cday-10q_20180930.htm

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as the latest practicable date: 138,053,857 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, as of October 24, 2018.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements concerning the conditions of the human capital management (“HCM”) solutions industry and our operations, performance, and financial condition, including, in particular, statements relating to our business, growth strategies, product development efforts, and future expenses. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance, such as those contained in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy, and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. As a result, our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include regional, national, or global political, economic, business, competitive, market, and regulatory conditions and the following:

See Part II. Item IA. “Risk Factors” for a further description of these and other factors. Although we have attempted to identify important risk factors, there may be other risk factors not presently known to us or that we presently believe are not material that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. If any of these risks materialize, or if any of the above assumptions underlying forward-looking statements prove incorrect, actual results and developments may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. For the reasons described above, we caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements, which should also be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this speaks only as of the date on which we make it. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or to revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should be viewed as historical data.

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and equivalents	$	188.0		$	94.2
Trade and other receivables, net		62.6			66.6
Prepaid expenses		38.7			36.4
Assets of discontinued operations		—			156.2
Other current assets		2.4			5.3
Total current assets before customer trust funds		291.7			358.7
Customer trust funds		3,426.6			4,099.7
Total current assets		3,718.3			4,458.4
Property, plant, and equipment, net		100.6			102.0
Goodwill		1,949.8			1,961.0
Other intangible assets, net		192.3			206.5
Other assets		1.8			2.0
Total assets	$	5,962.8		$	6,729.9
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	6.8		$	—
Accounts payable		34.8			44.4
Accrued interest		0.3			15.9
Deferred revenue		16.8			14.0
Employee compensation and benefits		61.2			68.8
Liabilities of discontinued operations		0.2			19.6
Other accrued expenses		19.2			15.0
Total current liabilities before customer trust funds obligations		139.3			177.7
Customer trust funds obligations		3,457.0			4,105.5
Total current liabilities		3,596.3			4,283.2
Long-term debt, less current portion		665.0			1,119.8
Employee benefit plans		124.6			152.4
Other liabilities		38.4			45.5
Total liabilities		4,424.3			5,600.9
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity:
Senior preferred stock, $0.01 par, 70,000,000 shares authorized, 16,802,144 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017		—			184.8
Junior preferred stock, $0.01 par, 70,000,000 shares authorized, 58,244,308 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017		—			0.6
Common stock, $0.01 par, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 138,049,718 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and 150,000,000 shares authorized, 65,285,962 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017		1.4			0.7
Additional paid in capital		2,297.3			1,565.4
Accumulated deficit		(419.1	)		(348.2	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(341.1	)		(312.1	)
Total stockholders’ equity		1,538.5			1,091.2
Noncontrolling interest		—			37.8
Total equity		1,538.5			1,129.0
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,962.8		$	6,729.9

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	157.2		$	145.6		$	480.8		$	438.2
Professional services and other		22.4			17.9			65.3			50.2
Total revenue		179.6			163.5			546.1			488.4
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services		49.1			48.4			149.3			145.8
Professional services and other		32.5			34.8			98.7			102.8
Product development and management		14.5			11.0			43.3			31.8
Depreciation and amortization		8.5			8.0			25.7			23.2
Total cost of revenue		104.6			102.2			317.0			303.6
Gross profit		75.0			61.3			229.1			184.8
Costs and expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative		59.4			52.4			200.3			161.0
Other expense (income), net		0.3			3.8			(2.5	)		6.9
Operating profit		15.3			5.1			31.3			16.9
Interest expense, net		8.8			21.9			74.4			65.3
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		6.5			(16.8	)		(43.1	)		(48.4	)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(0.9	)		0.9			5.8			3.8
Income (loss) from continuing operations		7.4			(17.7	)		(48.9	)		(52.2	)
Loss from discontinued operations		(3.0	)		(2.9	)		(14.8	)		(2.4	)
Net income (loss)		4.4			(20.6	)		(63.7	)		(54.6	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		—			(0.5	)		(0.5	)		(0.4	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian	$	4.4		$	(20.1	)	$	(63.2	)	$	(54.2	)
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.03		$	(0.39	)	$	(0.67	)	$	(1.07	)
Diluted	$	0.03		$	(0.39	)	$	(0.67	)	$	(1.07	)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		137,768,764			65,281,692			105,730,178			65,181,373
Diluted		145,064,698			65,281,692			105,730,178			65,181,373

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income (loss)	$	4.4		$	(20.6	)	$	(63.7	)	$	(54.6	)
Items of other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		9.8			23.1			(16.2	)		43.9
Change in unrealized loss from invested customer trust funds		(6.0	)		(7.8	)		(24.5	)		(10.0	)
Change in pension liability adjustment ⁽¹⁾		2.9			2.5			8.7			7.6
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes		6.7			17.8			(32.0	)		41.5
Income tax benefit, net		(0.9	)		(1.8	)		(2.3	)		(3.0	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) after income taxes		7.6			19.6			(29.7	)		44.5
Comprehensive income (loss)		12.0			(1.0	)		(93.4	)		(10.1	)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest		—			(0.2	)		(0.5	)		0.2
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Ceridian	$	12.0		$	(0.8	)	$	(92.9	)	$	(10.3	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Net loss	$	(63.7	)	$	(54.6	)
Loss from discontinued operations		14.8			2.4
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Deferred income tax benefit		(9.8	)		(4.4	)
Depreciation and amortization		42.4			39.7
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount		1.9			2.7
Loss on debt extinguishment		25.7			—
Net periodic pension and postretirement cost		1.8			0.9
Non-cash share-based compensation		18.0			12.8
Other		0.1			(2.0	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities excluding effects of acquisitions and divestitures:
Trade and other receivables		2.9			12.9
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(3.0	)		(2.8	)
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses		(8.4	)		(9.3	)
Deferred revenue		2.8			3.6
Employee compensation and benefits		(27.7	)		(33.4	)
Accrued interest		(15.5	)		(17.5	)
Accrued taxes		5.2			(10.3	)
Other assets and liabilities		(2.3	)		0.2
Net cash used in operating activities - continuing operations		(14.8	)		(59.1	)
Net cash used in operating activities - discontinued operations		(3.3	)		(5.6	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(18.1	)		(64.7	)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of customer trust funds marketable securities		(694.8	)		(369.5	)
Proceeds from sale and maturity of customer trust funds marketable securities		707.9			395.9
Net change in restricted cash and other restricted assets held to satisfy customer trust funds obligations		610.1			252.4
Expenditures for property, plant, and equipment		(6.8	)		(9.6	)
Expenditures for software and technology		(21.9	)		(22.5	)
Net proceeds from divestitures		—			0.9
Net cash provided by investing activities - continuing operations		594.5			247.6
Net cash used in investing activities - discontinued operations		—			(0.2	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		594.5			247.4
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Decrease in customer trust funds obligations, net		(623.2	)		(278.8	)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock		595.0			78.4
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		22.2			—
Repurchase of stock		—			(1.8	)
Proceeds from debt issuance		680.0			—
Repayment of long-term debt obligations		(1,132.3	)		(25.9	)
Payment of debt refinancing costs		(23.3	)		—
Net cash used in financing activities		(481.6	)		(228.1	)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash		(1.5	)		9.0
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents		93.3			(36.4	)
Elimination of cash from discontinued operations		0.5			0.6
Cash and equivalents at beginning of period		94.2			120.8
Cash and equivalents at end of period	$	188.0		$	85.0

Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. and its subsidiaries (also referred to in this report as “Ceridian,” “we,” “our,” and “us”) offer a broad range of services and software designed to help employers more effectively manage employment processes, such as payroll, payroll-related tax filing, human resource information systems, employee self-service, time and labor management, employee assistance programs, and recruitment and applicant screening. Our technology-based services are typically provided through long-term customer relationships that result in a high level of recurring revenue. Our operations are primarily located in the United States and Canada.

On April 30, 2018, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”), in which we issued and sold 21,000,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $22.00 per share. We granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase an additional 3,150,000 shares of common stock at the offering price, which was exercised in full. A total of 24,150,000 shares of common stock were issued in our IPO. Concurrently with our IPO, we issued an additional 4,545,455 shares of our common stock in a private placement at $22.00 per share. We received gross proceeds of $631.3 from the IPO and concurrent private placement before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and other offering related expenses. The use of the proceeds from the IPO were as follows:

Prior to our IPO, Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. was primarily owned by Ceridian LLC (the “Parent”) and Ceridian Holding II LLC (“Ceridian Holding II”). The Parent was 100% owned by Foundation Holding LLC, which in turn was 100% owned by Ceridian Holding LLC (“Ceridian Holding”). The owners of Ceridian Holding and Ceridian Holding II included (i) affiliates and co-investors of Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P. (“THL Partners”) and Cannae Holdings, LLC (“Cannae”) (THL Partners and Cannae are together referred to as the “Sponsors”), who collectively owned approximately 96% of the outstanding interests of both Ceridian Holding and Ceridian Holding II, and (ii) other individuals, who collectively owned approximately 4% of the outstanding interests of each holding company.

Subsequent to the IPO and concurrent private placement, we completed an internal corporate reorganization, pursuant to which the limited liability companies that held shares in us were merged with and into Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. At the time of these transactions, these limited liability companies had no assets other than equity interests in us or the other limited liability companies. As a result of these transactions, our previous, pre-IPO stockholders now hold shares of our common stock directly, rather than through a series of limited liability companies. These transactions had no impact on our assets, liabilities, or operations.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accounting policies we follow are set forth in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to Ceridian’s audited consolidated financial statements, included in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017 (our “2017 Annual Report”), included within our prospectus dated April 25, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 26, 2018, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (File No. 333-223905) (the “Prospectus”). The following notes should be read in conjunction with such policies and other disclosures in our 2017 Annual Report and Prospectus.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained herein reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as set forth in these notes to condensed consolidated financial statements) necessary to present fairly in all material aspects the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, and cash flows from all periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

On April 10, 2018, we effected a 1-for-2 reverse stock split of our common stock. All of the common stock and per share information referenced throughout this report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could significantly affect our results of operations or financial condition involve the assignment of fair values to goodwill and other intangible assets, the testing of impairment of long-lived assets, the determination of our liability for pensions and postretirement benefits, the determination of fair value of stock options granted, and the resolution of tax matters and legal contingencies. Please refer to our 2017 Annual Report for a further discussion of these estimates.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, we capitalize costs associated with software developed or obtained for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and our management has authorized further funding for the project, which it deems probable of completion. Capitalized software costs include only: (1) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining the software; (2) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to the project; and (3) interest costs incurred while developing the software. Capitalization of these costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. We do not include general and administrative costs and overhead costs in capitalizable costs. We charge research and development costs and other software maintenance costs related to software development to earnings as incurred.

We have international operations whereby the local currencies serve as functional currencies. We translate foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at the end-of-period exchange rates and foreign currency denominated statements of operations at the weighted-average exchange rates for each period. We report the effect of changes in the U.S. dollar carrying values of assets and liabilities of our international operations that are due to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and their functional currency as foreign currency translation within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses from transactions and translation of assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the international operation are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations within other expense, net.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which replaced all existing revenue guidance created by ASC Topic 606, including prescriptive industry-specific guidance. This standard’s core principle is that an entity will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Entities will need to apply more judgment and make more estimates than under the previous guidance. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date for all entities by one year, making the guidance for non-public companies effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption was permitted to the original effective date of December 15, 2016 (including interim reporting periods within that reporting period). The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Section 107 of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “Jobs Act”) provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. An emerging growth company can, therefore, delay adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Management has chosen to take advantage of this extended transition period to adopt ASU No. 2014-09 beginning in the first quarter of 2019. Management anticipates using the retrospective method for adoption.

In preparation for this planned adoption, we have been evaluating the impact of the new standard to our financial statements and accompanying disclosures in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. Our assessment of the impact includes an evaluation of the five-step process set forth in the new standard along with the enhancement of disclosures that will be required. To date, we have developed our initial plan for implementing the standard, which includes identifying customer contracts within the scope of the new standard, identifying performance obligations within those customer contracts, and evaluating the impact of incremental variable consideration paid to obtain those customer contracts. We have also undertaken a comprehensive review of all contracts that fall under the scope of the new standard; and, as of the date of this report, we have substantially completed our review of in-scope contracts.

Based on analysis performed to date, we expect that adoption of the new standard will result in changes to the classification and timing of our revenue recognition. Specifically, we expect an increase in revenue classified as professional services and other revenue and a reduction in revenue classified as recurring services revenue under the new standard, as compared to current U.S. GAAP. Further, we expect that the new standard will result in changes to the timing of our revenue recognition compared to current U.S. GAAP. In compliance with the new standard, a contractual asset will be reflected on the consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized over the customers’ period of benefit, which is generally three years. We also expect changes to the timing of certain incremental selling, general, and administrative expenses, as the new standard will also require capitalizing and amortizing certain selling expenses, such as commissions and bonuses paid to the sales force. These sales expenses will be amortized over the customer’s period of benefit, generally five years.

In periods of revenue growth, the changes above are expected to result in higher overall earnings before income taxes and net income, on an annual basis, when compared to current U.S. GAAP. We have not yet determined the impact of the disclosure requirements.

The following table presents the anticipated impacts that the adoption of ASC 606 would have for the periods presented:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases,” which is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This standard requires balance sheet recognition for both finance leases and operating leases. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and for non-public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The guidance is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach. An entity will, in effect, continue to account for leases that commence before the effective date in accordance with previous U.S. GAAP unless the lease is modified, except that lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating leases at each reporting date based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments that were tracked and disclosed under previous U.S. GAAP.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows—Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice of certain cash receipts and cash payments. This guidance is effective for non-public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We have chosen to early adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018, and have applied this guidance to the presentation of our debt refinancing transactions that occurred during 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which is in response to a narrow-scope financial reporting issue that arose because of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendment in this update allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This amendment is intended to improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users by requiring certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendment in this update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard. Please refer to Note 13, “Income Taxes,” for further discussion of this new guidance.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases” and 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements”. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-10 affect narrow aspects of the guidance issued in ASU No. 2016-02. For non-early adopters, this amendment is effective under the same timelines as ASU No. 2016-02. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-11 provide entities with an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new lease requirements. Under the additional transition method, entities may initially apply the requirements by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The amendments in this update also provide lessors with a practical alternative to separate non-lease components from the associated lease component. Under this alternative, lessors may account for those components as a single component if the non-lease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance (Topic 606) and certain other criteria are met. For entities that have not adopted Topic 842 before the issuance of this update, the effective date and transition requirements are the same as the effective date and transition requirements in ASU No. 2016-02. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard.

On March 1, 2016, we entered into a strategic joint venture with WorkAngel Technology Limited (“WorkAngel”) in which we contributed our existing LifeWorks employee assistance program business to WorkAngel Organisation Limited, a newly formed English limited company. On January 20, 2017, WorkAngel Organisation Limited changed its name to LifeWorks Corporation Ltd (“LifeWorks”). We had a controlling interest in LifeWorks, including certain preferential distribution rights; therefore, LifeWorks was consolidated within our financial statements, and the other joint venture ownership interest component was presented as a noncontrolling interest. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, there was loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $0.5. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, there was loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $0.5 and $0.4, respectively.

In the second quarter of 2018, contemporaneously with our IPO and concurrent private placement, we distributed our controlling financial interest in LifeWorks to our stockholders of record prior to the IPO on a pro rata basis in accordance with their pro rata interests in us (the “LifeWorks Disposition”).

At this time, the LifeWorks Disposition represented a strategic shift in our overall business and had a significant impact on the financial statement results. Therefore, the LifeWorks business has been presented as discontinued operations in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for all periods presented. Ceridian’s net book value related to LifeWorks of $95.7 was recorded as a distribution through additional paid in capital within our condensed consolidated balance sheet during the second quarter of 2018.

The amounts in the table below reflect the operating results of LifeWorks reported as discontinued operations, as well as supplemental disclosures of the discontinued operations:

The amounts in the table below reflect the assets and liabilities reported as discontinued operations for LifeWorks:

On June 15, 2016, we completed the stock sale of our United Kingdom and Ireland businesses, along with the portion of our Mauritius operations that supported these businesses (the “UK Business”). Concurrent with this transaction, we entered into a strategic partnership with the acquirer, SD Worx, a leading European provider of payroll and human capital management (“HCM”) services, to deliver cloud HCM services across Europe.

This transaction in the second quarter of 2016 represented a strategic shift in our overall business and had a significant impact on our financial statement results. Therefore, the UK Business has been presented as discontinued operations in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for all periods presented.

The amounts in the table below reflect the operating results of the UK Business reported as discontinued operations, as well as supplemental disclosures of discontinued operations:

In the third quarter of 2013, we entered into an agreement for the sale of certain of our customer contracts for consumer-directed benefit services, including flexible spending accounts, health reimbursement accounts, health savings accounts, commuter (parking or transit) premium-only plans, and tuition reimbursement plans (collectively, the “Consumer-Directed Benefit Services”). During the third quarter of 2015, we completed two separate transactions that resulted in the sale of our benefits administration and post-employment health insurance portability compliance businesses (the “Divested Benefits Continuation Businesses”).

These three transactions, which were completed in the third quarter of 2015, represented a strategic shift in our overall business and had a significant impact on the financial statement results. Accordingly, the Divested Benefits Continuation Businesses, as well as the Consumer-Directed Benefit Services, have been presented as discontinued operations in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for all periods presented. The amounts in the table below reflect the operating results and gain on sale of the Divested Benefits Continuation Businesses reported as discontinued operations:

For both sales of the Divested Benefits Continuation Businesses, consideration received was contingent upon the number and dollar value of successful customer transitions and was recorded when earned. The proceeds received and earned during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, were for a final purchase price true-up related to one of the transactions.

The remaining liabilities related to discontinued operations for the Divested Benefits Continuation Businesses as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, were $0.2 and $0.3 of other accrued expenses.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). U.S. GAAP outlines a valuation framework and creates a fair value hierarchy intended to increase the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and the related disclosures. Certain assets and liabilities must be measured at fair value, and disclosures are required for items measured at fair value.

We measure our financial instruments using inputs from the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels are as follows:

As of September 30, 2018, our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were categorized as follows:

As of December 31, 2017, our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were categorized as follows:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and the year ended December 31, 2017, we did not re-measure any financial assets or liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

In connection with our U.S. and Canadian payroll and tax filing services, we collect funds for payment of payroll and taxes; temporarily hold such funds in trust until payment is due; remit the funds to the clients’ employees and appropriate taxing authority; file federal, state and local tax returns; and handle related regulatory correspondence and amendments. The assets held in trust are intended for the specific purpose of satisfying client fund obligations and, therefore, are not freely available for our general business use.

Our customer trust funds are held and invested with the primary objectives being to ensure adequate liquidity to meet cash flow requirements and to protect the principal balance. In accordance with these objectives, we maintain approximately 46% of customer trust funds in liquidity portfolios with maturities ranging from one to 120 days, consisting of high-quality bank deposits, money market mutual funds, commercial paper, or collateralized short-term investments; and we maintain approximately 54% of customer trust funds in fixed income portfolios with maturities ranging from 120 days to 10 years, consisting of U.S. Treasury and agency securities, Canada government and provincial securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, corporate and bank securities. To maintain sufficient liquidity in the trust to meet payment obligations, we also have financing arrangements and may pledge fixed income securities for short-term financing.

Investment income from invested customer trust funds is a component of our compensation for providing services under agreements with our customers. Investment income from invested customer trust funds included in revenue was $15.8 and $11.6 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $49.6 and $34.2 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Investment income includes interest income, realized gains and losses from sales of customer trust funds’ investments, and unrealized credit losses determined to be other-than-temporary.

The amortized cost of customer trust funds as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, is the original cost of assets acquired. The amortized cost and fair values of investments of customer trust funds available for sale as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, are as follows:

	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Money market securities, investments carried at cost and other cash equivalents	$	1,697.9	$	—	$	—		$	1,697.9
Available for sale investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		548.6		—		(19.1	)		529.5
Canadian and provincial government securities		414.6		2.1		(2.7	)		414.0
Corporate debt securities		513.1		0.2		(6.8	)		506.5
Asset-backed securities		249.6		—		(3.6	)		246.0
Mortgage-backed securities		9.7		—		(0.3	)		9.4
Other securities		14.9		—		(0.2	)		14.7
Total available for sale investments		1,750.5		2.3		(32.7	)		1,720.1
Invested customer trust funds		3,448.4	$	2.3	$	(32.7	)		3,418.0
Trust receivables		8.6							8.6
Total customer trust funds	$	3,457.0						$	3,426.6

	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Money market securities, investments carried at cost and other cash equivalents	$	2,309.3	$	—	$	—		$	2,309.3
Available for sale investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		584.6		0.1		(7.1	)		577.6
Canadian and provincial government securities		418.2		6.6		(1.5	)		423.3
Corporate debt securities		472.3		0.8		(2.5	)		470.6
Asset-backed securities		280.8		—		(1.8	)		279.0
Mortgage-backed securities		15.0		—		(0.2	)		14.8
Other securities		17.0		—		(0.2	)		16.8
Total available for sale investments		1,787.9		7.5		(13.3	)		1,782.1
Invested customer trust funds		4,097.2	$	7.5	$	(13.3	)		4,091.4
Trust receivables		8.3							8.3
Total customer trust funds	$	4,105.5						$	4,099.7

The following represents the gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of the investments of customer trust funds available for sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at September 30, 2018.

	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
	Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
U.S. government and agency securities	$	(8.0	)	$	257.9	$	(11.1	)	$	268.7	$	(19.1	)	$	526.6
Canadian and provincial government securities		(0.9	)		86.9		(1.8	)		100.8		(2.7	)		187.7
Corporate debt securities		(3.7	)		271.1		(3.1	)		145.9		(6.8	)		417.0
Asset-backed securities		(1.1	)		97.4		(2.5	)		129.8		(3.6	)		227.2
Mortgage-backed securities	(a)				1.2		(0.3	)		8.0		(0.3	)		9.2
Other securities		(0.1	)		4.0		(0.1	)		10.5		(0.2	)		14.5
Total available for sale investments	$	(13.8	)	$	718.5	$	(18.9	)	$	663.7	$	(32.7	)	$	1,382.2

Management does not believe that any individual unrealized loss as of September 30, 2018, represents an other-than-temporary impairment. The unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not to credit deterioration. We currently do not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell the securities before the time required to recover the amortized cost.

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities available for sale at September 30, 2018, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or to prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Depreciation expense of property, plant, and equipment totaled $9.6 and $8.9 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $28.4 and $25.8 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

Goodwill and changes therein were as follows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and the year ended December 31, 2017:

The LifeWorks Disposition was considered a triggering event for testing of the trade name intangible asset for impairment. There was no impairment indicated as of April 30, 2018. Please refer to Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” for further discussion of the LifeWorks Disposition.

Amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets was $4.7 and $4.7 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $14.0 and $13.9 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

Ceridian entered into a credit agreement dated as of November 14, 2014, pursuant to the terms of which Ceridian became borrower of (i) a $702.0 term loan debt facility (the “2014 Term Debt”) and (ii) a $130.0 revolving credit facility (the “2014 Revolving Credit Facility”) (the 2014 Term Debt and the 2014 Revolving Credit Facility are together referred to as the “2014 Senior Secured Credit Facility”). The 2014 Senior Secured Credit Facility was secured by all assets of Ceridian and was senior to Ceridian’s other debt. The 2014 Term Debt had a maturity date of September 2020, and the 2014 Revolving Credit Facility had a maturity date of September 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, Ceridian made a final mandatory pre-payment of $0.3 towards the principal balance of the Term Debt from the proceeds received from the 2016 sale of our United Kingdom and Ireland business.

On April 30, 2018, Ceridian completed the refinancing of the remaining debt under the 2014 Senior Secured Credit Facility by entering into a new credit agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the new credit agreement, Ceridian became borrower of (i) a $680.0 term loan debt facility (the “2018 Term Debt”) and (ii) a $300.0 revolving credit facility (the “2018 Revolving Credit Facility”) (the 2018 Term Debt and the 2018 Revolving Credit Facility are together referred to as the “2018 Senior Secured Credit Facility”). The 2018 Senior Secured Credit Facility is secured by all assets of Ceridian. The 2018 Term Debt has a maturity date of April 30, 2025, and the 2018 Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. The 2018 Term Debt is currently subject to an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.25%. In the event our corporate rating from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. is B2 or better, the interest rate is reduced to LIBOR plus 3.00%, so long as the rating is maintained.

In connection with the refinancing of the 2014 Senior Secured Credit Facility, we capitalized $3.6 of financing costs and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $7.1 within interest expense, net on our condensed consolidated statement of operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Using the net proceeds received from the IPO and concurrent private placement, we satisfied and discharged the indenture governing our Senior Notes on April 30, 2018, and the Senior Notes were redeemed on May 30, 2018. In connection with the redemption of the Senior Notes, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $18.6 within interest expense, net on our condensed consolidated statement of operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Our debt does not trade in active markets. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities and the limited trades of our debt, the fair value of our debt was estimated to be $680.9 and $1,154.1 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The components of net periodic cost for our defined benefit pension plan and for our postretirement benefit plan are included in the following tables:

Prior to November 1, 2013, Ceridian employees participated in a share-based compensation plan of the former ultimate parent of Ceridian. The 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (“2007 SIP”) authorized the issuance of up to 10,540,540 shares of common stock of Parent to eligible participants through stock options and stock awards. Eligible participants in the 2007 SIP included the Parent’s directors, employees and consultants.

Effective November 1, 2013, although most participants who held stock options under the 2007 SIP converted their options to a newly created option plan, the 2013 Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2013 SIP”), a small number of participants maintained their stock options in the 2007 SIP. Concurrent with the IPO and legal reorganization, all outstanding stock options under the 2007 SIP were converted into options to purchase common stock of Ceridian. As of September 30, 2018, there were 5,000 stock options outstanding under the 2007 SIP.

The 2013 SIP authorized the issuance of up to 12,500,000 shares of common stock of Ceridian to eligible participants through stock options and other stock awards, which was increased to 15,000,000 on March 20, 2017, by the Board of Directors. Eligible participants in the 2013 SIP include Ceridian’s directors, employees, and consultants.

As part of the 2013 SIP, the Board of Directors approved a stock appreciation rights program that authorized the issuance of up to 600,000 stock appreciation rights. The performance criteria for all stock appreciation rights was met on April 30, 2018, resulting in the vesting of all outstanding stock appreciation rights. We recognized $1.5 of share-based compensation expense related to the vesting of these stock appreciation rights during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, there were no remaining outstanding stock appreciation rights.

Stock options awarded under the 2013 SIP vest either annually on a pro rata basis over a four- or five-year period or on a specific date if certain performance criteria are satisfied and certain equity values are attained. In addition, upon termination of service, all vested options must be exercised generally within 90 days after termination, or these awards will be forfeited. The stock option awards have a 10-year contractual term and have an exercise price that is not less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. As of September 30, 2018, there were 10,766,257 stock options and restricted stock units outstanding under the 2013 SIP. We do not intend to grant any awards under the 2007 SIP or the 2013 SIP following our IPO.

On April 24, 2018, in connection with the IPO, the Board of Directors approved the Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (“2018 EIP”), which authorizes the issuance of up to 13,500,000 shares of common stock to eligible participants through equity awards. Equity awards under the 2018 EIP vest annually on a pro rata basis, generally over a four-year period. In addition, upon termination of service, all vested awards must be exercised within 90 days after termination, or these awards will be forfeited. The equity awards have a 10-year contractual term and have an exercise price that is not less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of the grant. As of September 30, 2018, there were 5,125,110 stock options and restricted stock units outstanding and 8,374,890 shares available for future grants of equity awards under the 2018 EIP.

Total share-based compensation expense was $4.8 and $4.3 for three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $19.5 and $12.8 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017.

Performance-based option activity under the 2007 SIP and the 2013 SIP for the period was as follows:

The performance criteria for all outstanding performance-based stock options was met on June 7, 2018, resulting in the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options on this date. We recognized $4.8 of share-based compensation expense related to the vesting of these performance-based stock options during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, there was no share-based compensation expense related to unvested performance-based stock options not yet recognized.

Term-based option activity, including stock options under the 2007 SIP, the 2013 SIP and the 2018 EIP, for the period was as follows:

As of September 30, 2018, there was $49.7 of share-based compensation expense related to unvested term based awards not yet recognized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) activity, including RSUs under the 2013 SIP and the 2018 EIP, for the period was as follows:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, 159,323 RSUs were granted and 230,990 RSUs vested. Of the vested RSUs 105,990 shares of common stock were issued, and 125,000 RSUs remained vested and releasable. As of September 30, 2018, there were 534,323 unvested RSUs outstanding. RSUs generally vest annually over a three- or four-year period. There were 29,800 RSUs that vested upon completion of the IPO. As of September 30, 2018, there was $10.6 of share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs not yet recognized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.

Other expense, net consisted of foreign currency translation expense of $0.3 and $3.8 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The foreign currency translation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017, is primarily related to remeasurement losses from an intercompany payable of a U.S. subsidiary denominated in Canadian dollars. This intercompany payable was repaid in the second quarter of 2018.

Other (income) expense, net consisted of foreign currency translation income of $2.5, and foreign currency translation expense of $6.9 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The foreign currency translation is primarily related to remeasurement gains and losses from an intercompany payable of a U.S. subsidiary denominated in Canadian dollars. This intercompany payable was repaid in the second quarter of 2018.

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

Our income tax provision represents federal, state, and international taxes on our income recognized for financial statement purposes, which includes the effect of temporary differences between financial statement income and income recognized for tax return purposes. Our income tax provision is negatively affected by the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax asset when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining the requirement for a valuation allowance, we assess the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize our deferred tax assets not already identified as requiring a valuation allowance. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we continued to record a full valuation allowance against our domestic deferred tax assets that are not offset by the reversal of deferred tax liabilities. In the future, if it is determined that we no longer have a requirement to record a valuation allowance against all or a portion of our deferred tax assets, the release of the valuation allowance would have a positive impact on our income tax provision.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cut and Jobs Act legislation (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code including: (a) lower U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, (b) accelerated expensing of qualified capital investments for a specific period, and (c) a transition from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system. The reduction in the U.S. statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% results in the reduction of the overall U.S. statutory tax rate, including state and local taxes, from 39.0% to 25.9%.

ASC 740, Income Taxes, requires a company to record the effects of a tax law change in the period of enactment; however, shortly after enactment of the Tax Act, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 118, which allows a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available to complete its accounting for the change in the tax law. The FASB subsequently issued ASU No. 2018-05 to codify SAB 118 by amending ASC 740. ASU No. 2018-05 continues to allow a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in the tax law. The measurement period ends when the company has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year.

We recorded income tax expense of $5.8 during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Included in this amount are the estimated impacts of requiring a current inclusion in U.S. federal income of certain earnings of controlled foreign corporations, allowing a domestic corporation an immediate deduction in the U.S. taxable income for a portion of its foreign-derived intangible income, and the base erosion anti-abuse tax.

In January and April of 2018, the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) issued guidance that provides additional clarification on certain aspects of the transition tax calculation. For the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the application of the additional IRS guidance resulted in a $16.2 million increase in includible untaxed foreign earnings, which resulted in a $5.7 million increase in tax expense. This increase was offset by the tax benefit of the utilization of $16.2 million of net operating loss carryover. The overall impact to tax expense in the quarter ended September 30, 2018, was zero.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, were $1.3, including $0.2 of accrued interest, and $1.5, including $0.4 of accrued interest, respectively. Of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2018, $1.3 represents the amount that, if recognized, would favorably impact our effective income tax rate. It is reasonable to expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states, and foreign jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014.

We are subject to claims and a number of judicial and administrative proceedings considered normal in the course of our current and past operations, including employment-related disputes, contract disputes, disputes with our competitors, intellectual property disputes, government audits and proceedings, customer disputes, and tort claims. In some proceedings, the claimant seeks damages as well as other relief, which, if granted, would require substantial expenditures on our part.

Our general terms and conditions in customer contracts frequently include a provision indicating that we will indemnify and hold our customers harmless from and against any and all claims alleging that the services and materials furnished by us violate any third party’s patent, trade secret, copyright or other intellectual property right. We are not aware of any material pending litigation concerning these indemnifications.

Some of these matters raise difficult and complex factual and legal issues and are subject to many uncertainties, including the facts and circumstances of each particular action, and the jurisdiction, forum, and law under which each action is proceeding. Because of these complexities, final disposition of some of these proceedings may not occur for several years. As such, we are not always able to estimate the amount of our possible future liabilities, if any.

There can be no certainty that we may not ultimately incur charges in excess of presently established or future financial accruals or insurance coverage. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, it is management’s opinion that the final disposition of these proceedings will not, considering the merits of the claims and available resources or reserves and insurance, and based upon the facts and circumstances currently known, have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Prior to our IPO, Ceridian was party to management agreements with affiliates of our Sponsors, Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (“FNF”) and THL Managers VI, LLC (“THLM”). FNF assigned its management agreement to Cannae in November 2017. Pursuant to these management agreements, Cannae and THLM each, respectively, agreed to provide us with financial advisory, strategic, and general oversight services. These management agreements provided that we pay annual management fees to each of Cannae and THLM in an amount equal to the greater of (a) $0.9, or (b) 0.5 percent of Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA, for purposes of the management agreements, was EBITDA as defined in the 2014 Senior Secured Credit Facility, further adjusted to exclude the payments made pursuant to the management agreements and certain stock options or other equity compensation.

In April 2018, the management agreements terminated upon consummation of our IPO. Upon termination, the management agreements provided that we pay a termination fee equal to the net present value of the management fee for a seven-year period, which was $11.3.

We recorded a management fee expense in selling, general, and administrative expense of $0.5 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, related to these management agreements. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, we recorded a management fee expense in selling, general, and administrative expense of $12.0 and $1.4, respectively, related to these management agreements.

Prior to its split-off from FNF, Cannae was an affiliate of FNF. FNF and its subsidiaries owned $24.0 of the Senior Notes as of December 31, 2017. Based on this ownership, $0.8 in interest payments were made for the three months ended September 30, 2017, and $1.3 and $2.4 during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. FNF and its subsidiaries conducted the debt transactions through third parties in the ordinary course of their business and not directly with us. Following Cannae’s split-off from FNF, FNF retained ownership of the Senior Notes.

Ceridian is a party to a service agreement with CompuCom Systems, Inc. (“CompuCom”), an investment portfolio company of THL Partners. Pursuant to the service agreement, CompuCom agrees to provide us with service desk and desk side support services. Pursuant to this arrangement, we made payments to CompuCom totaling $0.6 and $0.9 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $1.3 and $2.3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

On July 23, 2018, Ronald F. Clarke was appointed to our Board of Directors. Mr. Clarke has been the chief executive officer of FleetCor Technologies Inc. (“FleetCor Technologies”) since August 2000 and its chairman of the board of directors since March 2003. We provide services to FleetCor Technologies or one of its wholly owned affiliates through certain commercial arrangements entered into in the ordinary course of business, which include provision of Dayforce HCM services, reseller or referral arrangements whereby we resell or refer FleetCor Technologies services to its customers, and other administrative services. For these services, we have recorded revenue of $0.1 and $0.1 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $0.2 and $0.4 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We are also a corporate charge card customer of FleetCor Technologies. FleetCor Technologies receives a fee from the merchants from whom purchases are made on the FleetCor Technologies corporate charge card by us. In connection with charge card purchases made by us, FleetCor Technologies has provided us with rebates of approximately $0.1 and $0.2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

We provide Dayforce and related services to The Stronach Group, for which we recorded revenue $0.2 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Alon Ossip, the brother of our chief executive officer, David Ossip, was the chief executive officer, and is currently a minority shareholder, of The Stronach Group.

We provide Dayforce and related services to FNF for which we recorded revenue of $0.1 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and $0.3 and $0.4 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

After consideration of the LifeWorks Disposition, management has concluded that we have one operating and reportable segment. This conclusion aligns with how management monitors operating performance, allocates resources, and deploys capital. Please refer to Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” for further discussion of the LifeWorks Disposition.

We compute net income (loss) per share of common stock using the treasury stock method.

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.

For the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share, net income (loss) per share is adjusted by the effect of dilutive securities, including awards under our share-based compensation plans. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the resulting net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of fully diluted common shares outstanding. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, our potential dilutive shares, such as stock options, RSUs, and shares of senior and junior convertible preferred stock were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect of including these shares in the calculation would have been anti-dilutive.

The numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share computations are calculated as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian	$	4.4		$	(20.1	)	$	(63.2	)	$	(54.2	)
Less: Loss from discontinued operations		(3.0	)		(2.9	)		(14.8	)		(2.4	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ceridian		7.4			(17.2	)		(48.4	)		(51.8	)
Less: Senior Preferred Stock dividends declared		—			5.3			7.7			15.3
Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ceridian available to common stockholders	$	7.4		$	(22.5	)	$	(56.1	)	$	(67.1	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic		137,768,764			65,281,692			105,730,178			65,181,373
Effect of dilutive equity instruments		7,295,934			—			—			—
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted		145,064,698			65,281,692			105,730,178			65,181,373
Net income (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to Ceridian - basic	$	0.05		$	(0.35	)	$	(0.53	)	$	(1.03	)
Net loss per share from discontinued operations - basic	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.14	)	$	(0.04	)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to Ceridian - basic	$	0.03		$	(0.39	)	$	(0.67	)	$	(1.07	)
Net income (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to Ceridian - diluted	$	0.05		$	(0.35	)	$	(0.53	)	$	(1.03	)
Net loss per share from discontinued operations - diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.14	)	$	(0.04	)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to Ceridian - diluted	$	0.03		$	(0.39	)	$	(0.67	)	$	(1.07	)

The following potentially dilutive weighted-average shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017, (our “2017 Annual Report”) included within our prospectus dated April 25, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 26, 2018, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (File No. 333-223905) (the “Prospectus”). Any reference to a “Note” in this discussion relates to the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q unless otherwise indicated.

Ceridian is a global human capital management (“HCM”) software company. Dayforce, our flagship cloud HCM platform, provides human resources (“HR”), payroll, benefits, workforce management, and talent management functionality. Our platform is used by organizations, regardless of industry or size, to optimize management of the entire employee lifecycle, including attracting, engaging, paying, deploying, and developing their people. Dayforce was built as a single application from the ground up that combines a modern, consumer-grade user experience with proprietary application architecture, including a single employee record and a rules engine spanning all areas of HCM. Our platform is designed to make work life better for our customers and their employees by improving HCM decision-making processes, streamlining workflows, providing strategic organizational insights, and simplifying legislative compliance. The platform is designed to ease administrative work for both employees and managers, creating opportunities for companies to increase employee engagement. We are a founder-led organization, and our culture combines the agility and innovation of a start-up with a history of deep domain and operational expertise.

We sell Dayforce through our direct sales force on a subscription per-employee, per-month (“PEPM”) basis. Our subscriptions are typically structured with an initial fixed term of between three and five years, with evergreen renewal thereafter. Dayforce can serve customers of all sizes, ranging from 100 to over 100,000 employees. We have rapidly grown the Dayforce platform to more than 3,450 live Dayforce customers as of September 30, 2018. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we added over 150 and 450 new live Dayforce customers, respectively.

In addition to Dayforce, we sell Powerpay, a cloud HR and payroll solution for the Canadian small business market, through both direct sales and established partner channels. We also continue to support customers using our Bureau solutions, which we generally stopped actively selling to new customers following the acquisition of Dayforce. We invest in maintenance and necessary updates to support our Bureau customers and continue to migrate them to Dayforce.

We generate recurring revenues primarily from recurring fees charged for the use of our Cloud solutions, Dayforce and Powerpay, as well as from our Bureau solutions. We also generate professional services and other revenue associated primarily with the work performed to assist customers with the planning, design, implementation, and staging of their cloud-based solution. Our solutions are typically provided through long-term customer relationships that result in a high level of recurring revenue. For Dayforce, we primarily charge monthly recurring fees on a PEPM basis, generally one-month in advance of service, based on the number and type of solutions provided to the customer and the number of employees and other users at the customer. Our standard Dayforce contracts are generally for a three to five-year period. The average time it takes to implement Dayforce typically ranges from three months for smaller customers to nine months for larger customers. Once Dayforce is implemented, the customer goes live, and we begin to generate recurring revenue. For Powerpay, we charge customers recurring fees on a per-employee, per-process basis. Powerpay can typically be implemented on a remote basis within one to three days, at which point we start receiving recurring fees. For our Bureau solutions, we primarily charge recurring fees on a per-process basis. We also generate recurring revenue from investment income from funds held in trust on behalf of our customers.

Cloud revenue is generated from solutions that are delivered via two cloud offerings, Dayforce and Powerpay. The Dayforce offering is differentiated from our market competition as being a single application with continuous calculation that offers a comprehensive range of functionality, including global HR, payroll, benefits, workforce management, and talent management on web and native iOS and Android platforms. Dayforce revenue is primarily generated from monthly recurring fees charged on a PEPM basis, generally one-month in advance of service. Also included within Dayforce revenue is implementation, staging, and other professional services revenue; revenues from the sale, rental, and maintenance of time clocks; and billable travel expenses. The Powerpay offering is our solution designed primarily for small market Canadian customers. The typical Powerpay customer has fewer

than 20 employees, and the majority of the revenue is generated from recurring fees charged on a per-employee, per-process basis. Typical processes include the customer’s payroll runs, year-end tax packages, and delivery of customers’ remittance advices or checks. In addition to the direct revenue earned from the Dayforce and Powerpay offerings, Cloud revenue also includes investment income generated from holding Cloud customer funds in trust before funds are remitted to taxing authorities, Cloud customer employees, or other third parties; and revenue from the sale of third party services.

Bureau revenue is generated primarily from solutions delivered via a service-bureau model. These solutions are delivered via three primary service lines: payroll, payroll-related tax filing services, and outsourced human resource solutions. Revenue from payroll services is generated from recurring fees charged on a per-process basis. Typical processes include the customer’s payroll runs, year-end tax packages, and delivery of customers’ remittance advices or checks. In addition to customers who use our payroll services, certain customers use our tax filing services on a stand-alone basis. Our outsourced human resource solutions are tailored to meet the needs of individual customers, and entail our contracting to perform many of the duties of a customer’s human resources department, including payroll processing, time and labor management, performance management, and recruiting. We also perform individual services for customers, such as check printing, wage attachment and disbursement, and ACA management. Additional items included in Bureau revenue are custom professional services revenue; investment income generated from holding Bureau customer funds in trust before funds are remitted to taxing authorities, Bureau customer employees, or other third parties; consulting services related to Bureau offerings; and revenue from the sale of third party services.

Within each solution, we categorize our revenue as: (i) recurring services or (ii) professional services and other. Recurring services revenues consist of the recurring fees that we charge for our Cloud and Bureau solutions. We also generate recurring services revenue from investment income on our Cloud and Bureau customer funds held in trust before such funds are remitted to taxing authorities, customer employees, or other third parties. We refer to this investment income as float revenue. Professional services and other revenues consist primarily of charges relating to the work performed to assist customers with the implementation of their solutions. Also included in professional services and other revenues are post-implementation professional services, purchased time clocks, and any related training services.

Ceridian was acquired in 2007 by affiliates and co-investors of Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P. (“THL Partners”) and Cannae Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Fidelity National Financial Ventures, LLC (“Cannae”) (THL Partners and Cannae are together referred to as the “Sponsors”). In April 2012, Ceridian acquired Dayforce Corporation, which had built Dayforce, a cloud HCM solution. In the months following the acquisition, Dayforce founder David D. Ossip was named Chief Executive Officer of Ceridian HCM, and shortly thereafter, we generally stopped actively selling our Bureau solutions to new customers in the United States to focus our resources on expanding the Dayforce platform and growing Cloud solutions. For each quarter since September 30, 2016, our Cloud revenue has surpassed our Bureau revenue.

As part of our strategy to focus on the growth of our Cloud solutions business, we undertook the following initiatives to simplify our business model:

Our benefits administration and post-employee compliance businesses, our United Kingdom and Ireland businesses, our divested Mauritius operations, and our LifeWorks joint venture are presented as discontinued operations in our condensed consolidated financial statements. Our consumer-directed benefits services business and our benefits administration and post-employment compliance businesses are collectively referred to as our “Divested Benefits Businesses.” As a result of these transactions, we operate one segment and only actively sell Dayforce and Powerpay, which we believe simplifies our business model and positions us well for continued growth.

On April 30, 2018, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”), in which we issued and sold 21,000,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $22.00 per share. We granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase an additional 3,150,000 shares of common stock at the offering price, which was exercised in full. A total of 24,150,000 shares of common stock were issued on April 30, 2018, with gross proceeds of $531.3 million from the IPO before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and other offering expenses. Immediately subsequent to the closing of our IPO on April 30, 2018, THL / Cannae Investors LLC, one of our existing stockholders controlled by our Sponsors, purchased from us in a private placement $100.0 million of our common stock at a price per share equal to the offering price. Based on the offering price of $22.00 per share, 4,545,455 shares were issued in this private placement. Please refer to Note 1, “Organization,” for further discussion of the IPO transaction.

We applied a portion of the net proceeds from the IPO to satisfy and to discharge the indenture governing our outstanding $475.0 million principal amount Senior Notes, and they were redeemed on May 30, 2018. Concurrently, we also refinanced our remaining debt under our (i) $702.0 million (original principal amount) Senior Term Debt and (ii) $130.0 million Revolving Credit Facility, including accrued interest and related costs and expenses, with new senior credit facilities consisting of a $680.0 million term loan debt facility and a $300.0 million revolving credit facility. Please refer to Note 8, “Debt,” for further discussion of the debt transactions.

The IPO, private placement, and debt refinancing had the following impacts to our results of operations and cash:

	Impact to Statement of Operations			Impact to Cash
Gross proceeds from the IPO and private placement				$	631.3
Costs capitalized within stockholders’ equity					(36.3	)
Redemption of Senior Notes					(475.0	)
Debt refinancing fees, reflected as a reduction to long-term debt					(3.6	)
IPO and debt refinancing related expenses reflected within results of operations:
Cost of revenue	$	(2.1	)
Selling, general, and administrative		(23.2	)
Impact on operating profit	$	(25.3	)
Interest expense		(25.7	)
Impact on net loss	$	(51.0	)		(51.0	)
Non-cash IPO-related share-based compensation expense					8.1
Non-cash interest expense adjustments					(4.9	)
Cash to balance sheet from the IPO and private placement				$	68.6
Proceeds from issuance of the new $680.0 million Senior Term Debt					680.0
Repayment of the $702.0 million Senior Term Debt					(657.0	)
Cash to balance sheet from the IPO, private placement and debt refinancing				$	91.6

Contemporaneously with the IPO and concurrent private placement, we distributed our interest in LifeWorks to a holding company owned by our existing stockholders of record prior to the IPO on a pro rata basis in accordance with their pro rata interests in us (“LifeWorks Disposition”). As a result of the LifeWorks Disposition, we no longer have any material obligations under the LifeWorks joint venture agreement. Please refer to Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” for further discussion of the LifeWorks Disposition.

Our business model focuses on supporting the rapid growth of Dayforce and maximizing the lifetime value of our Dayforce customer relationships. Due to our subscription model, where we recognize subscription revenues ratably over the term of the subscription period, and high customer retention rates, we have a high level of visibility into our future revenues. The profitability of a customer depends, in large part, on how long they have been a customer. Because in our business model, PEPM subscription fees are not charged until the customer goes live, and because we incur costs in advance of receiving PEPM revenue that are not fully offset by our implementation fees, we estimate that it takes an average of 2.5 years before we are able to recover our implementation, customer acquisition, and other direct costs on a new Dayforce customer contract. As the proportion of Dayforce customers who have been live for two or more years increases, our related profitability increases. The following sets forth the number of live Dayforce customers at the end of the last seven quarters:

Over the lifetime of the customer relationship, we have the opportunity to realize additional PEPM revenue, both as the customer grows or rolls out the Dayforce solution to additional employees, and also by selling additional functionality. We incur on-going costs to manage the account, to support customers, and to sell additional functionality. These costs, however, are significantly less than the costs initially incurred to acquire and to implement the customer.

A key part of our strategy is to continue to grow our Dayforce customer base. As of September 30, 2018, we had more than 3,450 live Dayforce customers, an increase of approximately 610 customers as compared to the total at September 30, 2017. Our continued focus on sales execution is important to drive further penetration of the Dayforce platform and to expand our market share. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity for our solution outside of our core North American markets. Dayforce was designed as a global platform; and we intend to expand globally through both the expansion of our own proprietary payroll functionality, as well as through new and existing partnerships with local vendors, including our existing membership in the Payroll Services Alliance.

We are committed to delivering market-leading HCM solutions preferred by employers and employees alike. We believe that maintaining our product leadership is critical to driving further revenue growth. Our leading market position in technology is based on our ability to innovate and to bring new solutions to market. Dayforce is designed around our proprietary single application architecture, which features continuous calculation and includes a single cross-domain rules engine and a complete employee record, which facilitates new innovation. Since 2012, we have developed a full suite of HCM functionality. We intend to continue to extend the functionality and breadth of our platform in the future. We have a roadmap for continued development, which includes adding native payroll capabilities for additional countries. We intend to continue to invest in our product development and innovation to maintain our strong, differentiated technology position.

The economic benefits of our business model include persistent, long-lived customer relationships, as well as the opportunity to realize additional revenue from existing customers. Our annual Cloud revenue retention rate was over 95% in 2017, reflecting high retention rates with Dayforce customers, driving strong customer lifetime value. Because our subscription revenue is based on a PEPM charge, as customers grow and add more employees, we realize a corresponding increase in PEPM revenue. Moreover, with the continued launch of new functionality for our Dayforce platform, we have the opportunity to realize incremental revenue by selling additional functionality to existing customers that do not currently utilize our full platform. We believe that this opportunity is particularly strong in the enterprise segment, where customers often start with a subset of our Dayforce platform in conjunction with point solutions from other vendors that we target to replace over time.

We generally stopped actively selling our Bureau solutions to new customers in the United States in 2012 and have been marketing our Dayforce platform to new and existing customers since that time. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, Bureau revenue declined by $13.9 million, or 23.0% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Of the $13.9 million decline in Bureau revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018, $5.6 million was associated with customers migrating to Dayforce, which represented 19% of the increase in Cloud revenue during this period. As the number of Bureau customers continues to decline, our results of operations will depend, in part, on replacing the revenue from Bureau customer attrition and on maintaining the profitability of services to our remaining Bureau customers. We believe that our cloud Dayforce platform is attractive to many customers that currently use an outsourced service bureau for their payroll and HCM-related needs; and, as a result, that sales to new customers and sales of additional functionality to our growing Dayforce customer base will continue to more than offset the decline in revenue from Bureau customers. We also believe that we will continue to be able to provide services to our remaining Bureau customers at attractive margins. As we migrate our Bureau customers to Dayforce, we typically experience a revenue increase from such customers driven by utilization of additional modules on the Dayforce platform.

We carefully designed and built Dayforce to meet the needs of a homogeneous market with a common set of requirements and compliance challenges across organization sizes and industries. To support our rapid growth, we have rigorously managed our implementation and customer support operations to maintain consistent, repeatable methods and processes and to take advantage of automation. We believe that our business model enables us to realize significant operating leverage and economies of scale and that we can continue to acquire, to implement, and to support more customers and to generate more revenue without a corresponding increase in expenses. Our profitability depends in part upon our ability to achieve a balance in the timing and magnitude of required investments in sales and marketing, implementation, and customer support.

In assessing our performance, we consider a variety of performance indicators in addition to revenue and net income, including live Dayforce customers, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, which are non-U.S. GAAP financial measures.

We use the number of customers live on Dayforce as an indicator of future revenue and the overall performance of the business and to assess the performance of our implementation services. We had 3,465 customers live on Dayforce as of September 30, 2018, compared to 2,855 customers live on Dayforce as of September 30, 2017. Please refer to the “Our Business Model” section above for the number of live Dayforce customers at the end of the last seven quarters.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, non-U.S. GAAP financial measures, are useful to management and investors as supplemental measures to evaluate our overall operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are components of our management incentive plan and are used by management to assess performance and to compare our operating performance to our competitors. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, as adjusted to exclude net income or loss from discontinued operations, sponsor management fees, non-cash charges for asset impairments, gains or losses on assets and liabilities held in a foreign currency other than the functional currency of a company subsidiary, share-based compensation expense, severance charges, restructuring consulting fees, transaction costs, and environmental reserve charges. Adjusted EBITDA margin is determined by calculating the percentage Adjusted EBITDA is of Total Revenue. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are helpful in highlighting management performance trends because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin exclude the results of decisions that are outside the normal course of our business operations. Please refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section below for a discussion and

reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin. The table below presents Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared With Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

	Three Months Ended						Increase /
	September 30,						(Decrease)						% of Revenue
	2018			2017			Amount			%			2018			2017
	(Dollars in millions)
Revenue:
Recurring services
Cloud	$	111.2		$	85.9			25.3			29.5	%		61.9	%		52.5	%
Bureau		46.0			59.7			(13.7	)		(22.9	)%		25.6	%		36.5	%
Total recurring services		157.2			145.6			11.6			8.0	%		87.5	%		89.1	%
Professional services and other		22.4			17.9			4.5			25.1	%		12.5	%		10.9	%
Total revenue		179.6			163.5			16.1			9.8	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services
Cloud		35.4			31.4			4.0			12.7	%		19.7	%		19.2	%
Bureau		13.7			17.0			(3.3	)		(19.4	)%		7.6	%		10.4	%
Total recurring services		49.1			48.4			0.7			1.4	%		27.3	%		29.6	%
Professional services and other		32.5			34.8			(2.3	)		(6.6	)%		18.1	%		21.3	%
Product development and management		14.5			11.0			3.5			31.8	%		8.1	%		6.7	%
Depreciation and amortization		8.5			8.0			0.5			6.3	%		4.7	%		4.9	%
Total cost of revenue		104.6			102.2			2.4			2.3	%		58.2	%		62.5	%
Gross profit		75.0			61.3			13.7			22.3	%		41.8	%		37.5	%
Costs and expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative		59.4			52.4			7.0			13.4	%		33.1	%		32.0	%
Other expense, net		0.3			3.8			(3.5	)		(92.1	)%		0.2	%		2.3	%
Operating profit		15.3			5.1			10.2			200.0	%		8.5	%		3.1	%
Interest expense, net		8.8			21.9			(13.1	)		(59.8	)%		4.9	%		13.4	%
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		6.5			(16.8	)		23.3			138.7	%		3.6	%		(10.3	)%
Income tax (benefit) expense		(0.9	)		0.9			(1.8	)		(200.0	)%		(0.5	)%		0.6	%
Income (loss) from continuing operations		7.4			(17.7	)		25.1			141.8	%		4.1	%		(10.8	)%
Loss from discontinued operations		(3.0	)		(2.9	)		(0.1	)		(3.4	)%		(1.7	)%		(1.8	)%
Net income (loss)		4.4			(20.6	)		25.0			121.4	%		2.4	%		(12.6	)%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		—			(0.5	)		0.5		n.m.				—			(0.3	)%
Net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian	$	4.4		$	(20.1	)		24.5			121.9	%		2.4	%		(12.3	)%
Adjusted EBITDA (a)	$	36.4		$	28.4			8.0			28.2	%		20.3	%		17.4	%

Revenue. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Total revenue increased $16.1 million, or 9.8%, to $179.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $163.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Cloud revenue of $30.0 million, or 29.1%, from $103.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, to $133.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The Cloud revenue increase was driven by an increase of $25.3 million, or 29.5%, in Cloud recurring services revenue, and $4.7 million, or 27.5%, in Cloud professional services and other revenue. The increase in Cloud recurring services revenue of $25.3 million was due to $15.2 million from new customers, add-ons, and revenue uplift from migrations of Bureau customers, net of customer losses; $5.6 million from the migration of Bureau customers; and $4.5 million from increased float revenue related to Cloud recurring services revenue. The increase in Cloud revenue of $30.0 million was partially offset by a decline in Bureau revenue of $13.9 million, or 23.0%. Excluding the impact of migrations to Dayforce, Bureau revenue declined by $8.3 million, or 13.7%.

On a constant currency basis, total revenue grew 11.4%, reflecting a 31.2% increase in Cloud revenue, partially offset by a 22.2% decline in Bureau revenue. Cloud revenue growth reflected a 31.8% increase in Cloud recurring services revenue and a 28.2% increase in Cloud professional services and other revenue.

Cloud revenue by solution. The following table presents our Cloud revenue for both recurring and professional services and other, for both our Dayforce and Powerpay solutions for the periods presented.

Cloud revenue was $133.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $30.0 million, or 29.1%, compared to Cloud revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Dayforce revenue increased 35.7%, and Powerpay revenue increased 2.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2017. On a constant currency basis, Dayforce revenue increased 36.8%, and Powerpay revenue increased 8.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Customer migrations to Dayforce from our Bureau solutions accounted for $5.6 million, or 19%, of the total increase in Cloud revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $6.7 million, or 25%, of total Cloud revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Float revenue. Investment income from invested customer trust funds included in revenue was $15.8 million and $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average float balance for our customer trust funds for the three months ended September 30, 2018, was $2,965.9 million, compared to $2,942.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The average yield was 2.11% during the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of 55 basis points compared to the average yield in the three months ended September 30, 2017. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, approximately 40% of our average float balance consisted of Canadian customer trust funds, compared to approximately 41% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Based on current market conditions, portfolio composition and investment practices, a 100 basis point increase in market investment rates would result in approximately $17 million of increased float revenue over the ensuing twelve month period.

Cost of revenue. Total cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018, was $104.6 million, an increase of $2.4 million, or 2.3%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Recurring services cost of revenue increased by $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, due to additional costs incurred to support the growing Dayforce customer base, partially offset by reductions in Bureau costs.

The reduction in cost of revenue for professional services and other of $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily due to productivity improvements in implementing new customers, reflecting the increased experience of our implementation consultants and the continued use of automation in our implementation processes.

In accordance with ASC 350, we are required to capitalize certain software development costs. Please refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” for further discussion of our accounting policy for internally developed software costs. Costs related to software development activities that do not qualify for capitalization, such as development, quality assurance, testing of new technologies, enhancements to our existing solutions that do not result in additional functionality, and costs related to the management of our solutions are presented as product development and management expense. The increase in product development and management expense of $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, reflected increases in Dayforce product development efforts. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our investment in software development was $14.4 million and $11.5 million, respectively, consisting of $7.5 million and $4.4 million, of research and development expense, which is included within product development and management expense, and $6.9 million and $7.1 million in capitalized software development, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with cost of revenue increased by $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, as we continue to capitalize Dayforce related and other development costs and subsequently amortize those costs.

The table below presents total gross margin and solution gross margins for the periods presented:

Total gross margin is defined as total gross profit as a percentage of total revenue, inclusive of product development and management costs as well as depreciation and amortization associated with cost of revenue. Gross margin for each solution in the table above is defined as total revenue less cost of revenue for the applicable solution as a percentage of total revenue for that related solution, exclusive of any product development and management or depreciation and amortization cost allocations.

The overall 9.8% increase in revenue outpaced the 2.3% increase in cost of revenue, and gross profit increased by $13.7 million, or 22.3%, as we continued to leverage our investment in people and processes to realize economies of scale.

Cloud recurring services gross margin was 68.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 63.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in Cloud recurring services gross margin reflects an increase in the proportion of Dayforce customers live for more than two years, which increased from 57% as of September 30, 2017 to 62% as of September 30, 2018, and was also attributable to consistent configuration that enabled us to realize economies of scale in customer support and hosting costs. Professional services and other gross margin was (45.1)% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, improving from (94.4)% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, reflecting an increase in profitable post go-live professional services and productivity improvements in implementing new customers.

Selling, general, and administrative expense. Selling, general, and administrative expense increased $7.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, reflecting increases in sales and marketing expense, and increased costs associated with being a public company.

Other expense, net. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 we incurred $0.3 of other expense, net compared to $3.8 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The other expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily related to a foreign currency remeasurement loss on an intercompany payable of a U.S. subsidiary denominated in Canadian dollars. This intercompany payable was repaid in the second quarter of 2018.

Operating profit. Operating profit increased $10.2 million, to $15.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Interest expense. Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018, was $8.8 million, compared to $21.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. This reduction is due to the extinguishment of the Senior Notes during the second quarter of 2018. A 100 basis point increase in LIBOR rates would result in an approximately $7 million increase in our interest expense over the ensuing twelve-month period. Please refer to Note 8, “Debt,” for additional information.

Income tax expense. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we realized an income tax benefit of $0.9 million and an income tax expense of $0.9 million, respectively. The $1.8 reduction in tax expense was primarily due to a tax benefit of $2.4 million from U.S. operations, which was partially offset by an increase in tax expense from foreign operations of $0.7 million.

Loss from discontinued operations. As a result of the LifeWorks Disposition, the financial results of the LifeWorks business have been included within discontinued operations for all periods presented. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017 the loss from discontinued operations was $3.0 million and $2.9 million, respectively, primarily related to income tax expense attributable to LifeWorks.

Net income (loss) attributable to Ceridian. Net income attributable to Ceridian was $4.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to a net loss of $20.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $8.0 million, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, and Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 20.3% in 2018 from 17.4% in 2017.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared With Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

							Increase /
	Nine Months Ended September 30,						(Decrease)						% of Revenue
	2018			2017			Amount			%			2018			2017
	(Dollars in millions)
Revenue:
Recurring services
Cloud	$	322.9		$	240.8			82.1			34.1	%		59.1	%		49.3	%
Bureau		157.9			197.4			(39.5	)		(20.0	)%		28.9	%		40.4	%
Total recurring services		480.8			438.2			42.6			9.7	%		88.0	%		89.7	%
Professional services and other		65.3			50.2			15.1			30.1	%		12.0	%		10.3	%
Total revenue		546.1			488.4			57.7			11.8	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services
Cloud		102.6			90.5			12.1			13.4	%		18.8	%		18.5	%
Bureau		46.7			55.3			(8.6	)		(15.6	)%		8.6	%		11.3	%
Total recurring services		149.3			145.8			3.5			2.4	%		27.3	%		29.9	%
Professional services and other		98.7			102.8			(4.1	)		(4.0	)%		18.1	%		21.0	%
Product development and management		43.3			31.8			11.5			36.2	%		7.9	%		6.5	%
Depreciation and amortization		25.7			23.2			2.5			10.8	%		4.7	%		4.8	%
Total cost of revenue		317.0			303.6			13.4			4.4	%		58.0	%		62.2	%
Gross profit		229.1			184.8			44.3			24.0	%		42.0	%		37.8	%
Costs and expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative		200.3			161.0			39.3			24.4	%		36.7	%		33.0	%
Other (income) expense, net		(2.5	)		6.9			(9.4	)		(136.2	)%		(0.5	)%		1.4	%
Operating profit		31.3			16.9			14.4			85.2	%		5.7	%		3.5	%
Interest expense, net		74.4			65.3			9.1			13.9	%		13.6	%		13.4	%
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes		(43.1	)		(48.4	)		5.3			11.0	%		(7.9	)%		(9.9	)%
Income tax expense		5.8			3.8			2.0			52.6	%		1.1	%		0.8	%
Loss from continuing operations		(48.9	)		(52.2	)		3.3			6.3	%		(9.0	)%		(10.7	)%
Loss from discontinued operations		(14.8	)		(2.4	)		(12.4	)		(516.7	)%		(2.7	)%		(0.5	)%
Net loss		(63.7	)		(54.6	)		(9.1	)		(16.7	)%		(11.7	)%		(11.2	)%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(0.5	)		(0.4	)		(0.1	)	n.m.				(0.1	)%		(0.1	)%
Net loss attributable to Ceridian	$	(63.2	)	$	(54.2	)		(9.0	)		(16.6	)%		(11.6	)%		(11.1	)%
Adjusted EBITDA (a)	$	113.6		$	82.2			31.4			38.2	%		20.8	%		16.8	%

Revenue. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Total revenue increased $57.7 million, or 11.8%, to $546.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $488.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Cloud revenue of $98.0 million, or 34.0%, from $288.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, to $386.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The Cloud revenue increase was driven by an increase of $82.1 million, or 34.1%, in Cloud recurring services revenue, and $15.9 million, or 33.7%, in Cloud professional services and other revenue. The increase in Cloud recurring services revenue of $82.1 million was due to $49.2 million from new customers, add-ons, and revenue uplift from migrations of Bureau customers, net of customer losses; $17.8 million from the migration of Bureau customers; and $15.1 million from increased float revenue related to Cloud recurring services revenue. The increase in Cloud revenue of $98.0 million was partially offset by a decline in Bureau revenue of $40.3 million, or 20.1%. Excluding the impact of migrations to Dayforce, Bureau revenue declined by $22.5 million, or 11.2%.

On a constant currency basis, total revenue grew 11.3%, reflecting a 33.3% increase in Cloud revenue, partially offset by a 20.4% decline in Bureau revenue. Cloud revenue growth reflected a 33.6% increase in Cloud recurring services revenue and a 31.7% increase in Cloud professional services and other revenue.

Cloud revenue was $386.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $98.0 million, or 34.0%, compared to cloud revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Dayforce revenue increased 40.2%, and Powerpay revenue increased 10.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. On a constant currency basis, Dayforce revenue increased 39.7%, and Powerpay revenue increased 8.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Customer migrations to Dayforce from our Bureau solutions accounted for $17.8 million, or 18%, of the total increase in Cloud revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $21.2 million, or 27%, of total Cloud revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Float revenue. Investment income from invested customer trust funds included in revenue was $49.6 million and $34.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The average float balance for our customer trust funds for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $3,457.5 million, compared to $3,309.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The average yield was 1.92% during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of 53 basis points compared to the average yield in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, approximately 37% of our average float balance consisted of Canadian customer trust funds, compared to approximately 36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Based on current market conditions, portfolio composition and investment practices, a 100 basis point increase in market investment rates would result in approximately $17 million of increased float revenue over the ensuing twelve month period.

Cost of revenue. Total cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $317.0 million, an increase of $13.4 million, or 4.4%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Recurring services cost of revenue increased by $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to additional costs incurred to support the growing Dayforce customer base, partially offset by reductions in Bureau costs.

The reduction in cost of revenue for professional services and other of $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily due to productivity improvements in implementing new customers, reflecting the increased experience of our implementation consultants and the continued use of automation in our implementation processes.

In accordance with ASC 350, we are required to capitalize certain software development costs. Please refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” for further discussion of our accounting policy for internally developed software costs. Costs related to software development activities that do not qualify for capitalization, such as development, quality assurance, testing of new technologies, enhancements to our existing solutions that do not result in additional functionality, and costs related to the management of our solutions are presented as product development and management expense. The increase in product development and management expense of $11.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, reflected increases in Dayforce product development efforts. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our investment in software development was $40.9 million and $32.7 million, respectively, consisting of $21.5 million and $13.7 million, of research and development expense, which is included within product development and management expense, and $19.4 million and $19.0 million in capitalized software development, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with cost of revenue increased by $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as we continue to capitalize Dayforce related and other development costs and subsequently amortize those costs.

The table below presents total gross margin and solution gross margins for the periods presented:

The overall 11.8% increase in revenue outpaced the 4.4% increase in cost of revenue, and gross profit increased by $44.3 million, or 24.0%, as we continued to leverage our investment in people and processes to realize economies of scale.

Cloud recurring services gross margin was 68.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 62.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in Cloud recurring services gross margin reflects an increase in the proportion of Dayforce customers live for more than two years, which increased from 57% as of September 30, 2017 to 62% as of September 30, 2018, and was also attributable to consistent configuration that enabled us to realize economies of scale in customer support and hosting costs. Professional services and other gross margin was (51.1)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, improving from (104.8)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, reflecting an increase in profitable post go-live professional services and productivity improvements in implementing new customers.

Selling, general, and administrative expense. Selling, general, and administrative expense increased $39.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Of the total $39.3 million increase, $23.2 million was attributable to expenses associated with our IPO and debt refinancing, including $11.3 million in sponsor management termination fees, $6.0 million in IPO-related share-based compensation expense, $3.7 million in other IPO transaction costs, and $2.2 million in restructuring consulting expenses. Excluding IPO-related items, selling, general, and administrative expense increased $16.1 million, primarily due to sales and marketing expense, employee benefit related costs, and increased costs associated with being a public company.

Other (income) expense, net. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we generated $2.5 million of other income, net, compared to $6.9 million of other expense, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The other income and expense, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were primarily related to remeasurement gains and losses on intercompany receivables or payables denominated in foreign currencies.

Operating profit. Operating profit increased $14.4 million, to $31.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $16.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Excluding the impact of IPO-related expenses, operating profit would have been $54.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Interest expense. Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $74.4 million, compared to $65.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily due to the refinancing of our debt, which resulted in a loss on extinguishment of debt of $25.7 million, partially offset by a reduction in interest expense of $17.6 million upon extinguishment of the Senior Notes in April 2018, which represented four fewer months of interest on the Senior Notes as compared to the prior year. A 100 basis point increase in LIBOR rates would result in an approximately $7 million increase in our interest expense over the ensuing twelve-month period. Please refer to Note 8, “Debt,” for additional information.

Income tax expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we incurred income tax expense of $5.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively. The $2.0 million increase in tax expense was primarily due to the transitional impact of the 2017 U.S. Tax Reform legislation.

Loss from discontinued operations. As a result of the LifeWorks Disposition, the financial results of the LifeWorks business have been included within discontinued operations for all periods presented. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, loss from discontinued operations was $14.8 million, compared to $2.4 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The loss from discontinued operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, is primarily related to income tax expense incurred as a result of the LifeWorks Disposition.

Net loss attributable to Ceridian. Net loss attributable to Ceridian was $63.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $54.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to $51.0 million of expenses incurred related to our IPO and debt refinancing transactions, partially offset by an increase in gross profit. Please refer to the “Recent Developments” section above for additional information on the financial statement impacts of our IPO and debt refinancing transactions.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $31.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, and Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 20.8% in 2018 from 16.8% in 2017.

Our primary sources of liquidity are our existing cash and equivalents, cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under our credit facilities, and proceeds from equity offerings. As of September 30, 2018, we had cash and equivalents of $188.0 million and availability under our revolving credit facility of $300.0 million. No cash amounts were drawn on the revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2018. Our total debt was $680.0 million as of September 30, 2018. Please refer to Note 8, “Debt,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements, for further information on our debt.

Our primary liquidity needs are related to funding of general business requirements, including the payment of interest and principal on our debt, working capital, capital expenditures, pension contributions, and product development.

Concurrently with the closing of the IPO and the concurrent private placement on April 30, 2018, we applied a portion of the net proceeds of the IPO and the concurrent private placement to satisfy and to discharge the indenture governing our outstanding $475.0 million principal amount Senior Notes, and they were redeemed on May 30, 2018. We also refinanced our remaining debt under our (i) $702.0 million (original principal amount) Senior Term Debt and (ii) $130.0 million Revolving Credit Facility, accrued interest and related costs and expenses, with new senior credit facilities consisting of a $680.0 million term loan debt facility and a $300.0 million revolving credit facility.

We believe that our cash flow from operations, availability under our revolving credit facility, and available cash and equivalents will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that to the extent that we require additional liquidity, it will be funded through the issuance of equity, the incurrence of additional debt, or a combination thereof. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain this additional liquidity on reasonable terms, or at all. Additionally, our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations and to fund our capital requirements are also dependent on our future financial performance, which is subject to general economic, financial, and other factors that are beyond our control. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available from additional debt or otherwise to meet our liquidity needs. Although we have no specific current plans to do so, if we decide to pursue one or more significant acquisitions, we may incur additional debt or sell additional equity to finance such acquisitions, which would result in additional expenses or dilution.

The following table provides a summary of cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the periods presented.

Changes in cash flows due to purchases of customer trust fund marketable securities, proceeds from the sale or maturity of customer trust fund marketable securities, and the net increase (decrease) of restricted cash held to satisfy customer trust fund obligations are primarily due to the timing of funds collected from customers and payments made to satisfy customer obligations. Customer trust fund cash flows are significantly affected by the period end day of the week relative to customer payment cycles. The customer trust funds are fully segregated from our operating cash accounts and are evaluated and tracked separately by management. Therefore, to provide meaningful information to the readers, the following discussion excludes customer trust funds.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations of $14.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was primarily attributable to a net loss from continuing operations of $48.9 million and a net reduction in cash as a result of changes in working capital of $46.0 million, partially offset by certain non-cash items, primarily $42.4 million of depreciation and amortization, a $25.7 million loss on extinguishment of debt -- primarily attributable to a call premium and debt issuance costs -- and $18.0 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense. The net $46.0 million change in working capital included reductions of $27.7 million in liabilities for employee compensation and benefits, primarily due to payments of accrued incentive compensation and pension contributions, and reductions of $15.5 million in liabilities for accrued interest, associated with our debt refinancing. Included within net cash flows used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $64.4 million in cash interest payments on our long-term debt, $18.5 million in pension payments, and $17.7 million in cash taxes.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations of $59.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily attributable to a net reduction in cash as a result of changes in working capital of $56.6 million and a net loss from continuing operations of $52.2 million, partially offset by certain non-cash items, primarily $39.7 million of depreciation and amortization and $12.8 million of share-based compensation expense. The net $56.6 million change in working capital included reductions of $33.4 million in liabilities for employee compensation and benefits, primarily due to payments of accrued incentive compensation and pension contributions, reductions of $17.5 million in liabilities for accrued interest, and reductions of $10.3 million in liabilities for accrued taxes.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations, excluding customer trust fund activity, was $28.7 million, related to capital expenditures. Our capital expenditures included $21.9 million for software and technology and $6.8 million for property and equipment.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations, excluding customer trust fund activity, was $31.2 million, primarily related to capital expenditures, partially offset by net proceeds from divestitures of $0.9 million. Our capital expenditures included $22.5 million for software and technology and $9.6 million for property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations, excluding the change in customer trust fund obligations, was $141.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This cash inflow is primarily attributable to the net proceeds received from our IPO and concurrent private placement of $595.0 million, a net increase in the principal of our term loan of $23.0 million, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options of $22.2 million, partially offset by payment to redeem our Senior Notes of $475.0 million and payment of debt refinancing costs of $23.3 million.

Net cash provided in financing activities from continuing operations, excluding the change in customer trust fund obligations, was $50.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily related to the funding of the remaining $75.2 million from the issuance of our senior convertible preferred stock and a $25.9 million payment made on the 2014 Term Debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash used in discontinued operations was $3.3 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash used in discontinued operations was $5.8 million. The net cash used in discontinued operations for both periods was primarily related to changes in working capital.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” contained in our 2017 Annual Report. For discussion of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are intended as supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, U.S. GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to operating profit (loss), net income (loss), earnings per share, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or as measures of operating cash flows or liquidity. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by these items. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are included in this discussion because they are key metrics used by management to assess our operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not defined under U.S. GAAP, are not measures of net income, operating income, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and are subject to important limitations. Our use of the terms Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies in our industry and are not measures of performance calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have important limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation.

The following table reconciles operating profit to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(Dollars in millions)
Operating profit	$	15.3		$	5.1		$	31.3		$	16.9
Depreciation and amortization		14.3			13.6			42.4			39.7
EBITDA from continuing operations (1)		29.6			18.7			73.7			56.6
Sponsorship management fees (2)		—			0.5			12.0			1.5
Intercompany foreign exchange loss (gain)		0.3			4.1			(2.5	)		7.0
Share-based compensation (3)		4.8			4.3			19.5			12.8
Severance charges (4)		1.1			0.8			4.1			4.3
Restructuring consulting fees (5)		0.6			—			3.1			—
IPO transaction costs (6)		—			—			3.7			—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	36.4		$	28.4		$	113.6		$	82.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin		20.3	%		17.4	%		20.8	%		16.8	%

The following tables present a reconciliation of our reported results to our non-U.S. GAAP Adjusted EBITDA basis for all periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (1)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	49.1	$	0.3	$	0.3	$	—	$	48.5
Professional services and other		32.5		0.2		0.1		—		32.2
Product development and management		14.5		0.3		—		—		14.2
Depreciation and amortization		8.5		—		—		—		8.5
Total cost of revenue		104.6		0.8		0.4		—		103.4
Sales and marketing		29.7		0.7		—		—		29.0
General and administrative		29.7		3.3		0.7		0.6		25.1
Other expense, net		0.3		—		—		0.3		—
Operating profit		15.3		4.8		1.1		0.9		22.1
Depreciation and amortization		14.3		—		—		—		14.3
EBITDA from continuing operations	$	29.6	$	4.8	$	1.1	$	0.9	$	36.4

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
	As Reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (1)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	48.4	$	0.3	$	0.2	$	—	$	47.9
Professional services and other		34.8		0.3		0.3		—		34.2
Product development and management		11.0		0.2		0.1		—		10.7
Depreciation and amortization		8.0		—		—		—		8.0
Total cost of revenue		102.2		0.8		0.6		—		100.8
Sales and marketing		27.0		0.5		0.2		—		26.3
General and administrative		25.4		3.0		—		0.5		21.9
Other expense (income), net		3.8		—		—		4.1		(0.3	)
Operating profit		5.1		4.3		0.8		4.6		14.8
Depreciation and amortization		13.6		—		—		—		13.6
EBITDA from continuing operations	$	18.7	$	4.3	$	0.8	$	4.6	$	28.4

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (1)			Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	149.3		$	1.7	$	1.1	$	—		$	146.5
Professional services and other		98.7			1.0		0.7		—			97.0
Product development and management		43.3			0.9		0.1		—			42.3
Depreciation and amortization		25.7			—		—		—			25.7
Total cost of revenue		317.0			3.6		1.9		—			311.5
Sales and marketing		92.3			3.5		1.0		—			87.8
General and administrative		108.0			12.4		1.2		18.8			75.6
Other income, net		(2.5	)		—		—		(2.5	)		—
Operating profit		31.3			19.5		4.1		16.3			71.2
Depreciation and amortization		42.4			—		—		—			42.4
EBITDA from continuing operations	$	73.7		$	19.5	$	4.1	$	16.3		$	113.6

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	As Reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (1)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	145.8	$	0.8	$	1.7	$	—	$	143.3
Professional services and other		102.8		0.9		0.8		—		101.1
Product development and management		31.8		0.6		0.6		—		30.6
Depreciation and amortization		23.2		—		—		—		23.2
Total cost of revenue		303.6		2.3		3.1		—		298.2
Sales and marketing		81.7		1.3		0.7		—		79.7
General and administrative		79.3		9.2		0.5		1.5		68.1
Other expense (income), net		6.9		—		—		7.0		(0.1	)
Operating profit		16.9		12.8		4.3		8.5		42.5
Depreciation and amortization		39.7		—		—		—		39.7
EBITDA from continuing operations	$	56.6	$	12.8	$	4.3	$	8.5	$	82.2

We do not and, as of September 30, 2018, we did not, have any off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

The foregoing Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the following Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements represent our expectations or beliefs, including, but not limited to, our expectations concerning our operations and financial performance and condition. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “assumes,” “projects,” “could,” “may,” “will,” “should,” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements due to risks and uncertainties associated with fluctuations in our quarterly operating results, concentration of our product offerings, development risks involved with new products and technologies, competition, our contractual relationships with third parties, contract renewals with business partners, compliance by our customers with the terms of their contracts with us, and other factors disclosed in our filings with the SEC. Other factors that may cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this Form 10-Q and the Prospectus, including the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors” of the Prospectus. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law or the terms of our debt. These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating any forward-looking statements contained herein.

We are exposed to market risks related to foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and pension obligations. We seek to minimize or to manage these market risks through normal operating and financing activities. We do not trade or use instruments with the objective of earning financial gains on the market fluctuations, nor do we use instruments where there are not underlying exposures.

Foreign Currency Risk. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the Canadian Dollar. Due to the relative size of our international operations to date, we have not instituted an active hedging program. We expect our international operations to continue to grow in the near term, and we are monitoring the foreign currency exposure to determine if we should begin a hedging program.

Interest Rate Risk. In connection with our U.S. and Canadian payroll and tax filing services, we collect funds for payment of payroll and taxes; temporarily hold such funds in trust until payment is due; remit the funds to the customers’ employees and appropriate taxing authority; file federal, state and local tax returns; and handle related regulatory correspondence and amendments. We invest the U.S. customer trust funds primarily in high- quality bank deposits, money market mutual funds, or collateralized short-term investments. We may also invest these funds in U.S. Treasury and agency securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, and corporate securities. Our Canadian customer trust funds are invested in securities issued by the government and provinces of Canada, highly rated Canadian banks and corporations, asset-backed trusts, and mortgages.

We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectation due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our securities as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary.

We do not believe that an increase or decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would have a material effect on our operating results or financial condition. Fluctuations in the value of our investment securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive income, and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities.

Pension Obligation Risk. We provide a pension plan for certain current and former U.S. employees that closed to new participants on January 2, 1995. In 2007, the U.S. pension plan was amended (1) to exclude from further participation any participant or former participant who was not employed by the company or another participating employer on January 1, 2008, (2) to discontinue participant contributions, and (3) to freeze the accrual of additional benefits as of December 31, 2007. In applying relevant accounting policies, we have made critical estimates related to actuarial assumptions, including assumptions of expected returns on plan assets, discount rates, and health care cost trends. The cost of pension benefits in future periods will depend on actual returns on plan assets, assumptions for future periods, contributions, and benefit experience. In 2017, we contributed $23.0 million to our pension plan. The effective discount rate used in accounting for pension and other benefit obligations in 2017 ranged from 3.01% to 3.25%. The expected rate of return on plan assets for qualified pension benefits in 2018 is 6.30%.

Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are effective at a reasonable assurance level in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. We have not engaged an independent registered accounting firm to perform an audit of our internal control over financial reporting as of any balance sheet date or for any period reported in our financial statements. Presently, we are not an accelerated filer, as such term is defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, therefore; our management is not presently required to perform an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This requirement could apply as early as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019 if certain triggers requiring accelerated filing deadlines are met prior to that. Our independent public registered accounting firm will first be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the first year we are no longer an “emerging growth company”. While our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of their effectiveness, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected.

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, we believe would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or liquidity.

There have been no material changes to our principal risks that we believe are material to our business, results of operations and financial condition, from the risk factors previously disclosed in the prospectus, dated April 25, 2018, filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) with the SEC on April 26, 2018, relating to our initial public offering which is accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Page
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		4

Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	4

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	46

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	47

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		48

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	48

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	48

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	48

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	48

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	48

Item 5.	Other Information	48

Item 6.	Exhibits	49

	September 30, 2018
	Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	2,024.4	$	2,023.9
Due in one to three years		565.6		556.5
Due in three to five years		565.5		557.6
Due after five years		292.9		280.0
Invested customer trust funds	$	3,448.4	$	3,418.0

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Land	$	7.5		$	7.5
Software		218.5			197.4
Machinery and equipment		118.8			120.3
Buildings and improvements		39.8			36.3
Total property, plant, and equipment		384.6			361.5
Accumulated depreciation		(284.0	)		(259.5	)
Property, plant, and equipment, net	$	100.6		$	102.0

Balance at December 31, 2016	$	1,933.1
Translation		27.9
Balance at December 31, 2017		1,961.0
Translation		(11.2	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	1,949.8

	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Estimated Life Range (Years)
Customer lists and relationships	$	208.6	$	(188.8	)	$	19.8	5-15
Trade name		173.9		(2.0	)		171.9		—
Technology		154.4		(153.8	)		0.6	2-7
Total other intangible assets	$	536.9	$	(344.6	)	$	192.3

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

Gross proceeds	$	631.3
Less:
Underwriters’ discounts and commissions		29.2
IPO-related expenses		11.8
Redemption of 11% Senior Notes due 2021 (Note 8)		475.0
Call premium on redemption of 11% Senior Notes due 2021		13.1
Interest on redemption of 11% Senior Notes due 2021		10.9
Sponsor management termination fee		11.3
Debt refinancing expenses		11.4
Cash to balance sheet	$	68.6

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Under ASC 606		Impact
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	157.2	$	149.4	$	(7.8	)
Professional services and other		22.4		28.8		6.4
Total revenue	$	179.6	$	178.2	$	(1.4	)
Operating profit	$	15.3	$	15.1	$	(0.2	)

	December 31, 2017
Assets:
Cash and equivalents	$	5.3
Trade and other receivables, net		13.3
Prepaid expenses		1.5
Property, plant and equipment, net		1.8
Other intangible assets, net		5.9
Goodwill		126.3
Other assets		2.1
Assets of discontinued operations	$	156.2
Liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	4.4
Deferred revenue		2.8
Employee compensation and benefits		1.3
Other liabilities		10.8
Liabilities of discontinued operations	$	19.3

	Total		Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
Assets
Available for sale customer trust funds assets	$	1,720.1	$	—	$	1,720.1	(a)	$	—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	1,720.1	$	—	$	1,720.1		$	—

Years Ending December 31,	Amount
2018	$	1.7
2019		6.8
2020		6.8
2021		6.8
2022		6.8
Thereafter		651.1
	$	680.0

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Net Periodic Pension Cost	2018			2017			2018			2017
Interest cost	$	4.1		$	4.3		$	12.3		$	12.9
Actuarial loss amortization		3.6			3.2			10.8			9.6
Less: Expected return on plan assets		(6.5	)		(6.6	)		(19.5	)		(19.8	)
Net periodic pension cost	$	1.2		$	0.9		$	3.6		$	2.7

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit	2018			2017			2018			2017
Service benefit	$	(0.1	)	$	(0.1	)	$	(0.3	)	$	(0.3	)
Interest cost		0.1			0.1			0.3			0.3
Actuarial gain amortization		(0.6	)		(0.6	)		(1.8	)		(1.8	)
Net periodic postretirement benefit gain	$	(0.6	)	$	(0.6	)	$	(1.8	)	$	(1.8	)

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Performance-based options outstanding at December 31, 2017		1,038,147		$	13.46			3.5	$	—
Granted		—			—			—		—
Exercised		(633,606	)		(13.46	)		—		—
Forfeited or expired		(8,358	)		(13.46	)		—		—
Performance-based options outstanding at September 30, 2018		396,183		$	13.50			3.4	$	11.3
Performance-based options exercisable at September 30, 2018		396,183		$	13.50			3.4	$	11.3

	Shares
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2017		605,990
Granted		159,323
Shares issued upon vesting of RSUs		(105,990	)
Forfeited or canceled		—
RSUs outstanding at September 30, 2018		659,323
RSUs releasable at September 30, 2018		125,000

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment			Unrealized Gain (Loss) from Invested Customer Trust Funds			Pension Liability Adjustment			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	(160.6	)	$	(9.0	)	$	(142.5	)	$	(312.1	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes and reclassifications		(16.2	)		(24.5	)		(0.3	)		(41.0	)
Income tax benefit		—			2.3			—			2.3
Reclassifications to earnings		—			—			9.0			9.0
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Ceridian		(16.2	)		(22.2	)		8.7			(29.7	)
LifeWorks Disposition		0.7			—			—			0.7
Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	(176.1	)	$	(31.2	)	$	(133.8	)	$	(341.1	)

	September 30,			June 30,			March 31,			December 31,			September 30,			June 30,			March 31,			December 31,
	2018			2018			2018			2017			2017			2017			2017			2016
Live Dayforce customers		3,465			3,308			3,154			3,001			2,855			2,690			2,480			2,339
Dayforce customers live for two or more years		2,148			2,014			1,872			1,770			1,628			1,524			1,377			1,276
Proportion of Dayforce customers live for two or more years		62	%		61	%		59	%		59	%		57	%		57	%		56	%		55	%

	Percentage change in revenue as reported			Impact of changes in foreign currency (a)			Percentage change in revenue on constant currency basis (a)
Revenue:
Cloud
Recurring services		29.5	%		(2.3	)%		31.8	%
Professional services and other		27.5	%		(0.7	)%		28.2	%
Total Cloud revenue		29.1	%		(2.1	)%		31.2	%
Bureau ^(b)		(23.0	)%		(0.8	)%		(22.2	)%
Total revenue		9.8	%		(1.6	)%		11.4	%

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Growth rate year-over-year			Growth rate on a constant currency basis
	2018		2017		2018 vs. 2017			2018 vs. 2017
	(Dollars in millions)
Dayforce	$	111.7	$	82.3		35.7	%		36.8	%
PowerPay		21.3		20.7		2.9	%		8.0	%
Total Cloud revenue	$	133.0	$	103.0		29.1	%		31.2	%

Exhibit No.		Description

10.1		Employment Agreement, dated August 7, 2018, by and between Leagh Turner and Ceridian Canada Ltd.

10.2		Employment Agreement, dated August 7, 2018, by and between Erik Zimmer and Ceridian HCM, Inc.

10.3		Separation and Consulting Agreement, dated August 7, 2018, by and among Paul Elliott, Ceridian Canada Ltd. and Ceridian HCM Holding Inc.

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

	CERIDIAN HCM HOLDING INC.

Date: October 29, 2018	By:	/s/ David D. Ossip
		Name:	David D. Ossip
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: October 29, 2018	By:	/s/ Arthur Gitajn
		Name:	Arthur Gitajn
		Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer and
			Principal Accounting Officer)