10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended: June 30, 2023

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38302

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	82-2844431
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

1201 Orange Street, Suite 600

Wilmington, DE 19801

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(484) 254-6134

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class:	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	NRXP	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase one share of Common Stock	NRXPW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

As of August 9, 2023, the registrant had 81,700,918 shares of common stock outstanding.

		Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	6
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	47
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	47
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	47
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	50
ITEM 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	50
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
ITEM 5.	Other Information	50
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	51
SIGNATURES		52

3

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	14,969	$	20,054
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,819		5,741
Total current assets		19,788		25,795
Other assets		21		21
Total assets	$	19,809	$	25,816
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,205	$	2,076
Accrued and other current liabilities		5,783		4,855
Accrued clinical site costs		1,115		914
Convertible note payable and accrued interest - short term		12,692		7,703
D&O insurance payable		786		—
Warrant liabilities		36		37
Total current liabilities		22,617		15,585
Convertible note payable and accrued interest - long term		—		2,822
Total liabilities	$	22,617	$	18,407
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 80,388,330 and 66,442,989 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		80		67
Additional paid-in capital		239,887		230,339
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(22)		—
Accumulated deficit		(242,753)		(222,997)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(2,808)		7,409
Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity	$	19,809	$	25,816

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	3,873	$	2,958	$	7,523	$	8,441
General and administrative		4,065		6,642		9,850		16,864
Settlement expense		250		—		250		—
Total operating expenses		8,188		9,600		17,623		25,305
Loss from operations		(8,188)		(9,600)		(17,623)		(25,305)
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income		(145)		(23)		(301)		(23)
Interest expense		—		—		—		3
Change in fair value of convertible note payable		663		—		2,435		—
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		11		(116)		(1)		(273)
Change in fair value of Earnout Cash liability		—		(2,479)		—		(4,582)
Total other (income) expenses		529		(2,618)		2,133		(4,875)
Net loss	$	(8,717)	$	(6,982)	$	(19,756)	$	(20,430)
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk		128		—		22		—
Other comprehensive loss		128		—		22		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(8,845)	$	(6,982)	$	(19,778)	$	(20,430)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.12)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.28)	$	(0.32)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted		73,221,563		65,732,343		70,260,622		64,348,966

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

				Additional					Accumulated Other	Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in-		Accumulated			Comprehensive	Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Deficit			Income (Loss)	(Deficit) Equity
Balance December 31, 2022	66,442,989	$	67	$	230,339	$	(222,997)	$	—	$	7,409
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs $351	3,866,666		3		2,542		—		—		2,545
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk	—		—		—		—		106		106
Stock-based compensation	—		—		695		—		—		695
Net loss	—		—		—		(11,039)		—		(11,039)
Balance - March 31, 2023	70,309,655	$	70	$	233,576	$	(234,036)	$	106	$	(284)
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs $2,168	9,670,002		10		5,567		—		—		5,577
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk	—		—		—		—		(128)		(128)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		544		—		—		544
Shares issued as repayment of principal and interest for convertible note	408,673		—		200		—		—		200
Net loss	—		—		—		(8,717)		—		(8,717)
Balance - June 30, 2023	80,388,330	$	80	$	239,887	$	(242,753)	$	(22)	$	(2,808)

				Additional				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in-		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Deficit		Equity
Balance - December 31, 2021	58,810,550	$	59	$	203,990	$	(183,243)	$	20,806
Common stock and warrants issued in private placement, net of issuance costs of $2,020	7,824,727		8		22,972		—		22,980
Common stock issued for consulting services	6,037		—		17		—		17
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,334		—		1,334
Net loss	—		—		—		(13,448)		(13,448)
Balance - March 31, 2022	66,641,314	$	67	$	228,313	$	(196,691)	$	31,689
Additional issuance costs in connection with Private Placement	—		—		(342)		—		(342)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		987		—		987
Net loss	—		—		—		(6,982)		(6,982)
Balance - June 30, 2022	66,641,314	$	67	$	228,958	$	(203,673)	$	25,352

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(19,756)	$	(20,430)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation expense		2		2
Stock-based compensation		1,239		2,321
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(1)		(273)
Change in fair value of earnout cash liability		—		(4,582)
Change in fair value of convertible promissory note		2,435		—
Non-cash settlement expense		250		—
Increases (decreases) in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets		922		(2,757)
Accounts payable		129		(609)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		879		1,157
Net cash used in operating activities		(13,901)		(25,171)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of computer equipment		(2)		(6)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2)		(6)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of note payable		—		(518)
Repayment of convertible note		(90)		—
Proceeds from issuance of insurance loan		786
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants issued in private placement, net of issuance costs		8,122		22,638
Net cash provided by financing activities		8,818		22,120
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(5,085)		(3,057)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		20,054		27,605
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	14,969	$	24,548
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	205	$	—
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Issuance of common stock as principal and interest repayment for convertible notes	$	200	$	—
Issuance of common stock warrants as offering costs	$	75	$	726
Issuance of common stock for settlement of accrued liability	$	—	$	17

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization

The Business

On May 24, 2021 (“Effective Time”), we consummated the business combination (“Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), dated December 13, 2020, by and among our company (formerly known as Big Rock Partners Acquisition Corp. (“BRPA”)), NeuroRx, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NeuroRx”), Big Rock Merger Corp., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of BRPA (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Merger Sub was merged with and into NeuroRx, with NeuroRx surviving the Merger. As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, NeuroRx became a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of BRPA. Upon the closing of the Merger, we changed our name to NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., with the stockholders of NeuroRx becoming stockholders of NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “NRx Pharmaceuticals,” “NeuroRx”, “NRXP,” “we,” or the “Company” refer to NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

The Company is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company which applies innovative science to known molecules to develop life-saving medicines through its wholly-owned operating subsidiary, NeuroRx. The Company's foundation product, NRX-101 (D-cylcoserine/Lurasidone), for the treatment of bipolar depression in patients with suicidality, has been awarded Fast Track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation, a Special Protocol Agreement, and a Biomarker Letter of Support by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”). NRX-101 is covered by multiple U.S. and foreign patents, including a Composition of Matter patent (U.S. Patent No. 10,583,138) that was transferred to NRx Pharmaceuticals by Glytech, LLC.

Operations

The Company is engaged in the development of NRX-101, a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine, or DCS, and lurasidone for the treatment of suicidal bipolar depression and potentially for other future indications. In January 2023 the Company met with the FDA and was guided to expand its intended use of NRX-101 from the original population of patients with acute suicidality who might be treated in the hospital environment to the broader population of patients with subacute suicidal ideation (now described by the Company as Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression) who are treated in the outpatient setting. This broader population of patients are the current target population of the ongoing clinical trial.

Based on the guidance of the FDA and the Company’s completion of manufacturing for phase 3/commercial stage investigational product, the Company upgraded the ongoing clinical trial to a phase 2b/3 trial, the results of which have the potential to be used for registrational filings. The Company is engaged in that ongoing clinical trial of NRX-101 vs. lurasidone in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression with the objective of demonstrating a decrease in depression scores and scores of suicidal ideation in patients treated with NRX-101 compared to those treated with lurasidone alone.

The clinical trial was originally begun as an exploratory study in Q2 2022. In Q1 2023 the study’s independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) reviewed both safety and unblinded efficacy data for the first 50 patients in the clinical trial and advised the Company that no safety concerns were identified. Moreover, the DSMB did not identify a futility signal, suggesting that the trial has potential to demonstrate a statistically significant outcome with additional enrollment. On this basis, the DSMB advised management to continue enrolling study participants.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company refined its ability to validate the psychometric ratings that are used to assess the efficacy endpoints for the clinical trial. The Company relies upon a team of veteran raters who both train independent site raters and monitor the technical quality of each rating. A standard was set of 90% or better congruence between the Company’s veteran rating team and site raters. This standard was met for all study participants whose ratings were obtained

8

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

in their primary language and management believes that this standard can be maintained for the duration of the trial. The Company has recently released research findings that demonstrate better than 94% congruence on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), which constitutes the primary efficacy endpoint.

In April 2023, the Company contracted with 1nHealth to initiate a recruitment campaign that may cover up to 45 states in the U.S. to recruit sufficient participants for this enlarged trial. The Company has similarly broadened its relationship with Science 37, a contract research organization that conducts decentralized clinical trials, to enroll participants identified by the 1nHealth recruitment initiative and randomize them to be treated within the broadened clinical trial. 1nHealth has additionally engaged “The Mighty,” a voice-of-the-patient organization with national reach to publicize the clinical trial to the 800,000+ subscribers who have indicated a focus on bipolar depression and suicidality.

In Q1 2023, the Company announced the participation of Prof. Andrew Nierenberg, M.D., Head of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Dauton Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation as the Principal Investigator of the clinical trial. The Company has now initiated clinical trial sites at Northwestern University (Chicago) and University of Texas, Austin, in addition to commercial research sites.

The Company has completed manufacture of all clinical supplies required for its ongoing clinical trials. This initiative is expected to yield stability data sufficient to support a shelf life in excess of two years at time of potential drug launch (should the clinical trials be successful). The completion of this manufacturing milestone may allow the Company to decrease ongoing expenditure associated with manufacturing and development of chemical manufacturing controls.

On June 2, 2023, the Company entered into an Exclusive, Global - Development, Supply, Marketing & License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Alvogen Pharma US, Inc., Alvogen, Inc. and Lotus Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (collectively, “Alvogen”). Under the License Agreement, NRx granted Alvogen an exclusive (even as to NRx and its affiliates) worldwide, transferable and sublicensable license under certain intellectual property (including patents, know-how and trademarks) owned or controlled by NRx to develop (with certain limitations), manufacture, and commercialize NRX-101, for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality. The term of the license is, on a country-by-country basis, 20 years from the first commercial sale of NRX-101 in such country, extendable by Alvogen for a two-year period upon its request made prior to the expiration of such 20-year period. During the term of the License Agreement, the parties have agreed (on behalf of themselves and their affiliates) not to research, develop, seek or obtain any regulatory approval for the manufacturing, marketing, sale, or other commercialization of any product containing a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, nor to authorize or assist (including by investing in or otherwise providing funding to) any third party to do so.

During the term of the License Agreement, NRx is permitted to develop additional products containing D-cycloserine in combination with one or more other active antidepressant or antipsychotic ingredients for use outside of the field of treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, such as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or chronic pain in depression, in which case, if NRx wishes to license rights to develop or commercialize such additional products or indications, Alvogen has a right of first negotiation to obtain such a license.

Progress on NRX-100 (ketamine).  

During Q1 management met with the psychiatry division of the FDA to discuss paths to market for NRX-101 as monotherapy and as sequential therapy following stabilization with ketamine. The FDA indicated that treatment following ketamine would require data sufficient to file a New Drug Application for the use of ketamine as a stabilization agent. Currently, the FDA has limited data on file that demonstrates the safety and efficacy of ketamine. Accordingly, the Company has established a scientific collaboration with Prof. Marion Leboyer of Paris, France and Prof. Mocrane Abbar of Lyon, France in order to incorporate the results of a 160-person inpatient trial of intravenous ketamine vs. placebo for the stabilization of patients admitted for acute suicidality. The findings of the trial demonstrate a statistically significant

9

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

reduction in both suicidality (the primary endpoint) and depression (the secondary endpoint) among patients treated with intravenous ketamine compared to those treated with placebo.

The Company has negotiated a data sharing agreement with the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes in France in order to permit deidentified patient level data to be transmitted by NRx to the FDA for regulatory purposes. The Company is of the belief that these multicenter, randomized prospective data, combined with randomized, prospective data on more than 200 US patients when submitted for review at a patient level will likely be sufficient to demonstrate preliminary safety and efficacy of intravenous ketamine in acutely suicidal patients. Data are expected to be transmitted to FDA by the end of Q3.

New Therapeutic Targets:

The Company is exploring three new therapeutic targets for NRX-101 and related drugs: treatment of Chronic Pain, treatment of PTSD, and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Treatment of Chronic Pain:

The rationale for treatment of chronic pain with DCS is outlined in a 2016 scientific paper published by Schnitzer, et. al.  In brief, DCS as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (“NMDA”) antagonist drug has demonstrated extensive nonclinical and early clinical efficacy in: (i) decreasing the response to nociceptive pain (i.e., pain triggered by pain receptors in the body) and (ii) decreasing craving for opioid drugs, with evidence that DCS is both nonaddictive and non-neurotoxic. In order to support its development of NRX-101 for treatment of chronic pain, the Company has licensed US Patent 8,653,120 from Apkarian Technologies and retained Prof. Apkar Vania Apkarian (the inventor) as a consultant to the Company. The Company believes that its ongoing composition of matter patents additionally apply to the use of NRX-101 in the treatment of chronic pain, as does its patent portfolio related to the treatment of fear memory with NRX-101.

The Company is awaiting results of a 200-person randomized prospective trial funded by the US Department of Defense (NCT 03535688) in which patients with chronic pain were randomly assigned to DCS 400mg/day vs. placebo. These results are expected by year end 2023 and, if positive, are expected to provide a Breakthrough Therapy path towards treatment of chronic pain with DCS and DCS-containing medicines. In anticipation of these findings, the Company has established an Investigational New Drug (IND) file for NRX-101 in the treatment of Chronic Pain and submitted NRX-101 for review to the EPPICNET consortium of the National Institutes of Health.

Treatment of PTSD:

The Company has previously identified the rationale for treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with NMDA antagonist drugs. Based on the near-term data associated with the use of DCS in chronic pain and recent in-licensing of US8653120, management has elected to apply available resources to the chronic pain indication in the near term.

Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection and Urosepsis:

In recent years, increased antibiotic resistance to common pathogens that cause urinary tract infections and urosepsis (i.e., sepsis originating in the urinary tract) has resulted in a marked increase in hospitalization and death. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than 1.7 million Americans contract sepsis each year, of whom at least 350,000 die during their hospitalization or are discharged to hospice. DCS is currently approved for the treatment of urinary tract infection and, as recently as 2015 was demonstrated to be effective against pathogens that are increasingly resistant to first- and second-line antibiotics.  DCS is not widely used, however, because of its known propensity to cause hallucination at therapeutically effective doses. The Company believes that the combination of DCS with a 5-HT2A antagonist in NRX-101 has the potential to treat antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections with decreased propensity to

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

cause unwanted CNS effects. The Company has initiated pre-clinical research to evaluate whether current antibiotic-resistant pathogens are resistant to NRX-101 both in laboratory culture and simulated urine.

2. Liquidity

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $15.0 million in cash. Since inception, the Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations each fiscal year. The Company has no revenues and expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. The Company believes that it has the funds necessary to support its operations through the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company’s ability to support its ongoing capital needs is dependent on its ability to continue to raise equity and/or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, in order to continue operations.

On March 8, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “March Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Common Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock (the “March Investor Warrants”) in a registered direct offering priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules for a purchase price of $0.75 per share (the “March Offering”). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are exercisable beginning on September 8, 2023 (the “March Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire 5 years from the March Initial Exercise Date. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the March Offering were approximately $2.9 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the “June Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 9,670,002 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and warrants to purchase up to 9,670,002 shares of Common Stock (the “June Investor Warrants”). The Common Stock was issued in a registered direct offering for a purchase price of $0.65 per share (the “June Offering”) and the June Investor Warrants were offered pursuant to a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The June Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.6525 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the date of issuance (the “June Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire 5 years from the June Initial Exercise Date. The aggregate net cash proceeds to the Company from the June Offering were approximately $5.71 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Company’s ongoing clinical activities continue to generate losses and net cash outflows from operations. The Company plans to pursue additional equity or debt financing or refinancing opportunities in 2023 to fund ongoing clinical activities, to meet obligations under its current debt arrangements and for the general corporate purposes of the Company. Such arrangements may take the form of loans, equity offerings, strategic agreements, licensing agreements, joint ventures or other agreements. The sale of equity could result in additional dilution to the Company’s existing shareholders. The Company cannot make any assurances that additional financing will be available to it and, if available, on acceptable terms, or that it will be able to refinance its existing debt obligations which could negatively impact the Company’s business and operations and could also lead to a reduction in the Company’s operations. We will continue to carefully monitor the impact of our continuing operations on our working capital needs and debt repayment obligations. As such, the Company has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company may raise substantial additional funds, and if it does so, it may do so through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity and/or the completion of a licensing or other commercial transaction for one of the Company’s product candidates.

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the balance sheet, statements of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for any interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year or any other interim period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in its financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements relate to the convertible note payable, earnout cash liability, stock options, warrants, and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Certain Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties including the risk of failure to secure additional funding to properly execute the Company’s business plan. The Company is subject to risks that are common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, development by the Company or its competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, reliance on third party manufacturers, protection of proprietary technology, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

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The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. (Refer to Note 11)

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are occasionally invested in certificates of deposit. The Company maintains each of its cash balances with high-quality and accredited financial institutions and accordingly, such funds are not exposed to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. Deposits in financial institutions may, from time to time, exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of a money market account with a financial institution that management believes to be creditworthy.  

Revenue Recognition 

Arrangements may include licenses to intellectual property, research services and participation on joint research committees. The Company evaluates the promised goods or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. In contemplation of whether a promised good or service meets the criteria required of a performance obligation, the Company considers the stage of research, the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities and expertise of the customer relative to the underlying intellectual property, and whether the promised goods or services are integral to or dependent on other promises in the contract. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The Company enters into contractual arrangements that may include licenses to intellectual property and research and development services. When such contractual arrangements are determined to be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company evaluates the promised good or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The License Agreement with Alvogen as further discussed in Note 6 below is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods

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or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, it performs the following five steps:

i. identify the contract(s) with a customer;

ii. identify the performance obligations in the contract;

iii. determine the transaction price;

iv. allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within the contract; and

v. recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it determines that it is probable it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract to determine whether each promised good or service is a performance obligation. The promised goods or services in the Company’s arrangements typically consist of a license to intellectual property and research services. The Company may provide options to additional items in such arrangements, which are accounted for as separate contracts when the customer elects to exercise such options, unless the option provides a material right to the customer. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer that (i) the customer can benefit from on its own or together with other readily available resources, and (ii) is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Goods or services that are not individually distinct performance obligations are combined with other promised goods or services until such combined group of promises meet the requirements of a performance obligation.

The Company determines transaction price based on the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. At contract inception for arrangements that include variable consideration, the Company estimates the probability and extent of consideration it expects to receive under the contract utilizing either the most likely amount method or expected amount method, whichever best estimates the amount expected to be received. The Company then considers any constraints on the variable consideration and includes in the transaction price variable consideration to the extent it is deemed probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price and recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) control is transferred to the customer and the performance obligation is satisfied. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The Company records amounts as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is deemed unconditional. When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract, a contract liability is recorded as deferred revenue.

The Company’s revenue arrangements include the following:

Milestone Payments: At the inception of an agreement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates each milestone to determine when and how much of the milestone to include in the transaction price. The Company first estimates the amount of the milestone payment that the Company could receive using either the expected value or the most

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

likely amount approach. The Company primarily uses the most likely amount approach as that approach is generally most predictive for milestone payments with a binary outcome. Then, the Company considers whether any portion of that estimated amount is subject to the variable consideration constraint (that is, whether it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty.) The Company updates the estimate of variable consideration included in the transaction price at each reporting date which includes updating the assessment of the likely amount of consideration and the application of the constraint to reflect current facts and circumstances.

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Research Services: The Company is incurring research costs in association with the Alvogen agreement. After the First Milestone Payment (as defined in Note 6 below), the Company will be reimbursed for certain costs incurred related to reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs for clinical and non-clinical development activities. The Company will recognize revenue for the reimbursed costs when the First Milestone Payment contingencies have been achieved and the Company has an enforceable claim to the reimbursed costs.

See Note 6, “Alvogen Licensing Agreement”, for further information on the application of ASC 606 to the License Agreement.

Research and Development Costs

The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the Company’s clinical trials, salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in ongoing research and development efforts. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Convertible Note Payable

As permitted under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company elects to account for its convertible promissory note, which meets the required criteria, at fair value at inception and at each subsequent reporting date. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of non-operating loss in the consolidated statements of operations. The portion of total changes in fair value of the convertible note attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are determined through specific measurement of periodic changes in the discount rate assumption exclusive of base market changes and are presented as a component of comprehensive income in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. As a result of electing the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes are expensed as incurred.

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees and non-employees over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded-vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock award grants using the closing trading price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the underlying individual’s role at the Company.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be liability classified and recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured at fair value and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants (as defined below) was estimated using a Black Scholes valuation approach and the fair value of the Substitute Warrants (as defined below) was estimated using a modified Black Scholes valuation approach which applies a probability factor based on the probabilities of achieving earnout cash milestone and/or earnout shares milestone at each reporting period (see Notes 9 and 11).

Modification of Warrants

A change in any of the terms or conditions of warrants is accounted for as a modification. The accounting for incremental fair value of warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification which may result in a reduction of additional paid-in capital, recognition of costs for services rendered, or recognized as a deemed dividend.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future

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tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options, restricted stock awards and warrants were to vest and be exercised. Diluted earnings per share excludes, when applicable, the potential impact of stock options, common stock warrant shares, convertible notes, and other dilutive instruments because their effect would be anti-dilutive in the periods in which the Company incurs a net loss.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock for the periods in which a net loss is presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Stock options	2,548,849	2,706,115	2,548,849	2,706,115
Restricted stock awards	1,000,000	—	1,000,000	—
Common stock warrants	30,021,591	17,521,753	30,021,591	17,521,753
Earnout Shares	—	22,209,280	—	22,209,280
Earnout Shares from exercised Substitute Options and Substitute Warrants	—	1,229,925	—	1,229,925

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. For the six-months ended June 30, 2023, there were no new accounting pronouncements or updates to recently issued accounting pronouncements disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that management believes materially affect the Company’s present or future results of operations, overall financial condition, liquidity or disclosures.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Prepaid clinical development expenses	$	2,018	$	1,966
Prepaid insurance		1,901		3,167
Other prepaid expenses		735		331
Prepaid legal expenses		159		270
Other current receivables		6		7
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	4,819	$	5,741

5. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

		June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Unaudited)
Accrued and other current liabilities:
Other accrued expenses	$	2,856	$	2,616
Accrued employee expenses		1,183		923
Accrued research and development expenses		949		974
Professional services		795		342
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	5,783	$	4,855

6. Alvogen Licensing Agreement 

On June 2, 2023, the Company entered into the License Agreement with Alvogen. The Company and Alvogen are referred to below individually as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties.”

License Grant  

Under the License Agreement, the Company granted Alvogen an exclusive (even as to the Company and its affiliates) worldwide, transferable and sublicensable license under certain intellectual property (including patents, know-how and trademarks) owned or controlled by the Company to develop (with certain limitations), manufacture, and commercialize the Company’s candidate therapeutic product, NRX-101, for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality. The term of the license is, on a country-by-country basis, 20 years from the first commercial sale of NRX-101 in such country, extendable by Alvogen for a two-year period upon its request made prior to the expiration of such 20-year period. During the term of the License Agreement, the Parties agree (on behalf of themselves and their affiliates) not to research, develop, seek or obtain any regulatory approval for the manufacturing, marketing, sale, or other commercialization of any product containing a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, nor to authorize or assist (including by investing in or otherwise providing funding to) any third party to do so.

During the term, the Company is permitted to develop additional products containing D-cycloserine in combination with one or more other active antidepressant or antipsychotic ingredients for use outside of the field of treatment of bipolar

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

depression with suicidality, such as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or chronic pain in depression, in which case, if the Company wishes to license rights to develop or commercialize such additional products or indications, Alvogen has a right of first negotiation to obtain such a license.

Term and Termination 

The License Agreement will remain in force until the earlier to occur of (i) 20 years following the first commercial sale of NRX-101 on a country-by-country basis (which may be extended for a two-year period at Alvogen’s request), and (ii) the date that the agreement is terminated under its early termination provisions. Early termination grounds include, subject to applicable cure periods, a material breach of agreement by the other Party, the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other Party, or a party’s reasonable belief that there is an unacceptable risk for harm in humans based upon preclinical safety data or the observation of serious adverse effects in humans.

In addition, Alvogen has the right to early termination if (i) the phase 2 study relating to NRX-101 is not completed and/or a successful read out from the study does not occur by March 31, 2024, or (ii) there is no completion of a Type B meeting with the FDA by March 31, 2024. Alvogen may also terminate upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to the Company at any time after the First Milestone Payment (as defined below) has been made. The Company also has the right to terminate the License Agreement if the current phase 2 study successfully concludes prior to March 31, 2024 and the Type B meeting with the FDA is completed by March 31, 2024 and Alvogen does not notify the Company within 60 days that it wishes to proceed with the development of NRX-101 or has not paid the First Milestone Payment.

Upon expiration or termination of the License Agreement, the intellectual property rights licensed to Alvogen under the License Agreement will revert to the Company, and all other rights and obligations of each of the parties will immediately cease, except for ant outstanding amounts owed as of the time of such expiration or termination. Upon termination, Alvogen will grant to the Company an exclusive irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable, transferrable license under the NDA rights to develop, manufacture, have manufactured, or commercialize the product in the field of bipolar depression with suicidality. Such reversion license would be granted by Alvogen to the Company in exchange for an equitable royalty payable by the Company to Alvogen that would be negotiated and agreed in good faith by the parties within 30 business days of such matter being presented to them.

Milestone Payments 

In exchange for the license grant and the participation of the Company in the development, regulatory and commercial activities described below, Alvogen will pay the Company an initial $10 million cash payment upon the later of a positive data read-out from the Company’s ongoing Phase 2b/3 clinical trial and completion of the Type B meeting with the U.S. FDA (the “First Milestone Payment”). A second milestone payment of $5 million (the “Approval Payment”) is due upon Alvogen’s receipt of a copy of the FDA’s notice of NDA Approval for Product with the label indication for the treatment of bipolar depression with sub-acute or acute suicidality. Additional bonus milestone payments of increasing amounts up to $330 million will be payable upon the achievement of net sales targets measured over the trailing four quarters. Alvogen also will pay royalties (as described below) to the Company based on the net sales of NRX-101, with a reduction in royalties on a country-by-country basis upon expiration or termination of the Company’s patent protection on the NRX-101 composition.

Royalties 

Subject to certain adjustments for sublicensing and other deductions, commencing on the first commercial sale of NRX-101, Alvogen has agreed to pay to the Company tiered royalties calculated on the basis of a percentage, ranging from the low to mid-teens, of annual net sales of NRX-101 measured over the trailing four quarters. In addition, if Alvogen sublicenses NRX-101 in any country other than the U.S. (in which the royalty rates described above will apply), Alvogen

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

will pay the Company a percentage of any and all consideration received by Alvogen or its affiliates from sublicensing any of the rights granted.

Development and Regulatory Activities 

Prior to payment of the First Milestone Payment by Alvogen to the Company, each Party has agreed to perform, at its own cost, certain development activities using diligent efforts and in accordance with applicable then-current good manufacturing and other applicable practices, laws and regulations, with the goal of supporting the preparation and filing of an NDA and obtaining regulatory approval for NRX-101. Until the payment of the First Milestone Payment, the Company has the sole right to control and responsibility for all regulatory matters relating to NRX-101, at its sole cost and expense, and the Company shall own all regulatory materials and own all worldwide regulatory approvals for NRX-101.

After the payment of the First Milestone Payment, Alvogen has the sole right and responsibility, at its cost and expense, for all regulatory matters relating to NRX-101, and Alvogen will own all regulatory materials and all regulatory approvals for the product in the licensed territory (and the Company will assign all of its rights in any regulatory materials to Alvogen). Each party has committed to reasonably cooperate with the other in carrying out the development and regulatory activities outlined in the development plan. In addition, Alvogen has agreed to fund the next registrational study of NRX-101 in the field of treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality.

Upon NDA approval of the product in the U.S., Alvogen has agreed to use diligent efforts to commercialize NRX-101 in the U.S., and, for 24 months following such approval, in other countries in the territory upon regulatory approval in each such country. If Alvogen does not commercialize NRX-101 in a country outside of the U.S. in the foregoing 24-month period, then the license may revert back to the Company with respect to such country and the Company would pay Alvogen tiered royalties in the low to mid-teens based on net sales of NRX-101 in such country. The Parties will also enter into a pharmacovigilance agreement to ensure compliance with safety reporting requirements of all applicable regulatory agencies globally with respect to the commercialization of NRX-101.

Commercial Activities 

Under the License Agreement, the Company is responsible for and will control the manufacturing of the NRX-101 commercial product and for qualification and regulatory-related activities necessary for the manufacture of the product. The Parties intend to enter into a clinical supply agreement (and a related quality agreement) on reasonable and customary terms, in which the Company will supply Alvogen raw materials and/or finished product without any markup to the future supply price from the Company’s current contract manufacturer. Similarly, prior to initiation of the first Phase 3 study for the commercial product, the Parties will enter into a commercial supply agreement (and a related quality agreement) on reasonable and customary terms, in which the Company will supply Alvogen raw materials and/or finished product without any markup to the future supply price from NRx’s current contract manufacturer. At any time after NDA approval, Alvogen may elect to manufacture, fill and package the product itself or through a third-party supplier subject to the prior approval of the Company. In such case, the parties may also work together to establish a written manufacturing technology transfer plan to transfer manufacturing technology from the Company or the Company’s contract manufacturer to Alvogen or Alvogen’s designated third party supplier. The Company has agreed, as a part of its manufacturing commitments, to make available its qualified technical personnel to consult with Alvogen to complete transfer of the manufacturing technology if required under the License Agreement.

Following NDA approval, Alvogen will control and be responsible for advertising, marketing, promotion and marketing, pricing, and terms of sale for the product, all at Alvogen’s sole expense. Alvogen has committed to not shift, allocate, price or discount sales of the product for the purpose of reducing or disadvantaging the net sales of the product in order to reduce the payments owed by Alvogen to the Company under the License Agreement.

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As of June 30, 2023, the Company has not achieved any milestones nor recognized any revenue associated with the License Agreement.

7. Debt

Convertible Note

On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (the “Lender”), and, pursuant to the SPA, issued to the Lender an unsecured promissory note with a face amount of approximately $11.0 million (the “Note”) before an original issue discount of $1.0 million, which was deducted from the proceeds of the Note.

The Note carries a 9% interest rate, has a term of 18 months from the issuance date (the “Maturity Date”) and is redeemable as described below. Any time after the issuance date, the Company has the right to prepay all or any portion of the outstanding balance of the Note. If the Company exercises its right to prepay the Note, the Company will make payment to the Lender of an amount in cash equal to 110% multiplied by the portion of the outstanding balance the Company elects to pay. Beginning on May 4, 2023, the Lender has the right to redeem up to $1.0 million (“Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount”) of the outstanding balance of the Note per month. Payments may be made by the Company, at the Company’s option, (a) in cash with a 10% premium for the amount redeemed, (b) by paying the redemption amount in the form of shares of Common Stock with the number of redemption shares being equal to the portion of the applicable redemption amount divided by the Redemption Conversion Price (as defined below) or (c) a combination of cash and shares of Common Stock. The “Redemption Conversion Price” is equal to 85% multiplied by the average of the two lowest daily volume weighted average prices per share of the Common Stock during the 15 trading days immediately preceding the date that the Lender delivers notice electing to redeem a portion of the Note. The Company’s right to satisfy the redemption amount in shares of Common Stock is subject to certain limitations, including (i) there not being any Equity Conditions Failure (as defined in the Note) and (ii) the Lender not owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock. At any time, if the Company’s market capitalization is less than $25.0 million, the 4.99% ownership limitation shall be increased to 9.99%. On March 30, 2023, the Company amended the Note to increase the ownership limitation to 9.99%. If the Company elects to prepay the Note prior to the Maturity Date or elects to pay a portion or all of the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount in cash, it must pay a premium of 10%, subject to certain exceptions.

The Company has the right to make the required payments for the Note in Common Stock subject to certain conditions including ownership and trading volume limitations. On July 7, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment #2 to the Convertible Promissory Note (the “Second Amendment”), with the Lender. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to further amend the terms of the Note. In accordance with the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to amend the redemption provisions of the Note. In particular, the Company agreed to pay the Lender an amount in cash equal to $1,800,000 on or before July 10, 2023, which amount was paid on July 10, 2023. In addition, on or before the last day of each month until December 31, 2023 (the “Minimum Payment Period”), the Company has agreed to pay the Lender an amount equal to $0.4 million in cash, less any redemption amount satisfied in Redemption Conversion Shares (as defined in Note 14 below) for such month (each, a “Minimum Payment”)  The Lender also agreed to waive the application of the Trigger Effect (as defined in the Note) and any of the remedies set forth in Section 4 of the Note that may have occurred up to the date of the amendment. The Company will evaluate and disclose the accounting impacts of the amendment, including any trouble debt restructuring considerations, in filings subsequent to June 30, 2023.

Beginning May 1, 2023, in the event (a) the daily dollar trading volume of the Common Stock of the Company on any given trading day is at least fifty percent (50%) greater than the lower of (i) the median daily dollar trading volume over the previous ten trading days or (ii) the daily dollar trading volume on the trading day immediately preceding the date of

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

measurement or (b) if the closing trade price on any given trading day is at least thirty percent greater than the Nasdaq Minimum Price (as defined in the Note), then the Lender will be entitled to redeem over the following ten trading days an amount of indebtedness then outstanding under the Note equal to twice the monthly redemption amount of $1.0 million solely by payment by Common Stock, subject to maximum percentage and other ownership limitations under the SPA and the Note.

The Note contains certain Trigger Events (as defined in the Note) that generally, if uncured within five trading days, may result in an event of default in accordance with the terms of the Notes (such event, an “Event of Default”). Upon an Event of a Default, the Lender may consider the Note immediately due and payable. Upon an Event of Default, the interest rate may also be increased to the lesser of 18% per annum or the maximum rate permitted under applicable law. As of June 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the Note’s terms and there were no Events of Default.

Due to these embedded features within the Note, the Company elected to account for the Note at fair value at inception. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of other income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.  

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

The discount to the principal amount is included in the carrying value of the Note. During 2022, the Company recorded a debt discount of approximately $1.0 million upon issuance of the Note for the original issue discount of $1.0 million. As a result of electing the fair value option, any direct costs and fees related to the Note was expensed as incurred. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a change in fair value of approximately $0.7 and $2.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the Note which was recognized in other income (expense) on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company made interest payments on the Note of approximately $0.1 million and issued shares of Common Stock as principal and interest repayments on the Note of $0.2 million.

22

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the Note as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease

The Company leases office space on a month-to-month basis. The rent expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively.

Sponsored Research Agreement with National Jewish Health

On February 8, 2021, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement (“Research Agreement”) with National Jewish Health (“NJ Health”), a Colorado not-for-profit institution. Under the terms of the Research Agreement, the Company agreed to sponsor a research study at NJ Health relating to the impact of the Company’s' former product candidate Aviptadil on propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in alveolar type II cells in vitro (the “Study”). In return for performance of the Study under the Research Agreement, the Company has committed to pay NJ Health approximately $0.4 million upon finalization of the work. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has fully paid NJ Health the total committed amount under this agreement.

Relief Therapeutics Collaboration Agreement

On September 18, 2020, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Relief Therapeutics for the clinical development and, if approved, the sale of Aviptadil. The Collaboration Agreement provides for funding by Relief Therapeutics of certain clinical trials, formulation and manufacturing of Aviptadil, as well as establishing specified sales territories for each party and share of the profits in those territories for “Product” as defined in the Collaboration Agreement. On October 6, 2021, Relief Therapeutics filed a lawsuit against the Company and its former CEO claiming that the Company failed to honor its obligations under the Collaboration Agreement, which was followed by a counter claim from the Company for breach and repudiation of the Collaboration Agreement by Relief Therapeutics.  

On November 12, 2022, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement and Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) with Relief Therapeutics Holding AG and Relief Therapeutics International (the “Relief Parties”) to settle the outstanding lawsuit with respect to the Collaboration Agreement.  

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Under the APA, the Company transferred to the Relief Parties all of the Company’s interest in ZYESAMI (or the “Product” as such term is defined in the Collaboration Agreement), including intellectual property, FDA applications, clinical trial data, drug and API inventory and certain contractual rights. The Company has agreed to refrain from developing any product for any indication that uses or otherwise exploits the Product without the Relief Parties’ consent.

The Relief Parties have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, market, and commercialize the Product, and have sole discretion to select the indications for which they will seek to develop the Product. Although the Company intends to monitor the progress of the Relief Parties under the APA and enforce the Company’s rights thereunder, there can be no assurances that the Relief Parties will be successful at commercializing the Product.

Upon commercial launch of the Product by the Relief Parties or any of their affiliates, licensees or sublicensees (or upon authorization of use for any indication of the Product other than COVID-19), the Company is entitled to receive milestone payments in stages up to an aggregate amount of $13.0 million. The Relief Parties have also agreed to pay royalties to the Company on aggregate net sales of all Products, subject to a cap on royalty payments of $30.0 million in the aggregate.  In addition, Relief is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to continue the Company’s existing Right to Try Program until December 2024.

Mutual indemnity provisions in the APA will protect each party from any breaches of the settlement arrangements by the other party, provided, that the Company’s indemnity obligations will not start until the Relief Parties have begun making royalty or milestone payments to the Company, subject to certain exceptions. With respect to the Company, there is an indemnity threshold such that the Company will not be liable for any indemnity claims until such claims are in excess of $0.5 million (and then only for the amount above $0.5 million). The Company’s indemnity obligation is capped at $2.0 million with respect to breaches of representations and warranties and $3.0 million with respects to breaches of covenants or other agreements. Additionally, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s indemnity obligations cannot exceed the amount that the Relief Parties actually pay to the Company for milestone and royalty payments. The parties closed the APA in December 2022 at which time all claims and counterclaims between the Company and the Relief Parties were dismissed with prejudice.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time the Company is involved in litigation, claims, and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation and other disputes are inherently unpredictable and subject to substantial uncertainties and unfavorable resolutions could occur.

Share Subscription Facility Agreement - GEM

NeuroRx entered into a share subscription facility agreement (the “GEM Agreement”) with GEM Global Yield LLC SCS and GEM Yield Bahamas Limited (collectively, referred to as “GEM”) with a three-year term which expired in October 2022. Subject to the successful listing of the shares of NeuroRx on a nationally recognized stock exchange, GEM granted NeuroRx an option to require GEM to subscribe for shares of NeuroRx for an aggregate value of up to approximately $95.6 million. The GEM Agreement also included certain provisions which did not meet the U.S. requirements to issue registered shares thus preventing its usage. If shares of NeuroRx were listed on a nationally recognized stock exchange or NeuroRx completed a private transaction which resulted in a change of control, NeuroRx would have been obligated to issue GEM a warrant and pay a commitment fee of $1.9 million. Absent a listing of NeuroRx shares or a private transaction with a change of control during the three-year term, NeuroRx would have no obligations under the GEM Agreement. The Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement would not have resulted in a listing of NeuroRx shares or a change in control.

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In November 2020, GEM introduced NeuroRx to BRPA. To resolve uncertainties around the application of the GEM Agreement post-Merger, NeuroRx and GEM agreed in March 2021 to issue a warrant to GEM and for the parties to use their good faith efforts to amend the GEM Agreement to meet U.S. requirements to issue registered shares. The warrant was not conditional upon any further events or completion of the Merger.

The warrant was issued on March 28, 2021, for 3,329,812 shares of NeuroRx common stock at an exercise price of $3.19 per share (the “GEM Warrant”) and the parties agreed that GEM would immediately partially exercise the GEM Warrant for the purchase of 1,496,216 shares (“Initial Exercised Shares”) for $7.5 million. The GEM Warrant will be valid for a period of three years from the date NeuroRx’s stock is listed for trading on a national securities exchange or consummation of a reverse merger transaction of the type contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company recognized a contingent liability for its obligation to issue to GEM certain equity instruments at a discounted per share price. Specifically, as the amount was deemed probable and estimable at December 31, 2020, NeuroRx recorded a liability and settlement expense of $39.5 million to reflect the fair value of the expected GEM Warrant to be issued. On March 28, 2021, when the GEM Warrant was issued, the Company recorded an additional charge of $21.4 million to reflect the increased fair value of the GEM Warrant on its grant date.  Upon issuance, the GEM Warrant was equity classified and was determined to be within the scope of ASC 718, Share-Based Payments (“ASC 718”).

The remaining unexercised 1,833,596 shares of NeuroRx common stock of the GEM Warrant became Substitute Warrants (as defined in Note 11 below). These Substitute Warrants were liability classified (see Note 11).   The changes in fair value of these Substitute Warrants were recognized as a gain or loss in the statement of operations until these Substitute Warrants were exercised in July 2021, at which time they were reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

On August 12, 2022, the Company received a demand for arbitration (the “Demand”) from GEM.  The Demand claimed that NeuroRx, failed to satisfy its obligation to pay GEM a commitment fee in the amount of HK$15,000,000 (approximately US$1,919,565 at current exchange rates) pursuant to the GEM Agreement.

On July 17, 2023, NeuroRx and GEM entered into a settlement and release agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the arbitration proceeding with prejudice. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, on or before August 31, 2023, the Company will issue 678,676 shares of Common Stock to GEM.  Such shares will be registered under a prospectus supplement to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 but will be subject to a restriction that they cannot be sold or traded for a period of six months from the effective date of the Settlement Agreement.

Other Legal Actions:

We are currently involved in and may from time to time become involved in various legal actions incidental to our business. As of the date of this report, we are not involved in any legal proceedings that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. However, the outcome of any current or future legal proceeding is inherently difficult to predict and any dispute resolved unfavorably could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results.

25

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

9. Equity

Common Stock

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company has authorized 500,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001.

As discussed above in Note 2, on March 8, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals entered into a securities purchase agreement with the March Investors, providing for the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock and the March Investor Warrants to purchase up to 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock in a registered direct offering priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules for a purchase price of $0.75 per share. The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are exercisable beginning on September 8, 2023 and will expire 5 years from the March Initial Exercise Date. The March Investors agreed not to transfer the Common Stock for six months following the date of issuance. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the March Offering were approximately $2.9 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. The closing of the sale of these securities occurred on March 9, 2023. The securities were issued pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on June 9, 2022 (File No. 333-265492) which became effective on June 21, 2022.

On February 8, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC. Although they did not act as the placement agent with respect to the March Offering, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC was paid a cash fee equal to 3.0% of the amount raised, or approximately $0.1 million, pursuant to the letter agreement.

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the June Investors, providing for the issuance and sale of 9,670,002 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and the June Investor Warrants to purchase up to 9,670,002 shares of Common Stock. The Common Stock was issued in a registered direct offering for a purchase price of $0.65 per share and the June Investor Warrants were offered pursuant to a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The aggregate net cash proceeds to the Company from the June Offering were approximately $5.71 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the June Offering for the for working capital and general corporate purposes.

H.C. Wainwright & Co. LLC acted as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) for the June 2023 Offering. The Placement Agent was paid a cash fee equal to 6.5% of the gross proceeds received by the Company from the sale of the securities at the closing of the June Offering or approximately $0.6 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company has authorized 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001. The Company has no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock Warrants

Substitute Warrants

In connection with the Merger, each warrant to purchase shares of common stock of NeuroRx that was outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by BRPA and converted

26

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

into a warrant, based on the Exchange Ratio (of 3.16), that will continue to be governed by substantially the same terms and conditions, including vesting, as were applicable to the former warrant (the “Substitute Warrants”). As these Substitute Warrants meet the definition of a derivative as contemplated in ASC 815, the Substitute Warrants were recorded as derivative liabilities on the balance sheet and measured at fair value at inception (on the date of the Merger) and at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations in the period of change. 

The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Substitute Warrants for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The Company recognized a gain on the change in fair value of the Substitute Warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2023 of less than $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Refer to Note 11 for further discussion of fair value measurement of the warrant liabilities.

Assumed Public Warrants

Prior to the Merger, the Company had 3,450,000 Public Warrants outstanding (the “Public Warrants”). Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants became exercisable at the Effective Time of the Merger and expire five years after the Effective Time or earlier upon their redemption or liquidation of the Company.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 no Public Warrants were exercised.

Assumed Private Placement Warrants

Prior to the Merger, the Company had outstanding 136,250 Private Placement Warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”). The Private Placement Warrants are not indexed to the Company’s common shares in the manner contemplated by ASC 815-40-15 because the holder of the instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. The Company classifies the Private Placement Warrants as derivative liabilities in its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2023. The Company measures the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants at the end of each reporting period and recognizes changes in the fair value from the prior period in the Company’s statements of operations for the current period.

The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Refer to Note 11 for discussion of the fair value measurement of the Company’s warrant liabilities.

Investor Warrants

As discussed above, on March 8, 2023, in conjunction with the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued 3,866,666 March Investor Warrants which were classified in stockholder’s equity. The measurement of fair value of the March Investor Warrants were determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.72, exercise price of $0.75, term of five and a half years, volatility of 123.6%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and expected dividend rate of 0%). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the March Initial Exercise Date and will expire five and a half years from the March Initial Exercise Date.  The grant date fair value of these March Investor Warrants was estimated to be $2.4 million on March 8, 2023 and is reflected within additional paid-in capital.

27

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As discussed above, on March 8, 2023, in conjunction with the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued 3,866,666 March Investor Warrants which were classified in stockholder’s equity. The measurement of fair value of the March Investor Warrants were determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.72, exercise price of $0.75, term of five and a half years, volatility of 123.6%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and expected dividend rate of 0%). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the March Initial Exercise Date and will expire five years from the March Initial Exercise Date.  The grant date fair value of these March Investor Warrants was estimated to be $2.4 million on March 8, 2023 and is reflected within additional paid-in capital.

The Company issued warrants to the Placement Agent with an exercise price of $0.81 (the “June Placement Agent Warrants”). As these June Placement Agent Warrants were issued for services provided in facilitating the June Offering, the Company recorded the fair value of such June Placement Agent Warrants of approximately $0.1 million as a cost of capital on the issuance date. The measurement of fair value was determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.53, exercise price of $0.81, term of five and a half years, volatility of 175.1%, risk-free rate of 3.85%, and expected dividend rate of 0%).

In connection with the June Offering, the Company also entered into a warrant amendment agreement (the “Warrant Amendment Agreement”) with certain investors to amend certain existing warrants to purchase up to 9,622,778 shares of Common Stock that were previously issued in August 2021 and February 2022 to such investors, with an exercise price of $3.07 and $12.00 per share, respectively (the “Amended Warrants”) as follows: (i) lower the exercise price of the Amended Warrants to $0.6525 per share, and (ii) provide that the Amended Warrants, as amended, will not be exercisable until six months following the closing date of the June Offering, and (iii) extend the original expiration date of the Amended Warrants so that they will terminate five and one half years from the closing of the June Offering.

The Company recorded the incremental change in fair value of such Amended Warrants of $1.7 million as a cost of capital to issue the June Investor Warrants. The measurement of fair value for the Amended Warrants was determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.53, exercise price of $0.65, term of five and a half years, volatility of 175.1%, risk-free rate of 3.85%, and expected dividend rate of 0%).

The following table provides the activity for all warrants for the respective periods.

		Weighted
		Average	Weighted		Aggregate
		Remaining	Average		Intrinsic Value
	Total Warrants	Term	Exercise Price		(in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	16,484,923	3.59	$	6.49		—
Issued	3,866,666	4.69		0.75		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	20,351,589	3.65		5.40		—
Issued	9,670,002	4.94		0.65		—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	30,021,591	4.36	$	2.51	$	—

28

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

10. Stock-Based Compensation

2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

Prior to the Merger, NeuroRx maintained its 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), under which NeuroRx granted incentive stock options, restricted stock awards, other stock-based awards, or other cash-based awards to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants. The maximum aggregate shares of common stock that were subject to awards and issuable under the 2016 Plan was 3,472,000.

In connection with the Merger, each option of NeuroRx that was outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by BRPA and converted into an option to acquire an adjusted number of shares of Common Stock at an adjusted exercise price per share (the “Substitute Options”), based on the Exchange Ratio (of 3.16).

Upon the closing of the Merger, the outstanding and unexercised NeuroRx stock options became options to purchase an aggregate 2,895,423 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an average exercise price of $5.10 per share.

2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2023, 6,713,608 shares of Common Stock are authorized for issuance pursuant to awards under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). As of January 1, 2023, 664,430 shares were added to the 2021 Plan under an evergreen feature that automatically increases the reserve with additional shares of Common Stock for future issuance under the Incentive Plan each calendar year, beginning January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2031, equal to the lesser of (A) 1% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or (B) a smaller number of shares determined by the Board. As of June 30, 2023, 5,749,394 shares have been awarded and 964,214 shares remain available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, restricted stock awards, other stock-based award or other cash-based awards to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants.

Option Awards

The fair value of each employee and non-employee stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company is a public company and has limited company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the limited company-specific historical volatility and implied volatility as well as historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s stock options for employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, certain options granted contain terms that require all unvested options to immediately vest a) upon the approval of a New Drug Application (NDA) by the FDA for NRX-101, or b) immediately preceding a change in control of the Company, whichever occurs first.

The grant date fair value of employee and non-employee stock option awards is determined using the Black Scholes option-pricing model. The Company did not grant any stock options during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023.

29

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following assumptions were used for the year ended December 31, 2022:

	December 31, 2022
Exercise price		$0.51-$3.10
Risk-free rate of interest		1.8%-4.36%
Expected term (years)		5.3-6.5
Expected stock price volatility		94.9%-147.8%
Dividend yield		—

The following table summarizes the Company’s employee and non-employee stock option activity under the Plan for the following periods:

	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price	Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.4	$ 618
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.1	$ 124
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	7.9	$ 46
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2023	1,956,237	$ 3.71	7.6	$ 46

The weighted average grant date fair value per share for employee stock and non-employee option grants during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.16 and $1.55, respectively. At June 30, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation related to unvested employee and non-employee stock option awards granted, was $1.1 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.9 years.

The following table summarizes the Company’s recognition of stock-based compensation for the following periods (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Stock-based compensation expense
General and administrative	$	443	$	768	$	1,034	$	1,884
Research and development		101		219		205		437
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	544	$	987	$	1,239	$	2,321

30

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Restricted Stock Awards

The following table presents the Company’s Restricted Stock Activity:

	Awards	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	1,000,000	$ 0.57
Unvested Balance as of June 30, 2023	1,000,000	$ 0.57

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSAs granted was approximately $0.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSAs was approximately $0.0 million and less than $0.1 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

11. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements discussed herein are based upon certain market assumptions and pertinent information available to management as of and during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. The carrying amount of accounts payable approximated fair value as they are short term in nature. The fair value of warrants issued for services are estimated based on the Black-Scholes model during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. The fair value of the Note was estimated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The Company follows the guidance in ASC 820 for its financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at each reporting period, and non-financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at least annually. The estimated fair value of the money market account represents a Level 1 measurement. The estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities and earnout cash contingent consideration represent Level 3 measurements. The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):

		June 30		December 31
Description	Level	2023		2022
		(Unaudited)
Assets:
Money Market Account	1	$	9,810	$	15,249
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities (Note 11)	3	$	36	$	37
Convertible note payable (Note 7)	3	$	12,692	$	10,525

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Convertible Note Payable

The significant inputs used in the Monte Carlo simulation to measure the convertible note liability that is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48
Time to expiration		0.84
Note market interest rate		8.9%
Equity volatility		100.0%
Volume volatility		455.0%
Risk-free rate		5.42%
Probability of default		6.5%

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Note categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

Warrant Liabilities

The Company utilizes a Black-Scholes model approach to value the Private Placement Warrants and Substitute Warrants at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations. The estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Black Scholes options pricing model are assumptions related to expected share-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock based on historical and peer company volatility that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates remaining at zero.

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The significant inputs used in the Black-Scholes model to measure the warrant liabilities that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48 - 0.66
Exercise price per share	$	3.48 - 11.50
Expected life		0.02 - 3.15
Volatility		55.0 - 175.1%
Risk-free rate		3.79 - 5.31%
Dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value of warrants	$	0.00 - 79.34

A reconciliation of warrant liabilities is included below (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	37
Gain upon re-measurement		(12)
Balance as of March 31, 2023		25
Gain upon re-measurement		11
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	36

12. Income Taxes

The Company recorded no provision or benefit for income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For all periods presented, the pretax losses incurred by the Company received no corresponding tax benefit because the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable to realize the value of any resulting deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to assess its position in future periods to determine if it is appropriate to reduce a portion of its valuation allowance in the future.

The Company has no open tax audits with any taxing authority as of June 30, 2023.

13. Related Party Transactions

Glytech Agreement

The Company licenses patents that are owned by Glytech, LLC (“Glytech”), pursuant to a license agreement (the “Glytech Agreement”). Glytech is owned by a co-founder and former director of the Company. The Glytech Agreement requires that the Company pay Glytech for ongoing scientific support and also reimburse Glytech for expenses of obtaining and maintaining patents that are licensed to NRx Pharmaceuticals. During the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid Glytech $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for continuing technology support services and reimbursed expenses. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid Glytech $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for continuing technology support services and reimbursed expenses. These support services are ongoing.

The Fourth Amendment to the Glytech Agreement, effective as of December 31, 2020, includes an equity value-triggered transfer of Excluded Technology from Glytech to NRx Pharmaceuticals. The Excluded Technology is defined in the Glytech Agreement as any technology, and any know-how related thereto, covered in the licensed patents that do not recite

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

either D-cycloserine or lurasidone individually or jointly. This definition would cover pharmaceutical formulations, including some that NRx Pharmaceuticals considers “pipeline” or “future product” opportunities, that contain a combination of pharmaceutical components different from those contained in NRX-100 and NRX-101. On November 6, 2022 the Glytech Agreement was amended whereby Glytech agreed to transfer and assign the remainder of the Licensed Technology and the Excluded Technology to NRx Pharmaceuticals for no additional consideration at any time upon receipt of written notice from the Company if, on or prior to January 31, 2023, (i) the value of the Glytech equity holdings in NRx Pharmaceuticals (the “Glytech Equity”) has an aggregate liquidity value of at least $50 million for twenty (20) consecutive trading days immediately preceding any given date and (ii) there are no legal or contractual restrictions on selling all of the securities represented by the Glytech Equity then applicable to Glytech (or reasonably foreseeable to be applicable to Glytech within the following twenty trading days). The Glytech Agreement was amended to extend the period to meet these conditions until August 6, 2023 and the parties are currently negotiating an extension to meet these conditions.

Consulting Agreement with Dr. Jonathan Javitt

The Chief Scientist of the Company, Dr. Jonathan Javitt, is a major shareholder in the Company and a member of the Board of Directors. Therefore, his services are deemed to be a related party transaction. He served the Company on a full-time basis as CEO under an employment agreement with the Company until March 8, 2022 and currently serves under a Consulting Agreement with the Company as Chief Scientist thereafter and received compensation of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.5 million and $0.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On March 29, 2023, the Consulting Agreement dated March 8, 2022 (the “Javitt Consulting Agreement”) between the Company and Dr. Jonathan Javitt was amended to extend the term of the Agreement until March 8, 2024 with automatic annual renewals thereafter unless one party or the other provides notice of non-renewal. The amendment also provided for payment at the rate of $0.6 million per year, payable monthly (i.e., less than $0.1 million per month), and a performance-based annual bonus with a minimum target of $0.3 million, at the discretion of the Board and upon satisfactory performance of the services. The annual bonus for 2023, if any, is payable in March 2024, will be pro-rated from the start of the extension period and is subject to Dr. Javitt’s continued engagement by the Company.  

The amendment also provides, subject to the approval of the Board of Directors, for a grant of 500,000 shares of restricted stock of the Company under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan. The restrictions are performance based, and half of the restricted shares (250,000) shall have the restrictions removed on the New Drug Application Date (as defined below) and the remaining half (250,000) will have the restrictions removed on the New Drug Approval Date (as defined below). As of June 30, 2023, the Board of Directors has not approved the grant of restricted stock.

The term “New Drug Application Date” means the date upon which the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) files the Company’s new drug application for the Antidepressant Drug Regimen (as defined below) for review. The term “New Drug Approval Date” means date upon which the FDA has both approved the Company’s Antidepressant Drug Regimen and listed the Company’s Antidepressant Drug Regimen in the FDA’s “Orange Book”. The term “Antidepressant Drug Regimen” means NRX-101, a proprietary fixed-dose combination capsule of d-cycloserine and Lurasidone, administered for sequential weeks of daily oral treatment following patient stabilization using a single infusion of NRX-100 (ketamine) or another standard of care therapy.

Consulting Agreement with Zachary Javitt

Zachary Javitt is the son of Dr. Jonathan Javitt. Zachary Javitt provides services related to website, IT, and marketing support under the supervision of the Company’s CEO who is responsible for assuring that the services are provided on financial terms that are at market. The Company paid this family member a total of less than $0.1 million and less than

34

NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

$0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company paid this family member a total of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These services are ongoing.

Agreements with PillTracker

The Company paid PillTracker for digital health product development required to track the use of Aviptadil in clinical trials. Zachary Javitt and Dr. Jonathan Javitt are the chief executive officer and board chairman, respectively, of PillTracker. PillTracker agreements and transactions are submitted to the General Counsel of the Company and the Chair of the Audit Committee for approval in accordance with the terms of the Company’s Related Person Transactions Policy. The Master Service Agreement dated April 1, 2020, and all work orders thereunder, have been suspended by mutual agreement pending the Company’s re-evaluation of its respiratory franchise. NRx Pharmaceuticals paid PillTracker $0.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Included in accounts payable were less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million due to the above related parties as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

14. Subsequent Events

Convertible Promissory Note Amendment

As discussed above on Note 7, on July 7, 2023, NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. entered into the Second Amendment, with the Lender. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to further amend the terms of the Note. In accordance with the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to amend the redemption provisions of the Note. In particular, the Company agreed to pay the Lender an amount in cash equal to $1,800,000 on or before July 10, 2023, which amount was paid on July 10, 2023. In addition, on or before each Minimum Payment Period, the Company has agreed to pay the Lender a Minimum Payment of $400,000, less any amount satisfied by the delivery of Redemption Conversion Shares (as defined and discussed below). The Lender may also submit a request for redemption of up to the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount and, together with the Minimum Payment Amount, the “Redemption Amounts”) in accordance with the terms of the Note. However, the portion of each Minimum Payment that is not satisfied by the delivery of Redemption Conversion Shares is the maximum amount of cash the Company will be required to pay in accordance with the Second Amendment during the Minimum Payment Period. The redemption of the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount in excess of the Minimum Amount may be satisfied by the delivery of additional Redemption Conversion Shares.

During the Minimum Payment Period, the Company is permitted to pay the Redemption Amounts in the form of shares of Common Stock of the Company (the “Redemption Conversion Shares”) calculated on the basis of the Redemption Conversion Price (as defined in the Note) without regard to the existence of an Equity Conditions Failure (as defined in the Note). Moreover, the Redemption Premium (as defined in the Note) will continue to apply to the Redemption Amounts.

GEM Settlement

As discussed above in Note 8, on July 17, 2023, NeuroRx and GEM entered into the Settlement Agreement, pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the arbitration proceeding brought by GEM with prejudice.  Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company will issue 675,676 restricted shares to GEM.

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NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Licensure of a US Patent to Support Use of NRX-101

The Company has entered into a License Agreement with Apkarian Technologies to in-license US Patent 8,653,120 that claims the use of D-cycloserine for the treatment of chronic pain in exchange for a commitment to pay milestones and royalties as development milestones are reached in the field of chronic pain. The patent is supported by extensive nonclinical data and early clinical data that suggest the potential for NMDA antagonist drugs, such as NRX-101 to decrease both chronic pain and neuropathic pain while potentially decreasing craving for opioids.

The Company has signed an agreement with Dr. Vania Apkarian, Professor of Physiology, Anesthesia, Surgery, and Neuroscience Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine to join the NRx Pharmaceuticals Scientific Advisory Board (SAB).

Compliance with Nasdaq Listing Requirements

On July 20, 2023, the Company received a written notification (the “Notice”) from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) – Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) because the Company had not maintained a minimum MVLS of $50,000,000 for the past thirty-three (33) consecutive business days. 

Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the Company has been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until January 22, 2024, to regain compliance with the MVLS requirement. To regain compliance, the Company’s MVLS must meet or exceed $50,000,000 for a minimum period of ten consecutive business days prior to January 22, 2024.

If the Company does not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period, Nasdaq will provide notice that the Common Stock will be subject to delisting.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of NRx Pharmaceuticals’ financial condition and plan of operations together with NRx Pharmaceuticals' unaudited, condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere herein. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. NRx Pharmaceuticals’ actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere herein.

Overview

On May 24, 2021, Big Rock Partners Acquisition Group (“BRPA”), a special purpose acquisition company, consummated the Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with NeuroRx, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NeuroRx”), and Big Rock Merger Corp., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned, direct subsidiary of BRPA (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on May 24, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), which has been accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, Merger Sub was merged with and into NeuroRx, with NeuroRx surviving the merger (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). On the Closing Date, BRPA changed its name to NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“NRx Pharmaceuticals” or the “Company”).

NRx Pharmaceuticals is a clinical stage pharmaceutical company that is developing, through its wholly owned operating subsidiary, NeuroRx, NRX-100 and NRX-101, the first oral therapeutic for the treatment of Bipolar Depression in patients with Acute Suicidal Ideation and Behavior (ASIB) and Sub-Acute Suicidal Ideation and Behavior (“SSIB”). NRX-100 and NRX-101 were developed based upon 30 years of basic science and clinical expertise contributed by Dr. Daniel Javitt, MD, PhD, related to the role of the brain’s N-methyl-D-aspartate (“NMDA”) receptor in regulating human thought processes in general and in regulating depression and suicidality. The NRX-100 and NRX-101 investigational therapy begins with a single dose of ketamine (NRX-100), a Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved anesthetic, followed by approximately six weeks of daily oral NRX-101. NRX-101 is being developed as a rapid-onset and sustained treatment for bipolar depression with ASIB and SSIB. NRX-101 combines d-Cycloserine, or DCS, a NMDA receptor modulator, and lurasidone, a 5-HT2a receptor antagonist.

NRX-101 has been awarded Fast Track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation, a Biomarker Letter of Support, and a Special Protocol Agreement by the FDA. Peer-reviewed and published results from Phase II clinical studies demonstrate a significant decline and stabilization in symptoms of depression and suicidality following administration of DCS in combination with antidepressants. Findings from one of these studies found that bipolar patients who were already receiving a 5-HT2a antagonist demonstrated more than a 50% reduction in symptoms of depression and a 75% reduction in suicidal ideation when ketamine and DCS were added to their treatment regimen. Side effects for patients in a Phase 2a combination study of DCS and 5HT2a included mild sedation, headaches and hypomania. Breakthrough Therapy designation was awarded based on data from the STABIL-B study (NCT02974010) that demonstrated a statistically significant advantage of NRX-101 vs. lurasidone (the active ingredient used in the market leading branded bipolar depression agent) in maintaining remission from depression and suicidality following a single stabilizing dose of ketamine.

In March 2022, NRx Pharmaceuticals announced a primary focus on its psychiatry franchise and the late-stage development of NRX-101 for the treatment of bipolar depression in patients with suicidality. NRX-101 is a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine, an NMDA antagonist, and lurasidone, a 5-HT_2A atypical antipsychotic and antidepressant, for the maintenance of remission from severe bipolar depression following initial stabilization with ketamine. The previously undiscovered synergy between these two drug classes in the treatment of CNS disorders, combined with the efficacy of D-cycloserine in the treatment of depression and PTSD, is the subject of 47 issued patents and more than 43 pending patents owned by or licensed to NRx Pharmaceuticals.

NRX-101 in Severe Bipolar Depression in Patients with Acute Suicidal Ideation and Behavior (ASIB) After Initial Stabilization with ketamine

● In 2017, NRX-101 received an investigational new drug (IND) clearance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a Phase 2b/3 clinical trial commenced for bipolar depression with ASIB. Later that year, the FDA granted NRX-101 a Fast Track designation for the same indication.

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● In 2018, the FDA provided a Letter of Support to the Company encouraging the development of Glutamine+Glutamate (Glx) as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for depression. The letter referenced published and unpublished data demonstrating a significant association between clinical symptoms of depression and levels of brain Glx.

● In the STABIL-B Phase 2 trial, the Phase 2 portion of the Phase 2b/3 trial, patients with bipolar depression and ASIB received either NRX-101 or lurasidone after an intravenous infusion of NRX-100 (ketamine). The proof-of-concept data presented at the American Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology in 2018 demonstrated with statistical significance that NRX-101 treated patients experienced lower depression scores and did not relapse.

● Based on STABIL-B findings, the FDA granted NRX-101 Breakthrough Therapy Designation and a Special Protocol Agreement (“SPA”) for bipolar depression in patients with ASIB, which affects ~150K-180K patients per year in the U.S. The Breakthrough Therapy Designation allows for an expedited rolling submission of a new drug application (“NDA”) for investigational drugs that have demonstrated substantial improvement over existing approved therapies, and the SPA allows for a single registrational trial of NRX-101 in severe bipolar depression in patients with ASIB after stabilization with ketamine, using a protocol similar to the STABIL-B trial with a patient population of less than 100.

● NRx Pharmaceuticals announced that it has transferred Phase 3 commercial drug manufacturing processes to the U.S. and released Phase 3 drug manufactured via the expected commercial-stage processes. NRx Pharmaceuticals has submitted its manufacturing file to the FDA. This investigational drug manufactured according to these new processes will be used in the upcoming Phase 3 trial.

● We were initiating a new registrational study of NRX-101 for the treatment of severe bipolar depression with ASIB, a potentially lethal condition that currently takes the lives of thousands of Americans each year, after initial stabilization with NRX-100 (described below). We intend to use newly manufactured material that was manufactured using the expected commercial process.

● On February 14, 2023, the Company announced its receipt of the written minutes of a Type B meeting held with the FDA on January 11, 2023, to outline the clinical & preclinical requirements for registration of NRX-101.  Overall, the FDA suggested expanding the safety data base of NRX-101 to allow for chronic/intermittent use of NRX-101, as well as a broadening of the addressable population of the indication (under the SPA or otherwise) to patients with severe bipolar depression and recent acute suicidality regardless of how the initial stabilization was accomplished could represent a more straightforward development program. This broader indication would enable the Company to potentially demonstrate the use of NRX-101 to maintain stabilization from suicidality in patients stabilized either with ketamine (NRX-100) or with other standard of care therapeutic approaches. FDA encouraged the Company to request a Breakthrough Therapy Planning Meeting for NRX-101, which we intend to do in the next few months.

NRX-101 Indication – Bipolar Depression in Patients with Sub-acute Suicidal Ideation and Behavior (SSIB)

● A Phase 2 double-blind study completed in 2018 demonstrated the ability of NRX-101 to improve depression and suicidality over 6 weeks when taken twice daily over lurasidone alone after an initial stabilization with ketamine. The current study involving patients with bipolar depression and sub-acute suicidality (not requiring hospitalization) does not include the use of ketamine; all patients are being treated in an outpatient setting.

Consolidated NRX-101 Program in Suicidal Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression

● Based on the comments and guidance from the FDA in its Type B meeting regarding the registrational Acute Suicidality trial and a potentially broader indication, as well as guidance the Company received from the Data

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Safety Monitoring Board (the “DSMB”) regarding the ongoing Phase IIb/3 clinical study of NRX-101 for the treatment of severe bipolar depression in patients with SSIB, the Company is evaluating changes to its registrational program for NRX-101 and will seek to consolidate patients originally expected to enroll in the ASIB study into the currently enrolling Phase IIb/3 trial. This would potentially allow registration of NRX-101 for Suicidal Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression, regardless of the mechanism of stabilization. With the FDA’s guidance to enroll patients for the acute (SPA) study in the outpatient setting only after stabilization, the design of this trial has effectively converged with the currently enrolling phase IIb/3 trial; patients within both groups are deemed to have treatment resistant bipolar depression with suicidality. This broader indication may also offer significant advantages in commercialization, while potentially negating the need for a separate NDA for ketamine in suicidal stabilization.

● The US population of patients with Suicidal Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression is estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 people.

● We expect top-line data from this trial in the fourth quarter of 2023. 

NRX-101 Indication – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

● Depression in PTSD may be driven by pathways that are similar to those that drive depression in other conditions (NMDA and 5-HT2A). Additionally, approximately 10% of patients with PTSD may experience suicidality, especially those with severe PTSD.

● In a preclinical PTSD study, D-cycloserine, a component of NRX-101, demonstrated the ability to extinguish recurring images of traumatic events, also known as fear memory, in a validated WKY model of PTSD.

Financial Results

Since inception, NRx Pharmaceuticals has incurred significant operating losses. For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, NRx Pharmaceuticals’ net loss was $8.7 million and $7.0 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, NRx Pharmaceuticals’ net loss was $19.8 million and $20.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals had an accumulated deficit of $242.8 million.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating expenses

Research and development expenses

NRx Pharmaceuticals’ research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with NRx Pharmaceuticals’ clinical trials, salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and equity-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in ongoing research and development efforts. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, stock-based compensation, consultant fees, and professional fees for legal and accounting services.

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Results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth NRx Pharmaceuticals’ selected statements of operations data for the following periods (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Dollars
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	3,873	$	2,958	$	915
General and administrative		4,065		6,642		(2,577)
Settlement expense		250		—		250
Total operating expenses		8,188		9,600		(1,412)
Loss from operations	$	(8,188)	$	(9,600)	$	1,412
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income	$	(145)	$	(23)	$	(122)
Change in fair value of convertible note payable		663		—		663
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		11		(116)		127
Change in fair value of Earnout Cash liability		—		(2,479)		2,479
Total other (income) expenses		529		(2,618)		3,147
Net loss	$	(8,717)	$	(6,982)	$	(1,735)

Research and development expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $3.9 million of research and development expenses compared to $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase of $0.9 million is related primarily to an increase of $1.3 million in clinical trials and development expenses related to the NRX-101 program for Suicidal Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression and $0.1 million in shipping, freight, and delivery costs, partially offset by a decrease of $0.4 million related to fees paid to regulatory and process development consultants, and $0.1 million in stock-based compensation. The research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, include $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of non-cash stock-based compensation.

General and administrative expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $4.1 million of general and administrative expenses compared to $6.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease of $2.5 million is related primarily to a decrease of $1.0 million in insurance expenses, $0.7 million in consultant fees, $0.7 million in legal, professional and accounting fees, $0.3 million in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in $0.2 million in employee expenses. The general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, include $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of non-cash stock-based compensation.

Other (income) expenses

Interest income

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $0.1 million of interest income compared to less than $0.1 of interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase of $0.1 million is due to the Company’s money market account.

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Change in fair value of convertible note payable

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded a loss of $0.7 million related to the change in fair value of the convertible note payable which is accounted for under the fair value option.

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded a loss of less than $0.1 million in fair value of warrant liabilities compared to a gain of $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease of $0.1 million related to the decrease in the fair value of certain Substitute Warrants and the Private Placement Warrants assumed pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

Change in fair value of earnout cash liability

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded no change in fair value of the earnout cash liability compared to a gain of $2.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The earnout cash milestones were not achieved by December 31, 2022 and therefore the earnout cash liability expired. The gain for the three months ended June 30, 2022 related to the decrease in fair value of the earnout cash liability.

Results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth NRx Pharmaceuticals’ selected statements of operations data for the following periods (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Dollars
	(Unaudited)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	7,523	$	8,441	$	(918)
General and administrative		9,850		16,864		(7,014)
Settlement expense		250		—		250
Total operating expenses		17,623		25,305		(7,682)
Loss from operations	$	(17,623)	$	(25,305)	$	7,682
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income	$	(301)	$	(23)	$	(278)
Interest expense		—		3		(3)
Change in fair value of convertible note payable		2,435		—		2,435
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(1)		(273)		272
Change in fair value of Earnout Cash liability		—		(4,582)		4,582
Total other (income) expenses		2,133		(4,875)		7,008
Net loss	$	(19,756)	$	(20,430)	$	674

Operating expenses

Research and development expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $7.5 million of research and development expenses compared to $8.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease of $0.9 million is related primarily to a decrease of $0.6 million in clinical trials and development expenses related to ZYESAMI, $0.5 million related to fees paid to regulatory and process development consultants, $0.2 million in stock-based compensation, partially offset by an increase in $0.2 million in other regulatory and process development costs and $0.2 million in shipping, freight, and delivery costs. The research and development

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expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, include $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of non-cash stock-based compensation.

General and administrative expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $9.9 million of general and administrative expenses compared to $16.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease of $7.0 million is related primarily to a decrease of $4.6 million in legal, professional and accounting fees, $1.6 million in insurance expenses, $0.9 million in stock-based compensation expense, $0.4 million in consultant fees, partially offset by an increase in $0.5 million in employee expenses. The general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, include $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of non-cash stock-based compensation.

Other (income) expenses

Interest income

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded $0.3 million of interest income compared to less than $0.1 of interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase of $0.3 million is due to the Company’s money market account.

Change in fair value of convertible note payable

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded a loss of $2.4 million related to the change in fair value of the convertible note payable which is accounted for under the fair value option.

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded a gain of less than $0.1 million related to the change in fair value of the warrant liabilities compared to a gain of $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease of $0.3 million related to the decrease in the fair value of certain Substitute Warrants and the Placement Warrants assumed pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

Change in fair value of earnout cash liability

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals recorded no change in fair value of the earnout cash liability compared to a gain of $4.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The earnout cash milestones were not achieved by December 31, 2022 and therefore the earnout cash liability expired. The gain for the six months ended June 30, 2022 related to the decrease in fair value of the earnout cash liability.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has generated no revenues, has incurred operating losses since inception, expects to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. Until such time as the Company is able to establish a revenue stream from the sale of its therapeutic products, NRx Pharmaceuticals is dependent upon obtaining necessary equity and/or debt financing to continue operations. NRx Pharmaceuticals cannot make any assurances that sales of NRX-101 will commence in the near term or that additional financings will be available to it on acceptable terms or at all. This could negatively impact NRx Pharmaceuticals' business and operations and could also lead to the reduction of NRx Pharmaceuticals' operations.

On March 8, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals entered into a securities purchase agreement  with certain accredited investors (the “March Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Common Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock (the “March Investor Warrants”) in a registered direct offering priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules for a purchase price of $0.75 per share (the “March

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Offering”). The March Investors have agreed not to transfer the Common Stock for six months following the date of issuance. The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share,  are initially exercisable beginning six months following the date of issuance (the “March Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire 5 years from the March Initial Exercise Date. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the March Offering were approximately $2.9 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. The closing of the sale of these securities occurred on March 9, 2023.

On June 2, 2023, the Company entered into a License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Alvogen Pharma US, Inc., Alvogen, Inc. and Lotus Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (collectively, “Alvogen”). Under the License Agreement, NRx granted Alvogen an exclusive, worldwide, transferable and sublicensable license under certain intellectual property (including patents, know-how and trademarks) owned or controlled by NRx to develop (with certain limitations), manufacture, and commercialize NRX-101, for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality. The term of the license is, on a country-by-country basis, 20 years from the first commercial sale of NRX-101 in such country, extendable by Alvogen for a two-year period upon its request made prior to the expiration of such 20-year period. During the term of the License Agreement, the parties have agreed (on behalf of themselves and their affiliates) not to research, develop, seek or obtain any regulatory approval for the manufacturing, marketing, sale, or other commercialization of any product containing a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone  in the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, nor to authorize or assist (including by investing in or otherwise providing funding to) any third party to do so.

During the term of the License Agreement, NRx is permitted to develop additional products containing D-cycloserine in combination with one or more other active antidepressant or antipsychotic ingredients for use outside of the field of treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, such as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or chronic pain in depression, in which case, if NRx wishes to license rights to develop or commercialize such additional products or indications, Alvogen has a right of first negotiation to obtain such a license.

Under the terms of the License Agreement, we have the right to an aggregate of up to $330 million in cash milestone payments, including an initial $10 million First Milestone Payment, upon the achievement of certain milestones. A second milestone payment of $5 million is due upon Alvogen’s receipt of a copy of the FDA’s notice of NDA Approval for Product with the label indication for the treatment of bipolar depression with sub-acute or acute suicidality. Additional cash milestone payments will become payable to us upon the achievement of net sales targets measured over the trailing four quarters. Alvogen has also agreed to pay the Company royalties based on the net sales of NRX-101.

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with institutional investors (the “June Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 9,670,002 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and warrants to purchase up to 9,670,002 shares of Common Stock (the “June Investor Warrants”). The Common Stock was issued in a registered direct offering for a purchase price of $0.65 per share (the “June Offering”) and the June Investor Warrants were offered pursuant to a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The June Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.6525 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the date of issuance (the “June Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire five and one half years from the date of issuance. The aggregate net proceeds to the Company from the June Offering were approximately $6.28 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the June offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

NRx Pharmaceuticals believes that it does not currently have sufficient funds and, if necessary, the ability to reduce expenditures, to support operations through at least the next twelve months from the date of this quarterly report. NRx Pharmaceuticals is dependent upon obtaining necessary equity and/or debt financing to continue operating. NRx Pharmaceuticals cannot make any assurances that additional financing will be available to it on acceptable terms or at all. This could negatively affect the Company’s business and operations and could also lead to the reduction of the Company's operations.

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The following table presents selected financial information and statistics for each of the periods shown below:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Balance Sheet Data:		(Unaudited)
Cash	$	14,969	$	20,054
Total assets		19,809		25,816
Convertible note payable		12,692		10,525
Total liabilities		22,617		18,407
Total stockholders' (deficit) equity		(2,808)		7,409
		June 30,
		2023		2022
		(Unaudited)
Statement of Cash Flow Data:
Net cash used in operating activities		(13,901)		(25,171)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2)		(6)
Net cash provided by financing activities		8,818		22,120
Net (decrease) increase in cash	$	(5,085)	$	(3,057)

Operating activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, operating activities used $13.9 million of cash, primarily resulting from a net loss of $19.8 million, reduced by (a) net non-cash losses of $3.9 million, including $2.4 million in change in fair value of convertible promissory note and $1.2 million of stock-based compensation, and (b) changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.9 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, operating activities used $25.2 million of cash, primarily resulting from a net loss of $20.4 million, increased by net non-cash gains of $2.5 million, including $4.6 million of gain from the change in fair value of earn out liability and $0.3 million of gain from the change in fair value of warrant liabilities, partially offset by $2.3 million of stock-based compensation expense, and an increase in net operating assets of $2.2 million.

Financing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, financing activities provided $8.8 million of cash resulting from $8.1 million in proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants issued in a private placement, net of issuance costs.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, financing activities provided $22.1 million of cash resulting from $22.6 million in net proceeds received by the Company from the issuance of common stock and preferred investment options in a private placement partially offset by $0.5 million of repayment of the loan between the Company and Relief Therapeutics Holding S.A.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

See Note 7, Debt, and Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, of the notes to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included elsewhere in this report for further discussion of the Company’s commitments and contingencies.

Milestone Payments

Pursuant to the legal settlement with Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital Ezrat Nashim (“SHMH”) in September 2018, which included the license of intellectual property rights from SHMH, an ongoing royalty of 1% to 2.5% of NRX-101 gross sales is due to SHMH, together with milestone payments of $0.3 million, upon completion of phase 3 trials and commercial sale of NRX-101. The milestone payments for developmental and commercial milestones range from $0.1 million to $0.8 million. Annual maintenance fees are up to $0.2 million.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is not party to any off-balance sheet transactions. The Company has no guarantees or obligations other than those which arise out of normal business operations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The Company's management’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations is based on its financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires NRx Pharmaceuticals to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. In accordance with GAAP, NRx Pharmaceuticals evaluates its estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. The most significant estimates relate to the earnout cash liability, stock-based compensation, and the valuation of warrants. NRx Pharmaceuticals bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experiences, and various other factors that NRx Pharmaceuticals believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

NRx Pharmaceuticals defines its critical accounting policies as those accounting principles that require it to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on its financial condition and results of operations, as well as the specific manner in which NRx Pharmaceuticals applies those principles. While its significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 3 to its financial statements, NRx Pharmaceuticals believes the following are the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of its financial statements that require significant estimates and judgments.

Stock-based compensation

We measure stock option awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value of the award on the date of the grant and recognize compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. For restricted stock awards, the grant date fair value is the fair market value per share as of the grant date based on the closing trading price for the Company’s stock. The straight-line method of expense recognition is applied to awards with service-only conditions. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

We estimate the fair value of each stock option award using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and assumptions we make for the volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock-based awards, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock-based awards, and our expected dividend yield. Therefore, we estimate our expected volatility based on the implied volatility of publicly traded warrants on our common stock and historical volatility of a set of our publicly traded peer companies. We estimate the expected term of our options using the "simplified" method for awards that qualify as "plain-vanilla" options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends on common stock and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards represent reasonable estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Warrant liabilities

We account for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether

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the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, or date of modification, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants was estimated using a Black Scholes valuation approach and the fair value of the Substitute Warrants was estimated using a modified Black Scholes valuation approach which applies a probability factor based on the earnout cash milestone and earnout shares milestone probabilities of achievement at each reporting period.

Convertible note payable

As permitted under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company elects to account for its convertible promissory note, which meets the required criteria, at fair value at inception and at each subsequent reporting date. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of non-operating loss in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of electing the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes are expensed as incurred.

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

The assumptions used in determining the fair value of the convertible note payable represent reasonable estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, the change in fair value of the convertible note payable recorded to other (income) expense could be materially different in the future.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed pursuant to the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and we were required to apply our judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We have carried out an evaluation as of June 30, 2023 under the supervision, and with the participation, of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (who serves as our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (who serves as our principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures.

Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2023 in providing reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.  

(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal control over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, of the notes to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included elsewhere in this report for further discussion of certain legal proceedings in which we are involved.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

We have disclosed the risk factors that materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on June 30, 2023 (the “Annual Report on Form 10-K”). There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth in the Annual Report on Form 10-K and other information set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should be aware that these risk factors and other information may not describe every risk that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, or may not be able to assess, also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. In addition to the risk factors detailed above, the following risk factors should also be considered:

●

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● The audit report from our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 includes an explanatory paragraph that expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, indicating the possibility that we may not be able to operate in the future.

Primarily as a result of our losses incurred to date, our expected continued future losses, and limited cash balances, we have included disclosure in our consolidated financial statements expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We do not have sufficient cash on hand and available liquidity to meet our obligations through the twelve months following the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. In the absence of financing, management anticipates that existing cash resources will not be sufficient to meet operating and liquidity needs for the next 12 months. Our ability to continue as a going concern is contingent upon, among other factors, the sale of the shares of our Common Stock or obtaining alternate financing. Any failure or delay to secure such financing could force us to delay, limit or terminate our operations, make reductions in our workforce, liquidate all or a portion of our assets and/or seek protection under Chapters 7 or 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

● We are subject to certain contractual obligations and limitations on our ability to consummate future financings under the Promissory Note issued by us to Streeterville Capital, LLC on November 4, 2022, as amended on July 7, 2023.

Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement we entered into in connection with the issuance of the Note to Streeterville Capital, LLC, we are subject to certain restrictions on our ability to issue securities during the term of the Note. Specifically, we agreed to obtain the Lender’s consent prior to issuing any debt securities or certain equity securities where the pricing of such equity securities is tied to the public trading price of our common stock. Furthermore, we also must offer the Lender the right to purchase up to 10% of future equity and debt securities offerings, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, during the term of the Note.

Further, we have agreed to make certain monthly redemption payments at the request of the Lender. Our failure to pay such redemptions, when due, may result in defaults under our agreements with the Lender. If we are in default with respect to our obligations under the Note, the Lender may consider the Note immediately due and payable and may elect to substantially increase the interest rate of the Note. We may not have the required funds to pay the required note redemptions and such redemptions, or penalties in connection therewith, may have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, and ability to pay our other debts as they come due.

● If we fail to meet the applicable continued listing requirements of NASDAQ Global Market, NASDAQ may delist our common stock, in which case the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock could decline.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Global Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy certain continued listing requirements. including the requirement that our Common Stock maintain an average minimum bid price of $1.00. In the past, we have received a deficiency letter from Nasdaq for failing to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00, but we have since regained compliance. On July 20, 2023, we received a written notification (the “Notice”) from Nasdaq indicating that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) – Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) because we had not maintained a minimum MVLS of $50,000,000 for the previous 33 consecutive business days. We have been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until January 22, 2024, to regain compliance with the MVLS requirement. To regain compliance, our MVLS must meet or exceed $50,000,000 for a minimum period of ten consecutive business days prior to January 22, 2024. If we are deficient in regaining compliance with and otherwise maintaining the necessary listing requirements, our Common Stock may be delisted. If our Common Stock is delisted, an active trading market for our Common Stock may not be sustained and the market price of our Common Stock could decline. Delisting of our Common Stock could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our Common Stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

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● We are currently involved in and may from time to time become involved in legal proceedings, some of which may result in substantial losses, government enforcement actions, damage to our business and reputation, or place a strain on our internal resources.

We are currently involved in, and in the future may become involved in, legal proceedings and other governmental investigations including patent litigation, product liability and other product-related litigation, securities litigation, employment litigation, breach of contract claims, environmental, government and tax investigations, and other legal proceedings that arise from time to time as a party or as a non-party witness, with both private parties and certain government agencies. We may incur substantial time and expenses participating in these types of lawsuits and investigations, which could divert management’s attention from ongoing business concerns and operations. In addition, these matters and any other substantial litigation may result in verdicts against us or our affiliates or government enforcement actions, which may include significant monetary penalties, potentially preventing the approval, manufacture, marketing and sale of our product candidates. Any dispute resolved unfavorably could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
10.1+	Amendment to Convertible Promissory Note, dated June 30, 2023, by and between NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Streetervillle Capital LLC.
31.1+	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2+	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1+†	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2+†	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101*	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022; (ii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 ; (iii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; (iv) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; and (v) Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

+ Filed herewith.

† This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

* In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the XBRL-related information in Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act, is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized

	NRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Date: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Seth Van Voorhees
		Seth Van Voorhees
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

AMENDMENT TO CONVERTIBLE PROMISSORY NOTE

This Amendment to Convertible Promissory Note (this “Amendment”) is entered into as of March __, 2023, by and between Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (“Lender”), and NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Borrower”). Capitalized terms used in this Amendment without definition shall have the meanings given to them in the Note (as defined below).

A.Borrower previously issued to Lender that certain Convertible Promissory Note dated November 4, 2022 in the principal amount of $11,020,000.00 (the “Note”).

B.Lender and Borrower have agreed, subject to the terms, conditions and understandings expressed in this Amendment, to amend the Note.

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows:

1.Recitals. Each of the parties hereto acknowledges and agrees that the recitals set forth above in this Amendment are true and accurate and are hereby incorporated into and made a part of this Amendment.

2.Amendment to Section 9. Section 9 of the Note is hereby deleted and replaced in its entirety with the following:

“Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Note of the other Transaction Documents, Borrower shall not effect any conversion of this Note to the extent that after giving effect to such conversion would cause Lender (together with its affiliates) to beneficially own a number of shares exceeding 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on such date (including for such purpose the Common Stock issuable upon such issuance) (the “Maximum Percentage”). For purposes of this section, beneficial ownership of Common Stock will be determined pursuant to Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act. By written notice to Borrower, Lender may increase, decrease or waive the Maximum Percentage as to itself but any such waiver will not be effective until the 61st day after delivery thereof. The foregoing 61-day notice requirement is enforceable, unconditional and non-waivable and shall apply to all affiliates and assigns of Lender.”

3.Representations and Warranties. In order to induce Lender to enter into this Amendment, Borrower, for itself, and for its affiliates, successors and assigns, hereby acknowledges, represents, warrants and agrees as follows:

(a)Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Amendment and to incur and perform all obligations and covenants contained herein, all of which have been duly authorized by all proper and necessary action. No consent, approval, filing or registration with or notice to any governmental authority is required as a condition to the validity of this Amendment or the performance of any of the obligations of Borrower hereunder.

(b)There is no fact known to Borrower or which should be known to Borrower which Borrower has not disclosed to Lender on or prior to the date of this Amendment which would or could materially and adversely affect the understanding of Lender expressed in this Amendment or any representation, warranty, or recital contained in this Amendment.

(c)Except as expressly set forth in this Amendment, Borrower acknowledges and agrees that neither the execution and delivery of this Amendment nor any of the terms, provisions, covenants, or agreements contained in this Amendment shall in any manner release, impair, lessen, modify, waive, or otherwise affect the liability and obligations of Borrower under the Note or any other transaction documents entered into in connection with the Note (the “Transaction Documents”).

(d)Borrower has no defenses, affirmative or otherwise, rights of setoff, rights of recoupment, claims, counterclaims, actions or causes of action of any kind or nature whatsoever against Lender, directly or indirectly, arising out of, based upon, or in any manner connected with, the transactions contemplated hereby, whether known or unknown, which occurred, existed, was taken, permitted, or begun prior to the execution of this Amendment and occurred, existed, was taken, permitted or begun in accordance with, pursuant to, or by virtue of any of the terms or conditions of the Transaction Documents. To the extent any such defenses, affirmative or otherwise, rights of setoff, rights of recoupment, claims, counterclaims, actions or causes of action exist or existed, such defenses, rights, claims, counterclaims, actions and causes of action are hereby waived, discharged and released. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that the execution of this Amendment by Lender shall not constitute an acknowledgment of or admission by Lender of the existence of any claims or of liability for any matter or precedent upon which any claim or liability may be asserted.

(e)Borrower represents and warrants that as of the date hereof no Events of Default or other material breaches exist under the Transaction Documents or have occurred prior to the date hereof.

4.Certain Acknowledgments. Each of the parties acknowledges and agrees that no property or cash consideration of any kind whatsoever has been or shall be given by Lender to Borrower in connection with this Amendment.

5.Other Terms Unchanged. The Note, as amended by this Amendment, remains and continues in full force and effect, constitutes legal, valid, and binding obligations of each of the parties, and is in all respects agreed to, ratified, and confirmed. Any reference to the Note after the date of this Amendment is deemed to be a reference to the Note as amended by this Amendment. If there is a conflict between the terms of this Amendment and the Note, the terms of this Amendment shall control. No forbearance or waiver may be implied by this Amendment. Except as expressly set forth herein, the execution, delivery, and performance of this Amendment shall not operate as a waiver of, or as an amendment to, any right, power, or remedy of Lender under the Note, as in effect prior to the date hereof. For the avoidance of doubt, this Amendment shall be subject to the governing law, venue, and Arbitration Provisions, as set forth in the Note.

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6.No Reliance. Borrower acknowledges and agrees that neither Lender nor any of its officers, directors, members, managers, equity holders, representatives or agents has made any representations or warranties to Borrower or any of its agents, representatives, officers, directors, or employees except as expressly set forth in this Amendment and the Transaction Documents and, in making its decision to enter into the transactions contemplated by this Amendment, Borrower is not relying on any representation, warranty, covenant or promise of Lender or its officers, directors, members, managers, equity holders, agents or representatives other than as set forth in this Amendment.

7.Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one instrument. The parties hereto confirm that any electronic copy of another party’s executed counterpart of this Amendment (or such party’s signature page thereof) will be deemed to be an executed original thereof.

8.Further Assurances. Each party shall do and perform or cause to be done and performed, all such further acts and things, and shall execute and deliver all such other agreements, certificates, instruments and documents, as the other party may reasonably request in order to carry out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Amendment and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.

[Remainder of page intentionally left blank]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Amendment as of the date set forth above.

LENDER:
Streeterville Capital, LLC
By:
	John M. Fife, President
BORROWER:
NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
By:
	Stephen Willard, CEO

[Signature Page to Amendment to Convertible Promissory Note]

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a),

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Stephen H. Willard, Chief Executive Officer of NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this Quarterly Report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this Quarterly Report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this Quarterly Report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5
Date: August 14, 2023	/s/ Stephen H. Willard
	Stephen H. Willard
	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE ACTING CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a),

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Seth Van Voorhees, Chief Financial Officer of NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this Quarterly Report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this Quarterly Report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this Quarterly Report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 14, 2023	/s/ Seth Van Voorhees
	Seth Van Voorhees
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the filing of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2023 (the “Report”) by NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Registrant”), I, Stephen H. Willard, as Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:

1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Registrant.

Date: August 14, 2023	/s/ Stephen H. Willard
	Stephen H. Willard
	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Registrant and will be retained by the Registrant and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE ACTING CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the filing of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2023 (the “Report”) by NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Registrant”), I, Seth Van Voorhees, as Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:

1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Registrant.

Date: August 14, 2023	/s/ Seth Van Voorhees
	Seth Van Voorhees
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Registrant and will be retained by the Registrant and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Cover - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Aug. 09, 2023
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38302
Entity Registrant Name	NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	82-2844431
Entity Address, Address Line One	1201 Orange Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 600
Entity Address, City or Town	Wilmington
Entity Address, State or Province	DE
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	19801
City Area Code	484
Local Phone Number	254-6134
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		81,700,918
Entity Central Index Key	0001719406
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Common Stock
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	NRXP
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common stock warrants
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants to purchase one share of Common Stock
Trading Symbol	NRXPW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 14,969	$ 20,054
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,819	5,741
Total current assets	19,788	25,795
Other assets	21	21
Total assets	19,809	25,816
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,205	2,076
Accrued and other current liabilities	5,783	4,855
Accrued clinical site costs	1,115	914
Convertible note payable and accrued interest - short term	12,692	7,703
Insurance loan payable	786
Warrant liabilities	36	37
Total current liabilities	22,617	15,585
Convertible note payable and accrued interest - long term		2,822
Total liabilities	22,617	18,407
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 80,388,330 and 66,442,989 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	80	67
Additional paid-in capital	239,887	230,339
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(22)
Accumulated deficit	(242,753)	(222,997)
Total stockholders' (deficit) equity	(2,808)	7,409
Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity	$ 19,809	$ 25,816

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	80,388,330	66,442,989
Common stock, shares outstanding	80,388,330	66,442,989

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 3,873	$ 2,958	$ 7,523	$ 8,441
General and administrative	4,065	6,642	9,850	16,864
Settlement expense	250		250
Total operating expenses	8,188	9,600	17,623	25,305
Loss from operations	(8,188)	(9,600)	(17,623)	(25,305)
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income	(145)	(23)	(301)	(23)
Interest expense				3
Fair value adjustment through earnings	663		2,435
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities	11	(116)	(1)	(273)
Change in fair value of earnout cash liability		(2,479)		(4,582)
Total other (income) expenses	529	(2,618)	2,133	(4,875)
Net loss	(8,717)	(6,982)	(19,756)	(20,430)
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk	128		22
Other comprehensive loss	128		22
Comprehensive loss	$ (8,845)	$ (6,982)	$ (19,778)	$ (20,430)
Net loss per share:
Basic	$ (0.12)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.28)	$ (0.32)
Diluted	$ (0.12)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.28)	$ (0.32)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	73,221,563	65,732,343	70,260,622	64,348,966
Diluted	73,221,563	65,732,343	70,260,622	64,348,966

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Total
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 59	$ 203,990	$ (183,243)		$ 20,806
Beginning balance ,shares at Dec. 31, 2021	58,810,550
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs	$ 8	22,972			22,980
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs (in shares)	7,824,727
Common stock issued for consulting services		17			17
Common stock issued for consulting services (in shares)	6,037
Stock-based compensation		1,334			1,334
Net loss			(13,448)		(13,448)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 67	228,313	(196,691)		31,689
Ending balance ,shares at Mar. 31, 2022	66,641,314
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 59	203,990	(183,243)		20,806
Beginning balance ,shares at Dec. 31, 2021	58,810,550
Net loss					(20,430)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 67	228,958	(203,673)		25,352
Ending balance ,shares at Jun. 30, 2022	66,641,314
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 67	228,313	(196,691)		31,689
Beginning balance ,shares at Mar. 31, 2022	66,641,314
Additional issuance costs in connection with Private Placement		(342)			(342)
Stock-based compensation		987			987
Net loss			(6,982)		(6,982)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 67	228,958	(203,673)		25,352
Ending balance ,shares at Jun. 30, 2022	66,641,314
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 67	230,339	(222,997)		7,409
Beginning balance ,shares at Dec. 31, 2022	66,442,989
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs	$ 3	2,542			2,545
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs (in shares)	3,866,666
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk				$ 106	106
Stock-based compensation		695			695
Net loss			(11,039)		(11,039)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 70	233,576	(234,036)	106	(284)
Ending balance ,shares at Mar. 31, 2023	70,309,655
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 67	230,339	(222,997)		7,409
Beginning balance ,shares at Dec. 31, 2022	66,442,989
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk					(22)
Issuance of common stock as principal and interest repayment for convertible notes					200
Net loss					(19,756)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 80	239,887	(242,753)	(22)	(2,808)
Ending balance ,shares at Jun. 30, 2023	80,388,330
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 70	233,576	(234,036)	106	(284)
Beginning balance ,shares at Mar. 31, 2023	70,309,655
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs	$ 10	5,567			5,577
Common stock and warrants issued, net of issuance costs (in shares)	9,670,002
Change in fair value of convertible note attributed to credit risk				(128)	(128)
Issuance of common stock as principal and interest repayment for convertible notes		200			200
Shares issued as repayment of principal and interest for convertible note (in shares)	408,673
Stock-based compensation		544			544
Net loss			(8,717)		(8,717)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 80	$ 239,887	$ (242,753)	$ (22)	$ (2,808)
Ending balance ,shares at Jun. 30, 2023	80,388,330

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Common stock and warrants issued, issuance costs	$ 2,168	$ 351	$ 2,020

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss			$ (19,756)	$ (20,430)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation expense			2	2
Stock-based compensation			1,239	2,321
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities			(1)	(273)
Change in fair value of earnout cash liability		$ (2,479)		(4,582)
Change in fair value of convertible promissory note	$ 663		2,435
Non-cash settlement expense			250
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets			922	(2,757)
Accounts payable			129	(609)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities			879	1,157
Net cash used in operating activities			(13,901)	(25,171)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of computer equipment			(2)	(6)
Net cash used in investing activities			(2)	(6)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of note payable				(518)
Repayment of convertible note			(90)
Proceeds from issuance of insurance loan			786
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants issued in private placement, net of issuance costs			8,122	22,638
Net cash provided by financing activities			8,818	22,120
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(5,085)	(3,057)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			20,054	27,605	$ 27,605
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	14,969	$ 24,548	14,969	24,548	$ 20,054
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Cash paid for interest			205
Issuance of common stock as principal and interest repayment for convertible notes	$ 200		200
Issuance of common stock warrants as offering costs			$ 75	726
Issuance of common stock for settlement of accrued liability				$ 17

XML

Organization

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization

Organization

1. Organization

The Business

On May 24, 2021 (“Effective Time”), we consummated the business combination (“Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), dated December 13, 2020, by and among our company (formerly known as Big Rock Partners Acquisition Corp. (“BRPA”)), NeuroRx, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NeuroRx”), Big Rock Merger Corp., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of BRPA (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Merger Sub was merged with and into NeuroRx, with NeuroRx surviving the Merger. As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, NeuroRx became a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of BRPA. Upon the closing of the Merger, we changed our name to NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., with the stockholders of NeuroRx becoming stockholders of NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “NRx Pharmaceuticals,” “NeuroRx”, “NRXP,” “we,” or the “Company” refer to NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

The Company is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company which applies innovative science to known molecules to develop life-saving medicines through its wholly-owned operating subsidiary, NeuroRx. The Company's foundation product, NRX-101 (D-cylcoserine/Lurasidone), for the treatment of bipolar depression in patients with suicidality, has been awarded Fast Track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation, a Special Protocol Agreement, and a Biomarker Letter of Support by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”). NRX-101 is covered by multiple U.S. and foreign patents, including a Composition of Matter patent (U.S. Patent No. 10,583,138) that was transferred to NRx Pharmaceuticals by Glytech, LLC.

Operations

The Company is engaged in the development of NRX-101, a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine, or DCS, and lurasidone for the treatment of suicidal bipolar depression and potentially for other future indications. In January 2023 the Company met with the FDA and was guided to expand its intended use of NRX-101 from the original population of patients with acute suicidality who might be treated in the hospital environment to the broader population of patients with subacute suicidal ideation (now described by the Company as Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression) who are treated in the outpatient setting. This broader population of patients are the current target population of the ongoing clinical trial.

Based on the guidance of the FDA and the Company’s completion of manufacturing for phase 3/commercial stage investigational product, the Company upgraded the ongoing clinical trial to a phase 2b/3 trial, the results of which have the potential to be used for registrational filings. The Company is engaged in that ongoing clinical trial of NRX-101 vs. lurasidone in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression with the objective of demonstrating a decrease in depression scores and scores of suicidal ideation in patients treated with NRX-101 compared to those treated with lurasidone alone.

The clinical trial was originally begun as an exploratory study in Q2 2022. In Q1 2023 the study’s independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) reviewed both safety and unblinded efficacy data for the first 50 patients in the clinical trial and advised the Company that no safety concerns were identified. Moreover, the DSMB did not identify a futility signal, suggesting that the trial has potential to demonstrate a statistically significant outcome with additional enrollment. On this basis, the DSMB advised management to continue enrolling study participants.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company refined its ability to validate the psychometric ratings that are used to assess the efficacy endpoints for the clinical trial. The Company relies upon a team of veteran raters who both train independent site raters and monitor the technical quality of each rating. A standard was set of 90% or better congruence between the Company’s veteran rating team and site raters. This standard was met for all study participants whose ratings were obtained

in their primary language and management believes that this standard can be maintained for the duration of the trial. The Company has recently released research findings that demonstrate better than 94% congruence on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), which constitutes the primary efficacy endpoint.

In April 2023, the Company contracted with 1nHealth to initiate a recruitment campaign that may cover up to 45 states in the U.S. to recruit sufficient participants for this enlarged trial. The Company has similarly broadened its relationship with Science 37, a contract research organization that conducts decentralized clinical trials, to enroll participants identified by the 1nHealth recruitment initiative and randomize them to be treated within the broadened clinical trial. 1nHealth has additionally engaged “The Mighty,” a voice-of-the-patient organization with national reach to publicize the clinical trial to the 800,000+ subscribers who have indicated a focus on bipolar depression and suicidality.

In Q1 2023, the Company announced the participation of Prof. Andrew Nierenberg, M.D., Head of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Dauton Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation as the Principal Investigator of the clinical trial. The Company has now initiated clinical trial sites at Northwestern University (Chicago) and University of Texas, Austin, in addition to commercial research sites.

The Company has completed manufacture of all clinical supplies required for its ongoing clinical trials. This initiative is expected to yield stability data sufficient to support a shelf life in excess of two years at time of potential drug launch (should the clinical trials be successful). The completion of this manufacturing milestone may allow the Company to decrease ongoing expenditure associated with manufacturing and development of chemical manufacturing controls.

On June 2, 2023, the Company entered into an Exclusive, Global - Development, Supply, Marketing & License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Alvogen Pharma US, Inc., Alvogen, Inc. and Lotus Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (collectively, “Alvogen”). Under the License Agreement, NRx granted Alvogen an exclusive (even as to NRx and its affiliates) worldwide, transferable and sublicensable license under certain intellectual property (including patents, know-how and trademarks) owned or controlled by NRx to develop (with certain limitations), manufacture, and commercialize NRX-101, for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality. The term of the license is, on a country-by-country basis, 20 years from the first commercial sale of NRX-101 in such country, extendable by Alvogen for a two-year period upon its request made prior to the expiration of such 20-year period. During the term of the License Agreement, the parties have agreed (on behalf of themselves and their affiliates) not to research, develop, seek or obtain any regulatory approval for the manufacturing, marketing, sale, or other commercialization of any product containing a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, nor to authorize or assist (including by investing in or otherwise providing funding to) any third party to do so.

During the term of the License Agreement, NRx is permitted to develop additional products containing D-cycloserine in combination with one or more other active antidepressant or antipsychotic ingredients for use outside of the field of treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, such as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or chronic pain in depression, in which case, if NRx wishes to license rights to develop or commercialize such additional products or indications, Alvogen has a right of first negotiation to obtain such a license.

Progress on NRX-100 (ketamine).  

During Q1 management met with the psychiatry division of the FDA to discuss paths to market for NRX-101 as monotherapy and as sequential therapy following stabilization with ketamine. The FDA indicated that treatment following ketamine would require data sufficient to file a New Drug Application for the use of ketamine as a stabilization agent. Currently, the FDA has limited data on file that demonstrates the safety and efficacy of ketamine. Accordingly, the Company has established a scientific collaboration with Prof. Marion Leboyer of Paris, France and Prof. Mocrane Abbar of Lyon, France in order to incorporate the results of a 160-person inpatient trial of intravenous ketamine vs. placebo for the stabilization of patients admitted for acute suicidality. The findings of the trial demonstrate a statistically significant

reduction in both suicidality (the primary endpoint) and depression (the secondary endpoint) among patients treated with intravenous ketamine compared to those treated with placebo.

The Company has negotiated a data sharing agreement with the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes in France in order to permit deidentified patient level data to be transmitted by NRx to the FDA for regulatory purposes. The Company is of the belief that these multicenter, randomized prospective data, combined with randomized, prospective data on more than 200 US patients when submitted for review at a patient level will likely be sufficient to demonstrate preliminary safety and efficacy of intravenous ketamine in acutely suicidal patients. Data are expected to be transmitted to FDA by the end of Q3.

New Therapeutic Targets:

The Company is exploring three new therapeutic targets for NRX-101 and related drugs: treatment of Chronic Pain, treatment of PTSD, and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Treatment of Chronic Pain:

The rationale for treatment of chronic pain with DCS is outlined in a 2016 scientific paper published by Schnitzer, et. al.  In brief, DCS as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (“NMDA”) antagonist drug has demonstrated extensive nonclinical and early clinical efficacy in: (i) decreasing the response to nociceptive pain (i.e., pain triggered by pain receptors in the body) and (ii) decreasing craving for opioid drugs, with evidence that DCS is both nonaddictive and non-neurotoxic. In order to support its development of NRX-101 for treatment of chronic pain, the Company has licensed US Patent 8,653,120 from Apkarian Technologies and retained Prof. Apkar Vania Apkarian (the inventor) as a consultant to the Company. The Company believes that its ongoing composition of matter patents additionally apply to the use of NRX-101 in the treatment of chronic pain, as does its patent portfolio related to the treatment of fear memory with NRX-101.

The Company is awaiting results of a 200-person randomized prospective trial funded by the US Department of Defense (NCT 03535688) in which patients with chronic pain were randomly assigned to DCS 400mg/day vs. placebo. These results are expected by year end 2023 and, if positive, are expected to provide a Breakthrough Therapy path towards treatment of chronic pain with DCS and DCS-containing medicines. In anticipation of these findings, the Company has established an Investigational New Drug (IND) file for NRX-101 in the treatment of Chronic Pain and submitted NRX-101 for review to the EPPICNET consortium of the National Institutes of Health.

Treatment of PTSD:

The Company has previously identified the rationale for treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with NMDA antagonist drugs. Based on the near-term data associated with the use of DCS in chronic pain and recent in-licensing of US8653120, management has elected to apply available resources to the chronic pain indication in the near term.

Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection and Urosepsis:

In recent years, increased antibiotic resistance to common pathogens that cause urinary tract infections and urosepsis (i.e., sepsis originating in the urinary tract) has resulted in a marked increase in hospitalization and death. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than 1.7 million Americans contract sepsis each year, of whom at least 350,000 die during their hospitalization or are discharged to hospice. DCS is currently approved for the treatment of urinary tract infection and, as recently as 2015 was demonstrated to be effective against pathogens that are increasingly resistant to first- and second-line antibiotics.  DCS is not widely used, however, because of its known propensity to cause hallucination at therapeutically effective doses. The Company believes that the combination of DCS with a 5-HT2A antagonist in NRX-101 has the potential to treat antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections with decreased propensity to

cause unwanted CNS effects. The Company has initiated pre-clinical research to evaluate whether current antibiotic-resistant pathogens are resistant to NRX-101 both in laboratory culture and simulated urine.

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Liquidity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Liquidity

Liquidity

2. Liquidity

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $15.0 million in cash. Since inception, the Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations each fiscal year. The Company has no revenues and expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. The Company believes that it has the funds necessary to support its operations through the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company’s ability to support its ongoing capital needs is dependent on its ability to continue to raise equity and/or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, in order to continue operations.

On March 8, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “March Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Common Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock (the “March Investor Warrants”) in a registered direct offering priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules for a purchase price of $0.75 per share (the “March Offering”). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are exercisable beginning on September 8, 2023 (the “March Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire 5 years from the March Initial Exercise Date. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the March Offering were approximately $2.9 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the “June Investors”), providing for the issuance and sale of 9,670,002 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and warrants to purchase up to 9,670,002 shares of Common Stock (the “June Investor Warrants”). The Common Stock was issued in a registered direct offering for a purchase price of $0.65 per share (the “June Offering”) and the June Investor Warrants were offered pursuant to a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The June Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.6525 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the date of issuance (the “June Initial Exercise Date”) and will expire 5 years from the June Initial Exercise Date. The aggregate net cash proceeds to the Company from the June Offering were approximately $5.71 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Company’s ongoing clinical activities continue to generate losses and net cash outflows from operations. The Company plans to pursue additional equity or debt financing or refinancing opportunities in 2023 to fund ongoing clinical activities, to meet obligations under its current debt arrangements and for the general corporate purposes of the Company. Such arrangements may take the form of loans, equity offerings, strategic agreements, licensing agreements, joint ventures or other agreements. The sale of equity could result in additional dilution to the Company’s existing shareholders. The Company cannot make any assurances that additional financing will be available to it and, if available, on acceptable terms, or that it will be able to refinance its existing debt obligations which could negatively impact the Company’s business and operations and could also lead to a reduction in the Company’s operations. We will continue to carefully monitor the impact of our continuing operations on our working capital needs and debt repayment obligations. As such, the Company has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company may raise substantial additional funds, and if it does so, it may do so through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity and/or the completion of a licensing or other commercial transaction for one of the Company’s product candidates.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the balance sheet, statements of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for any interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year or any other interim period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in its financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements relate to the convertible note payable, earnout cash liability, stock options, warrants, and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Certain Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties including the risk of failure to secure additional funding to properly execute the Company’s business plan. The Company is subject to risks that are common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, development by the Company or its competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, reliance on third party manufacturers, protection of proprietary technology, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. (Refer to Note 11)

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are occasionally invested in certificates of deposit. The Company maintains each of its cash balances with high-quality and accredited financial institutions and accordingly, such funds are not exposed to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. Deposits in financial institutions may, from time to time, exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of a money market account with a financial institution that management believes to be creditworthy.  

Revenue Recognition 

Arrangements may include licenses to intellectual property, research services and participation on joint research committees. The Company evaluates the promised goods or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. In contemplation of whether a promised good or service meets the criteria required of a performance obligation, the Company considers the stage of research, the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities and expertise of the customer relative to the underlying intellectual property, and whether the promised goods or services are integral to or dependent on other promises in the contract. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The Company enters into contractual arrangements that may include licenses to intellectual property and research and development services. When such contractual arrangements are determined to be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company evaluates the promised good or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The License Agreement with Alvogen as further discussed in Note 6 below is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods

or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, it performs the following five steps:

i. identify the contract(s) with a customer;

ii. identify the performance obligations in the contract;

iii. determine the transaction price;

iv. allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within the contract; and

v. recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it determines that it is probable it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract to determine whether each promised good or service is a performance obligation. The promised goods or services in the Company’s arrangements typically consist of a license to intellectual property and research services. The Company may provide options to additional items in such arrangements, which are accounted for as separate contracts when the customer elects to exercise such options, unless the option provides a material right to the customer. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer that (i) the customer can benefit from on its own or together with other readily available resources, and (ii) is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Goods or services that are not individually distinct performance obligations are combined with other promised goods or services until such combined group of promises meet the requirements of a performance obligation.

The Company determines transaction price based on the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. At contract inception for arrangements that include variable consideration, the Company estimates the probability and extent of consideration it expects to receive under the contract utilizing either the most likely amount method or expected amount method, whichever best estimates the amount expected to be received. The Company then considers any constraints on the variable consideration and includes in the transaction price variable consideration to the extent it is deemed probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price and recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) control is transferred to the customer and the performance obligation is satisfied. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The Company records amounts as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is deemed unconditional. When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract, a contract liability is recorded as deferred revenue.

The Company’s revenue arrangements include the following:

Milestone Payments: At the inception of an agreement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates each milestone to determine when and how much of the milestone to include in the transaction price. The Company first estimates the amount of the milestone payment that the Company could receive using either the expected value or the most

likely amount approach. The Company primarily uses the most likely amount approach as that approach is generally most predictive for milestone payments with a binary outcome. Then, the Company considers whether any portion of that estimated amount is subject to the variable consideration constraint (that is, whether it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty.) The Company updates the estimate of variable consideration included in the transaction price at each reporting date which includes updating the assessment of the likely amount of consideration and the application of the constraint to reflect current facts and circumstances.

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Research Services: The Company is incurring research costs in association with the Alvogen agreement. After the First Milestone Payment (as defined in Note 6 below), the Company will be reimbursed for certain costs incurred related to reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs for clinical and non-clinical development activities. The Company will recognize revenue for the reimbursed costs when the First Milestone Payment contingencies have been achieved and the Company has an enforceable claim to the reimbursed costs.

See Note 6, “Alvogen Licensing Agreement”, for further information on the application of ASC 606 to the License Agreement.

Research and Development Costs

The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the Company’s clinical trials, salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in ongoing research and development efforts. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Convertible Note Payable

As permitted under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company elects to account for its convertible promissory note, which meets the required criteria, at fair value at inception and at each subsequent reporting date. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of non-operating loss in the consolidated statements of operations. The portion of total changes in fair value of the convertible note attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are determined through specific measurement of periodic changes in the discount rate assumption exclusive of base market changes and are presented as a component of comprehensive income in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. As a result of electing the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes are expensed as incurred.

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to

the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees and non-employees over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded-vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock award grants using the closing trading price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the underlying individual’s role at the Company.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be liability classified and recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured at fair value and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants (as defined below) was estimated using a Black Scholes valuation approach and the fair value of the Substitute Warrants (as defined below) was estimated using a modified Black Scholes valuation approach which applies a probability factor based on the probabilities of achieving earnout cash milestone and/or earnout shares milestone at each reporting period (see Notes 9 and 11).

Modification of Warrants

A change in any of the terms or conditions of warrants is accounted for as a modification. The accounting for incremental fair value of warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification which may result in a reduction of additional paid-in capital, recognition of costs for services rendered, or recognized as a deemed dividend.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future

tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options, restricted stock awards and warrants were to vest and be exercised. Diluted earnings per share excludes, when applicable, the potential impact of stock options, common stock warrant shares, convertible notes, and other dilutive instruments because their effect would be anti-dilutive in the periods in which the Company incurs a net loss.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock for the periods in which a net loss is presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Stock options	2,548,849	2,706,115	2,548,849	2,706,115
Restricted stock awards	1,000,000	—	1,000,000	—
Common stock warrants	30,021,591	17,521,753	30,021,591	17,521,753
Earnout Shares	—	22,209,280	—	22,209,280
Earnout Shares from exercised Substitute Options and Substitute Warrants	—	1,229,925	—	1,229,925

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. For the six-months ended June 30, 2023, there were no new accounting pronouncements or updates to recently issued accounting pronouncements disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that management believes materially affect the Company’s present or future results of operations, overall financial condition, liquidity or disclosures.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Prepaid clinical development expenses	$	2,018	$	1,966
Prepaid insurance		1,901		3,167
Other prepaid expenses		735		331
Prepaid legal expenses		159		270
Other current receivables		6		7
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	4,819	$	5,741

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Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

5. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

		June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Unaudited)
Accrued and other current liabilities:
Other accrued expenses	$	2,856	$	2,616
Accrued employee expenses		1,183		923
Accrued research and development expenses		949		974
Professional services		795		342
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	5,783	$	4,855

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Alvogen Licensing Agreement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Alvogen Licensing Agreement

Alvogen Licensing Agreement

6. Alvogen Licensing Agreement 

On June 2, 2023, the Company entered into the License Agreement with Alvogen. The Company and Alvogen are referred to below individually as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties.”

License Grant  

Under the License Agreement, the Company granted Alvogen an exclusive (even as to the Company and its affiliates) worldwide, transferable and sublicensable license under certain intellectual property (including patents, know-how and trademarks) owned or controlled by the Company to develop (with certain limitations), manufacture, and commercialize the Company’s candidate therapeutic product, NRX-101, for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality. The term of the license is, on a country-by-country basis, 20 years from the first commercial sale of NRX-101 in such country, extendable by Alvogen for a two-year period upon its request made prior to the expiration of such 20-year period. During the term of the License Agreement, the Parties agree (on behalf of themselves and their affiliates) not to research, develop, seek or obtain any regulatory approval for the manufacturing, marketing, sale, or other commercialization of any product containing a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality, nor to authorize or assist (including by investing in or otherwise providing funding to) any third party to do so.

During the term, the Company is permitted to develop additional products containing D-cycloserine in combination with one or more other active antidepressant or antipsychotic ingredients for use outside of the field of treatment of bipolar

depression with suicidality, such as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or chronic pain in depression, in which case, if the Company wishes to license rights to develop or commercialize such additional products or indications, Alvogen has a right of first negotiation to obtain such a license.

Term and Termination 

The License Agreement will remain in force until the earlier to occur of (i) 20 years following the first commercial sale of NRX-101 on a country-by-country basis (which may be extended for a two-year period at Alvogen’s request), and (ii) the date that the agreement is terminated under its early termination provisions. Early termination grounds include, subject to applicable cure periods, a material breach of agreement by the other Party, the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other Party, or a party’s reasonable belief that there is an unacceptable risk for harm in humans based upon preclinical safety data or the observation of serious adverse effects in humans.

In addition, Alvogen has the right to early termination if (i) the phase 2 study relating to NRX-101 is not completed and/or a successful read out from the study does not occur by March 31, 2024, or (ii) there is no completion of a Type B meeting with the FDA by March 31, 2024. Alvogen may also terminate upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to the Company at any time after the First Milestone Payment (as defined below) has been made. The Company also has the right to terminate the License Agreement if the current phase 2 study successfully concludes prior to March 31, 2024 and the Type B meeting with the FDA is completed by March 31, 2024 and Alvogen does not notify the Company within 60 days that it wishes to proceed with the development of NRX-101 or has not paid the First Milestone Payment.

Upon expiration or termination of the License Agreement, the intellectual property rights licensed to Alvogen under the License Agreement will revert to the Company, and all other rights and obligations of each of the parties will immediately cease, except for ant outstanding amounts owed as of the time of such expiration or termination. Upon termination, Alvogen will grant to the Company an exclusive irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable, transferrable license under the NDA rights to develop, manufacture, have manufactured, or commercialize the product in the field of bipolar depression with suicidality. Such reversion license would be granted by Alvogen to the Company in exchange for an equitable royalty payable by the Company to Alvogen that would be negotiated and agreed in good faith by the parties within 30 business days of such matter being presented to them.

Milestone Payments 

In exchange for the license grant and the participation of the Company in the development, regulatory and commercial activities described below, Alvogen will pay the Company an initial $10 million cash payment upon the later of a positive data read-out from the Company’s ongoing Phase 2b/3 clinical trial and completion of the Type B meeting with the U.S. FDA (the “First Milestone Payment”). A second milestone payment of $5 million (the “Approval Payment”) is due upon Alvogen’s receipt of a copy of the FDA’s notice of NDA Approval for Product with the label indication for the treatment of bipolar depression with sub-acute or acute suicidality. Additional bonus milestone payments of increasing amounts up to $330 million will be payable upon the achievement of net sales targets measured over the trailing four quarters. Alvogen also will pay royalties (as described below) to the Company based on the net sales of NRX-101, with a reduction in royalties on a country-by-country basis upon expiration or termination of the Company’s patent protection on the NRX-101 composition.

Royalties 

Subject to certain adjustments for sublicensing and other deductions, commencing on the first commercial sale of NRX-101, Alvogen has agreed to pay to the Company tiered royalties calculated on the basis of a percentage, ranging from the low to mid-teens, of annual net sales of NRX-101 measured over the trailing four quarters. In addition, if Alvogen sublicenses NRX-101 in any country other than the U.S. (in which the royalty rates described above will apply), Alvogen

will pay the Company a percentage of any and all consideration received by Alvogen or its affiliates from sublicensing any of the rights granted.

Development and Regulatory Activities 

Prior to payment of the First Milestone Payment by Alvogen to the Company, each Party has agreed to perform, at its own cost, certain development activities using diligent efforts and in accordance with applicable then-current good manufacturing and other applicable practices, laws and regulations, with the goal of supporting the preparation and filing of an NDA and obtaining regulatory approval for NRX-101. Until the payment of the First Milestone Payment, the Company has the sole right to control and responsibility for all regulatory matters relating to NRX-101, at its sole cost and expense, and the Company shall own all regulatory materials and own all worldwide regulatory approvals for NRX-101.

After the payment of the First Milestone Payment, Alvogen has the sole right and responsibility, at its cost and expense, for all regulatory matters relating to NRX-101, and Alvogen will own all regulatory materials and all regulatory approvals for the product in the licensed territory (and the Company will assign all of its rights in any regulatory materials to Alvogen). Each party has committed to reasonably cooperate with the other in carrying out the development and regulatory activities outlined in the development plan. In addition, Alvogen has agreed to fund the next registrational study of NRX-101 in the field of treatment of bipolar depression with suicidality.

Upon NDA approval of the product in the U.S., Alvogen has agreed to use diligent efforts to commercialize NRX-101 in the U.S., and, for 24 months following such approval, in other countries in the territory upon regulatory approval in each such country. If Alvogen does not commercialize NRX-101 in a country outside of the U.S. in the foregoing 24-month period, then the license may revert back to the Company with respect to such country and the Company would pay Alvogen tiered royalties in the low to mid-teens based on net sales of NRX-101 in such country. The Parties will also enter into a pharmacovigilance agreement to ensure compliance with safety reporting requirements of all applicable regulatory agencies globally with respect to the commercialization of NRX-101.

Commercial Activities 

Under the License Agreement, the Company is responsible for and will control the manufacturing of the NRX-101 commercial product and for qualification and regulatory-related activities necessary for the manufacture of the product. The Parties intend to enter into a clinical supply agreement (and a related quality agreement) on reasonable and customary terms, in which the Company will supply Alvogen raw materials and/or finished product without any markup to the future supply price from the Company’s current contract manufacturer. Similarly, prior to initiation of the first Phase 3 study for the commercial product, the Parties will enter into a commercial supply agreement (and a related quality agreement) on reasonable and customary terms, in which the Company will supply Alvogen raw materials and/or finished product without any markup to the future supply price from NRx’s current contract manufacturer. At any time after NDA approval, Alvogen may elect to manufacture, fill and package the product itself or through a third-party supplier subject to the prior approval of the Company. In such case, the parties may also work together to establish a written manufacturing technology transfer plan to transfer manufacturing technology from the Company or the Company’s contract manufacturer to Alvogen or Alvogen’s designated third party supplier. The Company has agreed, as a part of its manufacturing commitments, to make available its qualified technical personnel to consult with Alvogen to complete transfer of the manufacturing technology if required under the License Agreement.

Following NDA approval, Alvogen will control and be responsible for advertising, marketing, promotion and marketing, pricing, and terms of sale for the product, all at Alvogen’s sole expense. Alvogen has committed to not shift, allocate, price or discount sales of the product for the purpose of reducing or disadvantaging the net sales of the product in order to reduce the payments owed by Alvogen to the Company under the License Agreement.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company has not achieved any milestones nor recognized any revenue associated with the License Agreement.

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6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

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7. Debt

Convertible Note

On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (the “Lender”), and, pursuant to the SPA, issued to the Lender an unsecured promissory note with a face amount of approximately $11.0 million (the “Note”) before an original issue discount of $1.0 million, which was deducted from the proceeds of the Note.

The Note carries a 9% interest rate, has a term of 18 months from the issuance date (the “Maturity Date”) and is redeemable as described below. Any time after the issuance date, the Company has the right to prepay all or any portion of the outstanding balance of the Note. If the Company exercises its right to prepay the Note, the Company will make payment to the Lender of an amount in cash equal to 110% multiplied by the portion of the outstanding balance the Company elects to pay. Beginning on May 4, 2023, the Lender has the right to redeem up to $1.0 million (“Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount”) of the outstanding balance of the Note per month. Payments may be made by the Company, at the Company’s option, (a) in cash with a 10% premium for the amount redeemed, (b) by paying the redemption amount in the form of shares of Common Stock with the number of redemption shares being equal to the portion of the applicable redemption amount divided by the Redemption Conversion Price (as defined below) or (c) a combination of cash and shares of Common Stock. The “Redemption Conversion Price” is equal to 85% multiplied by the average of the two lowest daily volume weighted average prices per share of the Common Stock during the 15 trading days immediately preceding the date that the Lender delivers notice electing to redeem a portion of the Note. The Company’s right to satisfy the redemption amount in shares of Common Stock is subject to certain limitations, including (i) there not being any Equity Conditions Failure (as defined in the Note) and (ii) the Lender not owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock. At any time, if the Company’s market capitalization is less than $25.0 million, the 4.99% ownership limitation shall be increased to 9.99%. On March 30, 2023, the Company amended the Note to increase the ownership limitation to 9.99%. If the Company elects to prepay the Note prior to the Maturity Date or elects to pay a portion or all of the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount in cash, it must pay a premium of 10%, subject to certain exceptions.

The Company has the right to make the required payments for the Note in Common Stock subject to certain conditions including ownership and trading volume limitations. On July 7, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment #2 to the Convertible Promissory Note (the “Second Amendment”), with the Lender. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to further amend the terms of the Note. In accordance with the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to amend the redemption provisions of the Note. In particular, the Company agreed to pay the Lender an amount in cash equal to $1,800,000 on or before July 10, 2023, which amount was paid on July 10, 2023. In addition, on or before the last day of each month until December 31, 2023 (the “Minimum Payment Period”), the Company has agreed to pay the Lender an amount equal to $0.4 million in cash, less any redemption amount satisfied in Redemption Conversion Shares (as defined in Note 14 below) for such month (each, a “Minimum Payment”)  The Lender also agreed to waive the application of the Trigger Effect (as defined in the Note) and any of the remedies set forth in Section 4 of the Note that may have occurred up to the date of the amendment. The Company will evaluate and disclose the accounting impacts of the amendment, including any trouble debt restructuring considerations, in filings subsequent to June 30, 2023.

Beginning May 1, 2023, in the event (a) the daily dollar trading volume of the Common Stock of the Company on any given trading day is at least fifty percent (50%) greater than the lower of (i) the median daily dollar trading volume over the previous ten trading days or (ii) the daily dollar trading volume on the trading day immediately preceding the date of

measurement or (b) if the closing trade price on any given trading day is at least thirty percent greater than the Nasdaq Minimum Price (as defined in the Note), then the Lender will be entitled to redeem over the following ten trading days an amount of indebtedness then outstanding under the Note equal to twice the monthly redemption amount of $1.0 million solely by payment by Common Stock, subject to maximum percentage and other ownership limitations under the SPA and the Note.

The Note contains certain Trigger Events (as defined in the Note) that generally, if uncured within five trading days, may result in an event of default in accordance with the terms of the Notes (such event, an “Event of Default”). Upon an Event of a Default, the Lender may consider the Note immediately due and payable. Upon an Event of Default, the interest rate may also be increased to the lesser of 18% per annum or the maximum rate permitted under applicable law. As of June 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the Note’s terms and there were no Events of Default.

Due to these embedded features within the Note, the Company elected to account for the Note at fair value at inception. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of other income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.  

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

The discount to the principal amount is included in the carrying value of the Note. During 2022, the Company recorded a debt discount of approximately $1.0 million upon issuance of the Note for the original issue discount of $1.0 million. As a result of electing the fair value option, any direct costs and fees related to the Note was expensed as incurred. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a change in fair value of approximately $0.7 and $2.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the Note which was recognized in other income (expense) on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company made interest payments on the Note of approximately $0.1 million and issued shares of Common Stock as principal and interest repayments on the Note of $0.2 million.

The following table presents the Note as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease

The Company leases office space on a month-to-month basis. The rent expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively.

Sponsored Research Agreement with National Jewish Health

On February 8, 2021, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement (“Research Agreement”) with National Jewish Health (“NJ Health”), a Colorado not-for-profit institution. Under the terms of the Research Agreement, the Company agreed to sponsor a research study at NJ Health relating to the impact of the Company’s' former product candidate Aviptadil on propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in alveolar type II cells in vitro (the “Study”). In return for performance of the Study under the Research Agreement, the Company has committed to pay NJ Health approximately $0.4 million upon finalization of the work. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has fully paid NJ Health the total committed amount under this agreement.

Relief Therapeutics Collaboration Agreement

On September 18, 2020, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Relief Therapeutics for the clinical development and, if approved, the sale of Aviptadil. The Collaboration Agreement provides for funding by Relief Therapeutics of certain clinical trials, formulation and manufacturing of Aviptadil, as well as establishing specified sales territories for each party and share of the profits in those territories for “Product” as defined in the Collaboration Agreement. On October 6, 2021, Relief Therapeutics filed a lawsuit against the Company and its former CEO claiming that the Company failed to honor its obligations under the Collaboration Agreement, which was followed by a counter claim from the Company for breach and repudiation of the Collaboration Agreement by Relief Therapeutics.  

On November 12, 2022, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement and Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) with Relief Therapeutics Holding AG and Relief Therapeutics International (the “Relief Parties”) to settle the outstanding lawsuit with respect to the Collaboration Agreement.  

Under the APA, the Company transferred to the Relief Parties all of the Company’s interest in ZYESAMI (or the “Product” as such term is defined in the Collaboration Agreement), including intellectual property, FDA applications, clinical trial data, drug and API inventory and certain contractual rights. The Company has agreed to refrain from developing any product for any indication that uses or otherwise exploits the Product without the Relief Parties’ consent.

The Relief Parties have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, market, and commercialize the Product, and have sole discretion to select the indications for which they will seek to develop the Product. Although the Company intends to monitor the progress of the Relief Parties under the APA and enforce the Company’s rights thereunder, there can be no assurances that the Relief Parties will be successful at commercializing the Product.

Upon commercial launch of the Product by the Relief Parties or any of their affiliates, licensees or sublicensees (or upon authorization of use for any indication of the Product other than COVID-19), the Company is entitled to receive milestone payments in stages up to an aggregate amount of $13.0 million. The Relief Parties have also agreed to pay royalties to the Company on aggregate net sales of all Products, subject to a cap on royalty payments of $30.0 million in the aggregate.  In addition, Relief is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to continue the Company’s existing Right to Try Program until December 2024.

Mutual indemnity provisions in the APA will protect each party from any breaches of the settlement arrangements by the other party, provided, that the Company’s indemnity obligations will not start until the Relief Parties have begun making royalty or milestone payments to the Company, subject to certain exceptions. With respect to the Company, there is an indemnity threshold such that the Company will not be liable for any indemnity claims until such claims are in excess of $0.5 million (and then only for the amount above $0.5 million). The Company’s indemnity obligation is capped at $2.0 million with respect to breaches of representations and warranties and $3.0 million with respects to breaches of covenants or other agreements. Additionally, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s indemnity obligations cannot exceed the amount that the Relief Parties actually pay to the Company for milestone and royalty payments. The parties closed the APA in December 2022 at which time all claims and counterclaims between the Company and the Relief Parties were dismissed with prejudice.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time the Company is involved in litigation, claims, and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation and other disputes are inherently unpredictable and subject to substantial uncertainties and unfavorable resolutions could occur.

Share Subscription Facility Agreement - GEM

NeuroRx entered into a share subscription facility agreement (the “GEM Agreement”) with GEM Global Yield LLC SCS and GEM Yield Bahamas Limited (collectively, referred to as “GEM”) with a three-year term which expired in October 2022. Subject to the successful listing of the shares of NeuroRx on a nationally recognized stock exchange, GEM granted NeuroRx an option to require GEM to subscribe for shares of NeuroRx for an aggregate value of up to approximately $95.6 million. The GEM Agreement also included certain provisions which did not meet the U.S. requirements to issue registered shares thus preventing its usage. If shares of NeuroRx were listed on a nationally recognized stock exchange or NeuroRx completed a private transaction which resulted in a change of control, NeuroRx would have been obligated to issue GEM a warrant and pay a commitment fee of $1.9 million. Absent a listing of NeuroRx shares or a private transaction with a change of control during the three-year term, NeuroRx would have no obligations under the GEM Agreement. The Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement would not have resulted in a listing of NeuroRx shares or a change in control.

In November 2020, GEM introduced NeuroRx to BRPA. To resolve uncertainties around the application of the GEM Agreement post-Merger, NeuroRx and GEM agreed in March 2021 to issue a warrant to GEM and for the parties to use their good faith efforts to amend the GEM Agreement to meet U.S. requirements to issue registered shares. The warrant was not conditional upon any further events or completion of the Merger.

The warrant was issued on March 28, 2021, for 3,329,812 shares of NeuroRx common stock at an exercise price of $3.19 per share (the “GEM Warrant”) and the parties agreed that GEM would immediately partially exercise the GEM Warrant for the purchase of 1,496,216 shares (“Initial Exercised Shares”) for $7.5 million. The GEM Warrant will be valid for a period of three years from the date NeuroRx’s stock is listed for trading on a national securities exchange or consummation of a reverse merger transaction of the type contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company recognized a contingent liability for its obligation to issue to GEM certain equity instruments at a discounted per share price. Specifically, as the amount was deemed probable and estimable at December 31, 2020, NeuroRx recorded a liability and settlement expense of $39.5 million to reflect the fair value of the expected GEM Warrant to be issued. On March 28, 2021, when the GEM Warrant was issued, the Company recorded an additional charge of $21.4 million to reflect the increased fair value of the GEM Warrant on its grant date.  Upon issuance, the GEM Warrant was equity classified and was determined to be within the scope of ASC 718, Share-Based Payments (“ASC 718”).

The remaining unexercised 1,833,596 shares of NeuroRx common stock of the GEM Warrant became Substitute Warrants (as defined in Note 11 below). These Substitute Warrants were liability classified (see Note 11).   The changes in fair value of these Substitute Warrants were recognized as a gain or loss in the statement of operations until these Substitute Warrants were exercised in July 2021, at which time they were reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

On August 12, 2022, the Company received a demand for arbitration (the “Demand”) from GEM.  The Demand claimed that NeuroRx, failed to satisfy its obligation to pay GEM a commitment fee in the amount of HK$15,000,000 (approximately US$1,919,565 at current exchange rates) pursuant to the GEM Agreement.

On July 17, 2023, NeuroRx and GEM entered into a settlement and release agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the arbitration proceeding with prejudice. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, on or before August 31, 2023, the Company will issue 678,676 shares of Common Stock to GEM.  Such shares will be registered under a prospectus supplement to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 but will be subject to a restriction that they cannot be sold or traded for a period of six months from the effective date of the Settlement Agreement.

Other Legal Actions:

We are currently involved in and may from time to time become involved in various legal actions incidental to our business. As of the date of this report, we are not involved in any legal proceedings that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. However, the outcome of any current or future legal proceeding is inherently difficult to predict and any dispute resolved unfavorably could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results.

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Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity

Equity

9. Equity

Common Stock

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company has authorized 500,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001.

As discussed above in Note 2, on March 8, 2023, NRx Pharmaceuticals entered into a securities purchase agreement with the March Investors, providing for the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock and the March Investor Warrants to purchase up to 3,866,666 shares of Common Stock in a registered direct offering priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules for a purchase price of $0.75 per share. The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are exercisable beginning on September 8, 2023 and will expire 5 years from the March Initial Exercise Date. The March Investors agreed not to transfer the Common Stock for six months following the date of issuance. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the March Offering were approximately $2.9 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. The closing of the sale of these securities occurred on March 9, 2023. The securities were issued pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on June 9, 2022 (File No. 333-265492) which became effective on June 21, 2022.

On February 8, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC. Although they did not act as the placement agent with respect to the March Offering, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC was paid a cash fee equal to 3.0% of the amount raised, or approximately $0.1 million, pursuant to the letter agreement.

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the June Investors, providing for the issuance and sale of 9,670,002 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and the June Investor Warrants to purchase up to 9,670,002 shares of Common Stock. The Common Stock was issued in a registered direct offering for a purchase price of $0.65 per share and the June Investor Warrants were offered pursuant to a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The aggregate net cash proceeds to the Company from the June Offering were approximately $5.71 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the June Offering for the for working capital and general corporate purposes.

H.C. Wainwright & Co. LLC acted as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) for the June 2023 Offering. The Placement Agent was paid a cash fee equal to 6.5% of the gross proceeds received by the Company from the sale of the securities at the closing of the June Offering or approximately $0.6 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company has authorized 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001. The Company has no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock Warrants

Substitute Warrants

In connection with the Merger, each warrant to purchase shares of common stock of NeuroRx that was outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by BRPA and converted

into a warrant, based on the Exchange Ratio (of 3.16), that will continue to be governed by substantially the same terms and conditions, including vesting, as were applicable to the former warrant (the “Substitute Warrants”). As these Substitute Warrants meet the definition of a derivative as contemplated in ASC 815, the Substitute Warrants were recorded as derivative liabilities on the balance sheet and measured at fair value at inception (on the date of the Merger) and at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations in the period of change. 

The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Substitute Warrants for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The Company recognized a gain on the change in fair value of the Substitute Warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2023 of less than $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Refer to Note 11 for further discussion of fair value measurement of the warrant liabilities.

Assumed Public Warrants

Prior to the Merger, the Company had 3,450,000 Public Warrants outstanding (the “Public Warrants”). Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants became exercisable at the Effective Time of the Merger and expire five years after the Effective Time or earlier upon their redemption or liquidation of the Company.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 no Public Warrants were exercised.

Assumed Private Placement Warrants

Prior to the Merger, the Company had outstanding 136,250 Private Placement Warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”). The Private Placement Warrants are not indexed to the Company’s common shares in the manner contemplated by ASC 815-40-15 because the holder of the instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. The Company classifies the Private Placement Warrants as derivative liabilities in its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2023. The Company measures the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants at the end of each reporting period and recognizes changes in the fair value from the prior period in the Company’s statements of operations for the current period.

The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The Company recognized a loss and a gain on the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Refer to Note 11 for discussion of the fair value measurement of the Company’s warrant liabilities.

Investor Warrants

As discussed above, on March 8, 2023, in conjunction with the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued 3,866,666 March Investor Warrants which were classified in stockholder’s equity. The measurement of fair value of the March Investor Warrants were determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.72, exercise price of $0.75, term of five and a half years, volatility of 123.6%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and expected dividend rate of 0%). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the March Initial Exercise Date and will expire five and a half years from the March Initial Exercise Date.  The grant date fair value of these March Investor Warrants was estimated to be $2.4 million on March 8, 2023 and is reflected within additional paid-in capital.

As discussed above, on March 8, 2023, in conjunction with the issuance and sale of 3,866,666 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued 3,866,666 March Investor Warrants which were classified in stockholder’s equity. The measurement of fair value of the March Investor Warrants were determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.72, exercise price of $0.75, term of five and a half years, volatility of 123.6%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and expected dividend rate of 0%). The March Investor Warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share, are initially exercisable beginning six months following the March Initial Exercise Date and will expire five years from the March Initial Exercise Date.  The grant date fair value of these March Investor Warrants was estimated to be $2.4 million on March 8, 2023 and is reflected within additional paid-in capital.

The Company issued warrants to the Placement Agent with an exercise price of $0.81 (the “June Placement Agent Warrants”). As these June Placement Agent Warrants were issued for services provided in facilitating the June Offering, the Company recorded the fair value of such June Placement Agent Warrants of approximately $0.1 million as a cost of capital on the issuance date. The measurement of fair value was determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.53, exercise price of $0.81, term of five and a half years, volatility of 175.1%, risk-free rate of 3.85%, and expected dividend rate of 0%).

In connection with the June Offering, the Company also entered into a warrant amendment agreement (the “Warrant Amendment Agreement”) with certain investors to amend certain existing warrants to purchase up to 9,622,778 shares of Common Stock that were previously issued in August 2021 and February 2022 to such investors, with an exercise price of $3.07 and $12.00 per share, respectively (the “Amended Warrants”) as follows: (i) lower the exercise price of the Amended Warrants to $0.6525 per share, and (ii) provide that the Amended Warrants, as amended, will not be exercisable until six months following the closing date of the June Offering, and (iii) extend the original expiration date of the Amended Warrants so that they will terminate five and one half years from the closing of the June Offering.

The Company recorded the incremental change in fair value of such Amended Warrants of $1.7 million as a cost of capital to issue the June Investor Warrants. The measurement of fair value for the Amended Warrants was determined utilizing a Black-Scholes model considering all relevant assumptions current at the date of issuance (i.e., share price of $0.53, exercise price of $0.65, term of five and a half years, volatility of 175.1%, risk-free rate of 3.85%, and expected dividend rate of 0%).

The following table provides the activity for all warrants for the respective periods.

		Weighted
		Average	Weighted		Aggregate
		Remaining	Average		Intrinsic Value
	Total Warrants	Term	Exercise Price		(in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	16,484,923	3.59	$	6.49		—
Issued	3,866,666	4.69		0.75		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	20,351,589	3.65		5.40		—
Issued	9,670,002	4.94		0.65		—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	30,021,591	4.36	$	2.51	$	—

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Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

10. Stock-Based Compensation

2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

Prior to the Merger, NeuroRx maintained its 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), under which NeuroRx granted incentive stock options, restricted stock awards, other stock-based awards, or other cash-based awards to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants. The maximum aggregate shares of common stock that were subject to awards and issuable under the 2016 Plan was 3,472,000.

In connection with the Merger, each option of NeuroRx that was outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by BRPA and converted into an option to acquire an adjusted number of shares of Common Stock at an adjusted exercise price per share (the “Substitute Options”), based on the Exchange Ratio (of 3.16).

Upon the closing of the Merger, the outstanding and unexercised NeuroRx stock options became options to purchase an aggregate 2,895,423 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an average exercise price of $5.10 per share.

2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2023, 6,713,608 shares of Common Stock are authorized for issuance pursuant to awards under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). As of January 1, 2023, 664,430 shares were added to the 2021 Plan under an evergreen feature that automatically increases the reserve with additional shares of Common Stock for future issuance under the Incentive Plan each calendar year, beginning January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2031, equal to the lesser of (A) 1% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or (B) a smaller number of shares determined by the Board. As of June 30, 2023, 5,749,394 shares have been awarded and 964,214 shares remain available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, restricted stock awards, other stock-based award or other cash-based awards to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants.

Option Awards

The fair value of each employee and non-employee stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company is a public company and has limited company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the limited company-specific historical volatility and implied volatility as well as historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s stock options for employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, certain options granted contain terms that require all unvested options to immediately vest a) upon the approval of a New Drug Application (NDA) by the FDA for NRX-101, or b) immediately preceding a change in control of the Company, whichever occurs first.

The grant date fair value of employee and non-employee stock option awards is determined using the Black Scholes option-pricing model. The Company did not grant any stock options during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023.

The following assumptions were used for the year ended December 31, 2022:

	December 31, 2022
Exercise price		$0.51-$3.10
Risk-free rate of interest		1.8%-4.36%
Expected term (years)		5.3-6.5
Expected stock price volatility		94.9%-147.8%
Dividend yield		—

The following table summarizes the Company’s employee and non-employee stock option activity under the Plan for the following periods:

	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price	Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.4	$ 618
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.1	$ 124
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	7.9	$ 46
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2023	1,956,237	$ 3.71	7.6	$ 46

The weighted average grant date fair value per share for employee stock and non-employee option grants during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.16 and $1.55, respectively. At June 30, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation related to unvested employee and non-employee stock option awards granted, was $1.1 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.9 years.

The following table summarizes the Company’s recognition of stock-based compensation for the following periods (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Stock-based compensation expense
General and administrative	$	443	$	768	$	1,034	$	1,884
Research and development		101		219		205		437
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	544	$	987	$	1,239	$	2,321

Restricted Stock Awards

The following table presents the Company’s Restricted Stock Activity:

	Awards	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	1,000,000	$ 0.57
Unvested Balance as of June 30, 2023	1,000,000	$ 0.57

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSAs granted was approximately $0.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSAs was approximately $0.0 million and less than $0.1 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

11. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements discussed herein are based upon certain market assumptions and pertinent information available to management as of and during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. The carrying amount of accounts payable approximated fair value as they are short term in nature. The fair value of warrants issued for services are estimated based on the Black-Scholes model during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. The fair value of the Note was estimated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The Company follows the guidance in ASC 820 for its financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at each reporting period, and non-financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at least annually. The estimated fair value of the money market account represents a Level 1 measurement. The estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities and earnout cash contingent consideration represent Level 3 measurements. The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):

		June 30		December 31
Description	Level	2023		2022
		(Unaudited)
Assets:
Money Market Account	1	$	9,810	$	15,249
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities (Note 11)	3	$	36	$	37
Convertible note payable (Note 7)	3	$	12,692	$	10,525

Convertible Note Payable

The significant inputs used in the Monte Carlo simulation to measure the convertible note liability that is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48
Time to expiration		0.84
Note market interest rate		8.9%
Equity volatility		100.0%
Volume volatility		455.0%
Risk-free rate		5.42%
Probability of default		6.5%

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Note categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

Warrant Liabilities

The Company utilizes a Black-Scholes model approach to value the Private Placement Warrants and Substitute Warrants at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations. The estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Black Scholes options pricing model are assumptions related to expected share-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock based on historical and peer company volatility that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates remaining at zero.

The significant inputs used in the Black-Scholes model to measure the warrant liabilities that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48 - 0.66
Exercise price per share	$	3.48 - 11.50
Expected life		0.02 - 3.15
Volatility		55.0 - 175.1%
Risk-free rate		3.79 - 5.31%
Dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value of warrants	$	0.00 - 79.34

A reconciliation of warrant liabilities is included below (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	37
Gain upon re-measurement		(12)
Balance as of March 31, 2023		25
Gain upon re-measurement		11
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	36

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

12. Income Taxes

The Company recorded no provision or benefit for income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For all periods presented, the pretax losses incurred by the Company received no corresponding tax benefit because the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable to realize the value of any resulting deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to assess its position in future periods to determine if it is appropriate to reduce a portion of its valuation allowance in the future.

The Company has no open tax audits with any taxing authority as of June 30, 2023.

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Related Party Transactions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

13. Related Party Transactions

Glytech Agreement

The Company licenses patents that are owned by Glytech, LLC (“Glytech”), pursuant to a license agreement (the “Glytech Agreement”). Glytech is owned by a co-founder and former director of the Company. The Glytech Agreement requires that the Company pay Glytech for ongoing scientific support and also reimburse Glytech for expenses of obtaining and maintaining patents that are licensed to NRx Pharmaceuticals. During the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid Glytech $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for continuing technology support services and reimbursed expenses. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid Glytech $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for continuing technology support services and reimbursed expenses. These support services are ongoing.

The Fourth Amendment to the Glytech Agreement, effective as of December 31, 2020, includes an equity value-triggered transfer of Excluded Technology from Glytech to NRx Pharmaceuticals. The Excluded Technology is defined in the Glytech Agreement as any technology, and any know-how related thereto, covered in the licensed patents that do not recite

either D-cycloserine or lurasidone individually or jointly. This definition would cover pharmaceutical formulations, including some that NRx Pharmaceuticals considers “pipeline” or “future product” opportunities, that contain a combination of pharmaceutical components different from those contained in NRX-100 and NRX-101. On November 6, 2022 the Glytech Agreement was amended whereby Glytech agreed to transfer and assign the remainder of the Licensed Technology and the Excluded Technology to NRx Pharmaceuticals for no additional consideration at any time upon receipt of written notice from the Company if, on or prior to January 31, 2023, (i) the value of the Glytech equity holdings in NRx Pharmaceuticals (the “Glytech Equity”) has an aggregate liquidity value of at least $50 million for twenty (20) consecutive trading days immediately preceding any given date and (ii) there are no legal or contractual restrictions on selling all of the securities represented by the Glytech Equity then applicable to Glytech (or reasonably foreseeable to be applicable to Glytech within the following twenty trading days). The Glytech Agreement was amended to extend the period to meet these conditions until August 6, 2023 and the parties are currently negotiating an extension to meet these conditions.

Consulting Agreement with Dr. Jonathan Javitt

The Chief Scientist of the Company, Dr. Jonathan Javitt, is a major shareholder in the Company and a member of the Board of Directors. Therefore, his services are deemed to be a related party transaction. He served the Company on a full-time basis as CEO under an employment agreement with the Company until March 8, 2022 and currently serves under a Consulting Agreement with the Company as Chief Scientist thereafter and received compensation of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.5 million and $0.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On March 29, 2023, the Consulting Agreement dated March 8, 2022 (the “Javitt Consulting Agreement”) between the Company and Dr. Jonathan Javitt was amended to extend the term of the Agreement until March 8, 2024 with automatic annual renewals thereafter unless one party or the other provides notice of non-renewal. The amendment also provided for payment at the rate of $0.6 million per year, payable monthly (i.e., less than $0.1 million per month), and a performance-based annual bonus with a minimum target of $0.3 million, at the discretion of the Board and upon satisfactory performance of the services. The annual bonus for 2023, if any, is payable in March 2024, will be pro-rated from the start of the extension period and is subject to Dr. Javitt’s continued engagement by the Company.  

The amendment also provides, subject to the approval of the Board of Directors, for a grant of 500,000 shares of restricted stock of the Company under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan. The restrictions are performance based, and half of the restricted shares (250,000) shall have the restrictions removed on the New Drug Application Date (as defined below) and the remaining half (250,000) will have the restrictions removed on the New Drug Approval Date (as defined below). As of June 30, 2023, the Board of Directors has not approved the grant of restricted stock.

The term “New Drug Application Date” means the date upon which the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) files the Company’s new drug application for the Antidepressant Drug Regimen (as defined below) for review. The term “New Drug Approval Date” means date upon which the FDA has both approved the Company’s Antidepressant Drug Regimen and listed the Company’s Antidepressant Drug Regimen in the FDA’s “Orange Book”. The term “Antidepressant Drug Regimen” means NRX-101, a proprietary fixed-dose combination capsule of d-cycloserine and Lurasidone, administered for sequential weeks of daily oral treatment following patient stabilization using a single infusion of NRX-100 (ketamine) or another standard of care therapy.

Consulting Agreement with Zachary Javitt

Zachary Javitt is the son of Dr. Jonathan Javitt. Zachary Javitt provides services related to website, IT, and marketing support under the supervision of the Company’s CEO who is responsible for assuring that the services are provided on financial terms that are at market. The Company paid this family member a total of less than $0.1 million and less than

$0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company paid this family member a total of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These services are ongoing.

Agreements with PillTracker

The Company paid PillTracker for digital health product development required to track the use of Aviptadil in clinical trials. Zachary Javitt and Dr. Jonathan Javitt are the chief executive officer and board chairman, respectively, of PillTracker. PillTracker agreements and transactions are submitted to the General Counsel of the Company and the Chair of the Audit Committee for approval in accordance with the terms of the Company’s Related Person Transactions Policy. The Master Service Agreement dated April 1, 2020, and all work orders thereunder, have been suspended by mutual agreement pending the Company’s re-evaluation of its respiratory franchise. NRx Pharmaceuticals paid PillTracker $0.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Included in accounts payable were less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million due to the above related parties as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

14. Subsequent Events

Convertible Promissory Note Amendment

As discussed above on Note 7, on July 7, 2023, NRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. entered into the Second Amendment, with the Lender. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to further amend the terms of the Note. In accordance with the Second Amendment, the Company and the Lender agreed to amend the redemption provisions of the Note. In particular, the Company agreed to pay the Lender an amount in cash equal to $1,800,000 on or before July 10, 2023, which amount was paid on July 10, 2023. In addition, on or before each Minimum Payment Period, the Company has agreed to pay the Lender a Minimum Payment of $400,000, less any amount satisfied by the delivery of Redemption Conversion Shares (as defined and discussed below). The Lender may also submit a request for redemption of up to the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount and, together with the Minimum Payment Amount, the “Redemption Amounts”) in accordance with the terms of the Note. However, the portion of each Minimum Payment that is not satisfied by the delivery of Redemption Conversion Shares is the maximum amount of cash the Company will be required to pay in accordance with the Second Amendment during the Minimum Payment Period. The redemption of the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount in excess of the Minimum Amount may be satisfied by the delivery of additional Redemption Conversion Shares.

During the Minimum Payment Period, the Company is permitted to pay the Redemption Amounts in the form of shares of Common Stock of the Company (the “Redemption Conversion Shares”) calculated on the basis of the Redemption Conversion Price (as defined in the Note) without regard to the existence of an Equity Conditions Failure (as defined in the Note). Moreover, the Redemption Premium (as defined in the Note) will continue to apply to the Redemption Amounts.

GEM Settlement

As discussed above in Note 8, on July 17, 2023, NeuroRx and GEM entered into the Settlement Agreement, pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the arbitration proceeding brought by GEM with prejudice.  Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company will issue 675,676 restricted shares to GEM.

Licensure of a US Patent to Support Use of NRX-101

The Company has entered into a License Agreement with Apkarian Technologies to in-license US Patent 8,653,120 that claims the use of D-cycloserine for the treatment of chronic pain in exchange for a commitment to pay milestones and royalties as development milestones are reached in the field of chronic pain. The patent is supported by extensive nonclinical data and early clinical data that suggest the potential for NMDA antagonist drugs, such as NRX-101 to decrease both chronic pain and neuropathic pain while potentially decreasing craving for opioids.

The Company has signed an agreement with Dr. Vania Apkarian, Professor of Physiology, Anesthesia, Surgery, and Neuroscience Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine to join the NRx Pharmaceuticals Scientific Advisory Board (SAB).

Compliance with Nasdaq Listing Requirements

On July 20, 2023, the Company received a written notification (the “Notice”) from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) – Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) because the Company had not maintained a minimum MVLS of $50,000,000 for the past thirty-three (33) consecutive business days. 

Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the Company has been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until January 22, 2024, to regain compliance with the MVLS requirement. To regain compliance, the Company’s MVLS must meet or exceed $50,000,000 for a minimum period of ten consecutive business days prior to January 22, 2024.

If the Company does not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period, Nasdaq will provide notice that the Common Stock will be subject to delisting.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the balance sheet, statements of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for any interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year or any other interim period.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in its financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements relate to the convertible note payable, earnout cash liability, stock options, warrants, and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Certain Risks and Uncertainties

Certain Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties including the risk of failure to secure additional funding to properly execute the Company’s business plan. The Company is subject to risks that are common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, development by the Company or its competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, reliance on third party manufacturers, protection of proprietary technology, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. (Refer to Note 11)

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are occasionally invested in certificates of deposit. The Company maintains each of its cash balances with high-quality and accredited financial institutions and accordingly, such funds are not exposed to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. Deposits in financial institutions may, from time to time, exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of a money market account with a financial institution that management believes to be creditworthy.  

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition 

Arrangements may include licenses to intellectual property, research services and participation on joint research committees. The Company evaluates the promised goods or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. In contemplation of whether a promised good or service meets the criteria required of a performance obligation, the Company considers the stage of research, the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities and expertise of the customer relative to the underlying intellectual property, and whether the promised goods or services are integral to or dependent on other promises in the contract. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The Company enters into contractual arrangements that may include licenses to intellectual property and research and development services. When such contractual arrangements are determined to be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company evaluates the promised good or services to determine which promises, or group of promises, represent performance obligations. When accounting for an arrangement that contains multiple performance obligations, the Company must develop judgmental assumptions, which may include market conditions, timelines and probabilities of regulatory success to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

The License Agreement with Alvogen as further discussed in Note 6 below is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods

or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, it performs the following five steps:

i. identify the contract(s) with a customer;

ii. identify the performance obligations in the contract;

iii. determine the transaction price;

iv. allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within the contract; and

v. recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it determines that it is probable it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract to determine whether each promised good or service is a performance obligation. The promised goods or services in the Company’s arrangements typically consist of a license to intellectual property and research services. The Company may provide options to additional items in such arrangements, which are accounted for as separate contracts when the customer elects to exercise such options, unless the option provides a material right to the customer. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer that (i) the customer can benefit from on its own or together with other readily available resources, and (ii) is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Goods or services that are not individually distinct performance obligations are combined with other promised goods or services until such combined group of promises meet the requirements of a performance obligation.

The Company determines transaction price based on the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. At contract inception for arrangements that include variable consideration, the Company estimates the probability and extent of consideration it expects to receive under the contract utilizing either the most likely amount method or expected amount method, whichever best estimates the amount expected to be received. The Company then considers any constraints on the variable consideration and includes in the transaction price variable consideration to the extent it is deemed probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price and recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) control is transferred to the customer and the performance obligation is satisfied. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The Company records amounts as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is deemed unconditional. When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract, a contract liability is recorded as deferred revenue.

The Company’s revenue arrangements include the following:

Milestone Payments: At the inception of an agreement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates each milestone to determine when and how much of the milestone to include in the transaction price. The Company first estimates the amount of the milestone payment that the Company could receive using either the expected value or the most

likely amount approach. The Company primarily uses the most likely amount approach as that approach is generally most predictive for milestone payments with a binary outcome. Then, the Company considers whether any portion of that estimated amount is subject to the variable consideration constraint (that is, whether it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty.) The Company updates the estimate of variable consideration included in the transaction price at each reporting date which includes updating the assessment of the likely amount of consideration and the application of the constraint to reflect current facts and circumstances.

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Research Services: The Company is incurring research costs in association with the Alvogen agreement. After the First Milestone Payment (as defined in Note 6 below), the Company will be reimbursed for certain costs incurred related to reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs for clinical and non-clinical development activities. The Company will recognize revenue for the reimbursed costs when the First Milestone Payment contingencies have been achieved and the Company has an enforceable claim to the reimbursed costs.

See Note 6, “Alvogen Licensing Agreement”, for further information on the application of ASC 606 to the License Agreement.

Research and Development Costs

Research and Development Costs

The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the Company’s clinical trials, salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in ongoing research and development efforts. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Convertible Note Payable

Convertible Note Payable

As permitted under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company elects to account for its convertible promissory note, which meets the required criteria, at fair value at inception and at each subsequent reporting date. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as a component of non-operating loss in the consolidated statements of operations. The portion of total changes in fair value of the convertible note attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are determined through specific measurement of periodic changes in the discount rate assumption exclusive of base market changes and are presented as a component of comprehensive income in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. As a result of electing the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes are expensed as incurred.

The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible note payable using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and estimates for the equity volatility and volume volatility of our common stock, the time to expiration of the convertible note, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration, and probability of default. Therefore, we estimate our expected future volatility based on the actual volatility of our common stock and historical volatility of our common stock utilizing a lookback period consistent with the time to expiration. The time to expiration is based on the contractual maturity date, giving consideration to the mandatory and potential accelerated redemptions beginning six months from the issuance date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to

the time to expiration. Probability of default is estimated using Bloomberg's Default Risk function which uses our financial information to calculate a default risk specific to the Company.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees and non-employees over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded-vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock award grants using the closing trading price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the underlying individual’s role at the Company.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future

tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

Loss Per Share

Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options, restricted stock awards and warrants were to vest and be exercised. Diluted earnings per share excludes, when applicable, the potential impact of stock options, common stock warrant shares, convertible notes, and other dilutive instruments because their effect would be anti-dilutive in the periods in which the Company incurs a net loss.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock for the periods in which a net loss is presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Stock options	2,548,849	2,706,115	2,548,849	2,706,115
Restricted stock awards	1,000,000	—	1,000,000	—
Common stock warrants	30,021,591	17,521,753	30,021,591	17,521,753
Earnout Shares	—	22,209,280	—	22,209,280
Earnout Shares from exercised Substitute Options and Substitute Warrants	—	1,229,925	—	1,229,925

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. For the six-months ended June 30, 2023, there were no new accounting pronouncements or updates to recently issued accounting pronouncements disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that management believes materially affect the Company’s present or future results of operations, overall financial condition, liquidity or disclosures.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Schedule of Outstanding Shares of Common Stock Equivalents Excluded From Diluted Net Loss Per Share

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Stock options	2,548,849	2,706,115	2,548,849	2,706,115
Restricted stock awards	1,000,000	—	1,000,000	—
Common stock warrants	30,021,591	17,521,753	30,021,591	17,521,753
Earnout Shares	—	22,209,280	—	22,209,280
Earnout Shares from exercised Substitute Options and Substitute Warrants	—	1,229,925	—	1,229,925

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Schedule of prepaid expenses and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Prepaid clinical development expenses	$	2,018	$	1,966
Prepaid insurance		1,901		3,167
Other prepaid expenses		735		331
Prepaid legal expenses		159		270
Other current receivables		6		7
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	4,819	$	5,741

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Accrued and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Schedule of accrued and other current liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

		June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Unaudited)
Accrued and other current liabilities:
Other accrued expenses	$	2,856	$	2,616
Accrued employee expenses		1,183		923
Accrued research and development expenses		949		974
Professional services		795		342
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	5,783	$	4,855

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Debt (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Debt.

Summary of Convertible note payable

The following table presents the Note as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

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Equity (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity

Summary of activity for warrants

		Weighted
		Average	Weighted		Aggregate
		Remaining	Average		Intrinsic Value
	Total Warrants	Term	Exercise Price		(in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	16,484,923	3.59	$	6.49		—
Issued	3,866,666	4.69		0.75		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	20,351,589	3.65		5.40		—
Issued	9,670,002	4.94		0.65		—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	30,021,591	4.36	$	2.51	$	—

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Stock-Based Compensation

Summary of fair value determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model

	December 31, 2022
Exercise price		$0.51-$3.10
Risk-free rate of interest		1.8%-4.36%
Expected term (years)		5.3-6.5
Expected stock price volatility		94.9%-147.8%
Dividend yield		—

Schedule of stock option activity

	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price	Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.4	$ 618
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	8.1	$ 124
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	2,548,849	$ 3.32	7.9	$ 46
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2023	1,956,237	$ 3.71	7.6	$ 46

Summary of recognition of stock-based compensation

The following table summarizes the Company’s recognition of stock-based compensation for the following periods (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Stock-based compensation expense
General and administrative	$	443	$	768	$	1,034	$	1,884
Research and development		101		219		205		437
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	544	$	987	$	1,239	$	2,321

Schedule of restricted stock activity

	Awards	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	1,000,000	$ 0.57
Unvested Balance as of June 30, 2023	1,000,000	$ 0.57

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]

Summary of fair value hierarchy

		June 30		December 31
Description	Level	2023		2022
		(Unaudited)
Assets:
Money Market Account	1	$	9,810	$	15,249
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities (Note 11)	3	$	36	$	37
Convertible note payable (Note 7)	3	$	12,692	$	10,525

Schedule of measure the convertible note liability

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48
Time to expiration		0.84
Note market interest rate		8.9%
Equity volatility		100.0%
Volume volatility		455.0%
Risk-free rate		5.42%
Probability of default		6.5%

Summary of Convertible note payable

The following table presents the Note as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

Schedule of significant unobservable inputs

The significant inputs used in the Black-Scholes model to measure the warrant liabilities that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

	June 30, 2023
Stock price on valuation date	$	0.48 - 0.66
Exercise price per share	$	3.48 - 11.50
Expected life		0.02 - 3.15
Volatility		55.0 - 175.1%
Risk-free rate		3.79 - 5.31%
Dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value of warrants	$	0.00 - 79.34

Common stock warrants

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]

Schedule of reconciliation of liabilities

A reconciliation of warrant liabilities is included below (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	37
Gain upon re-measurement		(12)
Balance as of March 31, 2023		25
Gain upon re-measurement		11
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	36

Convertible notes payable | Level 3

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]

Summary of Convertible note payable

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Note categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Par value of the Note	$	11,020	$	11,020
Debt discount		(497)		(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)		—
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value		10,235		10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435		505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22		—
Total carrying value of Note	$	12,692	$	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$	12,692	$	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion	$	—	$	2,822

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Organization (Details)	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2023 state	Mar. 31, 2023 patent	Jun. 30, 2023 person patent
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of patients reviewed | patent		50
Percentage of standard set for veteran rating team and site raters		90.00%
Percentage of threshold congruence achieved		94.00%
Threshold number of states covered under the recruitment campaign | state	45
Minimum shelf life of supplies		2 years
Threshold number of patients' data that would be enough demonstrate preliminary safety and efficacy | patent			200
Number of patients in randomized prospective trial | person			200
NRX-101 | License Agreement | Alvogen
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Initial term		20 years
Renewal term		2 years
NRX-100
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of patients in inpatient trial | person			160

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Liquidity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Liquidity
Cash	$ 15.0
Warrants, exercise price per share	$ 2.51	$ 5.40	$ 6.49

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	2,548,849	2,706,115	2,548,849	2,706,115
Restricted stock awards
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	1,000,000		1,000,000
Common stock warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	30,021,591	17,521,753	30,021,591	17,521,753
Earnout Shares
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount		22,209,280		22,209,280
Earnout Shares from exercised Substitute Options and Substitute Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount		1,229,925		1,229,925

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid clinical development expenses	$ 1,901	$ 3,167
Prepaid insurance	2,018	1,966
Other prepaid expenses	735	331
Prepaid legal expenses	159	270
Other current receivables	6	7
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 4,819	$ 5,741

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Accrued and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accrued and other current liabilities:
Other accrued expenses	$ 2,856	$ 2,616
Accrued employee expenses	949	974
Accrued research and development expenses	1,183	923
Professional services	795	342
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$ 5,783	$ 4,855

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Alvogen Licensing Agreement (Details) - NRX-101 - License Agreement - Alvogen - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Jun. 02, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Alvogen Licensing Agreement
Initial term		20 years
Renewal term		2 years
Equity royalty payable period in case of reversion license	30 days
First milestone payment to be received	$ 10
Second milestone payment receivable	5
Maximum bonus milestone payment receivable	$ 330

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Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related party loan		$ 11,020
Repayment of note payable	$ (518)
Promissory Note 9% Redeemable [Member]
Related party loan			$ 11,020

XML

Debt - Convertible Note (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Nov. 04, 2022
Debt discount	$ 497	$ 497
Fair value adjustment through earnings	663	2,435
Promissory Note 9% Redeemable [Member]
Unsecured promissory note				$ 11,000
Debt discount			$ 1,000	$ 1,000
Fair value adjustment through earnings	$ (700)	$ (2,400)	$ 505

XML

Debt - Convertible note payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Nov. 04, 2022
Short-term Debt [Line Items]
Par value of the Note	$ 11,020	$ 11,020
Debt discount	(497)	(497)
Repayment of Principal	(288)	(288)
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value	10,235	10,235
Fair value adjustment through earnings	(663)	(2,435)
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22
Total carrying value of Note	12,692	12,692
Convertible note payable - current portion	12,692	12,692
Interest repayments			$ 3
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Conversion of Convertible Securities	200	200
Promissory Note 9% Redeemable [Member]
Short-term Debt [Line Items]
Par value of the Note				$ 11,020
Debt discount				(1,000)	$ (1,000)
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value				10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings	$ 700	$ 2,400		(505)
Total carrying value of Note				10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion				7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion				$ 2,822

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Maximum
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Operating Lease, Expense	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1

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Commitments and Contingencies - Sponsored Research Agreement with National Jewish Health (Details) $ in Millions	Feb. 08, 2021 USD ($)
Sponsored Research Agreement [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Research commitments	$ 0.4

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Commitments and Contingencies - Relief Therapeutics Collaboration Agreement (Details) - Relief Therapeutics Collaboration Agreement [Member] - Relief Therapeutics Lawsuit - Relief Therapeutics Holdings, AG $ in Millions	Sep. 18, 2020 USD ($)
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Milestone payments receivable	$ 13.0
Royalty payments receivable	30.0
Indemnity claims	0.5
Maximum
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Representations and Warranties	2.0
Covenants and Other Agreements	$ 3.0

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - GEM Share Subscription Facility Agreement (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Mar. 28, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
GEM Warrant
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of shares issued upon exercise of warrants	1,496,216
GEM Share Subscription Facility Agreement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accrued Settlement Expense		$ 39.5
Additional settlement liability	$ 21.4
GEM Share Subscription Facility Agreement | GEM Warrant
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Warrant issued	3,329,812
Exercise price of warrant	$ 3.19
Expiration term of warrants	3 years
Proceeds from issuance of common stock for exercise of warrant	$ 7.5

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Equity - Common and Preferred Stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000				500,000,000
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001				$ 0.001
Warrants, exercise price per share	$ 2.51			$ 5.40	$ 6.49
Proceeds from sale of common stock	$ 8,122	$ 22,638
Preferred stock, shares authorized	50,000,000				50,000,000
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001				$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0				0
Securities Purchase Agreement June Investors | H.C. Wainwright & Co. LLC
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Securities purchase agreement, placement agent fee percentage			6.50%
Less: transaction costs and advisory fees allocated to NRXP equity			$ (600)

XML

Equity - Substitute Warrants (Details) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	May 24, 2021	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		$ 11	$ (116)	$ (1)	$ (273)
Merger agreement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exchange Ratio	3.16
Merger agreement | Stockholders of NeuroRx
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exchange Ratio				3.16
Substitute Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities			$ (100)		$ (200)
Substitute Warrants | Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		$ 100		$ 100

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Equity - Assumed Public Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	18 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of outstanding warrants	30,021,591	20,351,589	16,484,923
Warrants, exercise price per share	$ 2.51	$ 5.40	$ 6.49
Public Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of outstanding warrants	3,450,000
Number of shares per warrant	1
Warrants, exercise price per share	$ 11.50
Warrants expiration term	5 years
Warrants exercised during period	0

XML

Equity - Assumed Placement Warrants (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of outstanding warrants	30,021,591		30,021,591		20,351,589	16,484,923
Change in fair value of warrant liability	$ (11)	$ 116	$ 1	$ 273

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Equity - Investor Warrants (Details)	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 03, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, exercise price per share	$ 2.51		$ 5.40	$ 6.49
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants fair value disclosure | $		$ 1,700,000
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input | $		5
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member] | Stock price on valuation date
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input		0.53
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member] | Exercise price per share
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input		0.65
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member] | Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input		175.1
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member] | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input		3.85
June Investor Amended Warrants [Member] | Dividend yield
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input		0

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Equity - Schedule of Warrant Activity (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Total Warrants
Outstanding at the beginning	20,351,589	16,484,923
Issued	9,670,002	3,866,666
Outstanding at the end	30,021,591	20,351,589	16,484,923
Weighted Average Remaining Term
Outstanding	4 years 4 months 9 days	3 years 7 months 24 days	3 years 7 months 2 days
Issued (in years)	4 years 11 months 8 days	4 years 8 months 8 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars per share)	$ 5.40	$ 6.49
Issued (in dollars per share)	0.65	0.75
Outstanding at the end (in dollars per share)	$ 2.51	$ 5.40	$ 6.49

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Details)	May 24, 2021 $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options to purchase shares of common Stock		2,548,849	2,548,849	2,548,849
Exercise price | $ / shares		$ 3.32	$ 3.32	$ 3.32
Merger agreement
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exchange Ratio	3.16
Options to purchase shares of common Stock	2,895,423
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 5.10
2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized for issuance		3,472,000

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Option Awards, assumptions (Details) - Stock Options - $ / shares	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price minimum		$ 0.51
Exercise price maximum		$ 3.10
Risk-free rate of interest, minimum		1.80%
Risk-free rate of interest, maximum		4.36%
Dividend yield	0.00%
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (years)		5 years 3 months 18 days
Expected stock price volatility		94.90%
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (years)		6 years 6 months
Expected stock price volatility		147.80%

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of stock option activity (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of shares
Outstanding at the beginning (in shares)	2,548,849	2,548,849
Outstanding at the end (in shares)	2,548,849	2,548,849	2,548,849
Options vested and exercisable (in shares)		1,956,237
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars per share)	$ 3.32	$ 3.32
Outstanding at the end (in dollars per share)	$ 3.32	3.32	$ 3.32
Options vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)		$ 3.71
Weighted average remaining remaining term (in years)
Outstanding (in years)	8 years 1 month 6 days	7 years 10 months 24 days	8 years 4 months 24 days
Options vested and exercisable (in years)		7 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars)	$ 618,000	$ 618,000
Outstanding at the end (in dollars)	$ 124,000	46,000	$ 618,000
Options vested and exercisable		$ 46,000

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation		$ 1.1
Weighted-average period		10 months 24 days
Stock Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average grant date fair value	$ 0.16		$ 1.55

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Recognition of stock-based compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 544	$ 987	$ 1,239	$ 2,321
General and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	443	768	1,034	1,884
Research and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 101	$ 219	$ 205	$ 437

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted-average period			10 months 24 days
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 544	$ 987	$ 1,239	$ 2,321
Restricted stock awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period			1,000,000
Balance, end of period	1,000,000		1,000,000	1,000,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Grant date fair value, beginning of period			$ 0.57
End of period	$ 0.57		$ 0.57	$ 0.57
Unrecognized compensation, restricted stock	$ 400		$ 400
Weighted-average period			2 years
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 0
Maximum | Restricted stock awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation expense			$ 100

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities	$ 36	$ 37
Recurring basis | Level 1
Assets:
Money Market Account	9,810	15,249
Recurring basis | Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities	36	37
Convertible note payable (Note 7)	$ 12,692	$ 10,525

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Convertible Note Liability (Details) - Recurring basis - Level 3	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.00
Convertible notes payable | Stock price on valuation date
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input | $ / shares	0.48
Convertible notes payable | Time to expiration
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input | $	0.84
Convertible notes payable | Note market interest rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	8.9
Convertible notes payable | Equity volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	100.0
Convertible notes payable | Volume volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	455.0
Convertible notes payable | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	5.42
Convertible notes payable | Probability of default
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	6.5

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Convertible Note Payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Par value of the Note	$ 11,020	$ 11,020
Debt discount	(497)	(497)
Fair value adjustment through earnings	663	2,435
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22
Convertible notes payable | Level 3
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Par value of the Note	11,020	11,020	$ 11,020
Debt discount	(497)	(497)	(1,000)
Repayment of Principal		(288)
Carrying value of the Note before current period change in fair value	10,235	10,235	10,020
Fair value adjustment through earnings		2,435	505
Fair value adjustment through accumulated other comprehensive income		22
Total carrying value of Note	12,692	12,692	10,525
Convertible note payable - current portion	$ 12,692	$ 12,692	7,703
Convertible note payable, net of current portion			$ 2,822

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Fair Value Measurements -Schedule of Measure the warrant liabilities (Details) - Recurring basis - Level 3	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares USD ($)
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.00
Dividend yield
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0
Convertible notes payable | Stock price on valuation date
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.48
Convertible notes payable | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	5.42
Minimum | Stock price on valuation date
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.48
Minimum | Exercise price per share
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	3.48
Minimum | Expected life
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input | $	0.02
Minimum | Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	55.0
Minimum | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	3.79
Minimum | Fair value of warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.00
Maximum | Stock price on valuation date
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	0.66
Maximum | Exercise price per share
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	11.50
Maximum | Expected life
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input | $	3.15
Maximum | Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	175.1
Maximum | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	5.31
Maximum | Fair value of warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and rights outstanding, measurement input	79.34

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Fair Value Measurements - Reconciliation of warrant liabilities (Details) - Common stock warrants - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Balance at the beginning	$ 37	$ 37
Gain upon re-measurement	$ (12)	$ 11
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Nonoperating Income (Expense)	Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Balance at the end	$ 25	$ 36

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Income Taxes (Details) $ in Millions	18 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Income Taxes
Provision or benefit for income tax expense	$ 0.0

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Related Party Transactions (Details) $ in Millions			3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Aug. 29, 2023 shares	Nov. 06, 2022 USD ($) D	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	May 29, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Minimum equity required for transfer of Excluded Technology		$ 50.0
Number of consecutive trading days | D		20
Number of trading days | D		20
Threshold aggregate liquidity of the related party							$ 0.6
Consulting fee payable per month							0.1
Performance based annual bonus minimum target							$ 0.3
2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Shares granted | shares	500,000
Number of shares, restrictions removed on new drug application date | shares	(250,000)
Number of shares, restrictions removed on new drug approval date | shares	(250,000)
Former CEO
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment to related party			$ 0.1	$ 0.2	$ 0.5	$ 0.4
Chief Executive Officer Son [Member] | Maximum
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment to related party			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Related Party [Member] | Maximum
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accounts payable due to related parties			0.1		0.1			$ 0.1
Glytech Agreement [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment to related party			$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.2	0.1
PillTracker SOW
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment to related party						$ 0.2

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Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Millions	Nov. 04, 2022 USD ($)
Promissory Note 9% Redeemable [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Unsecured promissory note	$ 11.0