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Restructuring
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring
RESTRUCTURING

We initiated various restructuring programs and incurred severance and other restructuring costs by segment as follows:
 
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Production & Automation Technologies
$
5,632

 
$
6,921

 
$
12,757

Drilling Technologies
—

 
—

 
2,405

Total
$
5,632

 
$
6,921

 
$
15,162

 
Cost of goods and services
$
4,693

 
$
6,332

 
$
9,465

Selling, general and administrative expense
939

 
589

 
5,697

Total
$
5,632

 
$
6,921

 
$
15,162



Restructuring charges incurred during years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, included the following programs, which were substantially completed during those three years:

Production & Automation Technologies. Production & Automation Technologies incurred restructuring charges of $5.6 million, $6.9 million and $12.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to various programs, primarily focused on facility consolidations, exit of certain nonstrategic product lines, including related impairments of fixed assets, and workforce reductions. The 2018 and 2017 programs were initiated to continue to optimize our operations as the market recovered and the 2016 programs were initiated to better align the cost base with the significantly lower demand environment.

Drilling Technologies. Drilling Technologies recorded $2.4 million in restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2016, related to various programs, primarily focused on workforce reductions to better align the cost base with the significantly lower demand environment.

Our liability balances for restructuring and other exit activities were $1.0 million and $2.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and primarily consist of ongoing lease commitment obligations for facilities closed in prior periods and employee severance and related benefits. As of December 31, 2018, our restructuring initiatives are complete and our liability balances for restructuring and other exit activities are expected to be mostly settled by mid-2019.