10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-38479

Construction Partners, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	26-0758017
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
290 Healthwest Drive, Suite 2 Dothan, Alabama	36303
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (334) 673-9763

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share	ROAD	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
		(Nasdaq Global Select Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of May 8, 2024, the registrant had 43,828,855 shares of Class A common stock, $0.001 par value, and 8,998,511 shares of Class B common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including, among other things, statements related to future events, business strategy, future performance, future operations, backlog, financial position, plans to repurchase shares of Class A common stock, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management. All statements other than statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as “seek,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “project,” “predict,” “potential,” “targeting,” “intend,” “could,” “might,” “should,” “believe,” “outlook” and variations of such words or their negative and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and may not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s belief, based on currently available information, as to the outcome and timing of future events. These statements involve estimates, assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. When evaluating forward-looking statements, you should consider the risk factors and other cautionary statements described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. We believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this report are reasonable, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements should not be unduly relied upon.

Important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•declines in public infrastructure construction and reductions in government funding, including the funding by transportation authorities and other state and local agencies;

•risks related to our operating strategy;

•competition for projects in our local markets;

•risks associated with our capital-intensive business;

•government inquiries, requirements and initiatives, including those related to funding for public infrastructure construction, land use, environmental, health and safety matters, and government contracting requirements and other laws and regulations;

•unfavorable economic conditions and restrictive financing markets;

•our ability to successfully identify, manage and integrate acquisitions;

•our ability to obtain sufficient bonding capacity to undertake certain projects;

•our ability to accurately estimate the overall risks, requirements or costs when we bid on or negotiate contracts that are ultimately awarded to us;

•the cancellation of a significant number of contracts or our disqualification from bidding for new contracts;

•risks related to adverse weather conditions;

•climate change and related laws and regulations;

•our substantial indebtedness and the restrictions imposed on us by the terms thereof;

•our ability to manage our supply chain in a manner that ensures that we are able to obtain adequate raw materials, equipment and essential supplies;

•our ability to retain key personnel and maintain satisfactory labor relations, and to manage or mitigate any labor shortages, turnover and labor cost increases;

•the impact of inflation on costs of labor, raw materials and other items that are critical to our business, including fuel, concrete and steel;

•unfavorable developments affecting the banking and financial services industry;

•property damage and other claims and insurance coverage issues;

•the outcome of litigation or disputes, including employment-related, workers’ compensation and breach of contract claims;

•risks related to our information technology systems and infrastructure, including cybersecurity incidents;

•our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; and

•other events outside of our control.

These factors are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors could also cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Our future results will depend upon various other risks and uncertainties, including those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date on which any such statement is made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	2
Item 1.	Financial Statements	2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	3
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	5
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	35
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	37
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	37
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	37
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	37
Item 5.	Other Information	37
Item 6.	Exhibits	38
SIGNATURES		39

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CONSTRUCTION PARTNERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

	March 31,		September 30,
	2024		2023
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	48,243
Restricted cash	2,479		837
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	275,570		303,704
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts	36,120		27,296
Inventories	102,750		84,038
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,586		9,306
Total current assets	475,462		473,424
Property, plant and equipment, net	565,351		505,095
Operating lease right-of-use assets	26,721		14,485
Goodwill	181,467		159,270
Intangible assets, net	21,451		19,520
Investment in joint venture	84		87
Restricted investments	15,452		15,079
Other assets	27,412		32,705
Total assets	$	1,313,400	$	1,219,665
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	141,522	$	151,406
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	103,453		78,905
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	5,564		2,338
Current maturities of long-term debt	15,000		15,000
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	24,608		31,534
Total current liabilities	290,147		279,183
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	423,388		360,740
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	21,717		12,649
Deferred income taxes, net	35,438		37,121
Other long-term liabilities	17,727		13,398
Total long-term liabilities	498,270		423,908
Total liabilities	788,417		703,091
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.001; 10,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023	—		—
Class A common stock, par value $0.001; 400,000,000 shares authorized, 43,896,017 shares issued and 43,828,855 shares outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 43,760,546 shares issued and 43,727,680 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023	44		44
Class B common stock, par value $0.001; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 11,921,463 shares issued and 8,998,511 shares outstanding at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023	12		12
Additional paid-in capital	272,669		267,330
Treasury stock, Class A common stock, par value $0.001, at cost, 67,162 shares at March 31, 2024 and 32,866 shares at September 30, 2023	(1,514)		(178)
Treasury stock, Class B common stock, par value $0.001, at cost, 2,922,952 shares at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023	(15,603)		(15,603)
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net	14,381		18,694
Retained earnings	254,994		246,275
Total stockholders’ equity	524,983		516,574
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,313,400	$	1,219,665

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

2

CONSTRUCTION PARTNERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(unaudited in thousands, except share and per share data)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues	$	371,427	$	324,850	$	767,932	$	666,629
Cost of revenues	332,626		298,570		677,251		609,853
Gross profit	38,801		26,280		90,681		56,776
General and administrative expenses	(36,752)		(31,989)		(72,733)		(61,714)
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment, net	1,031		3,158		1,867		3,326
Gain on facility exchange	—		—		—		5,389
Operating income (loss)	3,080		(2,551)		19,815		3,777
Interest expense, net	(4,568)		(4,802)		(8,314)		(8,762)
Other income	43		398		15		432
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	(1,445)		(6,955)		11,516		(4,553)
Provision for income taxes	(321)		(1,474)		2,797		(964)
Net income (loss)	(1,124)		(5,481)		8,719		(3,589)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap contract, net	2,478		(3,460)		(4,627)		(4,752)
Unrealized gain (loss) on restricted investments, net	(87)		81		313		117
Other comprehensive income (loss)	2,392		(3,379)		(4,313)		(4,635)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	1,268	$	(8,860)	$	4,406	$	(8,224)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)
Diluted	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Diluted	51,938,216		51,827,365		52,523,100		51,826,143

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

3

CONSTRUCTION PARTNERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(unaudited in thousands, except share data)

	For the six months ended March 31, 2024
	Class A Common Stock			Class B Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock Class A Common Stock		Treasury Stock Class B Common Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
September 30, 2023	43,760,546	$	44	11,921,463	$	12	$	267,330	$	(178)	$	(15,603)	$	246,275	$	18,694	$	516,574
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		9,843		—		9,843
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		2,783		—		—		—		—		2,783
Issuance of stock grant awards	135,471	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchase of treasury stock	—	—		—	—		—		(1,336)		—		—		—		(1,336)
Other comprehensive (loss)	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(6,705)		(6,705)
December 31, 2023	43,896,017	$	44	11,921,463	$	12	$	270,113	$	(1,514)	$	(15,603)	$	256,118	$	11,989	$	521,159
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,124)		—		(1,124)
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		2,556		—		—		—		—		2,556
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		2,392		2,392
March 31, 2024	43,896,017	$	44	11,921,463	$	12	$	272,669	$	(1,514)	$	(15,603)	$	254,994	$	14,381	$	524,983

	For the six months ended March 31, 2023
	Class A Common Stock			Class B Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock Class A Common Stock		Treasury Stock Class B Common Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
September 30, 2022	41,195,730	$	41	14,275,867	$	15	$	256,571	$	(39)	$	(15,603)	$	197,274	$	17,620	$	455,879
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		1,892		—		1,892
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		2,480		—		—		—		—		2,480
Issuance of stock grant awards	180,798	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchase of treasury stock	—	—		—	—		—		(139)		—		—		—		(139)
Other comprehensive (loss)	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(1,256)		(1,256)
December 31, 2022	41,376,528	$	41	14,275,867	$	15	$	259,051	$	(178)	$	(15,603)	$	199,166	$	16,364	$	458,856
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(5,481)		—		(5,481)
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		2,692		—		—		—		—		2,692
Other comprehensive (loss)	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(3,379)		(3,379)
March 31, 2023	41,376,528	$	41	14,275,867	$	15	$	261,743	$	(178)	$	(15,603)	$	193,685	$	12,985	$	452,688

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

4

CONSTRUCTION PARTNERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization	43,961		38,233
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs	148		151
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments	194		2,286
Provision for bad debt	335		70
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment	(1,867)		(3,326)
Gain on facility exchange	—		(5,389)
Realized loss on sales, calls and maturities of restricted investments	49		4
Share-based compensation expense	6,221		5,172
Loss from investment in joint venture	3		—
Deferred income tax benefit	(306)		(224)
Other non-cash adjustments	(224)		(69)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business acquisitions:
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	43,443		34,092
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts	(7,799)		743
Inventories	(15,968)		(10,152)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,165		(3,246)
Other assets	(585)		(206)
Accounts payable	(12,536)		(12,764)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	22,412		7,415
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(11,976)		(6,289)
Other long-term liabilities	2,161		2,784
Net cash provided by operating activities, net of business acquisitions	78,550		45,696
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(55,518)		(60,399)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment	4,962		8,301
Proceeds from facility exchange	—		36,987
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of restricted investments	1,918		866
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(87,850)		(77,842)
Purchase of restricted investments	(1,870)		(5,148)
Net cash used in investing activities	(138,358)		(97,235)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from revolving credit facility	90,000		38,000
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs	—		15,000
Repayments of long-term debt	(27,500)		(6,250)
Purchase of treasury stock	(1,336)		(139)
Net cash provided by financing activities	61,164		46,611
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	1,356		(4,928)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	49,080		35,559
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	50,436	$	30,631
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	9,569	$	9,047
Cash paid for income taxes	$	3,155	$	626
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	1,435	$	1,204
Non-cash items:
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	$	9,999	$	4,062
Property, plant and equipment financed with accounts payable	$	2,554	$	3,448

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

5

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)

Note 1 - General

Business Description

Construction Partners, Inc. (the “Company”) is a civil infrastructure company that specializes in the construction and maintenance of roadways across Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. The Company was formed in 2007 as a holding company to facilitate an acquisition growth strategy in the HMA paving and construction industry. Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Company provides a variety of products and services to both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential developments. The Company’s primary operations consist of (i) manufacturing and distributing hot mix asphalt (“HMA”) for both internal use and sales to third parties in connection with construction projects, (ii) paving activities, including the construction of roadway base layers and application of asphalt pavement, (iii) site development, including the installation of utility and drainage systems, (iv) mining aggregates, such as sand, gravel and construction stone, that are used as raw materials in the production of HMA and for sales to third parties, and (v) distributing liquid asphalt cement for both internal use and sales to third parties in connection with HMA production.

Seasonality

The use and consumption of the Company’s products and services fluctuate due to seasonality. The Company’s products are used, and its construction operations and production facilities are located, outdoors. Therefore, seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions, such as snowy, rainy or cold weather in the winter, spring or fall and major weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms and heavy snows, can adversely affect the Company’s business and operations through a decline in both the use of the Company’s products and demand for the Company’s services. In addition, construction materials production and shipment levels follow activity in the construction industry, which typically occurs in the spring, summer and fall. The first and second quarters of the Company’s fiscal year typically have lower levels of activity due to less favorable weather conditions. Warmer and drier weather during the Company's third and fourth fiscal quarters typically result in higher activity and revenues during those quarters.

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These interim consolidated statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which permit reduced disclosure for interim periods. The Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 were derived from the Company's audited financial statements for the fiscal year then ended, but do not include all necessary disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) with respect to annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, these unaudited consolidated financial statements include all recurring adjustments and normal accruals necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the dates and periods presented. These consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”). Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year or for any future period.

Management’s Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts of assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity, revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used in accounting for items such as recognition of revenues and cost of revenues, investments, mineral reserves, goodwill and other intangible assets, business acquisitions, valuation of operating lease right-of-use assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowances related to income taxes, accruals for potential liabilities related to lawsuits or insurance claims, asset retirement obligations, valuation of derivative instruments and valuation of share-based compensation awards. Estimates are continually evaluated based on historical information and actual experience; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.

A description of certain critical accounting policies of the Company is presented below. Additional critical accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties are described in the notes to the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements included in the 2023 Form 10-K.

6

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consists principally of currency on hand and demand deposits at commercial banks. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid securities that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Cash equivalents include securities with original maturities of three months or less. The Company maintains demand accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit at several banks. From time to time, account balances have exceeded the maximum available federal deposit insurance coverage limit. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and regularly monitors its credit risk.

Restricted Cash

Construction Partners Risk Management, Inc. (the “Captive”), a captive insurance company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, provides general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation insurance coverage to the Company and its subsidiaries. Restricted cash represents cash held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company had restricted cash of $2.5 million and $0.8 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited, in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	50,436	$	30,631

Restricted Investments

The Company’s restricted investments consist of debt securities held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company determines the classification of its securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates the determination at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified securities held by the Captive as available-for-sale. As a result, these securities are carried at their fair value. Purchases and sales of debt securities are recorded on the trade date. Interest income on debt securities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net. These securities have been classified as non-current assets based on their respective maturity dates and the Company’s intent to reinvest sales proceeds into new restricted investments. The Company had restricted investments of $15.5 million and $15.1 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The Company evaluates its available-for-sale debt securities quarterly to determine whether there has been a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost due to credit losses or other factors. This evaluation process entails judgement by the Company, and considers factors including the issuer’s financial condition and near-term prospects, future economic conditions, interest rate changes and changes in the rating of the security. When the Company has determined that it intends to sell, or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before it recovers its amortized cost basis above fair value, the individual security is written down to fair value, with a corresponding charge to “Other income” within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the intent impairment criteria but for which the Company has determined that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss allowance is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no intent impairments or credit losses.

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable are generally based on amounts billed and currently due from customers, amounts currently due but unbilled, and amounts retained by customers pending satisfactory completion of a project. It is common in the Company’s industry for a small portion of either progress billings or the contract price, typically 10%, to be withheld by the customer until the Company completes a project to the satisfaction of the customer in accordance with the applicable contract terms. Such amounts, defined as retainage, are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net.” Based on the Company’s experience with similar contracts in recent years, billings for such retainage balances are generally collected within one year of the completion of the project.

Contracts receivable including retainage, net is stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. Management provides for uncollectible accounts through a charge to earnings and a credit to the allowance for doubtful accounts based

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on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts, type of service performed, current economic conditions, historical losses and other information available to management. Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the allowance for doubtful accounts and an adjustment to the contract receivable.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Billing practices for the Company’s contracts are governed by the contract terms of each project based on (i) progress toward completion approved by the owner, (ii) achievement of milestones or (iii) pre-agreed schedules. Billings do not necessarily correlate with revenues recognized under the cost-to-cost input method. The Company records contract assets and contract liabilities to account for these differences in timing.

The contract asset, “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts”, arises when the Company recognizes revenues for services performed under its construction projects, but the Company is not yet entitled to bill the customer under the terms of the contract. Amounts billed to customers are excluded from this asset and reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net”. Included in costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are amounts the Company seeks or will seek to collect from customers or others for (i) errors, (ii) changes in contract specifications or design, (iii) contract change orders in dispute, unapproved as to scope and price, or (iv) other customer-related causes of unanticipated additional contract costs (such as claims). Such amounts are recorded to the extent that the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable. Claims and unapproved change orders made by the Company may involve negotiation and, in rare cases, litigation. Unapproved change orders and claims also involve the use of estimates, and revenues associated with unapproved change orders and claims are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company did not recognize any material amounts associated with claims and unapproved change orders during the periods presented.

The contract liability, “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts”, represents the Company’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has been paid by the customer or for which the Company has billed the customer under the terms of the contract. Revenue for future services reflected in this account are recognized, and the liability is reduced, as the Company subsequently satisfies the performance obligation under the contract.

Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are typically resolved within one year and are not considered significant financing components.

Concentration of Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of contracts receivable including retainage. In the normal course of business, the Company provides credit to its customers and does not generally require collateral. The Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with these receivables on an ongoing basis. The Company has not historically experienced significant credit losses, due primarily to management’s assessment of customers’ credit ratings. The Company principally deals with recurring customers, state and local governments and well-known local companies whose reputations are known to management. The Company performs credit checks for significant new customers and generally requires progress payments for significant projects. The Company generally has the ability to file liens against the property if payments are not made on a timely basis. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s contracts receivable including retainage, net balance at March 31, 2024 or September 30, 2023.

Projects performed for various departments of transportation accounted for 36.0% and 29.8% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and for 36.9% and 30.9% of consolidated revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Customers that accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,		For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Florida Department of Transportation	15.8%	11.3%	14.2%	*

* Less than 10%

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Revenues from Contracts with Customers

The Company derives revenues from contracts with its customers, predominantly by performing construction services for both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential developments. These projects are performed for a mix of federal, state, municipal and private customers. In addition, the Company generates revenues from the sale of construction materials, including HMA, aggregates, liquid asphalt and ready-mix concrete, to third-party public and private customers pursuant to contracts with those customers. The following table reflects, for the periods presented, the percentage of (i) revenues generated from public infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to public customers and (ii) revenues generated from private infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to private customers.

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Private	42.3	%	42.1	%	41.7	%	40.4	%
Public	57.7	%	57.9	%	58.4	%	59.6	%

Revenues derived from construction projects are recognized over time as the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring control of the asset created or enhanced by the project to the customer. Recognition of revenues and cost of revenues for construction projects requires significant judgment by management, including, among other things, estimating total costs expected to be incurred to complete a project and measuring progress toward completion. Management reviews contract estimates regularly to assess revisions of estimated costs to complete a project and measurement of progress toward completion.

Management believes the Company maintains reasonable estimates based on prior experience; however, many factors contribute to changes in estimates of contract costs. Accordingly, estimates made with respect to uncompleted projects are subject to change as each project progresses and better estimates of contract costs become available. All contract costs are recorded as incurred, and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Provisions are recognized for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue, regardless of the stage of completion. When the Company incurs additional costs related to work performed by subcontractors, the Company may be able to utilize contractual provisions to back charge the subcontractors for those costs. A reduction to costs related to back charges is recognized when estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Contract costs consist of (i) direct costs on contracts, including labor, materials, and amounts payable to subcontractors and (ii) indirect costs related to contract performance, such as insurance, employee benefits, and equipment (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs).

Progress toward completion is estimated using the input method, measured by the relationship of total cost incurred through the measurement date to total estimated costs required to complete the project (cost-to-cost method). The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of goods and services to the customer because it represents satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation under the contract, which occurs as the Company incurs costs. The Company measures percentage of completion based on the performance of a single performance obligation under its construction projects. Each of the Company’s construction contracts represents a single performance obligation to complete a defined construction project. This is because goods and services promised for delivery to a customer are not distinct, as the customer cannot benefit from any individual portion of the services on its own. All deliverables under a contract are part of a project defined by a customer and represent a series of integrated goods and services that have the same pattern of delivery to the customer and use the same measure of progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation as the customer’s asset is created or enhanced by the Company. The Company’s obligation is not satisfied until the entire project is complete.

Revenue recognized during a reporting period is based on the cost-to-cost input method applied to the total transaction price, including adjustments for variable consideration, such as liquidated damages, penalties or bonuses, related to the timeliness or quality of project performance. The Company includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price at the most likely amount to which the Company expects to be entitled or the most likely amount the Company expects to incur, in the case of liquidated damages or penalties. Such amounts are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company accounts for changes to the estimated transaction price using a cumulative catch-up adjustment.

The majority of the Company’s public construction contracts are fixed unit price contracts. Under fixed unit price contracts, the Company is committed to providing materials or services required by a contract at fixed unit prices (for example, dollars per ton of asphalt placed). The Company’s private customer contracts are primarily fixed total price contracts, also known as lump sum contracts, which require that the total amount of work be performed for a single price. Contract cost is recorded as incurred, and revisions in

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contract revenue and cost estimates are reflected in the accounting period when known. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract change orders, penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to estimated revenues and costs and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.

Change orders are modifications of an original contract that effectively change the existing provisions of the contract and become part of the single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. This is because goods and services promised under change orders are generally not distinct from the remaining goods and services under the existing contract, due to the significant integration of services performed in the context of the contract. Accordingly, change orders are generally accounted for as a modification of the existing contract and single performance obligation. The Company accounts for the modification using a cumulative catch-up adjustment. Either the Company or its customers may initiate change orders, which may include changes in specifications or designs, manner of performance, facilities, equipment, materials, sites and period of completion of the work.

Revenues derived from the sale of HMA, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and liquid asphalt are recognized at a point in time, which is when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Generally, that point in time is when the customer accepts delivery at its facility or receives product in its own transport vehicles from one of the Company’s HMA plants or aggregates facilities. Upon purchase, the Company generally provides an invoice or similar document detailing the goods transferred to the customer. The Company generally offers payment terms customary in the industry, which typically require payment ranging from point-of-sale to 30 days following purchase.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes includes federal and state income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying values and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Management evaluates the realization of deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented on a net basis by taxing authority and classified as non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Earnings per Share

Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders, but includes dilutive unvested stock awards using the treasury stock method.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures and discloses certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are classified using the following hierarchy:

Level 1. Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through corroboration with observable market data.

Level 3. Inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability and include situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The inputs used in the determination of fair value are based on the best information available under the circumstances and may require significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company endeavors to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contracts receivable including retainage, accounts payable and accrued expenses reflected as current assets and current liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

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The Company also has debt securities reflected as restricted investments on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These investments are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date and are considered Level 2 fair value measurements.

The Company also has a Term Loan and a Revolving Credit Facility, as defined and further described in Note 8 - Debt. The carrying value of amounts outstanding under these credit facilities is reflected as long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance cost and current maturities of long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the variable rate or short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

The Company also has derivative instruments. The fair value of commodity and interest rate swaps are based on forward and spot prices, as described in Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements.

Level 3 fair values are used to value acquired mineral reserves and leased mineral interests. The fair values of mineral reserves and leased mineral interests are determined using an excess earnings approach, which requires management to estimate future cash flows. The estimate of future cash flows is based on available historical information and forecasts determined by management, but is inherently uncertain. Key assumptions in estimating future cash flows include sales price, volumes and expected profit margins, net of capital requirements. The present value of the projected net cash flows represents the fair value assigned to mineral reserves and mineral interests. The discount rate is a significant assumption used in the valuation model and is based on the required rate of return that a hypothetical market participant would assume if purchasing the acquired business.

Management applies fair value measurement guidance to its impairment analysis for tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company reports comprehensive income (loss) in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income and other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). OCI includes adjustments for changes in fair value of an interest rate swap contract derivative and available-for-sale restricted investments. For additional information about comprehensive income (loss), see Note 19 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Note 3 - Accounting Standards

The Company did not adopt any new accounting standards or updates during the six months ended March 31, 2024.

Note 4 - Business Acquisitions

Acquisitions - Provisional

On October 2, 2023, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Hubbard Paving & Grading, Inc., an asphalt and paving company headquartered in Walhalla, South Carolina, for $3.0 million. This transaction added an HMA plant and expanded the Company’s service market in the Upstate region of South Carolina.

On November 1, 2023, the Company acquired three HMA plants and certain related assets from Reeves Construction Company for $18.3 million. This transaction added HMA plants in Concord, North Carolina and Rock Hill and McConnells, South Carolina.

On December 29, 2023, the Company acquired all issued and outstanding membership interests of SJ&L General Contractor, LLC, an HMA and sitework company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama, for $60.1 million. This transaction expanded the Company’s service capabilities in the Huntsville, Alabama metro area.

On January 2, 2024, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Littlefield Construction Company, a soil base, surface treatment and sitework company headquartered in Waycross, Georgia, for $6.4 million. This transaction expanded the Company’s service capabilities in the Waycross, Georgia area.

The total amount of consideration for these transactions remains subject to post-closing adjustments with respect to inventory quantities, settlement of working capital and other matters.

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Combined Acquisitions During the Six Months Ended March 31, 2024

The foregoing acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations (“Topic 805”). As of March 31, 2024, the purchase price allocation had not yet been finalized due to the recent timing of these acquisitions, as certain information was pending on such date to finalize estimates of fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company consulted with independent third parties to assist in the valuation process. The Company expects to finalize the estimate of fair values as soon as practicable and no later than one year from their respective acquisition dates.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values based on the methodology described

under "Fair Value Measurements" in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies. The amount of the purchase price exceeding the net fair

value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as provisional goodwill in the amount of approximately

$22.2 million, which is deductible for income tax purposes. Goodwill primarily represents the assembled work force and

synergies expected to result from the acquisitions. Upon finalizing the accounting for these transactions, management

expects to ascribe value to other identifiable intangible assets, including customer relationships and customer backlog, which will

reduce the provisional amount allocated to goodwill.

Total consideration transferred for these acquisitions was $87.9 million, which was paid from available cash and a draw from the Revolving Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 - Debt). The combined total consideration has been provisionally allocated as follows: $13.2 million of net working capital, $51.8 million of property, plant and equipment and $22.9 million of goodwill and intangibles.

The Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) include $17.4 million of revenue and $0.9 million of net loss attributable to the operations of these acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $22.1 million of revenue and $1.2 million of net loss attributable to the operations of these acquisitions for the six months ended March 31, 2024. The Company recorded certain costs to effect the acquisitions as they were incurred, which are reflected in general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in the amount of $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $0.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024.

The following tables present pro forma revenues and net income as though the acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2022 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	371,427	$	342,209
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	(1,124)	$	(7,536)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	784,706	$	688,119
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	9,214	$	(5,836)

Pro forma financial information is presented as if the operations of the acquisitions had been included in the consolidated results of the Company since October 1, 2022, and gives effect to transactions that are directly attributable to the acquisitions, including adjustments to:

(a)include the pro forma results of operations of the acquisitions for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023;

(b)include additional depreciation and depletion expense related to the fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment and reserves at aggregates facilities, as applicable, as if such assets were acquired on October 1, 2022 and consistently applied to the Company’s depreciation and depletion methodologies;

(c)include interest expense under the Revolving Credit Facility as if the funds borrowed to finance the purchase prices were borrowed on October 1, 2022 (interest expense calculations further assume that no principal payments were made during the period from October 1, 2022 through March 31, 2024, and that the interest rate in effect on the date the Company made the acquisitions was in effect for the period from October 1, 2022 through March 31, 2024); and

(d)exclude $0.8 million of acquisition-related expenses from the six months ended March 31, 2024, as though such expenses were incurred prior to the pro forma acquisition date of October 1, 2022.

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Pro forma information is presented for informational purposes and may not be indicative of revenue or net income that would have been achieved if these acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2022.

Provisional Accounting

In April 2023, the Company acquired an HMA paving company headquartered in Anderson, South Carolina. In May 2023, the Company acquired an excavation, grading and utility company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. As of March 31, 2024, there had been no material adjustments to the September 30, 2023 provisional accounting for either acquisition as reported in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Note 5 - Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable including retainage, net consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Contracts receivable	$	225,888	$	251,324
Retainage receivable	50,844		53,286
	276,732		304,610
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,162)		(906)
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	$	275,570	$	303,704

Retainage receivable has been billed and the Company has an unconditional right to payment, but such payment is not due until satisfactory contract completion and acceptance by the customer.

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Note 6 - Contract Assets and Liabilities

Costs and estimated earnings compared to billings on uncompleted contracts at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Costs on uncompleted contracts	$	1,705,395	$	1,831,106
Estimated earnings to date on uncompleted contracts	181,298		194,760
	1,886,693		2,025,866
Billings to date on uncompleted contracts	(1,954,025)		(2,077,475)
Net billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	$	(67,332)	$	(51,609)

Significant changes to balances of costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings (contract asset) and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings (contract liability) on uncompleted contracts from September 30, 2022 to March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 to March 31, 2024 are presented below (in thousands):

	Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Net Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
September 30, 2022	$	29,271	$	(52,477)	$	(23,206)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	(145)		(9,527)		(9,672)
March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	29,126	$	(62,004)	$	(32,878)
September 30, 2023	$	27,296	$	(78,905)	$	(51,609)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	$	8,825	$	(24,547)	$	(15,722)
March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	36,120	$	(103,453)	$	(67,332)

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations under construction project contracts representing approximately $1.37 billion in aggregate transaction price. The Company expects to earn revenue as it satisfies its performance obligations under such contracts in the amount of approximately $743.7 million during the remainder of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 and $629.0 million thereafter.

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Note 7 - Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Construction equipment	$	511,111	$	447,467
Plants	233,611		208,708
Land and improvements	79,903		76,396
Mineral reserves	69,405		69,405
Buildings	36,885		36,885
Furniture and fixtures	7,775		7,538
Leasehold improvements	1,268		1,268
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	939,958		847,667
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization	(391,453)		(358,462)
Construction in progress	16,846		15,890
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	565,351	$	505,095

Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment was $23.1 million and $20.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $44.1 million and $39.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 8 - Debt

The Company maintains credit facilities to finance acquisitions, to fund the purchase of real estate, construction equipment, plants and other fixed assets, and for general working capital purposes. Debt at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Long-term debt:
Term Loan	$	276,250	$	283,750
Revolving Credit Facility	163,100		93,100
Total long-term debt	439,350		376,850
Deferred debt issuance costs	(962)		(1,110)
Current maturities of long-term debt	(15,000)		(15,000)
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	$	423,388	$	360,740

The Company and each of its subsidiaries are parties to a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 30, 2022 with PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent and lender, PNC Capital Markets LLC, as joint lead arranger and sole bookrunner, Regions Bank and BofA Securities, Inc., each as a joint arranger, and certain other lenders (as amended and restated, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for (i) a term loan facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (the “Term Loan”) the full amount of which was drawn at closing, (ii) a revolving credit facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $325.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and (iii) a delayed draw term loan facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million (the “Delayed Draw Term Loan”).

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All outstanding advances under the Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility are due and payable in full on June 30, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”). The Term Loan (commencing on September 30, 2022) and the Delayed Draw Term Loan (commencing on December 31, 2023), amortize in quarterly installments in an amount (subject, in each case, to adjustments for prior mandatory and voluntary prepayments of principal) equal to: (a) 1.25% of the original principal amount on each of the following eleven quarter-end payment dates; (b) 1.875% of the original principal amount on each of the next eight quarter-end payment dates; and (c) all remaining principal on the Maturity Date. The annual interest rates applicable to advances will be calculated, at the Company’s option, by using either a base rate, Daily Simple SOFR plus 0.10%, or Term SOFR plus 0.10%, in each case, plus an applicable margin percentage that corresponds to the Company’s consolidated net leverage ratio. Subject to various requirements, the Company generally may (and, under certain circumstances, must), prepay all or a portion of the outstanding balance of the advances, together with accrued interest thereon, prior to their contractual maturity. The obligations of the Company and its subsidiaries under the Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets.

At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there was $276.3 million and $283.8 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Term Loan, $163.1 million and $93.1 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, and availability of $153.7 million and $222.1 million, respectively, under the Revolving Credit Facility, including a reduction for outstanding letters of credit.

The Credit Agreement contains customary negative covenants for agreements of this type, including, but not limited to, restrictions on

the Company’s ability to make acquisitions, make loans or advances, make capital expenditures and investments, pay dividends, create

or incur indebtedness, create liens, wind up or dissolve, consolidate, merge or liquidate, or sell, transfer or dispose of assets. The Credit

Agreement also requires the Company to satisfy certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20-

to-1.00 and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50-to-1.00, subject to certain adjustments. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company’s fixed charge coverage ratio was 3.39-to-1.00 and 2.56-to-1.00, respectively, and the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio was 1.81-to-1.00 and 1.72-to-1.00, respectively. At both March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.

From time to time, the Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge against the risk of changes in interest rates. At

both March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the aggregate notional value of these interest rate swap agreements was $300.0 million, and the fair value was $21.0 million and $26.9 million, respectively, which is included within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 9 - Equity

Shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting rights, conversion rights and transfer restrictions applicable to shares of Class B common stock. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors, unless otherwise required by applicable law or the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws. Shares of Class B common stock are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at any time at the option of the holder or upon any transfer, subject to certain limited exceptions. In addition, upon the election of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of Class B common stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will be converted into shares of Class A common stock. Once converted into shares of Class A common stock, shares of Class B common stock will not be reissued. Class A common stock is not convertible into any other class of the Company’s capital stock.

Treasury Stock

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company received a total of 33,772 shares of Class A common stock from employees for reimbursement of income taxes paid by the Company on behalf of these employees related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and 524 shares of Class A common stock through forfeitures of restricted stock awards by terminated employees.

Restricted Stock Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded a total of 80,113 restricted shares of Class A common stock to certain directors, officers and employees of the Company under the Construction Partners, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).

Performance Stock Units

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued a total of 55,358 shares of Class A common stock in settlement of vested performance stock units ("PSUs") under the Equity Incentive Plan.

Additional information about these transactions is set forth in Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation.

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Note 10 - Earnings Per Share

As discussed in Note 9 - Equity, the Company has Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Because the only differences between the two classes of common stock are related to voting rights, conversion rights and transfer restrictions applicable to shares of Class B common stock, the Company has not presented earnings per share under the two-class method, as the earnings per share are the same for both Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The following table summarizes the weighted-average number of basic common shares outstanding and the calculation of basic earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

The following table summarizes the calculation of the weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding and the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted stock grants	—		—		608,031		—
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding:	51,938,216		51,827,365		52,523,100		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per diluted common share attributable to common stockholders	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

Note 11 - Provision for Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated United States federal income tax return and income tax returns in various states. Management evaluated the Company’s tax positions based on appropriate provisions of applicable tax laws and regulations and believes that they are supportable based on their specific technical merits and the facts and circumstances of the respective transactions.                                                                

The Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 22.2% and 21.1%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 24.3% and 21.1%, respectively. The changes in the Company’s effective rates are due to differences in state tax rates at its operating subsidiaries.

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Note 12 - Related Parties

On December 31, 2017, the Company sold an indirect wholly owned subsidiary to an immediate family member of an executive officer of the Company (“Purchaser of Subsidiary”) in consideration for a note receivable in the amount of $1.0 million, which approximated the net book value of the disposed entity. At March 31, 2024, $0.1 million and $0.2 million was reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets, respectively, representing the remaining balances on this note receivable. In connection with this transaction, the Company also received a note receivable from the disposed entity (“Disposed Entity”) on December 31, 2017 in the amount of $1.0 million representing certain accounts payable of the Disposed Entity that were paid by the Company. At March 31, 2024, $0.1 million and $0.1 million was reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets, respectively, representing the remaining balances on this note receivable. Remaining principal and interest payments are scheduled to be made in periodic installments during fiscal year 2024 through fiscal year 2026.

Prior to its acquisition by the Company, a current subsidiary of the Company advanced funds to an entity owned by an immediate family member of an officer of the Company in connection with a land development project. The obligations of the borrower entity to repay the advances were guaranteed by a separate entity owned by the same family member of the officer. Amounts outstanding under the advances did not bear interest and matured in full in March 2021. In March 2021, the subsidiary of the Company amended and restated the terms of the repayment obligation, as a result of which the officer personally assumed the remaining balance of the obligation. No new amounts were advanced to the officer by the Company or any subsidiary or affiliate thereof in connection with the transaction. Under the amended and restated terms, the officer executed a promissory note in favor of the Company’s subsidiary in the principal amount of $0.8 million. The note bears simple interest at a rate of 4.0% and requires annual minimum payments of $0.1 million inclusive of principal and accrued interest, with any remaining principal and accrued interest due and payable in full on December 31, 2027. Amounts outstanding under the note are reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets (“Land Development Project”).

From time to time, the Company conducts or has conducted business with the following related parties:

•Entities owned by immediate family members of an executive officer of the Company perform subcontract work for a subsidiary of the Company, including trucking and grading services (“Subcontracting Services”).

•Since June 1, 2014, the Company has been a party to an access agreement with Island Pond Corporate Services, LLC, which provides a location for the Company to conduct business development activities from time to time on a property owned by the Executive Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors (“Island Pond”).

•The Company is party to a management services agreement with SunTx Capital Partners, a private equity firm based in Dallas, Texas and a member of the Company’s controlling group ("SunTx"), under which the Company pays SunTx $0.30 million per fiscal quarter and reimburses certain travel and other out-of-pocket expenses associated with services rendered under the management services agreement.

The following table presents revenues earned and expenses incurred by the Company during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and accounts receivable and payable balances at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, related to transactions with the related parties described above (in thousands):

	Revenue Earned (Expense Incurred)												Accounts Receivable (Payable)
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,						For the Six Months Ended March 31,						March 31,		September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023			2024		2023
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Purchaser of Subsidiary	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	311	$	311
Disposed Entity	—			—			—			—			198		198
Land Development Project	—			—			—			—			540		632
Subcontracting Services	(705)		(1)	(1,173)		(1)	(2,618)		(1)	(2,992)		(1)	(247)		(593)
Island Pond	(100)		(2)	(80)		(2)	(200)		(2)	(160)		(2)	—		—
SunTx	(451)		(2)	(359)		(2)	(882)		(2)	(726)		(2)	—		—
(1) Cost is reflected as cost of revenues on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(2) Cost is reflected as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	2,556	$	2,692
Liability classified awards	776		—
Employee stock purchase plan	221		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	3,553	$	2,692

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	5,339	$	5,172
Liability classified awards	882		—
Employee stock purchase plan	378		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	6,599	$	5,172

Restricted Stock - Equity Classified Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded a total of 80,113 restricted shares of Class A common stock to certain members of Company management and consultants under the Equity Incentive Plan. The grants are classified as equity awards. The aggregate grant date fair value of these restricted stock awards was $3.5 million. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded compensation expense in connection with these and prior restricted stock grants in the amount of $2.0 million and $4.4 million, which is reflected as general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $8.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

Performance Stock Units - Equity Classified Awards

PSUs provide for the issuance of shares of Class A common stock upon vesting, which occurs following the end of the performance period based on achievement of certain Company performance metrics established by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The final number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon vesting of PSUs can range from 0% to 150% of the number of PSUs initially granted, depending on the level of achievement, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The achievement of performance goals is modified by the total shareholder return ranking of the Company against the Russell 2000 Index over the performance period and can increase or decrease the achieved award by up to 15%. The Company recognizes expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for PSUs based on the forecasted achievement of Company performance metrics, multiplied by the fair value of the total number of shares of common stock that the Company anticipates will be issued based on such achievement.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 55,358 shares of Class A common stock as a result of the vesting of PSUs granted to certain members of Company management on December 29, 2021.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded PSUs representing a target of 83,044 shares and forecasted vesting of 62,283 shares of Class A common stock to certain members of Company management. The grants are classified as equity awards. The aggregate grant date fair value of these awards was $2.7 million. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded compensation expense in connection with these type awards in the amount of $0.6 million and $1.0 million, which is reflected as general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $4.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

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Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Units - Liability Classified Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted 114,264 of cash-settled restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company under the Equity Incentive Plan. The aggregate grant date fair value of these awards was $5.1 million. Compensation expense associated with these awards for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the liability for cash-settled RSUs was $0.9 million and $0.0 million and is included in other long-term liabilities. At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $4.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 3.5 years.

The grant date fair value of these awards is based on the price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the number of RSUs awarded on the date of grant. The awards must be settled in cash and are accounted for as liability-type awards. The expense is recognized over the requisite service period with remeasurement at the end of each reporting period at fair value until settlement. The requisite service period is based on the vesting provisions of the awards, which generally occurs in four equal annual installments beginning on the date of the first fiscal year-end after the grant date.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Construction Partners, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") became effective on May 13, 2021. The ESPP is intended to provide eligible employees of the Company an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a discounted rate using funds withheld through payroll deductions. The total number of shares offered under the ESPP is 1,000,000. The first offering period under the ESPP commenced on July 1, 2023. Since that date, the Company has purchased 29,899 shares under the ESPP. Compensation expense associated with the ESPP for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Note 14 - Leases

The Company leases certain facilities, office space, vehicles and equipment. As of March 31, 2024, operating leases under ASC Topic 842, Leases (“Topic 842”) were included in (i) operating lease right-of use assets, (ii) current portion of operating lease liabilities and (iii) operating lease liabilities, net of current portion on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets in the amounts of $26.7 million, $5.6 million and $21.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any lease contracts that had not yet commenced but had created significant rights and obligations.

The components of lease expense were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	1,471	$	788
Short-term lease cost	5,906		4,733
Total lease expense	$	7,377	$	5,521

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	2,374	$	1,514
Short-term lease cost	11,282		10,768
Total lease expense	$	13,656	$	12,282

Short-term leases (those with terms of 12 months or less) are not capitalized but are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The majority of the Company's short-term leases relate to equipment used on construction projects. These leases are entered into at periodic rental rates for an unspecified duration and typically have a termination for convenience provision.

As of March 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining term of the Company’s leases was 5.9 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 5.09%. As of March 31, 2024, the lease liability was equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments,

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discounted using the incremental borrowing rate on the Company’s secured debt using a single maturity discount rate, as such rate is not materially different from the discount rate applied to each of the leases in the portfolio.

The following table summarizes the Company’s undiscounted lease liabilities outstanding as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	3,450
2025	6,530
2026	6,234
2027	5,486
2028	3,150
2029 and thereafter	6,277
Total future minimum lease payments	$	31,128
Less: imputed interest	3,846
Total	$	27,282

Note 15 - Investment in Derivative Instruments

Interest Rate Swap Contracts

The Company uses derivative instruments as part of its overall strategy to manage its exposure to market risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates. The Company regularly monitors the financial stability and credit standing of the counterparties to its derivative instruments. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

The Company records all derivatives at fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the Company may designate the derivative as one of the following: (i) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be paid (“cash flow hedge”) or (ii) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (“fair value hedge”).

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified and designated as a cash flow hedge or net investment hedge are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) until they are reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified and designated as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.

If the Company does not specifically designate a derivative as one of the above, changes in the fair value of the undesignated derivative instrument are reported in current period earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, while cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included as an investing activity.

If the Company determines that it qualifies for and will designate a derivative as a hedging instrument, the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging activities, including the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes matching all derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions and linking all derivatives designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company performs an initial prospective assessment of hedge effectiveness on a quantitative basis between the inception date and the earlier of the first quarterly hedge effectiveness date or the issuance of the financial statements that include the hedged transaction. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the effectiveness of its designated hedges in offsetting the variability in the cash flows or fair values of the hedged assets or obligations using the Hypothetical Derivative Method. The Hypothetical Derivative Method compares the change in fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument with the change in fair value or cash flows of a hypothetical derivative that represents the hedged risk. The Company would discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when the derivative is no longer highly effective as a hedge, the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable or the hedging instrument expires, is sold, terminated or exercised.

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Commodity Swap Contracts

The Company’s operations expose it to a variety of market risks, including the effects of changes in commodity prices. As part of its risk management process, the Company has entered into commodity swap transactions through regulated commodity exchanges. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Changes in fair value of commodity swaps are recognized in earnings.

The following table represents the approximate amount of realized and unrealized gains (losses) and changes in fair value recognized in earnings on commodity derivative contracts for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and the fair value of these derivatives as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(42)	$	32	$	(10)	$	456	$	(1,279)	$	(823)
Interest expense, net	2,646		—		2,646		2,007		—		2,007
Total	$	2,604	$	32	$	2,636	$	2,463	$	(1,279)	$	1,184

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(61)	$	(194)	$	(255)	$	1,057	$	(2,286)	$	(1,229)
Interest expense, net	5,284		—		5,284		3,342		—		3,342
Total	$	5,223	$	(194)	$	5,029	$	4,399	$	(2,286)	$	2,113

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Balance Sheet Classification	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets - commodity swaps	$	—	$	204
Other assets - interest rate swaps (1)	21,031		26,909
Accrued expense and other current liabilities - commodity swaps	(10)		(20)
Net unrealized gain position	$	21,021	$	27,093

(1) Includes designated cash flow hedge of $21.0 million and $26.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

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Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
	Level 2		Level 2
Assets:
Commodity swap contracts	$	—	$	204
Interest rate swaps	21,031		26,909
U.S. government securities	6,788		6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,773		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,696		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,195		1,177
Total assets	36,483		42,192
Liabilities:
Commodity swap contracts	$	10	$	20
Total liabilities	$	10	$	20

The fair value of the interest rate swap contract is based on a model-driven valuation using the observable components (e.g., interest rates), which are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the contracts. The fair value of the Company’s commodity swap contracts is based on an analysis of the expected cash flow of the contract in combination with observable forward price inputs obtained from a third-party pricing source. The calculations are adjusted for credit risk. Therefore, the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Derivative assets are included within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Other assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative liabilities are included within “Accrued expense and other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 17 - Commitments

Letters of Credit

Under the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company had a total capacity of $325.0 million at March 31, 2024 that may be used for a combination of cash borrowings and letter of credit issuances. At March 31, 2024, the Company had aggregate letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $8.2 million, primarily related to certain insurance policies as described in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies.

Purchase Commitments

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had unconditional purchase commitments for diesel fuel and natural gas in the normal course of business in the aggregate amount of $2.4 million. Management does not expect any significant changes in the market value of these goods during the commitment period that would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s purchase commitments for the remainder of fiscal 2024 and in 2025 were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	1,734
2025	696
Total	$	2,430

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Minimum Royalties

The Company has lease agreements associated with aggregates facilities under which the Company makes royalty payments. These agreements are outside the scope of Topic 842. The payments are generally based on tons sold in a particular period; however, certain agreements have minimum annual payments. The Company had commitments in the form of minimum royalties as of March 31, 2024 in the amount of $2.5 million, due as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	238
2025	256
2026	192
2027	180
2028	145
Thereafter	1,470
Total	$	2,481

Royalty expense recorded in cost of revenue was $0.4 million for each of three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and $0.8 million for each of the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Note 18 - Restricted Investments

The following is a summary of the Company’s debt securities as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	(unaudited)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S. government securities	$	6,975	$	—	$	187	$	6,788
Corporate debt securities	5,907		—		134		5,773
Municipal government securities	1,758		—		62		1,696
Agency backed securities	1,263		—		68		1,195
Total	$	15,903	$	—	$	451	$	15,452

	September 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S government securities	$	6,869	$	—	$	320	$	6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,931		—		326		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,853		—		105		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,273		—		96		1,177
Total	$	15,926	$	—	$	847	$	15,079

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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities classified as available for sale by contractual maturity, as of March 31, 2024, are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due within one year	$	2,085	$	2,070
Due after one year through three years	4,493		4,357
Due after three years	9,325		9,025
Total	$	15,903	$	15,452

Note 19 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income (loss) and OCI. The components of OCI are presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s interest rate swap contract hedge included in other comprehensive income (loss) was entered into on July 1, 2022 with an original notional value of $300.0 million. The maturity date of this swap is June 30, 2027.

Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of tax, at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, were as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		September 30, 2023
Interest rate swap contract, net of blend and extend arrangement	$	19,446	$	25,533
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	(451)		(847)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items	(4,614)		(5,992)
Total	$	14,381	$	18,694

Changes in AOCI, net of tax, are as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	18,694
Net OCI changes	(4,313)
Balance at March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	14,381

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	17,620
Net OCI changes	(4,635)
Balance at March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	12,985

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Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(2,646)	$	(2,007)
Realized loss on restricted investments	26		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	651		517
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(1,969)	$	(1,494)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(5,284)	$	(3,342)
Realized loss on restricted investments	49		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	1,299		861
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(3,936)	$	(2,485)

Note 20 - Subsequent Events

Georgia Acquisition

On May 1, 2024, a subsidiary of the Company acquired certain assets of Sunbelt Asphalt Surfaces, Inc. (“Sunbelt”), an asphalt paving company headquartered in Auburn, Georgia, for $28.6 million. The transaction added an HMA plant and a greenfield plant site in northeastern Georgia.

Issuance of Equity Awards

In connection with the Sunbelt acquisition, the Company issued awards under the Equity Incentive Plan to certain key former employees of Sunbelt who became employees of the acquiring Company subsidiary consisting of (i) 30,000 shares of restricted Class A common stock having an aggregate grant date fair value of $1.5 million and (ii) performance stock awards representing a target of 30,000 shares of Class A common stock having an aggregate grant date fair value of $1.5 million.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist in understanding and assessing the trends and significant changes in our results of operations and financial condition during the period covered by this report. Historical results may not be indicative of future performance. This discussion includes forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2023 Form 10-K. In this discussion, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures. Explanations of these non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are included in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Investors should not consider non-GAAP financial measures in isolation or as substitutes for financial information presented in compliance with GAAP.

Overview

We are a civil infrastructure company that specializes in the building and maintenance of transportation networks. Our operations leverage a highly-skilled workforce, strategically located HMA plants, substantial construction assets and select material deposits. We provide construction products and services to both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential sites in the southeastern United States.

Our public projects are funded by federal, state and local governments and include roads, highways, bridges, airports and other forms of infrastructure. Public transportation infrastructure projects historically have been a relatively stable portion of state and federal budgets and represent a significant share of the United States construction market. Federal funds are allocated on a state-by-state basis, and each state is required to match a portion of the federal funds that it receives. Federal highway spending uses funds predominantly from the Highway Trust Fund, which derives its revenues from fuel taxes and other user fees.

In addition to public infrastructure projects, we provide a wide range of large site work construction and HMA paving services to private construction customers, including commercial and residential developers and local businesses.

Contract Backlog

At March 31, 2024, our contract backlog was $1.8 billion. Contract backlog is a financial measure that reflects the dollar value of work that the Company expects to perform in the future. We include a construction project in our contract backlog at the time it is awarded and to the extent we believe funding is probable. Our backlog consists of uncompleted work on contracts in progress and contracts for which we have executed a contract but have not commenced the work. For uncompleted work on contracts in progress, we include (i) executed change orders, (ii) pending change orders for which we expect to receive confirmation in the ordinary course of business and (iii) claims that we have made against our customers for which we have determined we have a legal basis under existing contractual arrangements and as to which we consider collection to be probable. Backlog of uncompleted work on contracts under which work was either in progress or had not yet begun was $1.4 billion at March 31, 2024. Our contract backlog also includes low bid/no contract projects, which consist of (i) public bid projects for which we were the low bidder and no contract has been executed and (ii) private work projects for which we have been notified that we are the low bidder or have been given a notice to proceed, but no contract has been executed. Low bid/no contract backlog was $0.4 billion at March 31, 2024.

Recent Developments

Business Acquisition

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Littlefield Construction Company, a soil base, surface treatment and sitework company headquartered in Waycross, Georgia. As a result of this acquisition, we expanded our service offerings in southern and central Georgia. For further discussion regarding this transaction, see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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How We Assess Performance of Our Business

Revenues

We derive our revenues predominantly by providing construction products and services for both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential sites. Our projects represent a mix of federal, state, municipal and private customers. We also derive revenues from the sale of HMA, aggregates and liquid asphalt cement to customers. We recognize revenues derived from projects as we satisfy our performance obligations over time, measured by the relationship of total cost incurred compared to total estimated contract costs (cost-to-cost input method). Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to estimated costs and income, and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. Revenues derived from the sale of HMA, aggregates and liquid asphalt cement are recognized when the risks associated with ownership have passed to the customer.

Gross Profit

Gross profit represents revenues less cost of revenues. Cost of revenues consists of all direct and indirect costs associated with construction contracts, including raw materials, labor, equipment costs, depreciation, lease expenses, subcontract costs and other expenses at our HMA plants, aggregates mining facilities and liquid asphalt cement terminal. Our cost of revenues is directly affected by fluctuations in commodity prices, primarily liquid asphalt and diesel fuel. From time to time, when appropriate, we limit our exposure to changes in commodity prices by entering into forward purchase commitments. In addition, our public infrastructure contracts often provide for price adjustments based on fluctuations in certain commodity-related product costs. These price adjustment provisions are in place for most of our public infrastructure contracts, and we seek to include similar provisions in our private contracts.

Depreciation, Depletion, Accretion and Amortization

Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost or, if acquired as a business combination, at fair value. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset. Amortization expense is the periodic expense related to leasehold improvements and intangible assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the life of the underlying asset or the remaining lease term. Our intangible assets were recognized as a result of certain acquisitions and are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Our unfavorable contract liabilities were recognized as a result of certain acquisitions and are amortized as the associated projects progress. Mineral reserves are depleted in accordance with the units-of-production method as aggregates are extracted, using the initial allocation of cost based on proven and probable reserves.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include costs related to our operational offices that are not allocated to direct contract costs and expenses related to our corporate offices. These expenses consist primarily of salaries and personnel costs for our administration, finance and accounting, legal, information systems, human resources and certain managerial employees. General and administrative expenses also include acquisition expenses, audit, consulting and professional fees, share-based compensation expense, travel, insurance, office space rental costs, property taxes and other corporate and overhead expenses.

Gain on Sale of Property, Plant and Equipment

In the normal course of business, we sell assets for various reasons, including when the cost of maintaining the asset exceeds the cost of replacing it. The gain or loss on the sale of property, plant and equipment reflects the difference between the carrying value at the date of disposal and the net consideration received from the sale during the period.

Gain on Facility Exchange

As part of our continued growth strategy, we may exchange or sell other facilities in order to generate capital for use in connection with other strategic initiatives. The gain or loss on the exchange or sale of a facility reflects the difference between the net carrying value of the facility at the date of disposal and the consideration received from the exchange or sale during the period.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net primarily represents interest incurred on our long-term debt, such as the Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility, and amortization of deferred debt issuance costs. These amounts are partially offset by interest income earned on short-term investments of cash balances in excess of our current operating needs.

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Other Key Performance Indicators - Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Adjusted EBITDA represents net income (loss) before, as applicable from time to time, (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for income taxes, (iii) depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization, (iv) share-based compensation expense, and (v) loss on the extinguishment of debt. Adjusted EBITDA Margin represents Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues for each period. These metrics are supplemental measures of our operating performance that are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. These measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net income or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of our operating performance. We present Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin because management uses these measures as key performance indicators, and we believe that securities analysts, investors and others use these measures to evaluate companies in our industry. Our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin may not be comparable to similarly named measures reported by other companies. Potential differences may include differences in capital structures, tax positions and the age and book depreciation of intangible and tangible assets.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA and the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA Margin for the periods presented (unaudited, in thousands, except percentages):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,						For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023 (1)			2024			2023 (1)
Net income (loss)	$	(1,124)		$	(5,481)		$	8,719		$	(3,589)
Interest expense, net	4,568			4,802			8,314			8,762
Provision for income taxes	(321)			(1,474)			2,797			(964)
Depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization	22,840			19,858			43,961			38,233
Share-based compensation expense	3,553			2,692			6,599			5,172
Adjusted EBITDA	$	29,516		$	20,397		$	70,390		$	47,614
Revenues	$	371,427		$	324,850		$	767,932		$	666,629
Adjusted EBITDA Margin	7.9		%	6.3		%	9.2		%	7.1		%

(1)The Company has historically included within the definition of Adjusted EBITDA an adjustment for management fees and expenses related to the Company’s management services agreement with an affiliate of SunTx Capital Partners, a member of the Company’s control group. Effective October 1, 2023, the term of the management services agreement was extended to October 1, 2028. As a result of the term extension, the Company no longer views the management fees and expenses paid under the management services agreement as a non-recurring expense. Accordingly, periods commencing subsequent to September 30, 2023 do not include an adjustment for management fees and expenses, and the Company has recast comparative Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 to conform to the current definition.

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

The following table sets forth selected financial data for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited, in thousands, except percentages):

									Change From the Three Months Ended
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,								March 31, 2023
									to the Three Months Ended
	2024				2023				March 31, 2024
	Dollars		% of Revenues		Dollars		% of Revenues		$  Change		% Change
Revenues	$	371,427	100.0	%	$	324,850	100.0	%	$	46,577	14.3	%
Cost of revenues	332,626		89.6	%	298,570		91.9	%	34,056		11.4	%
Gross profit	38,801		10.4	%	26,280		8.1	%	12,521		47.6	%
General and administrative expenses	(36,752)		(9.9)	%	(31,989)		(9.9)	%	(4,763)		14.9	%
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment	1,031		0.3	%	3,158		1.0	%	(2,127)		(67.4)	%
Operating income (loss)	3,080		0.8	%	(2,551)		(0.8)	%	5,631		(220.7)	%
Interest expense, net	(4,568)		(1.2)	%	(4,802)		(1.5)	%	234		(4.9)	%
Other income	43		—	%	398		0.1	%	(355)		(89.2)	%
Loss before provision for income taxes	(1,445)		(0.4)	%	(6,955)		(2.2)	%	5,510		(79.2)	%
Provision for income taxes	(321)		(0.1)	%	(1,474)		(0.5)	%	1,153		(78.2)	%
Net loss	$	(1,124)	(0.3)	%	$	(5,481)	(1.7)	%	$	4,357	(79.5)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	29,516	7.9	%	$	20,397	6.3	%	$	9,119	44.7	%

Revenues. Revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $46.5 million, or 14.3%, to $371.4 million from $324.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase included $25.1 million of revenues attributable to acquisitions completed during or subsequent to the three months ended March 31, 2023 and an increase of approximately $21.4 million of revenues in our existing markets from contract work and sales of HMA and aggregates to third parties. The 6.6% increase in revenue in our existing markets was due to strong demand in both public and private work.

Gross Profit. Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $12.5 million, or 47.6%, to $38.8 million from $26.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in gross profit was primarily the result of a 14.3% increase in revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 and a higher gross profit margin. The higher gross profit margin was due to efficient utilization of our plants and equipment fleet and completion of new backlog with more favorable margins.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $4.8 million, or 14.9%, to $36.8 million from $32.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was the result of (i) a $0.9 million increase in share-based compensation expense, (ii) a $2.1 million increase attributable to general and administrative expenses associated with the operations of businesses acquired subsequent to March 31, 2023, (iii) a $0.6 million increase in management personnel payroll and benefits, and (iv) a $1.2 million increase in other general and administrative expenses.

Gain on Sale of Property, Plant and Equipment. Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $2.1 million, or 67.4%, to $1.0 million from $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was attributable to lower disposals of equipment and components during the quarter.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $0.2 million, or 4.9%, to $4.6 million compared to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to an increase in interest income from an overnight sweep program established in fiscal year 2024. This increase in interest income was primarily offset by an increase in interest expense due to an increase in the average principal debt balance outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023.

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Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate increased to 22.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, from 21.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our higher effective tax rate during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was due to differences in state tax rates at our operating subsidiaries.

Net Loss. Net loss decreased $4.4 million to a net loss of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to net loss of $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in net loss was primarily a result of higher gross profit, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses and decreased gains on sale of property, plant and equipment, all as described above.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin were $29.5 million and 7.9%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $20.4 million and 6.3%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin resulted from an increase in gross profit, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses and decreased gains on sale of property, plant and equipment, all as described above. See the description of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, as well as a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, under the heading “How We Assess Performance of Our Business”.

Six Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Six Months Ended March 31, 2023

The following table sets forth selected financial data for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited, in thousands, except percentages):

									Change From the Six Months Ended
	For the Six Months Ended March 31,								March 31, 2023
									to the Six Months Ended
	2024				2023				March 31, 2024
	Dollars		% of Revenues		Dollars		% of Revenues		$  Change		% Change
Revenues	$	767,932	100.0	%	$	666,629	100.0	%	$	101,303	15.2	%
Cost of revenues	677,251		88.2	%	609,853		91.5	%	67,398		11.1	%
Gross profit	90,681		11.8	%	56,776		8.5	%	33,905		59.7	%
General and administrative expenses	(72,733)		(9.5)	%	(61,714)		(9.2)	%	(11,019)		17.9	%
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment	1,867		0.2	%	3,326		0.5	%	(1,459)		(43.9)	%
Gain on facility exchange	—		—	%	5,389		0.8	%	(5,389)		(100.0)	%
Operating income	19,815		2.6	%	3,777		0.6	%	16,038		424.6	%
Interest expense, net	(8,314)		(1.1)	%	(8,762)		(1.3)	%	448		(5.1)	%
Other income	15		—	%	432		—	%	(417)		(96.5)	%
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	11,516		1.5	%	(4,553)		(0.7)	%	16,069		(352.9)	%
Provision for income taxes	2,797		0.4	%	(964)		(0.1)	%	3,761		(390.1)	%
Net income (loss)	$	8,719	1.1	%	$	(3,589)	(0.6)	%	$	12,308	(342.9)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	70,390	9.2	%	$	47,614	7.1	%	$	22,776	47.8	%

Revenues. Revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2024 increased $101.3 million, or 15.2%, to $767.9 million from $666.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase included $54.7 million of revenues attributable to acquisitions completed subsequent to March 31, 2023 and $46.5 million of revenues in our existing markets from contract work and sales of HMA and aggregates to third parties. The 7.0% increase in revenues in our existing markets compared to the prior year period was due to strong demand in both public and private work.

Gross Profit. Gross profit for the six months ended March 31, 2024 increased $33.9 million, or 59.7%, to $90.7 million from $56.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in gross profit was primarily the result of a 15.2% increase in revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 and a higher gross profit margin. The higher gross profit margin was due to efficient utilization of our plants and equipment fleet and completion of new backlog with more favorable margins.

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General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the six months ended March 31, 2024 increased $11.0 million, or 17.9%, to $72.7 million from $61.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily the result of (i) a $1.4 million increase in share-based compensation expense, (ii) a $3.7 million increase attributable to general and administrative expenses associated with the operations of businesses acquired subsequent to March 31, 2023, (iii) a $3.3 million increase in management personnel payroll and benefits, and (iv) a $2.6 million increase in other general and administrative expenses.

Gain on Sale of Property, Plant and Equipment. Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment for the six months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $1.5 million, or 43.9%, to $1.9 million from $3.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was attributable to lower disposals of equipment and components during the period.

Gain on Facility Exchange. There was no gain on facility exchange for the six months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $5.4 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The gain was the result of the disposition of a quarry located near Goldston, North Carolina. In connection with this transaction, the Company acquired three HMA manufacturing plants and certain related assets located in the Nashville, Tennessee metro area.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net for the six months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $0.5 million, or 5.1%, to $8.3 million compared to $8.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to an increase in interest income from an overnight sweep program established in fiscal year 2024. This increase in interest income was primarily offset by an increase in interest expense due to an increase in the average principal debt balance outstanding during the six months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023.

Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate increased to 24.3% for the six months ended March 31, 2024, from 21.1% for the six months ended March 31, 2023. Our lower effective tax rate during the six months ended March 31, 2023 was due to differences in state tax rates at our operating subsidiaries.

Net Income (Loss). Net income increased $12.3 million to net income of $8.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to a net loss of $3.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in net income was primarily a result of higher gross profit, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses and decreased gains on the facility exchange and sale of property, plant and equipment, all as described above.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin were $70.4 million and 9.2%, respectively, for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $47.6 million and 7.1%, respectively, for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin resulted from an increase in gross profit, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses and decreased gains on the facility exchange and sale of property, plant and equipment, all as described above. See the description of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, as well as a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, under the heading “How We Assess Performance of Our Business”.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows Analysis

The following table sets forth our cash flows for the periods indicated (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities, net of acquisitions	$	78,550	$	45,696
Net cash used in investing activities	(138,358)		(97,235)
Net cash provided by financing activities	61,164		46,611
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,356	$	(4,928)

Operating Activities

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, cash provided by operating activities, net of acquisitions, was $78.6 million, primarily as a result of:

•net income of $8.7 million, including $44.0 million of depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization, $6.2 million of share-based compensation expense and $1.9 million of gain on sale of property, plant and equipment;

•a decrease in contracts receivable including retainage, net of $43.4 million due to normal fluctuations resulting from the timing of processing transactions in our accounts receivable cycle;

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•an increase in inventories of $16.0 million due to increased inventories from acquisitions, growth in existing markets, higher inventory costs and normal fluctuations in our inventory cycle;

•a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $24.5 million due to the timing of processing transactions in our accounts payable cycle; and

•a net increase in the difference between costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts of $14.6 million due to the timing of performing and closing projects.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, cash provided by operating activities, net of acquisitions, was $45.7 million, primarily as a result of:

•net loss of $3.6 million, including $38.2 million of depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization, unrealized losses on derivative instruments of $2.3 million, gain on sale of facility exchange of $5.4 million and share-based compensation expense of $5.2 million;

•a decrease in contracts receivable including retainage, net of $34.1 million due to normal fluctuations resulting from the timing of processing transactions in our accounts receivable cycle;

•an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $3.2 million primarily due to overpayment of federal and state income taxes and the timing of payments under our insurance policies;

•an increase in inventories of $10.2 million due to increased inventories from acquisitions, growth in existing markets, higher inventory costs and normal fluctuations in our inventory cycle;

•a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $19.1 million due to the timing of processing transactions in our accounts payable cycle; and

•a net increase of $8.2 million in the difference between costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts due to the timing of performing and closing projects.

Investing Activities

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, cash used in investing activities was $138.4 million, of which $87.9 million related to acquisitions completed in the period, $55.5 million was invested in property, plant and equipment and $1.9 million was invested in restricted investments by the Captive, partially offset by $5.0 million of proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment and $1.9 million of proceeds from the sale of restricted investments.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, cash used in investing activities was $97.2 million, of which $77.8 million related to acquisitions completed in the period, $60.4 million was invested in property, plant and equipment and $5.1 million was invested in restricted investments by the Captive, partially offset by $8.3 million of proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment and $37.0 million of proceeds from the facility exchange.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, cash provided by financing activities was $61.2 million. We received $90.0 million of proceeds from our Revolving Credit Facility, which were primarily used for acquisitions completed in the period. This cash flow was partially offset by $27.5 million of principal payments on long-term debt and purchase of treasury stock of $1.3 million.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $46.6 million. We received $38.0 million of proceeds from our Revolving Credit Facility and $15.0 million from our Term Loan, which were primarily used for acquisitions completed in the period. This cash flow was partially offset by $6.3 million of principal payments on long-term debt and purchase of treasury stock of $0.1 million.

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Credit Agreement

We and each of our subsidiaries are parties to the Credit Agreement, which provides for the Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there was $276.3 million and $283.8 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Term Loan, $163.1 million and $93.1 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, and availability of $153.7 million and $222.1 million, respectively, under the Revolving Credit Facility, including a reduction for outstanding letters of credit.

The Credit Agreement requires the Company to satisfy certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20-to-1.00 and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50-to-1.00, subject to certain adjustments. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, our fixed charge coverage ratio was 3.39-to-1.00 and 2.56-to-1.00, respectively, and our consolidated leverage ratio was 1.81-to-1.00 and 1.72-to-1.00, respectively.

The Company has entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge against the risk of changes in interest rates. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the notional value of the interest rate swap agreement was $300.0 million, and the fair value was $21.0 million and $26.9 million, respectively, which amounts are included within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For more information about the Credit Agreement, see Note 8 - Debt to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Capital Requirements and Sources of Liquidity

During the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our capital expenditures were approximately $55.5 million and $60.4 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures are typically made during the fiscal year in which they are approved. At March 31, 2024, our commitments for capital expenditures were not material to our financial condition or results of operations on a consolidated basis. For fiscal year 2024, we expect total capital expenditures to be $90.0 million to $95.0 million. Our capital expenditure budget is an estimate and is subject to change.

Historically, we have required significant amounts of cash in order to make capital expenditures, purchase materials, execute our growth strategy through acquisitions and fund our organic expansion into new markets. Our working capital needs are driven by the seasonality and growth of our business, with our cash requirements increasing in periods of growth. Additional cash requirements resulting from our growth include the costs of additional personnel, production and distribution facilities, enhancements to our information systems, integration costs related to any acquisitions and our compliance with laws and rules applicable to public companies. Furthermore, on April 12, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program under which up to $40 million is available to purchase shares of our outstanding Class A common stock through September 30, 2025. We intend to utilize the stock repurchase program to minimize the dilutive impact of awards granted under our equity incentive plans and to repurchase shares opportunistically. Shares of Class A common stock may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws, including Rule 10b5-1 plans. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any shares of Class A common stock, and the stock repurchase program may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated at any time by the Board of Directors. The actual timing, number and value of shares of Class A common stock repurchased will be determined by a committee of the Board of Directors at its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of the Class A common stock, capital allocation alternatives, general market and economic conditions and other corporate considerations.

We have historically relied on cash available through credit facilities, in addition to cash from operations, to finance our working capital requirements and to support our growth. We regularly monitor potential capital sources, including equity and debt markets, in an effort to meet our planned capital expenditures and liquidity requirements. Our future success will depend on our ability to access outside sources of capital.

We believe that our operating cash flow and available borrowings under the Credit Agreement will be sufficient to fund our operations, make planned capital expenditures and opportunistically repurchase shares of Class A common stock for at least the next 12 months. However, future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, including the potential impacts of inflation and supply chain constraints, and significant additional capital expenditures will be required to conduct our operations. There can be no assurance that operations and other capital resources will provide sufficient cash to maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures. In the event that we make one or more acquisitions and the amount of capital required is greater than the amount of cash on hand we have available for acquisitions at that time, we could be required to reduce the expected level of capital expenditures and/or seek additional capital. If we seek additional capital, we may do so through borrowings under the Credit Agreement, joint ventures, asset sales, offerings of debt or equity securities or other means. However, our ability to engage in any such transactions may be constrained by economic conditions and other factors outside of our control. We cannot guarantee that additional capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain the funds we need, we may not be able to complete acquisitions that may be favorable to us or finance the capital expenditures necessary to conduct our operations.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our significant obligations outstanding as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited, in thousands):

			Payments Due by Fiscal Year
	Total		2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		2029 and Thereafter
Debt obligations	$	439,350	$	7,500	$	18,750	$	22,500	$	390,600	$	—	$	—
Lease obligations	31,128		3,450		6,530		6,234		5,486		3,150		6,277
Purchase commitments	2,430		1,734		696		—		—		—		—
Royalty payments	2,481		238		256		192		180		145		1,470
Asset retirement obligations	2,447		—		—		—		—		—		2,447
Total	$	477,836	$	12,922	$	26,232	$	28,926	$	396,266	$	3,295	$	10,194

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2024, we had aggregate letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $8.2 million, future purchase commitments of diesel fuel and natural gas of $2.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $2.5 million of minimum royalty payments related to aggregates facilities. Other than the letters of credit, future purchase commitments and minimum royalty payments, we do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. See Note 17 - Commitments to our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk on certain of our short and long-term debt obligations used to finance our operations and acquisitions. We have SOFR-based floating rate borrowings under the Credit Agreement, which expose us to variability in interest payments due to changes in the reference interest rates. From time to time, we use derivative instruments as hedges against the impact of interest rate changes on future earnings and cash flows. We do not enter into such derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. At March 31, 2024, we had a total of $439.4 million of variable rate debt outstanding. Holding other factors constant and absent the interest rate swap agreements described above, a hypothetical 1% change in our borrowing rates would result in a $4.4 million change in our annual interest expense based on our variable rate debt outstanding at March 31, 2024.

The following table presents the future principal payment obligations, interest payments, and fair values associated with the Company’s debt instruments assuming the Company’s actual level of variable rate debt as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,													Fair
		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter		Total		Value
Debt obligations
Term Loan principal payments		$	7,500	$	18,750	$	22,500	$	227,500	$	—	$	276,250	$	276,250
Revolving Credit Facility principal payments		—		—		—		163,100		—		163,100		163,100
Interest payments (1)		14,603		28,423		27,015		19,276		—
(1) Represents projected interest payments using the Company’s March 2024 SOFR-based floating rate of 6.68% per annum.

The notional amount of the Company’s outstanding interest rate swap contract at March 31, 2024 was $300.0 million. The maturity date of this swap is June 30, 2027, and the fair value of the outstanding swap contract was $21.0 million as of March 31, 2024. See also Note 15 - Investment in Derivative Instruments and Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

35

Inflation Risk

We are subject to the effects of inflation through wage pressures, increases in the cost of raw materials used to produce HMA, and increases in other items, such as fuel, concrete and steel. In recent years, inflation, supply chain and upward wage pressures have had a significant impact on the global economy, including the construction industry in the United States. While it is impossible to fully eliminate the impact of these factors, we seek to recover increasing costs by obtaining higher prices for our products or by including the anticipated price increases in our bids. Due to the relatively short-term duration of our construction contracts, we are generally able to reduce our exposure to price increases on new contracts, but we are limited in our ability to pass through increased costs for projects already in our backlog. Going forward, continued cost inflation in these areas may require further price adjustments to maintain profit margin, and any price increases may have a negative effect on demand.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures

Our management carried out, as of March 31, 2024, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

36

PART II - Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Due to the nature of our business, we are involved in routine litigation or subject to other disputes or claims related to our business activities, including, among other things, (i) workers’ compensation claims, (ii) employment-related disputes and (iii) liability issues or breach of contract or tortious conduct claims in connection with the performance of services and provision of materials. We and our affiliates are also subject to government inquiries in the ordinary course of business seeking information concerning our compliance with government construction contracting requirements and various laws and regulations, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty. In the opinion of our management, after consultation with legal counsel, none of the pending inquiries, litigation, disputes or claims against us, if decided adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. There have been no material changes to the legal proceedings disclosed in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In addition to the other financial information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed below and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in the 2023 Form 10-K that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future operating results. The risks described below and in the 2023 Form 10-K are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

The Company did not sell any of its equity securities during the period covered by this report that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During the period covered by this report, the Company did not purchase any of its equity securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 C.F.R. Part 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 5. Other Information.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted, modified, or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

37

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Construction Partners, Inc., as amended through February 23, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38479) filed on August 8, 2023)
3.2	Amended and Restated By-Laws of Construction Partners, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38479) filed on November 9, 2022)
4.1	Form of Class A Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-224174) filed on April 23, 2018)
10.1	Construction Partners, Inc. 2024 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38479) filed on March 22, 2024)
10.2	Second Amendment to the Construction Partners, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38479) filed on March 22, 2024)
31.1*	Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2*	Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1**	Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
32.2**	Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
95.1*	Mine Safety Disclosures
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*	Filed herewith.
**	Furnished herewith.

38

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on this 10th day of May, 2024.

	CONSTRUCTION PARTNERS, INC.
By:	/s/ Fred J. Smith, III
	Fred J. Smith, III
	President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name and Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Fred J. Smith, III	President and Chief Executive Officer	May 10, 2024
Fred J. Smith, III	(Principal Executive Officer and duly authorized officer)
/s/ Gregory A. Hoffman	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	May 10, 2024
Gregory A. Hoffman	(Principal Financial Officer and duly authorized officer)

39

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Fred J. Smith, III, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Construction Partners, Inc. for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2024	By:	/s/ Fred J. Smith, III
		Fred J. Smith, III
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Gregory A. Hoffman, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Construction Partners, Inc. for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2024	By:	/s/ Gregory A. Hoffman
		Gregory A. Hoffman
		Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Construction Partners, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Fred J. Smith, III, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2024	By:	/s/ Fred J. Smith, III
		Fred J. Smith, III
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Construction Partners, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Gregory A. Hoffman, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2024	By:	/s/ Gregory A. Hoffman
		Gregory A. Hoffman
		Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-95.1

Exhibit 95.1

Mine Safety Disclosures

The operation of our aggregates mines is subject to regulation by the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (the “MSHA”) under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. (the “Mine Act”). Set forth below is the required information regarding certain mining safety and health matters for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024. Citations and orders may be contested and appealed, and in that process, may be reduced in severity and amount, and are sometimes dismissed. The table below includes references to specific sections of the Mine Act.

The information in the table below is presented by mine, consistent with the manner in which we maintain safety and compliance information about our mining operations.

	(A)	(B)	(C)	(D)	(E)	(F)		(G)	(H)
Mine Name / ID	Section 104 S&S	Section 104(b)	Section 104(d)	Section 110(b)(2)	Section 107(a)	Proposed Assessments		Fatalities	Pending Legal Action
Allstate / 01-03406	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Ashville / 01-03234	1	—	—	—	—	$	4,908	—	—
Baldree Sand / 09-01166	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Battleground / 01-03100	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Blount Springs / 01-03047	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Camden / 31-02100	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Coosa / 01-03327	—	—	—	—	—	$	568	—	—
Drummond / 01-03126	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Hickory Bend / 01-03403	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Lambert / 01-03363	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Montgomery Sand / 09-00737	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Riverbend Sand / 09-01023	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Skyline / 01-03158	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—
Total	1	—	—	—	—	$	5,476	—	—

(A)	The total number of violations of mandatory health or safety standards that could significantly and substantially contribute to the cause and effect of a coal or other mine safety or health hazard under Section 104 of the Mine Act for which the operator received a citation from the MSHA.
(B)	The total number of orders issued under Section 104(b) of the Mine Act.
(C)	The total number of citations and orders for unwarrantable failure of the mine operator to comply with mandatory health or safety standards under Section 104(d) of the Mine Act.
(D)	The total number of flagrant violations under Section 110(b)(2) of the Mine Act.
(E)	The total number of imminent danger orders issued under Section 107(a) of the Mine Act.
(F)	The total dollar value of proposed assessments from the MSHA under the Mine Act.
(G)	The total number of mining-related fatalities.
(H)	Any pending legal action before the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission involving the applicable mine(s).

During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, our aggregates mines did not receive any written notices of a pattern of violations, or the potential to have such a pattern of violations, under Section 104(e) of the Mine Act.

XML

Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	May 08, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38479
Entity Registrant Name	Construction Partners, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	26-0758017
Entity Address, Address Line One	290 Healthwest Drive, Suite 2
Entity Address, City or Town	Dothan
Entity Address, State or Province	AL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	36303
City Area Code	334
Local Phone Number	673-9763
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	ROAD
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Entity Central Index Key	0001718227
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Class A Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		43,828,855
Class B Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		8,998,511

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 47,957	$ 48,243
Restricted cash	2,479	837
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	275,570	303,704
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts	36,120	27,296
Inventories	102,750	84,038
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,586	9,306
Total current assets	475,462	473,424
Property, plant and equipment, net	565,351	505,095
Operating lease right-of-use assets	26,721	14,485
Goodwill	181,467	159,270
Intangible assets, net	21,451	19,520
Investment in joint venture	84	87
Restricted investments	15,452	15,079
Other assets	27,412	32,705
Total assets	1,313,400	1,219,665
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	141,522	151,406
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	103,453	78,905
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	5,564	2,338
Current maturities of long-term debt	15,000	15,000
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	24,608	31,534
Total current liabilities	290,147	279,183
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	423,388	360,740
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	21,717	12,649
Deferred income taxes, net	35,438	37,121
Other long-term liabilities	17,727	13,398
Total long-term liabilities	498,270	423,908
Total liabilities	788,417	703,091
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.001; 10,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	272,669	267,330
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net	14,381	18,694
Retained earnings	254,994	246,275
Total stockholders’ equity	524,983	516,574
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	1,313,400	1,219,665
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	44	44
Treasury stock	(1,514)	(178)
Class B Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	12	12
Treasury stock	$ (15,603)	$ (15,603)

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	400,000,000	400,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	43,896,017	43,760,546
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	43,828,855	43,727,680
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	67,162	32,866
Class B Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	11,921,463	11,921,463
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	8,998,511	8,998,511
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	2,922,952	2,922,952

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenues	$ 371,427	$ 324,850	$ 767,932	$ 666,629
Cost of revenues	332,626	298,570	677,251	609,853
Gross profit	38,801	26,280	90,681	56,776
General and administrative expenses	(36,752)	(31,989)	(72,733)	(61,714)
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment, net	1,031	3,158	1,867	3,326
Gain on facility exchange	0	0	0	5,389
Operating income (loss)	3,080	(2,551)	19,815	3,777
Interest expense, net	(4,568)	(4,802)	(8,314)	(8,762)
Other income	43	398	15	432
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	(1,445)	(6,955)	11,516	(4,553)
Provision for income taxes	(321)	(1,474)	2,797	(964)
Net income (loss)	(1,124)	(5,481)	8,719	(3,589)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap contract, net	2,478	(3,460)	(4,627)	(4,752)
Unrealized gain (loss) on restricted investments, net	(87)	81	313	117
Other comprehensive income (loss)	2,392	(3,379)	(4,313)	(4,635)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 1,268	$ (8,860)	$ 4,406	$ (8,224)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.11)	$ 0.17	$ (0.07)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.11)	$ 0.17	$ (0.07)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	51,938,216	51,827,365	51,915,069	51,826,143
Diluted (in shares)	51,938,216	51,827,365	52,523,100	51,826,143

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net	Class A Common Stock Common Stock	Class A Common Stock Treasury Stock	Class B Common Stock Common Stock	Class B Common Stock Treasury Stock
Beginning balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022					41,195,730		14,275,867
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 455,879	$ 256,571	$ 197,274	$ 17,620	$ 41	$ (39)	$ 15	$ (15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	1,892		1,892
Share-based compensation expense	2,480	2,480
Issuance of stock awards (in shares)					180,798
Purchase of treasury stock	(139)					(139)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,256)			(1,256)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					41,376,528		14,275,867
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	458,856	259,051	199,166	16,364	$ 41	(178)	$ 15	(15,603)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022					41,195,730		14,275,867
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2022	455,879	256,571	197,274	17,620	$ 41	(39)	$ 15	(15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(3,589)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(4,635)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					41,376,528		14,275,867
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	452,688	261,743	193,685	12,985	$ 41	(178)	$ 15	(15,603)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					41,376,528		14,275,867
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	458,856	259,051	199,166	16,364	$ 41	(178)	$ 15	(15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(5,481)		(5,481)
Share-based compensation expense	2,692	2,692
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(3,379)			(3,379)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					41,376,528		14,275,867
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	452,688	261,743	193,685	12,985	$ 41	(178)	$ 15	(15,603)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023					43,760,546		11,921,463
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2023	516,574	267,330	246,275	18,694	$ 44	(178)	$ 12	(15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	9,843		9,843
Share-based compensation expense	2,783	2,783
Issuance of stock awards (in shares)					135,471
Purchase of treasury stock	(1,336)					(1,336)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,705)			(6,705)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023					43,896,017		11,921,463
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	521,159	270,113	256,118	11,989	$ 44	(1,514)	$ 12	(15,603)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023					43,760,546		11,921,463
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2023	516,574	267,330	246,275	18,694	$ 44	(178)	$ 12	(15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	8,719
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(4,313)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					43,896,017		11,921,463
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	524,983	272,669	254,994	14,381	$ 44	(1,514)	$ 12	(15,603)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023					43,896,017		11,921,463
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	521,159	270,113	256,118	11,989	$ 44	(1,514)	$ 12	(15,603)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(1,124)		(1,124)
Share-based compensation expense	2,556	2,556
Other comprehensive income (loss)	2,392			2,392
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					43,896,017		11,921,463
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 524,983	$ 272,669	$ 254,994	$ 14,381	$ 44	$ (1,514)	$ 12	$ (15,603)

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 8,719	$ (3,589)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion, accretion and amortization	43,961	38,233
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs	148	151
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments	194	2,286
Provision for bad debt	335	70
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment	(1,867)	(3,326)
Gain on facility exchange	0	(5,389)
Realized loss on sales, calls and maturities of restricted investments	49	4
Share-based compensation expense	6,221	5,172
Loss from investment in joint venture	3	0
Deferred income tax benefit	(306)	(224)
Other non-cash adjustments	(224)	(69)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business acquisitions:
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	43,443	34,092
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts	(7,799)	743
Inventories	(15,968)	(10,152)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,165	(3,246)
Other assets	(585)	(206)
Accounts payable	(12,536)	(12,764)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	22,412	7,415
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(11,976)	(6,289)
Other long-term liabilities	2,161	2,784
Net cash provided by operating activities, net of business acquisitions	78,550	45,696
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(55,518)	(60,399)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment	4,962	8,301
Proceeds from facility exchange	0	36,987
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of restricted investments	1,918	866
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(87,850)	(77,842)
Purchase of restricted investments	(1,870)	(5,148)
Net cash used in investing activities	(138,358)	(97,235)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from revolving credit facility	90,000	38,000
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs	0	15,000
Repayments of long-term debt	(27,500)	(6,250)
Purchase of treasury stock	(1,336)	(139)
Net cash provided by financing activities	61,164	46,611
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	1,356	(4,928)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	49,080	35,559
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	50,436	30,631
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	9,569	9,047
Cash paid for income taxes	3,155	626
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	1,435	1,204
Non-cash items:
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	9,999	4,062
Property, plant and equipment financed with accounts payable	$ 2,554	$ 3,448

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General

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

General

General

Business Description

Construction Partners, Inc. (the “Company”) is a civil infrastructure company that specializes in the construction and maintenance of roadways across Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. The Company was formed in 2007 as a holding company to facilitate an acquisition growth strategy in the HMA paving and construction industry. Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Company provides a variety of products and services to both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential developments. The Company’s primary operations consist of (i) manufacturing and distributing hot mix asphalt (“HMA”) for both internal use and sales to third parties in connection with construction projects, (ii) paving activities, including the construction of roadway base layers and application of asphalt pavement, (iii) site development, including the installation of utility and drainage systems, (iv) mining aggregates, such as sand, gravel and construction stone, that are used as raw materials in the production of HMA and for sales to third parties, and (v) distributing liquid asphalt cement for both internal use and sales to third parties in connection with HMA production.

Seasonality

The use and consumption of the Company’s products and services fluctuate due to seasonality. The Company’s products are used, and its construction operations and production facilities are located, outdoors. Therefore, seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions, such as snowy, rainy or cold weather in the winter, spring or fall and major weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms and heavy snows, can adversely affect the Company’s business and operations through a decline in both the use of the Company’s products and demand for the Company’s services. In addition, construction materials production and shipment levels follow activity in the construction industry, which typically occurs in the spring, summer and fall. The first and second quarters of the Company’s fiscal year typically have lower levels of activity due to less favorable weather conditions. Warmer and drier weather during the Company's third and fourth fiscal quarters typically result in higher activity and revenues during those quarters.

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Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These interim consolidated statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which permit reduced disclosure for interim periods. The Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 were derived from the Company's audited financial statements for the fiscal year then ended, but do not include all necessary disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) with respect to annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, these unaudited consolidated financial statements include all recurring adjustments and normal accruals necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the dates and periods presented. These consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”). Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year or for any future period.

Management’s Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts of assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity, revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used in accounting for items such as recognition of revenues and cost of revenues, investments, mineral reserves, goodwill and other intangible assets, business acquisitions, valuation of operating lease right-of-use assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowances related to income taxes, accruals for potential liabilities related to lawsuits or insurance claims, asset retirement obligations, valuation of derivative instruments and valuation of share-based compensation awards. Estimates are continually evaluated based on historical information and actual experience; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.

A description of certain critical accounting policies of the Company is presented below. Additional critical accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties are described in the notes to the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements included in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consists principally of currency on hand and demand deposits at commercial banks. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid securities that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Cash equivalents include securities with original maturities of three months or less. The Company maintains demand accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit at several banks. From time to time, account balances have exceeded the maximum available federal deposit insurance coverage limit. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and regularly monitors its credit risk.

Restricted Cash

Construction Partners Risk Management, Inc. (the “Captive”), a captive insurance company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, provides general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation insurance coverage to the Company and its subsidiaries. Restricted cash represents cash held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company had restricted cash of $2.5 million and $0.8 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited, in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	50,436	$	30,631

Restricted Investments

The Company’s restricted investments consist of debt securities held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company determines the classification of its securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates the determination at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified securities held by the Captive as available-for-sale. As a result, these securities are carried at their fair value. Purchases and sales of debt securities are recorded on the trade date. Interest income on debt securities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net. These securities have been classified as non-current assets based on their respective maturity dates and the Company’s intent to reinvest sales proceeds into new restricted investments. The Company had restricted investments of $15.5 million and $15.1 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The Company evaluates its available-for-sale debt securities quarterly to determine whether there has been a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost due to credit losses or other factors. This evaluation process entails judgement by the Company, and considers factors including the issuer’s financial condition and near-term prospects, future economic conditions, interest rate changes and changes in the rating of the security. When the Company has determined that it intends to sell, or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before it recovers its amortized cost basis above fair value, the individual security is written down to fair value, with a corresponding charge to “Other income” within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the intent impairment criteria but for which the Company has determined that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss allowance is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no intent impairments or credit losses.

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable are generally based on amounts billed and currently due from customers, amounts currently due but unbilled, and amounts retained by customers pending satisfactory completion of a project. It is common in the Company’s industry for a small portion of either progress billings or the contract price, typically 10%, to be withheld by the customer until the Company completes a project to the satisfaction of the customer in accordance with the applicable contract terms. Such amounts, defined as retainage, are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net.” Based on the Company’s experience with similar contracts in recent years, billings for such retainage balances are generally collected within one year of the completion of the project.

Contracts receivable including retainage, net is stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. Management provides for uncollectible accounts through a charge to earnings and a credit to the allowance for doubtful accounts based

on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts, type of service performed, current economic conditions, historical losses and other information available to management. Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the allowance for doubtful accounts and an adjustment to the contract receivable.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Billing practices for the Company’s contracts are governed by the contract terms of each project based on (i) progress toward completion approved by the owner, (ii) achievement of milestones or (iii) pre-agreed schedules. Billings do not necessarily correlate with revenues recognized under the cost-to-cost input method. The Company records contract assets and contract liabilities to account for these differences in timing.

The contract asset, “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts”, arises when the Company recognizes revenues for services performed under its construction projects, but the Company is not yet entitled to bill the customer under the terms of the contract. Amounts billed to customers are excluded from this asset and reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net”. Included in costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are amounts the Company seeks or will seek to collect from customers or others for (i) errors, (ii) changes in contract specifications or design, (iii) contract change orders in dispute, unapproved as to scope and price, or (iv) other customer-related causes of unanticipated additional contract costs (such as claims). Such amounts are recorded to the extent that the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable. Claims and unapproved change orders made by the Company may involve negotiation and, in rare cases, litigation. Unapproved change orders and claims also involve the use of estimates, and revenues associated with unapproved change orders and claims are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company did not recognize any material amounts associated with claims and unapproved change orders during the periods presented.

The contract liability, “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts”, represents the Company’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has been paid by the customer or for which the Company has billed the customer under the terms of the contract. Revenue for future services reflected in this account are recognized, and the liability is reduced, as the Company subsequently satisfies the performance obligation under the contract.

Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are typically resolved within one year and are not considered significant financing components.

Concentration of Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of contracts receivable including retainage. In the normal course of business, the Company provides credit to its customers and does not generally require collateral. The Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with these receivables on an ongoing basis. The Company has not historically experienced significant credit losses, due primarily to management’s assessment of customers’ credit ratings. The Company principally deals with recurring customers, state and local governments and well-known local companies whose reputations are known to management. The Company performs credit checks for significant new customers and generally requires progress payments for significant projects. The Company generally has the ability to file liens against the property if payments are not made on a timely basis. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s contracts receivable including retainage, net balance at March 31, 2024 or September 30, 2023.

Projects performed for various departments of transportation accounted for 36.0% and 29.8% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and for 36.9% and 30.9% of consolidated revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Customers that accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,		For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Florida Department of Transportation	15.8%	11.3%	14.2%	*

* Less than 10%

Revenues from Contracts with Customers

The Company derives revenues from contracts with its customers, predominantly by performing construction services for both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential developments. These projects are performed for a mix of federal, state, municipal and private customers. In addition, the Company generates revenues from the sale of construction materials, including HMA, aggregates, liquid asphalt and ready-mix concrete, to third-party public and private customers pursuant to contracts with those customers. The following table reflects, for the periods presented, the percentage of (i) revenues generated from public infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to public customers and (ii) revenues generated from private infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to private customers.

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Private	42.3	%	42.1	%	41.7	%	40.4	%
Public	57.7	%	57.9	%	58.4	%	59.6	%

Revenues derived from construction projects are recognized over time as the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring control of the asset created or enhanced by the project to the customer. Recognition of revenues and cost of revenues for construction projects requires significant judgment by management, including, among other things, estimating total costs expected to be incurred to complete a project and measuring progress toward completion. Management reviews contract estimates regularly to assess revisions of estimated costs to complete a project and measurement of progress toward completion.

Management believes the Company maintains reasonable estimates based on prior experience; however, many factors contribute to changes in estimates of contract costs. Accordingly, estimates made with respect to uncompleted projects are subject to change as each project progresses and better estimates of contract costs become available. All contract costs are recorded as incurred, and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Provisions are recognized for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue, regardless of the stage of completion. When the Company incurs additional costs related to work performed by subcontractors, the Company may be able to utilize contractual provisions to back charge the subcontractors for those costs. A reduction to costs related to back charges is recognized when estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Contract costs consist of (i) direct costs on contracts, including labor, materials, and amounts payable to subcontractors and (ii) indirect costs related to contract performance, such as insurance, employee benefits, and equipment (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs).

Progress toward completion is estimated using the input method, measured by the relationship of total cost incurred through the measurement date to total estimated costs required to complete the project (cost-to-cost method). The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of goods and services to the customer because it represents satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation under the contract, which occurs as the Company incurs costs. The Company measures percentage of completion based on the performance of a single performance obligation under its construction projects. Each of the Company’s construction contracts represents a single performance obligation to complete a defined construction project. This is because goods and services promised for delivery to a customer are not distinct, as the customer cannot benefit from any individual portion of the services on its own. All deliverables under a contract are part of a project defined by a customer and represent a series of integrated goods and services that have the same pattern of delivery to the customer and use the same measure of progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation as the customer’s asset is created or enhanced by the Company. The Company’s obligation is not satisfied until the entire project is complete.

Revenue recognized during a reporting period is based on the cost-to-cost input method applied to the total transaction price, including adjustments for variable consideration, such as liquidated damages, penalties or bonuses, related to the timeliness or quality of project performance. The Company includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price at the most likely amount to which the Company expects to be entitled or the most likely amount the Company expects to incur, in the case of liquidated damages or penalties. Such amounts are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company accounts for changes to the estimated transaction price using a cumulative catch-up adjustment.

The majority of the Company’s public construction contracts are fixed unit price contracts. Under fixed unit price contracts, the Company is committed to providing materials or services required by a contract at fixed unit prices (for example, dollars per ton of asphalt placed). The Company’s private customer contracts are primarily fixed total price contracts, also known as lump sum contracts, which require that the total amount of work be performed for a single price. Contract cost is recorded as incurred, and revisions in

contract revenue and cost estimates are reflected in the accounting period when known. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract change orders, penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to estimated revenues and costs and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.

Change orders are modifications of an original contract that effectively change the existing provisions of the contract and become part of the single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. This is because goods and services promised under change orders are generally not distinct from the remaining goods and services under the existing contract, due to the significant integration of services performed in the context of the contract. Accordingly, change orders are generally accounted for as a modification of the existing contract and single performance obligation. The Company accounts for the modification using a cumulative catch-up adjustment. Either the Company or its customers may initiate change orders, which may include changes in specifications or designs, manner of performance, facilities, equipment, materials, sites and period of completion of the work.

Revenues derived from the sale of HMA, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and liquid asphalt are recognized at a point in time, which is when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Generally, that point in time is when the customer accepts delivery at its facility or receives product in its own transport vehicles from one of the Company’s HMA plants or aggregates facilities. Upon purchase, the Company generally provides an invoice or similar document detailing the goods transferred to the customer. The Company generally offers payment terms customary in the industry, which typically require payment ranging from point-of-sale to 30 days following purchase.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes includes federal and state income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying values and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Management evaluates the realization of deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented on a net basis by taxing authority and classified as non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Earnings per Share

Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders, but includes dilutive unvested stock awards using the treasury stock method.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures and discloses certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are classified using the following hierarchy:

Level 1. Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through corroboration with observable market data.

Level 3. Inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability and include situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The inputs used in the determination of fair value are based on the best information available under the circumstances and may require significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company endeavors to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contracts receivable including retainage, accounts payable and accrued expenses reflected as current assets and current liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

The Company also has debt securities reflected as restricted investments on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These investments are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date and are considered Level 2 fair value measurements.

The Company also has a Term Loan and a Revolving Credit Facility, as defined and further described in Note 8 - Debt. The carrying value of amounts outstanding under these credit facilities is reflected as long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance cost and current maturities of long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the variable rate or short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

The Company also has derivative instruments. The fair value of commodity and interest rate swaps are based on forward and spot prices, as described in Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements.

Level 3 fair values are used to value acquired mineral reserves and leased mineral interests. The fair values of mineral reserves and leased mineral interests are determined using an excess earnings approach, which requires management to estimate future cash flows. The estimate of future cash flows is based on available historical information and forecasts determined by management, but is inherently uncertain. Key assumptions in estimating future cash flows include sales price, volumes and expected profit margins, net of capital requirements. The present value of the projected net cash flows represents the fair value assigned to mineral reserves and mineral interests. The discount rate is a significant assumption used in the valuation model and is based on the required rate of return that a hypothetical market participant would assume if purchasing the acquired business.

Management applies fair value measurement guidance to its impairment analysis for tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company reports comprehensive income (loss) in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income and other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). OCI includes adjustments for changes in fair value of an interest rate swap contract derivative and available-for-sale restricted investments. For additional information about comprehensive income (loss), see Note 19 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Accounting Standards

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards

The Company did not adopt any new accounting standards or updates during the six months ended March 31, 2024.

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Business Acquisitions

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Business Acquisitions

Business Acquisitions

Acquisitions - Provisional

On October 2, 2023, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Hubbard Paving & Grading, Inc., an asphalt and paving company headquartered in Walhalla, South Carolina, for $3.0 million. This transaction added an HMA plant and expanded the Company’s service market in the Upstate region of South Carolina.

On November 1, 2023, the Company acquired three HMA plants and certain related assets from Reeves Construction Company for $18.3 million. This transaction added HMA plants in Concord, North Carolina and Rock Hill and McConnells, South Carolina.

On December 29, 2023, the Company acquired all issued and outstanding membership interests of SJ&L General Contractor, LLC, an HMA and sitework company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama, for $60.1 million. This transaction expanded the Company’s service capabilities in the Huntsville, Alabama metro area.

On January 2, 2024, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Littlefield Construction Company, a soil base, surface treatment and sitework company headquartered in Waycross, Georgia, for $6.4 million. This transaction expanded the Company’s service capabilities in the Waycross, Georgia area.

The total amount of consideration for these transactions remains subject to post-closing adjustments with respect to inventory quantities, settlement of working capital and other matters.

Combined Acquisitions During the Six Months Ended March 31, 2024

The foregoing acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations (“Topic 805”). As of March 31, 2024, the purchase price allocation had not yet been finalized due to the recent timing of these acquisitions, as certain information was pending on such date to finalize estimates of fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company consulted with independent third parties to assist in the valuation process. The Company expects to finalize the estimate of fair values as soon as practicable and no later than one year from their respective acquisition dates.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values based on the methodology described

under "Fair Value Measurements" in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies. The amount of the purchase price exceeding the net fair

value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as provisional goodwill in the amount of approximately

$22.2 million, which is deductible for income tax purposes. Goodwill primarily represents the assembled work force and

synergies expected to result from the acquisitions. Upon finalizing the accounting for these transactions, management

expects to ascribe value to other identifiable intangible assets, including customer relationships and customer backlog, which will

reduce the provisional amount allocated to goodwill.

Total consideration transferred for these acquisitions was $87.9 million, which was paid from available cash and a draw from the Revolving Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 - Debt). The combined total consideration has been provisionally allocated as follows: $13.2 million of net working capital, $51.8 million of property, plant and equipment and $22.9 million of goodwill and intangibles.

The Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) include $17.4 million of revenue and $0.9 million of net loss attributable to the operations of these acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $22.1 million of revenue and $1.2 million of net loss attributable to the operations of these acquisitions for the six months ended March 31, 2024. The Company recorded certain costs to effect the acquisitions as they were incurred, which are reflected in general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in the amount of $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $0.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024.

The following tables present pro forma revenues and net income as though the acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2022 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	371,427	$	342,209
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	(1,124)	$	(7,536)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	784,706	$	688,119
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	9,214	$	(5,836)

Pro forma financial information is presented as if the operations of the acquisitions had been included in the consolidated results of the Company since October 1, 2022, and gives effect to transactions that are directly attributable to the acquisitions, including adjustments to:

(a)include the pro forma results of operations of the acquisitions for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023;

(b)include additional depreciation and depletion expense related to the fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment and reserves at aggregates facilities, as applicable, as if such assets were acquired on October 1, 2022 and consistently applied to the Company’s depreciation and depletion methodologies;

(c)include interest expense under the Revolving Credit Facility as if the funds borrowed to finance the purchase prices were borrowed on October 1, 2022 (interest expense calculations further assume that no principal payments were made during the period from October 1, 2022 through March 31, 2024, and that the interest rate in effect on the date the Company made the acquisitions was in effect for the period from October 1, 2022 through March 31, 2024); and

(d)exclude $0.8 million of acquisition-related expenses from the six months ended March 31, 2024, as though such expenses were incurred prior to the pro forma acquisition date of October 1, 2022.

Pro forma information is presented for informational purposes and may not be indicative of revenue or net income that would have been achieved if these acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2022.

Provisional Accounting

In April 2023, the Company acquired an HMA paving company headquartered in Anderson, South Carolina. In May 2023, the Company acquired an excavation, grading and utility company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. As of March 31, 2024, there had been no material adjustments to the September 30, 2023 provisional accounting for either acquisition as reported in the 2023 Form 10-K.

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Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Contractors [Abstract]

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable including retainage, net consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Contracts receivable	$	225,888	$	251,324
Retainage receivable	50,844		53,286
	276,732		304,610
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,162)		(906)
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	$	275,570	$	303,704

Retainage receivable has been billed and the Company has an unconditional right to payment, but such payment is not due until satisfactory contract completion and acceptance by the customer.

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Contract Assets and Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Costs and estimated earnings compared to billings on uncompleted contracts at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Costs on uncompleted contracts	$	1,705,395	$	1,831,106
Estimated earnings to date on uncompleted contracts	181,298		194,760
	1,886,693		2,025,866
Billings to date on uncompleted contracts	(1,954,025)		(2,077,475)
Net billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	$	(67,332)	$	(51,609)

Significant changes to balances of costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings (contract asset) and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings (contract liability) on uncompleted contracts from September 30, 2022 to March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 to March 31, 2024 are presented below (in thousands):

	Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Net Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
September 30, 2022	$	29,271	$	(52,477)	$	(23,206)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	(145)		(9,527)		(9,672)
March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	29,126	$	(62,004)	$	(32,878)
September 30, 2023	$	27,296	$	(78,905)	$	(51,609)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	$	8,825	$	(24,547)	$	(15,722)
March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	36,120	$	(103,453)	$	(67,332)

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations under construction project contracts representing approximately $1.37 billion in aggregate transaction price. The Company expects to earn revenue as it satisfies its performance obligations under such contracts in the amount of approximately $743.7 million during the remainder of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 and $629.0 million thereafter.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Construction equipment	$	511,111	$	447,467
Plants	233,611		208,708
Land and improvements	79,903		76,396
Mineral reserves	69,405		69,405
Buildings	36,885		36,885
Furniture and fixtures	7,775		7,538
Leasehold improvements	1,268		1,268
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	939,958		847,667
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization	(391,453)		(358,462)
Construction in progress	16,846		15,890
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	565,351	$	505,095

Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment was $23.1 million and $20.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $44.1 million and $39.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Debt

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

The Company maintains credit facilities to finance acquisitions, to fund the purchase of real estate, construction equipment, plants and other fixed assets, and for general working capital purposes. Debt at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Long-term debt:
Term Loan	$	276,250	$	283,750
Revolving Credit Facility	163,100		93,100
Total long-term debt	439,350		376,850
Deferred debt issuance costs	(962)		(1,110)
Current maturities of long-term debt	(15,000)		(15,000)
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	$	423,388	$	360,740

The Company and each of its subsidiaries are parties to a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 30, 2022 with PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent and lender, PNC Capital Markets LLC, as joint lead arranger and sole bookrunner, Regions Bank and BofA Securities, Inc., each as a joint arranger, and certain other lenders (as amended and restated, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for (i) a term loan facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (the “Term Loan”) the full amount of which was drawn at closing, (ii) a revolving credit facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $325.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and (iii) a delayed draw term loan facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million (the “Delayed Draw Term Loan”).

All outstanding advances under the Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility are due and payable in full on June 30, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”). The Term Loan (commencing on September 30, 2022) and the Delayed Draw Term Loan (commencing on December 31, 2023), amortize in quarterly installments in an amount (subject, in each case, to adjustments for prior mandatory and voluntary prepayments of principal) equal to: (a) 1.25% of the original principal amount on each of the following eleven quarter-end payment dates; (b) 1.875% of the original principal amount on each of the next eight quarter-end payment dates; and (c) all remaining principal on the Maturity Date. The annual interest rates applicable to advances will be calculated, at the Company’s option, by using either a base rate, Daily Simple SOFR plus 0.10%, or Term SOFR plus 0.10%, in each case, plus an applicable margin percentage that corresponds to the Company’s consolidated net leverage ratio. Subject to various requirements, the Company generally may (and, under certain circumstances, must), prepay all or a portion of the outstanding balance of the advances, together with accrued interest thereon, prior to their contractual maturity. The obligations of the Company and its subsidiaries under the Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets.

At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there was $276.3 million and $283.8 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Term Loan, $163.1 million and $93.1 million, respectively, of principal outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, and availability of $153.7 million and $222.1 million, respectively, under the Revolving Credit Facility, including a reduction for outstanding letters of credit.

The Credit Agreement contains customary negative covenants for agreements of this type, including, but not limited to, restrictions on

the Company’s ability to make acquisitions, make loans or advances, make capital expenditures and investments, pay dividends, create

or incur indebtedness, create liens, wind up or dissolve, consolidate, merge or liquidate, or sell, transfer or dispose of assets. The Credit

Agreement also requires the Company to satisfy certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20-

to-1.00 and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50-to-1.00, subject to certain adjustments. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company’s fixed charge coverage ratio was 3.39-to-1.00 and 2.56-to-1.00, respectively, and the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio was 1.81-to-1.00 and 1.72-to-1.00, respectively. At both March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.

From time to time, the Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge against the risk of changes in interest rates. At

both March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the aggregate notional value of these interest rate swap agreements was $300.0 million, and the fair value was $21.0 million and $26.9 million, respectively, which is included within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Equity

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Equity

Equity

Shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting rights, conversion rights and transfer restrictions applicable to shares of Class B common stock. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors, unless otherwise required by applicable law or the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws. Shares of Class B common stock are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at any time at the option of the holder or upon any transfer, subject to certain limited exceptions. In addition, upon the election of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of Class B common stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will be converted into shares of Class A common stock. Once converted into shares of Class A common stock, shares of Class B common stock will not be reissued. Class A common stock is not convertible into any other class of the Company’s capital stock.

Treasury Stock

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company received a total of 33,772 shares of Class A common stock from employees for reimbursement of income taxes paid by the Company on behalf of these employees related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and 524 shares of Class A common stock through forfeitures of restricted stock awards by terminated employees.

Restricted Stock Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded a total of 80,113 restricted shares of Class A common stock to certain directors, officers and employees of the Company under the Construction Partners, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).

Performance Stock Units

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued a total of 55,358 shares of Class A common stock in settlement of vested performance stock units ("PSUs") under the Equity Incentive Plan.

Additional information about these transactions is set forth in Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income (loss) and OCI. The components of OCI are presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s interest rate swap contract hedge included in other comprehensive income (loss) was entered into on July 1, 2022 with an original notional value of $300.0 million. The maturity date of this swap is June 30, 2027.

Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of tax, at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, were as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		September 30, 2023
Interest rate swap contract, net of blend and extend arrangement	$	19,446	$	25,533
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	(451)		(847)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items	(4,614)		(5,992)
Total	$	14,381	$	18,694

Changes in AOCI, net of tax, are as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	18,694
Net OCI changes	(4,313)
Balance at March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	14,381

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	17,620
Net OCI changes	(4,635)
Balance at March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	12,985

Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(2,646)	$	(2,007)
Realized loss on restricted investments	26		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	651		517
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(1,969)	$	(1,494)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(5,284)	$	(3,342)
Realized loss on restricted investments	49		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	1,299		861
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(3,936)	$	(2,485)

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Earnings Per Share

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

As discussed in Note 9 - Equity, the Company has Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Because the only differences between the two classes of common stock are related to voting rights, conversion rights and transfer restrictions applicable to shares of Class B common stock, the Company has not presented earnings per share under the two-class method, as the earnings per share are the same for both Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The following table summarizes the weighted-average number of basic common shares outstanding and the calculation of basic earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

The following table summarizes the calculation of the weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding and the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted stock grants	—		—		608,031		—
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding:	51,938,216		51,827,365		52,523,100		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per diluted common share attributable to common stockholders	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

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Provision for Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated United States federal income tax return and income tax returns in various states. Management evaluated the Company’s tax positions based on appropriate provisions of applicable tax laws and regulations and believes that they are supportable based on their specific technical merits and the facts and circumstances of the respective transactions.                                                                

The Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 22.2% and 21.1%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 24.3% and 21.1%, respectively. The changes in the Company’s effective rates are due to differences in state tax rates at its operating subsidiaries.

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Related Parties

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Parties

Related Parties

On December 31, 2017, the Company sold an indirect wholly owned subsidiary to an immediate family member of an executive officer of the Company (“Purchaser of Subsidiary”) in consideration for a note receivable in the amount of $1.0 million, which approximated the net book value of the disposed entity. At March 31, 2024, $0.1 million and $0.2 million was reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets, respectively, representing the remaining balances on this note receivable. In connection with this transaction, the Company also received a note receivable from the disposed entity (“Disposed Entity”) on December 31, 2017 in the amount of $1.0 million representing certain accounts payable of the Disposed Entity that were paid by the Company. At March 31, 2024, $0.1 million and $0.1 million was reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets, respectively, representing the remaining balances on this note receivable. Remaining principal and interest payments are scheduled to be made in periodic installments during fiscal year 2024 through fiscal year 2026.

Prior to its acquisition by the Company, a current subsidiary of the Company advanced funds to an entity owned by an immediate family member of an officer of the Company in connection with a land development project. The obligations of the borrower entity to repay the advances were guaranteed by a separate entity owned by the same family member of the officer. Amounts outstanding under the advances did not bear interest and matured in full in March 2021. In March 2021, the subsidiary of the Company amended and restated the terms of the repayment obligation, as a result of which the officer personally assumed the remaining balance of the obligation. No new amounts were advanced to the officer by the Company or any subsidiary or affiliate thereof in connection with the transaction. Under the amended and restated terms, the officer executed a promissory note in favor of the Company’s subsidiary in the principal amount of $0.8 million. The note bears simple interest at a rate of 4.0% and requires annual minimum payments of $0.1 million inclusive of principal and accrued interest, with any remaining principal and accrued interest due and payable in full on December 31, 2027. Amounts outstanding under the note are reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within other current assets and other assets (“Land Development Project”).

From time to time, the Company conducts or has conducted business with the following related parties:

•Entities owned by immediate family members of an executive officer of the Company perform subcontract work for a subsidiary of the Company, including trucking and grading services (“Subcontracting Services”).

•Since June 1, 2014, the Company has been a party to an access agreement with Island Pond Corporate Services, LLC, which provides a location for the Company to conduct business development activities from time to time on a property owned by the Executive Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors (“Island Pond”).

•The Company is party to a management services agreement with SunTx Capital Partners, a private equity firm based in Dallas, Texas and a member of the Company’s controlling group ("SunTx"), under which the Company pays SunTx $0.30 million per fiscal quarter and reimburses certain travel and other out-of-pocket expenses associated with services rendered under the management services agreement.

The following table presents revenues earned and expenses incurred by the Company during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and accounts receivable and payable balances at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, related to transactions with the related parties described above (in thousands):

	Revenue Earned (Expense Incurred)												Accounts Receivable (Payable)
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,						For the Six Months Ended March 31,						March 31,		September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023			2024		2023
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Purchaser of Subsidiary	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	311	$	311
Disposed Entity	—			—			—			—			198		198
Land Development Project	—			—			—			—			540		632
Subcontracting Services	(705)		(1)	(1,173)		(1)	(2,618)		(1)	(2,992)		(1)	(247)		(593)
Island Pond	(100)		(2)	(80)		(2)	(200)		(2)	(160)		(2)	—		—
SunTx	(451)		(2)	(359)		(2)	(882)		(2)	(726)		(2)	—		—
(1) Cost is reflected as cost of revenues on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(2) Cost is reflected as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Share-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	2,556	$	2,692
Liability classified awards	776		—
Employee stock purchase plan	221		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	3,553	$	2,692

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	5,339	$	5,172
Liability classified awards	882		—
Employee stock purchase plan	378		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	6,599	$	5,172

Restricted Stock - Equity Classified Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded a total of 80,113 restricted shares of Class A common stock to certain members of Company management and consultants under the Equity Incentive Plan. The grants are classified as equity awards. The aggregate grant date fair value of these restricted stock awards was $3.5 million. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded compensation expense in connection with these and prior restricted stock grants in the amount of $2.0 million and $4.4 million, which is reflected as general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $8.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

Performance Stock Units - Equity Classified Awards

PSUs provide for the issuance of shares of Class A common stock upon vesting, which occurs following the end of the performance period based on achievement of certain Company performance metrics established by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The final number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon vesting of PSUs can range from 0% to 150% of the number of PSUs initially granted, depending on the level of achievement, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The achievement of performance goals is modified by the total shareholder return ranking of the Company against the Russell 2000 Index over the performance period and can increase or decrease the achieved award by up to 15%. The Company recognizes expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for PSUs based on the forecasted achievement of Company performance metrics, multiplied by the fair value of the total number of shares of common stock that the Company anticipates will be issued based on such achievement.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 55,358 shares of Class A common stock as a result of the vesting of PSUs granted to certain members of Company management on December 29, 2021.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded PSUs representing a target of 83,044 shares and forecasted vesting of 62,283 shares of Class A common stock to certain members of Company management. The grants are classified as equity awards. The aggregate grant date fair value of these awards was $2.7 million. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded compensation expense in connection with these type awards in the amount of $0.6 million and $1.0 million, which is reflected as general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $4.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Units - Liability Classified Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted 114,264 of cash-settled restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company under the Equity Incentive Plan. The aggregate grant date fair value of these awards was $5.1 million. Compensation expense associated with these awards for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the liability for cash-settled RSUs was $0.9 million and $0.0 million and is included in other long-term liabilities. At March 31, 2024, there was approximately $4.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 3.5 years.

The grant date fair value of these awards is based on the price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the number of RSUs awarded on the date of grant. The awards must be settled in cash and are accounted for as liability-type awards. The expense is recognized over the requisite service period with remeasurement at the end of each reporting period at fair value until settlement. The requisite service period is based on the vesting provisions of the awards, which generally occurs in four equal annual installments beginning on the date of the first fiscal year-end after the grant date.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Construction Partners, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") became effective on May 13, 2021. The ESPP is intended to provide eligible employees of the Company an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a discounted rate using funds withheld through payroll deductions. The total number of shares offered under the ESPP is 1,000,000. The first offering period under the ESPP commenced on July 1, 2023. Since that date, the Company has purchased 29,899 shares under the ESPP. Compensation expense associated with the ESPP for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Leases

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Leases

The Company leases certain facilities, office space, vehicles and equipment. As of March 31, 2024, operating leases under ASC Topic 842, Leases (“Topic 842”) were included in (i) operating lease right-of use assets, (ii) current portion of operating lease liabilities and (iii) operating lease liabilities, net of current portion on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets in the amounts of $26.7 million, $5.6 million and $21.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any lease contracts that had not yet commenced but had created significant rights and obligations.

The components of lease expense were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	1,471	$	788
Short-term lease cost	5,906		4,733
Total lease expense	$	7,377	$	5,521

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	2,374	$	1,514
Short-term lease cost	11,282		10,768
Total lease expense	$	13,656	$	12,282

Short-term leases (those with terms of 12 months or less) are not capitalized but are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The majority of the Company's short-term leases relate to equipment used on construction projects. These leases are entered into at periodic rental rates for an unspecified duration and typically have a termination for convenience provision.

As of March 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining term of the Company’s leases was 5.9 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 5.09%. As of March 31, 2024, the lease liability was equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments,

discounted using the incremental borrowing rate on the Company’s secured debt using a single maturity discount rate, as such rate is not materially different from the discount rate applied to each of the leases in the portfolio.

The following table summarizes the Company’s undiscounted lease liabilities outstanding as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	3,450
2025	6,530
2026	6,234
2027	5,486
2028	3,150
2029 and thereafter	6,277
Total future minimum lease payments	$	31,128
Less: imputed interest	3,846
Total	$	27,282

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Investment in Derivative Instruments

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Investment in Derivative Instruments

Investment in Derivative Instruments

Interest Rate Swap Contracts

The Company uses derivative instruments as part of its overall strategy to manage its exposure to market risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates. The Company regularly monitors the financial stability and credit standing of the counterparties to its derivative instruments. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

The Company records all derivatives at fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the Company may designate the derivative as one of the following: (i) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be paid (“cash flow hedge”) or (ii) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (“fair value hedge”).

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified and designated as a cash flow hedge or net investment hedge are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) until they are reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified and designated as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.

If the Company does not specifically designate a derivative as one of the above, changes in the fair value of the undesignated derivative instrument are reported in current period earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, while cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included as an investing activity.

If the Company determines that it qualifies for and will designate a derivative as a hedging instrument, the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging activities, including the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes matching all derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions and linking all derivatives designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company performs an initial prospective assessment of hedge effectiveness on a quantitative basis between the inception date and the earlier of the first quarterly hedge effectiveness date or the issuance of the financial statements that include the hedged transaction. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the effectiveness of its designated hedges in offsetting the variability in the cash flows or fair values of the hedged assets or obligations using the Hypothetical Derivative Method. The Hypothetical Derivative Method compares the change in fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument with the change in fair value or cash flows of a hypothetical derivative that represents the hedged risk. The Company would discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when the derivative is no longer highly effective as a hedge, the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable or the hedging instrument expires, is sold, terminated or exercised.

Commodity Swap Contracts

The Company’s operations expose it to a variety of market risks, including the effects of changes in commodity prices. As part of its risk management process, the Company has entered into commodity swap transactions through regulated commodity exchanges. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Changes in fair value of commodity swaps are recognized in earnings.

The following table represents the approximate amount of realized and unrealized gains (losses) and changes in fair value recognized in earnings on commodity derivative contracts for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and the fair value of these derivatives as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(42)	$	32	$	(10)	$	456	$	(1,279)	$	(823)
Interest expense, net	2,646		—		2,646		2,007		—		2,007
Total	$	2,604	$	32	$	2,636	$	2,463	$	(1,279)	$	1,184

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(61)	$	(194)	$	(255)	$	1,057	$	(2,286)	$	(1,229)
Interest expense, net	5,284		—		5,284		3,342		—		3,342
Total	$	5,223	$	(194)	$	5,029	$	4,399	$	(2,286)	$	2,113

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Balance Sheet Classification	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets - commodity swaps	$	—	$	204
Other assets - interest rate swaps (1)	21,031		26,909
Accrued expense and other current liabilities - commodity swaps	(10)		(20)
Net unrealized gain position	$	21,021	$	27,093

(1) Includes designated cash flow hedge of $21.0 million and $26.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
	Level 2		Level 2
Assets:
Commodity swap contracts	$	—	$	204
Interest rate swaps	21,031		26,909
U.S. government securities	6,788		6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,773		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,696		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,195		1,177
Total assets	36,483		42,192
Liabilities:
Commodity swap contracts	$	10	$	20
Total liabilities	$	10	$	20

The fair value of the interest rate swap contract is based on a model-driven valuation using the observable components (e.g., interest rates), which are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the contracts. The fair value of the Company’s commodity swap contracts is based on an analysis of the expected cash flow of the contract in combination with observable forward price inputs obtained from a third-party pricing source. The calculations are adjusted for credit risk. Therefore, the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Derivative assets are included within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Other assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative liabilities are included within “Accrued expense and other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Commitments

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments

Commitments

Letters of Credit

Under the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company had a total capacity of $325.0 million at March 31, 2024 that may be used for a combination of cash borrowings and letter of credit issuances. At March 31, 2024, the Company had aggregate letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $8.2 million, primarily related to certain insurance policies as described in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies.

Purchase Commitments

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had unconditional purchase commitments for diesel fuel and natural gas in the normal course of business in the aggregate amount of $2.4 million. Management does not expect any significant changes in the market value of these goods during the commitment period that would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s purchase commitments for the remainder of fiscal 2024 and in 2025 were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	1,734
2025	696
Total	$	2,430

Minimum Royalties

The Company has lease agreements associated with aggregates facilities under which the Company makes royalty payments. These agreements are outside the scope of Topic 842. The payments are generally based on tons sold in a particular period; however, certain agreements have minimum annual payments. The Company had commitments in the form of minimum royalties as of March 31, 2024 in the amount of $2.5 million, due as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	238
2025	256
2026	192
2027	180
2028	145
Thereafter	1,470
Total	$	2,481

Royalty expense recorded in cost of revenue was $0.4 million for each of three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and $0.8 million for each of the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Restricted Investments

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Restricted Investments

Restricted Investments

The following is a summary of the Company’s debt securities as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	(unaudited)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S. government securities	$	6,975	$	—	$	187	$	6,788
Corporate debt securities	5,907		—		134		5,773
Municipal government securities	1,758		—		62		1,696
Agency backed securities	1,263		—		68		1,195
Total	$	15,903	$	—	$	451	$	15,452

	September 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S government securities	$	6,869	$	—	$	320	$	6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,931		—		326		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,853		—		105		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,273		—		96		1,177
Total	$	15,926	$	—	$	847	$	15,079

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities classified as available for sale by contractual maturity, as of March 31, 2024, are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due within one year	$	2,085	$	2,070
Due after one year through three years	4,493		4,357
Due after three years	9,325		9,025
Total	$	15,903	$	15,452

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Equity

Shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting rights, conversion rights and transfer restrictions applicable to shares of Class B common stock. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors, unless otherwise required by applicable law or the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws. Shares of Class B common stock are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at any time at the option of the holder or upon any transfer, subject to certain limited exceptions. In addition, upon the election of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of Class B common stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will be converted into shares of Class A common stock. Once converted into shares of Class A common stock, shares of Class B common stock will not be reissued. Class A common stock is not convertible into any other class of the Company’s capital stock.

Treasury Stock

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company received a total of 33,772 shares of Class A common stock from employees for reimbursement of income taxes paid by the Company on behalf of these employees related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and 524 shares of Class A common stock through forfeitures of restricted stock awards by terminated employees.

Restricted Stock Awards

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company awarded a total of 80,113 restricted shares of Class A common stock to certain directors, officers and employees of the Company under the Construction Partners, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).

Performance Stock Units

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued a total of 55,358 shares of Class A common stock in settlement of vested performance stock units ("PSUs") under the Equity Incentive Plan.

Additional information about these transactions is set forth in Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income (loss) and OCI. The components of OCI are presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s interest rate swap contract hedge included in other comprehensive income (loss) was entered into on July 1, 2022 with an original notional value of $300.0 million. The maturity date of this swap is June 30, 2027.

Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of tax, at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, were as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		September 30, 2023
Interest rate swap contract, net of blend and extend arrangement	$	19,446	$	25,533
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	(451)		(847)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items	(4,614)		(5,992)
Total	$	14,381	$	18,694

Changes in AOCI, net of tax, are as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	18,694
Net OCI changes	(4,313)
Balance at March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	14,381

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	17,620
Net OCI changes	(4,635)
Balance at March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	12,985

Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(2,646)	$	(2,007)
Realized loss on restricted investments	26		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	651		517
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(1,969)	$	(1,494)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(5,284)	$	(3,342)
Realized loss on restricted investments	49		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	1,299		861
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(3,936)	$	(2,485)

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

Georgia Acquisition

On May 1, 2024, a subsidiary of the Company acquired certain assets of Sunbelt Asphalt Surfaces, Inc. (“Sunbelt”), an asphalt paving company headquartered in Auburn, Georgia, for $28.6 million. The transaction added an HMA plant and a greenfield plant site in northeastern Georgia.

Issuance of Equity Awards

In connection with the Sunbelt acquisition, the Company issued awards under the Equity Incentive Plan to certain key former employees of Sunbelt who became employees of the acquiring Company subsidiary consisting of (i) 30,000 shares of restricted Class A common stock having an aggregate grant date fair value of $1.5 million and (ii) performance stock awards representing a target of 30,000 shares of Class A common stock having an aggregate grant date fair value of $1.5 million.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income (loss)	$ (1,124)	$ 9,843	$ (5,481)	$ 1,892	$ 8,719	$ (3,589)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These interim consolidated statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which permit reduced disclosure for interim periods. The Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 were derived from the Company's audited financial statements for the fiscal year then ended, but do not include all necessary disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) with respect to annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, these unaudited consolidated financial statements include all recurring adjustments and normal accruals necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the dates and periods presented. These consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”). Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year or for any future period.

Management’s Estimates

Management’s Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts of assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity, revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used in accounting for items such as recognition of revenues and cost of revenues, investments, mineral reserves, goodwill and other intangible assets, business acquisitions, valuation of operating lease right-of-use assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowances related to income taxes, accruals for potential liabilities related to lawsuits or insurance claims, asset retirement obligations, valuation of derivative instruments and valuation of share-based compensation awards. Estimates are continually evaluated based on historical information and actual experience; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.

A description of certain critical accounting policies of the Company is presented below. Additional critical accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties are described in the notes to the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements included in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consists principally of currency on hand and demand deposits at commercial banks. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid securities that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Cash equivalents include securities with original maturities of three months or less. The Company maintains demand accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit at several banks. From time to time, account balances have exceeded the maximum available federal deposit insurance coverage limit. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and regularly monitors its credit risk.

Restricted Cash

Construction Partners Risk Management, Inc. (the “Captive”), a captive insurance company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, provides general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation insurance coverage to the Company and its subsidiaries. Restricted cash represents cash held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company had restricted cash of $2.5 million and $0.8 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited, in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	50,436	$	30,631

Restricted Investments

Restricted Investments

The Company’s restricted investments consist of debt securities held in a fiduciary capacity by the Captive for the payment of casualty insurance claims. The Company determines the classification of its securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates the determination at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified securities held by the Captive as available-for-sale. As a result, these securities are carried at their fair value. Purchases and sales of debt securities are recorded on the trade date. Interest income on debt securities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net. These securities have been classified as non-current assets based on their respective maturity dates and the Company’s intent to reinvest sales proceeds into new restricted investments. The Company had restricted investments of $15.5 million and $15.1 million at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The Company evaluates its available-for-sale debt securities quarterly to determine whether there has been a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost due to credit losses or other factors. This evaluation process entails judgement by the Company, and considers factors including the issuer’s financial condition and near-term prospects, future economic conditions, interest rate changes and changes in the rating of the security. When the Company has determined that it intends to sell, or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before it recovers its amortized cost basis above fair value, the individual security is written down to fair value, with a corresponding charge to “Other income” within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the intent impairment criteria but for which the Company has determined that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss allowance is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no intent impairments or credit losses.

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable are generally based on amounts billed and currently due from customers, amounts currently due but unbilled, and amounts retained by customers pending satisfactory completion of a project. It is common in the Company’s industry for a small portion of either progress billings or the contract price, typically 10%, to be withheld by the customer until the Company completes a project to the satisfaction of the customer in accordance with the applicable contract terms. Such amounts, defined as retainage, are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net.” Based on the Company’s experience with similar contracts in recent years, billings for such retainage balances are generally collected within one year of the completion of the project.

Contracts receivable including retainage, net is stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. Management provides for uncollectible accounts through a charge to earnings and a credit to the allowance for doubtful accounts based

on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts, type of service performed, current economic conditions, historical losses and other information available to management. Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the allowance for doubtful accounts and an adjustment to the contract receivable.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities and Revenues from Contracts with Customers

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Billing practices for the Company’s contracts are governed by the contract terms of each project based on (i) progress toward completion approved by the owner, (ii) achievement of milestones or (iii) pre-agreed schedules. Billings do not necessarily correlate with revenues recognized under the cost-to-cost input method. The Company records contract assets and contract liabilities to account for these differences in timing.

The contract asset, “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts”, arises when the Company recognizes revenues for services performed under its construction projects, but the Company is not yet entitled to bill the customer under the terms of the contract. Amounts billed to customers are excluded from this asset and reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Contracts receivable including retainage, net”. Included in costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are amounts the Company seeks or will seek to collect from customers or others for (i) errors, (ii) changes in contract specifications or design, (iii) contract change orders in dispute, unapproved as to scope and price, or (iv) other customer-related causes of unanticipated additional contract costs (such as claims). Such amounts are recorded to the extent that the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable. Claims and unapproved change orders made by the Company may involve negotiation and, in rare cases, litigation. Unapproved change orders and claims also involve the use of estimates, and revenues associated with unapproved change orders and claims are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company did not recognize any material amounts associated with claims and unapproved change orders during the periods presented.

The contract liability, “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts”, represents the Company’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has been paid by the customer or for which the Company has billed the customer under the terms of the contract. Revenue for future services reflected in this account are recognized, and the liability is reduced, as the Company subsequently satisfies the performance obligation under the contract.

Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are typically resolved within one year and are not considered significant financing components.

Revenues from Contracts with Customers

The Company derives revenues from contracts with its customers, predominantly by performing construction services for both public and private infrastructure projects, with an emphasis on highways, roads, bridges, airports and commercial and residential developments. These projects are performed for a mix of federal, state, municipal and private customers. In addition, the Company generates revenues from the sale of construction materials, including HMA, aggregates, liquid asphalt and ready-mix concrete, to third-party public and private customers pursuant to contracts with those customers. The following table reflects, for the periods presented, the percentage of (i) revenues generated from public infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to public customers and (ii) revenues generated from private infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to private customers.

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Private	42.3	%	42.1	%	41.7	%	40.4	%
Public	57.7	%	57.9	%	58.4	%	59.6	%

Revenues derived from construction projects are recognized over time as the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring control of the asset created or enhanced by the project to the customer. Recognition of revenues and cost of revenues for construction projects requires significant judgment by management, including, among other things, estimating total costs expected to be incurred to complete a project and measuring progress toward completion. Management reviews contract estimates regularly to assess revisions of estimated costs to complete a project and measurement of progress toward completion.

Management believes the Company maintains reasonable estimates based on prior experience; however, many factors contribute to changes in estimates of contract costs. Accordingly, estimates made with respect to uncompleted projects are subject to change as each project progresses and better estimates of contract costs become available. All contract costs are recorded as incurred, and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Provisions are recognized for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue, regardless of the stage of completion. When the Company incurs additional costs related to work performed by subcontractors, the Company may be able to utilize contractual provisions to back charge the subcontractors for those costs. A reduction to costs related to back charges is recognized when estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Contract costs consist of (i) direct costs on contracts, including labor, materials, and amounts payable to subcontractors and (ii) indirect costs related to contract performance, such as insurance, employee benefits, and equipment (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs).

Progress toward completion is estimated using the input method, measured by the relationship of total cost incurred through the measurement date to total estimated costs required to complete the project (cost-to-cost method). The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of goods and services to the customer because it represents satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation under the contract, which occurs as the Company incurs costs. The Company measures percentage of completion based on the performance of a single performance obligation under its construction projects. Each of the Company’s construction contracts represents a single performance obligation to complete a defined construction project. This is because goods and services promised for delivery to a customer are not distinct, as the customer cannot benefit from any individual portion of the services on its own. All deliverables under a contract are part of a project defined by a customer and represent a series of integrated goods and services that have the same pattern of delivery to the customer and use the same measure of progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation as the customer’s asset is created or enhanced by the Company. The Company’s obligation is not satisfied until the entire project is complete.

Revenue recognized during a reporting period is based on the cost-to-cost input method applied to the total transaction price, including adjustments for variable consideration, such as liquidated damages, penalties or bonuses, related to the timeliness or quality of project performance. The Company includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price at the most likely amount to which the Company expects to be entitled or the most likely amount the Company expects to incur, in the case of liquidated damages or penalties. Such amounts are included in the transaction price for which it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. The Company accounts for changes to the estimated transaction price using a cumulative catch-up adjustment.

The majority of the Company’s public construction contracts are fixed unit price contracts. Under fixed unit price contracts, the Company is committed to providing materials or services required by a contract at fixed unit prices (for example, dollars per ton of asphalt placed). The Company’s private customer contracts are primarily fixed total price contracts, also known as lump sum contracts, which require that the total amount of work be performed for a single price. Contract cost is recorded as incurred, and revisions in

contract revenue and cost estimates are reflected in the accounting period when known. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract change orders, penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to estimated revenues and costs and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.

Change orders are modifications of an original contract that effectively change the existing provisions of the contract and become part of the single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. This is because goods and services promised under change orders are generally not distinct from the remaining goods and services under the existing contract, due to the significant integration of services performed in the context of the contract. Accordingly, change orders are generally accounted for as a modification of the existing contract and single performance obligation. The Company accounts for the modification using a cumulative catch-up adjustment. Either the Company or its customers may initiate change orders, which may include changes in specifications or designs, manner of performance, facilities, equipment, materials, sites and period of completion of the work.

Revenues derived from the sale of HMA, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and liquid asphalt are recognized at a point in time, which is when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Generally, that point in time is when the customer accepts delivery at its facility or receives product in its own transport vehicles from one of the Company’s HMA plants or aggregates facilities. Upon purchase, the Company generally provides an invoice or similar document detailing the goods transferred to the customer. The Company generally offers payment terms customary in the industry, which typically require payment ranging from point-of-sale to 30 days following purchase.

Concentration of Risks

Concentration of Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of contracts receivable including retainage. In the normal course of business, the Company provides credit to its customers and does not generally require collateral. The Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with these receivables on an ongoing basis. The Company has not historically experienced significant credit losses, due primarily to management’s assessment of customers’ credit ratings. The Company principally deals with recurring customers, state and local governments and well-known local companies whose reputations are known to management. The Company performs credit checks for significant new customers and generally requires progress payments for significant projects. The Company generally has the ability to file liens against the property if payments are not made on a timely basis. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s contracts receivable including retainage, net balance at March 31, 2024 or September 30, 2023.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes includes federal and state income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying values and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Management evaluates the realization of deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented on a net basis by taxing authority and classified as non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders, but includes dilutive unvested stock awards using the treasury stock method.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures and discloses certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are classified using the following hierarchy:

Level 1. Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through corroboration with observable market data.

Level 3. Inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability and include situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The inputs used in the determination of fair value are based on the best information available under the circumstances and may require significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company endeavors to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contracts receivable including retainage, accounts payable and accrued expenses reflected as current assets and current liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

The Company also has debt securities reflected as restricted investments on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These investments are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date and are considered Level 2 fair value measurements.

The Company also has a Term Loan and a Revolving Credit Facility, as defined and further described in Note 8 - Debt. The carrying value of amounts outstanding under these credit facilities is reflected as long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance cost and current maturities of long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Due to the variable rate or short-term nature of these instruments, management considers their carrying value to approximate their fair value.

The Company also has derivative instruments. The fair value of commodity and interest rate swaps are based on forward and spot prices, as described in Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements.

Level 3 fair values are used to value acquired mineral reserves and leased mineral interests. The fair values of mineral reserves and leased mineral interests are determined using an excess earnings approach, which requires management to estimate future cash flows. The estimate of future cash flows is based on available historical information and forecasts determined by management, but is inherently uncertain. Key assumptions in estimating future cash flows include sales price, volumes and expected profit margins, net of capital requirements. The present value of the projected net cash flows represents the fair value assigned to mineral reserves and mineral interests. The discount rate is a significant assumption used in the valuation model and is based on the required rate of return that a hypothetical market participant would assume if purchasing the acquired business.

Management applies fair value measurement guidance to its impairment analysis for tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company reports comprehensive income (loss) in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Comprehensive income (loss) comprises two subsets: net income and other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). OCI includes adjustments for changes in fair value of an interest rate swap contract derivative and available-for-sale restricted investments. For additional information about comprehensive income (loss), see Note 19 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company did not adopt any new accounting standards or updates during the six months ended March 31, 2024.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited, in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	50,436	$	30,631

Schedule of Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited, in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,957	$	30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	50,436	$	30,631

Schedule of Concentration Risk

Customers that accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,		For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Florida Department of Transportation	15.8%	11.3%	14.2%	*

* Less than 10%

Schedule of Revenue by Major Customers

The following table reflects, for the periods presented, the percentage of (i) revenues generated from public infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to public customers and (ii) revenues generated from private infrastructure construction projects and the sale of construction materials to private customers.

	% of Consolidated Revenues
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Private	42.3	%	42.1	%	41.7	%	40.4	%
Public	57.7	%	57.9	%	58.4	%	59.6	%

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Business Acquisitions (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of Pro Forma Revenues and Net Income

The following tables present pro forma revenues and net income as though the acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2022 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	371,427	$	342,209
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	(1,124)	$	(7,536)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Pro forma revenues	$	784,706	$	688,119
Pro forma net income (loss)	$	9,214	$	(5,836)

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Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Contractors [Abstract]

Schedule of Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net

Contracts receivable including retainage, net consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Contracts receivable	$	225,888	$	251,324
Retainage receivable	50,844		53,286
	276,732		304,610
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,162)		(906)
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	$	275,570	$	303,704

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Contract Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Costs and Estimated Earnings Compared to Billings on Uncompleted Contracts

Costs and estimated earnings compared to billings on uncompleted contracts at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Costs on uncompleted contracts	$	1,705,395	$	1,831,106
Estimated earnings to date on uncompleted contracts	181,298		194,760
	1,886,693		2,025,866
Billings to date on uncompleted contracts	(1,954,025)		(2,077,475)
Net billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	$	(67,332)	$	(51,609)

Significant changes to balances of costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings (contract asset) and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings (contract liability) on uncompleted contracts from September 30, 2022 to March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 to March 31, 2024 are presented below (in thousands):

	Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on  Uncompleted Contracts		Net Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
September 30, 2022	$	29,271	$	(52,477)	$	(23,206)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	(145)		(9,527)		(9,672)
March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	29,126	$	(62,004)	$	(32,878)
September 30, 2023	$	27,296	$	(78,905)	$	(51,609)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	$	8,825	$	(24,547)	$	(15,722)
March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	36,120	$	(103,453)	$	(67,332)

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Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Construction equipment	$	511,111	$	447,467
Plants	233,611		208,708
Land and improvements	79,903		76,396
Mineral reserves	69,405		69,405
Buildings	36,885		36,885
Furniture and fixtures	7,775		7,538
Leasehold improvements	1,268		1,268
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	939,958		847,667
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization	(391,453)		(358,462)
Construction in progress	16,846		15,890
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	565,351	$	505,095

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Debt (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

Debt at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
Long-term debt:
Term Loan	$	276,250	$	283,750
Revolving Credit Facility	163,100		93,100
Total long-term debt	439,350		376,850
Deferred debt issuance costs	(962)		(1,110)
Current maturities of long-term debt	(15,000)		(15,000)
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	$	423,388	$	360,740

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of Earnings Per Share

The following table summarizes the weighted-average number of basic common shares outstanding and the calculation of basic earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to common stockholders, basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

The following table summarizes the calculation of the weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding and the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the periods presented (unaudited in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,124)	$	(5,481)	$	8,719	$	(3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, basic	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069		51,826,143
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted stock grants	—		—		608,031		—
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding:	51,938,216		51,827,365		52,523,100		51,826,143
Net income (loss) per diluted common share attributable to common stockholders	$	(0.02)	$	(0.11)	$	0.17	$	(0.07)

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Related Parties (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of Related Party Transactions

The following table presents revenues earned and expenses incurred by the Company during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and accounts receivable and payable balances at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, related to transactions with the related parties described above (in thousands):

	Revenue Earned (Expense Incurred)												Accounts Receivable (Payable)
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,						For the Six Months Ended March 31,						March 31,		September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023			2024		2023
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Purchaser of Subsidiary	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	311	$	311
Disposed Entity	—			—			—			—			198		198
Land Development Project	—			—			—			—			540		632
Subcontracting Services	(705)		(1)	(1,173)		(1)	(2,618)		(1)	(2,992)		(1)	(247)		(593)
Island Pond	(100)		(2)	(80)		(2)	(200)		(2)	(160)		(2)	—		—
SunTx	(451)		(2)	(359)		(2)	(882)		(2)	(726)		(2)	—		—
(1) Cost is reflected as cost of revenues on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(2) Cost is reflected as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-Based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	2,556	$	2,692
Liability classified awards	776		—
Employee stock purchase plan	221		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	3,553	$	2,692

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Equity classified awards	$	5,339	$	5,172
Liability classified awards	882		—
Employee stock purchase plan	378		—
Total share-based compensation expense	$	6,599	$	5,172

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Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Lease Expense

The components of lease expense were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	1,471	$	788
Short-term lease cost	5,906		4,733
Total lease expense	$	7,377	$	5,521

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	2,374	$	1,514
Short-term lease cost	11,282		10,768
Total lease expense	$	13,656	$	12,282

Schedule of Future Lease Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company’s undiscounted lease liabilities outstanding as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	3,450
2025	6,530
2026	6,234
2027	5,486
2028	3,150
2029 and thereafter	6,277
Total future minimum lease payments	$	31,128
Less: imputed interest	3,846
Total	$	27,282

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Investment in Derivative Instruments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivatives Instruments, Income Statement and Balance Sheet Classification

The following table represents the approximate amount of realized and unrealized gains (losses) and changes in fair value recognized in earnings on commodity derivative contracts for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and the fair value of these derivatives as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(42)	$	32	$	(10)	$	456	$	(1,279)	$	(823)
Interest expense, net	2,646		—		2,646		2,007		—		2,007
Total	$	2,604	$	32	$	2,636	$	2,463	$	(1,279)	$	1,184

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
	Change in						Change in
Income Statement Classification	Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Total Gain (Loss)
Cost of revenues	$	(61)	$	(194)	$	(255)	$	1,057	$	(2,286)	$	(1,229)
Interest expense, net	5,284		—		5,284		3,342		—		3,342
Total	$	5,223	$	(194)	$	5,029	$	4,399	$	(2,286)	$	2,113

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Balance Sheet Classification	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets - commodity swaps	$	—	$	204
Other assets - interest rate swaps (1)	21,031		26,909
Accrued expense and other current liabilities - commodity swaps	(10)		(20)
Net unrealized gain position	$	21,021	$	27,093

(1) Includes designated cash flow hedge of $21.0 million and $26.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
	Level 2		Level 2
Assets:
Commodity swap contracts	$	—	$	204
Interest rate swaps	21,031		26,909
U.S. government securities	6,788		6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,773		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,696		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,195		1,177
Total assets	36,483		42,192
Liabilities:
Commodity swap contracts	$	10	$	20
Total liabilities	$	10	$	20

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Commitments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Unconditional Purchase Commitments

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s purchase commitments for the remainder of fiscal 2024 and in 2025 were as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	1,734
2025	696
Total	$	2,430

Schedule of Future Minimum Payments

The Company had commitments in the form of minimum royalties as of March 31, 2024 in the amount of $2.5 million, due as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
Remainder of 2024	$	238
2025	256
2026	192
2027	180
2028	145
Thereafter	1,470
Total	$	2,481

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Restricted Investments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Summary of Debt Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s debt securities as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	(unaudited)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S. government securities	$	6,975	$	—	$	187	$	6,788
Corporate debt securities	5,907		—		134		5,773
Municipal government securities	1,758		—		62		1,696
Agency backed securities	1,263		—		68		1,195
Total	$	15,903	$	—	$	451	$	15,452

	September 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S government securities	$	6,869	$	—	$	320	$	6,549
Corporate debt securities	5,931		—		326		5,605
Municipal government securities	1,853		—		105		1,748
Agency backed securities	1,273		—		96		1,177
Total	$	15,926	$	—	$	847	$	15,079

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities classified as available for sale by contractual maturity, as of March 31, 2024, are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due within one year	$	2,085	$	2,070
Due after one year through three years	4,493		4,357
Due after three years	9,325		9,025
Total	$	15,903	$	15,452

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of tax, at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, were as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		September 30, 2023
Interest rate swap contract, net of blend and extend arrangement	$	19,446	$	25,533
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	(451)		(847)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items	(4,614)		(5,992)
Total	$	14,381	$	18,694

Schedule of Cash Flow Hedges Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in AOCI, net of tax, are as follows (in thousands):

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	18,694
Net OCI changes	(4,313)
Balance at March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	$	14,381

AOCI	Interest Rate Hedge
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	17,620
Net OCI changes	(4,635)
Balance at March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	$	12,985

Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings are as follows (unaudited, in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(2,646)	$	(2,007)
Realized loss on restricted investments	26		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	651		517
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(1,969)	$	(1,494)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense (benefit)	$	(5,284)	$	(3,342)
Realized loss on restricted investments	49		(4)
Benefit from income taxes	1,299		861
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$	(3,936)	$	(2,485)

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Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Restricted cash	$ 2,479		$ 2,479		$ 837
Restricted investments	$ 15,452		$ 15,452		$ 15,079
Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Various Departments of Transportation
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	36.00%	29.80%	36.90%	30.90%
Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Florida Department of Transportation
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	15.80%	11.30%	14.20%
Private | Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	42.30%	42.10%	41.70%	40.40%
Public | Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	57.70%	57.90%	58.40%	59.60%

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Significant Accounting Policies- Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 47,957	$ 48,243	$ 30,512
Restricted cash	2,479		119
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 50,436	$ 49,080	$ 30,631	$ 35,559

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Business Acquisitions - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands					3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jan. 02, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 29, 2023 USD ($)	Nov. 01, 2023 USD ($) plant	Oct. 02, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill					$ 181,467	$ 181,467	$ 159,270
Revenues since acquisition date					17,400	22,100
Net income					900	1,200
Expenses and losses recognized					300	800
Acquisition related costs						800
Georgia Acquisition
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Asset acquisition, consideration transferred	$ 6,400
South Carolina Acquisition
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration transferred				$ 3,000
North Carolina and South Carolina Acquisitions November 2023
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration transferred			$ 18,300
Plants acquired | plant			3
Alabama Acquisition
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration transferred		$ 60,100
2024 Acquisitions
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration transferred						87,900
Goodwill					22,200	22,200
Net working capital						13,200
Property, plant and equipment allocation					51,800	51,800
Goodwill and intangibles					$ 22,900	$ 22,900

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Business Acquisitions - Proforma Revenue and Net Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Pro forma revenues	$ 371,427	$ 342,209	$ 784,706	$ 688,119
Pro forma net income (loss)	$ (1,124)	$ (7,536)	$ 9,214	$ (5,836)

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Contracts Receivable Including Retainage, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Contractors [Abstract]
Contracts receivable	$ 225,888	$ 251,324
Retainage receivable	50,844	53,286
Contracts receivable including retainage, gross	276,732	304,610
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,162)	(906)
Contracts receivable including retainage, net	$ 275,570	$ 303,704

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Contract Assets and Liabilities - Cost and Estimated Earnings Compared to Billings on Uncompleted Contracts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Costs on uncompleted contracts	$ 1,705,395	$ 1,831,106
Estimated earnings to date on uncompleted contracts	181,298	194,760
Costs and estimated earnings to date on uncompleted contracts	1,886,693	2,025,866
Billings to date on uncompleted contracts	(1,954,025)	(2,077,475)
Net billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts	$ (67,332)	$ (51,609)	$ (32,878)	$ (23,206)

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Contract Assets and Liabilities - Reconciliation of Net Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings on Uncompleted Contracts
Contract asset, beginning balance	$ 27,296	$ 29,271
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	8,825	(145)
Contract asset, ending balance	36,120	29,126
Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
Contract liability, beginning balance	(78,905)	(52,477)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	(24,547)	(9,527)
Contract liability, ending balance	(103,453)	(62,004)
Net Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
Net billings in excess of costs, beginning balance	(51,609)	(23,206)
Changes in revenue billed, contract price or cost estimates	(15,722)	(9,672)
Net billings in excess of costs, Ending balance	$ (67,332)	$ (32,878)

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Contract Assets and Liabilities - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1,370.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-04-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 743.7
Remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	6 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-10-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 629.0
Remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period

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Property, Plant and Equipment - Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 939,958	$ 847,667
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization	(391,453)	(358,462)
Construction in progress	16,846	15,890
Total property, plant and equipment, net	565,351	505,095
Construction equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	511,111	447,467
Plants
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	233,611	208,708
Land and improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	79,903	76,396
Mineral reserves
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	69,405	69,405
Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	36,885	36,885
Furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	7,775	7,538
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 1,268	$ 1,268

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Property, Plant and Equipment - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and depletion expense	$ 23.1	$ 20.4	$ 44.1	$ 39.7

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Debt - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 439,350	$ 376,850
Deferred debt issuance costs	(962)	(1,110)
Current maturities of long-term debt	(15,000)	(15,000)
Long-term debt, net of current maturities and deferred debt issuance costs	423,388	360,740
Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	276,250	283,750
Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 163,100	$ 93,100

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Debt - Additional Information (Details)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Fixed coverage ratio		3.39	2.56
Leverage ratio		1.81	1.72
Notional amount		$ 300,000,000	$ 300,000,000
Fair value of interest rate swaps		21,000,000	26,900,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 325,000,000	325,000,000
Long-term debt		163,100,000	93,100,000
Remaining borrowing capacity		153,700,000	222,100,000
Term Loan
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Long-term debt		$ 276,300,000	$ 283,800,000
Term Loan | Daily simple SOFR
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Basis spread	0.10%
Term Loan | Term SOFR
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Basis spread	0.10%
Term Loan | Line of Credit
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 250,000,000
Term Loan - 11 Loan Payments
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Principal repayment rate		1.25%
Term Loan - 8 Quarters
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Principal repayment rate		1.875%
Delayed Draw Term Facility | Line of Credit
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 50,000,000
Credit Agreement | Minimum
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Fixed coverage ratio		1.20
Credit Agreement | Maximum
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Fixed coverage ratio		3.50

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Equity (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 voting_right shares
Performance Shares
Schedule of Stockholders Equity [Line Items]
Shares issued (in shares)	55,358
Class A Common Stock
Schedule of Stockholders Equity [Line Items]
Voting rights for each share | voting_right	1
Treasury stock, shares, acquired (in shares)	33,772
Class A Common Stock | Restricted Stock | Equity Incentive Plan
Schedule of Stockholders Equity [Line Items]
Forfeitures (in shares)	524
Issuance of stock grant awards (in shares)	80,113
Class B Common Stock
Schedule of Stockholders Equity [Line Items]
Voting rights for each share | voting_right	10

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Earnings Per Share - Basic (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$ (1,124)	$ 9,843	$ (5,481)	$ 1,892	$ 8,719	$ (3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding (in shares)	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069	51,826,143
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to common shareholders, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)		$ (0.11)		$ 0.17	$ (0.07)

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Earnings Per Share - Diluted (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Numerator
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$ (1,124)	$ 9,843	$ (5,481)	$ 1,892	$ 8,719	$ (3,589)
Denominator
Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding (in shares)	51,938,216		51,827,365		51,915,069	51,826,143
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted stock grants (in shares)	0		0		608,031	0
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding (in shares)	51,938,216		51,827,365		52,523,100	51,826,143
Net income (loss) per diluted common share attributable to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)		$ (0.11)		$ 0.17	$ (0.07)

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Provision for Income Taxes (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective tax rate, percent	22.20%	21.10%	24.30%	21.10%

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Related Parties - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2017
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other assets	$ 27,412	$ 32,705
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount			$ 800
Interest rate, percentage			4.00%
Annual principal payment			$ 100
Related Party | SunTx Capital Partners
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment to related party	300
Consideration Note Receivable | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Notes receivable				$ 1,000
Other current assets	100
Other assets	200
Accounts Payable Note Receivable | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Notes receivable				$ 1,000
Other current assets	100
Other assets	$ 100

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Related Parties - Schedule of Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 371,427	$ 324,850	$ 767,932	$ 666,629
Subcontracting Services	(332,626)	(298,570)	(677,251)	(609,853)
Expense incurred	(36,752)	(31,989)	(72,733)	(61,714)
Related Party | Purchaser of Subsidiary
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenues	0	0	0	0
Accounts receivable	311		311		$ 311
Related Party | Disposed Entity
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenues	0	0	0	0
Accounts receivable	198		198		198
Related Party | Land Development Project
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenues	0	0	0	0
Accounts receivable	540		540		632
Related Party | Subcontracting Services
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Subcontracting Services	(705)	(1,173)	(2,618)	(2,992)
Accounts payable	(247)		(247)		(593)
Related Party | Island Pond
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expense incurred	(100)	(80)	(200)	(160)
Accounts payable	0		0		0
Related Party | SunTx
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expense incurred	(451)	$ (359)	(882)	$ (726)
Accounts payable	$ 0		$ 0		$ 0

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Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of Share-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 3,553	$ 2,692	$ 6,599	$ 5,172
Equity classified awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	2,556	2,692	5,339	5,172
Liability classified awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	776	0	882	0
Employee stock purchase plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 221	$ 0	$ 378	$ 0

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Share-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) installment shares	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) installment shares	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) installment shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	May 31, 2021 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 3,553	$ 2,692	$ 6,599	$ 5,172
Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value			3,500
Performance Shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value			$ 2,700
Shares issued (in shares) | shares			55,358
Number of restricted stock vest (in shares) | shares			62,283
Shares issued (in shares) | shares			83,044
Performance Shares | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of final number of of common stock issuable upon vesting of performance stock units			0
Performance Shares | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of final number of of common stock issuable upon vesting of performance stock units			1.50
Percentage increase (decrease) of awards granted due to total shareholder return ranking			0.15
Liability classified awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value			$ 5,100
Compensation expense	776	0	882	0
Current liability for cash-settled restricted stock units	900		900		$ 900	$ 0
Employee stock purchase plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 221	0	$ 378	$ 0
Shares issued (in shares) | shares					29,899
Maximum number of shares offered under the ESPP (in shares) | shares							1,000,000
Class A Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Issuance of stock grant awards (in shares) | shares	55,358
Class A Common Stock | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares issues (in shares) | shares			80,113
Class A Common Stock | Restricted Stock | Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 2,000		$ 4,400
Unrecognized compensation expense	8,900		$ 8,900		$ 8,900
Unrecognized compensation expense, period for recognition (years)			2 years 7 months 6 days
Class A Common Stock | Performance Shares | Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	600		$ 1,000
Unrecognized compensation expense	$ 4,100		$ 4,100		4,100
Unrecognized compensation expense, period for recognition (years)			2 years 3 months 18 days
Class A Common Stock | Liability classified awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	114,264
Class A Common Stock | Liability classified awards | Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 800	$ 900
Unrecognized compensation expense	$ 4,200		$ 4,200		$ 4,200
Unrecognized compensation expense, period for recognition (years)	3 years 6 months
Requisite service period, number of equal annual installments | installment	4		4		4

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Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 26,721	$ 14,485
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	5,564	2,338
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	$ 21,717	$ 12,649
Weighted-average remaining lease terms	5 years 10 months 24 days
Weighted-average discount rate	5.09%

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Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 1,471	$ 788	$ 2,374	$ 1,514
Short-term lease cost	5,906	4,733	11,282	10,768
Total lease expense	$ 7,377	$ 5,521	$ 13,656	$ 12,282

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Leases - Future Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
Remainder of 2024	$ 3,450
2025	6,530
2026	6,234
2027	5,486
2028	3,150
2029 and thereafter	6,277
Total future minimum lease payments	31,128
Less: imputed interest	3,846
Total	$ 27,282

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Investment in Derivative Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Realized Gain (Loss)	$ 2,604	$ 2,463	$ 5,223	$ 4,399
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	32	(1,279)	(194)	(2,286)
Total Gain (Loss)	2,636	1,184	5,029	2,113
Net unrealized gain position	21,021		21,021		$ 27,093
Other Assets | Cash Flow Hedging | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Unrealized Gain (Loss)			21,000		26,900
Commodity Swap | Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative asset, fair value	0		0		204
Commodity Swap | Accrued Expense and Other Current Liabilities
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities, fair value	(10)		(10)		(20)
Interest Rate Swap | Other Assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative asset, fair value	21,031		21,031		$ 26,909
Cost of revenues
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Realized Gain (Loss)	(42)	456	(61)	1,057
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	32	(1,279)	(194)	(2,286)
Total Gain (Loss)	(10)	(823)	(255)	(1,229)
Interest expense, net
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Realized Gain (Loss)	2,646	2,007	5,284	3,342
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	0	0	0	0
Total Gain (Loss)	$ 2,646	$ 2,007	$ 5,284	$ 3,342

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	$ 15,452	$ 15,079
Corporate debt securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	5,773	5,605
Municipal government securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,696	1,748
Agency backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,195	1,177
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	36,483	42,192
Liabilities	10	20
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | U.S. government securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	6,788	6,549
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Corporate debt securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	5,773	5,605
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Municipal government securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,696	1,748
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Agency backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,195	1,177
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Commodity swap contracts
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	204
Liabilities	10	20
Fair Value, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Interest rate swaps
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	$ 21,031	$ 26,909

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Commitments - Letters of Credit (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2022
Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding	$ 8,200,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 325,000,000	$ 325,000,000

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Commitments - Purchase Commitments (Details) - Fuel $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Unrecorded Unconditional Purchase Obligation [Line Items]
Remainder of 2024	$ 1,734
2025	696
Total	$ 2,430

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Commitments - Minimum Royalties (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Remainder of 2024	$ 238		$ 238
2025	256		256
2026	192		192
2027	180		180
2028	145		145
Thereafter	1,470		1,470
Total	2,481		2,481
Royalty expense	$ 400	$ 400	$ 800	$ 800

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Restricted Investments - Summary of Debt Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 15,903	$ 15,926
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	451	847
Fair Value	15,452	15,079
U.S. government securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	6,975	6,869
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	187	320
Fair Value	6,788	6,549
Corporate debt securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	5,907	5,931
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	134	326
Fair Value	5,773	5,605
Municipal government securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,758	1,853
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	62	105
Fair Value	1,696	1,748
Agency backed securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,263	1,273
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	68	96
Fair Value	$ 1,195	$ 1,177

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Restricted Investments - Schedule of Amortized Cost and Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Amortized cost, due within one year	$ 2,085
Amortized cost, due after one year through three years	4,493
Amortized cost, due after three years	9,325
Amortized Cost	15,903	$ 15,926
Fair value, due within one year	2,070
Fair value, due after one year through three years	4,357
Fair value, due after three years	9,025
Fair Value	$ 15,452	$ 15,079

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Jul. 01, 2022
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 300.0	$ 300.0
Interest Rate Swap
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Notional amount			$ 300.0

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Schedule of AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Interest rate swap contract, net of blend and extend arrangement	$ 19,446	$ 25,533
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	(451)	(847)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items	(4,614)	(5,992)
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net	$ 14,381	$ 18,694

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Schedule of Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 516,574	$ 455,879
Ending balance	524,983	452,688
Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	18,694	17,620
Net OCI changes	(4,313)	(4,635)
Ending balance	$ 14,381	$ 12,985

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Schedule of Reclassification of AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Realized loss on restricted investments			$ (49)	$ (4)
Benefit from income taxes	$ (321)	$ (1,474)	2,797	(964)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Interest expense (benefit)	(2,646)	(2,007)	(5,284)	(3,342)
Realized loss on restricted investments	26	(4)	49	(4)
Benefit from income taxes	651	517	1,299	861
Total reclassifications from AOCI to earnings	$ (1,969)	$ (1,494)	$ (3,936)	$ (2,485)

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		6 Months Ended
	May 01, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024
Restricted Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value		$ 3.5
Restricted Stock | Class A Common Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares issues (in shares)		80,113
Performance Shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value		$ 2.7
Shares issued (in shares)		83,044
Subsequent Event | Sunbelt Asphalt Surfaces, Inc. Acquisition
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Asset acquisition, consideration transferred	$ 28.6
Subsequent Event | Restricted Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value	$ 1.5
Subsequent Event | Restricted Stock | Class A Common Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares issues (in shares)	30,000
Subsequent Event | Performance Shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate grant date fair value	$ 1.5
Shares issued (in shares)	30,000