UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from               to          

Commission File Number 001-38530

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Essential Properties Realty Trust, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Maryland	82-4005693
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
902 Carnegie Center Blvd., Suite 520
Princeton, New Jersey	08540
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (609) 436-0619

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	EPRT	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o
Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x 

As of October 26, 2022, the registrant had 142,377,215 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 (unaudited) and December 31, 2021	2
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	40
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	66
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	67
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	68
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	68
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	68
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	68
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	68
Item 5.	Other Information	68
Item 6.	Exhibits	69
Signatures		70

i

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Investments:
Real estate investments, at cost:
Land and improvements	$	1,163,660	$	1,004,154
Building and improvements	2,305,254		2,035,919
Lease incentives	12,496		13,950
Construction in progress	29,973		8,858
Intangible lease assets	89,393		87,959
Total real estate investments, at cost	3,600,776		3,150,840
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(259,092)		(200,152)
Total real estate investments, net	3,341,684		2,950,688
Loans and direct financing lease receivables, net	204,742		189,287
Real estate investments held for sale, net	11,907		15,434
Net investments	3,558,333		3,155,409
Cash and cash equivalents	136,303		59,758
Restricted cash	7,925		—
Straight-line rent receivable, net	74,583		57,990
Derivative assets	50,670		—
Rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, net	25,731		25,638
Total assets (1)	$	3,853,545	$	3,298,795
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Unsecured term loans, net of deferred financing costs	$	875,239	$	626,983
Senior unsecured notes, net	395,145		394,723
Revolving credit facility	—		144,000
Intangible lease liabilities, net	11,909		12,693
Dividend payable	38,682		32,610
Derivative liabilities	13		11,838
Accrued liabilities and other payables	28,855		32,145
Total liabilities (1)	1,349,843		1,254,992
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 11)	—		—
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 authorized; none issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 authorized; 142,377,215 and 124,649,053 issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	1,424		1,246
Additional paid-in capital	2,561,124		2,151,088
Distributions in excess of cumulative earnings	(113,275)		(100,982)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	46,870		(14,786)
Total stockholders' equity	2,496,143		2,036,566
Non-controlling interests	7,559		7,237
Total equity	2,503,702		2,043,803
Total liabilities and equity	$	3,853,545	$	3,298,795

__________________________________________________

(1)The Company’s consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). See Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all of the assets and liabilities of the Company were held by its operating partnership, Essential Properties, L.P., a consolidated VIE, with the exception of $38.5 million and $32.5 million, respectively, of dividends payable.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues:
Rental revenue	$	66,525	$	54,929	$	199,726	$	153,511
Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables	3,719		4,574		11,490		11,558
Other revenue, net	419		98		1,014		150
Total revenues	70,663		59,601		212,230		165,219
Expenses:
General and administrative	7,868		5,596		22,956		18,497
Property expenses	830		1,358		2,668		3,946
Depreciation and amortization	22,054		17,355		64,441		50,185
Provision for impairment of real estate	349		—		10,541		6,120
Change in provision for loan losses	(30)		16		136		(112)
Total expenses	31,071		24,325		100,742		78,636
Other operating income:
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	6,329		1,343		18,082		8,841
Income from operations	45,921		36,619		129,570		95,424
Other (expense)/income:
Loss on debt extinguishment	—		—		(2,138)		(4,461)
Interest expense	(9,892)		(8,955)		(28,242)		(24,444)
Interest income	752		37		800		74
Income before income tax expense	36,781		27,701		99,990		66,593
Income tax expense	190		55		769		172
Net income	36,591		27,646		99,221		66,421
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(163)		(139)		(441)		(335)
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	36,428	$	27,507	$	98,780	$	66,086
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	139,068,188		119,230,645		132,438,157		114,223,586
Basic net income per share	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.74	$	0.58
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	139,890,693		120,298,680		133,321,987		115,339,656
Diluted net income per share	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.74	$	0.57

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

3

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited, in thousands)

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	36,591	$	27,646	$	99,221	$	66,421
Other comprehensive income:
Deferred loss on cash flow hedges	—		—		—		(4,824)
Unrealized income on cash flow hedges	23,577		110		58,676		10,881
Cash flow hedge (gains) losses reclassified to interest expense	(741)		2,669		3,305		7,638
Total other comprehensive income	22,836		2,779		61,981		13,695
Comprehensive income	59,427		30,425		161,202		80,116
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(163)		(139)		(441)		(335)
Adjustment for other comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests	(100)		(13)		(325)		(75)
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders	$	59,164	$	30,273	$	160,436	$	79,706

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid In Capital		Distributions in Excess of Cumulative Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interests		Total Equity
	Number of Shares	Par Value
Balance at December 31, 2021	124,649,053	$	1,246	$	2,151,088	$	(100,982)	$	(14,786)	$	2,036,566	$	7,237	$	2,043,803
Common stock issuance	6,382,994	66		159,577		—		—		159,643		—		159,643
Common stock withheld related to net share settlement of equity awards	—	—		—		(2,235)		—		(2,235)		—		(2,235)
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(1,582)		—		—		(1,582)		—		(1,582)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		28,780		28,780		181		28,961
Equity based compensation expense	119,646	—		2,835		—		—		2,835		—		2,835
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(34,188)		—		(34,188)		(145)		(34,333)
Net income	—	—		—		26,699		—		26,699		119		26,818
Balance at March 31, 2022	131,151,693	1,312		2,311,918		(110,706)		13,994		2,216,518		7,392		2,223,910
Common stock issuance	1,501,489	15		32,632		—		—		32,647		—		32,647
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(701)		—		—		(701)		—		(701)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		10,140		10,140		44		10,184
Share-based compensation expense	16,765	—		2,188		—		—		2,188		—		2,188
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(35,916)		—		(35,916)		(150)		(36,066)
Net income	—	—		—		35,653		—		35,653		159		35,812
Balance at June 30, 2022	132,669,947	1,327		2,346,037		(110,969)		24,134		2,260,529		7,445		2,267,974
Common stock issuance	9,692,201	97		221,458		—		—		221,555		—		221,555
Common stock withheld related to net share settlement of equity awards	—	—		—		(201)		—		(201)		—		(201)
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(8,604)		—		—		(8,604)		—		(8,604)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		22,736		22,736		100		22,836
Equity based compensation expense	15,067	—		2,233		—		—		2,233		—		2,233
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(38,533)		—		(38,533)		(149)		(38,682)
Net income	—	—		—		36,428		—		36,428		163		36,591
Balance at September 30, 2022	142,377,215	$	1,424	$	2,561,124	$	(113,275)	$	46,870	$	2,496,143	$	7,559	$	2,503,702

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Distributions in Excess of Cumulative Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interests		Total Equity
	Number of Shares	Par Value
Balance at December 31, 2020	106,361,524	$	1,064	$	1,688,540	$	(77,665)	$	(37,181)	$	1,574,758	$	7,190	$	1,581,948
Common stock issuance	2,796,805	28		64,900		—		—		64,928		—		64,928
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(1,188)		—		—		(1,188)		—		(1,188)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		17,933		17,933		90		18,023
Equity based compensation expense	13,310	—		1,595		—		—		1,595		—		1,595
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(26,265)		—		(26,265)		(133)		(26,398)
Net income	—	—		—		15,295		—		15,295		80		15,375
Balance at March 31, 2021	109,171,639	1,092		1,753,847		(88,635)		(19,248)		1,647,056		7,227		1,654,283
Common stock issuance	8,784,537	89		208,133		—		—		208,222		—		208,222
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(8,386)		—		—		(8,386)		—		(8,386)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		(7,079)		(7,079)		(28)		(7,107)
Equity based compensation expense	26,817	—		1,856		—		—		1,856		—		1,856
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(29,560)		—		(29,560)		(138)		(29,698)
Net income	—	—		—		23,284		—		23,284		116		23,400
Balance at June 30, 2021	117,982,993	1,181		1,955,450		(94,911)		(26,327)		1,835,393		7,177		1,842,570
Common stock issuance	3,362,712	33		102,556		—		—		102,589		—		102,589
Common stock withheld related to net share settlement of equity awards	—	—		—		(329)		—		(329)		—		(329)
Costs related to issuance of common stock	—	—		(1,435)		—		—		(1,435)		—		(1,435)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		2,766		2,766		13		2,779
Share-based compensation expense	16,657	—		1,103		—		—		1,103		—		1,103
Dividends declared on common stock and OP Units	—	—		—		(30,396)		—		(30,396)		(138)		(30,534)
Net income	—	—		—		27,507		—		27,507		139		27,646
Balance at September 30, 2021	121,362,362	$	1,214	$	2,057,674	$	(98,129)	$	(23,561)	$	1,937,198	$	7,191	$	1,944,389

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

6

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited, in thousands)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	99,221	$	66,421
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	64,441		50,185
Amortization of lease incentive	2,653		2,800
Amortization of above/below market leases and right of use assets, net	555		563
Amortization of deferred financing costs and other non-cash interest expense	3,788		2,005
Loss on debt extinguishment	2,138		4,461
Provision for impairment of real estate	10,541		6,120
Change in provision for loan losses	136		(112)
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	(18,082)		(8,841)
Straight-line rent receivable, net	(16,097)		(14,995)
Share-based compensation expense	7,257		4,554
Adjustment to rental revenue for tenant credit	(451)		(3,020)
Payments made in settlement of cash flow hedges	—		(4,836)
Changes in other assets and liabilities:
Rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets	(217)		1,453
Accrued liabilities and other payables	(1,306)		8,752
Net cash provided by operating activities	154,577		115,510
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net	80,027		53,908
Principal collections on loans and direct financing lease receivables	58,636		2,468
Investments in loans receivable	(96,907)		(86,293)
Deposits for prospective real estate investments	(1,105)		(553)
Investment in real estate, including capital expenditures	(471,000)		(568,145)
Investment in construction in progress	(34,967)		(3,313)
Lease incentives paid	(708)		(2,366)
Net cash used in investing activities	(466,024)		(604,294)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments of secured borrowings	—		(175,780)
Borrowings under term loan facilities	250,000		—
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	299,000		179,000
Repayments under revolving credit facility	(443,000)		(197,000)
Proceeds from issuance of Senior Unsecured Notes	—		396,600
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	403,914		365,820
Payments for taxes related to net settlement of equity awards	(2,436)		(328)
Payment of debt extinguishment costs	(467)		—
Deferred financing costs	(7,333)		(2,120)
Offering costs	(752)		(1,090)
Dividends paid	(103,009)		(81,799)
Net cash provided by financing activities	395,917		483,303
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	84,470		(5,481)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	59,758		32,990
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	144,228	$	27,509
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,303	$	27,509
Restricted cash	7,925		—
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	144,228	$	27,509

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

7

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(Unaudited, in thousands)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized	$	19,525	$	19,294
Cash paid for income taxes	1,050		419
Non-cash operating, investing and financing activities:
Reclassification from construction in progress upon project completion	$	14,254	$	4,478
Non-cash investments in real estate and loan receivable activity	22,679		960
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	(58,676)		(34,027)
Payable and accrued offering costs	204		—
Discounts and fees on capital raised through issuance of common stock	9,931		9,919
Discounts and fees on issuance of senior unsecured notes	—		3,400
Dividends declared and unpaid	38,682		30,534

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

8

ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2022

1. Organization

Description of Business

Essential Properties Realty Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) is an internally managed real estate company that acquires, owns and manages primarily single-tenant properties that are net leased on a long-term basis to middle-market companies operating service-oriented or experience-based businesses. The Company generally invests in and leases freestanding, single-tenant commercial real estate facilities where a tenant services its customers and conducts activities that are essential to the generation of the tenant’s sales and profits.

The Company was organized on January 12, 2018 as a Maryland corporation. It elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes beginning with the year ended December 31, 2018, and it believes that its current organizational and operational status and intended distributions will allow it to continue to so qualify. Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted directly and indirectly through its operating partnership, Essential Properties, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”).

On June 25, 2018, the Company completed the initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common stock. The common stock of the Company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “EPRT”.

COVID-19 Pandemic

For much of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic (“COVID-19”) created significant uncertainty and economic disruption that adversely affected the Company and its tenants. The adverse impact of the pandemic moderated during 2021 and has significantly diminished during 2022. However, the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its duration are unclear, and various factors could erode the progress that has been made against the virus to date. If conditions similar to those experienced in 2020, at the height of the pandemic, were to reoccur, they would adversely impact the Company and its tenants. The Company continues to closely monitor the impact of COVID-19 on all aspects of its business. For further information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the Company, see Part I, Item 1A titled "Risk Factors" of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Accounting

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company, directly and indirectly, held a 99.6% ownership interest in the Operating Partnership and the consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Operating Partnership as of these dates. See Note 7—Equity for changes in the ownership interest in the Operating Partnership.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

9

Reportable Segments

ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, establishes standards for the manner in which enterprises report information about operating segments. Substantially all of the Company’s investments, at acquisition, are comprised of real estate owned that is leased to tenants on a long-term basis or real estate that secures the Company's investment in loans and direct financing lease receivables. Therefore, the Company aggregates these investments for reporting purposes and operates in one reportable segment.

Real Estate Investments

Investments in real estate are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The cost of investments in real estate reflects their purchase price or development cost. The Company evaluates each acquisition transaction to determine whether the acquired asset meets the definition of a business. Under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-1, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, an acquisition does not qualify as a business when there is no substantive process acquired or substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets or the acquisition does not include a substantive process in the form of an acquired workforce or an acquired contract that cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort or delay. Transaction costs related to acquisitions that are asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the cost basis of the acquired assets, while transaction costs for acquisitions that are deemed to be acquisitions of a business are expensed as incurred. Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life or improve the productive capacity of the asset. Costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

The Company allocates the purchase price of acquired properties accounted for as asset acquisitions to tangible and identifiable intangible assets or liabilities based on their relative fair values. Tangible assets may include land, site improvements and buildings. Intangible assets may include the value of in-place leases and above- and below-market leases and other identifiable intangible assets or liabilities based on lease or property specific characteristics.

The Company incurs various costs in the leasing and development of its properties. Amounts paid to tenants that incentivize them to extend or otherwise amend an existing lease or to sign a new lease agreement are capitalized to lease incentives on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Tenant improvements are capitalized to building and improvements within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Costs incurred which are directly related to properties under development, which include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs and real estate taxes and insurance, are capitalized during the period of development as construction in progress. After the determination is made to capitalize a cost, it is allocated to the specific component of a project that benefited. Determination of when a development project commences, and capitalization begins, and when a development project has reached substantial completion, and is available for occupancy and capitalization must cease, involves a degree of judgment. The Company does not engage in speculative real estate development. The Company does, however, opportunistically agree to reimburse certain of its tenants for development costs at its properties in exchange for contractually specified rent that generally increases proportionally with its funding.

The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property with an in-place operating lease is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to the tangible assets based on the fair value of the tangible assets. The fair value of in-place leases is determined by considering estimates of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, current market conditions, as well as costs to execute similar leases based on the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. The Company estimates the cost to execute leases with terms similar to the remaining lease terms of the in-place leases, including leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. Factors the Company considers in this analysis include an estimate of the carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, which primarily range from six to 12 months. The fair value of above- or below-market leases is recorded based on the net present value (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between the contractual amount to be paid pursuant to the in-place lease and the Company’s estimate of the fair market lease rate for the corresponding in-place lease, measured over the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease including any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases.

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In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company uses a number of sources, including real estate valuations prepared by independent valuation firms. The Company also considers information and other factors including market conditions, the industry that the tenant operates in, characteristics of the real estate (e.g., location, size, demographics, value and comparative rental rates), tenant credit profile and the importance of the location of the real estate to the operations of the tenant’s business. Additionally, the Company considers information obtained about each property as a result of its pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing and leasing activities in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company uses the information obtained as a result of its pre-acquisition due diligence as part of its consideration of the accounting standard governing asset retirement obligations and, when necessary, will record an asset retirement obligation as part of the purchase price allocation.

Real estate investments that are intended to be sold are designated as “held for sale” on the consolidated balance sheets at the lesser of carrying amount and fair value less estimated selling costs. Real estate investments are no longer depreciated when they are classified as held for sale. If the disposal, or intended disposal, of certain real estate investments represents a strategic shift that has had or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the operations of such real estate investments would be presented as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for all applicable periods.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of up to 40 years for buildings and 15 years for site improvements. The Company recorded the following amounts of depreciation expense on its real estate investments during the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Depreciation on real estate investments	$	20,178	$	15,489	$	58,997	$	43,982

Lease incentives are amortized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rental income over the remaining non-cancellable terms of the respective leases. If a tenant terminates its lease, the unamortized portion of the lease incentive is charged to rental revenue. Construction in progress is not depreciated until the development has reached substantial completion. Tenant improvements are depreciated over the non-cancellable term of the related lease or their estimated useful life, whichever is shorter.

Capitalized above-market lease intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rental revenue over the remaining non-cancellable terms of the respective leases. Capitalized below-market lease intangibles are accreted on a straight-line basis as an increase to rental revenue over the remaining non-cancellable terms of the respective leases including any below-market fixed rate renewal option periods.

Capitalized above-market ground lease values are accreted as a reduction of property expenses over the remaining terms of the respective leases. Capitalized below-market ground lease values are amortized as an increase to property expenses over the remaining terms of the respective leases and any expected below-market renewal option periods where renewal is considered probable.

The value of in-place leases, exclusive of the value of above-market and below-market lease intangibles, is amortized to depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining periods of the respective leases.

If a tenant terminates its lease, the unamortized portion of each intangible, including in-place lease values, is charged to depreciation and amortization expense, while above- and below-market lease adjustments are recorded within rental revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loans Receivable

The Company holds its loans receivable for long-term investment. Loans receivable are carried at amortized cost, including related unamortized discounts or premiums, if any, less the Company's estimated allowance for loan losses calculated in accordance with ASC 326. The Company recognizes interest income on loans receivable using the effective-interest method applied on a loan-by-loan basis. Direct costs associated with originating loans are offset against any related fees received and the balance, along with any premium or discount,

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is deferred and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the term of the related loan receivable using the effective-interest method.

Direct Financing Lease Receivables

Certain of the Company’s real estate investment transactions are accounted for as direct financing leases. The Company records the direct financing lease receivables at their net investment, determined as the aggregate minimum lease payments and the estimated non-guaranteed residual value of the leased property less unearned income and less the estimated allowance for loan losses calculated in accordance with ASC 326. The unearned income is recognized over the term of the related lease so as to produce a constant rate of return on the net investment in the asset. The Company’s investment in direct financing lease receivables is reduced over the applicable lease term to its non-guaranteed residual value by the portion of rent allocated to the direct financing lease receivables. Subsequent to the adoption of ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) in January 2019, the Company's existing direct financing lease receivables have been accounted for in the same manner, unless the underlying contracts have been modified.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

If circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable, the Company reviews the property for impairment. This review is based on an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to result from the property’s use and eventual disposition. These estimates consider factors such as expected future operating income, market and other applicable trends, and residual value, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If impairment exists due to the inability to recover the carrying value of a property, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property for properties to be held and used. For properties held for sale, the impairment loss is the adjustment to fair value less estimated cost to dispose of the asset. Impairment losses, if any, are recorded directly within the Company's consolidated statement of operations.

The Company recorded the following provisions for impairment of long lived assets during the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Provision for impairment of real estate	$	349	$	—	$	10,541	$	6,120

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in the Company’s bank accounts. The Company considers all cash balances and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. The Company deposits cash with high quality financial institutions. These deposits are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to an insurance limit.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had deposits of $136.3 million and $59.8 million, respectively, of which $136.1 million and $59.5 million, respectively, were in excess of the amount insured by the FDIC. Although the Company bears risk with respect to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash proceeds from the sale of assets held by a qualified intermediary to facilitate tax-deferred exchange transactions under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Forward Equity Sales

The Company has and may continue to enter into forward sale agreements for the sale and issuance of shares of its common stock, either through its 2022 ATM Program (as defined herein) or through an underwritten

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public offering. These agreements may be physically settled in stock, settled in cash or net share settled at the Company’s election.

The Company evaluated its forward sale agreements and concluded they meet the conditions to be classified within stockholders’ equity. Prior to settlement, a forward sale agreement will be reflected in the diluted earnings per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock used in diluted earnings per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that would be issued upon full physical settlement of such forward sale agreement over the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that could be purchased by the Company in the market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). Consequently, prior to settlement of a forward sale agreement, there will be no dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share except during periods when the average market price of the Company’s common stock is above the adjusted forward sale price. However, upon settlement of a forward sales agreement, if the Company elects to physically settle or net share settle such forward sale agreement, delivery of the Company’s shares will result in dilution to the Company’s earnings per share.

Deferred Financing Costs

Financing costs related to establishing the Company’s 2018 Credit Facility and Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) were deferred and are being amortized as an increase to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the term of the facility and are reported as a component of rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Financing costs related to the issuance of the Company’s 2024 Term Loan, 2027 Term Loan, 2028 Term Loan and 2031 Notes (each as defined below) were deferred and are being amortized as an increase to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the term of the related debt instrument and are reported as a reduction of the related debt balance on the consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivative financial instruments, which may include interest rate swaps, caps, options, floors and other interest rate derivative contracts, to protect the Company against adverse fluctuations in interest rates by reducing its exposure to variability in cash flows on a portion of the Company’s floating-rate debt. Instruments that meet these hedging criteria are formally designated as hedges at the inception of the derivative contract. The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may also enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting.

The accounting for subsequent changes in the fair value of these derivatives depends on whether each has been designed and qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. If a derivative is designated and qualifies for cash flow hedge accounting treatment, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income to the extent that it is effective. Any ineffective portion of a change in derivative fair value is immediately recorded in earnings. If the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting treatment (or for derivatives that do not qualify as hedges), any change in the fair value of such derivative instruments would be recognized immediately as a gain or loss on derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Fair Value Measurement

The Company estimates the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities based on the framework established in fair value accounting guidance. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The hierarchy described below prioritizes inputs to the valuation techniques used in measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring the most observable inputs to be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset and liability or can be corroborated with observable market data for substantially the entire contractual term of the asset or liability.

•Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of the asset or liability and are consequently not based on market activity, but rather through particular valuation techniques.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s rental revenue is primarily rent received from tenants. Rent from tenants is recorded in accordance with the terms of each lease on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable initial term of the lease from the later of the date of the commencement of the lease and the date of acquisition of the property subject to the lease. Rental revenue recognition begins when the tenant controls the space and continues through the term of the related lease. Because substantially all of the leases provide for rental increases at specified intervals, the Company records a straight-line rent receivable and recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis through the expiration of the non-cancelable term of the lease. The Company considers whether the collectability of rents is reasonably assured in determining the amount of straight-line rent to record.

Generally, the Company’s leases provide the tenant with one or more multi-year renewal options, subject to generally the same terms and conditions provided under the initial lease term, including rent increases. If economic incentives make it reasonably certain that an option period to extend the lease will be exercised, the Company will include these options in determining the non-cancelable term of the lease.

The Company defers rental revenue related to lease payments received from tenants in advance of their due dates. These amounts are presented within accrued liabilities and other payables on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Certain properties in the Company’s investment portfolio are subject to leases that provide for contingent rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s gross sales. For these leases, the Company recognizes contingent rental revenue when the threshold upon which the contingent lease payment is based is actually reached.

The Company recorded the following amounts as contingent rent, which are included as a component of rental revenue in the Company's consolidated statements of operations, during the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Contingent rent	$	210	$	233	$	526	$	464

Adjustment to Rental Revenue for Tenant Credit

The Company continually reviews receivables related to rent and unbilled rent receivables and determines collectability by taking into consideration the tenant’s payment history, the financial condition of the tenant, business conditions in the industry in which the tenant operates and economic conditions in the area in which the property is located.

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If the assessment of the collectability of substantially all payments due under a lease changes from probable to not probable, any difference between the rental revenue recognized to date and the lease payments that have been collected is recognized as a current period reduction of rental revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company recorded the following adjustments as increases to or reductions of rental revenue for tenant credit during the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Adjustment to increase rental revenue for tenant credit	$	36	$	—	$	451	$	3,020

Offering Costs

In connection with the completion of equity offerings, the Company incurs legal, accounting and other offering-related costs. Such costs are deducted from the gross proceeds of each equity offering when the offering is completed. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company capitalized a total of $90.2 million and $79.3 million, respectively, of such costs, which are presented as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Income Taxes

The Company elected and qualified to be taxed as a REIT under sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2018. REITs are subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that 90% of ordinary “REIT taxable income” (as determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gains) be distributed. As a REIT, the Company will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent that it meets the organizational and operational requirements and its distributions equal or exceed REIT taxable income. For the period subsequent to the effective date of its REIT election, the Company continues to meet the organizational and operational requirements and expects distributions to exceed REIT taxable income. Accordingly, no provision has been made for U.S. federal income taxes. Even though the Company has elected and qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it may be subject to state and local income and franchise taxes, and to federal income and excise tax on its undistributed income. Franchise taxes and federal excise taxes on the Company’s undistributed income, if any, are included in general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, taxable income from non-REIT activities managed through the Company's taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to federal, state, and local taxes.

The Company analyzes its tax filing positions in all of the U.S. federal, state and local tax jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as for all open tax years in such jurisdictions. The Company follows a two-step process to evaluate uncertain tax positions. Step one, recognition, occurs when an entity concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, determines the amount of benefit that is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon settlement. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized would occur when the Company subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more-likely-than-not threshold of being sustained. The use of a valuation allowance as a substitute for derecognition of tax positions is prohibited.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had no accruals recorded for uncertain tax positions. The Company’s policy is to classify interest expense and penalties relating to taxes in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded de minimis interest or penalties relating to taxes, and there were no interest or penalties with respect to taxes accrued as of September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021. The 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018 taxable years remain open to examination by federal and/or state taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

Equity-Based Compensation

The Company grants shares of restricted common stock and restricted share units (“RSUs”) to its directors, executive officers and other employees that vest over specified time periods, subject to the recipient’s continued

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service. The Company also grants performance-based RSUs to members of its senior management team, the final number of which is determined based on objective and subjective performance conditions and which vest over a multi-year period, subject to the recipient’s continued service. The Company accounts for the restricted common stock and RSUs in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires that such compensation be recognized in the financial statements based on its estimated grant-date fair value. The value of such awards is recognized as compensation expense in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations over the applicable service periods.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for equity-based compensation using the straight-line method based on the terms of the individual grant. Forfeitures of equity-based compensation awards, if any, are recognized when they occur.

Variable Interest Entities

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) provides guidance for determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity (a “VIE”). VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. A VIE is required to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is the party that (i) has the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits, of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company has concluded that the Operating Partnership is a VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, as the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the Operating Partnership. Substantially all of the Company’s assets and liabilities are held by the Operating Partnership. The assets and liabilities of the Operating Partnership are consolidated and reported as assets and liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Additionally, the Company has concluded that certain entities to which it has provided mortgage loans are VIEs because the entities' equity was not sufficient to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support. The following table presents information about the Company’s mortgage loan-related VIEs as of the dates presented:

(dollar amounts in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Number of VIEs	25		23
Aggregate carrying value	$	198,035	$	140,851

The Company was not the primary beneficiary of any of these entities because the Company did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in these entities is limited to the carrying amount of its investment. The Company had no liabilities associated with these VIEs as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Recent Accounting Developments

In July 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-05, Lease (Topic 842): Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments ("ASU 2021-05"). The guidance in ASU 2021-05 amends the lease classification requirements for the lessors under certain leases containing variable payments to align with practice under ASC 840. The lessor should classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease if both of the following criteria are met: 1) the lease would have been classified as a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease in accordance with the classification criteria in ASC 842-10-25-2 through 25-3; and 2) the lessor would have otherwise recognized a day-one loss. The amendments in ASU 2021-05 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2021-05 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

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3. Investments

The following table presents information about the number of properties or investments in the Company’s real estate investment portfolio as of each date presented:

	September 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Owned properties (1)	1,415	1,315
Properties securing investments in mortgage loans (2)	146	126
Ground lease interests (3)	11	10
Total number of investments	1,572	1,451

_____________________________________

(1)Includes 8 and 11 properties which are subject to leases accounted for as direct financing leases or loans as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2)Properties secure 18 and 17 mortgage loans receivable as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(3)Includes one building which is subject to a lease accounted for as a direct financing lease as of December 31, 2021.

The following table presents information about the gross investment value of the Company’s real estate investment portfolio as of each date presented:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Real estate investments, at cost	$	3,600,776	$	3,150,840
Loans and direct financing lease receivables, net	204,742		189,287
Real estate investments held for sale, net	11,907		15,434
Total gross investments	$	3,817,425	$	3,355,561

Investments in 2022 and 2021

The following table presents information about the Company’s investment activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

	Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Ownership type	(1)		Fee Interest
Number of properties	124		209
Purchase price allocation
Land and improvements	$	183,270	$	196,161
Building and improvements	311,651		356,732
Construction in progress (2)	34,967		3,313
Intangible lease assets	2,836		9,721
Total purchase price	532,724		565,927
Intangible lease liabilities	—		(3,296)
Purchase price (including acquisition costs)	$	532,724	$	562,631

_____________________________________

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company acquired fee interests in 123 properties and acquired one property subject to a ground lease.

(2)Represents amounts incurred at and subsequent to acquisition and includes $0.4 million and approximately $0.1 million of capitalized interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not make any new investments that individually represented more than 5% of the Company’s total real estate investment portfolio.

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Gross Investment Activity

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company had the following gross investment activity:

(Dollar amounts in thousands)	Number of Investment Locations	Dollar Amount of Investments
Gross investments, January 1, 2021	1,181	$	2,528,673
Acquisitions of and additions to real estate investments	209	573,514
Sales of investments in real estate	(36)	(52,948)
Provisions for impairment of real estate (1)		(6,120)
Investments in loans receivable	46	87,253
Principal collections on and settlements of loans and direct financing lease receivables	(3)	(2,468)
Other		1,184
Gross investments, September 30, 2021		3,129,088
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (2)		(182,567)
Net investments, September 30, 2021	1,397	$	2,946,521
Gross investments, January 1, 2022	1,451	$	3,355,561
Acquisitions of and additions to real estate investments	124	529,278
Sales of investments in real estate	(28)	(69,147)
Provisions for impairment of real estate (3)		(10,541)
Investments in loans receivable	60	96,907
Principal collections on and settlements of loans and direct financing lease receivables	(35)	(81,315)
Other		(3,318)
Gross investments, September 30, 2022		3,817,425
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (2)		(259,092)
Net investments, September 30, 2022	1,572	$	3,558,333

_____________________________________

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company identified and recorded provisions for impairment at two vacant properties and 16 tenanted properties.

(2)Includes $225.3 million and $155.1 million of accumulated depreciation as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3)During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company identified and recorded provisions for impairment at seven tenanted properties and two vacant properties.

Real Estate Investments

The Company’s investment properties are leased to tenants under long-term operating leases that typically include one or more renewal options. See Note 4—Leases for more information about the Company’s leases.

Loans and Direct Financing Lease Receivables

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had 21 loans receivable outstanding with an aggregate carrying amount of $203.4 million and $187.8 million, respectively. The maximum amount of loss due to credit risk is our current principal balance of $203.4 million as of September 30, 2022.

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The Company’s loans receivable portfolio as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is summarized below (dollars in thousands): 

						Principal Balance Outstanding
Loan Type	Monthly Payment (1)	Number of Secured Properties	Effective Interest Rate	Stated Interest Rate	Maturity Date	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Mortgage (2)(3)	I/O	2	8.80%	8.10%	2039	$	12,000	$	12,000
Mortgage (3)	P+I	—	8.10%	8.10%	2059	—		6,096
Mortgage (2)	I/O	2	8.53%	7.80%	2039	7,300		7,300
Mortgage (2)	I/O	69	7.79%	7.33%	2034	51,000		28,000
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	8.42%	7.70%	2040	5,300		5,300
Mortgage (2)	I/O	3	8.30%	8.25%	2022	2,324		2,324
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	7.00%	7.00%	2023	600		600
Mortgage (2)	I/O	—	6.89%	6.75%	2026	—		14,165
Mortgage (2)	I/O	3	8.30%	8.25%	2023	3,146		3,146
Mortgage (2)	I/O	2	6.87%	6.40%	2036	2,520		2,520
Mortgage (2)	I/O	8	7.51%	7.00%	2036	12,070		30,806
Mortgage (2)	I/O	—	7.51%	7.00%	2036	—		9,679
Mortgage (2)	I/O	—	7.85%	7.50%	2031	—		13,000
Mortgage (2)	I/O	2	8.29%	8.25%	2023	2,389		2,389
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	8.91%	8.00%	2052	23,004		6,864
Mortgage (2)	I/O	2	7.44%	7.10%	2036	9,808		9,808
Mortgage (2)	I/O	6	7.30%	6.80%	2036	30,674		25,714
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	7.73%	7.20%	2036	2,470		2,470
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	8.00%	8.00%	2023	1,754		—
Mortgage (2)	I/O	40	6.80%	7.00%	2027	28,663		—
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	6.99%	7.20%	2037	3,600		—
Mortgage (2)	I/O	1	8.40%	8.25%	2024	760		—
Leasehold interest	P+I	—	10.69%	(4)	2039	—		1,435
Leasehold interest	P+I	1	2.25%	(5)	2034	1,007		1,055
Leasehold interest	P+I	1	2.41%	(5)	2034	1,496		1,560
Leasehold interest	P+I	1	4.97%	(5)	2038	1,528		1,562
Net investment						$	203,413	$	187,793

_____________________________________

(1)I/O: Interest Only; P+I: Principal and Interest

(2)Loan requires monthly payments of interest only with a balloon payment due at maturity.

(3)Loan allows for prepayments in whole or in part without penalty.

(4)This leasehold interest was accounted for as a loan receivable, as the lease for two land parcels contained an option for the lessee to repurchase the leased parcels in 2024 or 2025.

(5)These leasehold interests are accounted for as loans receivable, as the leases for each property contain an option for the relevant lessee to repurchase the leased property in the future.

19

Scheduled principal payments due to be received under the Company’s loans receivable as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:

(in thousands)	Future Principal Payments Due
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	2,373
2023	8,096
2024	981
2025	234
2026	248
Thereafter	191,481
Total	$	203,413

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $2.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of net investments accounted for as direct financing lease receivables. The components of the investments accounted for as direct financing lease receivables were as follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Minimum lease payments receivable	$	2,892	$	3,189
Estimated unguaranteed residual value of leased assets	250		270
Unearned income from leased assets	(1,000)		(1,150)
Net investment	$	2,142	$	2,309

Scheduled future minimum non-cancelable base rental payments due to be received under the Company's direct financing lease receivables as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:

(in thousands)	Future Minimum Base Rental Payments
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	80
2023	321
2024	283
2025	254
2026	243
Thereafter	1,711
Total	$	2,892

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company utilizes a real estate loss estimate model (i.e., a RELEM model) which estimates losses on loans and direct financing lease receivables for purposes of calculating an allowance for loan losses in accordance with ASC 326. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the balance of the Company's allowance for loan losses was $0.8 million. Changes in the Company’s allowance for loan losses are presented within provision for loan losses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

20

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the changes to the Company's allowance for loan losses were as follows:

(in thousands)	Loans and Direct Financing Lease Receivables
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	1,018
Current period provision for expected credit losses	(112)
Write-offs charged	—
Recoveries	—
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	906
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	814
Current period provision for expected credit losses	138
Write-offs charged	(137)
Recoveries	—
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	815

The Company considers the ratio of loan to value ("LTV") to be a significant credit quality indicator for its loans and direct financing lease portfolio. The following table presents information about the LTV of the Company's loans and direct financing lease receivables measured at amortized cost as of September 30, 2022:

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Total Amortized Cost Basis
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
LTV <60%	$	23,000	$	—	$	—	$	28,000	$	—	$	1,666	$	52,666
LTV 60%-70%	—		28,234		—		—		—		—		28,234
LTV >70%	44,737		48,487		10,647		20,307		—		477		124,656
	$	67,737	$	76,722	$	10,647	$	48,307	$	—	$	2,143	$	205,556

Real Estate Investments Held for Sale

The Company continually evaluates its portfolio of real estate investments and may elect to dispose of investments considering criteria including, but not limited to, tenant concentration, tenant credit quality, tenant operation type (e.g., industry, sector or concept), unit-level financial performance, local market conditions and lease rates, associated indebtedness and asset location. Real estate investments held for sale are expected to be sold within twelve months.

The following table shows the activity in real estate investments held for sale and intangible lease liabilities held for sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

(Dollar amounts in thousands)	Number of Properties	Real Estate Investments		Intangible Lease Liabilities		Net Carrying Value
Held for sale balance, January 1, 2021	8	$	17,058	$	—	$	17,058
Transfers to held for sale classification	11	10,333		—		10,333
Sales	(13)	(9,517)		—		(9,517)
Transfers to held and used classification	(4)	(13,890)		—		(13,890)
Held for sale balance, September 30, 2021	2	$	3,984	$	—	$	3,984
Held for sale balance, January 1, 2022	9	$	15,434	$	—	$	15,434
Transfers to held for sale classification	7	23,613		—		23,613
Sales	(11)	(27,140)		—		(27,140)
Transfers to held and used classification	—	—		—		—
Held for sale balance, September 30, 2022	5	$	11,907	$	—	$	11,907

21

Significant Concentrations

The Company did not have any tenants (including for this purpose, all affiliates of such tenants) whose rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021 represented 10% or more of total rental revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The following table lists the state where the rental revenue from the properties in that state during the periods presented represented 10% or more of total rental revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:

	Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
State	2022	2021	2022	2021
Texas	13.9%	13.0%	13.5%	13.0%

Intangible Assets and Liabilities

Intangible assets and liabilities consisted of the following as of the dates presented:

	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Intangible assets:
In-place leases	$	78,248	$	29,067	$	49,181	$	76,255	$	24,540	$	51,715
Intangible market lease assets	11,145		4,737		6,408		11,704		4,409		7,295
Total intangible assets	$	89,393	$	33,804	$	55,589	$	87,959	$	28,949	$	59,010
Intangible market lease liabilities	$	15,615	$	3,706	$	11,909	$	15,948	$	3,255	$	12,693

The remaining weighted average amortization period for the Company’s intangible assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2022, by category and in total, were as follows:

	Years Remaining
In-place leases	9.0
Intangible market lease assets	11.2
Total intangible assets	9.3
Intangible market lease liabilities	8.6

The following table discloses amounts recognized within the consolidated statements of operations related to amortization of in-place leases, amortization and accretion of above- and below-market lease assets and liabilities, net and the amortization and accretion of above- and below-market ground leases for the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Amortization of in-place leases (1)	$	1,735	$	1,810	$	5,184	$	5,828
Amortization (accretion) of market lease intangibles, net (2)	(214)		(115)		(213)		(48)
Amortization (accretion) of above- and below-market ground lease intangibles, net (3)	(88)		(88)		(263)		(265)

_____________________________________

(1)Reflected within depreciation and amortization expense.

(2)Reflected within rental revenue.

(3)Reflected within property expenses.

22

The following table provides the estimated amortization of in-place lease assets to be recognized as a component of depreciation and amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter:

(in thousands)	In-Place Lease Assets
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	1,652
2023	6,271
2024	5,604
2025	4,356
2026	4,051
Thereafter	27,247
Total	$	49,181

The following table provides the estimated net amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles to be recognized as a component of rental revenue for the next five years and thereafter:

(in thousands)	Above Market Lease Asset		Below Market Lease Liabilities		Net Adjustment to Rental Revenue
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	(179)	$	185	$	6
2023	(692)		701		9
2024	(659)		698		39
2025	(651)		700		49
2026	(641)		704		63
Thereafter	(3,586)		8,921		5,335
Total	$	(6,408)	$	11,909	$	5,501

4. Leases

As Lessor

The Company’s investment properties are leased to tenants under long-term operating leases that typically include one or more tenant renewal options. The Company’s leases provide for annual base rental payments (generally payable in monthly installments) and generally provide for increases in rent based on fixed contractual terms or as a result of increases in the Consumer Price Index.

Substantially all of the Company's leases are triple-net, which means that the lessees are responsible for paying all property operating expenses, including maintenance, insurance, utilities, property taxes and, if applicable, ground rent expense; therefore, the Company is generally not responsible for repairs or other capital expenditures related to the properties while the triple-net leases are in effect and, at the end of the lease term, the lessees are responsible for returning the property to the Company in a substantially similar condition as when they took possession. Some of the Company’s leases provide that in the event the Company wishes to sell the property subject to that lease, it first must offer the lessee the right to purchase the property on the same terms and conditions as any offer which it intends to accept for the sale of the property.

Scheduled future minimum base rental payments due to be received under the remaining non-cancelable term of the operating leases in place as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:

(in thousands)	Future Minimum Base Rental Receipts
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	69,504
2023	280,157
2024	282,126
2025	281,990
2026	284,210
Thereafter	3,093,923
Total	$	4,291,910

23

Since lease renewal periods are exercisable at the option of the lessee, the preceding table presents future minimum base rental payments to be received during the initial non-cancelable lease term only. In addition, the future minimum lease payments exclude contingent rent payments, as applicable, that may be collected from certain tenants based on provisions related to performance thresholds and exclude increases in annual rent based on future changes in the Consumer Price Index, among other items.

The fixed and variable components of lease revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed lease revenues	$	67,628	$	54,468	$	198,615	$	151,544
Variable lease revenues (1)	705		616		1,988		1,700
Total lease revenues (2)	$	68,333	$	55,084	$	200,603	$	153,244

_____________________________________

(1)Includes contingent rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s gross sales and costs paid by the Company for which it is reimbursed by its tenants.

(2)Excludes the amortization and accretion of above- and below-market lease intangible assets and liabilities and lease incentives and the Company's adjustment to rental revenue for tenant credit.

As Lessee

The Company has a number of ground leases, an office lease and other equipment leases which are classified as operating leases. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s right of use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities were $7.5 million and $9.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities were $7.4 million and $9.4 million, respectively. These amounts are included in rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, net and accrued liabilities and other payables on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The discount rate applied to measure each ROU asset and lease liability is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate ("IBR"). The Company considers the general economic environment and its historical borrowing activity and factors in various financing and asset specific adjustments to ensure the IBR is appropriate to the intended use of the underlying lease. As the Company did not elect to apply hindsight, lease term assumptions determined under ASC 840 were carried forward and applied in calculating the lease liabilities recorded under ASC 842. Certain of the Company’s ground leases offer renewal options which it assesses against relevant economic factors to determine whether it is reasonably certain of exercising or not exercising the option. Lease payments associated with renewal periods that the Company is reasonably certain will be exercised, if any, are included in the measurement of the corresponding lease liability and ROU asset.

The following table sets forth information related to the measurement of the Company’s lease liabilities as of the dates presented:

	September 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	22.6	21.5
Weighted average discount rate	6.10%	6.08%

Upon adoption of ASC 842 (see Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), ground lease rents are no longer presented on a net basis and instead are reflected on a gross basis in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

24

The following table sets forth the details of rent expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed rent expense - ground leases	$	245	$	239	$	725	$	718
Fixed rent expense - office and equipment leases	128		168		384		423
Variable rent expense	—		—		—		—
Total rent expense	$	373	$	407	$	1,109	$	1,141

As of September 30, 2022, future lease payments due over the next five years and thereafter from the Company under the ground, office and equipment leases where the Company is directly responsible for payment and under the ground leases where the Company’s tenants are directly responsible for payment were as follows:

(in thousands)	Office and Equipment Leases		Ground Leases to be Paid by the Company		Ground Leases to be Paid Directly by the Company’s Tenants		Total Future Minimum Base Rental Payments
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	129	$	39	$	208	$	376
2023	525		131		733		1,389
2024	531		24		688		1,243
2025	538		—		613		1,151
2026	—		—		618		618
Thereafter	—		—		15,104		15,104
Total	$	1,723	$	194	$	17,964	19,881
Present value discount							(10,644)
Lease liabilities							$	9,237

The Company has adopted the short-term lease policy election and accordingly, the table above excludes future minimum base cash rental payments by the Company or its tenants on leases that have a term of less than 12 months at lease inception. The total of such future obligations is not material.

5. Long-Term Debt

The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding indebtedness as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

		Principal Outstanding				Weighted Average Interest Rate (1)
(in thousands)	Maturity Date	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Unsecured term loans:
2024 Term Loan	April 2024	$	200,000	$	200,000	3.3%	1.3%
2027 Term Loan	February 2027	430,000		430,000		4.0%	1.6%
2028 Term Loan	January 2028	250,000		—		3.3%	—%
Senior unsecured notes	July 2031	400,000		400,000		3.0%	3.0%
Revolving Credit Facility	February 2026	—		144,000		—%	1.3%
Total principal outstanding		$	1,280,000	$	1,174,000	3.4%	2.0%

______________________

(1)Interest rates are presented as stated in debt agreements and do not reflect the impact of the Company's interest rate swap and lock agreements, where applicable (see Note 6—Derivative and Hedging Activities).

25

The following table summarizes the scheduled principal payments on the Company’s outstanding indebtedness as of September 30, 2022:

(in thousands)	2024 Term Loan		2027 Term Loan		2028 Term Loan		Senior Unsecured Notes		Revolving Credit Facility		Total
October 1 - December 31, 2022	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2023	—		—		—		—		—		—
2024	200,000		—		—		—		—		200,000
2025	—		—		—		—		—		—
2026	—		—		—		—		—		—
Thereafter	—		430,000		250,000		400,000		—		1,080,000
Total	$	200,000	$	430,000	$	250,000	$	400,000	$	—	$	1,280,000

The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants and was not in default of any provisions under any of its outstanding indebtedness as of September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Revolving Credit Facility, 2024 Term Loan and 2028 Term Loan

In April 2019, the Company, through the Operating Partnership, entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with a group of lenders, amending and restating the terms of the Company’s previous $300.0 million revolving credit facility (the “2018 Credit Facility”) to increase the maximum aggregate initial original principal amount of the revolving loans available thereunder up to $400.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and to permit the incurrence of an additional $200.0 million in term loans thereunder (the “2024 Term Loan”). The full amount available under the 2024 Term Loan was borrowed in May 2019.

In February 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement (as so amended, the "Credit Agreement") and, pursuant to such amendment, among other things, the availability of extensions of credit under the Revolving Credit Facility was increased to $600.0 million, the accordion feature was increased to $600.0 million, the borrowing base limitation on borrowings thereunder was removed, the leverage-based margin applicable to borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was reduced, the LIBOR reference rate was replaced with reference to the Adjusted Term SOFR rate, consistent with market practice, and the composition and extent of lender participation under the Revolving Credit Facility was changed. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, in connection with this amendment, the Company recorded a $0.1 million loss on debt extinguishment related to the write-off of certain deferred financing costs on the Revolving Credit Facility.

Prior to the February 2022 amendment, the Revolving Credit Facility had a term of four years beginning on April 12, 2019, with an extension option of up to six months exercisable by the Operating Partnership, subject to certain conditions, and the 2024 Term Loan was set to mature on April 12, 2024. The loans under each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024 Term Loan initially bore interest at an annual rate of applicable LIBOR plus the applicable margin (which applicable margin varied between the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024 Term Loan). The applicable LIBOR was the rate with a term equivalent to the interest period applicable to the relevant borrowing. The applicable margin was initially a spread set according to a leverage-based pricing grid.

The Revolving Credit Facility matures on February 10, 2026, with two extension options of six months each, exercisable by the Operating Partnership subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The 2024 Term Loan matures on April 12, 2024. The loans under each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024 Term Loan initially bear interest at an annual rate of applicable Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin (which applicable margin varies between the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024 Term Loan). The Adjusted Term SOFR is a rate with a term equivalent to the interest period applicable to the relevant borrowing. In addition, the Operating Partnership is required to pay a revolving facility fee throughout the term of the Revolving Credit Facility. The applicable margin and the revolving facility fee rate are initially a spread and rate, as applicable, set according to a leverage-based pricing grid. At the Operating Partnership's election, on and after receipt of an investment grade corporate credit rating from S&P, Moody's or Fitch, the applicable margin and the revolving facility fee rate will be a spread and rate, as applicable, set according to the credit ratings provided by S&P, Moody's and/or Fitch.

26

In July 2022, the Credit Agreement was further amended to provide for an additional $400.0 million of second tranche term loans, which may be borrowed on a delayed draw basis (the “2028 Term Loan”). Loans under the 2028 Term Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million were drawn in July 2022, concurrently with the closing of such amendment, and the remaining $150 million was drawn in October 2022. Such amendment also amended the applicable margin grid such that the applicable pricing for all borrowings under the Credit Agreement is based on the credit rating of the Company’s long-term senior unsecured non-credit enhanced debt for borrowed money (subject to a single step-down in the applicable pricing if the Company achieves a consolidated leverage ratio that is less than 0.35 to 1:00 while maintaining a credit rating of BBB/Baa2 from S&P, Moody's and/or Fitch), and reset the accordion feature to maintain the $600.0 million availability thereunder.

Each of the Revolving Credit Facility, the 2024 Term Loan and the 2028 Term Loan is freely pre-payable at any time. Outstanding credit extensions under the Revolving Credit Facility are mandatorily payable if the amount of such credit extensions exceeds the revolving facility limit. The Operating Partnership may re-borrow amounts paid down on the Revolving Credit Facility prior to its maturity. Loans repaid under the 2024 Term Loan and 2028 Term Loan cannot be reborrowed. The Credit Agreement has an accordion feature to increase, subject to certain conditions, the maximum availability of credit (either through increased revolving commitments or additional term loans) by up to $600.0 million.

The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the Credit Agreement, and the Company and each of its subsidiaries that owns a direct or indirect interest in an eligible real property asset are guarantors under the Credit Agreement.

Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company is subject to various restrictive financial and nonfinancial covenants which, among other things, require the Company to maintain certain leverage ratios, cash flow and debt service coverage ratios, secured borrowing ratios and a minimum level of tangible net worth.

The following table presents information about the Revolving Credit Facility for the periods presented:

	Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Balance on January 1,	$	144,000	$	18,000
Borrowings	299,000		179,000
Repayments	(443,000)		(197,000)
Balance on September 30,	$	—	$	—

The following table presents information about interest expense related to the Revolving Credit Facility for the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest expense	$	676	$	264	$	2,577	$	1,035
Amortization of deferred financing costs	295		291		923		874
Total	$	971	$	555	$	3,500	$	1,909

Total deferred financing costs, net, of $4.0 million and $1.4 million related to the Revolving Credit Facility are included within rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, net on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $600.0 million and $256.0 million, respectively, of unused borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility.

2027 Term Loan

On November 26, 2019, the Company, through the Operating Partnership, entered into a new $430 million term loan (the “2027 Term Loan”) with a group of lenders. The 2027 Term Loan provides for term loans to be drawn up to an aggregate amount of $430 million with an initial maturity of November 26, 2026. The Company borrowed the entire $430.0 million available under the 2027 Term Loan in separate draws in December 2019 and March 2020.

27

In February 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the 2027 Term Loan to, among other things, reduce the leverage-based margin applicable to borrowings, extend the maturity date of the 2027 Term Loan to February 18, 2027, replace the LIBOR reference rate with reference to the Adjusted Term SOFR rate, consistent with market practice, and change the composition and extent of lender participation under the 2027 Term Loan. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, in connection with this amendment, the Company recorded a $2.1 million loss on debt extinguishment related to fees and the write-off of certain deferred financing costs on the 2027 Term Loan.

In August 2022, The Company entered into an amendment to the 2027 Term Loan to make certain changes to provisions relating to the rates and other matters to reflect changes in market standards.

Prior to its amendment in February 2022, borrowings under the 2027 Term Loan bore interest at an annual rate of applicable LIBOR plus the applicable margin. Following this amendment, the 2027 Term Loan bears interest at an annual rate of applicable Adjusted Term SOFR plus the applicable margin. The applicable LIBOR/Adjusted Term SOFR is the rate with a term equivalent to the interest period applicable to the relevant borrowing. The applicable margin was initially a spread set according to a leverage-based pricing grid. In May 2022, the Operating Partnership made an irrevocable election to have the applicable margin be a spread set according to the Company’s corporate credit ratings provided by S&P, Moody’s and/or Fitch.

The 2027 Term Loan is pre-payable at any time by the Operating Partnership (as borrower) without penalty. The Operating Partnership may not re-borrow amounts paid down on the 2027 Term Loan. The 2027 Term Loan has an accordion feature to increase, subject to certain conditions, the maximum availability of the facility up to an aggregate of $500 million.

The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the 2027 Term Loan, and the Company and each of its subsidiaries that owns a direct or indirect interest in an eligible real property asset are guarantors under the facility. Under the terms of the 2027 Term Loan, the Company is subject to various restrictive financial and nonfinancial covenants which, among other things, require the Company to maintain certain leverage ratios, cash flow and debt service coverage ratios, secured borrowing ratios and a minimum level of tangible net worth.

The following table presents information about aggregate interest expense related to the 2024 Term Loan, 2027 Term Loan and 2028 Term Loan:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest expense	$	6,594	$	2,503	$	12,038	$	7,378
Amortization of deferred financing costs	236		178		557		534
Total	$	6,830	$	2,681	$	12,595	$	7,912

Total deferred financing costs, net, of $4.8 million and $3.0 million related to the term loan facilities are included as a component of unsecured term loans, net of deferred financing costs on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company fixed the interest rates on its variable-rate term loan debt through the use of interest rate swap agreements. See Note 6—Derivative and Hedging Activities for additional information.

Senior Unsecured Notes

In June 2021, through its Operating Partnership, the Company completed a public offering of $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.950% Senior Notes due 2031 (the "2031 Notes"), resulting in net proceeds of $396.6 million. The 2031 Notes were issued by the Operating Partnership, and the obligations of the Operating Partnership under the 2031 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company. The 2031 Notes were issued at 99.8% of their principal amount. In connection with the offering of the 2031 Notes, the Operating Partnership incurred $4.7 million in deferred financing costs and an offering discount of $0.8 million.

28

The following is a summary of the senior unsecured notes outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Payment Dates	Stated Interest Rate	Principal Outstanding
2031 Notes	July 15, 2031	January 15 and July 15	2.95%	$	400,000

The Company's senior unsecured notes are redeemable in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at the Operating Partnership's option, at a redemption price equal to the sum of:

•100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to, but not including, the redemption date; and

•a make-whole premium calculated in accordance with the indenture governing the notes.

The following table presents information about interest expense related to the senior unsecured notes:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest expense	$	2,928	$	2,927	$	8,783	$	3,025
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discount	141		141		422		152
Total	$	3,069	$	3,068	$	9,205	$	3,177

Total deferred financing costs, net, of $4.2 million and $4.5 million related to the senior unsecured notes are included within Senior unsecured notes, net on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Secured Borrowings

In the normal course of business, the Company has transferred financial assets in various transactions with Special Purpose Entities (“SPE”) determined to be VIEs, which primarily consisted of securitization trusts established for a limited purpose (the “Master Trust Funding Program”). These SPEs were formed for the purpose of securitization transactions in which the Company transferred assets to an SPE, which then issued to investors various forms of debt obligations supported by those assets. In these securitization transactions, the Company typically received cash from the SPE as proceeds for the transferred assets and retained the rights and obligations to service the transferred assets in accordance with servicing guidelines. All debt obligations issued from the SPEs were non-recourse to the Company. The Company determined that the SPEs created in connection with its Master Trust Funding Program should be consolidated as the Company was the primary beneficiary of each of these entities.

Series 2017-1 Notes

In July 2017, the Company issued a series of notes under the Master Trust Funding Program, consisting of $232.4 million of Class A Notes and $15.7 million of Class B Notes (together, the “Series 2017-1 Notes”). The Series 2017-1 Notes were issued by three SPEs formed to hold assets and issue the secured borrowings associated with the securitization.

In February 2020, the Company voluntarily prepaid $62.3 million of the Class A Series 2017-1 Notes at par plus accrued interest pursuant to the terms of the agreements related to such securities. The Company was not subject to the payment of a make whole amount in connection with this prepayment.

In June 2021, the Company voluntarily prepaid the remaining $171.2 million of principal outstanding on the Series 2017-1 Notes and paid a make-whole premium of $2.5 million pursuant to the terms of the agreements related to such securities. The Company accounted for this prepayment as a debt extinguishment.

The following table presents information about interest expense related to the Master Trust Funding Program:

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	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest expense	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,551
Amortization of deferred financing costs	—		—		—		312
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,863

6. Derivative and Hedging Activities

The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company uses interest rate swap and lock agreements as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

These derivatives are considered cash flow hedges and are recorded on a gross basis at fair value. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2017-12, assessments of hedge effectiveness are performed quarterly using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The Company recognizes the entire change in the fair value in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the change is reflected as derivative changes in fair value in the supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will subsequently be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s borrowings under its variable-rate term loan facilities. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $17.5 million will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income as a decrease to interest expense. The Company does not have netting arrangements related to its derivatives.

The use of derivative financial instruments carries certain risks, including the risk that the counterparties to these contractual arrangements are not able to perform under the agreements. To mitigate this risk, the Company only enters into derivative financial instruments with counterparties with high credit ratings and with major financial institutions with which the Company and its affiliates may also have other financial relationships. The Company does not anticipate that any of the counterparties will fail to meet their obligations. As of September 30, 2022, there were no events of default related to the Company's derivative financial instruments.

The following table summarizes the notional amount at inception and fair value of these instruments on the Company's balance sheet as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Fixed Rate Paid by Company	Effective Date	Maturity Date	Notional Value (2)		Fair value of Asset/(Liability)
						September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.96%	05/14/2019	04/12/2024	$	100,000	$	3,381	$	(2,747)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.95%	05/14/2019	04/12/2024	50,000		1,702		(1,374)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.94%	05/14/2019	04/12/2024	50,000		1,695		(1,377)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.52%	12/09/2019	11/26/2026	175,000		15,663		(3,444)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.51%	12/09/2019	11/26/2026	50,000		4,547		(996)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.49%	12/09/2019	11/26/2026	25,000		2,253		(481)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.26%	07/09/2020	11/26/2026	100,000		9,903		(790)
Interest Rate Swap(1)	1.28%	07/09/2020	11/26/2026	80,000		7,906		(629)
Interest Rate Swap	3.19%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	50,000		1,314		—
Interest Rate Swap	3.35%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	50,000		953		—
Interest Rate Swap	3.36%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	25,000		458		—
Interest Rate Swap	3.43%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	50,000		748		—
Interest Rate Swap	3.71%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	50,000		101		—
Interest Rate Swap	3.70%	09/26/2022	01/25/2028	25,000		33		—
				$	880,000	$	50,657	$	(11,838)

_____________________________________

(1)In June 2022, the Company converted the reference rate used in these interest rate swaps from 1-month LIBOR to 1-month Adjusted Term SOFR.

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(2)Notional value indicates the extent of the Company’s involvement in these instruments, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rate or market risks.

The Company has agreements with each of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company either defaults or is capable of being declared in default on any of its indebtedness, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

In May 2021, in anticipation of the issuance of the 2031 Notes (which was completed in June 2021), the Company entered into a treasury rate lock agreement which was designated as a cash flow hedge associated with $330.0 million of principal. In June 2021, in connection with issuing the 2031 Notes, the agreement was settled in accordance with its terms. The Company recorded a deferred loss of $4.8 million from the settlement of this treasury rate lock agreement, which was recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The following table presents amounts recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivative and hedging activities for the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	22,836	$	2,779	$	61,981	$	13,695

As of September 30, 2022, the fair value of derivatives in a net asset position, including accrued interest but excluding any adjustment for nonperformance risk related to these agreements, was $51.3 million. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, including accrued interest but excluding any adjustment for nonperformance risk related to these agreements, was $11.8 million. As of September 30, 2022, there were no derivatives in a net liability position and, as of December 31, 2021, there were no derivatives in a net asset position.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a gain on the change in fair value of its interest rate swaps of $0.7 million, which was included in interest expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. During the three months ended September 30, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a loss on the change in fair value of its interest rate swaps of $2.7 million, $3.3 million and $7.6 million, respectively, which was included in interest expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had not posted any collateral related to these agreements and was not in breach of any provisions of such agreements. If the Company had breached any of these provisions, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their aggregate termination value, which were a $51.3 million asset and $11.9 million liability as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

7. Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

In April 2021, the Company completed a follow-on offering of 8,222,500 shares of its common stock, including 1,072,500 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters pursuant to an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $23.50 per share. Net proceeds from this follow-on offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses, were $185.1 million.

In August 2022, the Company completed a follow-on offering of 8,740,000 shares of its common stock, including 1,140,000 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters pursuant to an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $23.00 per share. Net proceeds from this follow-on offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses, were $192.6 million.

At the Market Program

In May 2022, the Company established a new at the market common equity offering program, pursuant to which it can publicly offer and sell, from time to time, shares of its common stock with an aggregate gross sales

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price of up to $500 million (the "2022 ATM Program") through the identified sales agents, as its sales agents or, if applicable, as forward sellers, or directly to such agents as principals. In addition to the issuance and sale by the Company of shares to or through the agents, the 2022 ATM Program also permits the Company to enter into separate forward sale agreements with the identified forward purchasers. In connection with establishing the 2022 ATM Program, the Company terminated its prior at the market program, which it established in July 2021 (the “2021 ATM Program”) and no additional stock can be issued thereunder. Pursuant to the 2021 ATM Program, the Company could publicly offer and sell shares of its common stock with an aggregate gross sales price of up to $350 million and, prior to its termination, the Company issued common stock with an aggregate gross sales price of $348.1 million thereunder.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into a forward sale agreement with respect to 528,399 shares of its common stock sold under the 2022 ATM Program and settled this forward sale agreement in June 2022. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had no outstanding forward sale agreements. As of September 30, 2022, the Company issued common stock with an aggregate gross sales price of $53.2 million and could issue additional common stock with an aggregate gross sales price of up to $446.8 million under the 2022 ATM Program. As the context requires, the 2022 ATM Program, the 2021 ATM Program and prior ATM programs are referred to herein as the “ATM Program."

The following table details information related to activity under the ATM Program for each period presented:

(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Shares of common stock sold	952,201		3,362,712		8,836,684		6,721,554
Weighted average sale price per share	$	21.57	$	30.51	$	24.08	$	27.15
Gross proceeds	$	20,535	$	102,590	$	212,824	$	182,510
Net proceeds	$	20,283	$	101,125	$	210,334	$	179,628

Dividends on Common Stock

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s board of directors declared the following quarterly cash dividends on common stock:

Date Declared	Record Date	Date Paid	Dividend per Share of Common Stock		Total Dividend (in thousands)
September 2, 2022	September 30, 2022	October 14, 2022	$	0.27	$	38,533
June 2, 2022	June 30, 2022	July 14, 2022	$	0.27	$	35,916
March 14, 2022	March 31, 2022	April 13, 2022	$	0.26	$	34,188
September 2, 2021	September 30, 2021	October 14, 2021	$	0.25	$	30,397
May 27, 2021	June 30, 2021	July 15, 2021	$	0.25	$	29,559
March 5, 2021	March 31, 2021	April 15, 2021	$	0.24	$	26,265

8. Non-controlling Interests

Essential Properties OP G.P., LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and holds a 1.0% general partner interest in the Operating Partnership. The Company contributes the net proceeds from issuing shares of common stock to the Operating Partnership in exchange for a number of OP Units equal to the number of shares of common stock issued.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company held 142,377,215 OP Units, representing a 99.6% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership. As of the same date, former members of EPRT Holdings, LLC (the "Non-controlling OP Unit Holders") held 553,847 OP Units in the aggregate, representing a 0.4% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held 124,649,053 OP Units, representing a 99.6% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership. As of the same date, the Non-controlling OP Unit Holders held 553,847 OP Units in the aggregate, representing a 0.4% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership. The OP Units held by the Non-controlling OP Unit Holders are presented as non-controlling interests in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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A holder of OP Units has the right to distributions per unit equal to dividends per share paid on the Company’s common stock and has the right to redeem OP Units for cash or, at the Company’s election, shares of the Company's common stock on a one-for-one basis, provided, however, that such OP Units must have been outstanding for at least one year. Distributions to OP Unit holders are declared and paid concurrently with the Company’s cash dividends to common stockholders. See Note 7—Equity for details.

9. Equity Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plan

In 2018, the Company adopted an equity incentive plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”), which provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock awards, performance awards and LTIP units. Officers, employees, non-employee directors, consultants, independent contractors and agents who provide services to the Company or to any subsidiary of the Company are eligible to receive such awards. A maximum of 3,550,000 shares may be issued under the Equity Incentive Plan, subject to certain conditions.

The following table presents information about the Company’s restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and restricted stock units ("RSUs") during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

	Restricted Stock Awards			Restricted Stock Units
	Shares	Wtd. Avg. Grant Date Fair Value		Units	Wtd. Avg. Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested, January 1, 2021	240,598	$	13.73	321,602	$	25.27
Granted	—	—		213,686	31.78
Vested	(221,694)	13.70		(69,702)	18.74
Forfeited	—	—		(7,717)	23.52
Unvested, September 30, 2021	18,904	$	14.12	457,869	$	29.33
Unvested, January 1, 2022	18,904	$	14.12	454,692	$	29.39
Granted	—	—		607,135	29.08
Vested	(9,865)	14.12		(240,463)	25.77
Forfeited	—	—		(501)	27.25
Unvested, September 30, 2022	9,039	$	14.12	820,863	$	30.22

Restricted Stock Awards

On June 25, 2018, an aggregate of 691,290 shares of RSAs were issued to the Company's directors, executive officers and other employees under the Equity Incentive Plan. These RSAs vested over periods ranging from one year to three years from the date of grant, subject to the individual recipient's continued provision of service to the Company through the applicable vesting dates. The final vesting of these RSAs occurred on January 25, 2021.

In January 2019, RSAs relating to an aggregate of 46,368 shares of unvested restricted common stock were granted to the Company’s executive officers, other employees and an external consultant under the Equity Incentive Plan. These RSAs vest over periods ranging from one year to four years from the date of grant, subject to the individual recipient’s continued provision of service to the Company through the applicable vesting dates. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of RSAs granted under the Equity Incentive Plan using the average market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

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The following table presents information about the Company’s RSAs for the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Compensation cost recognized in general and administrative expense	$	32	$	35	$	96	$	1,513
Dividends declared on unvested RSAs and charged directly to distributions in excess of cumulative earnings	2		5		6		65
Fair value of shares vested during the period	—		—		139		3,037

The following table presents information about the Company’s RSAs as of the dates presented:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Total unrecognized compensation cost	$	34	$	130
Weighted average period over which compensation cost will be recognized (in years)	0.3		1.0

Restricted Stock Units

In 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 the Company issued target grants of 119,085, 84,684, 126,353, and 149,699 performance-based RSUs, respectively, to the Company’s senior management team under the Equity Incentive Plan. Of these awards, 75% are non-vested RSUs for which vesting percentages and the ultimate number of units vesting is calculated based on the total shareholder return (“TSR”) of the Company's common stock as compared to the TSR of peer companies identified in the grant agreements. The payout schedule can produce vesting percentages ranging from 0% to 250% of target. TSR is calculated over the performance period for each award based upon the average closing price for the 20-trading day period ending December 31st of the year prior to grant divided by the average closing price for the 20-trading day period ending December 31st of the third year following the grant. The target number of units is based on achieving a TSR equal to the 50th percentile of the peer group. The Company records expense on these TSR RSUs based on achieving the target.

The grant date fair value of the TSR RSUs was measured using a Monte Carlo simulation model based on the following assumptions:

	Grant Year
	2022	2021	2020
Volatility	54%	55%	20%
Risk free rate	1.68%	0.20%	1.61%

The remaining 25% of these performance-based RSUs vest based on the Compensation Committee's subjective evaluation of the individual recipient’s achievement of certain strategic objectives over the performance period of the award. In January 2022, the Compensation Committee identified specific performance targets and completed its subjective evaluation in relation to the performance-based RSUs granted in 2019 and concluded that 78,801 RSUs should be awarded. 50% of these RSUs vested immediately and the remaining 50% vest on December 31, 2022, subject to the recipient's continued provision of service to the Company through such date. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded $0.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of compensation expense with respect to these performance-based RSUs granted in 2019. As of September 30, 2022, the Compensation Committee had not identified specific performance targets relating to the individual recipients' achievement of strategic objectives for the subjective awards granted in 2020, 2021 and 2022. As such, these awards do not have either a service inception or a grant date for GAAP accounting purposes and the Company recorded no compensation expense with respect to this portion of the performance-based RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

In 2020, 2021 and during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 157,943, 118,921, and 199,581 RSUs, respectively, to the Company’s executive officers, other employees and directors under the Equity Incentive Plan. These awards vest over a period of up to five years from the date of grant, subject to the individual recipient’s continued provision of service to the Company through the applicable vesting dates.

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In January 2022, the Company issued 69,372 performance-based RSUs (at target) to an executive officer under the Equity Incentive Plan. These RSUs vest based on the compound annual growth rate of the Company's adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO CAGR") over a five year performance period, and the payout schedule can produce vesting percentages ranging from 0% to 200% of target. To the extent the performance goal is achieved, these performance-based RSUs will vest in 50% increments on each of the four-year and five-year anniversary of the grant date, subject to the recipient's continued provision of service to the Company through the applicable vesting dates. As of September 30, 2022, based on its AFFO CAGR forecasts, the Company believes it is probable that the maximum performance level will be achieved and recorded $0.2 million and $0.7 million of compensation expense based off of this estimate during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

A portion of the RSUs that vested in 2022 and 2021 were net share settled such that the Company withheld shares with a value equal to the relevant employee's income and employment tax obligations with respect to the vesting and remitted a cash payment to the appropriate taxing authority.

The following table presents information about the Company’s RSUs for the periods presented:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Compensation cost recognized in general and administrative expense	$	2,203	$	1,068	$	7,165	$	3,041
Dividend equivalents declared and charged directly to distributions in excess of cumulative earnings	91		56		274		184
Fair value of units vested during the period	414		414		5,737		1,306

The following table presents information about the Company’s RSUs as of the dates presented:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Total unrecognized compensation cost	$	15,970	$	7,735
Weighted average period over which compensation cost will be recognized (in years)	2.9		2.3

10. Net Income Per Share

The Company computes net income per share pursuant to the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. The guidance requires the classification of the Company’s unvested restricted common stock and units, which contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents, as participating securities requiring the two-class method of computing net income per share. Diluted net income per share of common stock further considers the effect of potentially dilutive shares of common stock outstanding during the period, including the assumed vesting of restricted stock units with a market-based or service-based vesting condition, where dilutive. The OP Units held by non-controlling interests represent potentially dilutive securities as the OP Units may be redeemed for cash or, at the Company’s election, exchanged for shares of the Company’s common stock on a one-for-one basis.

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The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the computation of basic and diluted net income per share (dollars in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(dollar amounts in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	36,591	$	27,646	$	99,221	$	66,421
Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(163)		(139)		(441)		(335)
Less: net income allocated to unvested restricted common stock and RSUs	(93)		(61)		(280)		(249)
Net income available for common stockholders: basic	36,335		27,446		98,500		65,837
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	163		139		441		335
Net income available for common stockholders: diluted	$	36,498	$	27,585	$	98,941	$	66,172
Denominator for basic and diluted earnings per share:
Weighted average common shares outstanding	139,077,229		119,249,551		132,447,198		114,379,344
Less: weighted average number of shares of unvested restricted common stock	(9,041)		(18,906)		(9,041)		(155,758)
Weighted average shares outstanding used in basic net income per share	139,068,188		119,230,645		132,438,157		114,223,586
Effects of dilutive securities: (1)
OP Units	553,847		553,847		553,847		553,847
Unvested restricted common stock and RSUs	268,658		514,188		329,983		562,223
Weighted average shares outstanding used in diluted net income per share	139,890,693		120,298,680		133,321,987		115,339,656

_____________________________________

(1)The three months ended September 30, 2022 exclude the impact of 198,126 unvested RSUs, respectively, as the effect would have been antidilutive. The nine months ended September 30, 2022 exclude the impact of 191,042 unvested RSUs, respectively, as the effect would have been antidilutive.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had remaining future commitments under mortgage notes, reimbursement obligations or similar arrangements to fund $40.1 million to its tenants for development, construction and renovation costs related to properties leased from the Company.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may become subject to litigation, claims and regulatory matters. There are no material legal or regulatory proceedings pending or known to be contemplated against the Company or its properties.

Environmental Matters

In connection with the ownership of real estate, the Company may be liable for costs and damages related to environmental matters. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had not been notified by any governmental authority of any non-compliance, liability or other claim, and is not aware of any other environmental condition that it believes will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Defined Contribution Retirement Plan

The Company has a defined contribution retirement savings plan qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code (the “401(k) Plan”). The 401(k) Plan is available to all of the Company’s full-time employees. The Company provides

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a matching contribution in cash equal to 100% of the first 6% of eligible compensation contributed by participants, which vests immediately.

The following table presents the matching contributions made by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
401(k) matching contributions	$	33	$	29	$	240	$	149

Employment Agreements

The Company has employment agreements with its executive officers. These employment agreements have an initial term of four years, with automatic one year extensions unless notice of non-renewal is provided by either party. These agreements provide for initial annual base salaries and an annual performance bonus. If an executive officer’s employment terminates under certain circumstances, the Company would be liable for any annual performance bonus awarded for the year prior to termination, to the extent unpaid, continued payments equal to 12 months of base salary, monthly reimbursement for 12 months of COBRA premiums, and under certain situations, a pro rata bonus for the year of termination.

12. Fair Value Measurements

GAAP establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of inputs used in measuring financial instruments at fair value. GAAP establishes market-based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs.

The determination of where an asset or liability falls in the hierarchy requires significant judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company evaluates its hierarchy disclosures regularly and, depending on various factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from period to period. However, the Company expects that changes in classifications between levels will be rare.

In addition to the disclosures for assets and liabilities required to be measured at fair value at the balance sheet date, companies are required to disclose the estimated fair values of all financial instruments, even if they are not presented at their fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. The fair values of financial instruments are estimates based upon market conditions and perceived risks as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. These estimates require management’s judgment and may not be indicative of the future fair values of the assets and liabilities.

Financial assets and liabilities for which the carrying values approximate their fair values include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable included within rent receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, net, dividends payable and accrued liabilities and other payables. Generally, these assets and liabilities are short term in duration and their carrying value approximates fair value on the consolidated balance sheets.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed-rate loans receivable have been derived based on primarily unobservable market inputs such as interest rates and discounted cash flow analyses using estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows, market rates and credit spreads. These measurements are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the carrying value of its fixed-rate loans receivable approximates fair value.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, the 2024 Term Loan, the 2027 Term Loan and the 2028 Term Loan have been derived based on primarily unobservable market inputs such as interest rates and discounted cash flow analyses using estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows, market rates and credit spreads. These measurements are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the carrying value of its borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, the 2024 Term Loan, the 2027 Term Loan and the 2028 Term Loan as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 approximate fair value.

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The estimated fair value of the Company's indebtedness under its senior unsecured notes has been based primarily on quoted prices in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. The measurement is classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. As of September 30, 2022, the Company's senior unsecured notes had an aggregate carrying value of $400 million (excluding net deferred financing costs of $4.2 million and net discount of $0.7 million) and an estimated value of $338.6 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company's senior unsecured notes had an aggregate carrying value of $400 million (excluding net deferred financing costs of $4.5 million and net discount of $0.8 million) and an estimated fair value of $400.6 million.

The Company measures its derivative financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of the Company’s derivative financial instruments were determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses on the expected cash flows of the derivative financial instruments. This analysis reflected the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and used observable market-based inputs, including interest rate market data and implied volatilities in such interest rates. While it was determined that the majority of the inputs used to value the derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy under authoritative accounting guidance, the credit valuation adjustments associated with the derivatives also utilized Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default. However, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of the derivative financial instruments was assessed and it was determined that these adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of the derivative financial instruments. As a result, it was determined that the derivative financial instruments in their entirety should be classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company estimated the fair value of its interest rate swap contracts to be a $50.7 million asset and a $11.8 million liability, respectively.

The Company measures its real estate investments at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The fair values of these real estate investments were determined using the following input levels as of September 30, 2022. The Company did not record any impairment and therefore did not make any real estate fair value estimates as of December 31, 2021.

	Net Carrying Value				Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Hierarchy
(in thousands)			Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2022
Non-financial assets:
Long-lived assets	$	2,267	$	2,267	$	—	$	—	$	2,267

Long Lived Assets

The Company reviews its investments in real estate when events or circumstances change indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In the evaluation of an investment in real estate for impairment, many factors are considered, including estimated current and expected operating cash flows from the asset during the projected holding period, costs necessary to extend the life or improve the asset, expected capitalization rates, projected stabilized net operating income, selling costs, and the ability to hold and dispose of the asset in the ordinary course of business.

(dollar amounts in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Techniques	Significant Unobservable Inputs
Non-financial assets:
Long-lived assets
Restaurant - Selma AL	$	367	Discounted cash flow approach	Terminal Value:8.00% Discount Rate:8.50%
Industrial - Tyler, TX	$	1,900	Sales comparison approach	Comparable sales price

The fair values of impaired real estate investments were determined by using the following information, depending on availability, in order of preference: (i) signed purchase and sale agreements or letters of intent; (ii) recently quoted bid or ask prices; (iii) estimates of future cash flows, which consider, among other things, contractual and forecasted rental revenues, leasing assumptions, terminal capitalization rates, discount rates and expenses based upon market conditions; or (iv) expectations for the use of the real estate. Based on these inputs, the Company determined that its valuation of the impaired real estate falls within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

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13. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated all events and transactions that occurred after September 30, 2022 through the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and determined that there have been no events that have occurred that would require adjustment to disclosures in the consolidated financial statements except as disclosed below.

2028 Term Loan Additional Borrowing

In October 2022, the Company borrowed the remaining $150.0 million available under the 2028 Term Loan and, following this borrowing, the Company had $400.0 million in aggregate principal outstanding under the 2028 Term Loan. In October 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate swap to effectively fix the interest rate with respect to $50.0 million of the new borrowings.

Investment Activity

Subsequent to September 30, 2022, the Company invested in fourteen real estate properties for an aggregate investment amount (including acquisition-related costs) of $56.2 million and invested $2.5 million in new and ongoing construction in progress and reimbursements to tenants for development, construction and renovation costs. In addition, the Company invested $0.9 million in mortgage loans receivable subsequent to September 30, 2022.

Subsequent to September 30, 2022, the Company sold or transferred its investment in two real estate properties for an aggregate gross sales price of $7.5 million and incurred approximately $0.3 million of disposition costs related to these transactions.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we refer to Essential Properties Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including its operating partnership, Essential Properties, L.P., as “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context otherwise requires.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In particular, many statements pertaining to our business and growth strategies, investment, financing and leasing activities, and trends in our business, including trends in the market for long-term, net leases of freestanding, single-tenant properties, contain forward-looking statements. When used in this quarterly report, the words “estimate,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “approximately,” and “plan,” and variations of such words, and similar words or phrases, that are predictions of future events or trends and that do not relate solely to historical matters, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans, beliefs or intentions of management.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements; accordingly, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data or methods that may be incorrect or imprecise, and may not be realized. We do not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described (or that they will happen at all). The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:

•general business and economic conditions;

•risks inherent in the real estate business, including tenant defaults or bankruptcies, illiquidity of real estate investments, fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in local markets, competition for tenants in such markets, potential liability relating to environmental matters and potential damages from natural disasters;

•the performance and financial condition of our tenants;

•the availability of suitable properties to invest in and our ability to acquire and lease those properties on favorable terms;

•our ability to renew leases, lease vacant space or re-lease space as existing leases expire or are terminated;

•volatility and uncertainty in the credit markets and broader financial markets, including potential fluctuations in the Consumer Price Index ("CPI");

•the degree and nature of our competition;

•our failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness;

•our ability to access debt and equity capital on attractive terms;

•fluctuating interest rates;

•availability of qualified personnel and our ability to retain our key management personnel;

•changes in, or the failure or inability to comply with, applicable law or regulation;

•our failure to continue to qualify for taxation as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”);

•changes in the U.S. tax law and other U.S. laws, whether or not specific to REITs;

•any ongoing adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or other similar outbreaks on the Company and its tenants; and

•additional factors discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this quarterly report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this quarterly report. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future events or of our performance. We disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes, except as required by law.

Because we operate in a highly competitive and rapidly changing environment, new risks emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such risks, nor can management assess the impact of all such risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual events or results.

Overview

We are an internally managed real estate company that acquires, owns and manages primarily single-tenant properties that are net leased on a long-term basis to middle-market companies operating service-oriented or experience-based businesses. We generally invest in and lease freestanding, single-tenant commercial real estate properties where a tenant conducts activities that are essential to the generation of the tenant’s sales and profits. As of September 30, 2022, 93.1% of our $277.3 million of annualized base rent was attributable to properties operated by tenants in service-oriented and experience-based businesses. "Annualized base rent" means annualized contractually specified cash base rent in effect on September 30, 2022 for all of our leases (including those accounted for as loans or direct financing leases) commenced as of that date and annualized cash interest on our mortgage loans receivable as of that date.

We were organized on January 12, 2018 as a Maryland corporation. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with the year ended December 31, 2018, and we believe that our current organization, operations and intended distributions will allow us to continue to so qualify. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “EPRT”.

Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value by generating attractive risk-adjusted returns through owning, managing and growing a diversified portfolio of commercially desirable properties. As of September 30, 2022, we had a portfolio of 1,572 properties (inclusive of 146 properties which secure our investments in mortgage loans receivable) that was diversified by tenant, industry, concept and geography, had annualized base rent of $277.3 million and was 99.8% occupied. Our portfolio is built based on the following core investment attributes:

Diversification. As of September 30, 2022, our portfolio was 99.8% occupied by 329 tenants operating 486 different brands, or concepts, in 16 industries across 48 states, with none of our tenants contributing more than 3.7% of our annualized base rent. Our goal is that, over time, no more than 5% of our annualized base rent will be derived from any single tenant or more than 1% from any single property.

Long Lease Term. As of September 30, 2022, our leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 14.0 years (based on annualized base rent), with 4.2% of our annualized base rent attributable to leases expiring prior to January 1, 2027. Our properties generally are subject to long-term net leases that we believe provide us a stable base of revenue from which to grow our portfolio.

Significant Use of Sale-Leaseback Investments. We seek to acquire properties owned and operated by middle-market businesses and lease the properties back to the operators pursuant to our standard lease form. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, approximately 88.9% of our investments were sale-leaseback transactions.

Rent Coverage Ratio and Tenant Financial Reporting. As of September 30, 2022, our portfolio’s weighted average rent coverage ratio was 4.2x, and 98.5% of our leases (based on annualized base rent) obligate the tenant to periodically provide us with specified unit-level financial reporting.

Contractual Base Rent Escalation. As of September 30, 2022, 98.1% of our leases (based on annualized base rent) provided for increases in future base rent at a weighted average rate of 1.6% per year.

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Smaller, Low Basis Single-Tenant Properties. We generally invest in freestanding “small-box” single- tenant properties. As of September 30, 2022, our average investment per property was $2.4 million (which equals our aggregate investment in our properties (including transaction costs, lease incentives and amounts funded for construction in progress) divided by the number of properties owned at such date), and we believe investments of similar size allow us to grow our portfolio without concentrating a large amount of capital in individual properties and limit our exposure to events that may adversely affect a particular property. Additionally, we believe that many of our properties are generally fungible and appropriate for multiple commercial uses, which reduces the risk that a particular property may become obsolete and enhances our ability to sell a property if we choose to do so.

Significant Use of Master Leases. As of September 30, 2022, 64.2% of our annualized base rent was attributable to master leases.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths distinguish us from our competitors and allow us to compete effectively in the single-tenant, net-lease market:

Carefully Constructed Portfolio Leased to Service-Oriented or Experience-Based Tenants. We have strategically constructed a portfolio that is diversified by tenant, industry, concept and geography and generally avoids exposure to businesses that we believe are subject to pressure from e-commerce businesses. Our properties are generally subject to long-term net leases that we believe provide us with a stable base of revenue from which to grow our business. As of September 30, 2022, we had a portfolio of 1,572 properties, with annualized base rent of $277.3 million. These properties were carefully selected by our management team in accordance with our focused and disciplined investment strategy. Our portfolio is diversified with 329 tenants operating 486 different concepts across 48 states and 16 industries. None of our tenants contributed more than 3.7% of our annualized base rent as of September 30, 2022, and our strategy targets a scaled portfolio that, over time, derives no more than 5% of its annualized base rent from any single tenant or more than 1% from any single property.

•We focus on investing in properties leased to tenants operating in service-oriented or experience-based businesses such as early childhood education, restaurants (primarily quick service restaurants), car washes, medical and dental services, automotives services, convenience stores and equipment rental, which we believe are generally more insulated from e-commerce pressure than many others. As of September 30, 2022, 93.1% of our annualized base rent was attributable to tenants operating service-oriented and experience-based businesses.

•We believe that our portfolio’s diversity and our rigorous and disciplined underwriting decrease the impact on us of an adverse event affecting a specific tenant, industry or region, and our focus on leasing to tenants in industries that we believe are well-positioned to withstand competition from e-commerce businesses increases the stability and predictability of our rental revenue.

Differentiated Investment Strategy. We seek to acquire and lease freestanding, single-tenant commercial real estate facilities where a tenant conducts activities at the property that are essential to the generation of its sales and profits. We primarily seek to invest in properties leased to unrated middle-market companies that we determine have attractive credit characteristics and stable operating histories. We believe middle-market companies are underserved from a capital perspective and that we can offer them attractive real estate financing solutions while allowing us to enter into lease agreements that provide us with attractive risk-adjusted returns. Furthermore, many net-lease transactions with middle-market companies involve properties that are individually relatively small, which allows us to avoid concentrating a large amount of capital in individual properties. We maintain close relationships with our tenants, which we believe allows us to source additional investments and become the capital provider of choice as our tenants’ businesses grow and their real estate needs increase.

Asset Base Allows for Significant Growth. Building on our senior leadership team’s experience of more than 20 years in net-lease real estate investing, we have developed leading origination, underwriting, financing and property management capabilities. Our platform is scalable, and we seek to leverage our capabilities to improve our efficiency and processes to continue to seek attractive risk- adjusted growth. While we expect that our general and administrative expenses could increase as our portfolio grows, we expect that such expenses as a percentage of our portfolio and our revenues will decrease over time due to efficiencies and economies of scale. With our smaller asset base relative to other peers that also focus on acquiring net leased real estate, we believe that we can achieve superior growth through manageable investment volume.

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Disciplined Underwriting Leading to Strong Portfolio Characteristics. We generally seek to invest in single assets or portfolios of assets through transactions which range in an aggregate purchase price from $2 million to $50 million. Our size allows us to focus on investing in a segment of the market that we believe is underserved from a capital perspective and where we can originate or acquire relatively smaller assets on attractive terms that provide meaningful growth to our portfolio. In addition, we seek to invest in commercially desirable properties that are suitable for use by different tenants, offer attractive risk-adjusted returns and possess characteristics that reduce our real estate investment risks.

Extensive Tenant Financial Reporting Supports Active Asset Management. We seek to enter into lease agreements that obligate our tenants to periodically provide us with corporate and/or unit-level financial reporting, which we believe enhances our ability to actively monitor our investments, manage credit risk, negotiate lease renewals and proactively manage our portfolio to protect stockholder value. As of September 30, 2022, leases contributing 98.5%of our annualized base rent required tenants to provide us with specified unit-level financial information, and leases contributing 98.8% of our annualized base rent required tenants to provide us with corporate-level financial reporting.

Experienced and Proven Management Team. Our senior management has significant experience in the net-lease industry and a track record of growing net-lease businesses to significant scale.

•Our senior management team has been responsible for our focused and disciplined investment strategy and for developing and implementing our investment sourcing, underwriting, closing and asset management infrastructure, which we believe can support significant investment growth without a proportionate increase in our operating expenses. As of September 30, 2022, exclusive of our initial investment in a portfolio of 262 net leased properties, consisting primarily of restaurants, that we acquired on June 16, 2016 as part of the liquidation of General Electric Capital Corporation for an aggregate purchase price of $279.8 million (including transaction costs) (the "Initial Portfolio"), 86.8% of our portfolio’s annualized base rent was attributable to internally originated sale-leaseback transactions and 84.1% was acquired from parties who had previously engaged in one or more transactions that involved a member of our senior management team (including operators and tenants and other participants in the net lease industry, such as brokers, intermediaries and financing sources). The substantial experience, knowledge and relationships of our senior leadership team provide us with an extensive network of contacts that we believe allows us to originate attractive investment opportunities and effectively grow our business.

Our Business and Growth Strategies

Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value by generating attractive risk-adjusted returns through owning, managing and growing a diversified portfolio of commercially desirable properties. We intend to pursue our objective through the following business and growth strategies.

Structure and Manage Our Diverse Portfolio with Focused and Disciplined Underwriting and Risk Management. We seek to maintain the stability of our rental revenue and maximize the long-term return on our investments while continuing our growth by using our focused and disciplined underwriting and risk management expertise. When underwriting assets, we focus on commercially desirable properties, with strong operating performance, healthy rent coverage ratios and tenants with attractive credit characteristics.

•Leasing. In general, we seek to enter into leases with (i) relatively long terms (typically with initial terms of 15 years or more and tenant renewal options); (ii) attractive rent escalation provisions; (iii) healthy rent coverage ratios; and (iv) tenant obligations to periodically provide us with financial information, which provides us with information about the operating performance of the leased property and/or tenant and allows us to actively monitor the security of payments under the lease on an ongoing basis. We strongly prefer to use master lease structures, pursuant to which we lease multiple properties to a single tenant on a unitary (i.e., “all or none”) basis. In addition, in the context of our sale-leaseback investments, we generally seek to establish contract rents that are at or below prevailing market rents, which we believe enhances tenant retention and reduces our releasing risk if a lease is rejected in a bankruptcy proceeding or expires.

•Diversification. We monitor and manage the diversification of our portfolio in order to reduce the risks associated with adverse developments affecting a particular tenant, property, industry or region. Our strategy targets a scaled portfolio that, over time, will (1) derive no more than 5% of its annualized base rent from any single tenant or more than 1% of its annualized base rent from any single property, (2) be primarily

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leased to tenants operating in service-oriented or experience- based businesses and (3) avoid significant credit concentrations. While we consider these criteria when making investments, we may be opportunistic in managing our business and make investments that do not meet one or more of these criteria if we believe the opportunity presents an attractive risk-adjusted return.

•Asset Management. We are an active asset manager and regularly review each of our properties to evaluate various factors, including, but not limited to, changes in the business performance of the operator at the property, credit of the tenant and local real estate market conditions. Among other things, we use Moody’s Analytics RiskCalc, which is a model for predicting private company defaults based on Moody’s Analytics Credit Research Database, to proactively detect credit deterioration. Additionally, we monitor market rents relative to in-place rents and the amount of tenant capital expenditures in order to refine our tenant retention and alternative use assumptions. Our management team utilizes our internal credit diligence to monitor the credit profile of each of our tenants on an ongoing basis. We believe that this proactive approach enables us to identify and address credit issues in a timely manner and to determine whether there are properties in our portfolio that are appropriate for disposition.

•In addition, as part of our active portfolio management, we may selectively dispose of assets that we conclude do not offer a return commensurate with the investment risk, contribute to unwanted credit, industry or tenant concentrations, or may be sold at a price we determine is attractive. We believe that our underwriting processes and active asset management enhance the stability of our rental revenue by reducing default losses and increasing the likelihood of lease renewals.

Focus on Relationship-Based Sourcing to Grow Our Portfolio by Originating Sale-Leaseback Transactions. We plan to continue our disciplined growth by originating primarily sale-leaseback transactions and opportunistically making acquisitions of properties subject to net leases that contribute to our portfolio’s tenant and industry diversification. As of September 30, 2022, exclusive of the Initial Portfolio, 86.8% of our portfolio’s annualized base rent was attributable to internally originated sale- leaseback transactions and 84.1% was acquired from parties who had previously engaged in transactions that involved a member of our senior management team (including operators and tenants and other participants in the net lease industry, such as brokers, intermediaries and financing sources). In addition, we seek to leverage our relationships with our tenants to facilitate investment opportunities, including selectively agreeing to reimburse certain of our tenants for development costs at our properties in exchange for contractually specified rent that generally increases proportionally with our funding. As of September 30, 2022, exclusive of the Initial Portfolio, approximately 45.4% of our investments were sourced from operators and tenants who had previously consummated a transaction involving a member of our management team. We believe our senior management team’s reputation, in-depth market knowledge and extensive network of longstanding relationships in the net lease industry provide us access to an ongoing pipeline of attractive investment opportunities.

Focus on Middle-Market Companies in Service-Oriented or Experience-Based Businesses. We primarily focus on investing in properties that we lease on a long-term, triple-net basis to middle-market companies that we determine have attractive credit characteristics and stable operating histories. We believe properties leased to middle-market companies may offer us the opportunity to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns as a result of our extensive and disciplined credit and real estate analysis, lease structuring and portfolio composition. We believe our capital solutions are attractive to middle-market companies, as such companies often have limited financing options as compared to larger, investment grade rated organizations. We also believe that, in many cases, smaller transactions with middle- market companies will allow us to maintain and grow our portfolio’s diversification. Middle-market companies are often willing to enter into leases with structures and terms that we consider attractive (such as master leases and leases that require ongoing tenant financial reporting) and believe contribute to the stability of our rental revenue.

•In addition, we emphasize investments in properties leased to tenants engaged in service-oriented or experience-based businesses, such as early childhood education, restaurants (primarily quick service restaurants), car washes, medical and dental services, automotive services, convenience stores and equipment rental, as we believe these businesses are generally more insulated from e-commerce pressure than many others.

Internal Growth Through Long-Term Triple-Net Leases That Provide for Periodic Rent Escalations. We seek to enter into long-term (typically with initial terms of 15 years or more and with tenant renewal options), triple-net leases that provide for periodic contractual rent escalations. As of September 30, 2022, our leases had a

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weighted average remaining lease term of 14.0 years (based on annualized base rent), with 4.2% of our annualized base rent attributable to leases expiring prior to January 1, 2027. In addition, 98.1% of our leases (based on annualized base rent) provided for increases in future base rent at a weighted average of 1.6% per year.

Actively Manage Our Balance Sheet to Maximize Capital Efficiency. We seek to maintain a prudent balance between debt and equity financing and to maintain funding sources that lock in long-term investment spreads and limit interest rate sensitivity. We have access to multiple sources of debt capital, including, but not limited to, the public unsecured debt market, asset-backed bond market, through our Master Trust Funding Program, and bank debt, such as through our revolving credit facility and unsecured term loan facilities. We believe that our level of net debt, over time, should generally be less than six times our annualized adjusted EBITDAre (as defined in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below) on a quarterly and annual basis.

Historical Investment and Disposition Activity

The following table sets forth select information about our quarterly investment activity for the quarters ended December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2021		March 31, 2022		June 30, 2022		September 30, 2022
Investment volume	$	322,203	$	237,795	$	175,738	$	195,454
Number of transactions	55		23		23		27
Property count	96		105		39		40
Avg. investment per unit	$	3,230	$	2,187	$	3,870	$	3,750
Cash cap rates 1	6.9%		7.0%		7.0%		7.1%
GAAP cap rates 2	7.8%		7.8%		8.0%		8.2%
Weighted average lease escalation	1.6%		1.4%		1.5%		1.6%
Master lease percentage 3,4	59%		83%		86%		68%
Sale-leaseback percentage 3,5	96%		100%		100%		89%
Existing relationship percentage	89%		83%		79%		94%
Percentage of financial reporting 3,6	98%		100%		100%		100%
Rent coverage ratio	3.0x		3.3x		2.7x		4.4
Lease term (in years)	16.3		15		17.2		16.5
	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		June 30, 2021		September 30, 2021
Investment volume	$	244,078	$	197,816	$	223,186	$	230,755
Number of transactions	33		22		34		31
Property count	108		74		94		85
Avg. investment per unit	$	2,218	$	2,650	$	2,354	$	2,676
Cash cap rates 1	7.1%		7.0%		7.1%		7.0%
GAAP cap rates 2	7.7%		7.9%		7.8%		7.9%
Weighted average lease escalation	1.4%		1.8%		1.4%		1.6%
Master lease percentage 3,4	89%		79%		83%		80%
Sale-leaseback percentage 3,5	88%		85%		88%		84%
Existing Relationship	89%		81%		97%		81%
Percentage of financial reporting 3,6	100%		100%		100%		100%
Rent coverage ratio	3.6x		3.0x		2.7x		2.8x
Lease term (in years)	16.3		16.1		13.5		16.4

_____________________________________

(1)     Annualized cash base rent for the first full month after the investment divided by the gross investment in the property plus transaction costs.

(2)    GAAP rent for the first twelve months after the investment divided by the gross investment in the property plus transaction costs.

(3)    As a percentage of annualized base rent.

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(4)    Includes investments in mortgage loans receivable collateralized by more than one property.

(5)    Includes investments in mortgage loans receivable made in support of sale-leaseback transactions.

(6)    Tenants party to leases that obligate them to periodically provide us with corporate and/or unit-level financial reporting, as a percentage of our annualized base rent.

The following table sets forth select information about our quarterly disposition activity for the quarters ended December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2021		March 31, 2022		June 30, 2022		September 30, 2022
Disposition volume1	$	4,466	$	18,443	$	26,091	$	35,513
Cash cap rate on leased assets 2	6.0%		7.1%		6.2%		6.2%
Leased properties sold 3	2		6		8		12
Vacant properties sold 3	—		—		—		—
	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		June 30, 2021		September 30, 2021
Disposition volume1	$	39,042	$	25,197	$	19,578	$	10,089
Cash cap rate on leased assets 2	7.4%		7.1%		7.1%		6.5%
Leased properties sold 3	21		15		6		11
Vacant properties sold 3	2		1		1		—

_____________________________________

(1)     Net of transaction costs.

(2)     Annualized base rent at time of sale divided by the gross sale price (excluding transaction costs) for the property.

(3)     Property count excludes dispositions of undeveloped land parcels or dispositions where only a portion of the owned parcel was sold.

COVID-19 Pandemic Update

For much of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic (“COVID-19”) created significant uncertainty and economic disruption that adversely affected the Company and its tenants. The adverse impact of the pandemic moderated during 2021 and has significantly diminished during 2022. However, the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its duration are unclear, and various factors could erode the progress that has been made against the virus to date. If conditions similar to those experienced in 2020, at the height of the pandemic, were to reoccur, they would adversely impact the Company and its tenants. The Company continues to closely monitor the impact of COVID-19 on all aspects of its business. For further information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the Company, see Part I, Item 1A titled "Risk Factors" of the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2022, we had $3.6 billion of net investments in our income property portfolio, consisting of investments in 1,572 properties (inclusive of 146 properties which secure our investments in mortgage loans receivable), with annualized base rent of $277.3 million. Substantially all of our cash from operations is generated by our investment portfolio.

The liquidity requirements for operating our business consist primarily of funding our investment activities, servicing our outstanding indebtedness and paying our general and administrative expenses. The occupancy of our portfolio was 99.8% as of September 30, 2022 and, because substantially all of our leases are triple-net (with our tenants generally responsible for the maintenance, insurance and property taxes associated with the leased properties), our liquidity requirements are not significantly impacted by property costs. When a property becomes vacant because the tenant has vacated the property due to default or at the expiration of the lease term without a renewal or new lease being executed, we incur the property costs not paid by the tenant, as well as those property costs accruing during the time it takes to locate a new tenant or to sell the property. As of September 30, 2022, three of our properties were vacant and the remaining properties in our portfolio were subject to a lease. We expect to incur some property costs from time to time in periods during which properties that are not subject to a net lease are being marketed for lease or sale. In addition, we may recognize an expense for certain property costs, such as

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real estate taxes billed in arrears, if we believe the tenant is likely to vacate the property before making payment on those obligations. The amount of such property costs can vary quarter-to-quarter based on the timing of property vacancies and the level of underperforming properties; however, we do not expect that such costs will be significant to our operations.

We intend to continue to grow through additional investments in stand-alone single tenant commercial properties. To accomplish this objective, we seek to invest in real estate with a combination of debt and equity capital and with cash from operations that we do not distribute to our stockholders. When we sell properties, we generally reinvest the cash proceeds from our sales in new property acquisitions. Our short-term liquidity requirements also include the funding needs associated with 45 properties where we have agreed to provide construction financing or reimburse the tenant for certain development, construction and renovation costs in exchange for contractual payments of interest or increased rent that generally increases in proportion with our level of funding. As of September 30, 2022, we agreed to provide construction financing or reimburse a tenant for certain development, construction and renovation costs in an aggregate amount of $139.4 million, and, as of such date, we funded $99.3 million of this commitment. We expect to fund the remainder of this commitment by September 30, 2023.

Additionally, as of October 21, 2022, we were under contract to acquire 14 properties with an aggregate purchase price of $49.1 million, subject to completion of our due diligence procedures and satisfaction of customary closing conditions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements, including our investment in potential future single tenant properties, primarily with our cash and cash equivalents, net cash from operating activities, borrowings, primarily under our Revolving Credit Facility, and through proceeds generated from our ATM Program.

Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of the funds necessary to acquire additional properties and repay indebtedness. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, including net cash from operating activities, borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility, future debt financings, sales of common stock under our ATM Program, and proceeds from the selective sale of properties in our portfolio. However, at any point in time, there may be a number of factors that could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including unfavorable conditions in the overall equity and credit markets, our level of leverage, the portion of our portfolio that is unencumbered, borrowing restrictions imposed by our existing debt agreements, general market conditions for real estate and potentially REITs specifically, our operating performance, our liquidity and general market perceptions about us. The success of our business strategy will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to access these various capital sources to fund our future investments in single tenant properties and thereby grow our cash flows.

An additional liquidity need is funding the required level of distributions, generally 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain), that are among the requirements for us to continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our board of directors declared total cash distributions of $0.80 per share of common stock. Holders of limited partnership interests in our Operating Partnership ("OP Units") and RSU's are entitled to distributions per unit equivalent to those paid by us per share of common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we paid $103.0 million of dividends and distributions to common stockholders and OP Unit holders, and as of September 30, 2022, we recorded $38.7 million of dividends and distributions payable to common stockholders and OP Unit holders. To continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we must make distributions to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. As a result of this requirement, we cannot rely on retained earnings to fund our business needs to the same extent as other entities that are not structured as REITs. If we do not have sufficient funds available to us from our operations to fund our business needs, we will need to find alternative ways to fund those needs. Such alternatives may include, among other things, selling properties (whether or not the sales price is optimal or otherwise meets our strategic long-term objectives), incurring additional indebtedness or issuing equity securities in public or private transactions. The availability and attractiveness of the terms of these potential sources of financing cannot be assured.

Generally, our short-term debt capital needs are met through our use of our Revolving Credit Facility. We manage our long-term leverage position through the issuance of long-term debt typically on a fixed-rate and unsecured basis. Generally, we will seek to issue long-term debt on an unsecured basis as we believe this facilitates greater flexibility in the management of our existing portfolio and our ability to retain optionality in our overall financing and growth strategy. By seeking to match the expected cash inflows from our long-term leases with the expected cash outflows for our long-term debt, we seek to "lock in," for as long as is economically feasible, the

47

expected positive spread between our scheduled cash inflows on our leases and the cash outflows on our debt obligations. In this way, we seek to reduce the risk that increases in interest rates would adversely impact our cash flows and results of operations. Our ability to execute leases that contain annual rent escalations also contributes to our ability to manage the risk of a rising interest rate environment.

We have and may continue to use various financial instruments designed to mitigate the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our cash flows and earnings, including hedging strategies such as interest rate swaps and caps, depending on our analysis of the interest rate environment and the costs and risks of such strategies. Although we are not required to maintain a particular leverage ratio and may not be able to do so, we generally consider that, over time it is prudent for a real estate company like ours, to maintain a level of net debt (which includes recourse and non-recourse borrowings and any outstanding preferred stock less cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash available for future investment) that is less than six times our annualized adjusted EBITDAre.

As of September 30, 2022, all of our long-term debt was fixed-rate debt or was effectively converted to a fixed-rate for the term of the debt through hedging strategies and our weighted average debt maturity was 5.5 years. As we continue to invest in real estate properties and grow our real estate portfolio, we intend to manage our long-term debt maturities to reduce the risk that a significant amount of our debt will mature in any single year.

Future sources of debt capital may include public issuances of senior unsecured notes, term borrowings, mortgage financing of a single-asset or a portfolio of assets and CMBS borrowings. These sources of debt capital may offer us the opportunity to lower our cost of funding and further diversify our sources of debt capital. Over time, we may choose to issue preferred equity as a part of our overall strategy for funding our business. As our outstanding debt matures, we may refinance it as it comes due or choose to repay it using cash and cash equivalents or borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. We believe that the cash generated by our operations, together with our cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2022, our borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility and our potential access to additional sources of capital, will be sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future and allow us to invest in the real estate for which we currently have made commitments.

Supplemental Guarantor Information

As permitted under Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi), the Company has excluded the summarized financial information for the Operating Partnership as the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company and the Operating Partnership are not materially different than the corresponding amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements of the Company, and management believes such summarized financial information would be repetitive and not provide incremental value to investors.

Description of Certain Debt

The following table summarizes our outstanding indebtedness as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

		Principal Outstanding				Weighted Average Interest Rate (1)
(in thousands)	Maturity Date	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Unsecured term loans:
2024 Term Loan	April 2024	$	200,000	$	200,000	2.9%	3.3%
2027 Term Loan	February 2027	430,000		430,000		2.4%	3.0%
2028 Term Loan	January 2028	250,000		—		4.4%	—%
Senior unsecured notes	July 2031	400,000		400,000		3.1%	3.1%
Revolving Credit Facility	February 2026	—		144,000		—%	1.3%
Total principal outstanding		$	1,280,000	$	1,174,000	3.1%	2.9%

_____________________________________

(1)Interest rates are presented after giving effect to our interest rate swap and lock agreements, where applicable.

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Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility and 2024/2028 Term Loan

Through our Operating Partnership, we are party to an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with a group of lenders, which was amended on July 25, 2022 (the "Credit Agreement") and provides for revolving loans of up to $600.0 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and an additional $600.0 million of term loans, consisting of a $200.0 million initial term loan (the "2024 Term Loan") and a $400.0 million second tranche term loan (the “2028 Term Loan” and, together with the 2024 Term Loan, the “2024/2028 Term Loan”). Concurrently with the closing of a July 25, 2022 amendment, $250.0 million of the 2028 Term Loan was drawn and the remaining $150.0 million of the 2028 Term Loan was drawn in October 2022. Such amendment also amended the applicable margin grid such that the applicable pricing is based on the credit rating of the Company’s long-term senior unsecured non-credit enhanced debt for borrowed money (subject to a single step-down in the applicable pricing if the Company achieves a consolidated leverage ratio that is less than 0.35 to 1:00 while maintaining a credit rating of BBB/Baa2 from S&P, Moody's and/or Fitch) and reset the accordion feature to maintain the $600.0 million availability thereunder.

The Revolving Credit Facility matures on February 10, 2026, with two extension options of six months each, exercisable by the Operating Partnership subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The 2024 Term Loan matures on April 12, 2024 and the 2028 Term Loan matures on January 25, 2028. The loans under each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024/2028 Term Loan initially bear interest at an annual rate of applicable Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin (which applicable margin varies between the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024/2028 Term Loan). The Adjusted Term SOFR is a rate with a term equivalent to the interest period applicable to the relevant borrowing. In addition, the Operating Partnership is required to pay a revolving facility fee throughout the term of the Revolving Credit Facility. The applicable margin and the revolving facility fee rate are a spread and rate, as applicable, set according to the credit ratings provided by S&P, Moody's and/or Fitch.

Each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the 2024/2028 Term Loan is freely pre-payable at any time. Outstanding credit extensions under the Revolving Credit Facility are mandatorily payable if the amount of such credit extensions exceeds the revolving facility limit. The Operating Partnership may re-borrow amounts paid down on the Revolving Credit Facility prior to its maturity. Loans repaid under the 2024/2028 Term Loan cannot be reborrowed. The Credit Agreement has an accordion feature to increase, subject to certain conditions, the maximum availability of credit (either through increased revolving commitments or additional term loans) by up to $600.0 million.

The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the Credit Agreement, and we and each of the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership that owns a direct or indirect interest in an eligible real property asset are guarantors under the Credit Agreement. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, we are subject to various restrictive financial and nonfinancial covenants which, among other things, require us to maintain certain leverage ratios, cash flow and debt service coverage ratios, secured borrowing ratios and a minimum level of tangible net worth. As of September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants.

The Credit Agreement restricts our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders under certain circumstances. However, we may make distributions to the extent necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants that, among other things and subject to exceptions, limit or restrict our ability to incur indebtedness and liens, consummate mergers or other fundamental changes, dispose of assets, make certain restricted payments, make certain investments, modify our organizational documents, transact with affiliates, change our fiscal periods, provide negative pledge clauses, make subsidiary distributions, enter into certain new lines of business or engage in certain activities, and fail to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT.

2027 Term Loan

On February 18, 2022, we, through our Operating Partnership, amended our existing $430.0 million term loan credit facility (the "2027 Term Loan") to, among other things, reduce the Applicable Margin, extend the maturity date to February 18, 2027 and make certain other changes consistent with market terms and conditions. In August 2022, the 2027 Term Loan was further amended to revise the applicable margin grid such that the applicable pricing is based on the credit rating of the Company’s long-term senior unsecured non-credit enhanced debt for borrowed money (subject to a single step-down in the applicable pricing if the Company achieves a consolidated leverage ratio that is less than 0.35 to 1:00 while maintaining a credit rating of BBB/Baa2 provided by S&P, Moody's and/or

49

Fitch). The 2027 Term Loan was available to be drawn in up to three draws during the six-month period beginning on November 26, 2019 and, as of September 30, 2022, we have borrowed the full $430.0 million available.

The borrowings under the 2027 Term Loan, as amended, bear interest at an annual rate of applicable Adjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin. The Adjusted Term SOFR is a rate with a term equivalent to the interest period applicable to the relevant borrowing. The applicable margin was initially a spread set according to a leverage-based pricing grid. In May 2022, the Operating Partnership made an irrevocable election to have the applicable margin be a spread set according to the Company’s corporate credit ratings provided by S&P, Moody’s and/or Fitch. The 2027 Term Loan is pre-payable at any time by the Operating Partnership without penalty. The 2027 Term Loan has an accordion feature to increase, subject to certain conditions, the maximum availability of the facility up to an aggregate of $500 million.

The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the 2027 Term Loan, and our Company and each of its subsidiaries that owns a direct or indirect interest in an eligible real property asset are guarantors under the facility. Under the terms of the 2027 Term Loan, we are subject to various restrictive financial and nonfinancial covenants which, among other things, require us to maintain certain leverage ratios, cash flow and debt service coverage ratios, secured borrowing ratios and a minimum level of tangible net worth. As of September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants.

The 2027 Term Loan restricts our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders under certain circumstances. However, we may make distributions to the extent necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code. The 2027 Term Loan contains certain additional covenants that, subject to exceptions, limit or restrict our incurrence of indebtedness and liens, disposition of assets, transactions with affiliates, mergers and fundamental changes, modification of organizational documents, changes to fiscal periods, making of investments, negative pledge clauses and lines of business and REIT qualification.

Senior Unsecured Notes

On June 22, 2021, the Operating Partnership issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 2031 Notes, resulting in net proceeds of $396.6 million. The 2031 Notes were issued by the Operating Partnership and the obligations of the Operating Partnership under the 2031 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company. In May 2021, the Company entered into a treasury-lock agreement which was designated as a cash flow hedge associated with the expected issuance of the 2031 Notes. In June 2021, the agreement was settled in accordance with its terms.

The indenture and supplemental indenture creating the 2031 Notes contain various restrictive covenants, including limitations on our ability to incur additional secured and unsecured indebtedness. As of September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants.

Cash Flows

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

As of September 30, 2022, we had $136.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $7.9 million of restricted cash as compared to $27.5 million and $0.0 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2021.

Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $154.6 million and our net income was $99.2 million. Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily dependent upon the occupancy level of our portfolio, the rental rates specified in our leases, the interest on our loans and direct financing lease receivables, the collectability of rent and interest income and the level of our operating expenses and general and administrative costs. In addition, our cash inflows from operating activities reflect adjustments for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization of tangible, intangible and right-of-use real estate assets, amortization of deferred financing costs and other non-cash interest expense, loss on debt extinguishment of $2.1 million, the provision for impairment of real estate of $10.5 million, offset by $18.1 million of gains on dispositions of real estate, net, and $16.1 million related to the recognition of straight-line rent receivables. In addition, our cash provided by operating activities reflects the adjustment to add back the non-cash impact of $7.3 million of equity-based compensation expense.

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Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $466.0 million. Our net cash used in investing activities generally reflects the funds deployed in our investments in real estate, including capital expenditures and the development of our construction in progress, and in loans receivable, which totaled $604.0 million in the aggregate for the quarter. These cash outflows were partially offset by $80.0 million of proceeds from sales of investments, net of disposition costs, and $58.6 million of principal collections on our loans and direct financing lease receivables.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $395.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 reflected net cash inflows of $403.9 million from the issuance of common stock and $299.0 million of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. These cash inflows were partially offset primarily by repayments of $443.0 million of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and the payment of $103.0 million in dividends.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had no off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2022.

Contractual Obligations

The following table provides information with respect to our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2022:

	Payment due by period
(in thousands)	Total		October 1 - December 31, 2022		2023 - 2024		2025 - 2026		Thereafter
Unsecured term loans	$	880,000	$	—	$	200,000	$	—	$	680,000
Senior unsecured notes	400,000		—		—		—		400,000
Revolving Credit Facility	—		—		—				—
Tenant Construction Financing and    Reimbursement Obligations (1)	40,105		—		40,105		—		—
Operating Lease Obligations (2)	19,881		376		2,632		1,769		15,104
Total	$	1,339,986	$	376	$	242,737	$	1,769	$	1,095,104

_____________________________________

(1)Includes obligations to reimburse certain of our tenants for construction costs that they incur in connection with construction at our properties in exchange for contractually specified rent that generally increases proportionally with our funding.

(2)Includes $18.0 million of rental payments due under ground lease arrangements where our tenants are directly responsible for payment.

Additionally, we may enter into commitments to purchase goods and services in connection with the operation of our business. These commitments generally have terms of one-year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures as adjusted for growth.

We have made an election to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 2018; accordingly, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax for the year ended December 31, 2022 if we distribute all of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction, to our stockholders.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires our management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. Estimates and assumptions include, among other things, subjective judgments regarding the fair values and useful lives of our properties for depreciation and lease classification purposes, the collectability of receivables and asset impairment analysis. We base estimates on the best information available to us at the time, our experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and

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expenses during the reporting periods. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions or other matters had been different, it is possible that different accounting would have been applied, resulting in a different presentation of our consolidated financial statements. From time to time, we reevaluate our estimates and assumptions. In the event estimates or assumptions prove to be different from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. A summary of our critical accounting policies is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We have not made any material changes to these policies during the periods covered by this quarterly report.

Our Real Estate Investment Portfolio

As of September 30, 2022, we had a portfolio of 1,572 properties, including 146 properties that secure our investments in mortgage loans receivable, that was diversified by tenant, concept, industry and geography and had annualized base rent of $277.3 million. Our 329 tenants operate 486 different concepts in 16 industries across 48 states. None of our tenants represented more than 3.7% of our portfolio at September 30, 2022, and our top ten largest tenants represented 19.4% of our annualized base rent as of that date.

Diversification by Tenant

As of September 30, 2022, our top ten tenants included the following concepts: EquipmentShare, Chicken N Pickle , Captain D's, Cadence Education, WhiteWater Express Car Wash, Festival Foods, Track Holdings, Mammoth Holdings, Mister Car Wash and Spare Time. Our 1,569 leased properties are operated by our 329 tenants. The following table details information about our tenants and the related concepts as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Tenant(1)	Concept	Number of Properties(2)	Annualized Base Rent		% of Annualized Base Rent
EquipmentShare.com INC	EquipmentShare	34	$	10,240	3.7	%
CNP Holdings, LLC	Chicken N Pickle	6	5,546		2.0	%
Captain D's, LLC	Captain D's	75	5,353		1.9	%
Cadence Education, LLC	Various	23	4,941		1.8	%
Whitewater Holding Company, LLC	WhiteWater Express Car Wash	16	4,892		1.8	%
Mdsfest, INC.	Festival Foods	5	4,659		1.7	%
The Track Holdings, LLC	Various	9	4,649		1.7	%
Mammoth Holdings, LLC.	Various	17	4,521		1.6	%
Car Wash Partners, INC.	Mister Car Wash	13	4,474		1.6	%
Bowl New England, Inc.	Spare Time	6	4,443		1.6	%
Top 10 Subtotal		204	53,718		19.4	%
Other		1,365	223,559		80.6	%
Total		1,569	$	277,277	100.0	%

_____________________________________

(1)Represents tenant or guarantor.

(2)Excludes three vacant properties.

As of September 30, 2022, our five largest tenants, who contributed 11.2% of our annualized base rent, had a rent coverage ratio of 5.4x and our ten largest tenants, who contributed 19.4% of our annualized base rent, had a rent coverage ratio of 4.5x.

As of September 30, 2022, 94.5% of our leases (based on annualized base rent) were triple-net, and the tenant is typically responsible for all improvements and is contractually obligated to pay all operating expenses, such as maintenance, insurance, utility and tax expense, related to the leased property. Due to the triple-net structure of our leases, we do not expect to incur significant capital expenditures relating to our triple-net leased properties, and the potential impact of inflation on our operating expenses is reduced.

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Diversification by Concept

Our tenants operate their businesses across 486 concepts. The following table details those concepts as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Concept	Type of Business	Annualized Base Rent		% of Annualized Base Rent		Number of Properties(1)	Building (Sq. Ft.)
EquipmentShare	Service	$	10,240	3.7	%	34	647,970
Captain D's	Service	6,595		2.4	%	88	228,470
Chicken N Pickle	Experience	5,546		2.0	%	6	202,057
WhiteWater Express Car Wash	Service	4,892		1.8	%	16	77,746
Festival Foods	Retail	4,659		1.7	%	5	379,640
Mister Car Wash	Service	4,475		1.6	%	13	54,621
Spare Time	Experience	4,443		1.6	%	6	272,979
The Nest Schools	Service	4,146		1.5	%	17	217,282
Applebee's	Service	4,113		1.5	%	27	134,304
Zaxby's	Service	4,062		1.5	%	22	76,790
Top 10 Subtotal		53,171		19.3	%	234	2,291,859
Other		224,106		80.7	%	1,335	12,521,646
Total		$	277,277	100.0	%	1,569	14,813,505

_____________________________________

(1)Excludes three vacant properties.

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Diversification by Industry

Our tenants’ business concepts are diversified across various industries. The following table summarizes those industries as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Tenant Industry	Type of Business	Annualized Base Rent		% of Annualized Base Rent		Number of Properties(1)	Building (Sq. Ft.)	Rent Per Sq. Ft. (2)
Early Childhood Education	Service	$	37,507	13.5	%	169	1,774,859	$	21.00
Quick Service	Service	34,956		12.6	%	402	1,107,012	31.55
Medical / Dental	Service	31,744		11.4	%	186	1,344,356	23.61
Car Washes	Service	30,606		11.0	%	105	562,678	54.39
Automotive Service	Service	23,481		8.5	%	179	1,115,089	20.84
Casual Dining	Service	17,809		6.4	%	97	607,702	28.41
Convenience Stores	Service	15,349		5.6	%	136	518,011	30.01
Equipment Rental and Sales	Service	13,498		4.9	%	51	929,605	13.82
Other Services	Service	5,589		2.0	%	25	291,352	19.18
Pet Care Services	Service	4,990		1.8	%	46	371,069	14.40
Family Dining	Service	4,717		1.7	%	32	179,942	26.21
Service Subtotal		220,246		79.4	%	1,428	8,801,675	24.95
Entertainment	Experience	21,604		7.8	%	39	1,103,950	20.51
Health and Fitness	Experience	11,894		4.3	%	30	1,112,394	9.92
Movie Theatres	Experience	4,301		1.6	%	6	293,206	14.67
Experience Subtotal		37,799		13.7	%	75	2,509,550	15.05
Grocery	Retail	9,725		3.5	%	28	1,341,200	7.25
Home Furnishings	Retail	2,048		0.7	%	4	217,339	9.42
Retail Subtotal		11,773		4.2	%	32	1,558,539	7.55
Building Materials	Industrial	3,855		1.4	%	23	1,257,017	3.07
Other Industrial	Industrial	3,604		1.3	%	11	686,724	5.25
Industrial Subtotal		7,459		2.7	%	34	1,943,741	3.84
Total/Weighted Average		$	277,277	100.0	%	1,569	14,813,505	$	18.66

_____________________________________

(1)Excludes three vacant properties.

(2)Excludes properties with no annualized base rent and properties under construction.

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Diversification by Geography

Our 1,572 properties are located in 48 states. The following table details the geographical locations of our properties as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

State	Annualized Base Rent		% of Annualized Base Rent		Number of Properties	Building (Sq. Ft.)
Texas	$	37,784	13.6	%	186	1,849,277
Ohio	19,606		7.1	%	141	1,096,957
Florida	18,931		6.8	%	77	728,112
Georgia	18,245		6.6	%	111	629,167
Wisconsin	12,806		4.6	%	56	765,929
Missouri	10,912		3.9	%	57	769,969
North Carolina	10,749		3.9	%	55	623,665
Michigan	9,059		3.3	%	58	934,058
Oklahoma	8,098		2.9	%	49	502,635
Arizona	7,830		2.8	%	43	373,163
Alabama	7,598		2.7	%	50	458,898
Minnesota	7,246		2.6	%	36	496,939
Arkansas	7,035		2.5	%	54	447,342
Illinois	6,947		2.5	%	42	291,492
Tennessee	6,755		2.4	%	43	228,409
New York	6,569		2.4	%	45	225,126
Pennsylvania	5,869		2.1	%	34	331,094
Massachusetts	5,844		2.1	%	29	406,159
Colorado	5,617		2.0	%	27	262,068
New Jersey	5,144		1.9	%	19	121,198
South Carolina	4,937		1.8	%	32	337,299
Kansas	4,779		1.7	%	22	218,430
Mississippi	4,738		1.7	%	41	271,991
Iowa	4,635		1.7	%	29	226,033
Kentucky	3,899		1.4	%	36	193,546
New Mexico	3,362		1.2	%	22	130,210
Connecticut	3,296		1.2	%	13	217,985
California	3,059		1.1	%	15	151,566
Nevada	2,757		1.0	%	9	85,158
Indiana	2,703		1.0	%	22	182,964
New Hampshire	2,471		0.9	%	12	218,350
South Dakota	2,410		0.9	%	9	124,912
Louisiana	2,358		0.9	%	13	124,161
Virginia	2,312		0.8	%	11	198,245
Maryland	2,271		0.8	%	9	79,028
Washington	1,685		0.6	%	11	87,243
West Virginia	1,636		0.6	%	24	66,746
Oregon	1,261		0.5	%	8	127,673
Utah	945		0.3	%	2	67,659
Nebraska	877		0.3	%	9	33,103
Maine	509		0.2	%	1	32,115
Wyoming	442		0.2	%	2	14,001
Idaho	403		0.1	%	1	35,433
Alaska	246		0.1	%	2	6,630
Vermont	217		0.1	%	2	30,508
North Dakota	197		0.1	%	1	13,050
Rhode Island	164		0.1	%	1	5,800
Montana	64		0.0	%	1	—
Total	$	277,277	100.0	%	1,572	14,821,496

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Lease Expirations

As of September 30, 2022, the weighted average remaining term of our leases was 14.0 years (based on annualized base rent), with only 4.2% of our annualized base rent attributable to leases expiring prior to January 1, 2027. The following table sets forth our lease expirations for leases in place as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Lease Expiration Year (1)	Annualized Base Rent		% of Annualized Base Rent		Number of Properties(2)	Weighted Average Rent Coverage Ratio (3)
2022	$	280	0.1	%	4	2.1x
2023	1,436		0.5	%	15	2.9x
2024	4,881		1.8	%	47	6.0x
2025	2,246		0.8	%	19	2.0x
2026	2,736		1.0	%	17	4.4x
2027	6,899		2.5	%	68	2.6x
2028	3,919		1.4	%	12	2.2x
2029	5,665		2.0	%	78	4.1x
2030	4,482		1.6	%	49	6.7x
2031	13,735		5.0	%	80	2.8x
2032	11,080		4.0	%	45	3.8x
2033	8,134		2.9	%	27	3.4x
2034	28,559		10.3	%	206	5.9x
2035	14,628		5.3	%	99	5.1x
2036	42,406		15.3	%	182	3.4x
2037	21,452		7.7	%	105	10.7x
2038	11,530		4.2	%	78	2.5x
2039	20,726		7.5	%	102	3.6x
2040	32,408		11.7	%	151	2.7x
2041	22,661		8.2	%	115	2.5x
Thereafter	17,414		6.2	%	70	3.3x
Total/Weighted Average	$	277,277	100.0	%	1,569	4.2x

_____________________________________

(1)Expiration year of contracts in place as of September 30, 2022, excluding any tenant option renewal periods that have not been exercised.

(2)Excludes three vacant properties.

(3)Weighted by annualized base rent.

Unit Level Rent Coverage

Generally, we seek to acquire investments with healthy rent coverage ratios, and as of September 30, 2022, the weighted average rent coverage ratio of our portfolio was 4.2x. Our portfolio’s unit-level rent coverage ratios (by annualized base rent and excluding leases that do not report unit-level financial information) as of September 30, 2022 are displayed below:

Unit Level Coverage Ratio	% of Total
≥ 2.00x	73.9	%
1.50x to 1.99x	13.5	%
1.00x to 1.49x	7.5	%
< 1.00x	3.7	%
Not reported	1.4	%
	100.0	%

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Implied Tenant Credit Ratings

Tenant financial distress is typically caused by consistently poor or deteriorating operating performance, near-term liquidity issues or unexpected liabilities. To assess the probability of tenant insolvency, we utilize Moody’s Analytics RiskCalc, which is a model for predicting private company defaults based on Moody’s Analytics Credit Research Database, which incorporates both market and company-specific risk factors. The following table illustrates the portions of our annualized base rent as of September 30, 2022 attributable to leases with tenants having specified implied credit ratings based on their Moody’s RiskCalc scores:

Credit Rating	NR		< 1.00x		1.00 to 1.49x		1.50 to 1.99x		≥ 2.00x
CCC+	—	%	0.5	%	0.3	%	0.2	%	0.6	%
B-	—	%	0.1	%	—	%	—	%	1.6	%
B	—	%	0.3	%	1.5	%	1.1	%	0.7	%
B+	0.1	%	1.2	%	0.5	%	0.6	%	3.4	%
BB-	—	%	0.2	%	1.8	%	1.7	%	14.0	%
BB	0.2	%	0.5	%	0.8	%	2.1	%	10.5	%
BB+	—	%	0.6	%	0.2	%	1.6	%	8.3	%
BBB-	—	%	—	%	0.4	%	1.2	%	8.1	%
BBB	—	%	0.4	%	0.6	%	3.1	%	15.2	%
BBB+	—	%	0.1	%	1.1	%	0.3	%	2.1	%
A-	—	%	—	%	—	%	0.5	%	3.9	%
A	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	2.8	%
A+	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	0.8	%
AA-	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%

_____________________________________

NR    Not reported

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Results of Operations

The following discussion includes the results of our operations for the periods presented.

Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

	Three months ended September 30,
(dollar amounts in thousands)	2022		2021		Change		%
Revenues:
Rental revenue	$	66,525	$	54,929	$	11,596	21.1	%
Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables	3,719		4,574		(855)		(18.7)	%
Other revenue, net	419		98		321		327.6	%
Total revenues	70,663		59,601		11,062
Expenses:
General and administrative	7,868		5,596		2,272		40.6	%
Property expenses	830		1,358		(528)		(38.9)	%
Depreciation and amortization	22,054		17,355		4,699		27.1	%
Provision for impairment of real estate	349		—		349		100.0	%
Change in provision for loan losses	(30)		16		(46)		287.5	%
Total expenses	31,071		24,325		6,746
Other operating income:
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	6,329		1,343		4,986		371.3	%
Income from operations	45,921		36,619		9,302
Other (expense)/income:
Loss on debt extinguishment	—		—		—		—	%
Interest expense	(9,892)		(8,955)		(937)		(10.5)	%
Interest income	752		37		715		1932.4	%
Income before income tax expense	36,781		27,701		9,080
Income tax expense	190		55		135		245.5	%
Net income	36,591		27,646		8,945
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(163)		(139)		24		17.3	%
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	36,428	$	27,507	$	8,921

Revenues:

Rental revenue. Rental revenue increased by $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in rental revenue was driven primarily by the growth in our real estate investment portfolio. Our real estate investment portfolio grew from 1,231 rental properties, representing $2.9 billion in net investments in real estate, as of September 30, 2021 to 1,417 rental properties, representing $3.6 billion in net investments in real estate, as of September 30, 2022. Our real estate investments were acquired throughout the periods presented and were not all owned by us for the entirety of the applicable periods; accordingly, a significant portion of the increase in rental revenue between periods is related to recognizing revenue in 2022 from acquisitions that were made during 2021 and early 2022. Another component of the increase in rental revenues between periods relates to rent escalations recognized on our leases.

Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables. Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables decreased by $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to the decrease in our mortgage loans receivable portfolio during 2022, which led to a lower average daily balance of loans receivable outstanding during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

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Other revenue. Other revenue increased $0.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to the receipt of loan prepayment fees during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Expenses:

General and administrative. General and administrative expense increased by $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily related to an increase in non-cash share-based compensation of $1.1 million, salary expense and professional fees during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Property expenses. Property expenses decreased by $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease in property expenses was primarily due to decreased insurance expenses, property taxes and property-related operational costs during the three months ended September 30, 2022 related to fewer vacant properties and moving tenants accounted for on a non-accrual basis back to accrual.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $4.7 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. Depreciation and amortization expense increased in proportion to the increase in the size of our real estate portfolio during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for impairment of real estate. Impairment charges on real estate investments were $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and we recorded no impairment charges during the three months ended September 30, 2021. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a provision for impairment on two of our real estate investments. We strategically seek to identify non-performing properties that we may re-lease or dispose of in an effort to improve our returns and manage risk exposure. An increase in vacancy associated with our disposition or re-leasing strategies may trigger impairment charges when the expected future cash flows from the properties from sale or re-lease are less than their net book value.

Change in provision for loan losses. Provision for loan losses decreased $46.0 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. Under ASC 326, we are required to re-evaluate the expected loss on our portfolio of loans and direct financing lease receivables at each balance sheet date. Changes in our provision for loan losses are driven by revisions to global and loan-specific assumptions in our loan loss model and by changes in the size of our loan and direct financing lease portfolio.

Other operating income:

Gain on dispositions of real estate, net. Gain on dispositions of real estate, net, increased by $5.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. We disposed of 12 and 11 real estate properties during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Other (expense)/income:

Interest expense. Interest expense increased by $0.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to an increase in our outstanding debt balance and increased interest rates during the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Interest income. Interest income increased by approximately $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in interest income was primarily due to higher interest rates, higher average daily cash balances in our interest-bearing bank accounts and investing in commercial paper during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Income tax expense. Income tax expense increased by $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. We are organized and operate as a REIT and are generally not subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes on our REIT taxable income that is

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currently distributed to our stockholders. However, the Operating Partnership is subject to taxation in certain state and local jurisdictions that impose income taxes on a partnership.

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

	Nine months ended September 30,
(dollar amounts in thousands)	2022		2021		Change		%
Revenues:
Rental revenue	$	199,726	$	153,511	$	46,215	30.1	%
Interest income on loans and direct financing lease receivables	11,490		11,558		(68)		(0.6)	%
Other revenue, net	1,014		150		864		576.0	%
Total revenues	212,230		165,219		47,011
Expenses:
General and administrative	22,956		18,497		4,459		24.1	%
Property expenses	2,668		3,946		(1,278)		(32.4)	%
Depreciation and amortization	64,441		50,185		14,256		28.4	%
Provision for impairment of real estate	10,541		6,120		4,421		72.2	%
Change in provision for loan losses	136		(112)		248		221.4	%
Total expenses	100,742		78,636		22,106
Other operating income:
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	18,082		8,841		9,241		104.5	%
Income from operations	129,570		95,424		34,146
Other (expense)/income:
Loss on debt extinguishment	(2,138)		(4,461)		(2,323)		52.1	%
Interest expense	(28,242)		(24,444)		(3,798)		(15.5)	%
Interest income	800		74		726		981.1	%
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	99,990		66,593		33,397
Income tax expense (benefit)	769		172		597		347.1	%
Net income	99,221		66,421		32,800
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(441)		(335)		106		31.6	%
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	98,780	$	66,086	$	32,694

Revenues:

Rental revenue. Rental revenue increased by $46.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in rental revenue was driven primarily by the growth in the size of our real estate investment portfolio, which generated additional revenues. Our real estate investment portfolio grew from 1,231 rental properties, representing $2.9 billion in net investments in real estate, as of September 30, 2021 to 1,417 rental properties, representing $3.6 billion in net investments in real estate, as of September 30, 2022. Our real estate investments were acquired throughout the periods presented and were not all owned by us for the entirety of the applicable periods; accordingly, a significant portion of the increase in rental revenue between periods is related to recognizing revenue in 2022 from acquisitions that were made during 2021 and early 2022.

Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables. Interest on loans and direct financing lease receivables decreased by $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021, due to a decrease in investments in loans receivable during 2022, leading to a lower average daily balance of loans receivable outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Other revenue. Other revenue increased by $0.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to the receipt of loan prepayment fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Expenses:

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $4.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily related to an increase in non-cash share-based compensation of $2.7 million, salary expense and legal and professional fees incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Property expenses. Property expenses decreased by $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease in property expenses was primarily due to decreased property taxes and property-related operational costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as a result of fewer vacancies.

Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $14.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Depreciation and amortization expense increased in proportion to the increase in the size of our real estate portfolio during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for impairment of real estate. Impairment charges on real estate investments were $10.5 million and $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a provision for impairment of real estate on 9 and 18 of our real estate investments, respectively. We strategically seek to identify non-performing properties that we may re-lease or dispose of in an effort to improve our returns and manage risk exposure. An increase in vacancy associated with our disposition or re-leasing strategies may trigger impairment charges when the expected future cash flows from the properties from sale or re-lease are less than their net book value.

Change in provision for loan losses. The change in our provision for loan losses was a $0.2 million increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Under ASC 326, we are required to re-evaluate the expected loss on our portfolio of loans and direct financing lease receivables at each balance sheet date. Changes in our provision for loan losses are driven by revisions to global and loan-specific assumptions in our loan loss model and by changes in the size of our loan and direct financing lease portfolio.

Other operating income:

Gain on dispositions of real estate, net. Gain on dispositions of real estate, net, increased by $9.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We disposed of 26 and 36 real estate properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Other (expense)/income:

Loss on debt extinguishment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a $2.1 million loss on debt extinguishment due to the write-off deferred financing costs and the payment of fees in conjunction with amendments to our term loans and revolving credit facility. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded a $4.5 million loss on repayment of secured borrowings due to the premium paid in connection with the full repayment of our Series 2017-1 notes in June 2021 and the related write-off of deferred financing costs.

Interest expense. Interest expense increased by $3.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase is primarily related to our higher average outstanding debt balance and higher interest rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest income. Interest income increased by $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in interest income was primarily due to higher average daily cash balances in our interest-bearing bank accounts, higher interest rates, and investments in commercial paper during the nine months ended September 30, 2021

Income tax expense. Income tax expense increased by approximately $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the accrual of income taxes for a transaction consummated through our taxable REIT subsidiary.

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We are organized and operate as a REIT and are not subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes on our REIT taxable income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. However, the Operating Partnership is subject to taxation in certain state and local jurisdictions that impose income taxes on a partnership. The changes in income tax expense are primarily due to changes in the proportion of our real estate portfolio located in jurisdictions where we are subject to taxation.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Our reported results are presented in accordance with GAAP. We also disclose the following non-GAAP financial measures: funds from operations (“FFO”), core funds from operations (“Core FFO”), adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”), earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), EBITDA further adjusted to exclude gains (or losses) on sales of depreciable property and real estate impairment losses (“EBITDAre”), adjusted EBITDAre, annualized adjusted EBITDAre, net debt, net operating income (“NOI”) and cash NOI (“Cash NOI”). We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are industry measures used by analysts and investors to compare the operating performance of REITs.

We compute FFO in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”). NAREIT defines FFO as GAAP net income or loss adjusted to exclude extraordinary items (as defined by GAAP), net gain or loss from sales of depreciable real estate assets, impairment write-downs associated with depreciable real estate assets and real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), including the pro rata share of such adjustments of unconsolidated subsidiaries. FFO is used by management, and may be useful to investors and analysts, to facilitate meaningful comparisons of operating performance between periods and among our peers primarily because it excludes the effect of real estate depreciation and amortization and net gains and losses on sales (which are dependent on historical costs and implicitly assume that the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time, rather than fluctuating based on existing market conditions).

We compute Core FFO by adjusting FFO, as defined by NAREIT, to exclude certain GAAP income and expense amounts that we believe are infrequent and unusual in nature and/or not related to our core real estate operations. Exclusion of these items from similar FFO-type metrics is common within the equity REIT industry, and management believes that presentation of Core FFO provides investors with a metric to assist in their evaluation of our operating performance across multiple periods and in comparison to the operating performance of our peers, because it removes the effect of unusual items that are not expected to impact our operating performance on an ongoing basis. Core FFO is used by management in evaluating the performance of our core business operations. Items included in calculating FFO that may be excluded in calculating Core FFO include certain transaction related gains, losses, income or expense or other non-core amounts as they occur.

To derive AFFO, we modify our computation of Core FFO to include other adjustments to GAAP net income related to certain items that we believe are not indicative of our operating performance, including straight-line rental revenue, non-cash interest expense, non-cash compensation expense, other amortization and non-cash charges, capitalized interest expense and transaction costs. Such items may cause short-term fluctuations in net income but have no impact on operating cash flows or long-term operating performance. We believe that AFFO is an additional useful supplemental measure for investors to consider when assessing our operating performance without the distortions created by non-cash items and certain other revenues and expenses.

FFO, Core FFO and AFFO do not include all items of revenue and expense included in net income, they do not represent cash generated from operating activities and they are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash requirements; accordingly, they should not be considered alternatives to net income as a performance measure or cash flows from operations as a liquidity measure and should be considered in addition to, and not in lieu of, GAAP financial measures. Additionally, our computation of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO may differ from the methodology for calculating these metrics used by other equity REITs and, therefore, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other equity REITs.

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The following table reconciles net income (which is the most comparable GAAP measure) to FFO, Core FFO and AFFO attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	36,591	$	27,646	$	99,221	$	66,421
Depreciation and amortization of real estate	22,028		17,329		64,363		50,108
Provision for impairment of real estate	349		—		10,541		6,120
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	(6,329)		(1,343)		(18,082)		(8,841)
FFO attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	52,639		43,632		156,043		113,808
Other non-recurring expenses (1)	250		—		2,388		4,461
Core FFO attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	52,889		43,632		158,431		118,269
Adjustments:
Straight-line rental revenue, net	(3,810)		(5,086)		(16,610)		(13,950)
Non-cash interest	645		488		1,995		1,407
Non-cash compensation expense	2,233		1,103		7,257		4,554
Other amortization expense	1,775		68		2,177		2,487
Other non-cash charges	(34)		15		126		(118)
Capitalized interest expense	(236)		(19)		(363)		(55)
AFFO attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	$	53,462	$	40,201	$	153,013	$	112,594

_____________________________________

(1)Includes $0.2 million of fees incurred in conjunction with the August 2022 amendment to our 2027 Term Loan during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, our $2.1 million loss on debt extinguishment during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and our $4.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

We compute EBITDA as earnings before interest, income taxes and depreciation and amortization. In 2017, NAREIT issued a white paper recommending that companies that report EBITDA also report EBITDAre. We compute EBITDAre in accordance with the definition adopted by NAREIT. NAREIT defines EBITDAre as EBITDA (as defined above) excluding gains (or losses) from the sales of depreciable property and real estate impairment losses. We present EBITDA and EBITDAre as they are measures commonly used in our industry. We believe that these measures are useful to investors and analysts because they provide supplemental information concerning our operating performance, exclusive of certain non-cash items and other costs. We use EBITDA and EBITDAre as measures of our operating performance and not as measures of liquidity.

EBITDA and EBITDAre do not include all items of revenue and expense included in net income, they do not represent cash generated from operating activities and they are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash requirements; accordingly, they should not be considered alternatives to net income as a performance measure or cash flows from operations as a liquidity measure and should be considered in addition to, and not in lieu of, GAAP financial measures. Additionally, our computation of EBITDA and EBITDAre may differ from the methodology for calculating these metrics used by other equity REITs and, therefore, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other equity REITs.

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The following table reconciles net income (which is the most comparable GAAP measure) to EBITDA and EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	36,591	$	27,646	$	99,221	$	66,421
Depreciation and amortization	22,054		17,355		64,441		50,185
Interest expense	9,892		8,955		28,242		24,444
Interest income	(752)		(37)		(800)		(74)
Income tax expense	190		55		769		172
EBITDA attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	67,975		53,974		191,873		141,148
Provision for impairment of real estate	349		—		10,541		6,120
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	(6,329)		(1,343)		(18,082)		(8,841)
EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	$	61,995	$	52,631	$	184,332	$	138,427

We further adjust EBITDAre for the most recently completed quarter (i) based on an estimate calculated as if all re-leasing, investment and disposition activity that took place during the quarter had been made on the first day of the quarter; (ii) to exclude certain GAAP income and expense amounts that we believe are infrequent and unusual in nature; and (iii) to eliminate the impact of lease termination or loan prepayment fees and contingent rental revenue from certain of our tenants, which is subject to sales thresholds specified in the applicable leases (“Adjusted EBITDAre”). We then annualize quarterly Adjusted EBITDAre by multiplying it by four (“Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre”), which we believe provides a meaningful estimate of our current run rate for all of our investments as of the end of the most recently completed quarter. You should not unduly rely on this measure, as it is based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Our actual reported EBITDAre for future periods may be significantly less than our current Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre.

The following table reconciles net income (which is the most comparable GAAP measure) to Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests for the three months ended September 30, 2022:

(in thousands)	Three months ended September 30, 2022
Net income	$	36,591
Depreciation and amortization	22,054
Interest expense	9,892
Interest income	(752)
Income tax expense	190
EBITDA attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	67,975
Provision for impairment of real estate	349
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	(6,329)
EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	61,995
Adjustment for current quarter re-leasing, acquisition and disposition activity (1)	2,844
Adjustment to exclude other non-core or non-recurring activity (2)	134
Adjustment to exclude termination/prepayment fees and certain percentage rent (3)	(429)
Adjusted EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	$	64,544
Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	$	258,176

_____________________________________

(1)Adjustment assumes all re-leasing activity, investments in and dispositions of real estate and loan repayments completed during the three months ended September 30, 2022 had occurred on July 1, 2022.

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(2)Adjustment is made to exclude non-core expenses added back to compute Core FFO, our provision for loan losses and to eliminate the impact of seasonal fluctuation in certain non-cash compensation expense recorded in the period.

(3)Adjustment excludes lease termination or loan prepayment fees and contingent rent (based on a percentage of the tenant's gross sales at the leased property) where payment is subject to exceeding a sales threshold specified in the lease, if any.

We calculate our net debt as our gross debt (defined as total debt plus net deferred financing costs on our secured borrowings) less cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash available for future investment. We believe excluding cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash available for future investment from gross debt, all of which could be used to repay debt, provides an estimate of the net contractual amount of borrowed capital to be repaid, which we believe is a beneficial disclosure to investors and analysts.

The following table reconciles total debt (which is the most comparable GAAP measure) to net debt:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Unsecured term loans, net of deferred financing costs	$	875,239	$	626,983
Revolving credit facility	—		144,000
Senior unsecured notes, net	395,145		394,723
Total debt	1,270,384		1,165,706
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount, net	9,616		8,294
Gross debt	1,280,000		1,174,000
Cash and cash equivalents	(136,303)		(59,758)
Restricted cash available for future investment	(7,925)		—
Net debt	$	1,135,772	$	1,114,242

We compute NOI as total revenues less property expenses. NOI excludes all other items of expense and income included in the financial statements in calculating net income or loss, in accordance with GAAP. Cash NOI further excludes non-cash items included in total revenues and property expenses, such as straight-line rental revenue and other amortization and non-cash charges. We believe NOI and Cash NOI provide useful and relevant information because they reflect only those revenue and expense items that are incurred at the property level and present such items on an unlevered basis.

NOI and Cash NOI are not measures of financial performance under GAAP. You should not consider our NOI and Cash NOI as alternatives to net income or cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our computation of NOI and Cash NOI may differ from the methodology for calculating these metrics used by other equity REITs, and, therefore, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other equity REITs.

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The following table reconciles net income (which is the most comparable GAAP measure) to NOI and Cash NOI attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	36,591	$	27,646	$	99,221	$	66,421
General and administrative expense	7,868		5,596		22,956		18,497
Depreciation and amortization	22,054		17,355		64,441		50,185
Provision for impairment of real estate	349		—		10,541		6,120
Change in provision for loan losses	(30)		16		136		(112)
Gain on dispositions of real estate, net	(6,329)		(1,343)		(18,082)		(8,841)
Loss on debt extinguishment	—		—		2,138		4,461
Interest expense	9,892		8,955		28,242		24,444
Interest income	(752)		(37)		(800)		(74)
Income tax expense	190		55		769		172
NOI attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	69,833		58,243		209,562		161,273
Straight-line rental revenue, net	(3,810)		(5,086)		(16,610)		(13,950)
Other amortization and non-cash charges	1,774		68		2,175		2,487
Cash NOI attributable to stockholders and non-controlling interests	$	67,797	$	53,225	$	195,127	$	149,810

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Over time, we generally seek to match the expected cash inflows from our long-term leases with the expected cash outflows for our long-term debt. To achieve this objective, we may borrow on a fixed-rate basis through long-term issuances of senior unsecured notes. Additionally, we incur debt that bears interest at floating rates under the Revolving Credit Facility, which we use in connection with our operations and to fund investments, the 2024 Term Loan, the 2027 Term Loan and the 2028 Term Loan.

		Principal Outstanding				Weighted Average Interest Rate(1)
(in thousands)	Maturity Date	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Unsecured term loans:
2024 Term Loan	April 2024	$	200,000	$	200,000	2.9%	3.3%
2027 Term Loan	February 2027	430,000		430,000		2.4%	3.0%
2028 Term Loan	January 2028	250,000		—		4.4%	—%
Senior unsecured notes	July 2031	400,000		400,000		3.1%	3.1%
Revolving Credit Facility	February 2026	—		144,000		—%	1.3%
Total principal outstanding		$	1,280,000	$	1,174,000	3.1%	2.9%

_____________________________________

(1)Interest rates are presented after giving effect to our interest rate swap agreements, where applicable.

We have fixed the floating rates on borrowings under our term loan facilities by entering into interest rate swap agreements where we pay a fixed interest rate and receive a floating interest rate equal to the rate we pay on the respective term loan. At September 30, 2022, our aggregate asset in the event of the early termination of our swaps was $51.3 million.

At September 30, 2022, a 100-basis point increase of the interest rate on our unsecured term loan borrowings would increase our related interest costs by $8.8 million per year and a 100-basis point decrease of the interest rate would decrease our related interest costs by $8.8 million per year.

Additionally, our borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an annual rate equal to Adjusted Term SOFR plus a leverage-based credit spread. Therefore, an increase or decrease in interest rates would result in an increase or decrease to our interest expense under the Revolving Credit Facility. We monitor our market interest rate risk exposures using a sensitivity analysis. Our sensitivity analysis estimates the exposure to

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market risk sensitive instruments assuming a hypothetical adverse change in interest rates. Based on the results of a sensitivity analysis, which assumes a 100-basis point adverse change in interest rates, the estimated market risk exposure for our variable‑rate borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was $0.0 million as of September 30, 2022.

We are exposed to interest rate risk between the time we enter into a sale-leaseback transaction or acquire a leased property and the time we finance the related real estate with long-term fixed-rate debt. In addition, when our long-term debt matures, we may have to refinance the debt at a higher interest rate. Market interest rates are sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control. Our interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of future interest rate changes on our earnings and cash flows.

In addition to amounts that we borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility, we may incur variable-rate debt in the future that we do not choose to hedge. Additionally, decreases in interest rates may lead to increased competition for the acquisition of real estate due to a reduction in desirable alternative income-producing investments. Increased competition for the acquisition of real estate may lead to a decrease in the yields on real estate we have targeted for acquisition. In such circumstances, if we are not able to offset the decrease in yields by obtaining lower interest costs on our borrowings, our results of operations will be adversely affected. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to acquire real estate with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.

Fair Value of Fixed-Rate Indebtedness

The estimated fair value of our fixed-rate indebtedness under our senior unsecured notes is calculated based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The following table discloses fair value information related to our fixed-rate indebtedness as of September 30, 2022:

(in thousands)	Carrying Value (1)		Estimated Fair Value
Senior unsecured notes	$	400,000	$	338,560

_____________________________________

(1)Excludes net deferred financing costs of $4.2 million and net discount of $0.7 million.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our management evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in providing reasonable assurance of compliance.

Changes in Internal Control

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during our most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are subject to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings. Management does not believe that the resolution of any of these matters either individually or in the aggregate will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Further, from time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings for which third parties, such as our tenants, are contractually obligated to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless. In some of these matters, the indemnitors have insurance for the potential damages. In other matters, we are being defended by tenants who may not have sufficient insurance, assets, income or resources to satisfy their defense and indemnification obligations to us. The unfavorable resolution of such legal proceedings could, individually or in the aggregate, materially adversely affect the indemnitors’ ability to satisfy their respective obligations to us, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. It is management’s opinion that there are currently no such legal proceedings pending that will, individually or in the aggregate, have such a material adverse effect. Despite management’s view of the ultimate resolution of these legal proceedings, we may have significant legal expenses and costs associated with the defense of such matters. Further, management cannot predict the outcome of these legal proceedings and if management’s expectation regarding such matters is not correct, such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors as disclosed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and filed with the SEC on February 16, 2022. These risk factors may not describe every risk facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

_____________________________________

*	Filed herewith.
**	Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES REALTY TRUST, INC.
Date:	October 27, 2022	By:	/s/ Peter M. Mavoides
			Peter M. Mavoides Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	October 27, 2022	By:	/s/ Mark E. Patten
			Mark E. Patten Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Secretary (Principal Financial Officer)

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