receive the electricity bill.

The aggregate average, mean and range of monthly fees paid to Your Choice Four CA, Inc. and Ever Best Bit Limited for the installation of, hosting of and services for the miners located in Indiana during the periods from July 2022 through June 2023 are as follows:

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The aggregate average, mean and range of Bitcoins mined on a monthly basis by the miners located in Marion, Indiana during the periods from July 2022 through June 2023 are as follows:

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Cheyenne, Wyoming

On June 10, 2022, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a limited partnership, MineOne Cloud Computing Investment I L.P. (the “Partnership”), pursuant to which the Company invested $3,000,000 in fiat currency in the Partnership as a limited partner and hold a partnership interest and a sharing percentage of 8.8235% in the Partnership. The Company will receive dividends or other returns in fiat currency.

The Partnership is a limited partnership registered under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on May 12, 2022. The general partner, MineOne Partners Limited, a British Virgin Islands business company with limited liability, will seek to obtain opportunities for the Partnership to only make debt or equity investments in the portfolio company (as defined in the limited partnership agreement) in accordance with the primary purpose of the Partnership, which is to seek long-term capital appreciation by acquiring, holding, financing, refinancing and disposing of securities in the portfolio company. The general partner shall have the exclusive authority to cause the Partnership to make investments in the portfolio company. The Partnership commenced on May 12, 2022 and shall continue, unless the Partnership is sooner de-registered, until the Partnership’s entire interest in the portfolio company has been disposed of and any ongoing arrangements related thereto (including any escrow arrangement) have been terminated and all proceeds thereof have been distributed. The general partner can by a determination in good faith, terminate or wind up the Partnership if it has determined that there is a substantial likelihood that due to a change in the text, application or interpretation of the provisions of the applicable securities laws, or any other applicable statute, regulation, case law, administrative ruling or other similar authority, the Partnership cannot operate effectively in the manner contemplated herein. The Partnership will also terminated upon the commencement of liquidation, bankruptcy or dissolution proceedings or the withdrawal, or making of a winding up or dissolution order of the General Partner, or the occurrence of any other event that causes the General Partner to cease to be a general partner of the Partnership under the Partnership Act, by the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution, or at such time as there are no limited partners.

As a limited partner, the Company shall not take part in the management of the Partnership or in the management or control of the Partnership’s investment or other activities, transact any business in the Partnership’s name, deal with any person on behalf of the Partnership who or that is not a partner or have the power to sign documents for or otherwise bind the Partnership. Any election, vote, waiver or consent of the limited partners shall be calculated as a percentage of the respective capital commitments of the limited partners entitled to make such election, vote, waiver or consent. The liability of the Company for the debts and obligations of the Partnership is limited to its capital commitment in the amount of $3,000,000. Cash received by the Partnership from the sale or other disposition of, or dividends, interests or other income from or in respect of, a portfolio investment, or otherwise received by the Partnership from any source (other than capital contributions and other payments made by the Partners pursuant to the Partnership Agreement and temporary investment income), in excess of the amount necessary or appropriate for the payment of the Partnership’s expenses, liabilities and other obligations, shall be distributed upon dissolution of the Partnership, apportioned among the partners in proportion to the sharing percentages as of the time of distribution.

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The general partner and associated indemnified persons generally will not be liable to the Partnership or the limited partners for any act or omission relating to the Partnership, other than acts or omissions constituting certain disabling conduct, including such person’s conviction of a felony or a willful violation of law by such person in each case having a material adverse effect on the Partnership; actual fraud, willful malfeasance or gross negligence by or of such person; or reckless disregard of duties by such person in the conduct of such person’s office. If the Partnership’s assets are insufficient to meet such liabilities, the Partnership may recall distributions to meet all or any portion of the indemnification or repayment obligations of the Partnership.

Dr. Jiaming Li, the President of our Company, was a director at MineOne Partners Limited and resigned from MineOne Partners Limited before joining our Company. We do not believe that the limited partnership was a related party transaction. The terms of the partnership were negotiated at arm’s length.

Based on the amended and restated limited partnership agreement of the Partnership, the primary purpose of the Partnership is to seek long-term capital appreciation by acquiring, holding, financing, refinancing and disposing of securities in the portfolio company. The Partnership is constructing a mining site with capacity up to 75 megawatts (“MW”) in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The Partnership expects to provide miner hosting services and earn hosting fees. The Partnership plans to host 23,000 miners of S19j pro or equivalent type. The construction has been completed and the mining site started the hosting operations with a capacity of 45 MW in late March 2023. The Partnership has entered into two hosting agreements in connection with the Cheyenne, Wyoming hosting site as of the date of this annual report. The Company entered a hosting agreement with the Partnership to host the 3,200 miners in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Mining Pool

SonicHash US has entered into a cryptocurrency mining pool with F2pool. The verbal agreement can be terminated at any time by either party. F2pool provides computing power to the mining pool for SonicHash US's 3,200 operating miners in Cheyenne. SonicHash US provides computing power and in exchange for successfully adding a block to the blockchain, SonicHash US shall receive a fractional share of the fixed cryptocurrency award the mining pool operator receives (less cryptocurrency transaction fees to the mining pool operator which are recorded net with revenues) in Bitcoins. SonicHash US’s fractional share is based on the proportion of computing power SonicHash US contributed to the mining pool operator to the total computing power contributed by all mining pool participants in solving the current algorithm. The F2pool is a high-performance mining pool that supports Proof of Work (PoW) assets such as Bitcoin (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH), with more coins in the pipeline. The F2pool provides users with a low mining fee of 2.5%, along with optimized algorithms for higher mining efficiency.

Disposition and Discontinued Operations

Prior to April 2021, our then subsidiaries and variable interest entities engaged in the pork processing business and had operations across key sections of the industry value chain, including slaughtering, packing, distribution, wholesale, and retail of a variety of fresh pork meat and parts. Prior to February 2020, one of our then subsidiaries operated a grocery store in Chongqing, China that sold our pork and meat products and other consumer goods. In February 2020, the grocery store operation was discontinued. In April 2021, the pork processing business was discontinued.

On April 27, 2022, we sold 100% equity interest in WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited, including the subsidiaries and consolidated variable entities of WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited (See “—Corporate History and Structure”), to an unrelated third party for a total of $1,000,000 pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated March 31, 2022. Such disposition includes the sale of the grocery store and meat processing business.

Grocery Store

In July 2018, we acquired CQ Pengmei and opened two grocery stores in Chongqing in November 2017 that offered a variety of consumer goods. One of the grocery stores was closed in August 2018 due to the landlord’s failure to meet the fire safety requirements. We filed a lawsuit against the landlord for breach of the store operating lease. The lawsuit is still ongoing. In February 2020, due to the increase in inventory purchase cost and the quarantine restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, we closed the other grocery store.

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Meat Processing

We used to engage in the slaughtering, packing, distribution, wholesale, and retail of a variety of fresh pork meat and parts through CQ Penglin and GA Yongpeng. We used to sell fresh pork to distributors, who then sold to pork vendors in farmers’ markets. Due to the African Swine fever affecting China in October 2018, the supply of hogs decreased. Also, starting from March 2019, the Chongqing government started requiring all local slaughtering houses to only purchase hogs from hog farms in Chongqing, which further limited the supply of hogs. The decrease in supply increased the price of hogs and increased our cost of per unit slaughtering and processing. Starting in January 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine measures, our sales volume in farmers markets decreased. We were operating at losses during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. In addition, in March 2021, we ceased operation of the slaughtering and food processing facilities as a result of a legal dispute between CQ Penglin and Chongqing Puluosi Small Mortgage Co., Ltd. The food processing facility was sealed by the court and is subject to a lien. The court ordered the sale of this facility to enforce the court verdict against CQ Penglin. The slaughtering facility is subject to the same lien pursuant to the same court order, and pursuant to which order the facility cannot be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed without approval of the court. As a result, in April 2021, we discontinued the meat processing business.

Industry Overview

Blockchain

A blockchain is a digital, decentralized, public ledger that exists across a network. Unlike a centralized database, a blockchain ledger typically maintains copies of itself across many computers (“nodes”) in the network so that the record cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks and the collusion of the network.

The network organizes transactions by putting them into groups called blocks. Each block contains a defined set of transactions and a link to the previous block in the chain. Adding a new entry or block requires a method of consensus between nodes the block to post to the ledger and become permanent.

Cryptocurrency

Currently, the most common application of blockchain technology is cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is an encrypted decentralized digital currency transferred between peers and confirmed on the blockchain via a process known as mining. Cryptocurrencies are not backed by a central bank or a national, supra-national or quasi-national organization and are typically used as a medium of exchange.

Cryptocurrencies can be used to purchase goods and services, either online or at physical locations, although data is not readily available about the retail and commercial market penetration of cryptocurrencies. To date, the rate of adoption and use of cryptocurrencies for paying merchants has trailed the broad expansion of retail and commercial acceptance of cryptocurrency. Other markets, such as credit card companies and certain financial institutions are not accepting such digital assets. It is likely that there will be a strong correlation between the continued expansion of the Cryptocurrency Network and its retail and commercial market penetration.

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is the most common cryptocurrency currently in use. Bitcoin was invented in 2008 and launched in 2009 by an anonymous person under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. As described in the original white paper, Bitcoin is a decentralized currency that allows online payments to be sent from one party to another without the use of financial institutions. Upon verification by devices, authenticated transactions are forever added to a public ledger for all to view in the Bitcoin network. The goal of Bitcoin was to eliminate the use of third parties to authenticate transactions, and thereby minimizing transaction costs, reducing practical transaction size, and enabling the ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services.

Bitcoin Mining

“Mining” describes the process whereby a blockchain consensus is formed. The Bitcoin consensus, for example, entails solving complex mathematical problems using custom-designed computers.

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When Bitcoins are sent, the transaction(s) are broadcasted to all nodes in the Bitcoin network. Each node bundles a collection of transactions into an encrypted block and attempts to solve the code to the encrypted block, to verify that all transactions within the block are valid. Once the code is deciphered, that code is sent to all other miners who can easily verify that the hash is indeed correct. When enough nodes agree that the hash is correct, this block is added to the existing chain and miners move on to work on the next block. This mechanism where “miners” solve cryptographic puzzles and prove that they have done so by writing the solution to the blockchain is known as “proof-of-work.” The verification is necessary because, unlike physical cash that can only be held by one party at any point in time, cryptocurrency can be copied and sent to multiple recipients if there are no safeguards.

Mining Incentives

As an incentive to expend time, power and other resources to mine Bitcoin, miners are rewarded in Bitcoin and transaction fees. Each computation is a hash, and the speed at which these problems can be solved at is measured in hash rate.

However, the number of Bitcoin rewarded is reduced by 50% for every 210,000 blocks mined. Given that a block is added to the ledger about every 10 minutes, the “halving” takes place approximately once every 4 years until all 21 million Bitcoins have been “unearthed”. Currently, each block mined rewards 6.25 Bitcoins and the next halving is expected to occur on March 2024, at which point each block mined would only reward 3.125 Bitcoins.

In addition to mining rewards, miners can also earn money through transaction fees. When a user decides to send Bitcoin, the transaction is first broadcasted to a memory pool before being added to a block. Because each block can only contain up to 1 megabyte of information, miners can pick and choose from the memory pool which transactions to bundle into the next block.

During periods of heavy network usage, there can oftentimes be more transactions awaiting confirmation than there is space in a block. In such situations, users compete for miners’ computation power by adding fees (“tips”) onto their transactions in the hope that miners would prioritize their transactions. Larger “tips” are required to incentivize miners to mine larger transactions.

Impact of Recent Developments Regarding Crypto Asset Market

In 2022 and the beginning of 2023, some of the well-known crypto asset market participants, including Celsius Network, Voyager Digital Ltd., Three Arrows Capital and Genesis Global Holdco, LLC declared bankruptcy. In November 2022, FTX, the third largest digital asset exchange by volume at the time, halted customer withdrawals and shortly thereafter, FTX and its subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy, resulting in a loss of confidence in participants of the digital asset ecosystem and negative publicity surrounding digital assets more broadly. Furthermore, it also revealed potential systemic risks and industry contagion as a significant number of other major market participants were affected by FTX’s bankruptcy – namely, among others, BlockFi Inc., as one of the largest digital assets lending companies.

In response to these events, the digital asset markets, including the market for Bitcoin specifically, have experienced extreme price volatility and several other entities in the digital asset industry have been, and may continue to be, negatively affected, further undermining confidence in the digital assets markets and in Bitcoin. These events have also negatively impacted the liquidity of the digital assets markets as certain entities affiliated with FTX engaged in significant trading activity. If the liquidity of the digital assets markets continues to be negatively impacted by these events, digital asset prices (including the price of Bitcoin) may continue to experience significant volatility and confidence in the digital asset markets may be further undermined. These events are continuing to develop and it is not possible to predict at this time all of the risks that they may pose to us, our service providers or on the digital asset industry as a whole. A perceived lack of stability in the digital asset exchange market and the closure or temporary shutdown of digital asset exchanges due to business failure, hackers or malware, government-mandated regulation, or fraud, may reduce confidence in digital asset networks and result in greater volatility in cryptocurrency values.

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We had no direct and material exposure to FTX or any of the above-mentioned cryptocurrency companies. We will not have material assets that may not be recovered or may otherwise be lost or misappropriated due to the bankruptcies. However, the failure or insolvency of large exchanges and key institutions in the cryptocurrency asset industry like FTX may cause the price of Bitcoin to fall and decrease confidence in the ecosystem, which could adversely affect an investment in us. Such volatility and decrease in Bitcoin price have had a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and we expect our results of operations to continue to be affected by the Bitcoin price as all our revenue has been from Bitcoin mining production. In particular, our production in November 2022 was negatively affected by the strong volatility of the Bitcoin price. As a result, we scaled down our operations to cut down costs. In December 2022, due to high energy price and the Georgia site’s weak condition in general, SonicHash US suspended the operation of the miners in the Georgia site and shipped 1,490 miners that were deployed in the Georgia site to the mining facility in Marion, Indiana and were deployed since January 2023. In addition, in December 2022, we reached an agreement with Your Choice 4 CA, Inc., the host of the mining facility in Marion, Indiana, that the hosting fee is adjusted to equal to the sum of (i) the electricity cost of the mining activities and (ii) 50% of SonicHash US’s profit generated from the Indiana site, i.e., the difference of the market price of the Bitcoins mined from the Indiana site and the electricity cost. The market price of the Bitcoins is the daily Bitcoin closing price available at CoinMarketCap.com as of the day immediately prior to the day that we receive the electricity bill. The new fee structure has decreased our cost significantly in December 2022. We will continue adjusting our short-term strategy to optimize our operating efficiency in the current dynamic market conditions. We cannot assure that the Bitcoin price will remain high enough to sustain our operation or that the Bitcoin price will not decline significantly in the future. Fluctuations in the Bitcoin price have had and are expected to continue to have an immediate impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares even before our financial performance is affected, if at all. To the extent investors view our ordinary shares as linked to the value of our bitcoin holdings, these potential consequences of a Bitcoin trading venue’s failure could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our ordinary shares.

In addition, novel or unique assets such as Bitcoin and other digital assets may be classified as securities if they meet the definition of investment contracts under U.S. law. In recent years, the offer and sale of digital assets other than Bitcoin, most notably Kik Interactive Inc.’s Kin tokens and Telegram Group Inc.’s TON tokens, have been deemed to be investment contracts by the SEC. While we believe that Bitcoin is unlikely to be considered an investment contract, and thus a security under the investment contract definition, we cannot provide any assurances that digital assets that we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, including Bitcoin, will never be classified as securities under U.S. law. This would obligate us to comply with registration and other requirements by the SEC and, therefore, cause us to incur significant, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in the Company.

Moreover, current IRS guidance indicates that for U.S. federal income tax purposes digital assets such as Bitcoins should be treated and taxed as property, and that transactions involving the payment of Bitcoins for goods and services should be treated in effect as barter transactions. The IRS has also released guidance to the effect that, under certain circumstances, hard forks of digital currencies are taxable events giving rise to taxable income and guidance with respect to the determination of the tax basis of digital currency. However, current IRS guidance does not address other significant aspects of the U.S. federal income tax treatment of digital assets and related transactions. There continues to be uncertainty with respect to the timing and amount of income inclusions for various crypto asset transactions, including, but not limited to, staking rewards and other crypto asset incentives and rewards products. While current IRS guidance creates a potential tax reporting requirement for any circumstance where the ownership of a Bitcoin passes from one person to another, it preserves the right to apply capital gains treatment to those transactions, which is generally favorable for investors in Bitcoin.

There can be no assurance that the IRS will not alter its existing position with respect to digital assets in the future or that other state, local and non-U.S. taxing authorities or courts will follow the approach of the IRS with respect to the treatment of digital assets such as Bitcoins for income tax and sales tax purposes. Any such alteration of existing guidance or issuance of new or different guidance may have negative consequences including the imposition of a greater tax burden on investors in Bitcoin or imposing a greater cost on the acquisition and disposition of Bitcoin, generally; in either case potentially having a negative effect on the trading price of Bitcoin or otherwise negatively impacting our business. In addition, future technological and operational developments that may arise with respect to digital currencies may increase the uncertainty with respect to the treatment of digital currencies for U.S. federal income and applicable state, local and non-U.S. tax purposes.

Furthermore, on March 9, 2022, President Biden signed an executive order on cryptocurrencies. While the executive order did not mandate any specific regulations, it instructs various federal agencies to consider potential regulatory measures, including the evaluation of the creation of a U.S. Central Bank digital currency.

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In addition, the CEA does not currently impose any direct obligations on us related to the mining or exchange of Bitcoins. Generally, the CFTC regards Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as commodities. This position has been supported by decisions of federal courts.

However, the CEA imposes requirements relative to certain transactions involving Bitcoin and other digital assets that constitute a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or an option on such a contract), a swap, or a transaction involving margin, financing or leverage that does not result in actual delivery of the commodity within 28 days to persons not defined as “eligible contract participants” or “eligible commercial entities” under the CEA (e.g., retail persons). Changes in the CEA or the regulations promulgated by the CFTC thereunder, as well as interpretations thereof and official promulgations by the CFTC, may impact the classification of Bitcoins and, therefore, may subject them to additional regulatory oversight by the agency. Although to date the CFTC has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or non-financed, margined or leveraged transactions in Bitcoin, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who violate certain prohibitions under the CEA related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including Bitcoin, in interstate commerce (e.g., manipulation and engaging in certain deceptive practices).

Furthermore, on September 16, 2022, the U.S. Treasury, the DOJ, and other U.S. government agencies released eight reports (the “Reports”), including Action Plan to Address Illicit Financial Risks of Digital Assets issued by Treasury, Crypto-Assets: Implications for Consumers, Investors and Businesses issued by Treasury, The Future of Money and Payments issued by Treasury, Climate and Energy Implications of Crypto-Assets in the United States issued by the White House, Policy Objectives for a U.S. Central Bank Digital Currency System issued by the White House, Technical Evaluation for a U.S. Central Bank Digital Currency System issued by the White House, The Role of Law Enforcement in Directing, Investigating, and Prosecuting Criminal Activity Related to Digital Assets issued by the DOJ, and Responsible Advancement of US Competitiveness in Digital Assets issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The Reports were issued in response to White House Executive Order 14067 on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets, which calls for a whole-of-government alignment of the federal government’s approach to digital assets.

In December 2022, Senator Edward J. Markey, Chair of the Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate, and Nuclear Safety, and Representative Jared Huffman Senate introduced the Crypto-Asset Environmental Transparency Act. The legislation would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct a comprehensive impact study of U.S. cryptomining activity and require the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from cryptomining operations that consume more than 5 megawatts of power. If the bill is passed by both the Senate and the House and signed into law, mining facilities may be required to report greenhouse gas emissions and to obtain permits and the price to rent mining facilities may increase. If the price increase significantly and if we are not able to find alternative facilities with reasonable price acceptable to us, our operation will be disrupted and our results of operation will be negatively impact.

Legal Proceedings

There are no actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigation before or by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of our company or any of our subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting our company that are outside the ordinary course of business or in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect.

However, from time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise.

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Regulation

U.S. Regulations and Policies Relating to Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies

The laws and regulations applicable to cryptocurrency are evolving and subject to interpretation and change. Governments around the world have reacted differently to cryptocurrencies; certain governments have deemed them illegal, and others have allowed their use and trade without restriction, while in some jurisdictions, such as in the United States, cryptocurrencies are subject to extensive, and in some cases overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements. As cryptocurrencies have grown in both popularity and market value, the U.S. Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies, including FinCEN, SEC, CFTC, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the IRS and state financial regulators, have been examining the operations of cryptocurrency networks, cryptocurrency users and cryptocurrency exchange markets, with particular focus on the extent to which cryptocurrencies can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities or fund criminal or terrorist enterprises and the safety and soundness and consumer-protective safeguards of exchanges or other service-providers that hold, transfer, trade or exchange digital assets for users. Many of these state and federal agencies have issued consumer advisories regarding the risks posed by cryptocurrencies to investors. In addition, federal and state agencies, and other countries have issued rules or guidance about the treatment of cryptocurrency transactions or requirements for businesses engaged in activities related to cryptocurrencies. Depending on the regulatory characterization of the cryptocurrencies we mine, the markets for those cryptocurrencies in general, and our activities in particular, may be subject to one or more regulators in the United States and globally. On-going and future regulatory actions may alter, perhaps to a materially adverse extent, the nature of cryptocurrency markets and our cryptocurrency operations. Additionally, U.S. state and federal, and foreign regulators and legislatures have taken action against cryptocurrency businesses or enacted restrictive regimes in response to adverse publicity arising from hacks, consumer harm, or criminal activity stemming from cryptocurrency activity. There is also increasing attention being paid by U.S. federal and state energy regulatory authorities as the total load of cryptomining grows and potentially alters the supply and dispatch functionality of the wholesale grid and retail distribution systems. Many state legislative bodies are also actively reviewing the impact of crypto-mining in their respective states.

For instance, the Cyber-Digital Task Force of the DOJ published a report entitled “Cryptocurrency: An Enforcement Framework” in October 2020. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the possible threats and enforcement challenges the DOJ views as associated with the use and prevalence of cryptocurrency, as well as the regulatory and investigatory means the DOJ has at its disposal to deal with these possible threats and challenges. Further, in early March 2021, the SEC chairperson nominee expressed an intent to focus on investor protection issues raised by bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, on March 9, 2022, President Biden signed an executive order on cryptocurrencies. While the executive order did not mandate any specific regulations, it instructs various federal agencies to consider potential regulatory measures, including the evaluation of the creation of a U.S. Central Bank digital currency.

Additionally, we are unable to predict the effect that any future regulatory change, or any overlapping or unclear regulations, may have on us, but such change, overlap or lack of clarity could be substantial and make it difficult for us to operate our business or materially impact the market for cryptocurrencies that we mine or may mine in the future. FinCEN has issued guidance stating its position that it does not differentiate between fiat currency (which FinCEN calls “real currency”) and cryptocurrencies that are convertible into fiat currency or other forms of convertible virtual currencies (which FinCEN calls “virtual currency”) for purposes of determining whether a person or entity is engaging in “money transmission services.” Persons and entities engaging in virtual currency activities that amount to “money transmission services,” or otherwise cause them to be deemed a “money services business” under FinCEN’s regulations, must register as a money services business, implement an “effective” anti-money laundering program and comply with FinCEN’s reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

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In May 2019, FinCEN issued guidance relating to how the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and its implementing regulations relating to money services businesses apply to certain businesses that transact in convertible virtual currencies. Although the guidance generally indicates that certain mining and mining pool operations will not be treated as money transmission, the guidance also addresses when certain activities, including certain services offered in connection with operating mining pools such as hosting convertible virtual currency wallets on behalf of pool members or purchasers of computer mining power, may be subject to regulation. Although we believe that our mining activities do not presently trigger FinCEN registration requirements under the BSA, if our activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation, under federal law, we may be required to register at the federal level and comply with laws that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, and other operational requirements. In such an event, the required registration and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ordinary shares, operating results or financial condition in a material and adverse manner. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

According to the CFTC, at least some cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, fall within the definition of a “commodity” under the CEA. Under the CEA, the CFTC has broad enforcement authority to police market manipulation and fraud in spot cryptocurrency markets in which we may transact. Beyond instances of fraud or manipulation, the CFTC generally does not oversee cash or spot market exchanges or transactions involving cryptocurrencies that do not utilize margin, leverage, or financing. The National Futures Association (“NFA”) is the self-regulatory agency for the U.S. futures industry, and as such has jurisdiction over Bitcoin futures contracts and certain other cryptocurrency derivatives. However, the NFA does not have regulatory oversight authority for the cash or spot market for cryptocurrency trading or transactions. In addition, CFTC regulations and CFTC oversight and enforcement authority apply with respect to futures, swaps, other derivative products, and certain retail leveraged commodity transactions involving cryptocurrencies, including the markets on which these products trade.

The SEC has taken the position that many cryptocurrencies may be securities under U.S. federal securities laws. Some senior members of the staff of the SEC have expressed the view that Bitcoin and Ethereum are not securities under U.S. federal securities laws. However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other cryptocurrency. The SEC’s Strategic Hub for Innovation and Financial Technology published a framework for analyzing whether any given cryptocurrency is a security in April 2019, however this framework is also not a rule, regulation or statement of the SEC and is similarly not binding on the SEC. Notwithstanding that the SEC has not asserted regulatory authority over Bitcoin or trading or ownership of Bitcoin and has not expressed the view that Bitcoin should be classified or treated as a security for purposes of U.S. federal securities laws, the SEC has commented on Bitcoin and Bitcoin-related market developments and has taken action against investment schemes involving Bitcoin. For example, the SEC has charged at least three Bitcoin mining companies in connection with a Ponzi scheme to defraud investors in their mining operation. The SEC has also repeatedly denied proposed rule changes by exchanges to list and trade shares of certain Bitcoin-related investment vehicles on public markets, citing significant investor protection concerns regarding the markets for cryptocurrencies, including the potential for market manipulation and fraud. Although the SEC has not stated that mining Bitcoin is itself a regulated activity, to the extent any cryptocurrencies we mine are deemed to be securities, the offer, sale, and trading of those cryptocurrencies would be subject to the U.S. federal securities laws.

In addition to the SEC, state securities regulators and several foreign governments have also issued warnings that certain cryptocurrencies may be classified as securities in their jurisdictions, and that transactions in such cryptocurrencies may be subject to applicable securities regulations. Furthermore, certain state securities regulators have taken the position that certain cryptocurrency mining operations may involve the offer of securities. For example, the Texas State Securities Board (“TSSB”) has taken enforcement action against the operator of a cloud mining company, whereby customers could purchase hash rate managed by the cloud mining company in exchange for a share of the mining reward, for offering unregistered securities.

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State financial regulators such as the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) have also implemented licensure regimes, or repurposed pre-existing fiat money transmission licensure regimes, for the supervision, examination and regulation companies that engage in certain cryptocurrency activities. The NYDFS requires that businesses apply for and receive a license, known as the “BitLicense,” to participate in a “virtual currency business activity” in New York or with New York customers, and prohibits any person or entity involved in such activity from conducting activities without a license. Louisiana also has enacted a licensure regime for companies engaging in a “virtual currency business activity,” and other states are considering proposed laws to establish licensure regimes for certain cryptocurrency businesses as well. Some state legislatures have amended their money transmitter statutes to require businesses engaging in certain cryptocurrency activities to seek licensure as a money transmitter, and some state financial regulators have issued guidance applying existing money transmitter licensure requirements to certain cryptocurrency businesses. The Conference of State Bank Supervisors also has proposed a model statute for state level cryptocurrency regulation. Although we believe that our mining activities do not presently trigger these state licensing requirements in any state in which we operate or plan to operate, if our activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation under the law of any state in which we operate or plan to operate, we may be required to seek a license or register at the state level and comply with laws that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, consumer protective safeguards, and other operational requirements. In such an event, the required registrations, licensure and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ordinary shares, our net income in a material and adverse manner. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Overall, presently, we do not believe any U.S. or State regulatory body has taken any action or position adverse to our main cryptocurrency, bitcoin, with respect to its production, sale, and use as a medium of exchange; however, future changes to existing regulations or entirely new regulations may affect our business in ways it is not presently possible for us to predict with any reasonable degree of reliability.

Further, following the appreciation of the market price of bitcoin in the second half of 2020, we have observed increasing media attention directed at the environmental concerns associated with cryptocurrency mining, particularly its energy-intensive nature. We do not believe any U.S.-based regulators have taken a position adverse to bitcoin mining thus far.

As the regulatory and legal environment evolves, we may become subject to new laws, such as further regulation by the SEC and other agencies, which may affect our mining and other activities. For additional discussion regarding our belief about the potential risks existing and future regulation pose to our business, see the Section entitled “Item 3—Key Information—Risk Factors” herein.

Foreign Legal and Regulatory Treatment of Bitcoin

Various foreign jurisdictions have, and may continue to, in the near future, adopt laws, regulations or directives that affect the Bitcoin Network, the Bitcoin markets and their users, particularly Bitcoin spot markets and service providers that fall within such jurisdictions’ regulatory scope. Such laws, regulations or directives may conflict with those of the United States and may negatively impact the acceptance of Bitcoin by users, merchants and service providers outside the United States and may therefore impede the growth or sustainability of the Bitcoin economy globally, or otherwise negatively affect the value of Bitcoin. The regulatory uncertainty surrounding the treatment of Bitcoin creates risks for the Trust.

On March 5, 2020, South Korea voted to amend its Financial Information Act to require virtual asset service providers to register and comply with its AML and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (“CFT”) framework. These measures also provide the government with the authority to close digital asset exchanges that do not comply with specified processes. The Chinese and South Korean governments have also banned initial coin offerings (“ICOs”) and there are reports that Chinese regulators have taken action to shut down a number of China-based digital asset exchanges. Further, on January 19, 2018, a Chinese news organization reported that the People’s Bank of China had ordered financial institutions to stop providing banking or funding to “any activity related to cryptocurrencies.” Similarly, in April 2018, the Reserve Bank of India banned the entities it regulates from providing services to any individuals or business entities dealing with or settling digital assets. On March 5, 2020, this ban was overturned in the Indian Supreme Court, although the Reserve Bank of India is currently challenging this ruling and, in December 2021, reportedly informed its central board of directors that it favors a complete ban on cryptocurrencies. There remains significant uncertainty regarding the South Korean, Indian and Chinese governments’ future actions with respect to the regulation of digital assets and digital asset exchanges. Such laws, regulations or directives may conflict with those of the United States and may negatively impact the acceptance of bitcoin by users, merchants and service providers outside the United States, and may therefore impede the growth or sustainability of the Bitcoin economy in the European Union, China, Japan, Russia and the United States and globally, or otherwise negatively affect the value of Bitcoin.

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Other foreign jurisdictions including Canada and Singapore has approved exchange-traded Bitcoin products. Canada and Singapore have also opined that token offerings may constitute securities offerings subject to local securities regulations.

4.C. Organizational structure

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on January 23, 2018. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we primarily conduct our operations through our subsidiaries SonicHash Canada, SonicHash Singapore and SonicHash US.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure:

Direct and indirect subsidiaries

SonicHash Canada was formed on December 14, 2021 under the laws of Alberta, Canada. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is not currently engaging in any active business.

SonicHash Singapore was formed on December 16, 2021 under the laws of Singapore. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is not currently engaging in any active business.

SonicHash US was formed on December 17, 2021 under the laws of Delaware. It is a subsidiary of Bit Origin Ltd. It is engaged in Bitcoin mining in the United States. As of the date of this annual report, SonicHash US has 3,200 miners, representing a hash power of 304.8 PH/s, deployed in a mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming , and has delivered 1,050 miners, representing a hash power of 99.1 PH/s, to the same mining facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming, ready to be deployed as soon as the Phase II of the mining facility starts operation.

4.D. Property, plants and equipment

As of June 30, 2023 and the date of this annual report, our principal executive offices are located at 27F, Samsung Hub, 3 Church Street Singapore 049483.

As of June 30, 2023, we have purchased 4,250 units of cryptocurrency mining equipment and all the mining equipment have been installed in the mining facility in Marion, Indiana. As of the date of this annual report, all the mining equipment have been delivered to Cheyenne, Wyoming, and 3,200 units of cryptocurrency mining equipment have been installed. For detailed description of the mining facilities and the agreements between the host service providers and SonicHash US, see “Item 4. Information of the Company – 4.B Business Overview – Mining Facilities.”

ITEM 4A.       UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 5.          OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in this annual report. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report, particularly in “Risk Factors.” All amounts included in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (“Annual Financial Statements”) are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. These Annual Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP.

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5.A. Operating Results

Overview

New Business

We are engaged in the Bitcoin mining operation. We use specialized computers, known as miners, to generate Bitcoins, a digital asset (also known as a cryptocurrency). The miners use ASIC chips. These chips enable the miners to apply greater computational power, or “hash rate”, to provide transaction verification services (known as solving a block) which helps support the Bitcoin blockchain. For every block added, the Bitcoin blockchain awards a Bitcoin award equal to a set number of Bitcoins per block. Miners with a greater hash rate have a higher chance of solving a block and receiving a Bitcoin award.

On December 14, 2021, we formed SonicHash Canada, a company incorporated under the laws of Alberta, Canada. On December 16, 2021, we formed SonicHash Singapore, a company incorporated under the laws of Singapore. On December 17, 2021, we formed SonicHash US under the laws of the State of Delaware. We hold 100% equity interest in SonicHash Canada, SonicHash Singapore and SonicHash US, which mainly engage in cryptocurrency mining related operation and management. We totally have purchased US$29,703,726 which are 4,250 units of cryptocurrency mining equipment through SonicHash US and SonicHash Canada, and the equipment started to generate revenue in May 2022. As of June 30, 2023, all the units were in stock in a mining facility in Marion Indiana, U.S. By the end of September 2023, all the cryptocurrency mining equipment have been moved to the mining facility in Wyoming, U.S.

We do not have miners for cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. We do not and will not have any cryptocurrency operations in China.

Symbol and Name Change

Effective as of February 15, 2022, our Nasdaq trading symbol changed from “PLIN” to “BTOG.” On April 27, 2022, the special shareholder meeting approved to change our name from China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. to Bit Origin Ltd, which was effective in May 2022.

Disposition of Xiangtai BVI and Silanchi

Our farmers’ market and supermarket and grocery stores business and feed raw materials business were negatively affected by the economic cycle and the spread of COVID-19, and they had been operating at losses. On March 31, 2022, we entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”) with Ocean Planet Future Limited (the “Buyer”). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, we agreed to sell all the equity interest in WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited (the “Subsidiaries”), the wholly-owned subsidiaries of us, to the Buyer for a cash price of $1,000,000 and the remaining loan of disposed entities carried by the Buyer amounted to $3,029,212 (the “Disposition”). The Board of Directors approved the transaction contemplated by the Share Purchase Agreement. The Disposition closed on April 27, 2022, and represented our completing the disposition of the slaughterhouse and meat processing business and the feed raw materials business and focusing on the bitcoin mining business.

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Reverse Share Split

On May 23, 2023, the Board of Directors of us approved the Reverse Share Split at a ratio of one-for-thirty (1-for-30). The par value of the ordinary shares was increased in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to $0.30 per share and the number of authorized ordinary shares was reduced in proportion to the ratio of the Reverse Share Split to 10,000,000 ordinary shares.

COVID-19

The COVID-19 global pandemic has been unpredictable and unprecedented and is likely to continue to result in significant national and global economic disruption, which may adversely affect our business. Based on our current assessment, however, we do not expect any material impact on our long-term development, our operations, or our liquidity due to the worldwide spread of COVID-19. However, we are actively monitoring this situation and the possible effects on its financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, and industry.

Summary of Cryptocurrency Mining Results

The following table presents additional information about our cryptocurrency mining activities of Bitcoin (“BTC”) in coins and amounts during the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

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Results of Operations

The tables in the following discussion summarize our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this press release. The operating results in any period are not necessarily of the results that may be expected for any future period.

Revenue

Total cryptocurrency mining revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $6.3 million, $0.2 million and nil, respectively. We started Bitcoin mining in May 2022, and we were awarded a total of 272.38 coins during the year ended June 30, 2023 at an average Bitcoin value of $22,987 and were awarded a total of 7.17 coins during the year ended June 30, 2022 at an average Bitcoin value of $26,827.

Costs and expenses

Cost of revenues for cryptocurrency mining for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $10.8 million, $0.4 million and nil, respectively. Cost of revenues consists primarily of all-in-one production costs of mining operations, and depreciation expense of our own mining equipment recorded during the years ended on June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We signed hosting agreement with hosting partners, and the hosting partners will install the mining equipment and provide elective power, internet services and other necessary services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. All the related operating fees are included in the all-in-one monthly fees charged by the hosting partners.

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Gross loss

The gross loss for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $4.6 million, $0.2 million and nil, respectively. The gross loss in 2023 was mostly due to the depreciation charges for facilities and website hosting costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $1.3 million, or 31.0%, from approximately $4.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to approximately $2.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2023. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in travel expenses of approximately $0.1 million, a decrease in payroll expenses of approximately $0.2 million, a decrease in insurance premiums of approximately $0.1 million, a decrease in advertising expenses of approximately $0.5 million, a decrease in audit fees of approximately $0.4 million, and a decrease in consulting and legal professional fees of approximately $0.2 million as we did not have disposal transaction in the year of 2023. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in rental expenses of approximately $0.4 million.

General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $2.6 million, or 166.6%, from approximately $1.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $4.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase of approximately $0.2 million travel expense, the increase of approximately $0.1 million rent expense, the increase of approximately $1.2 million salary expense, approximately $0.2 million insurance fees, approximately $0.6 million advertising fees which were mainly related to our newly started Bitcoin mining business, and the increase of consulting, legal and professional expenses of approximately $0.4 million due to the disposal transaction.

Provision for Doubtful Accounts

During the year ended June 30, 2023, we made $2,582,761 provision for doubtful accounts for other receivables and $691,099 provision for doubtful accounts for security deposits. We made no provision for doubtful accounts during the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

Impairment Loss of Cryptocurrencies

Compared with the BTC market price on June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we made $181,263, $50,463 and nil of impairment loss during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Impairment Loss of Long-lived assets

We made $16,691,803, nil and nil of impairment loss during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for our cryptocurrency mining equipment.

Impairment Loss of Long-term investment

We made $610,302, nil and nil of impairment loss during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for our long-term investment.

Share Compensation Expenses

We incurred approximately $67,000 share compensation expense to pay for CEO, president, and head of HR share compensation expenses during the year ended June 30, 2023.

We incurred $250,000 on share compensation expense in relation to our ordinary shares issued to our business consulting firm for its services performed during the year ended June 30, 2022. In addition, we incurred approximately $1.4 million share compensation expense to pay for CEO, president, and head of HR share compensation expenses.

We incurred approximately $1.5 million share compensation expense to pay for certain professional services during the year ended June 30, 2021. We expect this is a one-time expense and we do not expect such expenses will recur in the future period. In addition, we incurred approximately $0.4 million share compensation expenses relating to amortization of deferred shares compensation and vested portion of the share options issued to our independent directors.

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Loss from Operations

The loss from operations for the year ended June 30, 2023 was approximately $28.3 million, an increase of approximately $22.2 million, or 363.3%, from approximately $6.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the impairment loss of $17.1 million incurred during the year of 2023.

The loss from operations for the year ended June 30, 2022 was approximately $6.1 million, an increase of approximately $2.6 million, or 75.8%, from approximately $3.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. The increase was mostly attributable to the increase of general and administrative expenses as the reasons that we mentioned above.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Our other income (expense), net, includes interest income, interest expense, other finance expenses, other income (expense), net and debt settlement gains. Our total net other income was approximately $88,000 for the year ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of approximately $0.7 million, or 88.5%, from our net other expenses of approximately $0.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in debt settlement gains of approximately $0.8 million, and an increase in interest expense of approximately $0.2 million. The decrease was offset by an increase in realized gain on sale/exchange of cryptocurrencies of approximately $0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2023.

Our other income (expense), net, consists of interest income, interest expense, other finance expense, other income (expense), net, and gain on debt settlement. Our total other income, net was approximately $0.8 million during the year ended June 30, 2022, an increase of approximately $0.9 million, or 562.1%, as compared to our other expenses, net of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended June 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increase of gain on debt settlement of approximately $0.7 million, the decrease of interest expense of approximately $0.1 million and the decrease of other finance expense of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022.

Provision for Income Taxes

We did not have any taxable income for those continuing operations during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Net Loss from Continuing Operations

Our net loss from continuing operations was approximately $28.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, increased by approximately $22.9 million, or 428.1%, from net loss from continuing operations of approximately $5.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Our net loss from continuing operations was approximately $5.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, increased by approximately $1.7 million, or 46.8%, from net loss from continuing operations of approximately $3.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Net Loss from Discontinued Operations

Our farmers’ market and supermarket and grocery stores business and feed raw materials business were negatively affected by the economic cycle and the spread of COVID-19, and they had been operating at losses. On March 31, 2022, we entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”) with Ocean Planet Future Limited (the “Buyer”). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, we agreed to sell all the equity interest in WVM Inc. and China Silanchi Holding Limited (the “Subsidiaries”) to the Buyer for a cash price of $1,000,000 and the remaining loan of disposed entities carried by the Buyer amounted to $3,029,212 (the “Disposition”). The closing of the disposition was completed on April 27, 2022. As a result, the results of operations for our farmers’ market and supermarket and grocery stores business are reported as discontinued operations under the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification 205.

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Our net income from discontinued operations increased by approximately $46.6 million, or 107.3%, to a net income of approximately $3.2 for the year ended June 30, 2022, from a net loss of approximately $43.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. The increase in income from discontinued operations was mainly due to less bad debt allowance for accounts receivables and was offset by the decreased gross profit during the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in loss from discontinued operations was predominantly due to gain on sale of discontinued operations of approximately $34.1 million as we sold the subsidiaries with significant net deficit to a third party for a total consideration of $1,000,000.

Net Loss

Our net loss was approximately $28.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, increased by approximately $26.0 million, or 1203.0%, from a net loss of approximately $2.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

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Our net loss was approximately $2.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, decreased by approximately $45.0 million, or 95.4%, from a net loss of approximately $47.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

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The following tables reconcile our non-GAAP net income to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which are net loss (income) attributable to our ordinary shareholders.

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Our non-GAAP net loss increased by approximately $27.6 million, or 5080.1%, to non-GAAP net loss of approximately $28.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, from non-GAAP net loss of approximately $0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such change was primarily attributable to the decrease in provision for doubtful accounts and the impairment loss of long-term investment.

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Our non-GAAP net loss decreased by approximately $44.7 million, or 98.8%, to non-GAAP net loss of approximately $0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, from non-GAAP net loss of approximately $45.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such change was primarily attributable to the decrease in provision for doubtful accounts and the disposal gain as discussed above.

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5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

For the Fiscal Years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and its operating expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements and operating expenses obligations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and proceeds from financial institutions or third-party loans.

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As of June 30, 2023, we had working capital of approximately $1.0 million. We engage Bitcoin mining business, the Bitcoins we mined can be used to pledge and finance. In addition, equity financing has been utilized to finance our working capital requirements and capital expenditures.

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Based on the above considerations, management is of the opinion that we have sufficient funds to meet our working capital requirements, at least, for the next twelve months from the date of this report.

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The following summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

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Operating activities

Cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $6.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, which was mainly due to the net loss from continuing operations of approximately $28.2 million, realized gain on sale/exchange of cryptocurrencies of approximately $0.7 million, the change of cryptocurrencies of approximately $5.8 million, the decrease of security deposits of approximately $0.2 million, and the decrease of prepayments of approximately $0.3 million for miner setup fees. The net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was mainly offset by the non-cash items of the depreciation expense of approximately $5.4 million, the provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $3.3 million, and the impairment losses of approximately $17.5 million. The net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was also offset by the decrease of other receivables of approximately $1.0 million, and the increase in accounts payables of approximately $0.7 million.

Cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $24.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, which was mainly due to the net loss from continuing operations of approximately $5.3 million, gain on debt settlement of approximately $0.8 million, the increase of other receivables of approximately $0.7 million, the increase of security deposits of approximately $1.2 million, the increase of prepayments of approximately $18.1 million for miner setup fees, and the increase of tax receivable of approximately $0.3 million. The net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was mainly offset by the non-cash items of depreciation expense of approximately $0.3 million, the share compensation expense of approximately $1.6 million, and the increase in other payables and accrued liabilities of approximately $0.3 million.

Cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $1.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2021, which was mainly due to the net loss from continuing operations of approximately $3.6 million, gain on debt settlement of approximately $0.1 million, and the increase of prepayments of approximately $0.1 million. The net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was mainly offset by the non-cash items of the share compensation expense of $1.9 million, the amortization of convertible debenture issuance cost and discount of approximately $0.1 million, and the increase in other payables and accrued liabilities of approximately $0.3 million.

Investing activities

Cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations was approximately $4.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, which was due to approximately $4.4 million proceeds received from sale of cryptocurrencies and offset by approximately $0.1 million spent on purchases of mining equipment.

The Company did not have any investing activities from continuing operations for the year ended June 30, 2022.

The Company did not have any investing activities from continuing operations for the year ended June 30, 2021.

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Financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $2.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, which was mainly due to the repayments from other receivables – related parties of approximately $0.4 million, the proceeds from third party loans of approximately $0.8 million, and the proceeds from convertible debenture, net of issuance costs of approximately $1.8 million. Cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was mainly offset by the repayments to the convertible debenture of $0.3 million.

Cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $35.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, which was mainly due to proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares through public offering of $35.0 million and the repayments of other payables – related parties of approximately $0.6 million.

Cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $10.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2021, which was mainly due to proceeds received from issuance of ordinary shares through private placements of approximately $9.0 million, proceeds received from issuance of convertible debenture of $1.3 million and the repayments of other payables – related parties of approximately $0.3 million.

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5.C. Research and Development

We currently do not have any research and development expenses.

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5.D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report and below, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.

Contingencies

From time to time, we are a party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The majority of these claims and proceedings related to or arise from, lease disputes, commercial disputes, worker compensation complaints, default on guaranteeing third party lease obligations, and default on loans. We first determine whether a loss from a claim is probable, and if it is reasonable to estimate the potential loss, the loss will be accrued. We disclose a range of possible losses, if a loss from a claim is probable but the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated.

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5.E. Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires our management to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial conditions and results of operations and require management’s difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that there were no critical accounting policies that affect the preparation of financial statements. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. We believe the following critical accounting estimates involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements:

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Standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation in revenue recognition

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Fair value of the cryptocurrency award received is determined using the intraday low quoted price of the related cryptocurrency at the time of receipt. All of our cryptocurrency are populated cryptocurrencies which are actively traded on the major trading platforms such as coinmarketcap.com.

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There is currently no specific definitive guidance under GAAP or alternative accounting framework for the accounting for cryptocurrencies recognized as revenue or held, and management has exercised significant judgment in determining the appropriate accounting treatment. In the event authoritative guidance is enacted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), we may be required to change its policies, which could have an effect on our consolidated financial position and results from operations.

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Useful lives of plant and equipment

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Plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets with no residual value. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

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The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred, while additions, renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. We also re-evaluate the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances revise estimates of useful lives.

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Impairment for long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of the assets based on the undiscounted future cash flows the assets are expected to generate and recognize an impairment loss when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset, if any, are less than the carrying value of the asset. If an impairment is identified, we would reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flows approach or, when available and appropriate, to comparable market values.

Allowances for doubtful accounts

We review the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts on an ongoing basis, using historical collection trends and aging of prepayment, other receivables, security deposits and due from related parties. We also periodically evaluate above mentioned account’s corresponding parties’ financial condition, credit history and the current economic conditions to make adjustments in the allowance when necessary. Above mentioned account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Fair value measurement

The accounting standard regarding the fair value of financial instruments and related fair value measurements defines financial instruments and requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company.

The accounting standards define fair value, establish a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The three levels are defined as follow:

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Financial instruments included in current assets and current liabilities are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at face value or cost, which approximate fair value because of the short period of time between the origination of such instruments and their expected realization and their current market rates of interest. Long-term convertible debenture on the balance sheets is at carrying value, which approximates fair value as the third party was lending the money to us at the market rate.

Share price used in determination of the beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) of convertible debentures

If the conversion features of conventional convertible debt provide for a rate of conversion that is below market value at issuance, this feature is characterized as a BCF. A BCF is recorded by us as a debt discount pursuant to ASC Topic 470-20 “Debt with Conversion and Other Options.” In those circumstances, the convertible debt is recorded net of the discount related to the BCF, and we amortize the discount to interest expense, over the life of the debt.

Fair value of warrants

We estimated the fair value of warrants issued with the convertible debenture based upon using the Black-Scholes Options Pricing Model with the following inputs:

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Fair value of share-based compensations

Share-based awards are measured at fair value on grant date and share-based compensation expense is recognized (i) immediately at the grant date if no vesting conditions are required, or (ii) using the straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period. The fair value of restricted shares is determined with reference to the fair value of the underlying shares.

At each date of measurement, we review internal and external sources of information to assist in the estimation of various attributes to determine the fair value of the share-based awards granted by us, including but not limited to the fair value of the underlying shares, expected life, expected volatility and expected forfeiture rates. We are required to consider many factors and make certain assumptions during this assessment. If any of the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the share-based awards changes significantly, share-based compensation expense may differ materially in the future from that recorded in the current reporting period.

Valuation of deferred tax taxes and uncertain tax position

Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. We consider positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will more-likely-than-not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses and forecasts of future profitability. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses.

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We believe that the estimates utilized in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and the actual results, future financial statements will be affected.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

Cryptocurrency Risk

The price of Bitcoin has experienced significant fluctuations over its relatively short existence and may continue to fluctuate significantly in the future. Bitcoin prices ranged from approximately US$10,817 per coin as of June 30, 2019; US$9,138 per coin as of June 30, 2020; US$35,041 per coin as of June 30, 2021, and to US$19,785 per coin as of June 30, 2022 and US$30,477 per coin as of June 30, 2023, according to Coin Market Cap.

We expect our results of operations to continue to be affected by the Bitcoin price as most of our revenue is from Bitcoin mining production as of the date of this report. Any future significant reductions in the price of bitcoin will likely have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that the Bitcoin price will remain high enough to sustain our operation or that the bitcoin price will not decline significantly in the future. Furthermore, fluctuations in the Bitcoin price can have an immediate impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares even before our financial performance is affected, if at all.

Various factors, mostly beyond our control, could impact the Bitcoin price. For example, the usage of Bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace is relatively low in comparison with the usage for speculation, which contributes to Bitcoin’s price volatility. Additionally, the reward for Bitcoin mining will decline over time, with the most recent halving event occurred in May 2020 and the next one to occur four years later, which may further contribute to Bitcoin price volatility.

Liquidity Risk

We are also exposed to liquidity risk which is risk that it is unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, we will turn to other financial institutions and third parties to obtain short-term funding to meet the liquidity shortage.

Inflation Risk

We are also exposed to inflation risk factors which could impair our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses as a percentage of revenue if the market prices of our cryptocurrencies do not increase with such increased costs.

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ITEM 6.       DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

6.A. Directors and Management

The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this annual report.

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The business address of each of the officers and directors is 27F, Samsung Hub, 3 Church Street Singapore 049483.

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The following paragraphs set forth information regarding the current ages, positions, and business experience of the nominees.

Lucas Wang, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, age 39

Mr. Wang has been our Chairman and CEO since April 27, 2022. Mr. Wang is a pioneer in the field of Internet technology entrepreneurship. He has over eight years of entrepreneurial and investment experience in the broader blockchain industry ranging from crypto mining ecosystem to De-Fi, NFTs and the latest Web 3.0 technology.

In 2019, Mr. Wang founded BitGeek Group, a company that engages in ETC, IPFs and other crypto currency mining, data center operation and Web 3.0 investment. In 2017, Mr. Wang founded HashCow group, a company that engages in POW crypto currency mining and data center operation such as Bitcoin and LTC. From 2015 to 2022, Mr. Wang served as director and CEO of Yuanchuang Investment Management Co., Ltd., a company that engages in the research and implementation of blockchain technology and investment and management of multiple blockchain projects. Over the past years, he has led his team to achieve an industry-leading position in cryptocurrency mining sector. He has designed, invested, and managed more than ten blockchain supercomputing centers with a capacity of more than 1000MW, and operates across many continents, including the United States, Canada in North America, Russia, China and Kazakhstan in Asia, and Ethiopia in Africa. He received his master’s degree in business administration from Hong Kong Finance and Economics College in 2020.

Jiaming Li, President, age 35

Dr. Jiaming Li has been our President since December 6, 2021. Dr. Jiaming Li is the founder of a crypto mining fund management company, MineOne Partners Limited. Before jumping into the crypto world, he was a partner of TCC Capital, and previously served as the CEO of the Asset Management Center of Sinatay Insurance Co., Ltd, where he managed US$11.6 billion in assets, focusing on fixed income, equity/debt investment and real estate. He was also the lead of Silverbirch Hotel & Resorts acquisition valued in US$1.2 billion. Dr. Jiaming Li is a Ph.D. in Economics and Finance from Fordham University in New York, and a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China.

Lianfei Du, Executive Vice President, age 38

Ms. Du has been our Executive Vice President since September 1, 2022. Ms. Du has rich experience in equity/debt investments, financial advisory, and fund operating management in Hong Kong and Mainland China. She joined the Company in December 2021 as Head of Corporate Finance and Operation. From January 2018 to December 2021, Ms. Du served as the Vice President in TCC Capital, a Hong Kong-based boutique private equity fund backed by a Hong Kong family office with assets under management (AUM) of hundreds of million US dollars. As the Vice President at TCC Capital, Ms. Du led multiple venture capital and growth capital investment projects across various industries, including biotech, new material, fintech, and real estate. Ms. Du was also involved extensively in the fundraising for a healthcare fund (US$100m+) joint ventured with a top five European healthcare fund manager and a special situations fund (US$300m+) backed by the Hong Kong family office. From January 2014 to November 2017, Ms. Du was a manager with Ernst & Young (China) Advisory Limited, leading the financial due diligence for 20+ deals across the spectrum: venture, private equity, outbound buyout, M&A, liquidation and etc. From July 2010 to November 2013, Ms. Du was a senior associate with PricewaterhouseCoopers, served many big-name clients including Caterpillar, Toyota Tsusho, Kyocera, POLA and etc. for audit or internal control engagements. Ms. Du received her bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2007 and her master of business administration (MBA) degree from Yokohama National University in Japan in 2010.

Jinghai Jiang, Chief Operating Officer age 44

Mr. Jinghai Jiang has been our Chief Operating Officer since December 13, 2021. Mr. Jiang has been involved in blockchain technology since 2016, when he founded Haiyuan Culture Development Limited and Qisuan Technology Limited to research and apply blockchain technology. Mr. Jiang also created the online community “Big Cabbage Blockchain” and has published multiple white papers to teach blockchain technology and the cryptocurrency business. Furthermore, Mr. Jiang has invested in over ten data centers whose combined capacity totals 1030MW. Mr. Jinghai Jiang graduated with a degree in Industrial Automation from Wuxi Radio and Television University in 2000.

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Xia Wang, Chief Financial Officer, age 39

Ms. Xia Wang has been our CFO since January 23, 2018. Ms. Wang has worked at Chongqing Penglin Food Co., Ltd., a company previously contractually controlled by the company and our previously consolidated VIE, in the accounting department since 2008. Ms. Wang started as a clerk at Chongqing Penglin Food Co., Ltd. from 2008 to 2010. She then worked as assistant accountant from 2010 to 2011. She was promoted to accounting supervisor in 2011, and was appointed as CFO in 2014. She oversees our accounting department, which include duties such as reviewing all the accounting functions performed by our accounting staff, maintaining our accounting book and records, reporting to the Board of Directors, managing budget, reviewing cost, etc. Ms. Wang received her bachelor’s degree in environmental science major from Chongqing University of Arts and Science in 2008.

Xiaping Cao, Director, age 47

Dr. Xiaping Cao has years of experience in domestic and overseas teaching, research and management, and has gained a high international reputation in finance and fintech industry. Dr. Cao is a professor of Finance at Hang Seng University of Hong Kong. Previously, Dr. Cao served as Dean of Asia Private Equity College at Singapore Management University, Visiting Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center at Nanyang Technological University, Director of Massachusetts Institute of Technology REAP Guangzhou Center, President of Southern Institute of Financial Technology, committee member of Major Administrative Decision-making Advisory Committee at People’s Government of Guangdong Province, and committee member of Guangzhou Equity Exchange.

Dr. Xiaping Cao currently also serves as the associate editor of international renowned economic journal Economic Modelling and Frontier in Artificial Intelligence. Dr. Cao has been invited to serve as the featured chief editor of Pacific Basin Finance Journal, a well-known international financial Journal. Dr. Cao has published many papers as the first author in top international financial and management journals, including Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Corporate Finance, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Quantitative and Financial Analysis, and Management Science. In addition, he is working as an adviser to the Securities Investor Association, initiated by Singapore Exchange (SGX).

Dr. Cao received his PhD Degree in Finance from Boston College in 2008, under the supervision of Professor Josh Lerner from Harvard Business School, a well-known scholar in venture capital and private equity.

K. Bryce Toussaint, Director, age 52

Mr. Toussaint is a highly accomplished, result-driven entrepreneur with more than 20 years of business experience, including extensive work in providing merger and acquisition consulting, raising capital (equity and debt), project and corporate finance, private equity due diligence and accounting systems integration, with an emphasis in the energy (renewable, E&P, and midstream), manufacturing, nutraceutical and technology industries. Mr. Toussaint is well versed on SEC rules and regulations as well as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Stands Board. Mr. Toussaint currently serves as the Chairman and Interim CEO of Principal Solar, Inc. a position he has held since September of 2018. Mr. Toussaint formally served as CEO and Board member of Nasdaq listed Corporation MYOS RENS Technology Inc. from December 2015 until 2016. Mr. Toussaint built the foundation of his career at KPMG LLP, where he served both foreign and domestic registrants with reporting, mergers and acquisitions consulting and other capital market engagements from August 1996 to June 2000. In between, he also built a successful consulting practice assisting businesses of various sizes with process improvement and compliance initiatives, developing their management teams, accounting and reporting structure, providing strategic and operational expertise, and raising equity and debt financing, generally serving in an interim management capacity. Mr. Toussaint obtained both his Bachelor of Science in Accounting and his Master of Business Administration degrees from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mr. Toussaint is also certified as a CPA in the State of Texas.

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Scott Silverman, Director, age 54

Mr. Silverman has over 30 years of business success on national and international levels, with a highly diverse knowledge of financial, legal and operations management; public company management, accounting and SEC regulations. Mr. Silverman specializes in establishing and streamlining back-office policies and procedures and implementing sound financial management and internal controls necessary for enterprise growth and scalability. In addition to serving as one of our independent directors, Mr. Silverman is currently a director nominee of Muliang Viagoo Technology, Inc. and Li Bang International Corp, Inc. Mr. Silverman is one of the founders, and serves as President and CEO, of EverAsia Financial Group, which grew into a multi-national corporate financial management and advisory firm serving clients in the United States and Asia, and JJL Capital Management, a private equity firm that focuses its investments in the hospitality, construction, real estate and healthcare sectors . He also serves as the CFO of Healthsnap, Inc. a healthcare Software as a Service (SaaS) platform on the cutting edge of remote patient monitoring and chronic care management. He is also the CFO of Droneify Holdings, Inc., a pre-IPO company that has developed multiple drone-enabled technologies. Previously, he served as the CFO of Sidus Space, Inc., a publicly traded Space-as-a-Service company in which capacity he oversaw its initial public offering, and Riverside Miami, LLC, a mixed-use restaurant and entertainment project in Miami, Florida. Mr. Silverman has orchestrated investor exits for multiple companies, including direct participation in taking 17 companies public. He has also assisted in raising over $150 million for client companies, both public and private. He has a bachelor’s degree in finance from George Washington University and a master’s degree in accounting from NOVA Southeastern University.

Board Diversity

The table below provides certain information regarding the diversity of our board of directors as of the date of this annual report.

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Family Relationships

None.

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6.B. Compensation

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers

Our employment agreements with our officers generally provide for employment for a specific term and pay annual salary, health insurance, pension insurance, and paid vacation and family leave time. The agreement may be terminated by either party as permitted by law. In the event of a breach or termination of the agreement by our company, we may be obligated to pay the employee twice the ordinary statutory rate. In the event of a breach or termination causing loss to our company by the employee, the employee may be required to indemnify us against loss. We have executed employment agreements with Lucas Wang, Jiaming Li, Jinghai Jiang, Lianfei Du and Xia Wang.

Lucas Wang

We entered into an employment agreement with Lucas Wang for the position of CEO. The employment agreement is from April 27, 2022 to April 26, 2025, with an annual compensation of $240,000, bonus as determined by the board of directors, and equity awards of a total of 63,203 ordinary shares (1,896,066 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split), with 21,068 ordinary shares (632,022 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split valued at $0.855 per share) vested at the time of signing the agreement, 5,267 ordinary shares (158,005 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split valued at $0.1703 per share) vested in April 2023, and the rest vesting quarterly from September 2023 to January 2025.

Jiaming Li

We entered into an employment agreement with Jiaming Li for the position of President. The employment agreement is effective from December 6, 2021 to November 30, 2024, with an annual compensation of $240,000, bonus as determined by the board of directors, and equity awards of a total of 47,402 ordinary shares (1,422,049 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split), with 15,801 ordinary shares (474,016 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split valued at $0.855 per share) vested at the time of signing the agreement, 3,951 ordinary shares (118,504 ordinary shares before the Reverse Share Split valued at $0.1703 per share) vested in April 2023, and the rest vesting quarterly from September 2023 to January 2025.

Jinghai Jiang

We entered into an employment agreement with Jinghai Jiang for the position of Chief Operating Officer. The employment agreement is effective from December 13, 2021 to December 12, 2024, with an annual compensation of $50,000.

Lianfei Du

We entered into an employment agreement with Lianfei Du for the position of Executive Vice President. The employment agreement is effective from September 1, 2022 to August 31, 2025 and will be automatically extended for one additional year unless either party givers 60 days’ prior written notice to the other party not to extend the employment, with an annual compensation of $120,000 in base salary for the first year with increase of 6% each year.

Xia Wang

On June 10, 2022, the Company entered into an employment agreement Ms. Wang, which replaced the previous agreement. The employment agreement is for a term of one year, with an annual compensation of $80,000. The employment agreement can be terminated by the Company for cause or by the executive for good reason.

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Summary Compensation Table

The following table presents summary information regarding the total compensation awarded to, earned by, or paid to each of the named executive officers for services rendered to us for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.