0000950123-17-007475.txt : 20171018 0000950123-17-007475.hdr.sgml : 20171018 20170811163636 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0000950123-17-007475 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: DRS PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 11 FILED AS OF DATE: 20170811 20171018 DATE AS OF CHANGE: 20170911 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001711929 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS [6798] IRS NUMBER: 822023409 STATE OF INCORPORATION: MD FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: DRS SEC ACT: 1933 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 377-01665 FILM NUMBER: 171025620 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 1601 WASHINGTON AVENUE, SUITE 800 CITY: MIAMI BEACH STATE: FL ZIP: 33139 BUSINESS PHONE: 305-695-5500 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 1601 WASHINGTON AVENUE, SUITE 800 CITY: MIAMI BEACH STATE: FL ZIP: 33139 DRS 1 filename1.htm DRS
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Confidential Draft Submission No. 1 submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2017.

This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission,

and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-[          ]

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Form S-11

FOR REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

OF SECURITIES OF CERTAIN REAL ESTATE COMPANIES

 

 

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Governing Instruments)

 

 

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

(305) 695-5500

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

 

 

Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C.

Barry S. Sternlicht

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

(305) 695-5500

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

 

 

With a copy to:

Rosemarie A. Thurston

Jason W. Goode

Alston & Bird LLP

1201 W. Peachtree Street NW

Atlanta, GA 30309

(404) 881-7000

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☒

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

 

Large accelerated filer      Accelerated filer  
Non-accelerated filer   ☒  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)    Smaller reporting company  
Emerging Growth Company       

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☒

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

 

Title of Securities

to be Registered

 

Proposed

Maximum
Aggregate

Offering Price

  Amount of
Registration Fee(1)

Primary Offering, Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share(2)

  $4,000,000,000   $463,600

Distribution Reinvestment Plan, Class D, Class I, Class S and Class T Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share(2)

  $1,000,000,000   $115,900

 

 

(1) Calculated in accordance with Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
(2) The registrant reserves the right to reallocate shares of common stock being offered in the primary offering between the classes of common stock and between the primary offering and the registrant’s distribution reinvestment plan.

 

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 


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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and applicable state securities commissions is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED AUGUST 11, 2017

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Maximum Offering of $5,000,000,000—Minimum Offering of $150,000,000 

 

 

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. is a newly organized corporation formed to invest primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. We are externally managed by our advisor, Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”). The Advisor is an affiliate of our sponsor, Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P. (“Starwood Holdings” and together with any entity that is controlled by, controls or is under common control with Starwood Holdings, and any of their respective predecessor entities, “Starwood Capital”), a leading global investment manager. Our objective is to bring Starwood Capital’s leading real estate investment platform with an institutional fee structure to the non-listed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) industry. We intend to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We are not a mutual fund and do not intend to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”).

We are offering on a continuous basis up to $5,000,000,000 in shares of common stock, consisting of up to $4,000,000,000 in shares in our primary offering and up to $1,000,000,000 in shares pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. We are offering to sell any combination of four classes of shares of our common stock, Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares, with a dollar value up to the maximum offering amount. We will accept purchase orders and hold investors’ funds in an interest-bearing escrow account until we receive purchase orders for at least $150 million (including purchase orders by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers) in any combination of purchases of Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares and our board of directors has authorized the release to us of funds in the escrow account. Prior to the end of the escrow period, Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest $5 million in Class I shares. The share classes have different upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, and different ongoing stockholder servicing fees. Until the release of proceeds from escrow, the per share purchase price for shares of our common stock in our primary offering will be $20.00 per share, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Thereafter, the purchase price per share for each class of common stock will vary and generally will equal our prior month’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share, as determined monthly, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. We may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. This is a “best efforts” offering, which means that Starwood Capital, L.L.C., the dealer manager for this offering, will use its best efforts to sell shares, but is not obligated to purchase or sell any specific amount of shares in this offering.

Although we do not intend to list our shares of common stock for trading on an exchange or other trading market, in an effort to provide our stockholders with liquidity in respect of their investment in our shares, we have adopted a share repurchase plan whereby, subject to certain limitations, stockholders may request on a monthly basis that we repurchase all or any portion of their shares. We may choose to repurchase all, some or none of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased at the end of any particular month, in our discretion, subject to any limitations in the share repurchase plan. Subject to deductions for early repurchase, the repurchase price per share for each class of common stock would be equal to the then-current offering price before applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees (the “transaction price”), as determined monthly, for such class.

 

 

This investment involves a high degree of risk. You should purchase these securities only if you can afford the complete loss of your investment. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 33 for risks to consider before buying our shares, including:

 

    We have no prior operating history, and there is no assurance that we will achieve our investment objectives.

 

    This is a “blind pool” offering. You will not have the opportunity to evaluate our investments before we make them.

 

    Since there is no public trading market for shares of our common stock, repurchase of shares by us will likely be the only way to dispose of your shares. Our share repurchase plan will provide stockholders with the opportunity to request that we repurchase their shares on a monthly basis, but we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. In addition, repurchases will be subject to available liquidity and other significant restrictions. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. As a result, our shares should be considered as having only limited liquidity and at times may be illiquid.

 

    We cannot guarantee that we will make distributions, and if we do we may fund such distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds, and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources.

 

    After the escrow period, the purchase and repurchase price for shares of our common stock are generally based on our prior month’s NAV (subject to material changes as described above) and are not based on any public trading market. While there will be independent annual appraisals of our properties, the appraisal of properties is inherently subjective, and our NAV may not accurately reflect the actual price at which our properties could be liquidated on any given day.

 

    We have no employees and are dependent on the Advisor to conduct our operations. The Advisor will face conflicts of interest as a result of, among other things, the allocation of investment opportunities among us and Other Starwood Accounts (as defined herein), the allocation of time of its investment professionals and the substantial fees that we will pay to the Advisor.

 

    This is a “best efforts” offering. If we are not able to raise a substantial amount of capital in the near term, our ability to achieve our investment objectives could be adversely affected.

 

    There are limits on the ownership and transferability of our shares. See “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.”

 

    If we fail to qualify as a REIT and no relief provisions apply, our NAV and cash available for distribution to our stockholders could materially decrease.
 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Attorney General of the State of New York nor any other state securities regulator has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The use of forecasts in this offering is prohibited. Any oral or written predictions about the amount or certainty of any cash benefits or tax consequences that may result from an investment in our common stock is prohibited. No one is authorized to make any statements about this offering different from those that appear in this prospectus.

 

     Price to the
Public(1)
     Upfront Selling
Commission(2)
     Dealer
Manager Fees(2)
     Proceeds to
Us, Before
Expenses(3)
 

Maximum Primary Offering(4)

   $ 4,000,000,000      $ 62,801,932      $ 4,830,918      $ 3,932,367,150  

Class T Shares, per Share

   $ 20.70      $ 0.60      $ 0.10      $ 20.00  

Class S Shares, per Share

   $ 20.70      $ 0.70        —        $ 20.00  

Class D Shares, per Share

   $ 20.00        —          —        $ 20.00  

Class I Shares, per Share

   $ 20.00        —          —        $ 20.00  

Minimum Primary Offering

   $ 150,000,000      $ 2,355,072      $ 181,159      $ 147,463,769  

Maximum Distribution Reinvestment Plan

   $ 1,000,000,000        —          —        $ 1,000,000,000  
(1) The price per share shown will apply until the conclusion of our escrow period. Thereafter, shares of each class will be issued on a monthly basis at a price per share generally equal to the prior month’s NAV per share for such class, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees.
(2) The table assumes that all shares are sold in the primary offering, with 25% of the gross offering proceeds from the sale of each of our Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares. The number of shares of each class sold and the relative proportions in which the classes of shares are sold are uncertain and may differ significantly from this assumption. For Class T shares sold in the primary offering, investors will pay upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0% of the transaction price and upfront dealer manager fees of 0.5% of the transaction price; however, such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold. For Class S shares sold in the primary offering, investors will pay upfront selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price. For purposes of calculating the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, during the escrow period our transaction price will equal $20.00. We will also pay the following selling commissions over time as stockholder servicing fees to the dealer manager, subject to Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) limitations on underwriting compensation: (a) for Class T shares only, an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV for the Class T shares; however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares, (b) for Class S shares only, a stockholder servicing fee equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class S shares and (c) for Class D shares only, a stockholder servicing fee equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class D shares, in each case, payable monthly. No stockholder servicing fees will be paid with respect to the Class I shares. The total amount that will be paid over time for other underwriting compensation depends on the average length of time for which shares remain outstanding, the term over which such amount is measured and the performance of our investments. We will also pay or reimburse certain organization and offering expenses, including, subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, certain wholesaling expenses. See “Plan of Distribution,” “Estimated Use of Proceeds” and “Compensation.”
(3) Proceeds are calculated before deducting stockholder servicing fees or organization and offering expenses payable by us, which are paid over time.
(4) We reserve the right to reallocate shares of common stock between our distribution reinvestment plan and our primary offering.

 

 

The date of this prospectus is                     , 2017


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SUITABILITY STANDARDS

Shares of our common stock are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means who do not need near-term liquidity from their investment. We do not expect there to be a public market for our shares and thus it may be difficult for you to sell your shares. On a limited basis, you may be able to have your shares repurchased through our share repurchase plan, although we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. You should not buy shares of our common stock if you need to sell them in the near future. The minimum initial investment in shares of our common stock that we will accept for shares of our Class T, Class S or Class D common stock is $2,500. The minimum initial investment in shares of our common stock that we will accept for shares of our Class I common stock is $1,000,000, unless waived by the dealer manager.

In consideration of these factors, we require that a purchaser of shares of our common stock have either:

 

    a net worth of at least $250,000; or

 

    a gross annual income of at least $70,000 and a net worth of at least $70,000.

For purposes of determining whether you satisfy the standards above, your net worth is calculated excluding the value of your home, home furnishings and automobiles.

Certain broker-dealers selling shares in this offering may impose greater suitability standards than the minimum income and net worth standards described herein.

Our sponsor and each person selling shares on our behalf must make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of shares of our common stock is a suitable and appropriate investment for each investor. In making this determination, our sponsor and the dealer manager will rely upon information provided by the investor to the participating broker-dealer as well as the suitability assessment made by each participating broker-dealer. Before you purchase shares of our common stock, your participating broker-dealer, authorized representative or other person placing shares on your behalf will rely on relevant information provided by you to determine that you:

 

    meet the minimum income and net worth standards established in your state;

 

    are or will be in a financial position appropriate to enable you to realize the potential benefits described in the prospectus; and

 

    are able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on your overall financial situation.

Participating broker-dealers are required to maintain for six years records of the information used to determine that an investment in shares of our common stock is suitable and appropriate for a stockholder.

By signing the subscription agreement required for purchases of our common stock, you represent and warrant to us that you have received a copy of this prospectus and that you meet the net worth and annual gross income requirements described above. These representations and warranties help us to ensure that you are fully informed about an investment in our common stock and that all investors meet our suitability standards. In the event you, another stockholder or a regulatory authority attempt to hold us liable because stockholders did not receive copies of this prospectus or because we failed to adhere to each state’s suitability requirements, we will assert these representations and warranties made by you in any proceeding in which such potential liability is disputed in an attempt to avoid any such liability. By making these representations, you do not waive any rights that you may have under federal or state securities laws.

 

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Please carefully read the information in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplements, which we refer to collectively as the “prospectus.” You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. This prospectus may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date later than the date hereof or such other dates as are stated herein or as of the respective dates of any documents or other information incorporated herein by reference.

The words “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”), a Delaware limited partnership of which we are the general partner, unless the context requires otherwise.

Unless otherwise noted, numerical information relating to Starwood Capital and its affiliates is approximate, is as of June 30, 2017, and includes activities of public companies and private funds advised by affiliates of Starwood Capital.

Citations included herein to industry sources are used only to demonstrate third-party support for certain statements made herein to which such citations relate. Information included in such industry sources that do not relate to supporting the related statements made herein are not part of this prospectus and should not be relied upon.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about our business, including, in particular, statements about our plans, strategies and objectives. You can generally identify forward-looking statements by our use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue” or other similar words. These statements include our plans and objectives for future operations, including plans and objectives relating to future growth and availability of funds, and are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Assumptions relating to these statements involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to accurately predict and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements, and the forward-looking statements themselves, are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate and, therefore, there can be no assurance that these forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate and our actual results, performance and achievements may be materially different from that expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in these forward looking statements, the inclusion of this information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives and plans, which we consider to be reasonable, will be achieved.

You should carefully review the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition. Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we do not undertake to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Suitability Standards

     i  

About This Prospectus

     ii  

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

     ii  

Prospectus Summary

     1  

Risk Factors

     33  

Estimated Use of Proceeds

     93  

Investment Objectives and Strategy

     96  

Management

     112  

Compensation

     122  

Conflicts of Interest

     133  

Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines

     140  

Plan of Operation

     149  

Prior Performance

     154  

Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

     159  

Description of Capital Stock

     160  

Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and Our Charter and Bylaws

     171  

Summary of Our Operating Partnership Agreement

     175  

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

     181  

Certain ERISA Considerations

     207  

Plan of Distribution

     210  

How to Subscribe

     217  

Share Repurchases

     220  

Supplemental Sales Material

     224  

Reports To Stockholders

     225  

Legal Matters

     225  

Experts

     225  

Privacy Policy Notice

     226  

Where You Can Find More Information

     226  

Index to Consolidated Balance Sheet

     F-1  

Appendix A: Prior Performance Tables

     A-1  

Appendix B: Distribution Reinvestment Plan

     B-1  

Appendix C: Form of Subscription Agreement

     C-1  

Appendix D: Privacy Policy Notice

     D-1  

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This prospectus summary highlights certain information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This is only a summary and it may not contain all of the information that is important to you. Before deciding to invest in this offering, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the “Risk Factors” section.

 

Q: What is Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.?

 

A: We are a Maryland corporation formed on June 22, 2017. We are externally managed by our advisor, Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”), a Delaware limited liability company. The Advisor is a subsidiary of our sponsor, Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P. (“Starwood Holdings” and together with any entity that is controlled by, controls or is under common control with Starwood Holdings, and any of their respective predecessor entities, “Starwood Capital”).

 

Q: Who is Starwood Capital?

 

A: Founded in 1991, Starwood Capital is generally regarded as one of the world’s leading private real estate investment firms, with $55 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2017. It has sponsored 15 private opportunistic real estate funds, 15 co-investment entities and eight public companies since its inception. Starwood Capital also has built one of the most highly regarded and experienced teams in the real estate business, with its executive committee working together for an average of 20 years and possessing an average of 29 years of industry expertise, across all stages of the investment cycle. In 2015 alone, the global private equity real estate publication PERE presented Starwood Capital with the following awards:

 

    North American Firm of the Year;

 

    European Firm of the Year;

 

    Global Industry Figure of the Year;

 

    North American Industry Figure of the Year;

 

    North American Deal of the Year; and

 

    #2 in the PERE 50 ranking of the top private equity real estate firms.

Starwood Capital has over 3,400 employees, exclusive of personnel employed by portfolio companies of closed-end funds managed by Starwood Capital. Starwood Capital’s investment professionals have broad operating experience in virtually all real estate classes, with acquisitions and asset management organized into dedicated teams by asset type to leverage expertise and maximize asset performance.

 

Q: What are your investment objectives?

 

A: Our investment objectives are to invest in assets that will enable us to:

 

    provide current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield;

 

    preserve and protect invested capital;

 

    realize appreciation in NAV from proactive investment management and asset management; and

 

    provide an investment alternative for stockholders seeking to allocate a portion of their long-term investment portfolios to commercial real estate with lower volatility than public real estate companies.

We cannot assure you that we will achieve our investment objectives. See the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus.

 



 

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Q: What is your investment strategy?

 

A: Our investment strategy is primarily to acquire stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. Our portfolio principally will be comprised of properties, and debt secured by properties, located in the United States but may also be diversified on a global basis through investments in properties and debt secured by properties, outside of the United States, with a focus on Europe. To a lesser extent, and subject to the investment limitations described herein, we also may invest in real estate-related securities to provide a source of liquidity for our share repurchase plan, cash management and other purposes.

Our investment strategy seeks to capitalize on Starwood Capital’s scale and the real-time information provided by its real estate holdings to identify and acquire our target investments at attractive pricing. We also seek to benefit from Starwood Capital’s reputation and ability to transact in scale with speed and certainty, and its long-standing and extensive relationships in the real estate industry.

 

Q: Do you currently own any investments?

 

A: No.

 

Q: What types of properties and debt investments do you intend to acquire?

 

A: Our investments in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate will focus on a range of asset types. These may include multifamily, office, hotel, industrial and retail assets, as well as other property types, including, without limitation, medical office, student housing, senior living, data centers, manufactured housing and storage properties. Our real estate-related debt investments will focus on first mortgage, subordinated mortgage and mezzanine loans, participations in such loans and other forms of debt secured by or related to the foregoing types of commercial real estate.

 

Q: What competitive strengths does the Advisor offer?

 

A: We believe the most powerful competitive strength of the Advisor is its affiliation with Starwood Capital, which is one of the largest buyers, sellers and managers of commercial real estate in the world. The Advisor believes its success in executing our investment strategy will be supported by Starwood Capital’s distinctive competitive strengths, including:

Deep Market and Asset Knowledge. Starwood Capital has been a very active investor in the U.S. and European commercial real estate markets for 26 years. Starwood Capital owns or manages the following investments in the United States and Europe:

 

    97,000 multifamily units and 30,000 single-family homes;

 

    28 million square feet of office buildings;

 

    650 hotel properties, ranging from select service hotels to ultra-luxury resorts; and

 

    31 million square feet of retail properties.

We expect the proprietary data generated by Starwood Capital’s property portfolio will enable us to target specific themes with conviction and deploy significant amounts of capital.

Strong Relationships within the Industry. The resources, relationships, and proprietary information of Starwood Capital provide a deep sourcing network for new opportunities. We believe Starwood Capital sees significantly more deal flow than most of its competitors because of its scale. Indeed, a large portion of the transactions ultimately completed by Starwood Capital are sourced completely off-market through existing, deep relationships.

 



 

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Deep Hands-On Real Estate Perspective. Starwood Capital has 26 years of experience covering every real estate asset class. The firm has acquired over $85 billion of real estate assets since inception, generating strong returns throughout that period. Starwood Capital also operates one of the largest commercial mortgage real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) in the United States, which has deployed over $33 billion in capital since it commenced operations in 2009.

Investment Agility. A hallmark of Starwood Capital is its ability to pursue a wide variety of investment opportunities as they emerge, moving from asset class to asset class, shifting geographies from the United States to select international markets and changing positions in the capital stack as its investment professionals perceive risk/return dynamics to be evolving. Starwood Capital’s reputation, sophistication, highly experienced team, speed, access to capital and ability to execute provide it with a competitive sourcing advantage. Starwood Capital’s ability to conduct detailed due diligence in a timely and efficient manner will afford the Advisor, through its relationship with Starwood Capital, an edge in closing complicated and time-sensitive investments on our behalf, which typically are some of the most compelling opportunities.

Operational Expertise. Starwood Capital has broad real estate operating experience, with asset management organized into dedicated teams by specialty. The firm has created a number of platforms that are designed to enhance operational efficiencies and maximize the value of underlying assets. In addition, Starwood Capital’s in-house loan workout expertise gives it the ability to find value in the debt markets.

Capital Markets Skills. Starwood Capital believes that its capital markets expertise is a core competency that sets it apart from more traditional real estate investors. Starwood Capital’s team constantly evaluates real estate in relation to the respective capital markets’ valuations in order to take advantage of pricing inefficiencies. Specifically, when the public markets are willing to pay more for assets or platforms than could be generated from longer-term holds or individual asset sales, Starwood Capital has the knowledge and capability to act on this arbitrage. Starwood Capital’s expert team and global network of lending relationships have allowed it to obtain best-in-market terms for investors, while using financing brokers sparingly. The firm’s skilled in-house capital markets team has closed transactions totaling $60 billion since 2010. In addition, Starwood Capital has completed several public market executions since its formation.

Design Leadership. Starwood Capital believes that it possesses an expertise in the design of real estate assets that is unsurpassed in the private equity industry. This sensibility starts at the top: Barry Sternlicht, Starwood Capital’s founder and Chief Executive Officer, is a member of the Interior Design Hall of Fame. In addition, Starwood Capital’s Head of Design was recently inducted into the Hospitality Design Platinum Circle. A number of Starwood Capital’s assets have been acclaimed for their aesthetics, which ultimately help drive value for the firm’s investors.

Strong Risk-Adjusted Performance. Starwood Capital’s disciplined investment approach has enabled it to consistently deliver strong performance across its investments since inception. During the five years ended December 31, 2016, three real estate investment programs managed by Starwood Capital completed their operations, delivering an annualized return on investment of 14%, 21% and 8%, respectively. See “Prior Performance” and “Appendix A: Prior Performance Tables” for more information on Starwood Capital’s prior programs.

Seasoned, Stable Management Team. The executive committee at Starwood Capital has worked together for an average of 20 years, and possesses an average of 29 years of industry experience across all real estate asset classes. The key leaders for the business bring a wealth of diverse and complementary skills to their roles. We will directly benefit from the expertise of several members of Starwood Capital’s senior team who will serve as our directors and executive officers and as members of the Advisor’s Investment Committee, as applicable.

 



 

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Q: How are the interests of Starwood Capital and the Advisor aligned with the interests of investors in this offering?

 

A: In contrast with sponsors of most public, non-listed REIT offerings that invest only $200,000 in shares of common stock of the REIT, Starwood Capital or its affiliate will purchase $5 million in Class I shares prior to the conclusion of the escrow period. In addition, the fees that we pay the Advisor to source our investments and manage our operations are based on our NAV and the returns we generate for our public stockholders in the form of distributions and appreciation in the NAV per share of our common stock.

 

Q: Why do you intend to invest in real estate-related securities in addition to real properties and real estate-related debt?

 

A: Our real estate-related securities investments will focus on the common and preferred stock of publicly traded REITs and other real estate companies and may include commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”). We believe that our real estate-related securities will help maintain liquidity to satisfy any stock repurchases we choose to make in any particular month and manage cash before investing subscription proceeds into properties and real estate-related debt while also seeking attractive investment return.

 

Q: What is a real estate investment trust, or REIT?

 

A: We intend to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our taxable year ending December 31 of the year in which we break escrow in this offering.

In general, a REIT is a company that:

 

    combines the capital of many investors to acquire or provide financing for real estate assets;

 

    offers the benefits of a real estate portfolio under professional management;

 

    satisfies the various requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including a requirement to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year; and

 

    is generally not subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes on its net taxable income that it currently distributes to its stockholders, which substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (i.e., taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from investments in a C corporation.

 

Q: What is a non-listed, perpetual-life REIT?

 

A: A non-listed REIT is a REIT whose shares are not listed for trading on a stock exchange or other securities market. We use the term “perpetual-life REIT” to describe an investment vehicle of indefinite duration, whose shares of common stock are intended to be sold by the REIT on a continuous basis at a price generally equal to the REIT’s prior month’s NAV per share. In our perpetual-life structure, our stockholders may request that we repurchase all or a portion of their shares on a monthly basis, but we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. While we may consider a liquidity event at any time in the future, we are not obligated by our charter or otherwise to effect a liquidity event at any time.

 



 

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Q: How do you identify investments and make decisions on whether to acquire properties and debt investments?

 

A: The Advisor has the authority to implement our investment strategy, as determined by, and subject to the direction of, our board of directors.

We believe Starwood Capital sees significantly more deal flow than most of its competitors because of its strong ties to major real estate owners and brokers, its track record of closing on investments to which it commits, and its fair and honest treatment of counterparties. Starwood Capital believes it has earned a reputation as a leading investor in the real estate market because of its capacity to underwrite and source large, complex transactions across multiple property sectors.

In addition, Starwood Capital has developed a strong network of relationships with real estate owners, leading financial institutions, operating partners, senior business executives and government officials. These relationships provide market knowledge and form the backbone of its investment-sourcing network. Starwood Capital has, and expects to continue to have, a significant volume of deal flow. Primary sources of Starwood Capital transactions include:

 

    relationships of Starwood Capital’s senior managing directors and professionals;

 

    major corporations, real estate owners and real estate operators with which Starwood Capital has worked in the past and that wish to divest assets or partner with Starwood Capital;

 

    investment/commercial banks;

 

    brokers/dealers; and

 

    borrowers.

In Starwood Capital’s opinion, its strong market position makes it attractive to potential sellers, which sometimes approach Starwood Capital on an off-market basis because Starwood Capital is one of the few firms that can manage large and complex property acquisitions. This market recognition gives Starwood Capital leverage to achieve better pricing when negotiating such transactions.

 

Q: Will you use leverage?

 

A: Yes. We currently expect that we will use leverage. Our target leverage ratio after we have raised substantial proceeds in this offering and acquired a diversified portfolio of real estate investments is 50% to 65% of our gross real estate assets (measured using the greater of fair market value and cost of gross real estate assets, including equity in our real-estate related debt and securities portfolios), inclusive of property-level and entity-level debt net of cash, but excluding debt on our real estate-related debt and securities portfolios. There is, however, no limit on the amount we may borrow with respect to any individual property or portfolio.

We have also placed limits in our charter prohibiting us from borrowing more than 300% of our net assets, which approximates borrowing 75% of the cost of our investments. We may exceed this limit if a majority of our independent directors approves each borrowing in excess of the limit and we disclose the justification for doing so to our stockholders.

Financing a portion of the purchase price of our assets will allow us to broaden our portfolio by increasing the funds available for investment. Financing a portion, which may be substantial, of the purchase price is not free from risk. Using debt requires us to pay interest and principal, referred to as “debt service,” all of which decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders or other purposes. We may also be unable to refinance the debt at maturity on favorable or equivalent terms, if at all, exposing us to the potential risk of loss with respect to assets pledged as collateral for loans. Certain of our debt may be floating rate and the effective interest rates on such debt will increase when the relevant interest benchmark (e.g., LIBOR) increases.

 



 

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Q: Do your investment guidelines overlap with the objectives or guidelines of any of Starwood Capital’s affiliates, and do any of Starwood Capital’s affiliates receive priority with respect to certain investments?

 

A: We believe our investment objectives, guidelines and strategy are generally distinct from Other Starwood Accounts (as defined below). Accordingly, we expect there to be sufficient investment opportunities for us within our investment guidelines because of the scale of the real estate market. There will, however, be overlap of real property, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts. This overlap will from time to time create conflicts of interest, which the Advisor and its affiliates will seek to manage in a fair and reasonable manner in their sole discretion in accordance with Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures. See “Conflicts of Interests.”

With respect to Other Starwood Accounts with investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with ours but that do not have priority over us, investment opportunities will be allocated among us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures on a basis that the Advisor and its affiliates believe to be fair and reasonable in their sole discretion, which will either be rotational or pro rata based on relative available capital, subject to the following considerations: (i) any applicable investment objectives of ours and such other Starwood Accounts (which, for us, includes our primary objective of providing current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield); (ii) the sourcing of the transaction; (iii) the size and nature of the investment; (iv) the relative amounts of capital available for investment by us and such Other Starwood Accounts; (v) the sector, geography/location, expected return profile, expected distribution rates, anticipated cash flows, expected stability or volatility of cash flows, leverage profile, risk profile, and other features of the applicable investment opportunity and its impact on portfolio concentration and diversification; (vi) avoiding allocation that could result in de minimis or odd-lot investments; (vii) any structural and operational differences between us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any applicable investment limitations (including, without limitation, exposure limits, hedging limits and diversification considerations) of us and such Other Starwood Accounts, investment limitations, parameters or contractual provisions of ours and such Other Starwood Accounts; (viii) the eligibility of us and such Other Starwood Accounts to make such investment under applicable laws; (ix) any other applicable tax, accounting, legal, regulatory compliance or operational considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor and its affiliates (including, without limitation, maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act) (e.g., joint venture investments between us and an Other Starwood Account must be on the same terms and satisfy the restrictions of all participants, such as lowest leverage targeted by any participant); and (x) any other requirements contained in the corporate governance documents of us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any other considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates in good faith. Our board of directors (including our independent directors) has the duty to ensure that the allocation methodology described above is applied fairly to us.

Currently, one Other Starwood Account invests in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States, although its portfolio is currently limited to four shopping malls in the United States and it has completed its investment activity. However, in the event that such Other Starwood Account were to resume investment activity, to the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above (including maintaining our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act).

Additionally, one Other Starwood Account, a separate account of approximately $300 million, invests primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States and Western Europe.

 



 

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This Other Starwood Account’s portfolio currently consists of one hotel property in the United States. To the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above; provided, however, that such Other Starwood Account generally will not participate in co-investments. As of [    ] 2017, the foregoing Other Starwood Account had approximately $[    ] of unused capital commitments.

Furthermore, one Other Starwood Account, Starwood Property Trust, Inc. (“Starwood Property Trust”), a REIT listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), focuses primarily on originating, acquiring, financing and managing commercial mortgage loans, other commercial real estate debt investments and CMBS in both the United States and Europe. Starwood Property Trust has priority over us with respect to real estate-related debt investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer real estate-related debt investment opportunities being made available to us.

In addition, in its property segment, Starwood Property Trust acquires (i) commercial properties subject to net leases and other similar equity investments that have the characteristics of real estate debt investments, or “debt-like equity investments” and (ii) equity interests in stabilized commercial real estate properties. As of March 31, 2017, Starwood Property Trust’s portfolio consisted of approximately $11.3 billion of assets (including approximately $1.9 billion in owned real estate in its property segment). To the extent that Starwood Property Trust seeks to invest in real estate equity investments, (i) Starwood Property Trust will have a priority over us with respect to debt-like equity investments and (ii) any other real estate equity investments in which Starwood Property Trust may invest will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above.

One Other Starwood Account, Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited (“SEREF”), a company listed on the London Stock Exchange, focuses on originating, executing and servicing commercial real estate loans for institutional investors throughout Europe. SEREF has priority over us with respect to debt investment opportunities related to European real estate. We do not expect to target the same commercial real estate loans as SEREF, but to the extent that we do, SEREF’s priority will result in fewer investment opportunities related to European real estate debt being made available to us.

Beyond the foregoing, Starwood Capital expects that its policies and procedures will provide priority (beginning as of [    ] 2017) to one Other Starwood Account (the “European Hotel Account”) with respect to investments in high quality and predominately full-service hotel assets located in the United Kingdom and other European countries that fit a moderate return and risk profile. While the European Hotel Account will have priority over us with respect to investments in these types of European hotel assets, its ability to invest may be limited by its investment policies, available capital and need to maintain portfolio diversification and balance. As a consequence, European hotel investment opportunities will be allocated among us and Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with the allocation policy described above when such opportunities are not allocated to the European Hotel Account.

Finally, certain select Other Starwood Accounts which we refer to as “Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts” invest in “opportunistic” real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities globally (which often are under-managed assets and with higher potential for equity appreciation) and have priority over us with respect to such investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer investment opportunities being made available to us. Other than (i) the priority granted to Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts, (ii) the priority granted to Starwood Property Trust with respect to real estate-related debt and debt-like equity investments, (iii) the priority granted to SEREF with respect to debt investment opportunities related to European real estate and (iv) the priority to be granted to the European Hotel Account with respect to European hotel investments, no Other Starwood Accounts have priority over us with respect to investment opportunities. However, Starwood Capital may in the future grant priority to additional Other Starwood Accounts.

 



 

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While the Advisor will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to the priority rights of the Starwood Property Trust and Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts described above) as required pursuant to our charter and the advisory agreement among us, the Advisor and the Operating Partnership (the “Advisory Agreement”), the portfolio strategies employed by the Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates in managing the Other Starwood Accounts could conflict with the strategies employed by the Advisor in managing our business and may adversely affect the marketability, exit strategy, prices and availability of the properties, securities and instruments in which we invest. The Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates may also give advice to the Other Starwood Accounts that may differ from advice given to us even though their investment objectives or guidelines may be the same or similar to ours.

“Other Starwood Accounts” means investment funds, REITs, vehicles, accounts, products and other similar arrangements sponsored, advised or managed by Starwood Capital, whether currently in existence or subsequently established (in each case, including any related successor funds, alternative vehicles, supplemental capital vehicles, surge funds, over-flow funds, co-investment vehicles and other entities formed in connection with Starwood Capital or its affiliates side-by-side or additional general partner investments with respect thereto).

 

Q: Will you acquire properties and real estate-related debt in joint ventures, including joint ventures with affiliates?

 

A: We may acquire properties and real estate-related debt through one or more joint ventures with affiliates of the Advisor or with non-affiliated third parties. Any joint venture with an affiliate of the Advisor must be approved by a majority of our directors (including a majority of our independent directors) as being fair and reasonable to us and on substantially the same, or more favorable, terms and conditions as those received by other affiliate joint venture partners. In many cases, we may not control the management of joint ventures in which we invest, but we may have the right to approve major decisions of the joint venture. We may pay fees to our joint venture partners, including incentive fees and promotes. We will not participate in joint ventures in which we do not have or share control to the extent that we believe such participation would potentially threaten our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act. This may prevent us from receiving an allocation with respect to certain investment opportunities that are suitable for both us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts.

 

Q: How is an investment in shares of your common stock different from listed REITs?

 

A: An investment in shares of our common stock generally differs from an investment in listed REITs in a number of ways, including:

 

    Shares of listed REITs are priced by the trading market, which is influenced generally by numerous factors, not all of which are related to the underlying value of the entity’s real estate assets and liabilities. The estimated value of our real estate assets and liabilities will be used to determine our NAV rather than the trading market.

 

    An investment in our shares has limited or no liquidity and our share repurchase plan may be modified, suspended or terminated. In contrast, an investment in a listed REIT is a liquid investment, as shares can be sold on an exchange at any time.

 

    Listed REITs generally are self-managed, whereas our investment operations are managed by the Advisor, which is part of Starwood Capital.

 



 

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    Unlike the offering of a listed REIT, this offering has been registered in every state and jurisdiction in which we are offering and selling shares. As a result, we include certain limits in our governing documents that are not typically provided for in the charter of a listed REIT. For example, our charter limits the fees we may pay to the Advisor and its affiliates, limits our ability to make certain investments, limits the aggregate amount we may borrow, requires our independent directors to approve certain actions and restricts our ability to indemnify our directors, the Advisor and its affiliates. A listed REIT does not typically provide for these restrictions within its charter. A listed REIT is, however, subject to the governance requirements of the exchange on which its stock is traded, including requirements relating to its board of directors, audit committee, independent director oversight of executive compensation and the director nomination process, code of conduct, stockholder meetings, related party transactions, stockholder approvals, and voting rights. Although we expect to follow many of these same governance guidelines, there is no requirement that we do so.

 

Q: For whom may an investment in your shares be appropriate?

 

A: An investment in our shares may be appropriate for you if you:

 

    meet the minimum suitability standards described above under “Suitability Standards;”

 

    seek to allocate a portion of your investment portfolio to a direct investment vehicle with an income-oriented portfolio of U.S. real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities;

 

    seek to receive current income through regular distribution payments;

 

    wish to obtain the potential benefit of long-term capital appreciation; and

 

    are able to hold your shares as a long-term investment and do not need liquidity from your investment quickly in the near future.

We cannot assure you that an investment in our shares will allow you to realize any of these objectives. An investment in our shares is only intended for investors who do not need the ability to sell their shares quickly in the future since we are not obligated to repurchase any shares of our common stock and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion, and the opportunity to have your shares repurchased under our share repurchase plan may not always be available. See “Share Repurchases—Repurchase Limitations.”

 

Q: How will you structure the ownership and operation of your assets?

 

A: We plan to own all or substantially all of our assets through the Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner, L.L.C. (the “Special Limited Partner”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of our sponsor, owns a special limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership and is its sole limited partner. In addition, each of the Advisor and the Special Limited Partner may elect to receive units in the Operating Partnership in lieu of cash for its management fee and performance participation distributions, respectively. See “Compensation.” The Advisor and the Special Limited Partner may put these units back to the Operating Partnership and receive cash unless our board of directors determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or our charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for shares of our common stock. The use of our Operating Partnership to hold all of our assets is referred to as an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust (“UPREIT”). Using an UPREIT structure may give us an advantage in acquiring properties from persons who want to defer recognizing a gain for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The following chart shows our current ownership structure and our relationship with our sponsor, the Advisor, Starwood Capital, L.L.C. (the “Dealer Manager”), and the Special Limited Partner.

 



 

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LOGO

 

Q: Are there any risks involved in buying your shares?

 

A: Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. If we are unable to effectively manage the impact of these risks, we may not meet our investment objectives and, therefore, you should purchase our shares only if you can afford a complete loss of your investment. An investment in shares of our common stock involves significant risks and is intended only for investors with a long-term investment horizon and who do not require immediate liquidity or guaranteed income. Some of the more significant risks relating to an investment in shares of our common stock include those listed below.

 

    We have no prior operating history, and there is no assurance that we will achieve our investment objectives.

 

    This is a “blind pool” offering. You will not have the opportunity to evaluate our investments before we make them.

 



 

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    Since there is no public trading market for shares of our common stock, repurchase of shares by us will likely be the only way to dispose of your shares. Our share repurchase plan will provide stockholders with the opportunity to request that we repurchase their shares on a monthly basis, but we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. In addition, repurchases will be subject to available liquidity and other significant restrictions. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. As a result, our shares should be considered as having only limited liquidity and at times may be illiquid.

 

    We cannot guarantee that we will make distributions, and if we do, we may fund such distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner), and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources.

 

    After the escrow period, the purchase and repurchase price for shares of our common stock generally will be based on our prior month’s NAV (subject to material changes as described above) and will not be based on any public trading market. While there will be independent valuations of our properties from time to time, the valuation of properties is inherently subjective and our NAV may not accurately reflect the actual price at which our properties could be liquidated on any given day.

 

    We have no employees and are dependent on the Advisor to conduct our operations. The Advisor will face conflicts of interest as a result of, among other things, the allocation of investment opportunities among us and Other Starwood Accounts, the allocation of time of its investment professionals and the substantial fees that we will pay to the Advisor.

 

    This is a “best efforts” offering. If we are not able to raise a substantial amount of capital in the near term, our ability to achieve our investment objectives could be adversely affected.

 

    Principal and interest payments on any borrowings will reduce the amount of funds available for distribution or investment in additional real estate assets.

 

    There are limits on the ownership and transferability of our shares. See “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.”

 

    If we fail to qualify as a REIT and no relief provisions apply, our NAV and cash available for distribution to our stockholders could materially decrease.

See “Risk Factors.”

 

Q: What is the role of your board of directors and how are they elected?

 

A: We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will have seven directors, four of whom have been determined to be independent of Starwood Capital. Our independent directors are responsible for reviewing the performance of the Advisor and approving the compensation paid to the Advisor and its affiliates. Our directors are elected annually by our stockholders. The names and biographical information of our directors are provided under “Management—Directors and Executive Officers.”

For so long as the Advisory Agreement is in effect, the Advisor has the right to nominate, subject to the approval of such nomination by our board of directors, three affiliated directors to the slate of directors to be

 



 

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voted on by our stockholders at our annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that such number of director nominees shall be reduced as necessary by a number that will result in a majority of directors being independent of Starwood Capital. Our board of directors must also consult with the Advisor in connection with (i) its selection of each independent director for nomination to the slate of directors to be voted on at the annual meeting of stockholders, and (ii) filling any vacancies created by the removal, resignation, retirement or death of any director.

 

Q: What is the difference between the Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares of common stock being offered?

 

A: We are offering to the public four classes of shares of our common stock, Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares. The differences among the share classes relate to upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and ongoing stockholder servicing fees. No upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees are paid with respect to Class D shares, and no upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees or stockholder servicing fees are paid with respect to Class I shares. See “Description of Capital Stock” and “Plan of Distribution” for a discussion of the differences between our Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares.

Assuming a constant net asset value per share of $20.00 and assuming applicable stockholder servicing fees are paid until the 8.75% of gross proceeds limit described in “Compensation—Stockholder Servicing Fee” is reached, we expect that a one-time investment in 500 shares of each class of our shares (representing an aggregate net asset value of $10,000 for each class) would be subject to the following upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees:

 

     Upfront
Selling
Commissions
     Dealer
Manager Fees
     Annual
Stockholder
Servicing Fees
     Maximum
Stockholder
Servicing Fees Over
Life of Investment
(Length of Time)
   Total
(Length of Time)

Class T

   $ 300      $ 50      $ 85      $556 (6.5 years)    $906 (6.5 years)

Class S

   $ 350      $ 0      $ 85      $556 (6.5 ears)    $906 (6.5 years)

Class D

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 25      $875 (35 years)    $875 (35 years)

Class I

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $0    $0

Class T and Class S shares are available through brokerage and transaction-based accounts. Class D shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class D shares, (2) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class D shares, (3) through certain registered investment Advisors, (4) through bank trust departments or any other organization or person authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity for its clients or customers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus. Class I shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class I shares, (2) by endowments, foundations, pension funds and other institutional investors, (3) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class I shares, (4) by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of the Advisor, Starwood Capital or other affiliates and their immediate family members, and, if approved by our board of directors, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus. Before making your investment decision, please consult with your investment Advisor regarding your account type and the classes of common stock you may be eligible to purchase.

 



 

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Certain participating broker-dealers may offer volume or other discounts, which would reduce upfront selling commissions and would therefore increase the length of time required for selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fee to reach 8.75% of gross proceeds. In the case of Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, a lower limit than 8.75% of gross proceeds may be used, as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer. See “—What fees do you pay to the Advisor and its affiliates?” and “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation—Upfront Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees.”

If you are eligible to purchase all four classes of shares, then in most cases you should purchase Class I shares because Class I shares have no upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees or stockholder servicing fees, which will reduce the NAV or distributions of the other share classes. However, Class I shares will not receive stockholder services. If you are eligible to purchase Class T, Class S and Class D shares but not Class I shares, in most cases you should purchase Class D shares because Class D shares have no upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees and lower annual stockholder servicing fees.

 

Q: What is the per share purchase price?

 

A: During the escrow period, the per share purchase price for shares of our common stock will be $20.00, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. After the close of the escrow period, each class of shares will be sold at the then-current transaction price, which is generally the prior month’s NAV per share for such class, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Although the offering price for shares of our common stock is generally based on the prior month’s NAV per share, the NAV per share of such stock as of the date on which your purchase is settled may be significantly different. We may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share, including by updating a previously disclosed offering price, in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. Each class of shares may have a different NAV per share because stockholder servicing fees differ with respect to each class.

 

Q: How will your NAV per share calculated?

 

A: At the conclusion of the escrow period, NAV for each class of shares will be equal to the net proceeds received by us from purchases of shares during the escrow period in each respective class, less our liabilities.

Thereafter, our NAV will be calculated monthly based on the net asset values of our investments (including securities investments), the addition of any other assets (such as cash on hand) and the deduction of any other liabilities. [            ], a valuation firm, was selected by the Advisor and approved by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, to serve as our independent valuation advisor and review annual third-party appraisals of our properties.

Our NAV per share is calculated by our fund administrator, [            ], a third-party firm that provides us with certain administrative and accounting services, and such calculation is reviewed and confirmed by the Advisor. In addition, we will update the valuations of our properties monthly, based on the most recent annual third-party appraisals and current market data and other relevant information, with review and confirmation for reasonableness by our independent valuation advisor. However, the Advisor is ultimately responsible for the determination of our NAV.

NAV is not a measure used under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), and the valuations of and certain adjustments made to our assets and liabilities used in the determination of

 



 

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NAV will differ from GAAP. You should not consider NAV to be equivalent to stockholders’ equity or any other GAAP measure. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines” for more information regarding the calculation of our NAV per share of each class and how our properties, debt investments and securities will be valued.

 

Q: Is there any minimum investment required?

 

A: The minimum initial investment in Class T, Class S or Class D shares of our common stock is $2,500, and the minimum subsequent investment in such shares is $500 per transaction. The minimum initial investment in Class I shares of our common stock is $1,000,000, and the minimum subsequent investment in such shares is $500 per transaction, unless such minimums are waived by the Dealer Manager. The minimum subsequent investment amount does not apply to purchases made under our distribution reinvestment plan. In addition, our board of directors may elect to accept smaller investments in its discretion.

 

Q: What is a “best efforts” offering?

 

A: This is our initial public offering of common stock on a “best efforts” basis. A “best efforts” offering means that the Dealer Manager and the participating brokers are only required to use their best efforts to sell the shares. When shares are offered to the public on a “best efforts” basis, no underwriter, broker-dealer or other person has a firm commitment or obligation to purchase any of the shares. Therefore, we cannot guarantee that any minimum number of shares will be sold.

 

Q: What is the expected term of this offering?

 

A: We have registered $4,000,000,000 in shares of our common stock, in any combination of Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares, to be sold in our primary offering and up to $1,000,000,000 in shares to be sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. It is our intent, however, to conduct a continuous offering for an indefinite period of time, by filing for additional offerings of our shares, subject to regulatory approval and continued compliance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and applicable state laws.

We will endeavor to take all reasonable actions to avoid interruptions in the continuous offering of our shares of common stock. There can be no assurance, however, that we will not need to suspend our continuous offering while the SEC and, where required, state securities regulators, review such filings for additional offerings of our stock until such filings are declared effective, if at all.

 

Q: When may I make purchases of shares and at what price?

 

A: Subscriptions to purchase our common stock may be made on an ongoing basis, but investors may only purchase our common stock pursuant to accepted subscription orders as of the first calendar day of each month (based on the prior month’s transaction price), and to be accepted, a subscription request must be received in good order at least five business days prior to the first calendar day of the month (unless waived by the Dealer Manager). During the escrow period, the per share purchase price for shares of our common stock will be $20.00, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Thereafter, the purchase price per share of each class will be equal to the then-current transaction price, which will generally be our prior month’s NAV per share for such class as of the last calendar day of such month, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. We may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share, including by updating a previously disclosed transaction price, in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. See “How to Subscribe” for more details.

 



 

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For example, if you wish to subscribe for shares of our common stock in October, your subscription request must be received in good order at least five business days before November 1. Generally, the offering price will equal the NAV per share of the applicable class as of the last calendar day of September, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. If accepted, your subscription will be effective on the first calendar day of November.

 

Q: When will the transaction price be available?

 

A: Generally, within 15 calendar days after the last calendar day of each month, we will determine our NAV per share for each share class as of the last calendar day of the prior month, which will generally be the transaction price for the then-current month for such share class. However, in certain circumstances, the transaction price will not be made available until a later time. We will disclose the transaction price for each month when available on our website at www.[            ].com and in prospectus supplements filed with the SEC.

Generally, you will not be provided with direct notice of the transaction price when it becomes available. Therefore, if you wish to know the transaction price prior to your subscription being accepted you must check our website or our filings with the SEC prior to the time your subscription is accepted.

However, if the transaction price is not made available on or before the eighth business day before the first calendar day of the month (which is six business days before the earliest date we may accept subscriptions), or a previously disclosed transaction price for that month is changed, then we will provide notice of such transaction price (and the first day on which we may accept subscriptions) directly to subscribing investors when such transaction price is made available. In such cases, you will have at least three business days from delivery of such notice before your subscription is accepted. See “How to Subscribe.”

 

Q: May I withdraw my subscription request once I have made it?

 

A: Yes. Subscribers are not committed to purchase shares at the time their subscription orders are submitted and any subscription may be canceled at any time before the time it has been accepted. You may withdraw your purchase request by notifying the transfer agent, through your financial intermediary or directly on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [            ].

 

Q: When will my subscription be accepted?

 

A: Completed subscription requests will not be accepted by us before the later of (i) two business days before the first calendar day of each month and (ii) three business days after we make the transaction price (including any subsequent revised transaction price) publicly available by posting it on our website at www.[            ].com and filing a prospectus supplement with the SEC (or in certain cases after we have delivered notice of such price directly to you as discussed above). As a result, you will have a minimum of three business days after the transaction price for that month has been disclosed to withdraw your request before you are committed to purchase the shares.

 

Q: Will I receive distributions and how often?

 

A:

We intend to declare distributions based on record dates established by our board of directors and to pay such distributions on a monthly basis commencing with the first full calendar quarter after the escrow period concludes. The escrow period will conclude no earlier than when we receive purchase orders for at least the minimum offering amount of $150 million (including purchase orders by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers) and our board of directors determines to authorize the release of the escrowed

 



 

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  funds. Prior to the end of the escrow period, Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest $5 million in Class I shares. You will not begin receiving distributions until at least one calendar quarter after such time. Any distributions we make will be at the discretion of our board of directors, considering factors such as our earnings, cash flow, capital needs and general financial condition and the requirements of Maryland law. As a result, our distribution rates and payment frequency may vary from time to time. You will not be entitled to receive a distribution if your shares are repurchased prior to the applicable time of the record date.

Our board of directors’ discretion as to the payment of distributions will be directed, in substantial part, by its determination to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally are required to make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gains. See “Description of Capital Stock—Distribution Policy” and “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

The per share amount of distributions on Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares will likely differ because of different allocations of class-specific stockholder servicing fees. Specifically, distributions on Class T and Class S shares will be lower than Class D shares, and Class D shares will be lower than Class I shares because we are required to pay higher ongoing stockholder servicing fees with respect to the Class T and Class S shares (compared to Class D shares and Class I shares) and we are required to pay higher ongoing stockholder servicing fees with respect to Class D shares (compared to Class I shares).

There is no assurance we will pay distributions in any particular amount, if at all. We may fund any distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of Starwood Capital), and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources. The extent to which we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations will depend on various factors, including the level of participation in our distribution reinvestment plan, the extent to which the Advisor elects to receive its management fee in Class I shares or Class I units and the Special Limited Partner elects to receive distributions on its performance participation interest in Class I units, how quickly we invest the proceeds from this and any future offering and the performance of our investments, including our real estate-related debt and securities portfolios. Funding distributions from the sales of assets, borrowings, return of capital or proceeds of this offering will result in us having less funds available to acquire properties or other real estate-related investments. As a result, the return you realize on your investment may be reduced. Doing so may also negatively impact our ability to generate cash flows. Likewise, funding distributions from the sale of additional securities will dilute your interest in us on a percentage basis and may impact the value of your investment especially if we sell these securities at prices less than the price you paid for your shares. We believe the likelihood that we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations will be higher in the early stages of the offering.

 

Q: Will the distributions I receive be taxable as ordinary income?

 

A: Generally, distributions that you receive, including cash distributions that are reinvested pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, will be taxed as ordinary income to the extent they are paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Dividends received from REITs are generally not eligible to be taxed at the lower U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to individuals for “qualified dividends” from C corporations (i.e., corporations generally subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax).

We may designate a portion of distributions as capital gain dividends taxable at capital gain rates to the extent we recognize net capital gains from sales of assets. In addition, a portion of your distributions may be

 



 

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considered return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Amounts considered a return of capital generally will not be subject to tax, but will instead reduce the tax basis of your investment. This, in effect, defers a portion of your tax until your shares are repurchased, you sell your shares or we are liquidated, at which time you generally will be taxed at capital gains rates. Because each investor’s tax position is different, you should consult with your tax advisor. In particular, non-U.S. investors should consult their tax advisors regarding potential withholding taxes on distributions that you receive. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

 

Q: May I reinvest my cash distributions in additional shares?

 

A: Yes. We have adopted a distribution reinvestment plan whereby stockholders (other than clients of certain participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in our distribution reinvestment plan) will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock unless they elect to receive their distributions in cash. Clients of certain participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in our distribution reinvestment plan will automatically receive their distributions in cash unless they elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional shares of our common stock. If you participate in our distribution reinvestment plan, the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that you own will be automatically invested in additional shares of the same class. The purchase price for shares purchased under our distribution reinvestment plan will be equal to the transaction price for such shares at the time the distribution is payable. Stockholders will not pay upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees when purchasing shares under our distribution reinvestment plan; however, all outstanding Class T, Class S and Class D shares, including those purchased under our distribution reinvestment plan, will be subject to ongoing stockholder servicing fees. Participants may terminate their participation in the distribution reinvestment plan with ten business days’ prior written notice to us. See “Description of Capital Stock—Distribution Reinvestment Plan” for more information regarding the reinvestment of distributions you may receive from us. For the complete terms of the distribution reinvestment plan, see Appendix B to this prospectus.

 

Q: Can I request that my shares be repurchased?

 

A: Yes. However, while stockholders may request on a monthly basis that we repurchase all or any portion of their shares pursuant to our share repurchase plan, we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. In addition, our ability to fulfill repurchase requests is subject to a number of limitations. As a result, share repurchases may not be available each month. Under our share repurchase plan, to the extent we choose to repurchase shares in any particular month, we will only repurchase shares as of the opening of the last calendar day of that month (each such date, a “Repurchase Date”). Repurchases will be made at the transaction price in effect on the Repurchase Date, except that shares that have not been outstanding for at least one year will be repurchased at 95% of the transaction price (an “Early Repurchase Deduction”). The Early Repurchase Deduction may be waived in the case of repurchase requests arising from the death or qualified disability of the holder. To have your shares repurchased, your repurchase request and required documentation must be received in good order by 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the second to last business day of the applicable month. Settlements of share repurchases will be made within three business days of the Repurchase Date. The Early Repurchase Deduction will not apply to shares acquired through our distribution reinvestment plan. An investor may withdraw its repurchase request by notifying the transfer agent before 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the last business day of the applicable month.

The total amount of aggregate repurchases of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares is limited to no more than 2% of our aggregate NAV per month and no more than 5% of our aggregate NAV per calendar quarter.

 



 

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In the event that we determine to repurchase some but not all of the shares submitted for repurchase during any month, shares repurchased at the end of the month will be repurchased on a pro rata basis. All unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted after the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the share repurchase plan, as applicable.

The vast majority of our assets will consist of properties that cannot generally be readily liquidated without impacting our ability to realize full value upon their disposition. Therefore, we may not always have sufficient liquid resources to satisfy repurchase requests. In order to provide liquidity for share repurchases, we intend to, subject to any limitations and requirements relating to our intention to qualify as a REIT, generally maintain under normal circumstances an allocation to securities, cash, cash equivalents and other short-term investments, which may be up to 20% of our assets. We may fund repurchase requests from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of Starwood Capital), and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources. Should repurchase requests, in our judgment, place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company as a whole, or should we otherwise determine that investing our liquid assets in real properties or other illiquid investments rather than repurchasing our shares is in the best interests of the company as a whole, then we may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased, or none at all. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. If the transaction price for the applicable month is not made available by the tenth business day prior to the last business day of the month (or is changed after such date), then no repurchase requests will be accepted for such month and stockholders who wish to have their shares repurchased the following month must resubmit their repurchase requests. See “Share Repurchases—Repurchase Limitations.”

 

Q: Will I be notified of how my investment is doing?

 

A: Yes. We will provide you with periodic updates on the performance of your investment with us, including:

 

    three quarterly financial reports and investor statements;

 

    an annual report;

 

    confirmation statements (after transactions affecting your balance, except reinvestment of distributions in us and certain transactions through minimum account investment or withdrawal programs); and

 

    a quarterly statement providing material information regarding your participation in the distribution reinvestment plan and an annual statement providing tax information with respect to income earned on shares under the distribution reinvestment plan for the calendar year.

Depending on legal requirements, we may post this information on our website, www.[            ].com, or provide this information to you via U.S. mail or other courier, electronic delivery, or some combination of the foregoing. Information about us will also be available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Our monthly NAV per share for each class will be posted on our website promptly after it has become available.

 

Q: What fees do you pay to the Advisor and its affiliates?

 

A: We pay the Advisor, the Special Limited Partner, the Dealer Manager and their affiliates the fees and expense reimbursements described below in connection with performing services for us.

 



 

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We do not intend to pay the Advisor or its affiliates any separate fees for property acquisitions, dispositions, financings (except interest and other payments to the lender in cases where the lender is an affiliate of the Advisor) or development, although our charter permits us to do so, subject to certain limitations. We do, however, reimburse the Advisor and its affiliates for out-of-pocket and other expenses related to the foregoing activities to the extent such expenses are paid by the Advisor and its affiliates.

 

Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

Organization and Offering Activities

Upfront Selling

Commissions and

Dealer Manager Fees—

The Dealer Manager

  

The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0%, and dealer manager fees of 0.5%, of the transaction price of each Class T share sold in the primary offering; however, such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold.

 

The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class S share sold in the primary offering.

 

The Dealer Manager anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers.

 

No upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be paid with respect to purchases of Class D shares, Class I shares or shares of any class sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan.

   The actual amount will depend on the number of Class T and Class S shares sold and the transaction price of each Class T and Class S share. Aggregate upfront selling commissions will equal approximately $2.4 million if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $62.8 million if we sell the maximum amount, and aggregate dealer manager fees will equal approximately $0.2 million if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $4.8 million if we sell the maximum amount, in each case, in our primary offering, assuming that 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of each of Class T and Class S shares and that the transaction price of each of our Class T and Class S shares remains constant at $20.00.
Stockholder Servicing Fees—The Dealer Manager   

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as stockholder servicing fees for ongoing services rendered to stockholders by participating broker-dealers or broker-dealers servicing investors’ accounts, referred to as servicing broker-dealers:

 

•    with respect to our outstanding Class T shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class T shares, consisting of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20%

   Actual amounts depend upon the per share NAVs of our Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares, the number of Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares purchased and when such shares are purchased. For each of Class T and Class S shares, the stockholder servicing fees will equal approximately $8.2 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount.

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

per annum, of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class T shares; however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares;

 

•    with respect to our outstanding Class S shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class S shares; and

 

•    with respect to our outstanding Class D shares equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class D shares.

 

We do not pay a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class I shares.

 

The stockholder servicing fees are paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager reallows (pays) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services. Because the stockholder servicing fees are calculated based on our NAV for our Class T, Class S and Class D shares, they will reduce the NAV or, alternatively, the distributions payable, with respect to the shares of each such class, including shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan.

 

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% (or, in the case of Class T shares sold through certain

   For Class D shares, the stockholder servicing fees will equal approximately $2.5 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount. In each case, we are assuming that, in our primary offering, 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class T shares, 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class S shares and 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class D shares, that the NAV per share of our Class S shares and Class D shares remains constant at $20.00 and none of our stockholders participate in our distribution reinvestment plan.

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

participating broker-dealers, a lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer) at the time such Class T shares were issued of the gross proceeds from the sale of such shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such shares.

 

Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class T share (in the case of a limit of 8.75% of gross proceeds) or Class S share over approximately 6.5 years from the date of purchase and with respect to a Class D share over approximately 35 years from the date of purchase, assuming payment of the full upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for these time periods, this fee with respect to a Class T share or Class S share would total approximately $1.11 and with respect to a Class D share would total approximately $1.75.

 

In addition, we will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee on the Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) our merger or consolidation with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case in a transaction in which our stockholders receive cash or securities listed on a national securities exchange or (iii) the date on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources in connection with this offering, including upfront selling commissions, the stockholder servicing fee and other underwriting

  

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

compensation, is equal to 10% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering.

 

For a description of the services required from the participating broker-dealer or servicing broker-dealer, see the “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation—Stockholder Servicing Fees—Class T, Class S and Class D Shares.”

  

Organization and

Offering Expense

Reimbursement—The

Advisor

  

The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf (including legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and expenses, due diligence expenses of participating broker-dealers supported by detailed and itemized invoices, costs in connection with preparing sales materials, design and website expenses, fees and expenses of our escrow agent and transfer agent, fees to attend retail seminars sponsored by participating broker-dealers and reimbursements for customary travel, lodging, and meals, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and the stockholder servicing fee) through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. We will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over the 60 months following the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. Wholesaling compensation expenses of persons associated with the Dealer Manager will be paid by the Advisor without reimbursement from us.

 

We will reimburse the Advisor for any organization and offering expenses that it incurs on our behalf after the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow as and when such expenses are incurred. After the termination of this offering, the Advisor has agreed to reimburse us to the extent that the organization and offering expenses that we incur exceed 15% of our gross proceeds from the offering.

   We estimate our organization and offering expenses to be approximately $2.25 million if we sell the minimum offering amount and approximately $60 million if we sell the maximum offering amount.

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

Investment Activities

Acquisition Expense Reimbursement—The Advisor    We do not intend to pay the Advisor any acquisition, financing (except interest payments and market-based financing fees and costs to the lender in cases where the lender is an affiliate of the Advisor) or other similar fees in connection with making investments. We will, however, reimburse the Advisor for out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the selection, evaluation, structuring, acquisition, origination, financing and development of properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities, whether or not such investments are acquired, and make payments to third parties or certain of the Advisor’s affiliates in connection with making investments as described in “—Fees from Other Services” below.    Actual amounts are dependent upon actual expenses incurred and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time.

Operational Activities

Management Fee—The Advisor   

We will pay the Advisor a management fee equal to 1.25% of NAV per annum payable monthly.

 

The management fee may be paid, at the Advisor’s election, in cash, Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership. If the Advisor elects to receive any portion of its management fee in Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership, we may repurchase such Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership from the Advisor at a later date. Shares of our Class I common stock and Class I units of our Operating Partnership obtained by the Advisor will not be subject to the repurchase limits of our share repurchase plan or any Early Repurchase Deduction. The Operating Partnership will repurchase any such Operating Partnership units for cash unless our board of directors determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or our charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for shares of our common stock with an equivalent aggregate NAV. The Advisor and the Special Limited Partner will have the option of exchanging Class I shares for an equivalent aggregate NAV amount of Class T, Class S or Class D shares and will have registration rights with respect to shares of our common stock.

   Actual amounts of the management fee depend upon our aggregate NAV. The management fee will equal approximately $49 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount in our primary offering, assuming that the NAV per share of each class of our common stock remains constant at $20.00 and before giving effect to any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan.

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

Operating Expense

Reimbursement—The

Advisor

   In addition to the organization and offering expense and acquisition expense reimbursements described above, we will reimburse the Advisor for out-of-pocket costs and expenses it incurs in connection with the services it provides to us, including, but not limited to, (1) the actual cost of goods and services used by us and obtained from third parties, including fees paid to administrators, consultants, attorneys, technology providers and other service providers, and brokerage fees paid in connection with the purchase and sale of investments and securities, and (2) expenses of managing and operating our properties, whether payable to an affiliate or a non-affiliated person. See “Management—The Advisory Agreement—Management Fee, Performance Participation Interest and Expense Reimbursements.”    Actual amounts of out-of-pocket expenses paid by the Advisor that we reimburse are dependent upon actual expenses incurred and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time.

Performance

Participation Interest—

The Special Limited

Partner

  

So long as the Advisory Agreement has not been terminated, the Special Limited Partner will hold a performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership that entitles it to receive cash distributions (or Operating Partnership units at its election) from our Operating Partnership equal to 12.5% of the Total Return, subject to a 5% Hurdle Amount and a High Water Mark, with a Catch-Up (each term as defined herein). Such distributions will be paid annually.

 

For a detailed explanation of how the performance participation is calculated, see “Summary of Our Operating Partnership Agreement—Special Limited Partner Interest.” For a hypothetical calculation of the performance participation calculation, see “Compensation—Performance Participation Interest Example.”

   Actual amounts of the performance participation depend upon the Operating Partnership’s actual annual total return and, therefore, cannot be calculated at this time.

Fees from Other

Services—Affiliates of

the Advisor

   We retain certain of the Advisor’s affiliates, from time to time, for services relating to our investments or our operations, which may include property management services, leasing services, corporate services, statutory services, transaction support services (including but not limited to coordinating with brokers, lawyers, accountants and other advisors, assembling relevant information, conducting financial and    Actual amounts depend on to what extent affiliates of the Advisor are actually engaged to perform such services.

 



 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

   market analyses, and coordinating closing procedures), construction and development management, and loan management and servicing, and within one or more such categories, providing services in respect of asset or investment administration, accounting, technology, tax preparation, finance (including but not limited to budget preparation and preparation and maintenance of corporate models), treasury, operational coordination, risk management, insurance placement, human resources, legal and compliance, valuation and reporting-related services, as well as services related to mortgage servicing, group purchasing, healthcare, consulting/brokerage, capital markets/credit origination, property, title or other types of insurance, management consulting and other similar operational matters. Any fees paid to the Advisor’s affiliates for any such services will not reduce the management fee. Any such arrangements will be at market rates.   

In calculating our management fee, we use our NAV before giving effect to accruals for the management fee, performance participation distributions, stockholder servicing fees or distributions payable on our shares. In calculating our stockholder servicing fee, we will use our NAV before giving effect to accruals for the stockholder servicing fee or distributions payable on our shares.

Commencing four fiscal quarters after we make our first investment, our Total Operating Expenses, including any distributions made to the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership, will be limited during any four fiscal quarters to the greater of (a) 2.0% of our Average Invested Assets and (b) 25.0% of our Net Income. This limit may be exceeded only if our independent directors have made a finding that, based on such unusual and non-recurring factors as they deem sufficient, a higher level of expenses is justified, and such finding is recorded in the minutes of a meeting of the independent directors. For purposes of these limits:

 

    “Total Operating Expenses” are all costs and expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under generally accepted accounting principles, including the management fee and the performance participation, but excluding: (i) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and listing of our capital stock, (ii) property-level expenses incurred at each property, (iii) interest payments, (iv) taxes, (v) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves, (vi) incentive fees paid in compliance with our charter, (vii) acquisition fees and acquisition expenses related to the selection and acquisition of assets, whether or not a property is actually acquired, (viii) real estate commissions on the sale of property and (ix) other fees and expenses connected with the acquisition, disposition, management and ownership of real estate interests, mortgage loans or other property (including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property).

 



 

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    “Average Invested Assets” means, for any period, the average of the aggregate book value of our assets, invested, directly or indirectly, in equity interests in and loans secured by real estate, including all properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities and consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures or other partnerships, before deducting depreciation, amortization, impairments, bad debt reserves or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of such values at the end of each month during such period.

 

    “Net Income” means, for any period, total revenues applicable to such period, less the total expenses applicable to such period other than additions to, or allowances for, non-cash charges such as depreciation, amortization, impairments and reserves for bad debt or other similar non-cash reserves.

See “Management—The Advisory Agreement—Management Fee, Performance Participation Interest and Expense Reimbursements.”

 

Q: What are your policies related to conflicts of interests with Starwood Capital and its affiliates?

 

A: Businesses or Services Provided by the Advisor to Others. The Advisory Agreement provides that it does not (i) prevent the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees from engaging in other businesses or from rendering services of any kind to any other persons or entities, whether or not the investment objectives or guidelines of any such other persons or entities are similar to those of ours, including, without limitation, the sponsoring, closing or managing of any Other Starwood Accounts, (ii) in any way bind or restrict the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees from buying, selling or trading any securities or commodities for their own accounts or for the account of others for whom the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees may be acting or (iii) prevent the Advisor or any of its affiliates from receiving fees or other compensation or profits from activities described in clauses (i) or (ii) above which shall be for the Advisor’s (or its affiliates’) sole benefit. In particular, there will be overlap of real property, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts, as described herein.

Allocation of Future Investment Opportunities. The Advisory Agreement provides that it does not (i) prevent the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees from engaging in other businesses or from rendering services of any kind to any other persons or entities, whether or not the investment objectives or guidelines of any such other persons or entities are similar to those of ours, including, without limitation, the sponsoring, closing or managing of any Other Starwood Accounts, (ii) in any way bind or restrict the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees from buying, selling or trading any securities or commodities for their own accounts or for the account of others for whom the Advisor or any of its affiliates, officers, directors or employees may be acting or (iii) prevent the Advisor or any of its affiliates from receiving fees or other compensation or profits from activities described in clauses (i) or (ii) above which shall be for the Advisor’s (or its affiliates’) sole benefit. In particular, there will be overlap of real property, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts, as described herein.

With respect to Other Starwood Accounts with investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with ours but that do not have priority over us, investment opportunities will be allocated among us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures on a basis that the Advisor and its affiliates believe to be fair and reasonable in their sole discretion, which will either be rotational or pro rata based on relative available capital, subject to the following considerations: (i) any applicable investment objectives of ours and such other Starwood Accounts (which, for us, includes our primary objective of providing current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield); (ii) the sourcing of the transaction; (iii) the size and nature of the

 



 

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investment; (iv) the relative amounts of capital available for investment by us and such Other Starwood Accounts; (v) the sector, geography/location, expected return profile, expected distribution rates, anticipated cash flows, expected stability or volatility of cash flows, leverage profile, risk profile, and other features of the applicable investment opportunity and its impact on portfolio concentration and diversification; (vi) avoiding allocation that could result in de minimis or odd-lot investments; (vii) any structural and operational differences between us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any applicable investment limitations (including, without limitation, exposure limits, hedging limits and diversification considerations) of us and such Other Starwood Accounts, investment limitations, parameters or contractual provisions of ours and such Other Starwood Accounts; (viii) the eligibility of us and such Other Starwood Accounts to make such investment under applicable laws; (ix) any other applicable tax, accounting, legal, regulatory compliance or operational considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor and its affiliates (including, without limitation, maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act) (e.g., joint venture investments between us and an Other Starwood Account must be on the same terms and satisfy the restrictions of all participants, such as lowest leverage targeted by any participant); and (x) any other requirements contained in the corporate governance documents of us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any other considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor, Starwood and their affiliates in good faith. Our board of directors (including our independent directors) has the duty to ensure that the allocation methodology described above is applied fairly to us.

We believe our investment objectives, guidelines and strategy are generally distinct from Other Starwood Accounts. Accordingly, we expect there will be sufficient investment opportunities for us within our investment guidelines because of the scale of the real estate market. Other than the priority granted to Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts, the priority granted to Starwood Property Trust with respect to real estate-related debt and debt-like equity investments and the priority to be granted to the European Hotel Account with respect to European hotel investments, no Other Starwood Accounts have priority over us with respect to investment opportunities. However, Starwood Capital may in the future grant priority to additional Other Starwood Accounts. See “Conflicts of Interest.”

Transactions with any Starwood Account or Affiliate. Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, and subject to applicable law, the Advisor is not permitted to consummate on our behalf any transaction that involves (i) the sale of any investment to or (ii) the acquisition of any investment from Starwood Capital, any Starwood Account or any of their affiliates unless such transaction is approved by a majority of our directors, including a majority of independent directors, not otherwise interested in such transaction as being fair and reasonable to us. In addition, for any such acquisition by us, our purchase price will be limited to the cost of the property to the affiliate, including acquisition-related expenses, or if substantial justification exists, the current appraised value of the property as determined by an independent expert. In addition, we may enter into joint ventures with Other Starwood Accounts, or with Starwood Capital, the Advisor, any member of Starwood Capital, one or more of our directors, or any of their respective affiliates, only if a majority of our directors (including a majority of our independent directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction approve the transaction as being fair and reasonable to us and on substantially the same, or more favorable, terms and conditions as those received by other affiliate joint venture partners. Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, it is agreed that the Advisor will seek to resolve any conflicts of interest in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to any priorities of the Other Starwood Accounts) in accordance with its prevailing policies and procedures with respect to conflicts resolution among Other Starwood Accounts generally, but only those transactions set forth in this paragraph will be expressly required to be presented for approval to the independent directors of our board of directors or any committee thereof (unless otherwise required by our charter or our investment guidelines).

Corporate Opportunities. Our board of directors has adopted a resolution that provides, subject to certain exceptions, that none of Starwood Capital or its affiliates, our directors or any person our directors control

 



 

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will be required to refrain directly or indirectly from engaging in any business opportunities, including any business opportunities in the same or similar business activities or lines of business in which we or any of our affiliates may from time to time be engaged or propose to engage, or from competing with us, and that we renounce any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, any such business opportunities, unless offered to a person in his or her capacity as one of our directors or officers and intended exclusively for us or any of our subsidiaries.

 

Q: Are there any limitations on the level of ownership of shares?

 

A: Our charter contains restrictions on the number of shares any one person or group may own. Specifically, our charter will not permit any person or group to own more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common stock or of our outstanding capital stock of all classes or series, and attempts to acquire our common stock or our capital stock of all other classes or series in excess of these 9.8% limits would not be effective without an exemption from these limits (prospectively or retroactively) by our board of directors. These limits may be further reduced if our board of directors waives these limits for certain holders. See “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.” These restrictions are designed, among other purposes, to enable us to comply with ownership restrictions imposed on REITs by the Code, and may have the effect of preventing a third party from engaging in a business combination or other transaction even if doing so would result in you receiving a “premium” for your shares. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to This Offering and Our Organizational Structure” for additional discussion regarding restrictions on share ownership.

 

Q: Are there any ERISA considerations in connection with an investment in our shares?

 

A: The section of this prospectus captioned “Certain ERISA Considerations” describes the effect that the purchase of shares will have on individual retirement accounts and retirement plans that are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) and the Code. ERISA is a federal law that regulates certain employer-sponsored benefit plans. The Code contains similar provisions applicable to IRAs and certain other benefit plans. Any benefit plan investor considering purchasing shares for a retirement plan or an individual retirement account (“IRA”), should consider, at a minimum: (1) whether the investment is in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the IRA, plan or other account; (2) whether the investment satisfies the fiduciary requirements associated with the IRA, plan or other account; (3) whether the investment will generate unrelated business taxable income to the IRA, plan or other account; (4) whether there is sufficient liquidity for that investment under the IRA, plan or other account; (5) the need to value the assets of the IRA, plan or other account annually or more frequently; and (6) whether the investment would constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under applicable law. See “Risk Factors—Retirement Plan Risks” and “Certain ERISA Considerations.”

 

Q: Are there any Investment Company Act of 1940 considerations?

 

A: We intend to engage primarily in the business of investing in real estate and to conduct our operations, directly and through wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries, so that neither we, the Operating Partnership nor any of the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership is required, as such requirements have been interpreted by the SEC, to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. A company is an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act:

 

    under Section 3(a)(1)(A), if it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities; or

 

   

under Section 3(a)(1)(C), if it is engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns, or proposes to acquire, “investment

 



 

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securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the “40% test.” The term “investment securities” generally includes all securities except U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exemption from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.

We intend to acquire real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities directly, primarily by acquiring fee interests in real property and by originating and acquiring real estate-related debt. We may also make investments indirectly through joint venture entities, including joint venture entities in which we do not own a controlling interest and joint venture entities in which Other Starwood Accounts may invest. We plan to conduct our businesses primarily through the Operating Partnership, a majority-owned subsidiary, and expect to establish other direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiaries to hold particular assets.

We intend to conduct our operations so that we, the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of the wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will comply with the 40% test. We continuously monitor our holdings on an ongoing basis to determine compliance with this test. We expect that the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of the wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will not be relying on exemptions under either Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. Consequently, interests in the Operating Partnership and in these subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership (which are expected to constitute a substantial majority of our assets) generally will not constitute “investment securities.” Accordingly, we believe that we, the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of the wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will not be considered investment companies under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act.

In addition, we believe that neither we, the Operating Partnership nor any of the wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act because they do not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, we, the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in non-investment company businesses related to real estate. Consequently, we expect to be able to conduct our and the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries’ respective operations such that none of them will be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

We determine whether an entity is a majority-owned subsidiary of our company. The Investment Company Act defines a majority-owned subsidiary of a person as a company 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of which are owned by such person, or by another company which is a majority-owned subsidiary of such person. The Investment Company Act defines voting securities as any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company. We treat entities in which we own at least 50% of the outstanding voting securities as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of the 40% test. We have not requested that the SEC or its staff approve our treatment of any entity as a majority-owned subsidiary, and neither has done so. If the SEC or its staff was to disagree with our treatment of one or more subsidiary entities as majority-owned subsidiaries, we would need to adjust our strategy and our assets in order to continue to pass the 40% test. Any adjustment in our strategy could have a material adverse effect on us.

If we, the Operating Partnership or any of the wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership would ever inadvertently fall within one of the definitions of “investment company,” we intend to rely on the exemption provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other

 



 

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liens on and interests in real estate.” The SEC staff has taken the position that this exemption generally requires that at least 55% of an entity’s assets be comprised of mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate, also known as “qualifying assets,” and at least another 25% of the entity’s assets must be comprised of additional qualifying assets or a broader category of assets that we refer to as “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act (and no more than 20% of the entity’s assets may be comprised of miscellaneous assets).

We classify our assets for purposes of our 3(c)(5)(C) exemption based upon no-action positions taken by the SEC staff and interpretive guidance provided by the SEC and its staff. These no-action positions are based on specific factual situations that may be substantially different from the factual situations we may face, and a number of these no-action positions were issued more than 20 years ago. No assurance can be given that the SEC or its staff will concur with our classification of our assets. In addition, the SEC or its staff may, in the future, issue further guidance that may require us to re-classify our assets for purposes of the Investment Company Act. If we are required to re-classify our assets, we may no longer be in compliance with the exemption from the definition of an investment company provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act.

For purposes of determining whether we satisfy the 55%/25% test, based on certain no-action letters issued by the SEC staff, we intend to classify our fee interests in real property, held by us directly or through our wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, as qualifying assets. In addition, based on no-action letters issued by the SEC staff, we will treat our investments in any joint ventures that in turn invest in qualifying assets such as real property as qualifying assets, but only if we are active in the management and operation of the joint venture and have the right to approve major decisions by the joint venture; otherwise, they will be classified as real estate-related assets. We will not participate in joint ventures in which we do not have or share control to the extent that we believe such participation would potentially threaten our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act. This may prevent us from receiving an allocation with respect to certain investment opportunities that are suitable for both us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts. We expect that no less than 55% of our assets will consist of investments in real property, including any joint ventures that we control or in which we share control.

Qualifying for an exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act will limit our ability to make certain investments. For example, these restrictions may limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to invest directly in mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches of securitizations and certain asset-backed securities, non-controlling equity interests in real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate.

Although we intend to monitor our portfolio, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exemption from registration.

Our board of directors has made a finding pursuant to Rule 3a-2 under the Investment Company Act related to our ability to operate as a transient investment company for a period not to exceed one year from the date on which we break escrow in this offering.

A change in the value of any of our assets could negatively affect our ability to maintain our exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act. To maintain compliance with the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to acquire assets that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy.

 



 

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To the extent that the SEC or its staff provides more specific guidance regarding any of the matters bearing upon the definition of investment company and the exemptions to that definition, we may be required to adjust our strategy accordingly. On August 31, 2011, the SEC issued a concept release and request for comments regarding the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption (Release No. IC-29778) in which it contemplated the possibility of issuing new rules or providing new interpretations of the exemption that might, among other things, define the phrase “liens on and other interests in real estate” or consider sources of income in determining a company’s “primary business.” Any additional guidance from the SEC or its staff could provide additional flexibility to us, or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the strategies we have chosen.

If we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use borrowings), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), and portfolio composition, including disclosure requirements and restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters. Compliance with the Investment Company Act would, accordingly, limit our ability to make certain investments and require us to significantly restructure our business plan. For additional discussion of the risks that we would face if we were required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to This Offering and Our Organizational Structure—Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.”

 

Q: What is the impact of being an “emerging growth company”?

 

A: We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the “JOBS Act.” As an emerging growth company, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting and disclosure requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to:

 

    have an auditor attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

 

    submit certain executive compensation matters to stockholder advisory votes pursuant to the “say on frequency” and “say on pay” provisions (requiring a non-binding stockholder vote to approve compensation of certain executive officers) and the “say on golden parachute” provisions (requiring a non-binding stockholder vote to approve golden parachute arrangements for certain executive officers in connection with mergers and certain other business combinations) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010; or

 

    disclose certain executive compensation related items, such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company may take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies. This means that an emerging growth company can delay adopting certain accounting standards until such standards are otherwise applicable to private companies. We have elected to opt out of this transition period, and will therefore comply with new or revised accounting standards on the applicable dates on which the adoption of these standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. This election is irrevocable.

We will remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of: (1) the last date of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more; (2) the date on which

 



 

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we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt; or (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined under Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act.

We do not believe that being an emerging growth company will have a significant impact on our business or this offering. As stated above, we have elected to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards available to emerging growth companies. Also, because we are not a large accelerated filer or an accelerated filer under Section 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and will not be for so long as our shares of common stock are not traded on a securities exchange, we will not be subject to auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 even once we are no longer an emerging growth company. In addition, so long as we are externally managed by the Advisor and we do not directly compensate our executive officers, or reimburse the Advisor or its affiliates for the salaries, bonuses, benefits and severance payments for persons who also serve as one of our executive officers or as an executive officer of the Advisor, we do not expect to include disclosures relating to executive compensation in our periodic reports or proxy statements and, as a result, do not expect to be required to seek stockholder approval of executive compensation and golden parachute compensation arrangements pursuant to Section 14A(a) and (b) of the Exchange Act.

 

Q: When will I get my detailed tax information?

 

A: In the case of certain U.S. stockholders, we expect your IRS Form 1099-DIV tax information, if required, to be mailed by January 31 of each year.

 

Q: Who can help answer my questions?

 

A: If you have more questions about this offering or if you would like additional copies of this prospectus, you should contact your financial adviser or our transfer agent:

[            ]

[            ]

[            ]

Overnight Address:

[            ]

[            ]

[            ]

Toll Free Number: [            ]

 



 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in shares of our common stock involves risks. You should specifically consider the following material risks in addition to the other information contained in this prospectus before you decide to purchase shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks might cause you to lose a significant part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties discussed below are not the only ones we face, but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are most significant to our business, operating results, financial condition, prospects and forward-looking statements.

Risks Related to This Offering and Our Organizational Structure

We have no operating history and there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully achieve our investment objectives.

We are a newly formed entity with no operating history and may not be able to achieve our investment objectives. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not made any investments in real estate or otherwise and do not own any properties or have any operations or financing sources. We cannot assure you that the past experiences of affiliates of the Advisor will be sufficient to allow us to successfully achieve our investment objectives. As a result, an investment in our shares of common stock may entail more risk than the shares of common stock of a REIT with a substantial operating history.

This is a blind pool offering, and thus you will not have the opportunity to evaluate our investments before we make them, which makes your investment more speculative.

We have not yet acquired or identified any investments that we may make and thus are not able to provide you with any information to assist you in evaluating the merits of any specific properties, real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities that we may acquire, except for investments that may be described in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We will seek to invest substantially all of the net offering proceeds from this offering, after the payment of fees and expenses, in the acquisition of or investment in interests in properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities. However, because you will be unable to evaluate the economic merit of our investments before we make them, you will have to rely entirely on the ability of the Advisor to select suitable and successful investment opportunities. Furthermore, the Advisor will have broad discretion in selecting the types of properties we will invest in and the tenants of those properties, and you will not have the opportunity to evaluate potential investments. These factors increase the risk that your investment may not generate returns comparable to other real estate investment alternatives.

We are dependent on Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor, and their key personnel who provide services to us through the advisory agreement, and we may not find a suitable replacement for the Advisor if the advisory agreement is terminated, or for these key personnel if they leave Starwood Capital or otherwise become unavailable to us.

We have no separate facilities and are completely reliant on the Advisor. Our officers, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, President and Secretary are executive officers of Starwood Capital. The Advisor has significant discretion as to the implementation of our investment and operating policies and strategies. Accordingly, we believe that our success will depend to a significant extent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the officers and key personnel of the Advisor. The officers and key personnel of the Advisor will evaluate, negotiate, close and monitor our investments; therefore, our success will depend on their continued service. The departure of any of the officers or key personnel of the Advisor could have a material adverse effect on our performance.

The Advisor is not obligated to dedicate any specific personnel exclusively to us. In addition, none of our officers or the officers of the Advisor are obligated to dedicate any specific portion of their time to our business. Each of

 

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them has significant responsibilities for the Other Starwood Accounts. As a result, these individuals may not always be able to devote sufficient time to the management of our business. Further, when there are turbulent conditions in the real estate markets or distress in the credit markets, the attention of the Advisor’s personnel and our executive officers and the resources of Starwood Capital will also be required by the Other Starwood Accounts. In such situations, we may not receive the level of support and assistance that we may receive if we were internally managed.

In addition, we offer no assurance that Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. will remain the Advisor or that we will continue to have access to Starwood Capital’s officers and key personnel. The initial term of the advisory agreement among the Advisor, our Operating Partnership and us only extends for one year from the date of this prospectus, and is expected to be renewed annually thereafter for additional one-year terms. If the advisory agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found, we may not be able to execute our business plan.

Finally, there is no guarantee (i) that the Advisor will succeed in implementing our investment objectives or strategy or in identifying investments that are in accordance with Starwood Capital’s investment philosophy or (ii) that historical trends of prior programs sponsored by Starwood Capital will continue during the life of our operations.

The Advisor manages our portfolio pursuant to very broad investment guidelines and generally is not required to seek the approval of our board of directors for each investment, financing or asset allocation decision made by it, which may result in our making riskier investments and which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our board of directors approved very broad investment guidelines that delegate to the Advisor the authority to execute acquisitions and dispositions of real estate properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities on our behalf, in each case so long as such investments are consistent with the investment guidelines and our charter. There can be no assurance that the Advisor will be successful in applying any strategy or discretionary approach to our investment activities. Our board of directors will review our investment guidelines on an annual basis (or more often as it deems appropriate) and our investment portfolio periodically. The prior approval of our board of directors or a committee of independent directors will be required only as set forth in our charter (including for transactions with affiliates of the Advisor) or for the acquisition or disposition of assets that are not in accordance with our investment guidelines. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, our directors will rely primarily on information provided to them by the Advisor. Furthermore, transactions entered into on our behalf by the Advisor may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind when they are subsequently reviewed by our board of directors.

There is no public trading market for shares of our common stock; therefore, your ability to dispose of your shares will likely be limited to repurchase by us. If you do sell your shares to us, you may receive less than the price you paid.

There is no current public trading market for shares of our common stock, and we do not expect that such a market will ever develop. Therefore, repurchase of shares by us will likely be the only way for you to dispose of your shares. We will repurchase shares at a price equal to the transaction price of the class of shares being repurchased on the date of repurchase (which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share), and not based on the price at which you initially purchased your shares. Subject to limited exceptions, shares repurchased within one year of the date of issuance will be repurchased at 95% of the transaction price. As a result, you may receive less than the price you paid for your shares when you sell them to us pursuant to our share repurchase plan. See “Share Repurchases—Early Repurchase Deduction.”

 

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Your ability to have your shares repurchased through our share repurchase plan is limited. We may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased in our discretion at any time, and the amount of shares we may repurchase is subject to caps. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders.

We may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested in any particular month to be repurchased under our share repurchase plan, or none at all, in our discretion at any time. We may repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased due to lack of readily available funds because of adverse market conditions beyond our control, the need to maintain liquidity for our operations or because we have determined that investing in real property or other illiquid investments is a better use of our capital than repurchasing our shares. In addition, the total amount of shares that we will repurchase is limited, in any calendar month, to shares whose aggregate value (based on the repurchase price per share on the date of the repurchase) is no more than 2% of our aggregate NAV as of the last day of the previous calendar month and, in any calendar quarter, to shares whose aggregate value is no more than 5% of our aggregate NAV as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. If the full amount of all shares of our common stock requested to be repurchased in any given month are not repurchased, funds will be allocated pro rata based on the total number of shares of common stock being repurchased without regard to class and subject to the volume limitation. All unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted after the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the share repurchase plan, as applicable.

The vast majority of our assets will consist of properties which cannot generally be readily liquidated without impacting our ability to realize full value upon their disposition. Therefore, we may not always have a sufficient amount of cash to immediately satisfy repurchase requests. Should repurchase requests, in the business judgment of our board of directors, place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our investment operations or pose a risk of having a material adverse impact on non-repurchasing stockholders, then our board of directors may modify or suspend our repurchase plan. Because our board of directors is not required to authorize the recommencement of the share repurchase plan within any specified period of time, our board may effectively terminate the plan by suspending it indefinitely. As a result, your ability to have your shares repurchased by us may be limited and at times you may not be able to liquidate your investment. See “Share Repurchases—Repurchase Limitations.”

Economic events that may cause our stockholders to request that we repurchase their shares may materially adversely affect our cash flow and our results of operations and financial condition.

Economic events affecting the U.S. economy, such as the general negative performance of the real estate sector, could cause our stockholders to seek to sell their shares to us pursuant to our share repurchase plan at a time when such events are adversely affecting the performance of our assets. Even if we decide to satisfy all resulting repurchase requests, our cash flow could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we determine to sell assets to satisfy repurchase requests, we may not be able to realize the return on such assets that we may have been able to achieve had we sold at a more favorable time, and our results of operations and financial condition, including, without limitation, breadth of our portfolio by property type and location, could be materially adversely affected.

The amount and source of distributions we may make to our stockholders is uncertain, and we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows from our operations to make distributions to our stockholders at any time in the future.

We have not established a minimum distribution payment level, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this prospectus. Because we currently have no properties and have not identified any properties to acquire with the

 

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proceeds of this offering, we may not generate sufficient income to make distributions to our stockholders. Our board of directors will make determinations regarding distributions based upon, among other factors, our financial performance, debt service obligations, debt covenants, REIT qualification and tax requirements and capital expenditure requirements. Among the factors that could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders are:

 

    the limited size of our portfolio in the early stages of our development;

 

    our inability to invest the proceeds from sales of our shares on a timely basis in income-producing properties;

 

    our inability to realize attractive risk-adjusted returns on our investments;

 

    high levels of expenses or reduced revenues that reduce our cash flow or non-cash earnings; and

 

    defaults in our investment portfolio or decreases in the value of our investments.

As a result, we may not be able to make distributions to our stockholders at any time in the future, and the level of any distributions we do make to our stockholders may not increase or even be maintained over time, any of which could materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

We may pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings or offering proceeds, and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources.

We may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to fully fund distributions to stockholders, particularly during the early stages of our operations. Therefore, particularly in the earlier part of this offering, we may fund distributions to our stockholders from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales from our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of Starwood Capital). The extent to which we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations will depend on various factors, including the level of participation in our distribution reinvestment plan, the extent to which the Advisor elects to receive its management fee in Class I shares or Class I units and the Special Limited Partner elects to receive distributions on its performance participation interest in Class I units, how quickly we invest the proceeds from this and any future offering and the performance of our investments, including our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities portfolios. Funding distributions from the sales of assets, borrowings, return of capital or proceeds of this offering will result in us having less funds available to acquire properties or other real estate-related investments. As a result, the return you realize on your investment may be reduced. Doing so may also negatively impact our ability to generate cash flows. Likewise, funding distributions from the sale of additional securities will dilute your interest in us on a percentage basis and may impact the value of your investment especially if we sell these securities at prices less than the price you paid for your shares. We may be required to continue to fund our regular distributions from a combination of some of these sources if our investments fail to perform, if expenses are greater than our revenues or due to numerous other factors. We have not established a limit on the amount of our distributions that may be paid from any of these sources.

To the extent we borrow funds to pay distributions, we would incur borrowing costs and these borrowings would require a future repayment. The use of these sources for distributions and the ultimate repayment of any liabilities incurred could adversely impact our ability to pay distributions in future periods, decrease our NAV, decrease the amount of cash we have available for operations and new investments and adversely impact the value of your investment.

We may also defer operating expenses or pay expenses (including the fees of the Advisor or distributions to the Special Limited Partner) with shares of our common stock or Operating Partnership units in order to preserve

 

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cash flow for the payment of distributions. The ultimate repayment of these deferred expenses could adversely affect our operations and reduce the future return on your investment. The payment of expenses in shares of our common stock or with Operating Partnership units will dilute your ownership interest in our portfolio of assets. There is no guarantee any of our operating expenses will be deferred and the Advisor and Special Limited Partner are under no obligation to receive fees or distributions in shares of our common stock or Operating Partnership units and may elect to receive such amounts in cash.

Payments to the Advisor or the Special Limited Partner in respect of any common stock or Operating Partnership units they elect to receive in lieu of fees or distributions will dilute future cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

The Advisor or the Special Limited Partner may choose to receive our common shares or Operating Partnership units in lieu of certain fees or distributions. The holders of all Operating Partnership units will be entitled to receive cash from operations pro rata with the distributions being paid to us and such distributions to the holder of the Operating Partnership units will reduce the cash available for distribution to us and to our stockholders. Furthermore, under certain circumstances the Operating Partnership units held by the Advisor or the Special Limited Partner are required to be repurchased, in cash at the holder’s election, and there may not be sufficient cash to make such a repurchase payment; therefore, we may need to use cash from operations, borrowings, offering proceeds or other sources to make the payment, which will reduce cash available for distribution to you or for investment in our operations. Repurchases of our shares or Operating Partnership units from the Advisor paid to the Advisor as a management fee are not subject to the monthly and quarterly volume limitations or the Early Purchase Deduction, and such sales receive priority over other shares for which repurchase is requested during such period. Repurchases of our shares or Operating Partnership units from the Special Limited Partner distributed to the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest are not subject to the Early Purchase Deduction, but, in the case of shares, such repurchases are subject to the monthly and quarterly volume limitations and do not receive priority over other shares for which repurchase is requested during such period.

Purchases and repurchases of our common shares are not made based on the NAV per share of our common stock as of the date of purchase or repurchase.

Generally, our offering price per share and the price at which we make repurchases of our shares will equal the NAV per share of the applicable class as of the last calendar day of the prior month, plus, in the case of our offering price, applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. The NAV per share as of the date on which you make your subscription request or repurchase request may be significantly different than the offering price you pay or the repurchase price you receive. In addition, we may sell and repurchase shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share, including by updating a previously disclosed offering price, in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. As a result, the offering price and repurchase price will not equal our NAV per share as of the date of purchase or repurchase.

Valuations and appraisals of our assets are estimates of fair value and may not necessarily correspond to realizable value.

For the purposes of calculating our monthly NAV, our properties will generally initially be valued at cost, which we expect to represent fair value at that time. Thereafter, valuations of properties will be determined by the Advisor based in part on appraisals of each of our properties by independent third-party appraisal firms reviewed by our independent valuation advisor at least once per year in accordance with valuation guidelines approved by our board of directors. The Advisor will also conduct a monthly valuation of our properties that will be reviewed and confirmed for reasonableness by our independent valuation advisor. Likewise, our investments in real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities will initially be valued at cost, and thereafter will be valued monthly at fair market value. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines.” Although monthly valuations

 

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of each of our real properties will be reviewed and confirmed for reasonableness by our independent valuation advisor, such valuations are based on asset and portfolio-level information provided by the Advisor, including historical operating revenues and expenses of the properties, lease agreements on the properties, revenues and expenses of the properties, information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures and any other information relevant to valuing the real estate property, which information will not be independently verified by our independent valuation advisor. In addition, our investments in real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities, while a component of NAV, will be valued by the Advisor, based on market quotations or at fair value, and will not be reviewed by our independent valuation advisor or appraised.

Within the parameters of our valuation guidelines, the valuation methodologies used to value our properties will involve subjective judgments and projections and may not be accurate. Valuation methodologies will also involve assumptions and opinions about future events, which may or may not turn out to be correct. Valuations and appraisals of our assets will be only estimates of fair value. Ultimate realization of the value of an asset depends to a great extent on economic, market and other conditions beyond our control and the control of the Advisor and our independent valuation advisor. Further, valuations do not necessarily represent the price at which an asset would sell, since market prices of assets can only be determined by negotiation between a willing buyer and seller. As such, the carrying value of an asset may not reflect the price at which the asset could be sold in the market, and the difference between carrying value and the ultimate sales price could be material. In addition, accurate valuations are more difficult to obtain in times of low transaction volume because there are fewer market transactions that can be considered in the context of the appraisal. There will be no retroactive adjustment in the valuation of such assets, the offering price of our shares of common stock, the price we paid to repurchase shares of our common stock or NAV-based fees we paid to the Advisor and the Dealer Manager to the extent such valuations prove to not accurately reflect the realizable value of our assets. Because the price you will pay for shares of our common stock in this offering, and the price at which your shares may be repurchased by us pursuant to our share repurchase plan are generally based on our prior month’s NAV per share, you may pay more than realizable value or receive less than realizable value for your investment.

Our NAV per share amounts may change materially if the appraised values of our properties materially change from prior appraisals or the actual operating results for a particular month differ from what we originally budgeted for that month.

We anticipate that the annual appraisals of our properties will be conducted on a rolling basis, such that properties may be appraised at different times but each property would be appraised at least once per year. When these appraisals are reflected in our NAV calculations, there may be a material change in our NAV per share amounts for each class of our common stock from those previously reported. In addition, actual operating results for a given month may differ from what we originally budgeted for that month, which may cause a material increase or decrease in the NAV per share amounts. We will not retroactively adjust the NAV per share of each class reported for the previous month. Therefore, because a new annual appraisal may differ materially from the prior appraisal or the actual results from operations may be better or worse than what we previously budgeted for a particular month, the adjustment to reflect the new appraisal or actual operating results may cause the NAV per share for each class of our common stock to increase or decrease, and such increase or decrease will occur on the day the adjustment is made.

It may be difficult to reflect, fully and accurately, material events that may impact our monthly NAV.

The Advisor’s determination of our monthly NAV per share will be based in part on appraisals of each of our properties provided at least annually by independent third-party appraisal firms in individual appraisal reports reviewed by our independent valuation advisor in accordance with valuation guidelines approved by our board of directors. As a result, our published NAV per share in any given month may not fully reflect any or all changes in value that may have occurred since the most recent appraisal. The Advisor will review appraisal reports and monitor our assets, and is responsible for notifying the independent valuation advisor of the occurrence of any asset-specific or market-driven event it believes may cause a material valuation change in the real estate

 

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valuation, but it may be difficult to reflect fully and accurately rapidly changing market conditions or material events that may impact the value of our assets or liabilities between valuations, or to obtain quickly complete information regarding any such events. For example, an unexpected termination or renewal of a material lease, a material increase or decrease in vacancies or an unanticipated structural or environmental event at a property may cause the value of a property to change materially, yet obtaining sufficient relevant information after the occurrence has come to light or analyzing fully the financial impact of such an event may be difficult to do and may require some time. As a result, the NAV per share may not reflect a material event until such time as sufficient information is available and analyzed, and the financial impact is fully evaluated, such that our NAV may be appropriately adjusted in accordance with our valuation guidelines. Depending on the circumstance, the resulting potential disparity in our NAV may be in favor of either stockholders who repurchase their shares, or stockholders who buy new shares, or existing stockholders.

NAV calculations are not governed by governmental or independent securities, financial or accounting rules or standards.

The method for calculating our NAV, including the components used in calculating our NAV, is not prescribed by rules of the SEC or any other regulatory agency. Further, there are no accounting rules or standards that prescribe which components should be used in calculating NAV, and our NAV is not audited by our independent registered public accounting firm. We calculate and publish NAV solely for purposes of establishing the price at which we sell and repurchase shares of our common stock, and you should not view our NAV as a measure of our historical or future financial condition or performance. The components and methodology used in calculating our NAV may differ from those used by other companies now or in the future.

In addition, our NAV calculations, to the extent that they incorporate valuations of our assets and liabilities, are not prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, also known as GAAP. These valuations, which are based on market values that assume a willing buyer and seller, may differ from liquidation values that could be realized in the event that we were forced to sell assets. You should carefully review the disclosure of our valuation policies and how NAV will be calculated, including the illustrative hypothetical calculation of NAV, under “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines.”

If we are unable to raise substantial funds, we will be limited in the number and type of investments we make, and the value of your investment in us will be more dependent on the performance of any of the specific assets we acquire.

This offering is being made on a “best efforts” basis, meaning that the Dealer Manager is only required to use its best efforts to sell our shares and has no firm commitment or obligation to purchase any shares. As a result, the amount of proceeds we raise in this offering may be substantially less than the amount we would need to achieve a broader portfolio of investments. If we are unable to raise substantially more than the minimum offering amount, we will make fewer investments, resulting in less breadth in terms of the type, number, geography and size of investments that we make. In that case, the likelihood that any single asset’s performance would adversely affect our profitability will increase. There is a greater risk that you will lose money in your investment if we have less breadth in our portfolio. Further, we will have certain fixed operating expenses, including expenses of being a public reporting company, regardless of whether we are able to raise substantial funds. Our inability to raise substantial funds would increase our fixed operating expenses as a percentage of gross income, reducing our net income and limiting our ability to make distributions.

Investors may wait up to one year before receiving their stock or a refund of their money if the minimum offering is not achieved.

Until we raise the minimum offering of $150 million, investors will not receive their shares. If at least $150 million in shares of common stock have not been sold within one year from the date of this prospectus, we will terminate this offering. Even if we meet the minimum offering amount, our board of directors may determine not

 

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to authorize the release of the escrowed funds if it believes that investment opportunities available at the time are not suitable to allow us to acquire assets that meet our investment criteria. Investors will not begin receiving distributions until at least one calendar quarter after the escrow period concludes. If we have not broken escrow within one year from the date of this prospectus, investors will have their money promptly refunded with interest. The interest rate on the funds delivered into escrow may be less than the rate of return you could have achieved from an alternative investment.

In the event we are able to quickly raise a substantial amount of capital, we may have difficulty investing it in properties and debt investments.

If we are able to quickly raise capital during this offering, we may have difficulty identifying and purchasing suitable properties and debt investments on attractive terms. Therefore, there could be a delay between the time we receive net proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering and the time we invest the net proceeds. This could cause a substantial delay in the time it takes for your investment to realize its full potential return and could adversely affect our ability to pay regular distributions of cash flow from operations to you. If we fail to timely invest the net proceeds of this offering, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our board of directors may, in the future, adopt certain measures under Maryland law without stockholder approval that may have the effect of making it less likely that a stockholder would receive a “control premium” for his or her shares.

Corporations organized under Maryland law with a class of registered securities and at least three independent directors are permitted to elect to be subject, by a charter or bylaw provision or a board of directors resolution and notwithstanding any contrary charter or bylaw provision, to any or all of five provisions:

 

    staggering the board of directors into three classes;

 

    requiring a two-thirds vote of stockholders to remove directors;

 

    providing that only the board of directors can fix the size of the board;

 

    providing that all vacancies on the board, regardless of how the vacancy was created, may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and

 

    providing for a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders.

These provisions may discourage an extraordinary transaction, such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, all of which might provide a premium price for stockholders’ shares. In our charter, we have elected that vacancies on our board of directors be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred. Through other provisions in our charter and bylaws, we vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships, provided that the number is not less than three. We have not elected to be subject to any of the other provisions described above, but our charter does not prohibit our board of directors from opting into any of these provisions in the future.

Further, under the Maryland Business Combination Act, we may not engage in any merger or other business combination with an “interested stockholder” (which is defined as (1) any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock and (2) an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding stock) or any affiliate of that interested stockholder for a period of five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder. A person is not an interested stockholder if our board of directors approved in advance the

 

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transaction by which he would otherwise have become an interested stockholder. In approving a transaction, our board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms or conditions determined by our board of directors. After the five-year period ends, any merger or other business combination with the interested stockholder or any affiliate of the interested stockholder must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

 

    80% of all votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting stock; and

 

    two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting stock other than those shares owned or held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder unless, among other things, our stockholders receive a minimum payment for their common stock equal to the highest price paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.

The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by our board of directors prior to the time the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Our board of directors has adopted a resolution exempting any business combination involving us and any person, including Starwood Capital, the Dealer Manager and the Advisor, from the provisions of this law, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors.

Our charter permits our board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms that may subordinate the rights of the holders of our current common stock or discourage a third party from acquiring us.

Our board of directors is permitted, subject to certain restrictions set forth in our charter, to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval. Further, our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, and terms or conditions of redemption of the stock and may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares or the number of shares of any class or series that we have authority to issue without stockholder approval. Thus, our board of directors could authorize us to issue shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could subordinate the rights of the holders of our common stock or have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.

Maryland law limits, in some cases, the ability of a third party to vote shares acquired in a “control share acquisition.”

The Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a “control share acquisition” have no voting rights except to the extent approved by stockholders by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares of stock owned by the acquirer, by officers or by employees who are directors of the corporation, are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. “Control shares” are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer can exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within specified ranges of voting power. Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of issued and outstanding control shares. The control share acquisition statute does not apply: (1) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the Maryland corporation is a party to the transaction; or (2) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the Maryland corporation. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions of our stock by any person. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. For a more detailed discussion on the Maryland laws governing control share acquisitions, see “Certain Provisions of Maryland Corporate Law and Our Charter and Bylaws—Control Share Acquisition.”

 

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Maryland law and our organizational documents limit our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover claims against our directors and officers, which could reduce your and our recovery against them if they cause us to incur losses.

Maryland law provides that a director will not have any liability as a director so long as he or she performs his or her duties in accordance with the applicable standard of conduct. In addition, our charter generally limits the personal liability of our directors and officers for monetary damages subject to the limitations of the North American Securities Administrators Association’s Statement of Policy Regarding Real Estate Investment Trusts, as revised and adopted on May 7, 2007 (the “NASAA REIT Guidelines”) and Maryland law. Maryland law and our charter provide that no director or officer shall be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages unless the director or officer (1) actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (2) was actively and deliberately dishonest as established by a final judgment as material to the cause of action. Moreover, our charter generally requires us to indemnify and advance expenses to our directors and officers for losses they may incur by reason of their service in those capacities unless their act or omission was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, they actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services or, in the case of any criminal proceeding, they had reasonable cause to believe the act or omission was unlawful. Further, we have entered into separate indemnification agreements with each of our officers and directors. As a result, you and we may have more limited rights against our directors or officers than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce your and our recovery from these persons if they act in a manner that causes us to incur losses. In addition, we are obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by these persons in some cases. However, our charter provides that we may not indemnify our directors or officers, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates, for any liability or loss suffered by them or hold our directors or officers, the Advisor and its affiliates harmless for any liability or loss suffered by us, unless they have determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in our best interests, they were acting on our behalf or performing services for us, the liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by our non-independent directors, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates, or gross negligence or willful misconduct by our independent directors, and the indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of our net assets or the proceeds of insurance and not from the stockholders. See “Management—Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, the Advisor and Other Agents.”

Maryland law and our organizational documents limit our stockholders’ ability to amend our charter or dissolve us without the approval of our board of directors.

Although the NASAA REIT Guidelines indicate that stockholders are permitted to amend our charter or terminate us without the necessity for concurrence by our board of directors, we are required to comply with the Maryland General Corporation Law, which provides that any amendment to our charter or any dissolution of our company must first be declared advisable by our board of directors. Therefore, our stockholders may vote to authorize the amendment of our charter or the dissolution of our company, but only after such action has been declared advisable by our board of directors. Accordingly, the only proposals to amend our charter or to dissolve our company that will be presented to our stockholders will be those that have been declared advisable by our board of directors and also require approval by our stockholders.

Your interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares.

Holders of our common stock will not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue up to 1,100,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are classified as common stock, of which 250,000,000 shares are classified as Class T shares, 250,000,000 shares are classified as Class S shares, 250,000,000 shares are classified as Class D shares and 250,000,000 are classified as Class I shares, and 100,000,000 shares are classified as preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of authorized shares of capital stock of any class or series without stockholder approval. After you

 

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purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, our board of directors may elect, without stockholder approval, to: (1) sell additional shares in this or future public offerings; (2) issue equity interests in private offerings; (3) issue shares upon the exercise of the options we may grant to our independent directors or future employees; (4) issue shares to the Advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding obligation to pay fees for services rendered to us; or (5) issue shares to sellers of properties we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of our Operating Partnership. To the extent we issue additional shares after your purchase in this offering, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted.

We will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, including those relating to auditor’s attestation reports on the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting, accounting standards and disclosure about our executive compensation, that apply to other public companies.

The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for emerging growth companies, including certain requirements relating to accounting standards and compensation disclosure. We are classified as an emerging growth company. For as long as we are an emerging growth company, which may be up to five full fiscal years, unlike other public companies, we will not be required to (1) provide an auditor’s attestation report on the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are also applicable to private companies under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act, (3) comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, (4) comply with any new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012 unless the SEC determines otherwise, (5) provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies or (6) hold stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation.

Once we are no longer an emerging growth company, so long as our shares of common stock are not traded on a securities exchange, we will be deemed to be a “non-accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, and as a non-accelerated filer, we will be exempt from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, so long as we are externally managed by the Advisor and we do not directly compensate our executive officers, or reimburse the Advisor or its affiliates for salaries, bonuses, benefits and severance payments for any person who also serves as one of our executive officers or as an executive officer of the Advisor, we do not pay any executive compensation, making the exemptions listed in (5) and (6) above generally inapplicable.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we choose to rely on any of the exemptions discussed above.

As noted above, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to opt out of this transition period, and will therefore comply with new or revised accounting standards on the applicable dates on which the adoption of these standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. This election is irrevocable.

Our UPREIT structure may result in potential conflicts of interest with limited partners in our Operating Partnership whose interests may not be aligned with those of our stockholders.

Our directors and officers have duties to our corporation and our stockholders under Maryland law and our charter in connection with their management of the corporation. At the same time, we, as general partner, will have fiduciary duties under Delaware law to our Operating Partnership and to the limited partners in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our duties as general partner of our Operating Partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to the corporation and our

 

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stockholders. Under Delaware law, a general partner of a Delaware limited partnership owes its limited partners the duties of good faith and fair dealing. Other duties, including fiduciary duties, may be modified or eliminated in the partnership’s partnership agreement. The partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership provides that, for so long as we own a controlling interest in our Operating Partnership, any conflict that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners may be resolved in favor of our stockholders.

Additionally, the partnership agreement expressly limits our liability by providing that we and our officers, directors, agents and employees will not be liable or accountable to our Operating Partnership for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived if we or our officers, directors, agents or employees acted in good faith. In addition, our Operating Partnership is required to indemnify us and our officers, directors, employees, agents and designees to the extent permitted by applicable law from and against any and all claims arising from operations of our Operating Partnership, unless it is established that: (1) the act or omission was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; (2) the indemnified party received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or (3) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful.

The provisions of Delaware law that allow the fiduciary duties of a general partner to be modified by a partnership agreement have not been tested in a court of law, and we have not obtained an opinion of counsel covering the provisions set forth in the partnership agreement that purport to waive or restrict our fiduciary duties.

Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

We intend to conduct our operations so that neither we, nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are investment companies under the Investment Company Act. However, there can be no assurance that we and our subsidiaries will be able to successfully avoid operating as an investment company. See “Prospectus Summary—Are there any Investment Company Act of 1940 considerations?”

A change in the value of any of our assets could negatively affect our ability to maintain our exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act. To maintain compliance with the applicable exemption under the Investment Company Act, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to acquire assets that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy.

If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use borrowings), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), and portfolio composition, including disclosure requirements and restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters. Compliance with the Investment Company Act would, accordingly, limit our ability to make certain investments and require us to significantly restructure our business plan, which could materially adversely affect our NAV and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

Operational risks, including the risk of cyberattacks, may disrupt our businesses, result in losses or limit our growth.

We rely heavily on our and Starwood Capital’s financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems. Such systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of tampering or a breach of the network security systems or otherwise. In addition, such systems are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and other cyber security incidents. Breaches of Starwood Capital’s network security systems could involve

 

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attacks that are intended to obtain unauthorized access to our proprietary information or personal identifying information of our stockholders, destroy data or disable, degrade or sabotage our systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses or other malicious code, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors by their respective professionals or service providers, power, communications or other service outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes and earthquakes. If unauthorized parties gain access to such information and technology systems, they may be able to steal, publish, delete or modify private and sensitive information. Although Starwood Capital takes various measures to ensure the integrity of such systems, there can be no assurance that these measures will provide protection. Breaches such as those involving covertly introduced malware, impersonation of authorized users and industrial or other espionage may not be identified even with sophisticated prevention and detection systems, potentially resulting in further harm and preventing it from being addressed appropriately. The failure of Starwood Capital’s systems or of disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in Starwood Capital’s and our operations and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to our investors (and their beneficial owners) and the intellectual property and trade secrets of Starwood Capital. If such systems are compromised, do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to investors, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.

In addition, we are highly dependent on information systems and technology. Starwood Capital’s information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Furthermore, we depend on Starwood Capital’s headquarters in Miami Beach, Florida and its offices in Greenwich, Connecticut for the continued operation of our business. A disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our business, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us or third parties with whom we conduct business, or directly affecting our headquarters, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to continue to operate our business without interruption. Starwood Capital’s disaster recovery programs may not be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance and other safeguards might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all.

Finally, we rely on third-party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for certain information systems, technology and administration. Any interruption or deterioration in the performance of these third parties or failures of their information systems and technology could impair the quality of our operations and could affect our reputation and hence adversely affect our business.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

Our operating results will be affected by economic and regulatory changes that impact the real estate market in general.

We will be subject to risks generally attributable to the ownership of real property, including:

 

    changes in global, national, regional or local economic, demographic or capital market conditions;

 

    future adverse national real estate trends, including increasing vacancy rates, declining rental rates and general deterioration of market conditions;

 

    changes in supply of or demand for similar properties in a given market or metropolitan area, which could result in rising vacancy rates or decreasing market rental rates;

 

    vacancies, fluctuations in the average occupancy and room rates for hotel properties or inability to lease space on favorable terms;

 

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    increased competition for properties targeted by our investment strategy;

 

    bankruptcies, financial difficulties or lease defaults by our tenants;

 

    increases in interest rates and lack of availability of financing; and

 

    changes in government rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including increases in property taxes, changes in zoning laws, limitations on rental rates, and increasing costs to comply with environmental laws.

All of these factors are beyond our control. Any negative changes in these factors could affect our performance and our ability to meet our obligations and make distributions to stockholders.

Our success is dependent on general market and economic conditions.

The real estate industry generally and the success of our investment activities in particular will both be affected by global and national economic and market conditions generally and by the local economic conditions where our properties are located. These factors may affect the level and volatility of real estate prices, which could impair our profitability or result in losses. In addition, general fluctuations in the market prices of securities and interest rates may affect our investment opportunities and the value of our investments. Starwood Capital’s financial condition may be adversely affected by a significant economic downturn and it may be subject to legal, regulatory, reputational and other unforeseen risks that could have a material adverse effect on Starwood Capital’s businesses and operations (including the Advisor).

A recession, slowdown or sustained downturn in the U.S. real estate market, and to a lesser extent, the global economy (or any particular segment thereof) would have a pronounced impact on us, the value of our assets and our profitability, impede the ability of our assets to perform under or refinance their existing obligations, and impair our ability to effectively deploy our capital or realize upon investments on favorable terms. We could also be affected by any overall weakening of, or disruptions in, the financial markets. Any of the foregoing events could result in substantial losses to our business, which losses will likely be exacerbated by the presence of leverage in our investments’ capital structures.

For example, as a result of the recent financial crisis, the availability of debt financing secured by commercial real estate had been significantly restricted as a result of tightened lending standards for a prolonged period. As a result of the uncertainties in the credit market, real estate investors were unable to obtain debt financing on attractive terms, which adversely affected investment returns on acquisitions or their ability to make acquisitions or tenant improvements. Any future financial market disruptions may force us to use a greater proportion of our offering proceeds to finance our acquisitions and fund tenant improvements, reducing the cash available to satisfy repurchase requests and reducing the number of acquisitions we would otherwise make.

The U.S. real estate market has substantially recovered from the recent recession and is in the growth phase of the cycle. As the cycle matures, real estate returns may lose momentum which could have a negative impact on the performance of our investment portfolio.

Based on expected moderate, but improved, future economic growth, and historically low levels of new supply in the commercial real estate pipeline, real estate fundamentals are forecast to improve for all property sectors during the next two years. Nevertheless, the ongoing competition for high quality real estate assets and resulting upward pressure on pricing may reduce anticipated returns. Furthermore, economic growth remains fragile, and could be slowed or halted by significant external events. A negative shock to the economy could result in reduced tenant demand, higher tenancy default and rising vacancy rates. There can be no assurance that our real estate investments will not be adversely affected by a severe slowing of the economy or renewed recession. Tenant defaults, fluctuations in interest rates, limited availability of capital and other economic conditions beyond our control could negatively affect our portfolio, and decrease the value of our investments.

 

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Our portfolio may be concentrated in a limited number of industries, geographies or investments.

Our portfolio may be heavily concentrated at any time in only a limited number of industries, geographies or investments, and, as a consequence, our aggregate return may be substantially affected by the unfavorable performance of even a single investment. To the extent the Advisor concentrates our investments in a particular type of asset or geography, our portfolio may become more susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting from adverse economic or business conditions affecting that particular type of asset or geography. Investors have no assurance as to the degree of diversification in our investments, either by geographic region or asset type.

Our board of directors may change our investment and operational policies or our investment guidelines without stockholder consent.

Except for changes to the investment restrictions contained in our charter, which require stockholder consent to amend, our board of directors may change our investment and operational policies, including our policies with respect to investments, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions, at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier or more highly leveraged than, the types of investments described in this prospectus. Our board of directors also approved very broad investment guidelines with which the Advisor must comply, but these guidelines provide the Advisor with broad discretion and can be changed by our board of directors. A change in our investment strategy may, among other things, increase our exposure to real estate market fluctuations, default risk and interest rate risk, all of which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may have difficulty selling our properties, which may limit our flexibility and ability to pay distributions.

Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, it could be difficult for us to promptly sell one or more of our properties on favorable terms. This may limit our ability to change our portfolio quickly in response to adverse changes in the performance of any such property or economic or market trends. In addition, U.S. federal tax laws that impose a 100% excise tax on gains from sales of dealer property by a REIT (generally, property held for sale, rather than investment) could limit our ability to sell properties and may affect our ability to sell properties without adversely affecting returns to our stockholders. These restrictions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks associated with property acquisitions.

We intend to acquire properties and portfolios of properties, including large portfolios that could result in changes to our capital structure. Our acquisition activities and their success are subject to the following risks:

 

    we may be unable to complete an acquisition after making a non-refundable deposit and incurring certain other acquisition-related costs;

 

    we may be unable to obtain financing for acquisitions on commercially reasonable terms or at all;

 

    acquired properties may fail to perform as expected;

 

    acquired properties may be located in new markets in which we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy, lack of business relationships in the area and unfamiliarity with local governmental and permitting procedures; and

 

    we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions, particularly acquisitions of portfolios of properties, into our existing operations.

In addition, while we will invest primarily in stabilized, income-oriented real estate, we may also acquire assets that require some amount of capital investment in order to be renovated or repositioned. These investments are generally subject to higher risk of loss than investments in stabilized real estate and there is no guarantee that any renovation or repositioning will be successful, or that the actual costs will not be greater than our estimates.

 

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The acquisition and disposition of real properties carry certain litigation risks at the property level that may reduce our profitability and the return on your investment.

The acquisition and disposition of real properties carry certain specific litigation risks. Litigation may be commenced with respect to a property acquired by us in relation to activities that took place prior to our acquisition of such property. In addition, at the time of disposition of an individual property, a potential buyer may claim that it should have been afforded the opportunity to purchase the asset or alternatively that such potential buyer should be awarded due diligence expenses incurred or statutory damages for misrepresentation relating to disclosure made, if such buyer is passed over in favor of another as part of our efforts to maximize sale proceeds. Similarly, successful buyers may later sue us under various damage theories, including those sounding in tort, for losses associated with latent defects or other problems not uncovered in due diligence.

Competition in acquiring properties may reduce our profitability and the return on your investment.

We face competition from various entities for investment opportunities in properties, including other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. In addition to third-party competitors, other programs sponsored by the Advisor and its affiliates, particularly those with investment strategies that overlap with ours, may seek investment opportunities under Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures. Many of these entities may have greater access to capital to acquire properties than we have. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Additionally, disruptions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material impact on the cost and availability of debt to finance real estate acquisitions, which is a key component of our acquisition strategy. The lack of available debt on reasonable terms or at all could result in a further reduction of suitable investment opportunities and create a competitive advantage for other entities that have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, over the past several years, a number of real estate funds and publicly traded and non-listed REITs have been formed and others have been consolidated (and many such existing funds have grown in size) for the purpose of investing in real estate real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities. Additional real estate funds, vehicles and REITs with similar investment objectives may be formed in the future by other unrelated parties and further consolidations may occur (resulting in larger funds and vehicles). Consequently, it is expected that competition for appropriate investment opportunities may reduce the number of investment opportunities available to us and adversely affect the terms, including price, upon which investments can be made. This competition may cause us to acquire properties and other investments at higher prices or by using less-than-ideal capital structures, and in such case our returns will be lower and the value of our assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets. If such events occur, you may experience a lower return on your investment.

We may make a substantial amount of joint venture investments, including with Starwood Capital affiliates. Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on the financial condition of our joint venture partners and disputes between us and our joint venture partners.

We may co-invest in the future with Starwood Capital affiliates or third parties in partnerships or other entities that own real estate properties, which we collectively refer to as joint ventures. We likely will acquire non-controlling interests in joint ventures. We may pay fees to our joint venture partners, including incentive fees and promotes, which have the impact of reducing our profits from these joint venture investments. Even if we have some control in a joint venture, we would not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the joint venture. Investments in joint ventures may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were another party not involved, including the possibility that joint venture partners might become bankrupt or fail to fund their required capital contributions. Joint venture partners may have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses

 

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on decisions, such as a sale, because neither we nor the joint venture partner would have full control over the joint venture. Disputes between us and joint venture partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with joint venture partners might result in subjecting properties owned by the joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our joint venture partners.

In addition, in connection with any shared investments in which we participate alongside any Other Starwood Accounts, the Advisor may from time to time grant absolutely or share with such Other Starwood Accounts certain rights relating to such shared investments for legal, tax, regulatory or other reasons, including, in certain instances, rights with respect to the structuring or sale of such shared investments. There is no guarantee that we will be able to co-invest with any Other Starwood Account. We will not participate in joint ventures in which we do not have or share control to the extent that we believe such participation would potentially threaten our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act. This may prevent us from receiving an allocation with respect to certain investment opportunities that are suitable for both us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts.

If we have a right of first refusal or right of first offer to buy out a joint venture partner, we may be unable to finance such a buy-out if it becomes exercisable or we are required to purchase such interest at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so. If our interest is subject to a buy/sell right, we may not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources to allow us to elect to purchase an interest of a joint venture partner subject to the buy/sell right, in which case we may be forced to sell our interest as the result of the exercise of such right when we would otherwise prefer to keep our interest. If we buy our joint venture partner’s interest we will have increased exposure in the underlying investment. The price we use to buy our joint venture partner’s interest or sell our interest is typically determined by negotiations between us and our joint venture partner and there is no assurance that such price will be representative of the value of the underlying property or equal to our then-current valuation of our interest in the joint venture that is used to calculate our NAV. Finally, we may not be able to sell our interest in a joint venture if we desire to exit the venture for any reason or if our interest is likewise subject to a right of first refusal or right of first offer of our joint venture partner, our ability to sell such interest may be adversely impacted by such right. Joint ownership arrangements with Starwood Capital affiliates may also entail further conflicts of interest.

Some additional risks and conflicts related to our joint venture investments (including joint venture investments with Starwood Capital affiliates) include:

 

    the joint venture partner may have economic or other interests that are inconsistent with our interests, including interests relating to the financing, management, operation, leasing or sale of the assets purchased by such joint venture;

 

    we may pay incentive fees and promotes to our joint venture partners, which may cause their interests to differ from ours;

 

    tax, Investment Company Act and other regulatory requirements applicable to the joint venture partner may cause it to want to take actions contrary to our interests;

 

    the joint venture partner may have joint control of the joint venture even in cases where its economic stake in the joint venture is significantly less than ours;

 

    under the joint venture arrangement, neither we nor the joint venture partner will be in a position to unilaterally control the joint venture, and deadlocks may occur. Such deadlocks could adversely impact the operations and profitability of the joint venture, including as a result of the inability of the joint venture to act quickly in connection with a potential acquisition or disposition. In addition, depending on the governance structure of such joint venture partner, decisions of such vehicle may be subject to approval by individuals who are independent of Starwood Capital;

 

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    under the joint venture arrangement, we and the joint venture partner may have a buy/sell right and, as a result of an impasse that triggers the exercise of such right, we may be forced to sell our investment in the joint venture, or buy the joint venture partner’s share of the joint venture at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so; and

 

    our participation in investments in which a joint venture partner participates will be less than what our participation would have been had such other vehicle not participated, and because there may be no limit on the amount of capital that such joint venture partner can raise, the degree of our participation in such investments may decrease over time.

Furthermore, we may have conflicting fiduciary obligations if we acquire properties with our affiliates or other related entities; as a result, in any such transaction we may not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiations of the type normally conducted between unrelated parties.

Acquiring or attempting to acquire multiple properties in a single transaction may adversely affect our operations.

From time to time, we may acquire multiple properties in a single transaction. Portfolio acquisitions typically are more complex and expensive than single-property acquisitions, and the risk that a multiple-property acquisition does not close may be greater than in a single-property acquisition. Portfolio acquisitions may also result in us owning investments in geographically dispersed markets, placing additional demands on the Advisor in managing the properties in the portfolio. In addition, a seller may require that a group of properties be purchased as a package even though we may not want to purchase one or more properties in the portfolio. In these situations, if we are unable to identify another person or entity to acquire the unwanted properties, we may be required to operate or attempt to dispose of these properties. We also may be required to accumulate a large amount of cash to fund such acquisitions. We would expect the returns that we earn on such cash to be less than the returns on investments in real property. Therefore, acquiring multiple properties in a single transaction may reduce the overall yield on our portfolio.

In the event we obtain options to acquire properties, we may lose the amount paid for such options whether or not the underlying property is purchased.

We may obtain options to acquire certain properties. The amount paid for an option, if any, is normally surrendered if the property is not purchased and may or may not be credited against the purchase price if the property is purchased. Any unreturned option payments will reduce the amount of cash available for further investments or distributions to our stockholders.

In our due diligence review of potential investments, we may rely on third-party consultants and advisors and representations made by sellers of potential portfolio properties, and we may not identify all relevant facts that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating potential investments.

Before making investments, the Advisor will typically conduct due diligence that it deems reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. Due diligence may entail evaluation of important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisors, accountants, investment banks and other third parties, including affiliates of the Advisor or Starwood Capital, may be involved in the due diligence process to varying degrees depending on the type of investment, the costs of which will be borne by us. Such involvement of third-party advisors or consultants may present a number of risks primarily relating to the Advisor’s reduced control of the functions that are outsourced. Where affiliates of Starwood Capital are utilized, the Advisor’s management fee will not be offset for the fees paid or expenses reimbursed to such affiliates. In addition, if the Advisor is unable to timely engage third-party providers, the ability to evaluate and acquire more complex targets could be adversely affected. When conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding a potential investment, the

 

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Advisor will rely on the resources available to it, including information provided by the target of the investment and, in some circumstances, third-party investigations. The due diligence investigation that the Advisor carries out with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the investment being successful. There can be no assurance that attempts to provide downside protection with respect to investments, including pursuant to risk management procedures described in this prospectus, will achieve their desired effect and potential investors should regard an investment in us as being speculative and having a high degree of risk.

There can be no assurance that the Advisor will be able to detect or prevent irregular accounting, employee misconduct or other fraudulent practices during the due diligence phase or during the Advisor’s efforts to monitor the investment on an ongoing basis or that any risk management procedures implemented by us will be adequate. In the event of fraud by the seller of any portfolio property, we may suffer a partial or total loss of capital invested in that property. An additional concern is the possibility of material misrepresentation or omission on the part of the seller. Such inaccuracy or incompleteness may adversely affect the value of our investments in such portfolio property. We will rely upon the accuracy and completeness of representations made by sellers of portfolio properties in the due diligence process to the extent reasonable when we make our investments, but cannot guarantee such accuracy or completeness.

We will rely on property managers to operate our properties and leasing agents to lease vacancies in our properties.

The Advisor intends to hire property managers to manage our properties and leasing agents to lease vacancies in our properties. The property managers will have significant decision-making authority with respect to the management of our properties. We will be particularly dependent on property managers of any hospitality and leisure properties we invest in. Our ability to direct and control how our properties are managed on a day-to-day basis may be limited because we will engage other parties to perform this function. Thus, the success of our business may depend in large part on the ability of our property managers to manage the day-to-day operations and the ability of our leasing agents to lease vacancies in our properties. Any adversity experienced by, or problems in our relationship with, our property managers or leasing agents could adversely impact the operation and profitability of our properties.

We will depend on tenants for our revenue, and therefore our revenue will be dependent on the success and economic viability of our tenants. Our reliance on single or significant tenants in certain buildings may decrease our ability to lease vacated space.

We expect that rental income from real property will, directly or indirectly, constitute a significant portion of our income. Delays in collecting accounts receivable from tenants could adversely affect our cash flows and financial condition. In addition, the inability of a single major tenant or a number of smaller tenants to meet their rental obligations would adversely affect our income. Therefore, our financial success will be indirectly dependent on the success of the businesses operated by the tenants in our properties or in the properties securing loans we may own. The weakening of the financial condition of or the bankruptcy or insolvency of a significant tenant or a number of smaller tenants and vacancies caused by defaults of tenants or the expiration of leases may adversely affect our operations and our ability to pay distributions.

Generally, under U.S. bankruptcy law, a debtor tenant has 120 days to exercise the option of assuming or rejecting the obligations under any unexpired lease for nonresidential real property, which period may be extended once by the bankruptcy court for an additional 90 days. If the tenant assumes its lease, the tenant must cure all defaults under the lease and may be required to provide adequate assurance of its future performance under the lease. If the tenant rejects the lease, we will have a claim against the tenant’s bankruptcy estate. Although rent owing for the period between filing for bankruptcy and rejection of the lease may be afforded administrative expense priority and paid in full, pre-bankruptcy arrears and amounts owing under the remaining

 

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term of the lease will be afforded general unsecured claim status (absent collateral securing the claim). Moreover, amounts owing under the remaining term of the lease will be capped. Other than equity and subordinated claims, general unsecured claims are the last claims paid in a bankruptcy and therefore funds may not be available to pay such claims in full.

Some of our properties may be leased to a single or significant tenant and, accordingly, may be suited to the particular or unique needs of such tenant. We may have difficulty replacing such a tenant if the floor plan of the vacant space limits the types of businesses that can use the space without major renovation. In addition, the resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend principally upon the value of the leases of such property.

We may be unable to renew leases as leases expire.

We may not be able to lease properties that are vacant or become vacant because a tenant decides not to renew its lease or by the continued default of a tenant under its lease. In addition, certain of the properties we acquire may have some level of vacancy at the time of acquisition. Certain other properties may be specifically suited to the particular needs of a tenant and may become vacant after we acquire them. Even if a tenant renews its lease or we enter into a lease with a new tenant, the terms of the new lease may be less favorable than the terms of the old lease. In addition, the resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value may depend principally upon the value of the property’s leases. If we are unable to promptly renew or enter into new leases, or if the rental rates are lower than expected, our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. For example, following the termination or expiration of a tenant’s lease there may be a period of time before we will begin receiving rental payments under a replacement lease. During that period, we will continue to bear fixed expenses such as interest, real estate taxes, maintenance, security, repairs and other operating expenses. In addition, declining economic conditions may impair our ability to attract replacement tenants and achieve rental rates equal to or greater than the rents paid under previous leases. Increased competition for tenants may require us to make capital improvements to properties which would not have otherwise been planned. Any unbudgeted capital improvements that we undertake may divert cash that would otherwise be available for distributions or for satisfying repurchase requests. Ultimately, to the extent that we are unable to renew leases or re-let space as leases expire, decreased cash flow from tenants will result, which could adversely impact our operating results.

We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a tenant can be found for a property at an attractive lease rate or an investment in a property can be sold. No assurance can be given that we will have funds available to correct those defects or to make those improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to lock-out provisions that materially restrict us from selling that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed on that property. These factors and others that could impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties could significantly affect our financial condition and operating results.

Leases with retail properties’ tenants may restrict us from re-leasing space.

Most leases with retail tenants contain provisions giving the particular tenant the exclusive right to sell particular types of merchandise or provide specific types of services within the particular retail center. These provisions may limit the number and types of prospective tenants interested in leasing space in a particular retail property.

Our properties will face significant competition.

We may face significant competition from owners, operators and developers of properties. Substantially all of our properties will face competition from similar properties in the same market. This competition may affect our ability to attract and retain tenants and may reduce the rents we are able to charge. These competing properties may have vacancy rates higher than our properties, which may result in their owners being willing to lease

 

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available space at lower prices than the space in our properties. If one of our properties were to lose an anchor tenant, this could impact the leases of other tenants, who may be able to modify or terminate their leases as a result.

Our properties may be leased at below-market rates under long-term leases.

We may seek to negotiate longer-term leases to reduce the cash flow volatility associated with lease rollovers, provided that contractual rent increases are included. In addition, where appropriate, we will seek leases that provide for operating expenses, or expense increases, to be paid by the tenants. These leases may allow tenants to renew the lease with pre-defined rate increases. If we do not accurately judge the potential for increases in market rental rates, we may set the rental rates of these long-term leases at levels such that even after contractual rental increases, the resulting rental rates are less than then-current market rental rates. Further, we may be unable to terminate those leases or adjust the rent to then-prevailing market rates. As a result, our income and distributions to our stockholders could be lower than if we did not enter into long-term leases.

We will depend on the availability of public utilities and services, especially for water and electric power. Any reduction, interruption or cancellation of these services may adversely affect us.

Public utilities, especially those that provide water and electric power, will be fundamental for the sound operation of our assets. The delayed delivery or any material reduction or prolonged interruption of these services could allow tenants to terminate their leases or result in an increase in our costs, as we may be forced to use backup generators, which also could be insufficient to fully operate our facilities and could result in our inability to provide services.

We may experience material losses or damage related to our properties and such losses may not be covered by insurance.

We may experience losses related to our properties arising from natural disasters and acts of God, vandalism or other crime, faulty construction or accidents, fire, war, acts of terrorism or other catastrophes. We plan to carry insurance covering our properties under policies the Advisor deems appropriate. The Advisor will select policy specifications and insured limits that it believes to be appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and industry practice. Insurance policies on our properties may include some coverage for losses that are generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to terrorism, earthquakes and floods, but we cannot assure you that it will be adequate to cover all losses and some of our policies will be insured subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments and policy limits that may not be sufficient to cover losses. In general, losses related to terrorism are becoming harder and more expensive to insure against. Most insurers are excluding terrorism coverage from their all-risk policies. In some cases, the insurers are offering significantly limited coverage against terrorist acts for additional premiums, which can greatly increase the total costs of casualty insurance for a property. As a result, not all investments may be insured against terrorism. If we or one or more of our tenants experience a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.

We could become subject to liability for environmental violations, regardless of whether we caused such violations.

We could become subject to liability in the form of fines or damages for noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid hazardous materials, the remediation of contaminated property associated with the disposal of solid and hazardous materials and other health and safety-related concerns. Some of these laws and regulations

 

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may impose joint and several liability on tenants, owners or managers for the costs of investigation or remediation of contaminated properties, regardless of fault or the legality of the original disposal. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances, and regulations, a current or former owner or manager of real property may be liable for the cost to remove or remediate hazardous or toxic substances, wastes, or petroleum products on, under, from, or in such property. These costs could be substantial and liability under these laws may attach whether or not the owner or manager knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each liable party may be held entirely responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred.

In addition, third parties may sue the owner or manager of a property for damages based on personal injury, natural resources, or property damage or for other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination. The presence of contamination on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could give rise to a lien in favor of the government for costs it may incur to address the contamination, or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the property or borrow using the property as collateral. In addition, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which the property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants. There can be no assurance that future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability, or that the environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by the operations of the tenants, by the existing condition of the land, by operations in the vicinity of the properties. There can be no assurance that these laws, or changes in these laws, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our costs associated with complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”) may affect cash available for distributions.

Any domestic properties we acquire will generally be subject to the ADA. Under the ADA, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The ADA’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties or, in some cases, an award of damages. We may not acquire properties that comply with the ADA or we may not be able to allocate the burden on the seller or other third party, such as a tenant, to ensure compliance with the ADA in all cases.

The properties we acquire will be subject to property taxes that may increase in the future, which could adversely affect our cash flow.

Any properties we acquire will be subject to real and personal property taxes that may increase as property tax rates change and as the properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Some of our leases may provide that the property taxes, or increases therein, are charged to the lessees as an expense related to the properties that they occupy. As the owner of the properties, however, we are ultimately responsible for payment of the taxes to the government. If property taxes increase, our tenants may be unable to make the required tax payments, ultimately requiring us to pay the taxes. In addition, we will generally be responsible for property taxes related to any vacant space. If we purchase residential properties, the leases for such properties typically will not allow us to pass through real estate taxes and other taxes to residents of such properties. Consequently, any tax increases may adversely affect our results of operations at such properties.

Certain of our investments may be in the form of ground leases, which provide limited rights to the underlying property.

We invest from time to time in real estate properties that are subject to ground leases. As a lessee under a ground lease, we may be exposed to the possibility of losing the property upon termination, or an earlier breach by us, of

 

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the ground lease, which may adversely impact our investment performance. Furthermore, ground leases generally provide for certain provisions that limit the ability to sell certain properties subject to the lease. In order to assign or transfer rights and obligations under certain ground leases, we will generally need to obtain consent of the landlord of such property, which, in turn, could adversely impact the price realized from any such sale.

Certain properties may require permits or licenses.

A license, approval or permit may be required to acquire certain investments and their direct or indirect holding companies (or registration may be required before an acquisition can be completed). There can be no guarantee of when and if such a license, approval or permit will be obtained or if the registration will be effected.

Certain properties may require an expedited transaction, which may result in limited information being available about the property prior to its acquisition.

The Advisor may be required to be undertake investment analyses and decisions on an expedited basis to take advantage of investment opportunities. In such cases, the information available to the Advisor at the time of making an investment decision may be limited, and the Advisor may not have access to detailed information regarding the investment property, such as physical characteristics, environmental matters, zoning regulations or other local conditions affecting an investment property. Therefore, no assurance can be given that the Advisor will have knowledge of all circumstances that may adversely affect an investment, and we may make investments which we would not have made if more extensive due diligence had been undertaken.

We will face risks in effecting operating improvements.

In some cases, the success of an investment will depend, in part, on our ability to restructure and effect improvements in the operations of a property. The activity of identifying and implementing restructuring programs and operating improvements at property entails a high degree of uncertainty. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully identify and implement such restructuring programs and improvements.

In certain cases, financings for our properties may be recourse to us.

Generally, commercial real estate financings are structured as nonrecourse to the borrower, which limits a lender’s recourse to the property pledged as collateral for the loan, and not the other assets of the borrower or to any parent of borrower, in the event of a loan default. However, lenders customarily will require that a creditworthy parent entity enter into so-called “recourse carveout” guarantees to protect the lender against certain bad-faith or other intentional acts of the borrower in violation of the loan documents. A “bad boy” guarantee typically provides that the lender can recover losses from the guarantors for certain bad acts, such as fraud or intentional misrepresentation, intentional waste, willful misconduct, criminal acts, misappropriation of funds, voluntary incurrence of prohibited debt and environmental losses sustained by lender. In addition, “bad boy” guarantees typically provide that the loan will be a full personal recourse obligation of the guarantor, for certain actions, such as prohibited transfers of the collateral or changes of control and voluntary bankruptcy of the borrower. It is expected that the financing arrangements with respect to our investments generally will require “bad boy” guarantees from us and the Operating Partnership and in the event that such a guarantee is called, our assets could be adversely affected. Moreover, our “bad boy” guarantees could apply to actions of the joint venture partners associated with our investments. While the Advisor expects to negotiate indemnities from such joint venture partners to protect against such risks, there remains the possibility that the acts of such joint venture partner could result in liability to us under such guarantees. We may provide “bad boy” guarantees on behalf of Other Starwood Accounts investing alongside us and as such guarantees are not for borrowed money, they will typically not be included under our leverage limitations. In addition, to the extent we develop properties, we may provide completion guarantees and assume standard obligations under development agreements.

 

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Certain of the mortgages and mezzanine loans securing our properties may provide for full recourse to the obligor, including guarantors, thereof in the event of specified defaults, permitting a mortgage or mezzanine lender to a recovery in excess of the value of the property securing the mortgage or mezzanine loan.

Our properties are expected to be owned through special purpose entities. Certain of our mortgage and mezzanine loans on properties owned by such entities may provide that, in the event of a breach of the representations, warranties or covenants relating to special purpose entity status, the loans, which are otherwise non-recourse, or non-recourse to obligors other than the borrower, are recourse to the obligors thereof, including guarantors, thereby permitting a mortgage or mezzanine lender to a recovery in excess of the value of the property securing the mortgage. In the event of such a breach, lenders may be able to recover the full value of their loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We will face legal risks when making investments.

Investments are usually governed by a complex series of legal documents and contracts. As a result, the risk of dispute over interpretation or enforceability of the documentation may be higher than for other investments. In addition, it is not uncommon for investments to be exposed to a variety of other legal risks. These can include, but are not limited to, environmental issues, land expropriation and other property-related claims, industrial action and legal action from special interest groups.

We are subject to additional risks from our international investments.

We may purchase real estate investments located internationally. These investments may be affected by factors particular to the laws and business practices of the jurisdictions in which the properties are located. These laws and business practices may expose us to risks that are different from and in addition to those commonly found in the United States. Foreign investments are subject to risk, including the following risks:

 

    the burden of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws;

 

    changing governmental rules and policies, including changes in land use and zoning laws, more stringent environmental laws or changes in such environmental laws;

 

    existing or new laws relating to the foreign ownership of real property or loans and laws restricting the ability of foreign persons or companies to remove profits earned from activities within the country to the person’s or company’s country of origin;

 

    the potential for expropriation;

 

    possible currency transfer restrictions;

 

    imposition of adverse or confiscatory taxes;

 

    changes in real estate and other tax rates and changes in other operating expenses in particular countries;

 

    possible challenges to the anticipated tax treatment of the structures that allow us to acquire and hold investments;

 

    adverse market conditions caused by terrorism, civil unrest and changes in national or local governmental or economic conditions;

 

    the willingness of domestic or foreign lenders to make loans in certain countries and changes in the availability, cost and terms of loan funds resulting from varying national economic policies;

 

    general political and economic instability in certain regions; and

 

    the potential difficulty of enforcing obligations in other countries.

 

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Investments in international properties subject us to foreign currency risks.

Revenues generated from any properties we acquire or ventures we enter into relating to transactions involving assets located in markets outside the United States likely will be denominated in the local currency. Therefore, any investments we make outside the United States may subject us to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. As a result, changes in exchange rates of any such foreign currency to the U.S. dollar may affect our revenues, operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and the amount of stockholders’ equity.

Inflation in foreign countries, along with government measures to curb inflation, may have an adverse effect on our investments.

Certain countries have in the past experienced extremely high rates of inflation. Inflation, along with governmental measures to curb inflation, coupled with public speculation about possible future governmental measures to be adopted, has had significant negative effects on these international economies in the past and this could occur again in the future. The introduction of governmental policies to curb inflation can have an adverse effect on our business. High inflation in the countries in which we purchase real estate or make other investments could increase our expenses and we may not be able to pass these increased costs on to our tenants.

Lack of compliance with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the FCPA, which generally prohibits United States companies from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Foreign companies, including potential competitors, are not subject to these prohibitions. Fraudulent practices, including corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and others, occur from time-to-time in countries in which we may do business. If people acting on our behalf or at our request are found to have engaged in such practices, severe penalties and other consequences could be imposed on us that may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and our ability to make distributions to you and the value of your investment.

We may be adversely affected by trends in the office real estate industry.

Some businesses are rapidly evolving to make employee telecommuting, flexible work schedules, open workplaces and teleconferencing increasingly common. These practices enable businesses to reduce their space requirements. A continuation of the movement towards these practices could over time erode the overall demand for office space and, in turn, place downward pressure on occupancy, rental rates and property valuations, each of which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and ability to make expected distributions to our stockholders.

Our retail tenants will face competition from numerous retail channels.

Retailers leasing our properties will face continued competition from discount or value retailers, factory outlet centers, wholesale clubs, mail order catalogues and operators, television shopping networks and shopping via the internet. Such competition could adversely affect our tenants and, consequently, our revenues and funds available for distribution.

Retail properties depend on anchor tenants to attract shoppers and could be adversely affected by the loss of a key anchor tenant.

We may acquire retail properties in the future. Retail properties, like other properties, are subject to the risk that tenants may be unable to make their lease payments or may decline to extend a lease upon its expiration. A lease

 

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termination by a tenant that occupies a large area of a retail center (commonly referred to as an anchor tenant) could impact leases of other tenants. Other tenants may be entitled to modify the terms of their existing leases in the event of a lease termination by an anchor tenant, or the closure of the business of an anchor tenant that leaves its space vacant even if the anchor tenant continues to pay rent. Any such modifications or conditions could be unfavorable to us as the property owner and could decrease rents or expense recoveries. Additionally, major tenant closures may result in decreased customer traffic, which could lead to decreased sales at other stores. In the event of default by a tenant or anchor store, we may experience delays and costs in enforcing our rights as landlord to recover amounts due to us under the terms of our agreements with those parties.

Our industrial tenants may be adversely affected by a decline in manufacturing activity in the United States.

Fluctuations in manufacturing activity in the United States may adversely affect our industrial tenants and therefore the demand for and profitability of our industrial properties. Trade agreements with foreign countries have given employers the option to utilize less expensive foreign manufacturing workers. Outsourcing manufacturing activities could reduce the demand for U.S. workers, thereby reducing the profitability of our industrial tenants and the demand for and profitability of our industrial properties.

We could be negatively impacted by the condition of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and by changes in government support for multifamily housing.

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are a major source of financing for multifamily real estate in the United States. We expect to utilize loan programs sponsored by these entities as a source of capital to finance our growth and our operations. In September 2008, the U.S. government increased its control of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and placed both companies into a government conservatorship under the Federal Housing Finance Agency. In December 2009, the U.S. Treasury increased its financial support for these conservatorships. In February 2011, the Obama administration released its blueprint for winding down Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and for reforming the system of housing finance. Since that time, members of Congress have introduced, and Congressional committees have considered, a substantial number of bills that include comprehensive or incremental approaches to winding down Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or changing their purposes, businesses or operations. A decision by the U.S. government to eliminate or downscale Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or to reduce government support for multifamily housing more generally may adversely affect interest rates, capital availability, development of multifamily communities and the value of multifamily assets and, as a result, may adversely affect our future growth and operations. Any potential reduction in loans, guarantees and credit-enhancement arrangements from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could jeopardize the effectiveness of the multifamily sector’s derivative securities market, potentially causing breaches in loan covenants, and through reduced loan availability, impact the value of multifamily assets, which could impair the value of a significant portion of multifamily communities. Specifically, the potential for a decrease in liquidity made available to the multifamily sector by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could:

 

    make it more difficult for us to secure new takeout financing for any multifamily development projects we acquire;

 

    hinder our ability to refinance any completed multifamily assets;

 

    decrease the amount of available liquidity and credit that could be used to broaden our portfolio through the acquisition of multifamily assets; and

 

    require us to obtain other sources of debt capital with potentially different terms.

Short-term multifamily community leases associated with any multifamily residential properties we acquire may expose us to the effects of declining market rent and could adversely impact our ability to make cash distributions to you.

We expect that, to the extent that we invest in any multifamily residential properties, substantially all of our multifamily community leases will be on a short-term basis. Because these leases generally permit the residents

 

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to leave at the end of the lease term without penalty, our rental revenues may be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.

Increased levels of unemployment could adversely affect the occupancy and rental rates of any multifamily residential properties we acquire.

Increased levels of unemployment in multifamily markets could significantly decrease occupancy and rental rates. In times of increasing unemployment, multifamily occupancy and rental rates have historically been adversely affected by:

 

    rental residents deciding to share rental units and therefore rent fewer units;

 

    potential residents moving back into family homes or delaying leaving family homes;

 

    a reduced demand for higher-rent units;

 

    a decline in household formation;

 

    persons enrolled in college delaying leaving college or choosing to proceed to or return to graduate school in the absence of available employment;

 

    the inability or unwillingness of residents to pay rent increases; and

 

    increased collection losses.

These factors generally have contributed to lower rental rates. To the extent that we invest in any multifamily residential properties, our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to you may be adversely affected if these factors do not improve or worsen.

If any credit market disruptions or economic slowdowns occur, any investments in multifamily residential properties may face increased competition from single-family homes and condominiums for rent, which could limit our ability to retain residents, lease apartment units or increase or maintain rents.

Any multifamily communities in which we invest may compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including single-family homes and condominiums available for rent. Such competitive housing alternatives may become more prevalent in a particular area in the event of any tightening of mortgage lending underwriting criteria, homeowner foreclosures, declines in single-family home and condominium sales or lack of available credit. The number of single-family homes and condominiums for rent in a particular area could limit our ability to retain residents, lease apartment units or increase or maintain rents.

The multifamily residential properties in which we invest must comply with the Fair Housing Amendment of 1988.

The multifamily residential properties in which we invest domestically, if any, must comply with the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 (“FHAA”), which requires that multifamily communities first occupied after March 13, 1991 be accessible to handicapped residents and visitors. Compliance with the FHAA could require removal of structural barriers to handicapped access in a community, including the interiors of apartment units covered under the FHAA. Recently there has been heightened scrutiny of multifamily housing communities for compliance with the requirements of the FHAA and the ADA and an increasing number of substantial enforcement actions and private lawsuits have been brought against multifamily communities to ensure compliance with these requirements. Noncompliance with the FHAA and the ADA could result in the imposition of fines, awards of damages to private litigants, payment of attorneys’ fees and other costs to plaintiffs, substantial litigation costs and substantial costs of remediation.

The hospitality or leisure industry is seasonal.

The hospitality or leisure industry is seasonal in nature. Seasonal slowdown is generally in the third quarter and, to a lesser extent, in the fourth quarter of each year. As a result of the seasonality of the hospitality or leisure

 

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industry, there will likely be quarterly fluctuations in results of operations of any hospitality or leisure properties that we may own. In addition, any such properties that we may own may be adversely affected by factors outside our control, such as extreme weather conditions or natural disasters, terrorist attacks or alerts, outbreaks of contagious diseases, airline strikes, economic factors and other considerations affecting travel.

The hospitality or leisure market is highly competitive and generally subject to greater volatility than our other market segments.

The hospitality or leisure business is highly competitive and influenced by factors such as general and local economic conditions, location, room rates, quality, service levels, reputation and reservation systems, among many other factors. There are many competitors in this market, and these competitors may have substantially greater marketing and financial resources than those available to us. Competition also comes from non-traditional hospitality sources, such as home-sharing platforms. This competition, along with other factors, such as over-building in the hospitality or leisure industry and certain deterrents to traveling, may increase the number of rooms available and may decrease the average occupancy and room rates of our hospitality or leisure properties. The demand for rooms at any hospitality or leisure properties that we may acquire will change much more rapidly than the demand for space at other properties that we acquire. This volatility in room demand and occupancy rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay distributions to stockholders.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate-Related Debt

Investments in real estate-related debt is subject to risks including various creditor risks and early redemption features which may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The debt securities and other interests in which we may invest may include secured or unsecured debt at various levels of an issuer’s capital structure. The debt securities in which we may invest may not be protected by financial covenants or limitations upon additional indebtedness, may be illiquid or have limited liquidity, and may not be rated by a credit rating agency. Debt securities are also subject to other creditor risks, including (i) the possible invalidation of an investment transaction as a “fraudulent conveyance” under relevant creditors’ rights laws, (ii) so-called lender liability claims by the issuer of the obligation and (iii) environmental liabilities that may arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations. Our investments may be subject to early redemption features, refinancing options, pre-payment options or similar provisions which, in each case, could result in the issuer repaying the principal on an obligation held by us earlier than expected, resulting in a lower return to us than anticipated or reinvesting in a new obligation at a lower return to us.

Our debt investments face prepayment risk and interest rate fluctuations that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

During periods of declining interest rates, the issuer of a security or borrower under a loan may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing us to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment in lower yielding securities or loans, which may result in a decline in our return. Debt investments frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer may choose to redeem a debt security if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer. In addition, the market price of our investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. During periods of declining interest rates, the market price of fixed-rate debt investments generally rises. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the market price of such investments generally declines. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of debt investments is generally greater for securities with longer maturities. There is a consensus that the U.S. Federal Reserve will continue to increase benchmark interest rates, which could negatively impact the price of debt securities and could adversely affect the value of our investments.

 

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Real estate-related debt investments face a number of general market-related risks that can affect the creditworthiness of issuers, and modifications to certain loan structures and market terms make it more difficult to monitor and evaluate investments.

We will invest in real estate-related debt investments. Any deterioration of real estate fundamentals generally, and in the United States in particular, could negatively impact our performance by making it more difficult for issuers to satisfy their debt payment obligations, increasing the default risk applicable to issuers, or making it relatively more difficult for us to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns. Changes in general economic conditions will affect the creditworthiness of issuers and real estate collateral relating to our investments and may include economic and market fluctuations, changes in environmental and zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, decreases in property values, changes in the appeal of properties to tenants, changes in supply and demand for competing properties in an area (as a result, for instance, of overbuilding), fluctuations in real estate fundamentals (including average occupancy, operating income and room rates for hotel properties), the financial resources of tenants, changes in availability of debt financing which may render the sale or refinancing of properties difficult or impracticable, changes in building, environmental and other laws, energy and supply shortages, various uninsured or uninsurable risks, natural disasters, political events, trade barriers, currency exchange controls, changes in government regulations (such as rent control), changes in real property tax rates and operating expenses, changes in interest rates, changes in the availability of debt financing and mortgage funds which may render the sale or refinancing of properties difficult or impracticable, increased mortgage defaults, increases in borrowing rates, negative developments in the economy or political climate that depress travel activity, environmental liabilities, contingent liabilities on disposition of assets, acts of God, terrorist attacks, war, demand or real estate values generally and other factors that are beyond the control of the Advisor. There can be no assurance that there will be a ready market for the resale of investments because investments may not be liquid. Illiquidity may result from the absence of an established market for the investments, as well as legal or contractual restrictions on their resale by us. The value of securities of companies which service the real estate business sector may also be affected by such risks.

The Advisor cannot predict whether economic conditions generally, and the conditions for real estate debt investing in particular, will deteriorate in the future. Declines in the performance of the U.S. and global economies or in the real estate debt markets could have a material adverse effect on our investment activities. In addition, market conditions relating to real estate debt investments have evolved since the financial crisis, which has resulted in a modification to certain loan structures and market terms. For example, it has become increasingly difficult for real estate debt investors in certain circumstances to receive full transparency with respect to underlying investments because transactions are often effectuated on an indirect basis through pools or conduit vehicles rather than directly with the borrower. Any such changes in loan structures or market terms may make it more difficult for us to monitor and evaluate investments.

The operating and financial risks of issuers and the underlying default risk across capital structures may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our securities investments involve credit or default risk, which is the risk that an issuer or borrower will be unable to make principal and interest payments on its outstanding debt when due. The risk of default and losses on real estate-related debt instruments will be affected by a number of factors, including global, regional and local economic conditions, interest rates, the commercial real estate market in general, an issuer’s equity and the financial circumstances of the issuer, as well as general economic conditions. Such default risk will be heightened to the extent we make relatively junior investments in an issuer’s capital structure since such investments are structurally subordinate to more senior tranches in such issuer’s capital structure, and our overall returns would be adversely affected to the extent one or more issuers is unable to meet its debt payment obligations when due. To the extent we hold an equity or “mezzanine” interest in any issuer that is unable to meet its debt payment obligations, such equity or mezzanine interest could become subordinated to the rights of such issuer’s creditors in a bankruptcy. See “—We may invest in subordinated debt, which is subject to greater credit risk than senior debt” below. Furthermore, the financial performance of one or more issuers could deteriorate as a

 

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result of, among other things, adverse developments in their businesses, changes in the competitive environment or an economic downturn. As a result, underlying properties or issuers that we expected to be stable may operate, or expect to operate, at a loss or have significant fluctuations in ongoing operating results, may otherwise have a weak financial condition or be experiencing financial distress and subject our investments to additional risk of loss and default.

We may invest in commercial mortgage loans which are nonrecourse in nature and include limited options for financial recovery in the event of default; an event of default may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may invest from time to time in commercial mortgage loans, including mezzanine loans and B-notes, which are secured by properties and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure and risks of loss. Commercial real estate loans are generally not fully amortizing, which means that they may have a significant principal balance or balloon payment due on maturity. Full satisfaction of the balloon payment by a commercial borrower is heavily dependent on the availability of subsequent financing or a functioning sales market, as well as other factors such as the value of the property, the level of prevailing mortgage rates, the borrower’s equity in the property and the financial condition and operating history of the property and the borrower. In certain situations, and during periods of credit distress, the unavailability of real estate financing may lead to default by a commercial borrower. In addition, in the absence of any such takeout financing, the ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property will depend upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Furthermore, we may not have the same access to information in connection with investments in commercial mortgage loans, either when investigating a potential investment or after making an investment, as compared to publicly traded securities.

Commercial mortgage loans are usually nonrecourse in nature. Therefore, if a commercial borrower defaults on the commercial mortgage loan, then the options for financial recovery are limited. To the extent the underlying default rates with respect to the pool or tranche of commercial real estate loans in which we directly or indirectly invest increase, the performance of our investments related thereto may be adversely affected. Default rates and losses on commercial mortgage loans will be affected by a number of factors, including global, regional and local economic conditions in the area where the mortgage properties are located, the borrower’s equity in the mortgage property and the financial circumstances of the borrower. A continued decline in specific commercial real estate markets and property valuations may result in higher delinquencies and defaults and potentially foreclosures. In the event of default, the lender will have no right to assets beyond collateral attached to the commercial mortgage loan. The overall level of commercial mortgage loan defaults remains significant and market values of the underlying commercial real estate remain distressed in many cases. It has also become increasingly difficult for lenders to dispose of foreclosed commercial real estate without incurring substantial investment losses, ultimately leading to a decline in the value of such investments.

In the event of any default under a mortgage or real estate loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage or real estate loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our profitability. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage or real estate loan borrower, the mortgage or real estate loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage or real estate loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Additionally, in the event of a default under any senior debt, the junior or subordinate lender generally forecloses on the equity, purchases the senior debt or negotiates a forbearance or restructuring arrangement with the senior lender in order to preserve its collateral.

 

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We may invest in subordinated debt, which is subject to greater credit risk than senior debt.

We may from time to time invest in debt instruments, including junior tranches of CMBS and “mezzanine” or junior mortgage loans (e.g., B-Notes), that are subordinated in an issuer’s capital structure. To the extent we invest in subordinated debt of an issuer’s capital structure or subordinated CMBS bonds, such investments and our remedies with respect thereto, including the ability to foreclose on any collateral securing such investments, will be subject to the rights of any senior creditors and, to the extent applicable, contractual inter-creditor or participation agreement provisions.

Investments in subordinated debt involve greater credit risk of default than the senior classes of the issue or series. Subordinated tranches of CMBS or other investments absorb losses from default before other more senior tranches of CMBS to which it is subordinate are put at risk. In addition, mezzanine loans are not secured by interests in the underlying commercial properties. As a result, to the extent we invest in subordinate debt instruments (including CMBS), we would potentially receive payments or interest distributions after, and must bear the effects of losses or defaults on the senior debt (including underlying mortgage loans, senior mezzanine debt or senior CMBS bonds) before, the holders of other more senior tranches of debt instruments with respect to such issuer.

B-Notes and A/B Structures may pose additional risks that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may invest in B-notes, which investments are subordinate to the A-note portion of the same loan (which we would not expect to hold). In addition to the risks described above, certain additional risks apply to B-note investments, including those described herein. The B-note portion of a loan is typically small relative to the overall loan, and is in the first loss position. As a means to protect against the holder of the A-note from taking certain actions or, receiving certain benefits to the detriment of the holder of the B-note, the holder of the B-note often (but not always) has the right to purchase the A-note from its holder. If available, this right may not be meaningful to us. For example, we may not have the capital available to protect our B-note interest or purchasing the A-note may alter our overall portfolio and risk/return profile to the detriment of our stockholders.

Certain of our investments may have additional capital requirements.

Certain of our investments, including those that may be in a development phase, if any, are expected to require additional financing to satisfy their working capital requirements or development strategies. The amount of such additional financing needed will depend upon the maturity and objectives of the particular asset, which may be an unfavorable price at such time. Each round of financing (whether from us or other investors) is typically intended to provide enough capital to reach the next major milestone in an asset’s life-cycle. If the funds provided are not sufficient, additional capital may be required to be raised at a price unfavorable to the existing investors, including us. In addition, we may make additional debt and equity investments or exercise warrants, options, convertible securities or other rights that were acquired in the initial investment in such portfolio company in order to preserve our proportionate ownership when a subsequent financing is planned, or to protect our investment when such portfolio company’s performance does not meet expectations. The availability of capital is generally a function of capital market conditions that are beyond the control of us or any portfolio company. There can be no assurance that we or any portfolio company will be able to predict accurately the future capital requirements necessary for success or that additional funds will be available from any source. Failure to provide sufficient additional capital with respect to an investment could adversely affect our performance.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities

We may invest in high-yield securities which are generally subject to more risk than higher rated securities.

Debt securities that are, at the time of purchase, rated below investment grade (below Baa by Moody’s and below BBB by S&P and Fitch), an equivalent rating assigned by another nationally recognized statistical rating organization or unrated but judged by the Advisor to be of comparable quality are commonly referred to as “high-yield” securities or “junk bonds.”

 

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Investments in high-yield securities generally provide greater income and increased opportunity for capital appreciation than investments in higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility and principal and income risk, including the possibility of issuer default and bankruptcy. High-yield securities are regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s continuing ability to meet principal and interest payments. Debt securities in the lowest investment grade category also may be considered to possess some speculative characteristics by certain rating agencies. In addition, analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high-yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher quality securities.

High-yield securities may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than investment grade securities. A projection of an economic downturn or of a period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in high yield security prices because the advent of a recession could lessen the ability of an issuer to make principal and interest payments on its debt obligations. If an issuer of high yield securities defaults, in addition to risking non-payment of all or a portion of interest and principal, we may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. The market prices of high-yield securities structured as zero-coupon, step-up or payment-in-kind securities will normally be affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes, and therefore tend to be more volatile than the prices of securities that pay interest currently and in cash.

The secondary market on which high-yield securities are traded may be less liquid than the market for investment grade securities. Less liquidity in the secondary trading market could adversely affect the price at which we could sell a high yield security, and could adversely affect the NAV of our shares. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of high yield securities, especially in a thinly-traded market. When secondary markets for high yield securities are less liquid than the market for investment grade securities, it may be more difficult to value the securities because such valuation may require more research, and elements of judgment may play a greater role in the valuation because there is less reliable, objective data available. During periods of thin trading in these markets, the spread between bid and asked prices is likely to increase significantly and we may have greater difficulty selling our portfolio securities. We will be more dependent on the Advisor’s research and analysis when investing in high-yield securities.

Some of our securities investments may become distressed, which securities would have a high risk of default and may be illiquid.

While it is generally anticipated that our real estate-related investments will focus primarily on investments in non-distressed CMBS and other debt investments (based on our belief that there is not a low likelihood of repayment), our investments may become distressed following our acquisition thereof. During an economic downturn or recession, securities of financially troubled or operationally troubled issuers are more likely to go into default than securities of other issuers. Securities of financially troubled issuers and operationally troubled issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of companies not experiencing financial difficulties. The market prices of such securities are subject to erratic and abrupt market movements and the spread between bid and asked prices may be greater than normally expected. Investment in the securities of financially troubled issuers and operationally troubled issuers involves a high degree of credit and market risk. There is no assurance that the Advisor will correctly evaluate the value of the assets collateralizing such investments or the prospects for a successful reorganization or similar action.

These financial difficulties may never be overcome and may cause issuers to become subject to bankruptcy or other similar administrative proceedings. There is a possibility that we may incur substantial or total losses on our investments and in certain circumstances, subject us to certain additional potential liabilities that may exceed the value of our original investment therein. For example, under certain circumstances, a lender who has inappropriately exercised control over the management and policies of a debtor may have its claims subordinated or disallowed or may be found liable for damages suffered by parties as a result of such actions. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to our investments, we may lose our entire investment, may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than our original investment and may be required to accept

 

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different terms, including payment over an extended period of time. In addition, under certain circumstances payments to us may be reclaimed if any such payment or distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance, preferential payment, or similar transactions under applicable bankruptcy and insolvency laws. Furthermore, bankruptcy laws and similar laws applicable to administrative proceedings may delay our ability to realize on collateral for loan positions we held, or may adversely affect the economic terms and priority of such loans through doctrines such as equitable subordination or may result in a restructure of the debt through principles such as the “cramdown” provisions of the bankruptcy laws.

Certain risks associated with CMBS may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may invest a portion of our assets in pools or tranches of CMBS. The collateral underlying CMBS generally consists of commercial mortgages on real property that has a multifamily or commercial use, such as retail space, office buildings, warehouse property and hotels, and which from time to time may include assets or properties owned directly or indirectly by one or more Other Starwood Accounts. CMBS have been issued in a variety of issuances, with varying structures including senior and subordinated classes. The commercial mortgages underlying CMBS generally face the risks described above in “—We may invest in commercial mortgage loans which are nonrecourse in nature and include limited options for financial recovery in the event of default; an event of default may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.”

Concentrated CMBS investments may pose specific risks beyond the control of the Advisor that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Default risks with respect to CMBS investments may be further pronounced in the case of single-issuer CMBSs or CMBSs secured by a small or less diverse collateral pool. At any one time, a portfolio of CMBS may be backed by commercial mortgage loans disproportionately secured by properties in only a few states, regions or foreign countries. As a result, such investments may be more susceptible to geographic risks relating to such areas, including adverse economic conditions, declining home values, adverse events affecting industries located in such areas and other factors beyond the control of the Advisor relative to investments in multi-issuer CMBS or a pool of mortgage loans having more diverse property locations.

The quality of the CMBS is dependent on the credit quality and selection of the mortgages for each issuance.

CMBS are also affected by the quality of the credit extended. As a result, the quality of the CMBS is dependent upon the selection of the commercial mortgages for each issuance and the cash flow generated by the commercial real estate assets, as well as the relative diversification of the collateral pool underlying such CMBS and other factors such as adverse selection within a particular tranche or issuance.

There are certain risks associated with the insolvency of obligations backing CMBS and other investments.

The commercial real estate loans backing the CMBS and other investments may be subject to various laws enacted in the jurisdiction or state of the borrower for the protection of creditors. If an unpaid creditor files a lawsuit seeking payment, the court may invalidate all or part of the borrower’s debt as a fraudulent conveyance, subordinate such indebtedness to existing or future creditors of the borrower or recover amounts previously paid by the borrower in satisfaction of such indebtedness, based on certain tests for borrower insolvency and other facts and circumstances, which may vary by jurisdiction. There can be no assurance as to what standard a court would apply in order to determine whether the borrower was “insolvent” after giving effect to the incurrence of the indebtedness constituting the commercial mortgage backing the CMBS and other investments, or that regardless of the method of valuation, a court would not determine that the borrower was “insolvent” after giving effect to such incurrence. In addition, in the event of the insolvency of a borrower, payments made on such commercial mortgage loans could be subject to avoidance as a “preference” if made within a certain period of time (which may be as long as one year and one day) before insolvency.

 

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There are certain risks associated with CMBS interest shortfalls.

Our CMBS investments may be subject to interest shortfalls due to interest collected from the underlying loans not being sufficient to pay accrued interest to all of the CMBS. Interest shortfalls to the CMBS trust will occur when the servicer does not advance full interest payments on defaulted loans. The servicer in a CMBS trust is required to advance monthly principal and interest payments due on a delinquent loan. Once a loan is delinquent for a period of time (generally 60 days), the servicer is required to obtain a new appraisal to determine the value of the property securing the loan. The servicer is only required to advance interest based on the lesser of the loan amount or 90%, generally, of the appraised value. Interest shortfalls occur when 90%, generally, of the appraised value is less than the loan amount and the servicer does not advance interest on the full loan amount. The resulting interest shortfalls impact interest payments on the most junior class in the trust first. As interest shortfalls increase, more senior classes may be impacted. Over time, senior classes may be reimbursed for accumulated shortfalls if the delinquent loans are resolved, but there is no guarantee that shortfalls will be collected. Interest shortfalls to the CMBS trust may also occur as a result of accumulated advances and expenses on defaulted loans. When a defaulted loan or foreclosed property is liquidated, the servicer will be reimbursed for accumulated advances and expenses prior to payments to CMBS bond holders. If proceeds are insufficient to reimburse the servicer or if a defaulted loan is modified and not foreclosed, the servicer is able to make a claim on interest payments that is senior to the bond holders to cover accumulated advances and expenses. If the claim is greater than interest collected on the loans, interest shortfalls could impact one or more bond classes in a CMBS trust until the servicer’s claim is satisfied.

Our CMBS investments face risks associated with extensions that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our CMBS and other investments may be subject to extension, resulting in the term of the securities being longer than expected. Extensions are affected by a number of factors, including the general availability of financing in the market, the value of the related mortgaged property, the borrower’s equity in the mortgaged property, the financial circumstances of the borrower, fluctuations in the business operated by the borrower on the mortgaged property, competition, general economic conditions and other factors. Such extensions may also be made without the Advisor’s consent.

There are certain risks associated with the servicers of commercial real estate loans underlying CMBS and other investments.

The exercise of remedies and successful realization of liquidation proceeds relating to commercial real estate loans underlying CMBS and other investments may be highly dependent on the performance of the servicer or special servicer. The servicer may not be appropriately staffed or compensated to immediately address issues or concerns with the underlying loans. Such servicers may exit the business and need to be replaced, which could have a negative impact on the portfolio due to lack of focus during a transition. Special servicers frequently are affiliated with investors who have purchased the most subordinate bond classes, and certain servicing actions, such as a loan extension instead of forcing a borrower pay off, may benefit the subordinate bond classes more so than the senior bonds. While servicers are obligated to service the portfolio subject to a servicing standard and maximize the present value of the loans for all bond classes, servicers with an affiliate investment in the CMBS or other investments may have a conflict of interest. There may be a limited number of special servicers available, particularly those which do not have conflicts of interest. In addition, to the extent any such servicers fail to effectively perform their obligations pursuant to the applicable servicing agreements, such failure may adversely affect our investments.

We may invest in structured products that may include structural and legal risks.

Subject to our REIT qualification requirements, we may invest from time to time in structured products. These investments may include debt securities issued by a private investment fund that invests, on a leveraged basis, in

 

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bank loans, high-yield debt or other asset groups, certificates issued by a structured investment vehicle that holds pools of commercial mortgage loans, as well as MBS credit default swaps (e.g., CMBX). Our investments in structured products will be subject to a number of risks, including risks related to the fact that the structured products will be leveraged, and other structural and legal risks related thereto. Many structured products contain covenants designed to protect the providers of debt financing to such structured products. A failure to satisfy those covenants could result in the untimely liquidation of the structured product and a complete loss of our investment therein. In addition, if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which we are also invested, this would tend to increase our overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. The value of an investment in a structured product will depend on the investment performance of the assets in which the structured product invests and will, therefore, be subject to all of the risks associated with an investment in those assets. These risks include the possibility of a default by, or bankruptcy of, the issuers of such assets or a claim that the pledging of collateral to secure any such asset constituted a fraudulent conveyance or preferential transfer that can be subordinated to the rights of other creditors of the issuer of such asset or nullified under applicable law.

We may face risks related to our investments in collateralized debt obligations.

We may also invest from time to time in collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”). CDOs include, among other things, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other similarly structured securities. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CDOs may charge a management fee and administrative expenses. For CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than the underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults and aversion to CLO securities as a class. The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral and the class of the CDO in which we invest.

Normally, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, certain investments in CDOs may be characterized as illiquid securities. Moreover, if the underlying mortgage portfolio has been overvalued by the originator, or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral value is available to satisfy interest and principal payments and any other fees in connection with the trust or other conduit arrangement for such securities, we may incur significant losses. Also, with respect to the CLOs and CDOs in which we may invest, control over the related underlying loans will be exercised through a special servicer or collateral manager designated by a “directing certificate holder” or a “controlling class representative,” or otherwise pursuant to the related securitization documents. We may acquire classes of CLOs or CDOs for which we may not have the right to appoint the directing certificate holder or otherwise direct the special servicing or collateral management. With respect to the management and servicing of those loans, the related special servicer or collateral manager may take actions that could adversely affect our interests. In addition to the risks associated with debt instruments (e.g., interest rate risk and credit risk), CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the possibility that we may invest in CDOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.

 

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We may invest in real estate-related equity, which is subordinate to any indebtedness, but involves different rights.

We may invest from time to time in non-controlling equity positions and other real estate-related interests. Preferred equity investments are subordinate to any indebtedness, but senior to the owners’ common equity. Preferred equity investments typically pay a dividend rather than interest payments and often have the right for such dividends to accrue if there is insufficient cash flow to pay currently. These interests are not secured by the underlying real estate, but upon the occurrence of a default, the preferred equity provider typically has the right to effectuate a change of control with respect to the ownership of the property.

We may invest in equity of other REITs that invest in real estate debt as one of their core businesses and other real estate-related companies, which subjects us to certain risks including those risks associated with an investment in our own common stock.

REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in financing a limited number of projects. REITs may be subject to a management fees and other expenses, and so when we invest in REITs we will bear our proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. Investing in REITs and real estate-related companies involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. The market value of REIT shares and the ability of the REIT to distribute income may be adversely affected by several factors, including the risks described herein that relate to an investment in our common stock. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders, and certain REITs have self-liquidation provisions by which mortgages held may be paid in full and distributions of capital returns may be made at any time. In addition, distributions received by us from REITs may consist of dividends, capital gains or return of capital. Generally, dividends received by us from REIT shares and distributed to our stockholders will not constitute “qualified dividend income” eligible for the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income. In addition, the performance of a REIT may be affected by changes in the tax laws or by its failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income.

REITs that invest primarily in real estate debt are subject to the risks of the real estate debt market and, more generally, the real estate market and securities market. REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risk. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT.

Investing in certain REITs and real estate-related companies, which often have small market capitalizations, may also involve the same risks as investing in other small capitalization companies. REITs and real estate-related companies may have limited financial resources and their securities may trade less frequently and in limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities.

We will face “spread widening” risk related to our investment in securities.

For reasons not necessarily attributable to any of the risks set forth herein (for example, supply/demand imbalances or other market forces), the market spreads of the securities in which we invest may increase substantially causing the securities prices to fall. It may not be possible to predict, or to hedge against, such “spread widening” risk. In addition, mark-to-market accounting of our investments will have an interim effect on the reported value prior to realization of an investment.

We will face risks associated with hedging transactions.

We may utilize a wide variety of derivative financial instruments for risk management purposes, the use of which is a highly specialized activity that may entail greater than ordinary investment risks. Any such hedging transactions may not be effective in mitigating risk in all market conditions or against all types of risk (including

 

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unidentified or unanticipated risks), thereby resulting in losses to us. Engaging in hedging transactions may result in a poorer overall performance for us than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transaction, and the Advisor may not be able to effectively hedge against, or accurately anticipate, certain risks that may adversely affect our investment portfolio. In addition, our investment portfolio will always be exposed to certain risks that cannot be fully or effectively hedged, such as credit risk relating both to particular securities and counterparties. See “—We may invest in derivatives, which involve numerous risks” below.

We may invest in derivatives, which involve numerous risks.

We may enter into derivatives transactions including, but not limited to, options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts, interest rate swaps, total return swaps, credit default swaps and other swap agreements for investment, hedging or leverage purposes. Our use of derivative instruments may be particularly speculative and involves investment risks and transaction costs to which we would not be subject absent the use of these instruments, and use of derivatives generally involves leverage in the sense that the investment exposure created by the derivatives may be significantly greater than our initial investment in the derivative. Leverage magnifies investment, market and certain other risks. Thus, the use of derivatives may result in losses in excess of principal and greater than if they had not been used. Our ability to successfully use derivative investments depends on the skills of the Advisor. The skills needed to employ derivatives strategies are different from those needed to select portfolio investments and, in connection with such strategies, the Advisor must make predictions with respect to market conditions, liquidity, market values, interest rates or other applicable factors, which may be inaccurate. The use of derivative investments may require us to sell or purchase portfolio investments at inopportune times or for prices below or above the current market values, may limit the amount of appreciation we can realize on an investment or may cause us to hold a security that we might otherwise want to sell. We will also be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to our derivatives contracts (whether a clearing corporation in the case of exchange-traded instruments or another third party in the case of over-the-counter instruments). In addition, the use of derivatives will be subject to additional unique risks associated with such instruments including a lack of sufficient asset correlation, heightened volatility in reference to interest rates or prices of reference instruments and duration/term mismatch, each of which may create additional risk of loss.

Failure to obtain and maintain an exemption from being regulated as a commodity pool operator could subject us to additional regulation and compliance requirements that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Registration with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) as a “commodity pool operator” or any change in our operations necessary to maintain our ability to rely upon the exemption from being regulated as a commodity pool operator could adversely affect our ability to implement our investment program, conduct our operations or achieve our objectives and subject us to certain additional costs, expenses and administrative burdens. Furthermore, any determination by us to cease or to limit investing in interests which may be treated as “commodity interests” in order to comply with the regulations of the CFTC may have a material adverse effect on our ability to implement our investment objectives and to hedge risks associated with our operations.

We will face risks associated with short sales.

Our use of short sales for investment or risk management purposes subjects us to risks associated with selling short. We may engage in short sales where we do not own or have the right to acquire the security sold short at no additional cost. Our loss on a short sale theoretically could be unlimited in a case where we are unable, for whatever reason, to close out a short position.

Our short selling strategies may limit our ability to benefit from increases in the markets. Short selling also involves a form of financial leverage that may exaggerate any losses. Also, there is the risk that the counterparty to a short sale may fail to honor its contractual terms, causing a loss to us. Finally, SEC, FINRA or other regulations relating to short selling may restrict our ability to engage in short selling.

 

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We may make open market purchases or invest in publicly traded securities.

Although not anticipated to be a meaningful component of our investment strategy, we have the ability to invest in securities that are publicly traded and are, therefore, subject to the risks inherent in investing in public securities. When investing in public securities, we may be unable to obtain financial covenants or other contractual rights, including management rights that we might otherwise be able to obtain in making privately negotiated investments. Moreover, we may not have the same access to information in connection with investments in public securities, either when investigating a potential investment or after making an investment, as compared to privately negotiated investments. Furthermore, we may be limited in our ability to make investments, and to sell existing investments, in public securities because Starwood Capital or its affiliates may be deemed to have material, non-public information regarding the issuers of those securities or as a result of other internal policies. The inability to sell public securities in these circumstances could materially adversely affect the investment results. In addition, an investment may be sold by us to a public company where the consideration received is a combination of cash and stock of the public company, which may, depending on the securities laws of the relevant jurisdiction, be subject to lock-up periods.

We may incur contingent liabilities in connection with the disposition of investments.

In connection with the disposition of an investment, we may be required to make certain representations about the business, financial affairs and other aspects (such as environmental, property, tax, insurance, and litigation) of such investment typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. We may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations are inaccurate or with respect to certain potential liabilities. These arrangements may result in the incurrence of contingent liabilities for which we may establish reserves or escrow accounts.

Political changes may affect the real estate-related securities markets.

The current regulatory environment in the United States may be impacted by future legislative developments, such as amendments to key provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. On February 3, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order calling for the administration to review U.S. financial laws and regulations in order to determine their consistency with a set of core principles identified in the order. The full scope of President Trump’s short-term legislative agenda is not yet fully known, but it may include certain deregulatory measures for the U.S. financial services industry, including changes to Financial Stability Oversight Council, the Volcker Rule and credit risk retention requirements, among other areas.

Risks Related to Debt Financing

We will incur mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings, which may increase our business risks, could hinder our ability to make distributions and could decrease the value of your investment.

The acquisition of investment properties may be financed in substantial part by borrowing, which increases our exposure to loss. Under our charter, we have a limitation that precludes us from borrowing in excess of 300% of our net assets, which approximates borrowing 75% of the cost of our investments (unless a majority of our independent directors approves any borrowing in excess of the limit and we disclose the justification for doing so to our stockholders), but such restriction does not restrict the amount of indebtedness we may incur with respect to any single investment. Our target leverage ratio after our ramp-up period is approximately 50% to 65% of our gross real estate assets (measured using the greater of fair market value and purchase price, including equity in our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities), inclusive of property-level and entity-level debt net of cash, but excluding debt on our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities portfolios. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies—Borrowing Policies.” The use of leverage involves a high degree of financial risk and will increase the exposure of the investments to adverse economic factors such as rising interest rates, downturns in the economy or deteriorations in the condition of the investments. Principal and interest payments on indebtedness (including mortgages having “balloon” payments) will have to be made

 

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regardless of the sufficiency of cash flow from the properties. Our investments will be impaired by a smaller decline in the value of the properties than is the case where properties are owned with a proportionately smaller amount of debt.

We may incur or increase our mortgage debt by obtaining loans secured by a portfolio of some or all of the real estate properties acquired. Depending on the level of leverage and decline in value, if mortgage payments are not made when due, one or more of the properties may be lost (and our investment therein rendered valueless) as a result of foreclosure by the mortgagee(s). A foreclosure may also have substantial adverse tax consequences for us.

Many of these same issues also apply to credit facilities which are expected to be in place at various times as well. For example, the loan documents for such facilities may include various coverage ratios, the continued compliance with which may not be completely within our control. If such coverage ratios are not met, the lenders under such credit facilities may declare any unfunded commitments to be terminated and declare any amounts outstanding to be due and payable.

Although borrowings by us have the potential to enhance overall returns that exceed our cost of funds, they will further diminish returns (or increase losses on capital) to the extent overall returns are less than our cost of funds. As a result, the possibilities of profit and loss are increased. Borrowing money to purchase properties provides us with the advantages of leverage, but exposes us to greater market risks and higher current expenses.

If we draw on a line of credit to fund repurchases or for any other reason, our financial leverage ratio could increase beyond our target.

We may seek to obtain a line of credit in an effort to provide for a ready source of liquidity for any business purpose, including to fund repurchases of shares of our common stock in the event that repurchase requests exceed our operating cash flow and net proceeds from our continuous offering. There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain a line of credit on financially reasonable terms. In addition, we may not be able to obtain a line of credit of an appropriate size for our business until such time as we have a substantial portfolio, or at all. If we borrow under a line of credit to fund repurchases of shares of our common stock, our financial leverage will increase and may exceed our target leverage ratio. Our leverage may remain at the higher level until we receive additional net proceeds from our continuous offering or generate sufficient operating cash flow or proceeds from asset sales to repay outstanding indebtedness. We may utilize a line of credit for the benefit of Other Starwood Accounts which may invest alongside us in one or more investments. In such circumstances, we generally intend to disclose such arrangements as part of our reporting and enter into arrangements to cause any Other Starwood Accounts to bear (or reimburse us for) their pro rata share of any costs and expenses (including interest payments) allocable to such extensions of credit.

Increases in interest rates could increase the amount of our loan payments and adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Interest we pay on our loan obligations will reduce cash available for distributions. If we obtain variable rate loans, increases in interest rates would increase our interest costs, which would reduce our cash flows and our ability to make distributions to you. In addition, if we need to repay existing loans during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments.

Volatility in the financial markets and challenging economic conditions could adversely affect our ability to secure debt financing on attractive terms and our ability to service any future indebtedness that we may incur.

The volatility of the global credit markets has made it more difficult for financial sponsors like Starwood Capital to obtain favorable financing for investments. A widening of credit spreads, coupled with the extreme volatility

 

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of the global debt markets and a rise in interest rates, has dramatically reduced investor demand for high yield debt and senior bank debt, which in turn has led some investment banks and other lenders to be unwilling to finance new investments or to only offer committed financing for these investments on unattractive terms. If the overall cost of borrowing increases, either by increases in the index rates or by increases in lender spreads, the increased costs may result in future acquisitions generating lower overall economic returns and potentially reducing future cash flow available for distribution. Disruptions in the debt markets negatively impact our ability to borrow monies to finance the purchase of, or other activities related to, real estate assets. If we are unable to borrow monies on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, we likely will have to reduce the number of properties we can purchase, and the return on the properties we do purchase may be lower. In addition, we may find it difficult, costly or impossible to refinance indebtedness that is maturing. Moreover, to the extent that such marketplace events are not temporary and continue, they may have an adverse impact on the availability of credit to businesses generally and could lead to an overall weakening of the U.S. economy.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

When providing financing, a lender may impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to obtain additional loans. Loan documents we enter into may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage or dispose of the property or discontinue insurance coverage. In addition, loan documents may limit our ability to enter into or terminate certain operating or lease agreements related to the property. These or other limitations may adversely affect our flexibility and our ability to make distributions to you and the value of your investment.

If we enter into financing arrangements involving balloon payment obligations, it may adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Some of our financing arrangements may require us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. Our ability to make a balloon payment is uncertain and may depend upon our ability to obtain replacement financing or our ability to sell particular properties. At the time the balloon payment is due, we may or may not be able to refinance the balloon payment on terms as favorable as the original loan or sell the particular property at a price sufficient to make the balloon payment. Such a refinancing would be dependent upon interest rates and lenders’ policies at the time of refinancing, economic conditions in general and the value of the underlying properties in particular. The effect of a refinancing or sale could affect the rate of return to stockholders and the projected time of disposition of our assets.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Subject to any limitations required to maintain qualification as a REIT, we may seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility by using interest rate hedging arrangements, such as interest rate cap or collar agreements and interest rate swap agreements. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements and that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes. These interest rate hedging arrangements may create additional assets or liabilities from time to time that may be held or liquidated separately from the underlying property or loan for which they were originally established. Hedging may reduce the overall returns on our investments. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 

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Risks Related to our Relationship with the Advisor and the Dealer Manager

We depend on the Advisor to select our investments and otherwise conduct our business, and any material adverse change in its financial condition or our relationship with the Advisor could have a material adverse effect on our business and ability to achieve our investment objectives.

Our success is dependent upon our relationship with, and the performance of, the Advisor in the acquisition and management of our real estate portfolio and our corporate operations. The Advisor may suffer or become distracted by adverse financial or operational problems in connection with Starwood Capital’s business and activities unrelated to us and over which we have no control. Should the Advisor fail to allocate sufficient resources to perform its responsibilities to us for any reason, we may be unable to achieve our investment objectives or to pay distributions to our stockholders.

The termination or replacement of the Advisor could trigger a repayment event under our mortgage loans for some of our properties and the credit agreement governing any line of credit we obtain.

Lenders for certain of our properties may request provisions in the mortgage loan documentation that would make the termination or replacement of the Advisor an event requiring the immediate repayment of the full outstanding balance of the loan. If we elect to obtain a line of credit and are able to do so, the termination or replacement of the Advisor could trigger repayment of outstanding amounts under the credit agreement governing our line of credit. If a repayment event occurs with respect to any of our properties, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

The Advisor’s inability to retain the services of key real estate professionals could hurt our performance.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of certain key real estate professionals employed by the Advisor, each of whom would be difficult to replace. There is ever-increasing competition among alternative asset firms, financial institutions, private equity firms, investment advisors, investment managers, real estate investment companies, REITs and other industry participants for hiring and retaining qualified investment professionals and there can be no assurance that such professionals will continue to be associated with us or the Advisor, particularly in light of our perpetual-life nature, or that replacements will perform well. Neither we nor the Advisor have employment agreements with these individuals and they may not remain associated with us. If any of these persons were to cease their association with us, our operating results could suffer. Our future success depends, in large part, upon the Advisor’s ability to attract and retain highly skilled managerial, operational and marketing professionals. If the Advisor loses or is unable to obtain the services of highly skilled professionals, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered.

The success of this offering is dependent, in part, on the ability of the Dealer Manager to retain key employees and to successfully build and maintain a network of licensed broker-dealers.

The dealer manager for this offering is Starwood Capital, L.L.C. The success of this offering and our ability to implement our business strategy is dependent upon the ability of our Dealer Manager to retain key employees and to build and maintain a network of licensed securities broker-dealers and other agents. If the Dealer Manager is unable to retain qualified employees or build and maintain a sufficient network of participating broker-dealers to distribute shares in this offering, we may not be able to raise adequate proceeds through this offering to implement our investment strategy. In addition, the Dealer Manager may serve as dealer manager for other issuers. As a result, the Dealer Manager may experience conflicts of interest in allocating its time between this offering and such other issuers, which could adversely affect our ability to raise adequate proceeds through this offering and implement our investment strategy. Further, the participating broker-dealers retained by the Dealer Manager may have numerous competing investment products, some with similar or identical investment strategies and areas of focus as us, which they may elect to emphasize to their retail clients.

 

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You will not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review of us by the Dealer Manager in connection with this offering.

Because the Advisor and the Dealer Manager are affiliates of Starwood Capital, you will not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review and investigation of the type normally performed by an unaffiliated, independent underwriter and its counsel in connection with a securities offering. Accordingly, unless your financial advisor is affiliated with a broker-dealer that conducts an independent due diligence review and investigation of the terms of this offering, you will not have the benefit of such a review.

The fees we pay in connection with this offering and the agreements entered into with Starwood Capital and its affiliates were not determined on an arm’s-length basis and therefore may not be on the same terms we could achieve from a third party.

The compensation paid to the Advisor, Dealer Manager and other Starwood Capital affiliates for services they provide us was not determined on an arm’s-length basis. All service agreements, contracts or arrangements between or among Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor and us, were not negotiated at arm’s-length. Such agreements include our Advisory Agreement, the Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement, our dealer manager agreement (the “Dealer Manager Agreement”), and any property management and other agreements we may enter into with Starwood Capital affiliates from time to time.

We do not own the “Starwood” name, but we may use it as part of our corporate name pursuant to a trademark license agreement with an affiliate of our sponsor. Use of the name by other parties or the termination of our trademark license agreement may harm our business.

We have entered into a trademark license agreement (“Trademark License Agreement”) with an affiliate of our sponsor pursuant to which it has granted us a fully paid-up, royalty-free, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to use the name “Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.” Under this agreement, we have a right to use this name for so long as the Advisor (or another affiliate of Starwood Capital) serves as our advisor (or another advisory entity) and the Advisor remains an affiliate of Starwood Capital under the Trademark License Agreement. The Trademark License Agreement may also be earlier terminated by either party as a result of certain breaches or for convenience upon 90 days’ prior written notice, provided that upon notification of such termination by us, Starwood Capital may elect to effect termination of the Trademark License Agreement immediately at any time after 30 days from the date of such notification. Starwood Capital and its affiliates will retain the right to continue using the “Starwood” name. We will further be unable to preclude Starwood Capital from licensing or transferring the ownership of the “Starwood” name to third parties, some of whom may compete with us. Consequently, we will be unable to prevent any damage to goodwill that may occur as a result of the activities of Starwood Capital or others. Furthermore, in the event that the Trademark License Agreement is terminated, we will be required to, among other things, change our name. Any of these events could disrupt our recognition in the market place, damage any goodwill we may have generated and otherwise harm our business.

Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

Various potential and actual conflicts of interest will arise, and these conflicts may not be identified or resolved in a manner favorable to us.

Various potential and actual conflicts of interest will arise as a result of our overall investment activities and the overall investment activities of Starwood Capital, the Dealer Manager, the Advisor and their affiliates. The following risk factors enumerate certain but not all potential conflicts of interest that should be carefully evaluated before making an investment in us. Starwood Capital and Starwood Capital personnel may in the future engage in further activities that may result in additional conflicts of interest not addressed below. If any matter arises that we and our affiliates (including the Advisor) determine in our good faith judgment constitutes an actual conflict of interest, we and our affiliates (including the Advisor) may take such action as we determine in

 

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good faith may be necessary or appropriate to ameliorate the conflict. Transactions between us and Starwood Capital or its affiliates will require approval by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors. There can be no assurance that our board of directors or Starwood Capital will identify or resolve all conflicts of interest in a manner that is favorable to us.

The Advisor will face a conflict of interest because the fees it will receive for services performed are based in part on our NAV, which the Advisor is ultimately responsible for determining.

The Advisor will be paid a management fee for its services based on our NAV, which will be calculated by [            ], our fund administrator, based on valuations provided by the Advisor. In addition, the distributions to be received by the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership will be based in part upon the Operating Partnership’s net assets (which is a component of our NAV). The calculation of our NAV includes certain subjective judgments with respect to estimating, for example, the value of our portfolio and our accrued expenses, net portfolio income and liabilities, and therefore, our NAV may not correspond to realizable value upon a sale of those assets. The Advisor may benefit by us retaining ownership of our assets at times when our stockholders may be better served by the sale or disposition of our assets in order to avoid a reduction in our NAV. If our NAV is calculated in a way that is not reflective of our actual NAV, then the purchase price of shares of our common stock or the price paid for the repurchase of your shares of common stock on a given date may not accurately reflect the value of our portfolio, and your shares may be worth less than the purchase price or more than the repurchase price.

The Advisor’s management fee and the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest may not create proper incentives or may induce the Advisor and its affiliates to make certain investments, including speculative investments that increase the risk of our real estate portfolio.

We will pay the Advisor a management fee regardless of the performance of our portfolio. The Advisor’s entitlement to a management fee, which is not based upon performance metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. We may be required to pay the Advisor a management fee in a particular period despite experiencing a net loss or a decline in the value of our portfolio during that period.

The existence of the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest in our Operating Partnership, which is based on our total distributions plus the change in NAV per share, may create an incentive for the Advisor to make riskier or more speculative investments on our behalf than it would otherwise make in the absence of such performance-based compensation. In addition, the change in NAV per share will be based on the value of our investments on the applicable measurement dates and not on realized gains or losses. As a result, the performance participation interest may receive distributions based on unrealized gains in certain assets at the time of such distributions and such gains may not be realized when those assets are eventually disposed of.

Because the management fee and performance participation are based on our NAV, the Advisor may also be motivated to accelerate acquisitions in order to increase NAV or, similarly, delay or curtail repurchases to maintain a higher NAV, which would, in each case, increase amounts payable to the Advisor and the Special Limited Partner.

Starwood Capital personnel work on other projects and conflicts may arise in the allocation of personnel between us and other projects.

The Advisor and its affiliates will devote such time as shall be necessary to conduct our business affairs in an appropriate manner. However, a core group of real estate professionals will devote substantially all of their business time not only to our activities but also to the activities of several other investment vehicles and any successor funds thereto (and their respective investments) and their related entities (which may include separate accounts, dedicated managed accounts and investment funds formed for specific geographical areas or

 

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investments). Consequently, conflicts are expected to arise in the allocation of personnel, and we may not receive the level of support and assistance that we otherwise might receive if we were internally managed. The Advisor and its affiliates are not restricted from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities.

Starwood Capital has implemented policies and procedures to address conflicts of interest across its various businesses, and these policies and procedures may reduce the synergies that we expect to draw on or otherwise reduce the opportunities available to us.

Starwood Capital and its affiliates are involved in a number of other businesses and activities, which may result in conflicts of interest or other obligations that are disadvantageous to us. Specified policies and procedures implemented by Starwood Capital to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions will from time to time reduce the synergies across Starwood Capital’s various businesses that we expect to draw on for purposes of pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because Starwood Capital has many different asset management businesses, including a capital markets group, it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and subject to more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would otherwise be subject if it had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements across its various businesses, Starwood has implemented certain policies and procedures (e.g., information walls) that reduce the positive synergies that we expect to utilize for purposes of finding attractive investments. For example, Starwood Capital will from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information with respect to companies in which its private equity business may be considering making an investment or companies that are clients of Starwood Capital. As a consequence, that information, which could be of benefit to us, might become restricted to those respective businesses and otherwise be unavailable to us. In addition, to the extent that Starwood Capital is in possession of material, non-public information or is otherwise restricted from trading in certain securities, we and the Advisor, as part of Starwood Capital, generally also will be deemed to be in possession of such information or otherwise restricted. This could reduce the investment opportunities available to us, prevent us from exiting an investment or otherwise limit our investment flexibility. Additionally, the terms of confidentiality or other agreements with or related to companies in which any Starwood Capital fund has or has considered making an investment or which is otherwise a client of Starwood Capital will from time to time restrict or otherwise limit our ability to make investments in or otherwise engage in businesses or activities competitive with such companies. Starwood Capital may enter into one or more strategic relationships, in certain regions or with respect to certain types of investments that, although intended to provide greater opportunities for us, may require us to share such opportunities or otherwise limit the amount of an opportunity we can otherwise take.

Starwood Capital and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including a broad range of activities relating to investments in the real estate industry, and have invested or committed billions of dollars in capital through various investment funds, managed accounts and other vehicles affiliated with Starwood Capital. In the ordinary course of their business activities, Starwood Capital and its affiliates may engage in activities where the interests of certain divisions of Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor, or the interests of their clients may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. Certain of these divisions and entities affiliated with the Advisor have or may have an investment strategy similar to ours and therefore may engage in competing activities with us. In particular, various Starwood Capital opportunistic and substantially stabilized real estate funds and other investment vehicles seek to invest in a broad range of real estate investments.

As part of its regular business, Starwood Capital provides a broad range of investment advisory and other businesses, which include the delivery of property management services in connection with hotel, retail and multifamily properties. In addition, Starwood Capital and its affiliates may provide services in the future beyond those currently provided. Our stockholders will not receive a benefit from the services provided to other investment vehicles or share in any of the fees generated by the provision of such services. Starwood Capital may have relationships with, render services to or engage in transactions with government agencies or issuers or

 

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owners of securities that are, or are eligible to be, our investment opportunities. As a result, employees of Starwood Capital may possess information relating to such issuers that is not known to our employees or the Advisor’s employees responsible for making investment decisions or for monitoring our investments and performing the other obligations under the Advisory Agreement. Those employees of Starwood Capital will not be obligated to share any such information with us or the Advisor and may be prohibited by law or contract from doing so.

In the regular course of its investment advisory business, Starwood Capital represents potential purchasers, sellers and other involved parties, including corporations, financial buyers, management, shareholders and institutions, with respect to assets that are suitable for investment by us. In such a case, Starwood Capital’s client would typically require Starwood Capital to act exclusively on its behalf, thereby precluding us from acquiring such assets. Starwood Capital will be under no obligation to decline any such engagements in order to make the investment opportunity available to us. In connection with its investment banking, capital markets, real estate advisory and other businesses, Starwood Capital may determine that there are conflicts of interest or come into possession of information that limits its ability to engage in potential real estate-related transactions. Our activities may be constrained as a result of these conflicts of interests and Starwood Capital personnel’s inability to use such information. For example, employees of Starwood Capital may be prohibited by law or contract from sharing information with Starwood Capital. Additionally, there may be circumstances in which one or more individuals associated with Starwood Capital will be precluded from providing services related to our activities because of certain confidential information available to those individuals or to other parts of Starwood Capital. In certain sell-side and fundraising assignments, the seller may permit us to act as a participant in such transactions, which would raise certain conflicts of interest inherent in such a situation (including as to the negotiation of the purchase price).

Starwood Capital has long-term relationships with a significant number of corporations and their senior management. In determining whether to invest in a particular transaction on our behalf, the Advisor will consider those relationships, which may result in certain transactions that the Advisor will not undertake on our behalf in view of such relationships. We may also co-invest with clients of Starwood Capital in particular properties, and the relationship with such clients could influence the decisions made by the Advisor with respect to such investments. Starwood Capital is under no obligation to decline any engagements or investments in order to make an investment opportunity available to us. We may be forced to sell or hold existing investments as a result of investment banking relationships or other relationships that Starwood Capital may have or transactions or investments Starwood Capital and its affiliates may make or have made. We may also co-invest with such clients of Starwood Capital in particular properties and the relationship with such clients could influence the decisions made by the Advisor with respect to such investments. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that all potentially suitable investment opportunities that come to the attention of Starwood Capital will be made available to us. See “—To the extent that Other Starwood Accounts have similar investment objectives, we may not be allocated certain opportunities or may share in certain opportunities in which lower relative returns may be allocated to us” below.

Starwood Capital may from time to time participate in underwriting or lending syndicates with respect to us or our subsidiaries or Other Starwood Accounts, or may otherwise be involved in the public offering or private placement of debt or equity securities issued by, or loan proceeds borrowed by us, or our subsidiaries. Such underwritings may be on a firm commitment basis or may be on an uncommitted “best efforts” basis. A Starwood Capital broker-dealer may act as the managing underwriter or a member of the underwriting syndicate and purchase securities from us or our subsidiaries. Starwood Capital may also, on our behalf or on behalf of other parties to a transaction involving us, effect transactions, including transactions in the secondary markets where it may nonetheless have a potential conflict of interest regarding us and the other parties to those transactions to the extent it receives commissions or other compensation from us and such other parties. Subject to applicable law, Starwood Capital may receive underwriting fees, discounts, placement commissions, loan modification or restructuring fees, servicing (including loan servicing) fees, advisory fees, lending arrangement, consulting, monitoring, commitment, syndication, origination, organizational, financing and divestment fees (or,

 

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in each case, rebates of any such fees, whether in the form of purchase price discounts or otherwise, even in cases where Starwood Capital or an Other Starwood Account or vehicle is purchasing debt) or other compensation with respect to the foregoing activities, which are not required to be shared with us or our stockholders. Starwood Capital may nonetheless have a potential conflict of interest regarding us and the other parties to those transactions to the extent it receives commissions, discounts, fees or such other compensation from such other parties. Our independent directors will approve any transactions in which a Starwood Capital broker-dealer acts as an underwriter, as broker for us, or as dealer, broker or advisor, on the other side of a transaction with us only where such directors believe in good faith that such transactions are appropriate for us, and our stockholders, by executing a Subscription Agreement for our shares, consent to all such transactions, along with the other transactions involving conflicts of interest described herein, to the fullest extent permitted by law. Sales of securities for our account (particularly marketable securities) may be bunched or aggregated with orders for other accounts of Starwood Capital. It is frequently not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities sold, and the various prices may be averaged, which may be disadvantageous to us. Where Starwood Capital serves as underwriter with respect to securities held by us or any of our subsidiaries, we may be subject to a “lock-up” period following the offering under applicable regulations during which time our ability to sell any securities that we continue to hold is restricted. This may prejudice our ability to dispose of such securities at an opportune time.

Present and future activities of Starwood Capital and its affiliates (including the Advisor and the Dealer Manager) may also give rise to additional conflicts of interest relating to us and our investment activities. In the event that any such conflict of interest arises, we will attempt to resolve such conflicts in a fair and equitable manner. Investors should be aware that conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of our interests.

Starwood engages various advisors and operating partners who may co-invest alongside us, and there can be no assurance that such advisors and operating partners will continue to serve in such roles.

Starwood Capital engages and retains strategic advisors, consultants, senior advisors, executive advisors and other similar professionals who are not employees or affiliates of Starwood Capital and who may, from time to time, receive payments from, or allocations with respect to, portfolio entities (as well as from Starwood Capital or us). In such circumstances, such payments from, or allocations with respect to, us and our underlying assets will not, even if they have the effect of reducing any retainers or minimum amounts otherwise payable by Starwood Capital, be deemed paid to or received by Starwood Capital. These strategic advisors, senior advisors, consultants, executive advisors or other professionals may have the right or may be offered the ability to co-invest alongside us, including in those investments in which they are involved, or otherwise participate in equity plans for management of any such portfolio entity, which may have the effect of reducing the amount invested by us in any property. Additionally, and notwithstanding the foregoing, these senior advisors, consultants and other professionals as well as current and former chief executive officers of Starwood Capital portfolio entities, may be (or have the preferred right to be) investors in various Starwood Capital portfolio entities or Other Starwood Accounts. The nature of the relationship with each of the strategic advisors, consultants, executive advisors and other professionals and the amount of time devoted or required to be devoted by them varies considerably. In certain cases, they provide the Dealer Manager and the Advisor with industry-specific insights and feedback on investment themes, assist in transaction due diligence, make introductions to and provide reference checks on management teams. In other cases, they may take on more extensive roles and serve as executives or directors on the boards of various entities or contribute to the origination of new investment opportunities. In certain instances Starwood Capital may have formal arrangements with these senior advisors, executive advisors, consultants, management teams for operating platforms or other professionals (which may or may not be terminable upon notice by any party), and in other cases the relationships may be more informal. They may be compensated (including pursuant to retainers and expense reimbursement) from Starwood Capital, us or portfolio properties or otherwise uncompensated unless and until an engagement with a portfolio property develops. In certain cases, they have certain attributes of Starwood Capital “employees” (e.g., they may have dedicated offices at Starwood Capital, have a Starwood Capital email address, participate in general meetings and events for Starwood Capital personnel, work on Starwood Capital matters as their primary or sole business activity) even though they are not

 

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considered Starwood Capital employees, affiliates or personnel for purposes of the Dealer Manager Agreement, Advisory Agreement or the Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement. There can be no assurance that any of the senior advisors, consultants and other professionals will continue to serve in such roles or continue their arrangements with Starwood Capital, us and any portfolio properties.

We may purchase assets from or sell assets to the Advisor and its affiliates, and such transactions may cause conflicts of interest.

We may purchase assets from or sell assets to the Advisor and its affiliates or their clients. These purchases and sales may cause conflicts of interest, including with respect to the consideration offered and the obligations of such affiliates. The purchases and sales referred to in this paragraph will be subject to the approval of a majority of directors (including a majority of our independent directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction.

Certain Other Starwood Accounts have similar or overlapping investment objectives and guidelines, and we will not be allocated certain opportunities and may be allocated only opportunities with lower relative returns.

Through Other Starwood Accounts, Starwood Capital currently invests and plans to continue to invest third-party capital in a wide variety of investment opportunities in the United States and globally. There will be overlap of real property, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts. See “—Starwood Capital may raise or manage Other Starwood Accounts which could result in the reallocation of Starwood Capital personnel and the direction of potential investments to such Other Starwood Accounts” below. This overlap will from time to time create conflicts of interest. Additionally, in certain circumstances investment opportunities suitable for us will not be presented to us and there will be one or more investment opportunities where our participation is restricted.

With respect to Other Starwood Accounts with investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with ours but that do not have priority over us, investment opportunities will be allocated among us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures on a basis that the Advisor and its affiliates believe to be fair and reasonable in their sole discretion, which will either be rotational or pro rata based on relative available capital, subject to the following considerations: (i) any applicable investment objectives of ours and such other Starwood Accounts (which, for us, includes our primary objective of providing current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield); (ii) the sourcing of the transaction; (iii) the size and nature of the investment; (iv) the relative amounts of capital available for investment by us and such Other Starwood Accounts; (v) the sector, geography/location, expected return profile, expected distribution rates, anticipated cash flows, expected stability or volatility of cash flows, leverage profile, risk profile, and other features of the applicable investment opportunity and its impact on portfolio concentration and diversification; (vi) avoiding allocation that could result in de minimis or odd-lot investments; (vii) any structural and operational differences between us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any applicable investment limitations (including, without limitation, exposure limits, hedging limits and diversification considerations) of us and such Other Starwood Accounts, investment limitations, parameters or contractual provisions of ours and such Other Starwood Accounts; (viii) the eligibility of us and such Other Starwood Accounts to make such investment under applicable laws; (ix) any other applicable tax, accounting, legal, regulatory compliance or operational considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor and its affiliates (including, without limitation, maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act) (e.g., joint venture investments between us and an Other Starwood Account must be on the same terms and satisfy the restrictions of all participants, such as lowest leverage targeted by any participant); and (x) any other requirements contained in the corporate governance documents of us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any other considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates in good faith. Our board of directors (including our independent directors) has the duty to ensure that the allocation methodology described above is applied fairly to us.

 

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Currently, one Other Starwood Account invests in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States, although its portfolio is currently limited to four shopping malls in the United States and it has completed its investment activity. However, in the event that such Other Starwood Account were to resume investment activity, to the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above (including maintaining our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act).

Additionally, one Other Starwood Account, a separate account of approximately $300 million, invests primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States and Western Europe. This Other Starwood Account’s portfolio currently consists of one hotel property in the United States. To the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above; provided, however, that such Other Starwood Account generally will not participate in co-investments. As of [        ] 2017, the foregoing Other Starwood Account had approximately $[        ] of unused capital commitments.

Furthermore, one Other Starwood Account, Starwood Property Trust, focuses primarily on originating, acquiring, financing and managing commercial mortgage loans, other commercial real estate debt investments and CMBS in both the United States and Europe. Starwood Property Trust has priority over us with respect to real estate-related debt investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer real estate-related debt investment opportunities being made available to us.

In addition, in its property segment, Starwood Property Trust acquires (i) commercial properties subject to net leases and other similar equity investments that have the characteristics of real estate debt investments, or “debt-like equity investments” and (ii) equity interests in stabilized commercial real estate properties. As of March 31, 2017, Starwood Property Trust’s portfolio consisted of approximately $11.3 billion of assets (including approximately $1.9 billion in owned real estate in its property segment). To the extent that Starwood Property Trust seeks to invest in real estate equity investments, (i) Starwood Property Trust will have a priority over us with respect to debt-like equity investments and (ii) any other real estate equity investments in which Starwood Property Trust may invest will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above.

One Other Starwood Account, SEREF, focuses on originating, executing and servicing commercial real estate loans for institutional investors throughout Europe. SEREF has priority over us with respect to debt investment opportunities related to European real estate. We do not expect to target the same commercial real estate loans as SEREF, but to the extent that we do, SEREF’s priority will result in fewer investment opportunities related to European real estate debt being made available to us.

Beyond the foregoing, Starwood Capital expects that its policies and procedures will provide priority (beginning as of [        ], 2017) to the European Hotel Account with respect to investments in high quality and predominately full-service hotel assets located in the United Kingdom and other European countries that fit a moderate return and risk profile. While the European Hotel Account will have priority over us with respect to investments in these types of European hotel assets, its ability to invest may be limited by its investment policies, available capital and need to maintain portfolio diversification and balance. As a consequence, European hotel investment opportunities will be allocated among us and Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with the allocation policy described above when such opportunities are not allocated to the European Hotel Account.

Finally, the Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts invest in “opportunistic” real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities globally (which often are under-managed assets and with higher potential for equity appreciation) and have priority over us with respect to such investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer investment opportunities being made available to us. Other than (i) the priority granted to Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts, (ii) the priority granted to Starwood Property Trust with respect to real estate-related debt and debt-like equity investments, (iii) the priority granted to SEREF with respect to debt investment

 

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opportunities related to European real estate and (iv) the priority to be granted to the European Hotel Account with respect to European hotel investments, no Other Starwood Accounts have priority over us with respect to investment opportunities. However, Starwood Capital may in the future grant priority to additional Other Starwood Accounts.

While the Advisor will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to the priority rights of the Starwood Property Trust and Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts described above) as required pursuant to our charter and the Advisory Agreement, the portfolio strategies employed by the Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates in managing the Other Starwood Accounts could conflict with the strategies employed by the Advisor in managing our business and may adversely affect the marketability, exit strategy, prices and availability of the properties, securities and instruments in which we invest. The Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates may also give advice to the Other Starwood Accounts that may differ from advice given to us even though their investment objectives or guidelines may be the same or similar to ours.

The amount of performance-based compensation charged and management fees paid by us may be less than or exceed the amount of performance-based compensation charged or management fees paid by Other Starwood Accounts. Such variation may create an incentive for Starwood Capital to allocate a greater percentage of an investment opportunity to us or such Other Starwood Accounts, as the case may be.

Our board of directors has adopted a resolution that renounces our interest or expectancy with respect to business opportunities and competitive activities.

Our board of directors has adopted a resolution that renounces our interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, business opportunities, and provides that none of Starwood Capital or its affiliates, our directors or any person our directors control must refrain from competing with us or present to us such business opportunities except under certain limited circumstances. Under this resolution Starwood Capital and its affiliates and our directors or any person our directors control would not be obligated to present to us opportunities unless those opportunities are expressly offered to such person in his or her capacity as a director or officer and intended exclusively for us or any of our subsidiaries, and those persons will be able to engage in competing activities without any restriction imposed as a result of Starwood Capital’s or its affiliates’ status as a stockholder or Starwood Capital’s affiliates’ status as our officers or directors.

We may co-invest with Starwood Capital affiliates in real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities and such investments may be in different parts of the capital structure of an issuer and may otherwise involve conflicts of interest. When we hold investments in which Other Starwood Accounts have a different principal investment, conflicts of interest may arise between us and Other Starwood Accounts, and the Advisor may take actions that are adverse to us.

We may co-invest with Other Starwood Accounts in investments that are suitable for both us and such Other Starwood Accounts. We and the Other Starwood Accounts may make or hold investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure, which may include us making one or more investments directly or indirectly relating to portfolio entities of Other Starwood Accounts and vice versa. To the extent we hold interests that are different (including with respect to their relative seniority) than those held by such Other Starwood Accounts, the Advisor and its affiliates may be presented with decisions when our interests and the interests of the Other Starwood Accounts are in conflict. In order to mitigate any such conflicts of interest, we may recuse ourselves from participating in any decisions relating or with respect to such securities held by such Other Starwood Accounts (notwithstanding that if such Other Starwood Accounts maintain voting rights with respect to the securities they hold) or, if we do not recuse ourselves, Starwood Capital may be required to take action where it will have conflicting loyalties between its duties to us and to such Other Starwood Accounts, which may adversely impact us.

Other Starwood Accounts may also participate in a separate tranche of a financing with respect to an issuer/borrower in which we have an interest or otherwise in different classes of such issuer’s securities. In connection

 

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with negotiating loans and bank financings in respect of our real estate-related transactions, from time to time Starwood Capital will obtain the right to participate on its own behalf in a portion of the financings with respect to such transactions. If we make or have an investment in a property in which an Other Starwood Account has a mezzanine or other debt investment, Starwood Capital may have conflicting loyalties between its duties to us and to other affiliates. Such investments may inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by such entities. To the extent we hold an equity interest or an interest in a loan or debt security that is different (including with respect to their relative seniority) than those held by such Other Starwood Accounts, the Advisor and its affiliates may have limited or no rights with respect to decisions when our interests and the interests of the Other Starwood Accounts are in conflict, and Starwood Capital may have conflicting loyalties between its duties to us and to other affiliates. In that regard, actions may be taken for the Other Starwood Accounts that are adverse to us. There can be no assurance that any such conflict will be resolved in our favor and Starwood Capital may be required to take action where it will have conflicting loyalties between its duties to us and to Other Starwood Accounts, which may adversely impact us.

In addition, conflicts may arise in determining the amount of an investment, if any, to be allocated among potential investors and the respective terms thereof. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by the other affiliates participating in the transaction. In addition, it is possible that in a bankruptcy proceeding our interest may be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of such Other Starwood Accounts’ involvement and actions relating to its investment.

We may enter into joint ventures and other shared assets which will involve risks and conflicts of interests.

We and any Other Starwood Accounts may invest in shared assets typically through the formation of joint ventures that we and such fund control equally. Such joint venture investments will involve risks and conflicts of interests. See “—Risks Related Investments in Real Estate—We may make a substantial amount of joint venture investments, including with Starwood affiliates. Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on the financial condition of our joint venture partners and disputes between us and our joint venture partners.”

Starwood may structure certain investments such that Starwood will face conflicting fiduciary duties to us and certain debt funds.

It is expected that Starwood will structure certain investments such that one or more mezzanine or other investment funds, structured vehicles or other collective investment vehicles primarily investing in senior secured loans, distressed debt, subordinated debt, high-yield securities, CMBS and other similar debt instruments managed by affiliates of Starwood Capital (collectively, “Debt Funds”) are offered the opportunity to participate in the debt tranche of an investment allocated to us. The Advisor and its affiliates owe fiduciary duties to the Debt Funds as well as to us. If the Debt Funds purchase high-yield securities or other debt instruments related to a property or real estate company that we hold an investment in (or if we make or have an investment in or, through the purchase of debt obligations become a lender to, a company or property in which a Debt Fund or an Other Starwood Account or another Starwood Capital real estate fund or vehicle has a mezzanine or other debt investment), the Advisor and its affiliates will face a conflict of interest in respect of the advice given to, or the decisions made with regard to, the Debt Funds, such Other Starwood Accounts and us (e.g., with respect to the terms of such high-yield securities or other debt instruments, the enforcement of covenants, the terms of recapitalizations and the resolution of workouts or bankruptcies).

Starwood Capital may raise or manage Other Starwood Accounts which could result in the reallocation of Starwood Capital personnel and the direction of potential investments to such Other Starwood Accounts.

Starwood Capital reserves the right to raise and manage Other Starwood Accounts, including opportunistic and stabilized and substantially stabilized real estate funds or separate accounts, dedicated managed accounts,

 

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investments suitable for lower risk, lower return funds or higher risk, higher return funds, real estate debt obligation and trading investment vehicles, real estate funds primarily making investments in a single sector of the real estate investment space (e.g., office, industrial, retail or multifamily) or making non-controlling investments in public and private debt and equity securities or investment funds that may have the same or similar investment objectives or guidelines as us, investment funds formed for specific geographical areas or investments, including those raised by us and one or more managed accounts (or other similar arrangements structured through an entity) for the benefit of one or more specific investors (or related group of investors) which, in each case, may have investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with ours. See “—Certain Other Starwood Accounts have similar or overlapping investment objectives and guidelines, and we will not be allocated certain opportunities and may be allocated only opportunities with lower relative returns.” In particular, we expect that there will be overlap of real property, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts. The closing of an Other Starwood Account could result in the reallocation of Starwood Capital personnel, including reallocation of existing real estate professionals, to such Other Starwood Account. In addition, potential investments that may be suitable for us may be directed toward such Other Starwood Account.

Starwood Capital’s potential involvement in financing a third party’s purchase of assets from us could lead to potential or actual conflicts of interest.

We may from time to time dispose of all or a portion of an investment by way of a third-party purchaser’s bid where Starwood Capital or one or more Other Starwood Accounts is providing financing as part of such bid or acquisition of the investment or underlying assets thereof. This may include the circumstance where Starwood Capital or one or more Other Starwood Accounts is making commitments to provide financing at or prior to the time such third-party purchaser commits to purchase such investments or assets from us. Such involvement of Starwood Capital or one or more Other Starwood Accounts as such a provider of debt financing in connection with the potential acquisition of portfolio investments by third parties from us may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest.

Disputes between Starwood Capital and our joint venture partners who have pre-existing investments with Starwood Capital may affect our investments relating thereto.

Some of the third-party operators and joint-venture partners with which the Advisor may elect to co-invest our capital may have pre-existing investments with Starwood Capital. The terms of these preexisting investments may differ from the terms upon which we invest with such operators and partners. To the extent a dispute arises between Starwood Capital and such operators and partners, our investments relating thereto may be affected.

Certain principals and employees may be involved in and have a greater financial interest in the performance of other Starwood Capital funds or accounts, and such activities may create conflicts of interest in making investment decisions on our behalf.

Certain of the principals and employees of the Advisor and the Dealer Manager may be subject to a variety of conflicts of interest relating to their responsibilities to us and the management of our real estate portfolio. Such individuals may serve in an advisory capacity to other managed accounts or investment vehicles, as members of an investment or advisory committee or a board of directors (or similar such capacity) for one or more investment funds, corporations, foundations or other organizations. Such positions may create a conflict between the services and advice provided to such entities and the responsibilities owed to us. The other managed accounts and investment funds in which such individuals may become involved may have investment objectives that overlap with ours. Furthermore, certain principals and employees of the Advisor may have a greater financial interest in the performance of such other funds or accounts than our performance. Such involvement may create conflicts of interest in making investments on our behalf and such other funds and accounts. Such principals and employees will seek to limit any such conflicts in a manner that is in accordance with their fiduciary duties to us and such organizations.

 

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The Advisor may face conflicts of interests in choosing our service providers and certain service providers may provide services to the Dealer Manager, the Advisor or Starwood Capital on more favorable terms than those payable by us.

Certain advisors and other service providers or their affiliates (including accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, title agents, property managers and investment or commercial banking firms) that provide goods or services to us, Starwood Capital or certain entities in which we have an investment may also provide goods or services to or have business, personal, financial or other relationships with Starwood Capital and its other businesses. Such advisors and service providers may be investors in us, affiliates of the Dealer Manager or the Advisor, sources of investment opportunities or co-investors or commercial counterparties or entities in which Starwood Capital or Other Starwood Accounts have an investment, and payments by us may indirectly benefit Starwood Capital or such Other Starwood Accounts. Additionally, certain employees of the Advisor may have family members or relatives employed by such advisors and service providers. The Advisor or its affiliates may also provide administrative services to us. These relationships may influence us, Starwood Capital and the Advisor in deciding whether to select or recommend such a service provider to perform services for us or a portfolio property (the cost of which will generally be borne directly or indirectly by us or such portfolio property, as applicable).

It is expected that certain Starwood Capital affiliates will also provide other services in respect of our investments from time to time, including, but not limited to, property management services, leasing services oversight and administrative corporate services. Employees of these affiliates may also receive performance-based compensation in respect of our investments. The fees and expenses of such Starwood Capital-affiliated service providers (and, if applicable, their employees) will be borne by our investments and there will be no related offset to the management fee we pay to the Advisor. While Starwood Capital believes that any such affiliated service providers, when engaged, generally provide (or will provide) services at rates equal to or better than those provided by third parties (even in jurisdictions where insurance rates are statutorily determined), there is an inherent conflict of interest that may incentivize Starwood Capital to engage its affiliated service provider over a third party.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, transactions relating to our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities that require the use of a service provider generally will be allocated to service providers on the basis of best execution, the evaluation of which includes, among other considerations, such service provider’s provision of certain investment-related services and research that the Advisor believes to be of benefit to us. Service providers or their affiliates often charge different rates or have different arrangements for different types of services. With respect to service providers, for example, the fee for a given type of work may vary depending on the complexity of the matter as well as the expertise required and demands placed on the service provider. Therefore, to the extent the types of services used by us are different from those used by Starwood Capital and its affiliates, the Advisor or its affiliates may pay different amounts or rates than those paid by us. However, the Advisor and its affiliates have a longstanding practice of not entering into any arrangements with service providers that could provide for lower rates or discounts than those available to us, or other Starwood Capital investment vehicles for the same services.

The Advisor may face conflicts of interest related to tenants.

Certain properties owned by us or an Other Starwood Account may be leased out to tenants that are affiliates of Starwood Capital, including but not limited to Other Starwood Accounts and their respective portfolio companies, which would give rise to a conflict of interest. In such events, the Advisor will endeavor to ensure that such conflicts are resolved in a fair and equitable manner, subject to applicable oversight of our board of directors.

 

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The personnel of the Dealer Manager and the Advisor may trade in securities for their own accounts, subject to restrictions applicable to Starwood Capital personnel.

The officers, directors, members, managers and employees of the Dealer Manager and the Advisor may trade in securities for their own accounts, subject to restrictions and reporting requirements as may be required by law and Starwood Capital policies, or otherwise determined from time to time by the Dealer Manager or the Advisor.

We expect to have a diverse stockholder group and the interests of our stockholders may conflict with one another and may conflict with the interests of investors in other vehicles that we co-invest with.

Our stockholders may have conflicting investment, tax and other interests with respect to their investments in us and with respect to the interests of investors in other investment vehicles managed or advised by the Advisor or its affiliates that may participate in the same investments as us. The conflicting interests of individual stockholders with respect to other stockholders and relative to investors in other investment vehicles may relate to or arise from, among other things, the nature of investments made by us and such other vehicles, the structuring or the acquisition of investments and the timing of disposition of investments and such other vehicles. As a consequence, conflicts of interest may arise in connection with decisions made by the Advisor, including with respect to the nature or structuring of investments, which may be more beneficial for one stockholder than for another stockholder, especially with respect to stockholders’ individual tax situations. In addition, we may make investments that may have a negative impact on related investments made by the stockholders in separate transactions. In selecting and structuring investments appropriate for us, the Advisor considers the investment and tax objectives of us (including our qualification as a REIT) and our stockholders (and those of investors in other investment vehicles managed or advised by the Advisor or its affiliate) as a whole, not the investment, tax or other objectives of any stockholders individually.

Risks Related to our REIT Status and Certain Other Tax Items

If we do not qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax as a regular corporation and could face a substantial tax liability.

We expect to operate so as to qualify as a REIT under the Code. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or administrative interpretations exist. Notwithstanding the availability of cure provisions in the Code, various compliance requirements could be failed and could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:

 

    we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which under current laws would result in, among other things, being subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates without being able to deduct dividends distributed to stockholders in computing taxable income;

 

    any resulting tax liability could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our book value;

 

    unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be required to pay taxes, and thus, our cash available for distribution to stockholders would be reduced for each of the years during which we did not qualify as a REIT and for which we had taxable income; and

 

    we generally would not be eligible to requalify as a REIT for the subsequent four full taxable years.

To maintain our REIT status, we may have to borrow funds on a short-term basis during unfavorable market conditions.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gains. We will be

 

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subject to regular corporate income taxes on any undistributed REIT taxable income each year, including net capital gains. Additionally, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from previous years. Payments we make to our stockholders under our share repurchase plan will not be taken into account for purposes of these distribution requirements. If we do not have sufficient cash to make distributions necessary to preserve our REIT status for any year or to avoid taxation, we may be forced to borrow funds or sell assets even if the market conditions at that time are not favorable for borrowings or sales.

Compliance with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities, which may hinder or delay our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce your overall return.

To qualify as a REIT, we are required at all times to satisfy tests relating to, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the ownership of our stock and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. Compliance with the REIT requirements may impair our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits. For example, we may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution.

Compliance with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of our assets must consist of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investments in securities (other than qualified real estate assets and government securities) generally cannot include more than 10% of the voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer unless we and such issuer jointly elect for such issuer to be treated as a “taxable REIT subsidiary” under the Code. Additionally, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 25% of the value of our assets may be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries (20% in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017) and no more than 25% of our assets may be represented by “nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.” If we fail to comply with these requirements, we must dispose of a portion of our assets within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter in order to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences. In order to satisfy these requirements, we may be forced to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

Our charter will not permit any person or group to own more than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock or of our outstanding capital stock of all classes or series, and attempts to acquire our common stock or our capital stock of all other classes or series in excess of these 9.8% limits would not be effective without an exemption from these limits by our board of directors.

In order to qualify as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year after the first year for which we elect to qualify as a REIT. Our charter will prohibit beneficial or constructive ownership by any person or group of more than a certain percentage, which is expected to be 9.8%, in value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our outstanding common stock or 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding capital stock of all classes or series, which we refer to as the “ownership limit.” The constructive ownership rules under the Code and our charter are complex and may cause shares of our stock owned by a group of related persons to be deemed to be constructively owned by one person. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of our common stock or our capital stock by a person could cause another person to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of the outstanding shares of our common stock or our capital stock, respectively, and thus violate the ownership limit. There can be no assurance that our board of directors, as permitted in the charter, will not decrease this ownership limit in the future. Any attempt to

 

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own or transfer shares of our common stock or capital stock in excess of the ownership limit without the consent of our board of directors will result either in the shares in excess of the limit being transferred by operation of the charter to a charitable trust, and the person who attempted to acquire such excess shares will not have any rights in such excess shares, or in the transfer being void.

The ownership limit may have the effect of precluding a change in control of us by a third party, even if such change in control would be in the best interests of our stockholders or would result in receipt of a premium to the price of our common stock (and even if such change in control would not reasonably jeopardize our REIT status). The exemptions to the ownership limit granted to date may limit our board of directors’ power to increase the ownership limit or grant further exemptions in the future.

Non-U.S. holders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax upon their receipt of certain distributions from us or upon their disposition of shares of our common stock.

In addition to any potential withholding tax on ordinary dividends, a non-U.S. holder (as such term is defined below under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock”), other than a “qualified shareholder” or a “qualified foreign pension fund,” that disposes of a “U.S. real property interest” (“USRPI”) (which includes shares of stock of a U.S. corporation whose assets consist principally of USRPIs), or that receives a distribution from a REIT that is attributable to gains from such a disposition, is generally subject to U.S. federal income tax under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, as amended (“FIRPTA”), on the gain from (or, in the case of a distribution, to the extent attributable to gains from) such disposition. Such tax does not apply, however, to the disposition of stock in a REIT that is “domestically controlled.” Generally, a REIT is domestically controlled if less than 50% of its stock, by value, has been owned directly or indirectly by non-U.S. persons during a continuous five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, during the entire period of the REIT’s existence. We cannot assure you that we will qualify as a domestically controlled REIT. If we were to fail to so qualify, amounts received by a non-U.S. holder on certain dispositions of shares of our common stock would be subject to tax under FIRPTA, unless (i) our shares of common stock were regularly traded on an established securities market and (ii) the non-U.S. holder did not, at any time during a specified testing period, hold more than 10% of our common stock. Furthermore, certain distributions by us may be subject to tax under FIRPTA unless the conditions in clauses (i) and (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence are satisfied, subject to certain exceptions. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock—Sales of Our Common Stock.”

Investments outside the United States may subject us to additional taxes and could present additional complications to our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

Non-U.S. investments may subject us to various non-U.S. tax liabilities, including withholding taxes. In addition, operating in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar and in environments in which real estate transactions are typically structured differently than they are in the United States or are subject to different legal rules may present complications to our ability to structure non-U.S. investments in a manner that enables us to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

We may incur tax liabilities that would reduce our cash available for distribution to you.

Even if we qualify and maintain our status as a REIT, we may become subject to U.S. federal income taxes and related state and local taxes. For example, net income from the sale of properties that are “dealer” properties sold by a REIT (a “prohibited transaction” under the Code) will be subject to a 100% tax. We may not make sufficient distributions to avoid income and excise taxes applicable to REITs. Similarly, if we were to fail either gross income test (and did not lose our REIT status because such failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect) we would be subject to tax on the income that does not meet the gross income test requirements. We also may decide to retain net capital gain we earn from the sale or other disposition of our investments and pay

 

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income tax directly on such income. In that event, our stockholders would be treated as if they earned that income and paid the tax on it directly. However, stockholders that are tax-exempt, such as charities or qualified pension plans, would have no benefit from their deemed payment of such tax liability unless they file U.S. federal income tax returns and thereon seek a refund of such tax. We also may be subject to state and local taxes on our income or property, including franchise, payroll, mortgage recording and transfer taxes, either directly or at the level of the other companies through which we indirectly own our assets, such as our taxable REIT subsidiaries, which are subject to full U.S. federal, state, local and foreign corporate-level income taxes. Any taxes we pay directly or indirectly will reduce our cash available for distribution to you.

Our board of directors is authorized to revoke our REIT election without stockholder approval, which may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

Our charter authorizes our board of directors to revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that changes to U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations or other considerations mean it is no longer in our best interests to qualify as a REIT. Our board of directors has fiduciary duties to us and our stockholders and could only cause such changes in our tax treatment if it determines in good faith that such changes are in our best interests and in the best interests of our stockholders. In this event, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income, and we would no longer be required to distribute most of our net income to our stockholders, which may cause a reduction in the total return to our stockholders.

You may have current tax liability on distributions you elect to reinvest in our common stock.

If you participate in our distribution reinvestment plan, you will be deemed to have received, and for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be taxed on, the amount reinvested in shares of our common stock to the extent the amount reinvested was not a tax-free return of capital. Therefore, unless you are a tax-exempt entity, you may be forced to use funds from other sources to pay your tax liability on the reinvested dividends.

Ordinary dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates.

The maximum tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income payable to certain non-corporate U.S. stockholders, including individuals, is currently 20%. Dividends paid by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause certain non-corporate investors to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends.

Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could adversely affect us or our stockholders.

Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could be enacted or promulgated at any time, either prospectively or with retroactive effect, and may adversely affect us or our stockholders.

President Trump, the House leadership and the Senate leadership all have expressed interest in passing comprehensive tax reform. While certain aspects of tax reform proposals have been described, proposed legislation has not yet been introduced in the House of Representatives or the Senate. None of the descriptions of tax reform proposals have specifically addressed the treatment of REITs. Moreover, there is not yet agreement between the President, the House leadership and the Senate leadership about the specifics of tax reform. Accordingly, there is no assurance that comprehensive tax reform (or other tax legislation) will be enacted, when any such legislation might be enacted, what specific measures will be included in any enacted tax legislation, or whether tax reform (or other legislation) would adversely affect us or our stockholders.

All of the tax reform proposals share a desire to reduce maximum corporate income tax rates and reform U.S. taxation of income earned outside the United States. Lower corporate rates would be at least partially paid for by

 

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reducing or eliminating various tax benefits. Given that the same tax benefits generally apply to businesses conducted through non-corporate structures, there is also pressure on reducing the tax rates applicable to non-corporate businesses.

Some of the tax benefits identified as possibly being eliminated or reduced include various tax benefits that have been important to the real estate industry, including REITs, such as possibly eliminating the like-kind exchange rules or the deduction of net interest expense. Loss of a deduction for net interest expense would substantially increase our REIT taxable income and, absent amendments to the REIT rules, our distribution obligations. In addition, it is possible that substantially reduced corporate tax rates or Senate interest in integrating taxation of stockholders and corporations could reduce or eliminate the relative attractiveness of REITs as a vehicle for owning real estate.

We urge you to consult with your own tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in shares of our common stock.

The failure of a mezzanine loan to qualify as a real estate asset could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.

We may acquire mezzanine loans. The IRS has provided a safe harbor, but not rules of substantive law, under which a mezzanine loan that meets certain requirements will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the REIT 75% gross income test. We may acquire mezzanine loans that do not meet all of the requirements of this safe harbor. In the event we own a mezzanine loan that does not meet the safe harbor, the IRS could challenge such loan’s treatment as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset and gross income tests and, if such a challenge were sustained, we could fail to qualify as a REIT.

If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership or is not otherwise disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT.

If the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation. In the event that this occurs, it would reduce the amount of distributions that our Operating Partnership could make to us. This would also result in our failing to qualify as a REIT and becoming subject to a corporate-level tax on our income, which would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the yield on your investment.

Our taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to special rules that may result in increased taxes.

We may conduct certain activities or invest in assets through one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary is a corporation other than a REIT in which a REIT directly or indirectly holds stock and that has made a joint election with such REIT to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Other than some activities relating to hotel and health care properties, a taxable REIT subsidiary may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to tenants of its parent REIT. A domestic taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to U.S. federal income tax as a regular C corporation.

No more than 25% (20% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017) of the value of a REIT’s total assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. This requirement limits the extent to which we can conduct our activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries. The values of some of our assets, including assets that we hold through taxable REIT subsidiaries, may not be subject to precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, if a REIT lends money to a taxable REIT subsidiary, the taxable REIT subsidiary may be unable to deduct all or a portion of the interest paid to the REIT, which could increase the tax liability of the taxable REIT subsidiary. In addition, as a REIT, we must pay a 100% penalty tax

 

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on certain payments that we receive if the economic arrangements between us and any of our taxable REIT subsidiaries are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties. We intend to structure transactions with any taxable REIT subsidiary on terms that we believe are arm’s length to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above: however, the IRS may successfully assert that the economic arrangements of any of our intercompany transactions are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties.

Investments outside the United States may subject us to additional taxes and could present additional complications to our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

Non-U.S. investments may subject us to various non-U.S. tax liabilities, including withholding taxes. In addition, operating in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar and in environments in which real estate transactions are typically structured differently than they are in the United States or are subject to different legal rules may present complications to our ability to structure non-U.S. investments in a manner that enables us to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.

The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, any income that we generate from hedging transactions will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% REIT gross income tests if: (i) the instrument (A) hedges interest rate risk or foreign currency exposure on liabilities used to carry or acquire real estate assets, (B) hedges risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% gross income tests or (C) hedges a position entered into pursuant to clause (A) or (B) after the extinguishment of such liability or disposition of the asset producing such income; and (ii) such instrument is properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations. Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements will generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. See “ Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations —Gross Income Tests” and “—Hedging Transactions.” As a result of these rules, we may have to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous or implement those hedges through a taxable REIT subsidiary. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities because our taxable REIT subsidiary would be subject to tax on gains or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, losses in our taxable REIT subsidiary will generally not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward against future taxable income in the taxable REIT subsidiary.

The “taxable mortgage pool” rules may increase the taxes that we or our stockholders may incur, and may limit the manner in which we effect future securitizations.

Securitizations could result in the creation of taxable mortgage pools for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, so long as we own 100% of the equity interests in a taxable mortgage pool, we generally would not be adversely affected by the characterization of the securitization as a taxable mortgage pool. Certain categories of stockholders, however, such as foreign stockholders eligible for treaty or other benefits, stockholders with net operating losses, and certain tax-exempt stockholders that are subject to unrelated business income tax, could be subject to increased taxes on a portion of their dividend income from us that is attributable to the taxable mortgage pool. In addition, to the extent that our stock is owned by tax-exempt “disqualified organizations,” such as certain government-related entities and charitable remainder trusts that are not subject to tax on unrelated business income, we may incur a corporate level tax on a portion of our income from the taxable mortgage pool. In that case, we may reduce the amount of our distributions to any disqualified organization whose stock ownership gave rise to the tax. Moreover, we would be precluded from selling equity interests in these securitizations to outside investors, or selling any debt securities issued in connection with these securitizations that might be considered to be equity interests for tax purposes. These limitations may prevent us from using certain techniques to maximize our returns from securitization transactions.

 

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Our investments in construction loans may require us to make estimates about the fair value of land improvements that may be challenged by the IRS.

We may invest in construction loans, the interest from which will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, provided that the loan value of the real property securing the construction loan is equal to or greater than the highest outstanding principal amount of the construction loan during any taxable year. For purposes of construction loans, the loan value of the real property is the fair value of the land plus the reasonably estimated cost of the improvements or developments (other than personal property) that secure the loan and that are to be constructed from the proceeds of the loan. There can be no assurance that the IRS would not challenge our estimate of the loan value of the real property.

Retirement Plan Risks

If the fiduciary of an employee benefit plan subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), fails to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA, the Code or common law as a result of an investment in our stock, the fiduciary could be subject to civil penalties.

There are special considerations that apply to investing in our shares on behalf of a trust, pension, profit sharing or 401(k) plans, health or welfare plans, trusts, individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) or Keogh plans. If you are investing the assets of any of the entities identified in the prior sentence in our common stock, you should satisfy yourself that:

 

    the investment is consistent with your fiduciary obligations under applicable law, including common law, ERISA and the Code;

 

    the investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the trust, plan or IRA, including a plan’s investment policy;

 

    the investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Code;

 

    the investment will not impair the liquidity of the trust, plan or IRA;

 

    the investment will not produce “unrelated business taxable income” for the plan or IRA;

 

    our stockholders will be able to value the assets of the plan annually in accordance with ERISA requirements and applicable provisions of the plan or IRA; and

 

    the investment will not constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code.

Failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA, the Code, or other applicable statutory or common law may result in the imposition of civil penalties, and can subject the fiduciary to equitable remedies. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, the fiduciary that authorized or directed the investment may be subject to the imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested.

If our assets at any time are deemed to constitute “plan assets” under ERISA, that may lead to the rescission of certain transactions, tax or fiduciary liability and our being held in violation of certain ERISA and Code requirements.

Stockholders subject to ERISA should consult their own advisors as to the effect of ERISA on an investment in the shares. As discussed under “Certain ERISA Considerations,” if our assets are deemed to constitute “plan assets” of stockholders that are ERISA Plans (as defined below) (i) certain transactions that we might enter into in the ordinary course of our business might have to be rescinded and may give rise to certain excise taxes and fiduciary liability under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code; (ii) our management, as well as various providers of fiduciary or other services to us (including the Advisor), and any other parties with authority or

 

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control with respect to us or our assets, may be considered fiduciaries or otherwise parties in interest or disqualified persons for purposes of the fiduciary responsibility and prohibited transaction provisions of Title I of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code; and (iii) the fiduciaries of stockholders that are ERISA Plans would not be protected from “co-fiduciary liability” resulting from our decisions and could be in violation of certain ERISA requirements.

Accordingly, prospective investors that are (i) “employee benefit plans” (within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), which are subject to Title I of ERISA; (ii) “plans” defined in Section 4975 of the Code, which are subject to Section 4975 of the Code (including “Keogh” plans and “individual retirement accounts”); or (iii) entities whose underlying assets are deemed to include plan assets within the meaning of Section 3(42) of ERISA and the regulations thereunder (e.g., an entity of which 25% or more of the total value of any class of equity interests is held by “benefit plan investors”) (each such plan, account and entity described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) we refer to as “Benefit Plan Investors”) should consult with their own legal, tax, financial and other advisors prior to investing to review these implications in light of such investor’s particular circumstances. The sale of our common stock to any Benefit Plan Investor is in no respect a representation by us or any other person associated with the offering of our shares of common stock that such an investment meets all relevant legal requirements with respect to investments by plans generally or any particular plan, or that such an investment is appropriate for plans generally or any particular plan.

 

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ESTIMATED USE OF PROCEEDS

The following tables present information about the net proceeds raised in this offering for each class, assuming that we sell (1) the minimum primary offering amount of $150,000,000 and no shares under our distribution reinvestment plan and (2) the maximum primary offering amount of $4,000,000,000 and no shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. In both cases, the tables assume that 1/4 of our gross offering proceeds are from the sale of Class T shares, 1/4 of our gross offering proceeds are from the sale of Class S shares, 1/4 of our gross offering proceeds are from the sale of Class D shares and 1/4 of our gross offering proceeds are from the sale of Class I shares. The number of shares of each class sold and the relative proportions in which the classes of shares are sold are uncertain and may differ significantly from what is shown in the tables below. We may reallocate the shares of our common stock we are offering between the primary offering and our distribution reinvestment plan. We will only use the proceeds raised in this offering for the purposes set forth in this prospectus and in a manner within the investment guidelines approved by our board of directors, who serve as fiduciaries to our stockholders.

The estimated amount of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees reflected in the table below related to our Class T shares is calculated based on the Class T purchase price of $20.00 plus $0.60 maximum upfront selling commissions and $0.10 dealer manager fees applicable during the escrow period. The estimated amount of upfront selling commissions reflected in the table below related to our Class S shares is calculated based on the Class S share purchase price of $20.00 plus $0.70 maximum upfront selling commissions applicable during the escrow period. The actual amount of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, however, will vary from the estimated amounts shown because (1) after the escrow period, our Class T and Class S shares will be sold at a price that varies monthly generally based on our prior month’s NAV per share for that class of shares and actual upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees per Class T and Class S share will be a percentage of the transaction price and (2) the upfront selling commission and dealer manager fees may be reduced in connection with certain categories of sales of Class T and Class S shares. Any reduction in upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the Class T and Class S per share purchase price to the applicable stockholder, but will not affect the amounts available to us for investment. Because amounts in this table are estimates, they may not accurately reflect the actual receipt or use of the offering proceeds.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to (1) make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, (2) reduce borrowings and repay indebtedness incurred under various financing agreements we may enter into and (3) fund repurchases under our share repurchase plan. Generally, our policy will be to pay distributions from cash flow from operations. However, subject to Maryland law and the discretion of our board of directors, particularly in the earlier part of this offering, we may choose to use cash flows from the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner), or other sources to fund distributions to our stockholders.

The following table presents information regarding the use of proceeds raised in this offering with respect to Class T shares.

 

     Minimum Offering
of $37,500,000 in
Class T Shares
     Maximum Offering
of $1,000,000,000 in
Class T Shares
 

Gross Proceeds(1)

   $ 37,500,000        100    $ 1,000,000,000        100 %

Upfront Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees(2)

     1,268,116      3.38      33,816,425      3.38 %

Organization and Offering Expenses(3)

     562,500        1.50      15,000,000        1.50 %
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Proceeds Available for Investment

   $ 35,669,383        95.12    $ 951,183,575        95.12
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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The following table presents information regarding the use of proceeds raised in this offering with respect to Class S shares.

 

     Minimum Offering
of $37,500,000 in
Class S Shares
     Maximum Offering
of $1,000,000,000 in
Class S Shares
 

Gross Proceeds(1)

   $ 37,500,000        100    $ 1,000,000,000        100

Upfront Selling Commissions(2)

     1,268,116        3.38      33,816,425      3.38

Organization and Offering Expenses(3)

     562,500        1.50      15,000,000        1.50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Proceeds Available for Investment

   $ 35,669,383        95.12    $ 951,183,575        95.12
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

The following table presents information regarding the use of proceeds raised in this offering with respect to Class D shares.

 

     Minimum Offering
of $37,500,000 in
Class D Shares
     Maximum Offering
of $1,000,000 in
Class D Shares
 

Gross Proceeds(1)

   $ 37,500,000        100    $ 1,000,000,000        100

Upfront Selling Commissions(2)

     —        —        —        —  

Organization and Offering Expenses(3)

     562,500        1.50      15,000,000        1.50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Proceeds Available for Investment

   $ 36,937,500        98.50    $ 985,000,000        98.50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

The following table presents information regarding the use of proceeds raised in this offering with respect to Class I shares.

 

     Minimum Offering
of $37,500,000 in
Class I Shares
     Maximum Offering
of $1,000,000 in
Class I Shares
 

Gross Proceeds(1)

   $ 37,500,000        100    $ 1,000,000,000        100

Upfront Selling Commissions(2)

     —        —        —        —  

Organization and Offering Expenses(3)

     562,500        1.50      15,000,000        1.50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Proceeds Available for Investment

   $ 36,937,500        98.50    $ 985,000,000        98.50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1) Gross offering proceeds include upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees that the Dealer Manager is entitled to receive (including any amounts that may be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers). We intend to conduct a continuous offering of an unlimited number of shares of our common stock over an unlimited time period by filing a new registration statement prior to the end of the three-year period described in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”); however, in certain states this offering is subject to annual extensions.
(2)

For Class T shares, includes upfront selling commissions of 3.0% of the transaction price and dealer manager fees of 0.5% of the transaction price; however, such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold. For Class S shares, includes upfront selling commissions of 3.5% of the transaction price. Amounts presented in the tables are less than 3.5% of gross proceeds because upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees are calculated as 3.5% of the transaction price (which excludes upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees), which means that upfront selling commissions expressed as a percentage of the total investment (including upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees) are less than 3.5%. We will also pay the following selling commissions over time as stockholder servicing fees to the Dealer Manager, subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation: (a) for Class T shares only, an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV for the Class T shares, provided however, that with respect to Class T shares sold through

 

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  certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares (b) for Class S shares only, a stockholder servicing fee equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class S shares and (c) for Class D shares only, a stockholder servicing fee equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class D shares, in each case, payable monthly. The total amount that will be paid over time for stockholder servicing fees depends on the average length of time for which shares remain outstanding, the term over which such amount is measured and the performance of our investments, and is not expected to be paid from offering proceeds. See “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation—Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees” and “Compensation—Stockholder Servicing Fees.”
(3) The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. We will reimburse the Advisor for such advanced expenses ratably over the 60 months following the escrow period. We will reimburse the Advisor for any organization and offering expenses that it incurs on our behalf after the escrow period as and when such expenses are incurred. See “Compensation—Organization and Offering Expense Reimbursement” for examples of the types of organization and offering expenses we may incur.

In the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources, including upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees, stockholder servicing fees and other underwriting compensation, will not exceed 10% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering.

 

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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY

Investment Objectives

Our investment objectives are to invest in high quality assets that will enable us to:

 

    provide current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield;

 

    preserve and protect invested capital;

 

    realize appreciation in NAV from proactive investment and asset management; and

 

    provide an investment alternative for stockholders seeking to allocate a portion of their long-term investment portfolios to commercial real estate with lower volatility than public real estate companies.

We cannot assure you that we will achieve our investment objectives. See the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus.

Investment Strategy

Starwood Capital is a private investment firm with a primary focus on global real estate, founded and controlled by Barry S. Sternlicht, the Chairman of our board of directors. Since Starwood Capital’s inception in 1991, it has raised over $40 billion of equity capital and currently has over $55 billion of assets under management. Over the past 26 years, Starwood Capital has acquired more than $85 billion of real estate assets (including equity, loans and investments in operating companies) across virtually all real estate asset classes, including office, apartments, condominiums, hotels, multifamily, industrial and retail. On behalf of Starwood Capital, members of its executive team have founded, recapitalized or taken public numerous companies, including Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., Starwood Property Trust, Inc., Starwood Waypoint Homes (f/k/a Colony Starwood Homes), iStar Financial Inc. and Tri Pointe Homes, Inc. Starwood Capital also participated in the formation of Equity Residential Properties Trust, a NYSE-listed multifamily REIT. We believe the breadth of experience and the relationships that Starwood Capital has fostered since its inception will provide us with competitive advantages in acquiring, developing, financing, asset managing, operating and selling our targeted investments in real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities. Starwood Capital maintains ten offices located in four countries, including its headquarters in Miami Beach, Florida, as well as offices in Greenwich, Atlanta, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles and Chicago, and affiliated offices in London, Luxembourg and Hong Kong.

We intend to bring Starwood Capital’s leading real estate investment platform and long-standing best practices to the public, non-listed REIT industry. Our investment strategy is primarily to acquire stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. Our real estate portfolio may include multifamily, office, hotel, industrial and retail assets, as well as other property types, including, without limitation, medical office, student housing, senior living, data centers, manufactured housing and storage properties. Our real estate-related debt investments will focus on first mortgage, subordinated mortgage and mezzanine loans, participations in such loans and other forms of debt secured by or related to the foregoing types of commercial real estate.

We will only invest in real estate-related debt to the extent such investments are not within the investment strategy of Starwood Property Trust and any future Other Starwood Accounts that may target such assets or if Starwood Property Trust passes on such investments, including when it does not have sufficient capital.

While our investment strategy is primarily to acquire stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate, and debt secured by commercial real estate, in the United States, we may acquire properties, and debt investments secured by properties, outside of the United States with a focus on investments in Europe. We believe international investments may bring an additional level of diversification to our portfolio. In addition, Starwood

 

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Capital has considerable experience investing and managing international real estate and has affiliated offices in London, Luxembourg and Hong Kong. We expect to leverage the Starwood Capital team, offices and experience when making investments in international properties.

Through our relationship with the Advisor, we will capitalize upon Starwood Capital’s organizational scale, extensive industry relationships and expertise of investing through real estate cycles since 1991. Starwood Capital has invested in virtually every category of real estate on a global basis, opportunistically shifting asset classes and geographies as it perceives the risk/reward dynamic to be evolving. We intend to use the Advisor’s expertise, track record and contacts to identify and acquire assets at attractive pricing with long-term hold characteristics to produce stable, durable cash flows with long-term capital appreciation potential.

To a lesser extent, we may selectively acquire and hold real estate-related securities. Our real estate-related securities investments will focus on the common and preferred stock of publicly traded REITs and other real estate companies and may include CMBS. We believe that our real estate-related securities will help maintain liquidity to satisfy any stock repurchases we choose to make in any particular month and manage cash before investing subscription proceeds into properties while also seeking attractive investment return.

Our structure as a perpetual-life REIT will allow us to acquire and manage our investment portfolio in an active and flexible manner. We believe the structure will be advantageous to stockholders, as we will not be limited by a pre-determined operational period and the need to liquidate assets, potentially in an unfavorable market, to satisfy a liquidity event at the end of that period.

Competitive Strengths

Our primary competitive strength is our affiliation with Starwood Capital and its founder, Barry Sternlicht, who serves as the Chairman of our board of directors. Starwood Capital is one of the most successful investors in commercial real estate in the world. We believe that Starwood Capital’s strong presence across the United States and Europe will enable us to source and manage investments through the Advisor to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns. We also believe that we will benefit from Starwood Capital’s commitment to purchase $5 million in Class I shares prior to the conclusion of the escrow period, which aligns its interests with our public stockholders. Our ability to execute our investment strategy will be supported by Starwood Capital’s distinctive competitive strengths, including:

Deep Market and Asset Knowledge. Starwood Capital has been a very active investor in the U.S. and European commercial real estate markets for 26 years. Starwood Capital owns or manages the following investments in the United States and Europe:

 

    97,000 multifamily units and 30,000 single-family homes;

 

    28 million square feet of office buildings;

 

    650 hotel properties, ranging from select service hotels to ultra-luxury resorts; and

 

    31 million square feet of retail properties.

We expect the proprietary data generated by Starwood Capital’s property portfolio will enable us to target specific themes with conviction and deploy significant amounts of capital.

Strong Relationships within the Industry. The resources, relationships, and proprietary information of Starwood Capital provide a deep sourcing network for new opportunities. We believe Starwood Capital sees significantly more deal flow than most of its competitors because of its scale. Indeed, a large portion of the transactions ultimately completed by Starwood Capital are sourced completely off-market through existing, deep relationships.

 

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Deep Hands-On Real Estate Perspective. Starwood Capital has 26 years of experience covering every real estate asset class. The firm has acquired over $85 billion of real estate assets since inception, generating strong returns throughout that period. Starwood Capital also operates Starwood Property Trust, one of the largest commercial mortgage REITs in the United States, which has deployed over $33 billion in capital since it commenced operations in 2009.

Investment Agility. A hallmark of Starwood Capital is its ability to pursue a wide variety of investment opportunities as they emerge, moving from asset class to asset class, shifting geographies from the United States to select international markets and changing positions in the capital stack as its investment professionals perceive risk/return dynamics to be evolving. Starwood Capital’s reputation, sophistication, highly experienced team, speed, access to capital and ability to execute provide it with a competitive sourcing advantage. Starwood Capital’s ability to conduct detailed due diligence in a timely and efficient manner will afford the Advisor, through its relationship with Starwood Capital, an edge in closing complicated and time-sensitive investments on our behalf, which typically are some of the most compelling opportunities.

Operational Expertise. Starwood Capital has broad real estate operating experience, with asset management organized into dedicated teams by specialty. The firm has created a number of platforms that are designed to enhance operational efficiencies and maximize the value of underlying assets. In addition, Starwood Capital’s in-house loan workout expertise gives it the ability to find value in the debt markets.

Capital Markets Skills. Starwood Capital believes that its capital markets expertise is a core competency that sets it apart from more traditional real estate investors. Starwood Capital’s team constantly evaluates real estate in relation to the respective capital markets’ valuations in order to take advantage of pricing inefficiencies. Specifically, when the public markets are willing to pay more for assets or platforms than could be generated from longer-term holds or individual asset sales, Starwood Capital has the knowledge and capability to act on this arbitrage. Starwood Capital’s expert team and global network of lending relationships have allowed it to obtain best-in-market terms for investors, while using financing brokers sparingly. The firm’s skilled in-house capital markets team has closed transactions totaling $60 billion since 2010. In addition, Starwood Capital has completed a number of successful public market executions since its formation.

Design Leadership. Starwood Capital believes that it possesses an expertise in the design of real estate assets that is unsurpassed in the private equity industry. This sensibility starts at the top: Barry Sternlicht, Starwood Capital’s founder and Chief Executive Officer, is a member of the Interior Design Hall of Fame. In addition, Starwood Capital’s Head of Design was recently inducted into the Hospitality Design Platinum Circle. A number of Starwood Capital’s assets have been acclaimed for their aesthetics, which ultimately help drive value for the firm’s investors.

Strong Risk-Adjusted Performance. Starwood Capital’s disciplined investment approach has enabled it to consistently deliver strong performance across its investments since inception. During the five years ended December 31, 2016, three real estate investment programs managed by Starwood Capital completed their operations, delivering an annualized return on investment of 14%, 21% and 8%, respectively. See “Prior Performance” and “Appendix A: Prior Performance Tables” for more information on Starwood Capital’s prior programs.

Seasoned, Stable Management Team. The executive committee at Starwood Capital has worked together for an average of 20 years, and possesses an average of 29 years of industry experience across all real estate asset classes. The key leaders for the business bring a wealth of diverse and complementary skills to their roles. We will directly benefit from the expertise of several members of Starwood Capital’s senior team who will serve as our directors and executive officers and as members of the Advisor’s Investment Committee, as applicable.

Starwood Capital’s Investment Approach

We, through our affiliation with the Advisor and Starwood Capital, seek to deliver consistent, robust returns while placing a premium on preserving capital. Starwood Capital’s team performs a comprehensive risk/return

 

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analysis on each potential transaction, and only invests in assets with asymmetrical return potential. Guided by common sense, discipline and the recognition that intellectual humility is the foundation of successful investing, Starwood Capital adheres to the following core principles:

Invest When New Supply Is Low. Target markets with high barriers to entry and little to no competitive supply planned or under construction. Since the economic recovery has generally been slow and steady, Starwood Capital has not seen the type of aggressive supply that would typically result from the recent rental growth and strength of the markets.

Anticipate Capital Flows. Seek to get ahead of capital flows in areas where economic growth is projected to drive tenant demand but new supply is not yet on the horizon. The Starwood Capital team has found that capital flows often influence asset valuations as much as or more than the impact of local market supply and demand trends. Once these target markets are identified, the team works on the “micro” side to pinpoint opportunities for asymmetrical return potential through value-added management.

Buy Below Replacement Cost. Buying below replacement cost offers a margin of safety, typically ensuring that no new construction/competition will be completed until values rise to justify new product. Starwood Capital’s recent transactions demonstrate that opportunities continue to arise to acquire assets at discounted prices.

Utilize Appropriate Debt to Generate Positive Leverage. Seek to use proper leverage, in amount and duration, to reflect the stability of each asset’s cash flow. In the current market, Starwood Capital can typically buy property at yields in excess of the cost of debt and generate strong cash-on-cash yields. In the event of a downturn, positive leverage would allow the investment team to be patient for a recovery, lessening the reliance on the residual value to achieve strong returns. In most cases, Starwood Capital can secure debt longer than the expected hold period, thus creating a potential asset upon exit when interest rates rise, as is expected.

Add Value to Investments through Hands-On Asset Management. Acquire under-managed or under-capitalized assets that the Starwood Capital team can stabilize and refurbish, and implement a dynamic asset management plan in order to position an investment for sale at the maximum price upon stabilization. In appropriate cases, the firm can also create a growth platform through the acquisition of complementary assets or portfolios.

Maintain Investment Discipline. Seek to enhance returns in both cyclical downturns and upswings by maintaining a disciplined approach to assets and their value. For example, prior to the market crash in 2008, Starwood Capital minimized its acquisitions and maximized dispositions of assets, whereas in subsequent years the firm shifted its focus toward a higher volume of acquisitions. Similarly, Starwood Capital took advantage of a number of distressed investment opportunities in the wake of the Great Recession but shifted toward more defensive and stable asset classes in recent years.

Investment Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted investment guidelines for investing in our targeted property types and certain investment policies restricting certain types of investments, which are described in more detail below. Our board of directors, including our independent directors, will review the investment guidelines on an annual basis or more frequently as it deems appropriate. Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, must approve any changes to our investment guidelines. Our board of directors may revise our investment guidelines without the approval of our stockholders. However, our board of directors will not amend our charter, including any investment policies described under “Charter-Imposed Investment Limitations” below, without the approval of holders of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, apart from amendments that do not adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of our stockholders and do not require stockholder approval under Maryland law. Finally, our board of directors and independent directors will review our investment portfolio not less than quarterly.

 

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Our investment guidelines delegate to the Advisor authority to execute acquisitions and dispositions of investments in properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities, in each case so long as such acquisitions and dispositions are consistent with the investment guidelines adopted by our board of directors. Our board of directors will have ultimate oversight over our investments and may change from time to time the scope of authority delegated to the Advisor with respect to acquisition and disposition transactions. In addition, under our investment guidelines our board of directors is required to approve any acquisition of a single property or group of related properties requiring a net equity investment that exceeds the greater of (i) $250 million or (ii) if our NAV exceeds $1 billion, 25% of our total NAV at the time of acquisition. A majority of our board of directors will periodically confirm that the consideration paid for property we acquire will ordinarily be based on the fair market value of the property. If a majority of our independent directors determines, or if the property is acquired from the Advisor, a director, Starwood Capital or any of their affiliates, such fair market value shall be determined by a qualified independent appraiser selected by our independent directors.

Following our ramp-up period, as further described below, we will seek to invest:

 

    At least 80% of our assets in properties and real estate-related debt; and

 

    Up to 20% of our assets in real estate-related securities.

We may not be able to achieve these allocations until we have raised substantial proceeds in this offering and acquired a broad portfolio of investments. Prior to that time (the “ramp-up period”), we will balance the goal of achieving our portfolio allocation targets with the goal of carefully evaluating and selecting investment opportunities to maximize risk-adjusted returns. Following the end of the ramp-up period, we believe that the size of our portfolio of investments should be sufficient for the Advisor to adhere more closely to our allocation targets, although we cannot predict how long our ramp-up period will last and cannot provide assurances that we will be able to raise sufficient proceeds to accomplish this objective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the actual percentage of our portfolio that is invested in each investment type may from time to time be outside the target levels due to factors such as a large inflow of capital over a short period of time, the Advisor’s assessment of the relative attractiveness of opportunities, or an increase in anticipated cash requirements or repurchase requests and subject to any limitations or requirements relating to our intention to be treated as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Identification of Investments

The Advisor will be responsible for identifying potential investments, consistent with our investment guidelines and targeted assets. The Advisor believes that it is well-positioned to capitalize on the prolific sourcing capabilities of Starwood Capital and its robust pipeline of potential acquisitions, consistent with our investment objectives and guidelines. The Advisor is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Starwood Capital, and the Advisor’s Investment Committee primarily is comprised of senior members of the Starwood Capital team.

As one of the largest privately held real estate investors in the world, with more than $30 billion of equity capital invested across virtually every real estate asset class since inception, Starwood Capital benefits from a prolific sourcing engine and taps into a robust deal flow. Through its expansive network, the firm screens the vast majority of institutional real estate transactions that come to market, as well as many off-market opportunities— allowing the team to negotiate privately and directly with sellers, thus enhancing the ability to drive value from the investment.

To source potential investments, Starwood Capital relies primarily on its senior acquisitions team, a group of seasoned professionals who have cultivated deep relationships with lenders, investment banks and private equity firms, as well as with business partners, investors and friends of the firm. In particular, Barry Sternlicht’s relationships with corporate leaders around the globe represent a unique source of transaction flow. Starwood Capital’s broader team of investment professionals also leverages numerous contacts developed through years of experience. Much of the firm’s business is generated through follow-on investments with satisfied sellers,

 

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borrowers, joint venture partners and investors. Starwood Capital’s active pipeline of opportunities is diverse, spanning across asset classes and positions in the capital stack.

Investments in Properties and Real Estate Related-Debt

To execute our investment strategy, we intend to invest primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. Our portfolio principally will be comprised of properties, and debt secured by properties, located in the United States but may also be diversified on a global basis through investments in properties and debt secured by properties, outside of the United States, with a focus on Europe.

Apart from a primary focus on properties located in the United States, and to a lesser extent globally, we do not intend to designate specific sector allocations for the portfolio; rather we intend to invest in markets or asset classes where we see the best opportunities that support our investment objectives. These may include multifamily, office, hotel, industrial and retail assets, as well as other property types, including, without limitation, medical office, student housing, senior living, data centers, manufactured housing and storage properties. A portion of the properties that we acquire will require some amount of capital investment in order to be renovated or repositioned. We generally will limit investment in new developments on a standalone basis, but we may consider development that is ancillary to an overall investment.

Our real estate-related debt investments may include first mortgage, subordinated mortgage and mezzanine loans, participations in such loans and other debt secured by or relating to the types of commercial real estate described above. An allocation of our overall portfolio to real estate-related debt may allow us to add sources of income and further diversify our portfolio. The type of real estate-related debt investments we will seek to acquire will be obligations backed principally by real estate of the type that generally meets our criteria for direct investment. Mortgage loans are typically secured by multifamily or commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. Mezzanine loans may take the form of subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the real property or an entity that owns (directly or indirectly) the interest in the entity owning the real property. These types of investments may involve a higher degree of risk than mortgage lending because the investment may become unsecured because of foreclosure by the senior lender. We do not intend to make loans to other persons or to engage in the purchase and sale of any types of investments other than those related to real estate.

Ownership Interests

Our Operating Partnership or one or more subsidiary entities controlled by our Operating Partnership will acquire properties on our behalf. In many cases, we will acquire the entire equity ownership interest in properties and the entire interest in real estate-related debt investments and will exercise control over such assets. However, we may also enter into joint ventures, general partnerships, co-tenancies and other participation arrangements with other investors, including affiliates of Starwood Capital, to acquire assets. We generally will acquire fee simple interests for the properties (in which we own both the land and the building improvements), but may consider leased fee and leasehold interests if we believe the investment is consistent with our investment strategy and objectives.

Joint Ventures and Other Co-Ownership Arrangements

We may enter into joint ventures, partnerships, or similar investments or other co-ownership arrangements with entities affiliated with the Advisor as well as third parties for the acquisition of assets or improvement of properties to broaden our portfolio of assets. In many cases, we may not control the management of the affairs of the joint venture. A joint venture creates an alignment of interest with a private source of capital for the benefit of our stockholders. In determining whether to invest in a particular joint venture, the Advisor will evaluate the investment that such joint venture owns or is being formed to own under the same criteria described elsewhere in this prospectus for our selection of investments.

 

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The terms of any particular joint venture will be established on a case-by-case basis considering all relevant facts, including the nature and attributes of the potential joint venture partner, the proposed structure of the joint venture, the nature of the operations, the liabilities and assets associated with the proposed joint venture and the size of our interest in the venture. Other factors we will consider include: (1) our ability to manage and control the joint venture; (2) our ability to exit the joint venture; and (3) our ability to control transfers of interests held by other partners to the venture. Our interests may not be totally aligned with those of our partner. See “Risks Related to This Offering and Our Organizational Structure.” We may make a substantial amount of joint venture investments, including with affiliates of Starwood Capital. Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on the financial condition of joint venture partners and disputes between us and our joint venture partners.

In the event that the joint venture partner elects to sell the asset held in any such joint venture, we may not have sufficient funds to exercise any right of first refusal, right of first offer or other purchase right that we may have. Entering into joint ventures with other Starwood Capital sponsored programs will result in certain conflicts of interest. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest” and “Conflicts of Interest—Joint Ventures with Affiliates of the Advisor.”

We may enter into joint ventures with Starwood Capital, the Advisor, one or more of our directors or any of their affiliates, including other Starwood Capital-sponsored programs, only if a majority of our directors, including a majority of the independent directors, not otherwise interested in the transaction approve the transaction as being fair and reasonable to us and on substantially the same, or more favorable, terms and conditions as those received by other affiliate joint venture partners.

Due Diligence

The Advisor understands that a proper investment decision can be made only through an in-depth understanding of an asset and market. Accordingly, comprehensive due diligence will be conducted on each property or other asset that the Advisor proposes to purchase on our behalf. Before making an investment decision, the Advisor’s Investment Committee, with assistance as necessary from Starwood Capital, will engage in an exhaustive due diligence process. When a potential acquisition has been identified, a short preliminary memorandum, prepared by Starwood Capital and containing an overview and key investment attributes, will be distributed to the Advisor’s Investment Committee and discussed at such committee’s next periodic pipeline meeting. A decision then will be made whether to devote additional time and resources to the investment based upon the merits of the transaction, the probability of success and its fit within our overall investment strategy.

After a transaction passes this initial screening, the Advisor, with assistance as necessary from Starwood Capital, will apply a rigorous standard of underwriting and due diligence to the potential investment. A member of the Advisor’s Investment Committee, or a managing director or senior vice president of Starwood Capital acting on the Advisor’s behalf, will lead a typical due diligence team, directly supervising employees of Starwood Capital or an outside service provider. The Advisor is responsible for underwriting the investment and creating a financial model that allows the team to test return sensitivities and transaction structuring options.

In addition, the Advisor’s Investment Committee, with assistance from Starwood Capital’s operating personnel and asset management team as necessary, will develop market assumptions regarding such potential investment based on metrics such as rents, occupancies, lease-up and expenses. As a transaction regarding a potential investment progresses, desktop reviews are augmented with onsite asset tours, third-party reviews and the development of detailed business plans. The expertise developed through the Advisor’s relationship with Starwood Capital, and its symbiotic business lines, enhances its judgment throughout the underwriting process. These investment platforms will provide the Advisor with critical on-the-ground intelligence that helps set the agenda for our investment strategy.

At the completion of underwriting, Starwood Capital, or an outside service provider – as appropriate and through a detailed investment memorandum – will outline the range of potential returns and risks from the investment

 

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opportunity. Such investment memorandum will include, as applicable, an overview of the investment opportunity’s, sourcing, underlying property, joint venture partner, due diligence process, surrounding market, business plan and valuation. This memorandum, along with the valuation model, will be utilized by the Advisor’s Investment Committee to assist in its decision and is updated through closing. Such investment memorandum, valuation model and all other due diligence materials will serve as the basis for the Advisor’s initial asset management plan regarding such investment should we complete the acquisition.

Following its review of such investment memorandum, the Advisor’s Investment Committee will either approve or reject an investment opportunity. The Advisor’s Investment Committee is composed of professionals who have worked through numerous real estate investment cycles and represent each of the firm’s major disciplines. Prior to its acquisition, each of our assets will be reviewed and considered several times by a cadre of investment professionals, each of whom possesses a distinct expertise in real estate. The Advisor’s Investment Committee will ground their decision of whether to approve the acquisition of any given investment opportunity on (i) our investment guidelines and (ii) a consideration of whether such investment opportunity would complement our then-current portfolio given our broader investment objectives and strategy.

When conducting due diligence, the Advisor, and Starwood Capital acting on the Advisor’s behalf, often will use third parties to augment its in-house valuation, legal and accounting teams as well as to assist in any assessment of environmental, structural and insurance issues. All third parties work closely with and under the supervision of the professionals of the Advisor and Starwood Capital, as applicable.

In connection with rigorous due diligence process described above, the Advisor will ensure that the following processes are conducted with respect to each investment opportunity considered by its Investment Committee and Mr. Sternlicht:

 

    Financial Due Diligence. A preliminary review of each investment opportunity will be conducted in order to screen the attractiveness of each transaction. The preliminary review is followed by an initial projection based on macro- and micro-economic analyses. Projection assumptions generally are developed from analysis of historical operating performance, discussions with local real estate contacts or sector experts and a review of published sources and data from the firm is other portfolios. If the Advisor deems appropriate, further due diligence will be conducted, as described below.

 

    Verification Audit of Books and Records. Third-party accounting consultants will be used as deemed necessary to review relevant books and records, confirm cash flow information provided by the seller and conduct other similar types of analysis.

 

    Physical Due Diligence. An analysis of environmental and engineering matters will be prepared by third-party consultants. Conclusions from such consultants, as reflected in their environmental and engineering reports, will be incorporated into the financial projection analysis regarding such opportunity. Additionally, the Advisor will investigate each investment opportunity in the context of comparable properties to assess relative market position, functionality and obsolescence.

 

    Legal and Tax Due Diligence. The Advisor will work closely with outside counsel to review diligence materials and to negotiate applicable legal and property specific documents pertaining to any investment opportunity (e.g., loan documents, leases, management agreements, purchase contracts, etc.). Additionally, the Advisor will work with internal and external tax advisors to structure investments in an efficient manner.

The Advisor will not move forward on an investment if it does not satisfy our investment criteria.

Dispositions

We will maintain the flexibility required to pursue a number of different exit strategies for our investments, including: the sale of an individual asset, the sale of our entire portfolio or the sale of an operating platform. The

 

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Advisor will underwrite most of our investment opportunities assuming a sale of individual assets following a five to seven year holding period. The Advisor will continuously monitor the performance of each of our investments, and the surrounding market, in order to identify the most opportune time to dispose of such asset. The Advisor’s Investment Committee will analyze and consider potential dispositions at its periodic portfolio review meetings. Prior to a disposal, the Advisor, with assistance as necessary from Starwood Capital, its affiliates or an outside service provider, will present a disposition memorandum to the Advisor’s Investment Committee explaining the reasons for a sale—including a hold vs. sell analysis, an overview of new opportunities entering the market, a discussion of refinancing options and an evaluation of the potential impact of macroeconomic factors. The asset sale will be approved or rejected by the Investment Committee.

When determining whether to sell a particular asset, the Advisor will take the following steps:

 

    Evaluate Condition of the Property. Evaluate whether the asset is in the appropriate condition for a successful sale.

 

    Assess Returns from the Property. Assess the returns from each investment to determine whether the expected sale price exceeds the net present value of the projected cash flows of the property, i.e., hold vs. sell analysis.

 

    Evaluate Status of Business Plan. Evaluate whether it has successfully completed the value creation plan that was established at acquisition.

We believe that holding our target assets for a long period will enable us to execute our business plan, generate favorable cash-on-cash returns and drive long-term cash flow and NAV growth.

Generally, we will reinvest proceeds from the sale, financing or disposition of properties in a manner consistent with our investment strategy, although we may be required to distribute such proceeds to the stockholders in order to comply with REIT requirements.

Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities

We may selectively acquire and hold real estate-related securities. Our real estate-related securities investments may allow us to maintain appropriate liquidity levels in order to satisfy monthly repurchase requests under our share repurchase plan and may serve as a cash management strategy before investing offering proceeds into longer-term real estate assets.

Our real estate-related securities investments will focus on the common and preferred stock of publicly traded REITs and other real estate companies. Subject to the percentage of ownership limitations and gross income and asset requirements required for REIT qualification, we will invest in equity securities of companies engaged in the real estate sector where such investment would be consistent with our investment policies and our status as a REIT. In any event, we do not intend that our investments in securities will require us to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, and we intend to generally divest appropriate securities before any such registration would be required. We may also invest, without limitation, in securities that are unregistered (but are eligible for purchase and sale by certain qualified institutional buyers) or are held by control persons of the issuer and securities that are subject to contractual restrictions on their resale. However, we may only invest in equity securities if a majority of our directors, including a majority of the independent directors, not otherwise interested in the transaction approves such investment as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable.

Equity securities in the real estate sector include those issued by REITs and similar tax transparent entities; real estate operating companies, or REOCs, and other real estate related companies that, as their primary business, own, develop, operate or finance real estate in the United States. Equity securities issued by REITs, REOCs and other real estate related companies include any stapled security or any issued security of an equity nature of a unit trust company that derives the majority of its earnings from real estate activities. REOCs and other real

 

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estate related companies in which we invest typically will either have at least 50% of their assets in real estate or related operations, or derive at least 50% of their revenues from such sources. Our real estate equity securities portfolio may consist of securities investments of different types of REITs, such as equity or mortgage REITs. Equity REITs buy real estate and pay investors from the rents they receive and from any profits on the sale of their properties. Mortgage REITs lend money to real estate companies and pay investors from the interest they receive on those loans. Hybrid REITs engage in owning real estate and making real estate based loans. While we expect that our real estate-related securities portfolio will be invested primarily in equity REITs, in changing market conditions we may invest more significantly in other types of REITs. We may also acquire exchange-traded funds and mutual funds focused on REITs and real estate companies.

Subject to the limitations described above and as part of our real estate-related investment strategy, we may invest in CMBS. CMBS may include multi-issuer CMBS, and single-issuer CMBS in each case, relating to real estate-related companies or assets. In a typical multi-issuer CMBS issuance, one or more mortgage loans of varying size, asset type (including, but not limited to, office, retail, multifamily, hospitality, industrial and single-family rental), and geography are pooled and transferred to a trust. The trust then issues a series of bonds that vary in duration, payment priority and yield. Then rating agencies (such as Moody’s, S&P or Fitch) assign credit ratings to the various bond classes ranging from investment grade to below investment grade.

Issuing Securities for Property

Subject to limitations contained in our charter, we may issue, or cause to be issued, shares of our stock or limited partnership units in our Operating Partnership in any manner (and on such terms and for such consideration) in exchange for real estate. Our existing stockholders have no preemptive rights to purchase any such shares of our stock or limited partnership units, and any such issuance might cause a dilution of a stockholder’s initial investment. We may enter into additional contractual arrangements with contributors of property under which we would agree to repurchase a contributor’s units for shares of our common stock or cash, at the option of the contributor, at specified times. Although we may enter into such transactions, we do not currently intend to do so.

Investment Process for Real Estate-Related Securities

To the extent that we make investments in real-estate related securities, the following is a brief summary of certain key aspects of the general process the Advisor expects to utilize in connection with such investments:

 

    Fundamental Analysis. The Advisor expects to utilize an asset-by-asset valuation approach to evaluate potential investments with a focus on underlying cash flow projections, replacement costs and market-by-market supply/demand trends.

 

    Disciplined Investment Approach. The Advisor expects to employ conservative underwriting and rigorous due diligence with respect to each investment while carefully assessing the impact of certain potential downside scenarios.

 

    Proprietary Knowledge and Relationships. The Advisor expects to utilize the knowledge, relationships and expertise of the existing Starwood Capital operating team to evaluate the sponsorship and collateral of potential investments.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Other Short-Term Investments

We intend to hold cash, cash equivalents and other short-term investments. These types of investments may include the following, to the extent consistent with our intended qualification as a REIT:

 

    Money market instruments, cash and other cash equivalents (such as high-quality short-term debt instruments, including commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, repurchase agreements, interest- bearing time deposits and credit rated corporate debt securities);

 

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    U.S. government or government agency securities; and

 

    Credit-rated corporate debt or asset-backed securities of U.S. or foreign entities, or credit-rated debt securities of foreign governments or multi-national organizations.

Other Investments

We may, but do not presently intend to, make investments other than as described above. At all times, we intend to make investments in such a manner consistent with maintaining our qualification as a REIT under the Code. We do not intend to underwrite securities of other issuers.

Borrowing Policies

We intend to use financial leverage to provide additional funds to support our investment activities. This allows us to make more investments than would otherwise be possible, resulting in a broader portfolio. Subject to the limitation on indebtedness for money borrowed in our charter described below, our target leverage ratio after our ramp-up period is in the range of 50% to 65% of our gross real estate assets (measured using the greater of fair market value and cost of gross real estate assets, including equity in our real-estate related debt and real estate-related securities portfolios), inclusive of property-level and entity-level debt net of cash, but excluding debt on our real-estate related debt and real estate-related securities portfolios. Indebtedness incurred (i) in connection with funding a deposit in advance of the closing of an investment or (ii) as other working capital advances, will not be included as part of the calculation above. Furthermore, the refinancing of any amount of existing indebtedness will not be deemed to constitute incurrence of new indebtedness so long as no additional amount of net indebtedness is incurred in connection therewith (excluding the amount of transaction expenses associated with such refinancing).

Our real estate-related securities portfolio may have embedded leverage, including through the use of reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives, including, but not limited to, total return swaps, securities lending arrangements and credit default swaps. During our ramp-up period, as well as during times of increased investment and capital market activity, but subject to the limitation on indebtedness for money borrowed in our charter described below, we may employ greater leverage in order to quickly build a broader portfolio of assets. We may leverage our portfolio by assuming or incurring secured or unsecured property-level or entity-level debt. An example of property-level debt is a mortgage loan secured by an individual property or portfolio of properties incurred or assumed in connection with our acquisition of such property or portfolio of properties. An example of entity-level debt is a line of credit obtained by us or our Operating Partnership. In an effort to provide for a ready source of liquidity to fund repurchases of shares of our common stock in the event that repurchase requests exceed our operating cash flows and net proceeds from our continuous offering, we may decide to seek to obtain additional lines of credit under which we would reserve borrowing capacity. Borrowings under our current line of credit or any future lines of credit may be used not only to repurchase shares, but also to fund acquisitions or for any other corporate purpose.

Our actual leverage level will be affected by a number of factors, some of which are outside our control. Significant inflows of proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock generally will cause our leverage as a percentage of our net assets, or our leverage ratio, to decrease, at least temporarily. Significant outflows of equity as a result of repurchases of shares of our common stock generally will cause our leverage ratio to increase, at least temporarily. Our leverage ratio will also increase or decrease with decreases or increases, respectively, in the value of our portfolio. If we borrow under a line of credit to fund repurchases of shares of our common stock or for other purposes, our leverage would increase and may exceed our target leverage. In such cases, our leverage may remain at the higher level until we receive additional net proceeds from our continuous offering or sell some of our assets to repay outstanding indebtedness.

Our board of directors reviews our aggregate borrowings at least quarterly. In connection with such review, our board of directors may determine to modify our target leverage ratio in light of then-current economic conditions,

 

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relative costs of debt and equity capital, fair values of our properties, general conditions in the market for debt and equity securities, growth and investment opportunities or other factors. We may exceed our targeted leverage ratio at times if the Advisor deems it advisable for us. For example, if we fund a repurchase under a line of credit, we will consider actual borrowings when determining whether we are at our leverage target, but not unused borrowing capacity. If, therefore, we are at a leverage ratio in the range of 50% to 65% and we borrow additional amounts under a line of credit, or if the value of our portfolio decreases, our leverage could exceed the range of 50% to 65% of our gross real estate assets. In the event that our leverage ratio exceeds our target, regardless of the reason, we will thereafter endeavor to manage our leverage back down to our target.

There is no limit on the amount we may borrow with respect to any individual property or portfolio. However, under our charter we may not incur indebtedness for money borrowed in an amount exceeding 300% of the cost of our net assets, which approximates borrowing 75% of the cost of our investments. This limitation includes indebtedness for money borrowed with respect to our securities portfolio. “Net assets” is defined as our total assets other than intangibles valued at cost (prior to deducting depreciation, reserves for bad debts and other non-cash reserves) less total liabilities. However, we may borrow in excess of this amount if such excess is approved by a majority of our independent directors, and disclosed to stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with justification for such excess.

Our charter prohibits us from obtaining loans from any of our directors, Starwood Capital or any of their affiliates, unless approved by a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of our independent directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction as fair, competitive and commercially reasonable and on terms and conditions not less favorable than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties under the same circumstances.

Temporary Strategies; Ramp-Up Period

Before we have raised substantial proceeds in this offering and acquired a broad portfolio of equity real estate investments, during the period in which the net proceeds of this offering are being invested or during periods in which the Advisor determines that economic or market conditions are unfavorable to investors and a defensive strategy would benefit us, we may temporarily depart from our investment strategy. During these periods, subject to compliance with the Investment Company Act, we may deviate from our target allocations and invest less than 80% of our assets in properties and real estate-related debt or greater than 20% of our assets in real estate-related securities, or invest all or any portion of our assets in U.S. government securities, including bills, notes and bonds differing as to maturity and rates of interest that are either issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury or by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities; non-U.S. government securities that have received the highest investment grade credit rating; certificates of deposit issued against funds deposited in a bank or a savings and loan association; commercial paper; bankers’ acceptances; fixed time deposits; shares of money market funds; credit-linked notes; repurchase agreements with respect to any of the foregoing; or any other fixed income securities that the Advisor considers consistent with this strategy. It is impossible to predict when, or for how long, the Advisor will use these alternative strategies. There can be no assurance that such strategies will be successful.

Charter-Imposed Investment Limitations

Our charter places numerous limitations on us with respect to the manner in which we may invest our funds.

 

    We will not make investments in unimproved real property or indebtedness secured by a deed of trust or mortgage loans on unimproved real property in excess of 10% of our total assets. Unimproved real property means a property in which we have an equity interest that was not acquired for the purpose of producing rental or other income, that has no development or construction in process and for which no development or construction is planned, in good faith, to commence within one year;

 

   

We will not invest in commodities or commodity futures contracts (which term does not include derivatives related to non-commodity investments, including futures contracts when used solely for the

 

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purpose of hedging in connection with our ordinary business of investing in real estate assets, mortgages and real estate-related securities);

 

    We will not invest in real estate contracts of sale, otherwise known as land sale contracts, unless the contract is in recordable form and is appropriately recorded in the chain of title;

 

    We will not make or invest in individual mortgage loans (excluding any investments in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities) unless an appraisal is obtained concerning the underlying property except for mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency. In cases where a majority of our independent directors determines and in all cases in which a mortgage loan transaction is with the Advisor, our sponsor, any of our directors or any of their affiliates, the appraisal shall be obtained from an independent appraiser. We will maintain the appraisal in our records for at least five years and it will be available for inspection and duplication by our common stockholders. We will also obtain a mortgagee’s or owner’s title insurance policy as to the priority of the mortgage;

 

    We will not make or invest in mortgage loans, including construction loans but excluding any investment in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities, on any one real property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans on such real property would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised value of such real property as determined by appraisal unless substantial justification exists because of the presence of other underwriting criteria;

 

    We will not make or invest in mortgage loans (excluding any investment in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities) that are subordinate to any lien or other indebtedness or equity interest of any of our directors, our sponsor, the Advisor or any of our affiliates;

 

    We will not issue (1) equity securities redeemable solely at the option of the holder (except that stockholders may offer their shares of our common stock to us pursuant to our share repurchase plan), (2) debt securities unless the historical debt service coverage (in the most recently completed fiscal year) as adjusted for known changes is anticipated to be sufficient to properly service that higher level of debt, (3) equity securities on a deferred payment basis or under similar arrangements or (4) options or warrants to the directors, our sponsor, the Advisor, or any of their affiliates, except on the same terms as such options or warrants, if any, are sold to the general public. Options or warrants may be issued to persons other than the directors, our sponsor, the Advisor, or any of their affiliates, but not at exercise prices less than the fair value of the underlying securities on the date of grant and not for consideration (which may include services) that in the judgment of the independent directors has a fair value less than the value of the option or warrant on the date of grant;

 

    We will not engage in the business of underwriting or the agency distribution of securities issued by other persons;

 

    We will not acquire interests or equity securities in any entity holding investments or engaging in activities prohibited by our charter except for investments in which we hold a non-controlling interest or investments in any entity having securities listed on a national securities exchange or included for quotation on an interdealer quotation system; or

 

    We will not acquire equity securities unless a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the independent directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves such investment as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable.

In addition, our charter includes many other investment limitations in connection with transactions with affiliated entities or persons. Our charter also includes restrictions on roll-up transactions, which are described under “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Roll-Up Transactions.”

 

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Investment Company Act Considerations

We intend to engage primarily in the business of investing in real estate and to conduct our operations, directly and through wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries, so that neither we, the Operating Partnership nor any of the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership is required, as such requirements have been interpreted by the SEC, to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. A company is an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act:

 

    under Section 3(a)(1)(A), if it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities; or

 

    under Section 3(a)(1)(C), if it is engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns, or proposes to acquire, “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the “40% test.” The term “investment securities” generally includes all securities except U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exemption from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.

We intend to acquire real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities directly, primarily by acquiring fee interests in real property and by originating and acquiring real estate-related debt. We may also make investments indirectly through joint venture entities, including joint venture entities in which we do not own a controlling interest and joint venture entities in which Other Starwood Accounts may invest. We plan to conduct our businesses primarily through the Operating Partnership, a majority-owned subsidiary, and expect to establish other direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiaries to hold particular assets.

We intend to conduct our operations so that we, the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of our wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will comply with the 40% test. We continuously monitor our holdings on an ongoing basis to determine compliance with this test. We expect that the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of the wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will not be relying on exemptions under either Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. Consequently, interests in the Operating Partnership and in these subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership (which are expected to constitute a substantial majority of our assets) generally will not constitute “investment securities.” Accordingly, we believe that we, the Operating Partnership and most, if not all, of the wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will not be considered investment companies under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act.

In addition, we believe that neither we, the Operating Partnership nor any of the wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act because they will not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, we, the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership will be primarily engaged in non-investment company businesses related to real estate. Consequently, we expect to be able to conduct our and the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries’ respective operations such that none of them will be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

We will determine whether an entity is a majority-owned subsidiary of our company. The Investment Company Act defines a majority-owned subsidiary of a person as a company 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of which are owned by such person, or by another company which is a majority-owned subsidiary of such person. The Investment Company Act defines voting securities as any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company. We treat entities in which we own at least

 

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50% of the outstanding voting securities as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of the 40% test. We have not requested that the SEC or its staff approve our treatment of any entity as a majority-owned subsidiary, and neither has done so. If the SEC or its staff was to disagree with our treatment of one or more subsidiary entities as majority-owned subsidiaries, we would need to adjust our strategy and our assets in order to continue to pass the 40% test. Any adjustment in our strategy could have a material adverse effect on us.

If we, the Operating Partnership or any of the wholly or majority-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership would ever inadvertently fall within one of the definitions of “investment company,” we intend to rely on the exemption provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” The SEC staff has taken the position that this exemption generally requires that at least 55% of an entity’s assets must be comprised of mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate, also known as “qualifying assets,” and at least another 25% of the entity’s assets must be comprised of additional qualifying assets or a broader category of assets that we refer to as “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act (and no more than 20% of the entity’s assets may be comprised of miscellaneous assets).

We will classify our assets for purposes of our 3(c)(5)(C) exemption based upon no-action positions taken by the SEC staff and interpretive guidance provided by the SEC and its staff. These no-action positions are based on specific factual situations that may be substantially different from the factual situations we may face, and a number of these no-action positions were issued more than twenty years ago. No assurance can be given that the SEC or its staff will concur with our classification of our assets. In addition, the SEC or its staff may, in the future, issue further guidance that may require us to re-classify our assets for purposes of the Investment Company Act. If we are required to re-classify our assets, we may no longer be in compliance with the exemption from the definition of an investment company provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act.

For purposes of determining whether we satisfy the 55%/25% test, based on certain no-action letters issued by the SEC staff, we intend to classify our fee interests in real property, held by us directly or through our wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, as qualifying assets. In addition, based on no-action letters issued by the SEC staff, we will treat our investments in any joint ventures that in turn invest in qualifying assets such as real property as qualifying assets, but only if we are active in the management and operation of the joint venture and have the right to approve major decisions by the joint venture; otherwise, they will be classified as real estate-related assets. We will not participate in joint ventures in which we do not have or share control to the extent that we believe such participation would potentially threaten our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act. This may prevent us from receiving an allocation with respect to certain investment opportunities that are suitable for both us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts. We expect that no less than 55% of our assets will consist of investments in real property, including any joint ventures that we control or in which we share control.

Qualifying for an exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act will limit our ability to make certain investments. For example, these restrictions may limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to invest directly in mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches of securitizations and certain asset-backed securities, non-controlling equity interests in real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate.

Although we intend to monitor our portfolio, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exemption from registration.

Our board of directors has made a finding pursuant to Rule 3a-2 under the Investment Company Act related to our ability to operate as a transient investment company for a period not to exceed one year from date on which we break escrow in this offering time.

 

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A change in the value of any of our assets could negatively affect our ability to maintain our exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act. To maintain compliance with the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to acquire assets that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy.

To the extent that the SEC or its staff provides more specific guidance regarding any of the matters bearing upon the definition of investment company and the exemptions to that definition, we may be required to adjust our strategy accordingly. On August 31, 2011, the SEC issued a concept release and request for comments regarding the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption (Release No. IC-29778) in which it contemplated the possibility of issuing new rules or providing new interpretations of the exemption that might, among other things, define the phrase “liens on and other interests in real estate” or consider sources of income in determining a company’s “primary business.” Any additional guidance from the SEC or its staff could provide additional flexibility to us, or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the strategies we have chosen.

If we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use borrowings), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), and portfolio composition, including disclosure requirements and restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters. Compliance with the Investment Company Act would, accordingly, limit our ability to make certain investments and require us to significantly restructure our business plan. For additional discussion of the risks that we would face if we were required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to This Offering and Our Organizational Structure—Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.”

 

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MANAGEMENT

Board of Directors

We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. Our board of directors has retained the Advisor to manage the acquisition and dispositions of our investments, subject to the board of directors’ supervision.

Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will have a seven-member board. Our board of directors may change the number of directors, but not to fewer than three directors nor more than 15. Our charter provides that a majority of our directors must be independent directors, except for a period of up to 60 days after the death, removal or resignation of an independent director pending the election of a successor independent director. Consistent with the NASAA REIT Guidelines, our charter defines an independent director as a director who is not and has not for the last two years been associated, directly or indirectly, with Starwood Capital. A director is deemed to be associated with Starwood Capital if he or she owns any interest (other than an interest in us or an immaterial interest in an affiliate of us) in, is employed by, is an officer or director of, or has any material business or professional relationship with Starwood Capital, the Advisor or any of their affiliates, performs services (other than as a director) for us, or serves as a director or trustee for more than three REITs sponsored by Starwood Capital or advised by the Advisor. A business or professional relationship will be deemed material per se if the gross revenue derived by the director from Starwood Capital exceeds 5% of (1) the director’s annual gross revenue derived from all sources during either of the last two years or (2) the director’s net worth on a fair market value basis. An indirect relationship is defined to include circumstances in which the director’s spouse, parents, children, siblings, mothers- or fathers-in-law, sons- or daughters-in-law or brothers- or sisters-in-law is or has been associated with Starwood Capital. Our charter requires that a director have at least three years of relevant experience and demonstrate the knowledge required to successfully acquire and manage the type of assets that we intend to acquire to serve as a director. Our charter also requires that at all times at least one of our independent directors must have at least three years of relevant real estate experience. Our charter and bylaws have been ratified by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors.

For so long as the Advisory Agreement is in effect, the Advisor has the right to nominate, subject to the approval of such nomination by our board of directors, three affiliated directors to the slate of directors to be voted on by our stockholders at our annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that such number of director nominees shall be reduced as necessary by a number that will result in a majority of directors being independent of Starwood Capital. Our board of directors must also consult with the Advisor in connection with (i) its selection of each independent director for nomination to the slate of directors to be voted on at the annual meeting of stockholders, and (ii) filling any vacancies created by the removal, resignation, retirement or death of any director.

Each director will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Although the number of directors may be increased or decreased, a decrease may not shorten the term of any incumbent director. Any director may resign at any time or may be removed with or without cause by the stockholders upon the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors. The notice of a special meeting called to remove a director must indicate that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the director shall be removed. A vacancy created by an increase in the number of directors or by the death, resignation, removal, adjudicated incompetence or other incapacity of a director may be filled only by a vote of a majority of the remaining directors, or in the case of election of an independent director, after nomination by a majority of the remaining independent directors (if any remaining directors are independent directors). Any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred.

Our board of directors generally will meet quarterly or more frequently if necessary, in addition to meetings of any committees of the board of directors described below. Our directors are not required to devote all of their

 

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time to our business and are only required to devote the time to our business as their duties may require. Consequently, in the exercise of their fiduciary responsibilities, our directors will rely heavily on the Advisor and on information provided by the Advisor. Our directors have a fiduciary duty to our stockholders to supervise the relationship between us and the Advisor. Our board of directors is empowered to fix the compensation of all officers and approve the payment of compensation to directors for services rendered to us.

Our board of directors has adopted written policies on investments and borrowings, the general terms of which are set forth in this prospectus. The board of directors may revise these policies or establish further written policies on investments and borrowings and will monitor our administrative procedures, investment operations and performance to ensure that the policies are fulfilled and are in the best interests of our stockholders. Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, will review our investment policies with sufficient frequency, and at least annually, to determine that they are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Directors and Executive Officers

Our directors and executive officers are set forth below.

 

Name

  

Age

   

Position

Barry S. Sternlicht

     57     Chairman of the Board

John P. McCarthy, Jr.

     55     Chief Executive Officer and President

Christopher D. Graham

     43     Chief Investment Officer

Nick Antonopoulos

     36     Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Matthew S. Guttin

     39     Secretary

[            ]

     [       Director

[            ]

     [       Director

[            ]

     [       Independent Director

[            ]

     [       Independent Director

[            ]

     [       Independent Director

[            ]

     [       Independent Director

Barry S. Sternlicht has served as the Chairman of our board of directors since our formation in June 2017. Mr. Sternlicht has also served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Starwood Capital since its formation in 1991. He also serves as the Chairman of the board of directors and the Chief Executive Officer of Starwood Property Trust and Co-Chairman of the board of trustees of Starwood Waypoint Homes (f/k/a Colony Starwood Homes) (NYSE: SFR). Over the past 26 years, Mr. Sternlicht has structured investment transactions with an asset value of more than $85 billion. From January 2013 to March 2017, he served as a member of the board of directors of Tri Pointe Group, Inc. Through early 2005, he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Starwood Hotels since he founded the company in 1995. Mr. Sternlicht is the Chairman of the board of directors of Baccarat, S.A. He also serves on the board of directors of The Estée Lauder Companies, Inc. (NYSE: EL). From 2012 to 2014, Mr. Sternlicht served as a director of Restoration Hardware Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: RH). Mr. Sternlicht is a Trustee Emeriti of Brown University. He is also on the board of directors of The Robin Hood Foundation. Mr. Sternlicht received a B.A., magna cum laude, with honors from Brown University. He later received an M.B.A. with distinction from Harvard Business School. Mr. Sternlicht provides our board of directors with a wealth of investment management experience along with extensive experience in real estate finance and development, and our board of directors believes Mr. Sternlicht provides a valuable perspective as its Chairman.

John P. McCarthy, Jr. has served as our Chief Executive Officer and President since our formation in June 2017. Mr. McCarthy has also served as Managing Director, Global Capital Raising, of Starwood Capital since July 2015, where he is responsible for managing and expanding relationships with Starwood Capital’s investors around the world. Mr. McCarthy previously served Global Head of Asset Management for Starwood Capital from March 2009 to May 2012, during which time he also served as a member of Starwood Capital’s Investment

 

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Committee. Prior to rejoining Starwood Capital, Mr. McCarthy served as Senior Portfolio Manager and Deputy Head of Europe for the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (“ADIA”) from June 2012 to May 2015. During this time, Mr. McCarthy served on ADIA’s Executive and Global Strategy committees. Prior to this, Mr. McCarthy served Global Co-Head of Asset Management for Lehman Brothers Real Estate Private Equity from June 2005 to February 2009 and was a Partner at O’Connor Capital Partners (“O’Connor”), Co-Head of European Business and Head of European Asset Management. Prior to joining O’Connor, Mr. McCarthy previously worked for 17 years at GE Capital, where he held a variety of positions, including managing the firm’s real estate investing activities across Central Europe and serving as Chief Investment Officer for the Midwest Region in the United States. Mr. McCarthy received a B.S. degree in finance from the University of Connecticut, and an MBA with a concentration in accounting from Fordham University.

Christopher D. Graham has served as our Chief Investment Officer since our formation in June 2017. Mr. Graham has served as Senior Managing Director and Head of Real Estate Acquisitions for the Americas at Starwood Capital since January 2013, supervising its investments in North, South and Central America. Mr. Graham is responsible for originating, structuring, underwriting and closing investments in all property types and is a member of the investment committee of Starwood Capital. At Starwood Capital, he has managed Starwood Land Ventures and overseen Starwood Capital’s investments in approximately 10,000 residential lots. In addition, he has overseen the acquisition of approximately $300 million of non-performing, single-family residential loans. Prior to joining Starwood Capital in 2002, Mr. Graham served as Director of the Financial Consulting Group for the Eastern Region of CB Richard Ellis (“CBRE”) in Washington, D.C. from May 1999 to September 2000, as Associate Director, Eastern Region of Investment Properties Group of CBRE from March 1998 to May 1999 and as an analyst and a consultant in the Financial Consulting Group of CBRE from July 1996 to March 1998. Mr. Graham received a B.B.A. in finance from James Madison University and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

Nick Antonopoulos has served as our Chief Financial Officer since our formation in June 2017. Mr. Antonopoulos has also served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Management Company at Starwood Capital since January 2015. In this role, he is responsible for corporate-level operations and financial reporting. From May 2013 to December 2014, Mr. Antonopoulos served as Management Company Controller at Starwood Capital. Prior to joining Starwood Capital in 2009, Mr. Antonopoulos was responsible for evaluating potential investments and overseeing the integration of new acquisitions at Athena Real Estate. Before that, he supported the various operational and reporting needs of the investment-banking group at Bear Stearns. Mr. Antonopoulos received a B.S. in finance from Fairfield University.

Matthew S. Guttin has served as our Secretary since our formation in June 2017. Mr. Guttin has also served as Chief Compliance Officer for Starwood Capital since August 2010. As the Chief Compliance Officer, Mr. Guttin is responsible for overseeing the firm’s regulatory and compliance program. Before joining Starwood Capital, Mr. Guttin practiced corporate finance and real estate law at Cahill Gordon & Reindel, LLP, Fried, Frank, Harris Shriver & Jacobson, LLP and DiSanto LLP. Mr. Guttin is an employee of Rinaldi, Finkelstein & Franklin, L.L.C., Starwood Capital’s lead outside counsel. Mr. Guttin received a B.S. in Political Science from the University of Rochester and a J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center. He is licensed to practice law in New York and Connecticut, and holds the Series 7 and Series 24 licenses.

Although most of the services provided to us by the individuals who are executive officers are in their respective roles as executive officers of the Advisor, they have certain duties as executive officers of our company arising from Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws. These duties include executing contracts and other instruments in our name and on our behalf and such other duties as may be prescribed by our board of directors from time to time.

Our executive officers will act as our agents, execute contracts and other instruments in our name and on our behalf, and in general perform all duties incident to their offices and such other duties as may be prescribed by our board of directors from time to time. Our officers will devote such portion of their time to our affairs as is required for the performance of their duties, but they are not required to devote all of their time to us.

 

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Committees of the Board of Directors

Our entire board of directors is responsible for supervising our business. However, pursuant to our charter and bylaws, our board of directors may delegate some of its powers to one or more committees as deemed appropriate by the board of directors, provided that each committee consists of at least a majority of independent directors. Members of each of the committees discussed below are appointed by our board of directors.

Audit Committee. Our board of directors has established an audit committee, which consists of [            ], [            ], [            ] and [            ]. [            ] serves as the chairperson of the audit committee and qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as that term is defined by the SEC. The SEC has determined that the audit committee financial expert designation does not impose on a person with that designation any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than the duties, obligations or liability imposed on such person as a member of the audit committee of the board of directors in the absence of such designation. The audit committee assists the board of directors in overseeing:

 

    our accounting and financial reporting processes,

 

    the integrity and audits of our financial statements,

 

    our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements,

 

    the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors and

 

    the performance of our internal and independent auditors.

In addition, the audit committee selects the independent auditors to audit our annual financial statements and reviews with the independent auditors the plans and results of the audit engagement. The audit committee also approves the audit and non-audit services provided by the independent public accountants and the fees we pay for these services.

The audit committee has adopted procedures for the processing of complaints relating to accounting, internal control and auditing matters. The audit committee oversees the review and handling of any complaints submitted pursuant to the forgoing procedures and of any whistleblower complaints subject to Section 21F of the Exchange Act.

Corporate Governance

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees (if any), and to all of the officers and employees of the Advisor, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as it relates to those also covered by Starwood Capital’s code of conduct, operates in conjunction with, and in addition to, Starwood Capital’s code of conduct. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is designed to comply with SEC regulations relating to codes of conduct and ethics.

Corporate Governance Guidelines. We have also adopted corporate governance guidelines to advance the functioning of our board of directors and its committees and to set forth our board of directors’ expectations as to how it and they should perform its and their respective functions.

Compensation of Directors

We compensate each of our non-employee directors who are not affiliated with Starwood Capital as follows: [            ]. Our directors who are affiliated with Starwood Capital, including the Advisor, will not receive additional compensation for serving on the board of directors or committees thereof.

 

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Executive Compensation

We are externally managed and currently have no employees. Our executive officers serve as officers of the Advisor and are employees of the Advisor or one or more of its affiliates. The Advisory Agreement provides that the Advisor is responsible for managing our investment activities, as such our executive officers do not receive any cash compensation from us or any of our subsidiaries for serving as our executive officers but, instead, receive compensation from the Advisor. In addition, we do not reimburse the Advisor for compensation it pays to our executive officers. The Advisory Agreement does not require our executive officers to dedicate a specific amount of time to fulfilling the Advisor’s obligations to us under the Advisory Agreement. Accordingly, the Advisor has informed us that it cannot identify the portion of the compensation it awards to our executive officers that relates solely to such executives’ services to us, as the Advisor does not compensate its employees specifically for such services. Furthermore, we do not have employment agreements with our executive officers, we do not provide pension or retirement benefits, perquisites or other personal benefits to our executive officers, our executive officers have not received any nonqualified deferred compensation and we do not have arrangements to make payments to our executive officers upon their termination or in the event of a change in control of us.

Although we do not pay our executive officers any cash compensation, we pay the Advisor the fees described under the heading “—The Advisory Agreement.”

The Advisor and Starwood Capital

We are externally managed by the Advisor, Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company. The Advisor is an affiliate of Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P., our sponsor.

Founded in 1991, Starwood Capital is generally regarded as one of the world’s leading private real estate investment firms, with $55 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2017. It has sponsored 15 private opportunistic real estate funds, 15 co-investment entities and eight public companies since its inception. Starwood Capital also has built one of the most highly regarded and experienced teams in the real estate business, with its executive committee working together for an average of 20 years and possessing an average of 29 years of industry expertise, across all stages of the investment cycle. In 2015 alone, the global private equity real estate publication PERE presented Starwood Capital with the following awards:

 

    North American Firm of the Year;

 

    European Firm of the Year;

 

    Global Industry Figure of the Year;

 

    North American Industry Figure of the Year;

 

    North American Deal of the Year; and

 

    #2 in the PERE 50 ranking of the top private equity real estate firms.

Starwood Capital has over 3,400 employees, exclusive of personnel employed by portfolio companies of closed-end funds managed by Starwood Capital. Starwood Capital’s investment professionals have broad operating experience in virtually all real estate classes, with acquisitions and asset management organized into dedicated teams by asset type to leverage expertise and maximize asset performance.

Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor will have contractual and fiduciary responsibilities to us and our stockholders and will be responsible for sourcing, evaluating and monitoring our investment opportunities and making decisions related to the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of our assets, in accordance with our investment objectives, guidelines, policies and limitations, subject to oversight by our board of directors. We or the Advisor may retain other service providers in connection with our operations, including, without limitation, administration, legal and accounting support. The Advisor will leverage the global resources of Starwood Capital to achieve our investment goals and objectives.

 

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Significant investment opportunities are generally approved by the Advisor’s Investment Committee. Smaller property acquisitions are reviewed by a subset of the Investment Committee. The high level of interaction between the Investment Committee and investment professionals from the inception of a transaction to closing helps identify potential issues early and enables the team to more effectively streamline resources and workflows. The Investment Committee process emphasizes a consensus-based approach to decision making among the members. The Investment Committee includes [            ], [            ], [            ] and [            ]. The members of the Investment Committee are as follows:

 

Name

  

Position

    
[            ]    [            ]   

For information concerning the background of [            ] see “—Directors and Executive Officers” above. Information concerning the background of the remainder of the individuals named in the chart above is set forth below.

The Advisory Agreement

Our board of directors at all times has oversight and policy-making authority, including responsibility for governance, financial controls, compliance and disclosure with respect to our company and our Operating Partnership. Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, our board of directors has delegated to the Advisor the authority to source, evaluate and monitor our investment opportunities and make decisions related to the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of our assets, in accordance with our investment objectives, guidelines, policies and limitations, subject to oversight by our board of directors. We believe that the Advisor currently has sufficient staff and resources so as to be capable of fulfilling the duties set forth in the Advisory Agreement.

Services

Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor is responsible for, among other things:

 

    serving as an advisor to us and the Operating Partnership with respect to the establishment and periodic review of our investment guidelines and our and the Operating Partnership’s investments, financing activities and operations;

 

    sourcing, evaluating and monitoring our and Operating Partnership’s investment opportunities and executing the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of our and Operating Partnership’s assets, in accordance with our investment guidelines, policies and objectives and limitations, subject to oversight by our board of directors;

 

    with respect to prospective acquisitions, purchases, sales, exchanges or other dispositions of investments, conducting negotiations on our and Operating Partnership’s behalf with sellers, purchasers, and other counterparties and, if applicable, their respective agents, advisors and representatives, and determining the structure and terms of such transactions;

 

    providing us with portfolio management and other related services;

 

    serving as our advisor with respect to decisions regarding any of our financings, hedging activities or borrowings; and

 

    engaging and supervising, on our and Operating Partnership’s behalf and at our and the Operating Partnership’s expense, various service providers.

The above summary is provided to illustrate the material functions which the Advisor will perform for us and it is not intended to include all of the services which may be provided to us by the Advisor or third parties.

 

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Term and Termination Rights

The term of the Advisory Agreement is for one year from the commencement of this offering, subject to renewals by our board of directors for an unlimited number of successive one-year periods. Our independent directors will evaluate the performance of the Advisor before renewing the Advisory Agreement. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated:

 

    immediately by us (1) for “cause,” (2) upon the bankruptcy of the Advisor or (3) upon a material breach of the Advisory Agreement by the Advisor;

 

    upon 60 days’ written notice by us without cause or penalty upon the vote of a majority of our independent directors; or

 

    upon 60 days’ written notice by the Advisor.

“Cause” is defined in the Advisory Agreement to mean fraud, criminal conduct, willful misconduct or willful or negligent breach of fiduciary duty by the Advisor under the Advisory Agreement.

In the event the Advisory Agreement is terminated, the Advisor will be entitled to receive its prorated management fee through the date of termination. In addition, upon the termination or expiration of the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor will cooperate with us and take all reasonable steps requested to assist our board of directors in making an orderly transition of the advisory function.

Management Fee, Performance Participation Interest and Expense Reimbursements

Management Fee. As compensation for its services provided pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, we pay the Advisor a management fee of 1.25% of NAV per annum payable monthly. In calculating our management fee, we will use our NAV before giving effect to accruals for the management fee, performance participation interest, stockholder servicing fees or distributions payable on our shares.

Performance Participation Interest. So long as the Advisory Agreement has not been terminated, the Special Limited Partner will hold a performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership that entitles it to receive cash distributions (or Operating Partnership units at its election) from our Operating Partnership equal to 12.5% of the Total Return, subject to a 5% Hurdle Amount and a High Water Mark, with a Catch-Up (each term as defined under “Summary of our Operating Partnership Agreement—Special Limited Partner Interest”).

Expense Reimbursement. Under the Advisory Agreement, and subject to the limitations described below under “—Reimbursement by the Advisor,” the Advisor is entitled to reimbursement of all costs and expenses incurred by it or its affiliates on our behalf, provided that the Advisor is responsible for the expenses related to any and all personnel of the Advisor who provide investment advisory services to us pursuant to the Advisory Agreement (including, without limitation, each of our executive officers and any directors who are also directors, officers or employees of the Advisor or any of its affiliates), including, without limitation, salaries, bonus and other wages, payroll taxes and the cost of employee benefit plans of such personnel, and costs of insurance with respect to such personnel. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, costs eligible for reimbursement include for out-of-pocket costs and expenses the Advisor incurs in connection with the services it provides to us related to (1) legal, accounting and printing fees and other expenses attributable to our organization, preparation of the registration statement, registration and qualification of our common stock for sale with the SEC and in the various states and filing fees incurred by the Advisor, (2) the actual cost of goods and services used by us and obtained from third parties, including fees paid to administrators, consultants, attorneys, technology providers and other service providers, and brokerage fees paid in connection with the purchase and sale of investments and securities, (3) expenses of managing and operating our properties, whether payable to an affiliate or a non-affiliated person, and (4) out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the selection, evaluation, structuring, acquisition, origination, financing and development of properties and real estate-related assets, whether or not such investments are acquired. Such out-of-pocket costs and expenses will include expenses relating to compliance-related matters and

 

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regulatory filings relating to our activities (including, without limitation, expenses relating to the preparation and filing of Form PF, Form ADV, reports to be filed with the CFTC, reports, disclosures, and other regulatory filings of the Advisor and its affiliates relating to our activities (including our pro rata share of the costs of the Advisor and its affiliates of regulatory expenses that relate to us and Other Starwood Accounts)).

The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. We will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably in 60 equal monthly installments following the escrow period. We will reimburse the Advisor for any organization and offering expenses that it incurs on our behalf following escrow period as and when such expenses are incurred.

Reimbursement by the Advisor. Commencing four fiscal quarters after we make our first investment, the Advisor will reimburse us for any expenses that cause our Total Operating Expenses, including any distributions made to the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership, in any four consecutive fiscal quarters to exceed the greater of: (1) 2% of our Average Invested Assets and (2) 25% of our Net Income.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that our Total Operating Expenses exceed these limits and the independent directors determine that the excess expenses were justified based on unusual and nonrecurring factors that they deem sufficient, the Advisor would not be required to reimburse us. Within 60 days after the end of any fiscal quarter for which our Total Operating Expenses for the four consecutive fiscal quarters then ended exceed these limits and our independent directors approve such excess amount, we will send our stockholders a written disclosure of such fact, or will include such information in our next quarterly report on Form 10-Q or in a current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC, together with an explanation of the factors our independent directors considered in arriving at the conclusion that such excess expenses were justified. In addition, our independent directors will review at least annually the total fees and expense reimbursements for operating expenses paid to the Advisor and the Special Limited Partner to determine if they are reasonable in light of our performance, our net assets and our net income and the fees and expenses of other comparable unaffiliated REITs. Each such determination will be recorded in the minutes of a meeting of the independent directors.

Independent Directors’ Review of Compensation. Our independent directors will evaluate at least annually whether the compensation that we contract to pay to the Advisor is reasonable in relation to the nature and quality of services performed and that such compensation is within the limits prescribed by our charter. Our independent directors will supervise the performance of the Advisor and the compensation we pay to it to determine that the provisions of the Advisory Agreement are being carried out. This evaluation will be based on the factors set forth below, as well as any other factors deemed relevant by the independent directors:

 

    the amount of fees paid to the Advisor in relation to the size, composition and performance of our investments;

 

    the success of the Advisor in generating investments that meet our investment objectives;

 

    rates charged to other externally advised REITs and other similar investment entities by advisors performing similar services;

 

    additional revenues realized by the Advisor and its affiliates through their advisory relationship with us (including the performance participation paid to the Special Limited Partner);

 

    the quality and extent of the services and advice furnished by the Advisor;

 

    the performance of the assets, including income, conservation or appreciation of capital, frequency of problem investments and competence in dealing with distress situations; and

 

    the quality of our portfolio in relationship to the investments generated by the Advisor for its own account.

 

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In addition to the management fee, performance participation and expense reimbursements, we have agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the Advisor and its affiliates performing services for us from specific claims and liabilities arising out of the performance of their obligations under the Advisory Agreement, subject to certain limitations. See “—Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, the Advisor and Other Agents” below.

Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, the Advisor and Other Agents

Our organizational documents generally limit the personal liability of our stockholders, directors and officers for monetary damages and require us to indemnify and advance expenses to our directors, officers and other agents subject to the limitations of the NASAA REIT Guidelines and Maryland law. Maryland law permits a corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment and which is material to the cause of action. The Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”) requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made or threatened to be made a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL allows directors and officers to be indemnified against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred in connection with a proceeding unless the following can be established:

 

    an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding, and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty;

 

    the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or

 

    with respect to any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe his or her act or omission was unlawful.

A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification for an adverse judgment in a suit by the corporation or in its right, or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to expenses. The MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon receipt of a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification and a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.

In addition to the above limitations of the MGCL, our charter provides that our directors, the Advisor and any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates may be indemnified for losses or liability suffered by them or held harmless for losses or liability suffered by us only if all of the following conditions are met:

 

    the indemnitee determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct which caused the loss or liability was in our best interest;

 

    the indemnitee was acting on our behalf or performing services for us;

 

    in the case of affiliated directors, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates, the liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by the party seeking indemnification; and

 

    in the case of our independent directors, the liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct by the party seeking indemnification.

In addition, any indemnification or any agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of our net assets and not from our stockholders.

 

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Our charter also provides that we may not provide indemnification to a director, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates for any loss, liability or expense arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by such party unless one or more of the following conditions are met:

 

    there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the party seeking indemnification;

 

    such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to such party; or

 

    a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against such party and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the SEC and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which our securities were offered or sold as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

Finally, our charter provides that we may pay or reimburse reasonable legal expenses and other costs incurred by our directors, the Advisor and any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates in advance of final disposition of a proceeding only if all of the following are satisfied:

 

    the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on our behalf;

 

    the indemnitee provides us with written affirmation of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification;

 

    the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a stockholder or, if by a stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement; and

 

    the indemnitee provides us with a written agreement to repay the amount paid or reimbursed, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if it is ultimately determined that he or she did not comply with the requisite standard of conduct and is not entitled to indemnification.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Pursuant to the terms of these indemnification agreements, we would indemnify and advance expenses and costs incurred by our directors and executive officers in connection with any claims, suits or proceedings brought against such directors and executive officers as a result of his or her service. However, our indemnification obligation is subject to the limitations set forth in the indemnification agreements and in our charter. We also maintain a directors and officers insurance policy.

The general effect to investors of any arrangement under which any of our controlling persons, directors or officers are insured or indemnified against liability is a potential reduction in distributions resulting from our payment of premiums, deductibles and other costs associated with such insurance or, to the extent any such loss is not covered by insurance, our payment of indemnified losses. In addition, indemnification could reduce the legal remedies available to us and our stockholders against the indemnified individuals; however, this provision does not reduce the exposure of our directors and officers to liability under federal or state securities laws, nor does it limit our stockholder’s ability to obtain injunctive relief or other equitable remedies for a violation of a director’s or an officer’s duties to us or our stockholders, although the equitable remedies may not be an effective remedy in some circumstances.

The SEC takes the position that indemnification against liabilities arising under the Securities Act is against public policy and unenforceable.

Our Operating Partnership must also indemnify us and our directors and officers and other persons we may designate against damages and other liabilities in our capacity as general partner.

Legal Proceedings

Neither we nor the Advisor is currently involved in any material litigation.

 

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COMPENSATION

We will pay the Advisor, the Special Limited Partner and the Dealer Manager the fees and expense reimbursements described below in connection with performing services for us.

We do not intend to pay the Advisor or its affiliates any separate fees for property acquisitions, dispositions, financings (except interest and other payments to the lender in cases where the lender is an affiliate of the Advisor) or development, although our charter permits us to do so, subject to certain limitations. We will, however, reimburse the Advisor for out-of-pocket expenses related to the foregoing activities to the extent such expenses are paid by the Advisor.

 

Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

     Organization and Offering Activities     
Upfront Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees(1)(2)The Dealer Manager   

The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0%, and dealer manager fees of 0.5%, of the transaction price of each Class T share sold in the primary offering; however, such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold.

 

The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class S share sold in the primary offering.

 

The Dealer Manager anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers.

 

No upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be paid with respect to purchases of Class D shares, Class I shares or shares of any class sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan.

 

   The actual amount will depend on the number of Class T and Class S shares sold and the transaction price of each Class T and Class S share. Aggregate upfront selling commissions will equal approximately $2.4 million if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $62.8 million if we sell the maximum amount, and aggregate dealer manager fees will equal approximately $0.2 million if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $4.8 million if we sell the maximum amount, in each case, in our primary offering, assuming that 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of each of Class T and Class S shares and that the transaction price of each of our Class T and Class S shares remains constant at $20.00.
Stockholder Servicing Fees(2)(3)The Dealer Manager    Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as stockholder servicing fees for ongoing services rendered to stockholders by participating broker-dealers or broker-dealers servicing investors’ accounts, referred to as servicing broker-dealers:    Actual amounts depend upon the per share NAVs of our Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares, the number of Class T shares, Class S

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

 

•  with respect to our outstanding Class T shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class T shares, consisting of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class T shares; however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares;

 

•  with respect to our outstanding Class S shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class S shares; and

 

•  with respect to our outstanding Class D shares equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class D shares.

 

We will not pay a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class I shares.

 

The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services. Because the stockholder servicing fees are calculated based on our NAV for our Class T, Class S and Class D shares, they will reduce the NAV or, alternatively, the distributions payable, with respect to the shares of each such class, including shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan.

 

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions,

   shares and Class D shares purchased and when such shares are purchased. For each of Class T and Class S shares, the stockholder servicing fees will equal approximately $0.3 million per annum if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $8.2 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount. For Class D shares, the stockholder servicing fees will equal approximately $0.1 million per annum if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $2.5 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount. In each case, we are assuming that, in our primary offering, 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class T shares, 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class S shares and 1/4 of our offering proceeds are from the sale of Class D shares, that the NAV per share of our Class S shares and Class D shares remains constant at $20.00 and none of our stockholders participate in our distribution reinvestment plan.

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

   dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% (or, in the case of Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, a   
  

lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer at the time such Class T shares were issued) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such shares.

 

Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class T share (in the case of a limit of 8.75% of gross proceeds) or Class S share over approximately 6.5 years from the date of purchase and with respect to a Class D share over approximately 35 years from the date of purchase, assuming payment of the full upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for these time periods, this fee with respect to a Class T share or Class S share would total approximately $1.11 and with respect to a Class D share would total approximately $1.75.

 

In addition, we will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee on the Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) our merger or consolidation with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case in a transaction in which our stockholders receive cash or securities listed on a national securities exchange or (iii) the date on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all

  

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

sources in connection with this offering, including upfront selling commissions, the stockholder servicing fee and other underwriting compensation, is equal to 10% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering.

 

For a description of the services required from the participating broker-dealer or servicing broker-dealer, see the “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation—Stockholder Servicing Fees—Class T, Class S and Class D Shares.”

  

Organization and Offering Expense Reimbursement(2)(4)

The Advisor

  

The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf (including legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and expenses, due diligence expenses of participating broker-dealers supported by detailed and itemized invoices, costs in connection with preparing sales materials, design and website expenses, fees and expenses of our escrow agent and transfer agent, fees to attend retail seminars sponsored by participating broker-dealers and reimbursements for customary travel, lodging, and meals, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and the stockholder servicing fee) through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. We will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over the 60 months following the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period. Wholesaling compensation expenses of persons associated with the Dealer Manager will be paid by the Advisor without reimbursement from us.

 

After the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period, we will reimburse the Advisor for any organization and offering expenses that it incurs on our behalf as and when incurred. After the termination of the primary offering and again after termination of the offering under our distribution reinvestment plan, the Advisor has agreed to reimburse us to the extent that the organization and offering expenses that we incur exceed 15% of our gross proceeds from the applicable offering.

   We estimate our organization and offering expenses to be approximately $2.25 million if we sell the minimum offering amount and approximately $60 million if we sell the maximum offering amount.
Investment Activities
Acquisition Expense Reimbursement(5)The Advisor    We do not intend to pay the Advisor any acquisition, financing (except interest payments    Actual amounts are dependent upon actual

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

   and market-based financing fees and costs to the lender in cases where the lender is an affiliate of the Advisor) or other similar fees in connection with making investments. We will, however, reimburse the Advisor for out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the selection, evaluation, structuring, acquisition, origination, financing and development of properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities, whether or not such investments are acquired. See “—Fees from Other Services” below.    expenses incurred and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time.
Operational Activities
Management Fee(6)The Advisor   

We will pay the Advisor a management fee equal to 1.25% of NAV per annum payable monthly.

 

The management fee may be paid, at the Advisor’s election, in cash, Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership. If the Advisor elects to receive any portion of its management fee in Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership, we may repurchase such Class I shares or Class I units of our Operating Partnership from the Advisor at a later date. Shares of our Class I common stock and Class I units of our Operating Partnership obtained by the Advisor will not be subject to the repurchase limits of our share repurchase plan or any Early Repurchase Deduction. The Operating Partnership will repurchase any such Operating Partnership units for cash unless our board of directors determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or our charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for shares of our common stock with an equivalent aggregate NAV. The Advisor and the Special Limited Partner will have the option of exchanging Class I shares for an equivalent aggregate NAV amount of Class T, Class S or Class D shares and will have registration rights with respect to shares of our common stock.

   Actual amounts of the management fee depend upon our aggregate NAV. The management fee will equal approximately $2 million per annum if we sell the minimum amount and approximately $49 million per annum if we sell the maximum amount, in each case, in our primary offering, assuming that the NAV per share of each class of our common stock remains constant at $20.00 and before giving effect to any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan.
Operating Expense Reimbursement—The Advisor    In addition to the organization and offering expense and acquisition expense reimbursements described above, we will reimburse the Advisor    Actual amounts of out-of-pocket expenses paid by the Advisor that we
   for out-of-pocket costs and expenses it incurs in connection with the services it provides to us, including, but not limited to, (1) the actual cost of goods and services used by us and obtained from    reimburse are dependent upon actual expenses incurred and, therefore, cannot be determined at

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

   third parties, including fees paid to administrators, consultants, attorneys, technology providers and other service providers, and brokerage fees paid in connection with the purchase and sale of investments and securities, and (2) expenses of managing and operating our properties, whether payable to an affiliate or a non-affiliated person. See “Management—The Advisory Agreement—Management Fee, Performance Participation Interest and Expense Reimbursements.”    this time.
Performance Participation Interest—The Special Limited Partner   

So long as the Advisory Agreement has not been terminated, the Special Limited Partner will hold a performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership that entitles it to receive cash distributions (or Operating Partnership units at its election) from our Operating Partnership equal to 12.5% of the Total Return, subject to a 5% Hurdle Amount and a High Water Mark, with a Catch-Up (each term as defined herein). Such distributions will be paid annually.

 

For a detailed explanation of how the performance participation is calculated, see “Summary of Our Operating Partnership Agreement—Special Limited Partner Interest.” For a hypothetical calculation of the performance participation calculation, see “Compensation—Performance Participation Interest Example.”

 

Specifically, the Special Limited Partner will receive distributions in an amount equal to:

 

•   First, if the Total Return for the applicable period exceeds the sum of (i) the Hurdle Amount for that period and (ii) the Loss Carryforward Amount (any such excess, “Excess Profits”), 100% of such annual Excess Profits until the total amount paid to the Special Limited Partner equals 12.5% of the sum of (x) the Hurdle Amount for that

   Actual amounts of the performance participation depend upon the Operating Partnership’s actual annual total return and, therefore, cannot be calculated at this time.
  

period and (y) any amount paid to the Special Limited Partner pursuant to this clause (this is commonly referred to as a “Catch-Up”); and

 

•   Second, to the extent there are remaining Excess Profits, 12.5% of such remaining Excess Profits.

  

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

“Total Return” for any period since the end of the prior calendar year shall equal the sum of

 

(i)     all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on the Operating Partnership units outstanding at the end of such period since the beginning of the then-current calendar year plus

(ii)    the change in aggregate NAV of such units since the beginning of the year, before giving effect to (x) changes resulting solely from the proceeds of issuances of Operating Partnership units, (y) any performance participation accrual and (z) applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses (including any payments made to us for payment of such expenses).

 

For the avoidance of doubt, the calculation of Total Return will (i) include any appreciation or depreciation in the NAV of units issued during the then-current calendar year but (ii) exclude the proceeds from the initial issuance of such units.

 

“Hurdle Amount” for any period during a calendar year means that amount that results in a 5% annualized internal rate of return on the NAV of the Operating Partnership units outstanding at the beginning of the then-current calendar year and all Operating Partnership units issued since the beginning of the then-current calendar year, taking into account the timing and amount of all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on all such units and all issuances of Operating Partnership units over the period and calculated in accordance with recognized industry practices. The ending NAV of the Operating Partnership

  
  

units used in calculating the internal rate of return will be calculated before giving effect to any performance participation accrual and applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses. For the avoidance of doubt, the calculation of the Hurdle Amount for any period will exclude any Operating Partnership units repurchased during such period, which units will be subject to the performance participation upon repurchase as described below.

 

Except as described in Loss Carryforward below, any amount by which Total Return falls below the Hurdle Amount will not be carried forward to subsequent periods.

  

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

  

“Loss Carryforward Amount” shall initially equal zero and shall cumulatively increase by the absolute value of any negative annual Total Return and decrease by any positive annual Total Return, provided that the Loss Carryforward Amount shall at no time be less than zero and provided further that the calculation of the Loss Carryforward Amount will exclude the Total Return related to any Operating Partnership units repurchased during such year, which units will be subject to the performance participation upon repurchase as described below. The effect of the Loss Carryforward Amount is that the recoupment of past annual Total Return losses will offset the positive annual Total Return for purposes of the calculation of the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation. This is referred to as a “High Water Mark.”

 

The Special Limited Partner will receive cash distributions with respect to all Operating Partnership units that are repurchased at the end of any month (in connection with repurchases of our shares in our share repurchase plan) in an amount calculated as described above with the relevant period being the portion of the year for which such unit was outstanding, and proceeds for any such unit repurchase will be reduced by the amount of any such performance participation.

 

Distributions on the performance participation interest may be payable in cash or Class I units at

  
   the election of the Special Limited Partner. If the Special Limited Partner elects to receive such distributions in Class I units, the Special Limited Partner may request the Operating Partnership to repurchase such Class I units from the Special Limited Partner beginning one year after their issuance. Any such repurchase requests will not be subject to the Early Repurchase Deduction but will be subject to the same repurchase limits that exist under our share repurchase plan. The Operating Partnership will repurchase any such Operating Partnership units for cash unless our board of directors determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or our charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for shares of our common stock with an equivalent aggregate NAV.   

 

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Type of Compensation

and Recipient

  

Determination of Amount

  

Estimated Amount

   See “Summary of Our Operating Partnership Agreement—Special Limited Partner Interest.”   

Fees from Other

Services—Affiliates of

the Advisor

   We may retain third parties, including certain of the Advisor’s affiliates, for necessary services relating to our investments or our operations, including any administrative services, construction, special servicing, leasing, development, property oversight and other property management services, as well as services related to mortgage servicing, group purchasing, healthcare, consulting/brokerage, capital markets/credit origination, loan servicing, property, title or other types of insurance, management consulting and other similar operational matters. Any fees paid to the Advisor’s affiliates for any such services will not reduce the management fee. Any such arrangements will be at market terms and rates.    Actual amounts depend on whether affiliates of the Advisor are actually engaged to perform such services.

 

(1) Upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees for sales of Class T and Class S shares may be reduced or waived in connection with volume or other discounts, other fee arrangements or for sales to certain categories of purchasers. See “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation—Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees.” If all shares sold in this offering are Class S shares, our total upfront selling commissions would be approximately $5 million if we raise the minimum offering and $135 million if we raise the maximum offering, assuming that the maximum upfront selling commission is paid for each share sold in our primary offering, the NAV per Class S share is $20.00 and we do not reallocate any shares between our primary offering and our distribution reinvestment plan.
(2) We will cease paying stockholder servicing fees at the date on which, in the aggregate, total underwriting compensation from any source in connection with this offering equals 10% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering (i.e., excluding proceeds from sales pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan). This limitation is intended to ensure that we satisfy the FINRA requirement that total underwriting compensation paid in connection with this offering does not exceed 10% of the gross proceeds of our primary offering.
(3) In calculating our stockholder servicing fee, we will use our NAV before giving effect to accruals for the stockholder servicing fee or distributions payable on our shares. If all shares sold in this offering are Class S shares, our total annual stockholder servicing fees would be approximately $1 million if we raise the minimum offering and approximately $33 million if we raise the maximum offering, assuming that our NAV per share for Class S shares is $20.00 and no shares are issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan.
(4) These amounts represent estimated expenses incurred in connection with our organization and this offering, including legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and expenses, due diligence expenses of participating broker-dealers supported by detailed and itemized invoices, costs in connection with preparing sales materials, design and website expenses, fees and expenses of our escrow agent and transfer agent, fees to attend retail seminars sponsored by participating broker-dealers and reimbursements for customary travel, lodging, and meals. These amounts do not include wholesaling compensation expenses of persons associated with the Dealer Manager, which will be paid by the Dealer Manager without reimbursement from us. Under no circumstances may our total organization and offering expenses (including upfront selling commissions, stockholder servicing fees and due diligence expenses) exceed 15% of the gross proceeds from this offering.
(5)

We will pay all expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition of our investments, including legal and accounting fees and expenses, brokerage commissions payable to unaffiliated third parties, travel expenses,

 

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  costs of appraisals (including independent appraisals), nonrefundable option payments on property not acquired, engineering, due diligence, title insurance and other expenses related to the selection and acquisition of investments, whether or not acquired. While most of the acquisition expenses are expected to be paid to third parties, a portion of the out-of-pocket acquisition expenses may be paid or reimbursed to the Advisor or its affiliates. Acquisition expenses, together with any acquisition fees for a particular real estate-related asset, will in no event exceed 6% of the gross purchase price of the property.
(6) In calculating our management fee, we will use our NAV before giving effect to accruals for the management fee, performance participation, stockholder servicing fees or distributions payable on our shares.

Commencing four fiscal quarters after we make our first investment, our Total Operating Expenses, including any distributions made to the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership, will be limited during any four fiscal quarters to the greater of (a) 2.0% of our Average Invested Assets and (b) 25.0% of our Net Income. This limit may be exceeded only if our independent directors have made a finding that, based on such unusual and non-recurring factors as they deem sufficient, a higher level of expenses is justified, and such finding is recorded in the minutes of a meeting of the independent directors. For purposes of these limits:

 

    “Total Operating Expenses” are all costs and expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under generally accepted accounting principles, including the management fee and the performance participation, but excluding: (i) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and listing of our capital stock, (ii) property-level expenses incurred at each property, (iii) interest payments, (iv) taxes, (v) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves, (vi) incentive fees paid in compliance with our charter, (vii) acquisition fees and acquisition expenses related to the selection and acquisition of assets, whether or not a property is actually acquired, (viii) real estate commissions on the sale of property and (ix) other fees and expenses connected with the acquisition, disposition, management and ownership of real estate interests, mortgage loans or other property (including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property).

 

    “Average Invested Assets” means, for any period, the average of the aggregate book value of our assets, invested, directly or indirectly, in equity interests in and loans secured by real estate, including all properties, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities and consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures or other partnerships, before deducting depreciation, amortization, impairments, bad debt reserves or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of such values at the end of each month during such period.

 

    “Net Income” means, for any period, total revenues applicable to such period, less the total expenses applicable to such period other than additions to, or allowances for, non-cash charges such as depreciation, amortization, impairments and reserves for bad debt or other similar non-cash reserves.

See “Management—The Advisory Agreement—Management Fee, Performance Participation Interest and Expense Reimbursements.”

 

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Performance Participation Interest Example

The following example illustrates how we would calculate our Special Limited Partner’s performance participation distribution at the end of the year based on the assumptions set forth in rows A through E of the table below. All amounts are with respect to the units outstanding at the end of the year. Actual results may differ materially from the following example.

 

A.    Beginning NAV    $ 500,000,000  
B.    Loss Carryforward Amount      —  
C.    Net proceeds from new issuances      —  
D.    Distributions paid (in twelve equal monthly installments)    $ 20,000,000  
E.    Change in NAV required to meet 5% annualized internal rate of return(1)    $ 4,700,000  
F.    Hurdle Amount(1) (D plus E)    $ 24,700,000  
G.    Actual change in NAV    $ 25,000,000  
H.    Annual Total Return prior to performance participation (D plus G)    $ 45,000,000  
I.    Excess Profits (H minus the sum of B and F)    $ 20,300,000  
J.    Performance participation distribution is equal to 12.5% of annual Total Return (H) because the annual Total Return exceeds the Hurdle Rate (F) plus loss carryforward account balance (B) with enough Excess Profits (I) to achieve the full Catch-Up    $ 5,625,000  

 

(1) Amounts are rounded to the nearest $100,000. The Hurdle Amount for any period is that amount that results in a 5% annualized internal rate of return on the NAV of the units outstanding at the end of the period. An internal rate of return reflects the timing and amount of all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) and any issuances of such units during the period. Internal rate of return is a metric used in business and asset management to measure the profitability of an investment, and is calculated according to a standard formula that determines the total return provided by gains on an investment over time. Requiring that a minimum internal rate of return be achieved before the advisor is entitled to any performance participation is typical in institutional fee structures.

 

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

We pay the Advisor a management fee regardless of the performance of our portfolio. The Advisor’s entitlement to a management fee, which is not based upon performance metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. We will be required to pay the Advisor a management fee in a particular period despite experiencing a net loss or a decline in the value of our portfolio during that period.

In addition, the Special Limited Partner has the ability to earn distributions on its performance participation interest each year based on the total return of our Operating Partnership, which may create an incentive for the Advisor to invest in assets with higher yield potential, which are generally riskier or more speculative, or sell an asset prematurely for a gain, in an effort to increase short-term net income and thereby increase the distributions on the performance participation interest to which the Special Limited Partner is entitled. If our interests and those of the Advisor are not aligned, the execution of our business plan and our results of operations could be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Starwood Capital, including the Advisor and its affiliates. Our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and our other executive officers are also executives of Starwood Capital. There is no guarantee that the policies and procedures adopted by us, the terms of our charter, the terms and conditions of the Advisory Agreement or the policies and procedures adopted by the Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates, will enable us to identify, adequately address or mitigate these conflicts of interest. Transactions between us and the Advisor or its affiliates will be subject to approval by our independent directors.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest.”

Some examples of conflicts of interest that may arise by virtue of our relationship with Starwood Capital, including the Advisor and Starwood Capital, include:

 

    Broad and Wide-Ranging Activities. The Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including a broad range of activities relating to investments in the real estate industry, and have invested or committed billions of dollars in capital through various investment funds, managed accounts and other vehicles affiliated with Starwood Capital. In the ordinary course of their business activities, the Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates may engage in activities where the interests of certain divisions of Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor, or the interests of their clients may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. Certain of these divisions and entities affiliated with the Advisor have or may have investment objectives or guidelines similar to our investment guidelines and therefore may compete with us. In particular, Starwood Capital invests in a broad range of real properties and real estate-related debt investments via numerous different investment funds, managed accounts and other vehicles.

 

   

Starwood Capital’s Policies and Procedures. Specified policies and procedures implemented by Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor, to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions may reduce the advantages across Starwood Capital’s and its affiliates’ various businesses that the Advisor expects to draw on for purposes of pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because Starwood Capital has many different businesses, it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would otherwise be subject if it had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements across its various businesses, Starwood Capital has implemented certain policies and procedures (e.g., information walls) that may reduce the benefits that Starwood Capital expects to utilize for purposes of identifying and managing its investments. For example, Starwood Capital may

 

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come into possession of material, non-public information with respect to companies that are Starwood Capital’s and its affiliates’ advisory clients in which the Advisor may be considering making an investment. As a consequence, that information, which could be of benefit to the Advisor, might become restricted to those other businesses and otherwise be unavailable to the Advisor, and could also restrict the Advisor’s activities. Additionally, the terms of confidentiality or other agreements with or related to companies in which any investment vehicle of Starwood Capital has or has considered making an investment or which is otherwise an advisory client of Starwood Capital and its affiliates may restrict or otherwise limit the ability of Starwood Capital or its affiliates, including the Advisor, to engage in businesses or activities competitive with such companies.

 

    Allocation of Investment Opportunities. Certain inherent conflicts of interest arise from the fact that Starwood Capital and its affiliates, including the Advisor (pursuant to the Advisory Agreement), will provide investment management and other services both to us and to other persons or entities, whether or not the investment objectives or guidelines of any such other persons or entities are similar to ours, including, without limitation, the sponsoring, closing and managing of Other Starwood Accounts. In particular, there will be overlap of real property real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities investment opportunities with certain Other Starwood Accounts that are actively investing and similar overlap with future Other Starwood Accounts that may be established. This overlap will from time to time create conflicts of interest. Additionally, in certain circumstances investment opportunities suitable for us will not be presented to us and there will be one or more investment opportunities where our participation is restricted.

 

    With respect to Other Starwood Accounts with investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with ours but that do not have priority over us, investment opportunities will be allocated among us and one or more Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with Starwood Capital’s prevailing policies and procedures on a basis that the Advisor and its affiliates believe to be fair and reasonable in their sole discretion, which will either be rotational or pro rata based on relative available capital, subject to the following considerations: (i) any applicable investment objectives of ours and such other Starwood Accounts (which, for us, includes our primary objective of providing current income in the form of regular, stable cash distributions to achieve an attractive distribution yield); (ii) the sourcing of the transaction; (iii) the size and nature of the investment; (iv) the relative amounts of capital available for investment by us and such Other Starwood Accounts; (v) the sector, geography/location, expected return profile, expected distribution rates, anticipated cash flows, expected stability or volatility of cash flows, leverage profile, risk profile, and other features of the applicable investment opportunity and its impact on portfolio concentration and diversification; (vi) avoiding allocation that could result in de minimis or odd-lot investments; (vii) any structural and operational differences between us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any applicable investment limitations (including, without limitation, exposure limits, hedging limits and diversification considerations) of us and such Other Starwood Accounts, investment limitations, parameters or contractual provisions of ours and such Other Starwood Accounts; (viii) the eligibility of us and such Other Starwood Accounts to make such investment under applicable laws; (ix) any other applicable tax, accounting, legal, regulatory compliance or operational considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor and its affiliates (including, without limitation, maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act) (e.g., joint venture investments between us and an Other Starwood Account must be on the same terms and satisfy the restrictions of all participants, such as lowest leverage targeted by any participant); and (x) any other requirements contained in the corporate governance documents of us and such Other Starwood Accounts and any other considerations deemed relevant by the Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates in good faith. Our board of directors (including our independent directors) has the duty to ensure that the allocation methodology described above is applied fairly to us.

 

   

Currently, one Other Starwood Account invests in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States, although its portfolio is currently limited to four shopping malls in the

 

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United States and it has completed its investment activity. However, in the event that such Other Starwood Account were to resume investment activity, to the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above (including maintaining our status as a non-investment company exempt from the Investment Company Act).

 

    Additionally, one Other Starwood Account, a separate account of approximately $300 million, invests primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate in the United States and Western Europe. This Other Starwood Account’s portfolio currently consists of one hotel property in the United States. To the extent an investment satisfies the investment objectives of us and such Other Starwood Account on the same terms, such investment will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above; provided, however, that such Other Starwood Account generally will not participate in co-investments. As of [        ], 2017, the foregoing Other Starwood Account had approximately $[        ] of unused capital commitments.

 

    Furthermore, one Other Starwood Account, Starwood Property Trust, focuses primarily on originating, acquiring, financing and managing commercial mortgage loans, other commercial real estate debt investments and CMBS in both the United States and Europe. Starwood Property Trust has priority over us with respect to real estate-related debt investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer real estate-related debt investment opportunities being made available to us.

In addition, in its property segment, Starwood Property Trust acquires (i) commercial properties subject to net leases and other similar equity investments that have the characteristics of real estate debt investments, or “debt-like equity investments” and (ii) equity interests in stabilized commercial real estate properties. As of March 31, 2017, Starwood Property Trust’s portfolio consisted of approximately $11.3 billion of assets (including approximately $1.9 billion in owned real estate in its property segment). To the extent that Starwood Property Trust seeks to invest in real estate equity investments, (i) Starwood Property Trust will have a priority over us with respect to debt-like equity investments and (ii) any other real estate equity investments in which Starwood Property Trust may invest will be allocated in accordance with the investment allocation policy described above.

 

    One Other Starwood Account, SEREF, focuses on originating, executing and servicing commercial real estate loans for institutional investors throughout Europe. SEREF has priority over us with respect to debt investment opportunities related to European real estate. We do not expect to target the same commercial real estate loans as SEREF, but to the extent that we do, SEREF’s priority will result in fewer investment opportunities related to European real estate debt being made available to us.

 

    Beyond the foregoing, Starwood Capital expects that its policies and procedures will provide priority (beginning as of [        ], 2017) to the European Hotel Account with respect to investments in high quality and predominately full-service hotel assets located in the United Kingdom and other European countries that fit a moderate return and risk profile. While the European Hotel Account will have priority over us with respect to investments in these types of European hotel assets, its ability to invest may be limited by its investment policies, available capital and need to maintain portfolio diversification and balance. As a consequence, European hotel investment opportunities will be allocated among us and Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with the allocation policy described above when such opportunities are not allocated to the European Hotel Account.

 

   

Finally, the Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts invest in “opportunistic” real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities globally (which often are under-managed assets and with higher potential for equity appreciation) and have priority over us with respect to such investment opportunities. This priority will result in fewer investment opportunities being made available to us. Other than (i) the priority granted to Select Opportunistic Starwood

 

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Accounts, (ii) the priority granted to Starwood Property Trust with respect to real estate-related debt and debt-like equity investments, (iii) the priority granted to SEREF with respect to debt investment opportunities related to European real estate and (iv) the priority to be granted to the European Hotel Account with respect to European hotel investments, no Other Starwood Accounts have priority over us with respect to investment opportunities. However, Starwood Capital may in the future grant priority to additional Other Starwood Accounts.

 

    While the Advisor will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to the priority rights of the Starwood Property Trust and Select Opportunistic Starwood Accounts described above) as required pursuant to our charter and the Advisory Agreement, the portfolio strategies employed by the Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates in managing the Other Starwood Accounts could conflict with the strategies employed by the Advisor in managing our business and may adversely affect the marketability, exit strategy, prices and availability of the properties, securities and instruments in which we invest. The Advisor, Starwood Capital or their affiliates may also give advice to the Other Starwood Accounts that may differ from advice given to us even though their investment objectives or guidelines may be the same or similar to ours.

 

    Corporate Opportunities. Our board of directors has adopted a resolution that provides, subject to certain exceptions, that none of Starwood Capital or its affiliates, our directors or any person our directors control will be required to refrain directly or indirectly from engaging in any business opportunities, including any business opportunities in the same or similar business activities or lines of business in which we or any of our affiliates may from time to time be engaged or propose to engage, or from competing with us, and that we renounce any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, any such business opportunities, unless offered to a person in his or her capacity as one of our directors or officers and intended exclusively for us or any of our subsidiaries.

 

    Investments in Different Levels or Classes of an Issuer’s Securities. From time to time, to the extent permitted by our charter, we and the Other Starwood Accounts may make investments at different levels of an issuer’s or borrower’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of the same issuer’s securities. We may make investments that are senior or junior to, or have rights and interests different from or adverse to, the investments made by the Other Starwood Accounts. Such investments may conflict with the interests of such Other Starwood Accounts in related investments, and the potential for any such conflicts of interests may be heightened in the event of a default or restructuring of any such investments. While Starwood Capital will seek to resolve any such conflicts in a fair and equitable manner in accordance with its prevailing policies and procedures with respect to conflicts resolution among the Other Starwood Accounts, such transactions are not required to be presented to our board of directors for approval (unless otherwise required by our charter or investment guidelines), and there can be no assurance that any conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

 

    Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, the investment professionals employed by the Advisor or its affiliates and other investment vehicles affiliated with the Advisor or Starwood Capital may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles for which he or she exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of the accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the investment professionals may place separate transactions for one or more accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment or benefit of one or more other accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles. For example, an investment professional may determine that it would be in the interest of another account to sell a security that we hold long, potentially resulting in a decrease in the market value of the security held by us.

 

   

Variation in Financial and Other Benefits. A conflict of interest arises where the financial or other benefits available to the Advisor or its affiliates differ among the accounts, clients, entities, funds or

 

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investment vehicles that it manages. If the amount or structure of the management fee, the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest or the Advisor’s or its affiliates’ compensation differs among accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles (such as where certain funds or accounts pay higher base management fees, incentive fees, performance-based management fees or other fees), the Advisor might be motivated to help certain accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles over others. Similarly, the desire to maintain assets under management or to enhance the Advisor’s performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the Advisor or its affiliates in affording preferential treatment to those accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles that could most significantly benefit the Advisor or its affiliates. The Advisor may, for example, have an incentive to allocate favorable or limited opportunity investments or structure the timing of investments to favor such accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles. Additionally, the Advisor or its affiliates might be motivated to favor accounts, clients, entities, funds or investment vehicles in which it has an ownership interest or in which Starwood Capital or its affiliates have ownership interests. Conversely, if an investment professional at the Advisor or its affiliates does not personally hold an investment in the fund but holds investments in other Starwood Capital affiliated vehicles, such investment professional’s conflicts of interest with respect to us may be more acute.

 

    Property Management, Advisory and Other Relationships. Starwood Capital will be under no obligation to decline any engagements or investments in order to make an investment opportunity available to us. In connection with its investment advisory and other businesses, which include the delivery of property management services in connection with hotel, retail and multifamily properties, Starwood Capital may come into possession of information that limits its ability to engage in potential transactions. Our activities may be constrained as a result of the inability of Starwood Capital personnel to use such information. For example, employees of Starwood Capital not serving as employees of the Advisor or its affiliates may be prohibited by law or contract from sharing information with members of Starwood Capital. We may be forced to sell or hold existing investments, including hotel, retail and multifamily properties, as a result of investment advisory relationships or other relationships that Starwood Capital may have or transactions or investments Starwood Capital and its affiliates may make or have made. Additionally, there may be circumstances in which one or more individuals associated with Starwood Capital will be precluded from providing services to the Advisor because of certain confidential information available to those individuals or to other parts of Starwood Capital. Starwood Capital may receive and retain fees, remuneration, or other profits and receive compensation from such other activities, which have the potential to create conflicts of interest and which will not be shared with us or our stockholders.

 

    Starwood Capital has long-term relationships with a significant number of corporations and their senior management. In determining whether to invest in a particular transaction on our behalf, the Advisor may consider those relationships (subject to its obligations under our charter and the Advisory Agreement), which may result in certain transactions that the Advisor will not undertake on our behalf in view of such relationships.

 

    Service Providers. Certain of our service providers (including lenders, brokers, attorneys, investment banking firms and property managers) may be sources of investment opportunities, counterparties therein or advisors with respect thereto. This may influence the Advisor in deciding whether to select such a service provider. In addition, in instances where multiple Starwood Capital businesses may be exploring a potential individual investment, certain of these service providers may choose to be engaged by other Starwood Capital affiliates rather than us.

 

   

In addition, it is expected that certain Starwood Capital affiliates will also provide other services in respect of our investments from time to time, including, but not limited to, operating platforms providing property management, leasing oversight and administrative corporate services. Employees of these affiliates may also receive performance-based compensation in respect of our investments. The fees and expenses of such Starwood Capital-affiliated service providers (and, if

 

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applicable, their employees) will be borne by our investments and there will be no related offset to the management fee we pay to the Advisor. While Starwood Capital believes that any such affiliated service providers, when engaged, generally provide (or will provide) services at rates equal to or better than those provided by third parties (even in jurisdictions where insurance rates are statutorily determined), there is an inherent conflict of interest that may incentivize Starwood Capital to engage its affiliated service provider over a third party.

 

    Rinaldi, Finkelstein & Franklin, L.L.C., which is counsel to our sponsor and its affiliates and is owned and controlled by Ellis F. Rinaldi, Co-General Counsel and Executive Vice President of Starwood Capital and certain of its affiliates, may provide legal services to us or the Advisor on market terms. Frydland & Co., an accounting firm that provides tax and accounting services primarily to our sponsor and its affiliates, may provide similar services to us on market terms.

 

    Material, Non-Public Information. We, directly or through Starwood Capital, the Advisor or certain of their respective affiliates may come into possession of material, non-public information with respect to an issuer in which we have invested or may invest. Should this occur, the Advisor may be restricted from buying or selling securities, derivatives or loans of the issuer on our behalf until such time as the information becomes public or is no longer deemed material. Disclosure of such information to the personnel responsible for management of our business may be on a need-to-know basis only, and we may not be free to act upon any such information. Therefore, we and the Advisor may not have access to material, non-public information in the possession of Starwood Capital which might be relevant to an investment decision to be made by the Advisor on our behalf, and the Advisor may initiate a transaction or purchase or sell an investment which, if such information had been known to it, may not have been undertaken. Due to these restrictions, the Advisor may not be able to initiate a transaction on our behalf that it otherwise might have initiated and may not be able to purchase or sell an investment that it otherwise might have purchased or sold, which could negatively affect our operations.

 

    Possible Future Activities. The Advisor and its affiliates may expand the range of services that they provide over time. Except as and to the extent expressly provided in the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor and its affiliates will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any such services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. The Advisor, Starwood Capital and their affiliates continue to develop relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with clients who may hold or may have held investments similar to those intended to be made by us. These clients may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or may compete with us for investment opportunities.

 

    Transactions with Other Starwood Accounts and Other Affiliates. From time to time, we may enter into purchase and sale transactions and joint ventures with Other Starwood Accounts. Such transactions will be conducted in accordance with, and subject to, our charter (including the requirement that such transaction be approved by a majority of our directors, including a majority of our independent directors, not otherwise interested in the transaction as being fair and reasonable and on terms no less favorable than those available from unaffiliated third parties), the terms and conditions of the Advisory Agreement, and our code of business conduct and ethics and applicable laws and regulations. These requirements will also apply to transactions with Starwood Capital, any of our directors or any affiliates thereof.

 

    Other Affiliate Transactions. In connection with investments in which we participate alongside Other Starwood Accounts, we may from time to time share certain rights with such Other Starwood Accounts relating to such investments for legal, tax, regulatory or other similar reasons, including, in certain instances, certain control-related rights with respect to jointly held investments. When making any decisions related to such investments, there may be conflicting interests. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by Starwood Capital or its other affiliates.

 

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Further, conflicts could arise once we and Starwood Capital or its affiliates have made our respective investments. For example, if we enter into a joint venture with an Other Starwood Account, our interests and the interests of such Other Starwood Account may conflict, for example when one joint venture partner seeks to sell the property in the joint venture but the other joint venture partner does not. In such situations, the ability of the Advisor to recommend actions in our best interests might be impaired.

 

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NET ASSET VALUE CALCULATION AND VALUATION GUIDELINES

At the conclusion of the escrow period, NAV for each class of shares will be equal to the net proceeds received by us from purchases of shares during the escrow period in each respective class, less our liabilities as described below. Thereafter, following the end of each full calendar month, our NAV for each class of shares will be based on the net asset values of our investments (including real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities), the addition of any other assets (such as cash on hand) and the deduction of any liabilities, including the accrual of any performance participation payable to the Special Limited Partner, and will also include the deduction of any stockholder servicing fees specifically applicable to such class of shares, in all cases as described below.

General

Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has adopted valuation guidelines that contain a comprehensive set of methodologies to be used by the Advisor and our independent valuation advisor in connection with estimating the values of our assets and liabilities for purposes of our NAV calculation. These guidelines are designed to produce a fair and accurate estimate of the price that would be received for our investments in an arm’s-length transaction between a willing buyer and a willing seller in possession of all material information about our investments. Our independent valuation advisor will review our valuation guidelines and methodologies related to investments in real property with the Advisor and our board of directors at least annually. From time to time, our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may adopt changes to the valuation guidelines if it (1) determines that such changes are likely to result in a more accurate reflection of NAV or a more efficient or less costly procedure for the determination of NAV without having a material adverse effect on the accuracy of such determination or (2) otherwise reasonably believes a change is appropriate for the determination of NAV.

The calculation of our NAV is intended to be a calculation of the fair value of our assets less our outstanding liabilities as described below and will likely differ from the book value of our equity reflected in our financial statements. As a public company, we are required to issue financial statements based on historical cost in accordance with GAAP. To calculate our NAV for the purpose of establishing a purchase and repurchase price for our shares, we have adopted a model, as explained below, that adjusts the value of our assets and liabilities from historical cost to fair value generally in accordance with the GAAP principles set forth in FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The Advisor will calculate the fair value of our real estate properties based in part on values provided by third-party independent appraisers and reviewed by our independent valuation advisor. Because these fair value calculations will involve significant professional judgment in the application of both observable and unobservable attributes, the calculated fair value of our assets may differ from their actual realizable value or future fair value. While we believe our NAV calculation methodologies are consistent with standard industry practices, there is no rule or regulation that requires we calculate NAV in a certain way. As a result, other public REITs may use different methodologies or assumptions to determine NAV. In addition, NAV is not a measure used under GAAP and the valuations of and certain adjustments made to our assets and liabilities used in the determination of NAV will differ from GAAP. You should not consider NAV to be equivalent to stockholders’ equity or any other GAAP measure.

Our Independent Valuation Advisor

With the approval of our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, we have engaged [            ], to serve as our independent valuation advisor with respect to our real properties, which will review annual third-party appraisals of our properties and internal valuations prepared by the Advisor. The Advisor, with the approval of our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may engage additional independent valuation advisors in the future as our portfolio grows. While our independent valuation advisor is responsible for reviewing our property valuations, our independent valuation advisor is not responsible for, and does not calculate, our NAV. The Advisor is ultimately responsible for the determination of our NAV.

 

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Our independent valuation advisor may be replaced at any time, in accordance with agreed-upon notice requirements, by a majority vote of our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors. We will promptly disclose any changes to the identity or role of the independent valuation advisor in reports we publicly file with the SEC.

Our independent valuation advisor will discharge its responsibilities in accordance with our valuation guidelines. Our board of directors will not be involved in the monthly valuation of our assets and liabilities, but will periodically receive and review such information about the valuation of our assets and liabilities as it deems necessary to exercise its oversight responsibility. Our NAV per share for each class of shares will be calculated by our fund administrator, [            ], and such calculation will be reviewed and confirmed by the Advisor. Pursuant to our valuation services agreement with our independent valuation advisor, the Advisor will receive appraisal reports from third-party appraisal firms that have been reviewed by our independent valuation advisor along with the Advisor’s own valuation. Based in part on these appraisals, the Advisor will render a final valuation in order for our fund administrator to calculate our NAV. The appraisals performed by independent third-party appraisal firms and reviewed by our independent valuation advisor will be one of several components considered by the Advisor in determining the value of our properties that will be used when our fund administrator calculates our NAV per share for each class of shares.

We have agreed to pay fees to our independent valuation advisor upon its delivery to us of its review reports. We have also agreed to indemnify our independent valuation advisor against certain liabilities arising out of this engagement. The compensation we pay to our independent valuation advisor will not be based on the estimated values of our properties.

Our independent valuation advisor and certain of the independent third-party appraisers have provided, and are expected to continue to provide, real estate appraisal, appraisal management and real estate valuation advisory services to Starwood Capital and its affiliates and have received, and are expected to continue to receive, fees in connection with such services. Our independent valuation advisor and certain of the independent third-party appraisers and their respective affiliates may from time to time in the future perform other commercial real estate and financial advisory services for Starwood Capital and its affiliates, or in transactions related to the properties that are the subjects of the valuations being performed for us, or otherwise, so long as such other services do not adversely affect the independence of the independent valuation advisor or the applicable appraiser as certified in the applicable appraisal report.

Valuation of Investments

Consolidated Properties

For the purposes of calculating our monthly NAV, our properties initially will be valued at cost, which we expect to represent fair value at that time. We expect to receive an appraisal performed by a third party on each property prior to acquisition. Generally, acquisition costs and expenses will be charged to our net portfolio income for the applicable period and excluded from the cost of the investment.

Each property will then be valued by an independent third-party appraisal firm within the first two full months after acquisition and no less than annually thereafter. Properties purchased as a portfolio may be valued as a single asset. Each third party appraisal is performed in accordance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice and reviewed by the independent valuation advisor for reasonableness. Upon conclusion of the appraisal, the independent third-party appraisal firm prepares a written report with an estimated range of gross market value of the property. Concurrent with the appraisal process, the Advisor values each property and, taking into account the appraisal, among other factors, determines the appropriate valuation within the range provided by the independent third-party appraisal firm. Each appraisal must be reviewed, approved and signed by an individual with the professional designation of MAI (a Designated Member of the Appraisal Institute). We believe our policy of obtaining appraisals by independent third parties will meaningfully enhance the accuracy of

 

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our NAV calculation. Any appraisal provided by an independent third-party appraisal firm will be performed in accordance with our valuation guidelines and will not be considered in the Advisor’s valuation of the applicable property until our independent valuation advisor has confirmed the reasonableness of such appraisal.

The Advisor will update the valuations of our properties monthly, based on the then most recent annual third-party appraisals and current market data and other relevant information, with review and confirmation for reasonableness by our independent valuation advisor provided in a negative assurance letter. These updates to valuations may be outside of the range of values provided in the most recent third-party appraisal. Although monthly reviews of each of our real property valuations will be performed by our independent valuation Advisor, such reviews are based on asset and portfolio level information provided by the Advisor, including historical operating revenues and expenses of the properties, lease agreements on the properties, revenues and expenses of the properties, information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures and any other information relevant to valuing the real estate property, which information will not be independently verified by our independent valuation Advisor.

The Advisor will monitor our properties for events that the Advisor believes may be expected to have a material impact on the most recent estimated values of such property, and will notify our independent valuation advisor of such events. If, in the opinion of the Advisor, an event becomes known to the Advisor (including through communication with the independent valuation advisor) that is likely to have any material impact on previously provided estimated values of the affected properties, the Advisor will adjust the valuation of such properties, subject to the review and confirmation for reasonableness of the independent valuation advisor. The Advisor’s valuation of each investment’s liabilities, including any third-party incentive fee payments or investment level debt, deal terms and structure will not be reviewed by the independent valuation advisor or appraised. A third-party firm will then incorporate such adjusted valuations into our NAV, which will then be reviewed and confirmed by the Advisor.

For example, a valuation adjustment may be appropriate to reflect the occurrence of an unexpected property-specific event such as a termination or renewal of a material lease, a material change in vacancies or an unanticipated structural or environmental event at a property that may cause the value of a wholly-owned property to change materially. Valuation adjustments may also be appropriate to reflect the occurrence of broader market-driven events identified by the Advisor or our independent valuation advisor which may impact more than a specific property, such as a significant capital market event. Any such adjustments will be estimates of the market impact of specific events as they occur, based on assumptions and judgments that may or may not prove to be correct, and may also be based on the limited information readily available at that time. If deemed appropriate by the Advisor or our independent valuation advisor, any necessary adjustment will be determined as soon as practicable. Updated appraisals received during the year may also trigger an adjustment in the value of a property.

In general, we expect that any adjustments to appraised values will be calculated promptly after a determination that a material change has occurred and the financial effects of such change are quantifiable by the Advisor. However, rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be immediately reflected in our monthly NAV. The resulting potential disparity in our NAV may be detrimental to stockholders whose shares are repurchased or new purchasers of our common stock, depending on whether our published NAV per share for such class is overstated or understated.

Real estate appraisals will be reported on a free and clear basis (for example, without taking into consideration any mortgage on the property), irrespective of any property level financing that may be in place. We expect to use the discounted cash flow methodology (income approach) as the primary methodology to value properties, whereby a property’s value is calculated by discounting the estimated cash flows and the anticipated terminal value of the subject property by the assumed new buyer’s normalized weighted average cost of capital for the subject property. Consistent with industry practices, the income approach also incorporates subjective judgments regarding comparable rental and operating expense data, capitalization or discount rate, and projections of future

 

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rent and expenses based on appropriate evidence as well as the residual value of the asset as components in determining value. Other methodologies that may also be used to value properties include sales comparisons and replacement cost approaches. Under the sales comparison approach, the independent third-party appraiser develops an opinion of value by comparing the subject property to similar, recently sold properties in the surrounding or competing area. The replacement cost approach relies on the principle of substitution, which holds that when a property is replaceable in the market, its value tends to be set at the cost of acquiring an equally desirable substitute property, assuming that no costly delay is encountered in making the substitution. Because the appraisals performed by the independent third-party appraisal firms and reviewed by our independent valuation advisor, the Advisor’s determination of the appropriate valuations for our properties based on the range of values provided in such reports and any subsequent updates to the valuation of our properties made by the Advisor involve subjective judgments, the estimated fair value of our assets that will be included in our NAV may not reflect the liquidation value or net realizable value of our properties.

In conducting their investigations and analyses, our independent valuation advisor and other independent third-party appraisal firms will take into account customary and accepted financial and commercial procedures and considerations as they deem relevant, which may include, without limitation, the review of documents, materials and information relevant to valuing the property that are provided by us, such as (i) historical operating revenues and expenses of the property; (ii) lease agreements on the property; (iii) the revenues and expenses of the property; (iv) information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures; and (v) any other information relevant to valuing the real estate property. Although our independent valuation advisor may review information supplied or otherwise made available by us for reasonableness, it will assume and rely upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information and of all information supplied or otherwise made available to it by any other party and will not undertake any duty or responsibility to verify independently any of such information. The independent valuation advisor will not make or obtain an independent valuation or appraisal of any of our other assets or liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than our real properties. With respect to operating or financial forecasts and other information and data to be provided to or otherwise to be reviewed by or discussed with our independent valuation advisor, our independent valuation advisor will assume that such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared in good faith on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of our management and the Advisor, and will rely upon the Advisor to advise our independent valuation advisor promptly if any information previously provided becomes inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of review.

In performing their analyses, the Advisor, our independent valuation advisor and other independent third-party appraisal firms will make numerous other assumptions with respect to industry performance, general business, economic and regulatory conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond its control and our control, as well as certain factual matters. For example, our independent valuation advisor and other independent third-party appraisal firms will assume that we have clear and marketable title to each real estate property valued, that no title defects exist unless specifically informed to the contrary, that improvements were made in accordance with law, that no hazardous materials are present or were present previously, that no deed restrictions exist, and that no changes to zoning ordinances or regulations governing use, density or shape are pending or being considered. Furthermore, our independent valuation advisor’s review, opinions and conclusions will necessarily be based upon market, economic, financial and other circumstances and conditions existing prior to the valuation, and any material change in such circumstances and conditions may affect our independent valuation advisor’s review and conclusions. Our independent valuation advisor’s review reports may contain other assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth in the respective appraisal reports that qualify the review, opinions and conclusions set forth therein. As such, the carrying values of our real properties may not reflect the price at which the properties could be sold in the market, and the difference between carrying values and the ultimate sales prices could be material. In addition, accurate valuations are more difficult to obtain in times of low transaction volume because there are fewer market transactions that can be considered in the context of the appraisal.

Pursuant to our valuation services agreement with our independent valuation advisor, each individual appraisal report for our assets will be addressed solely to us to assist the Advisor in calculating our NAV. The appraisal

 

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reports relating to our properties will not be addressed to the public and may not be relied upon by any other person to establish an estimated value of our common stock and will not constitute a recommendation to any person to purchase or sell any shares of our common stock. In preparing appraisal reports, independent third-party appraisal firms will not, and will not be requested to, solicit third-party indications of interest for our common stock or any of our properties in connection with possible purchases thereof or the acquisition of all or any part of us.

Unconsolidated Properties Held Through Joint Ventures

Unconsolidated properties held through joint ventures generally will be valued in a manner that is consistent with the guidelines described above for consolidated properties. Once the value of a property held by the joint venture is determined by an independent appraisal and we determine the fair value of any other assets and liabilities of the joint venture, the value of our interest in the joint venture would then be determined by the Advisor using a hypothetical liquidation calculation to value our interest in the joint venture, which would be a percentage of the joint venture’s NAV. Unconsolidated properties held in a joint venture that acquires multiple properties over time may be valued as a single investment.

Valuation of Real Estate-Related Debt and Real Estate-Related Securities

In general, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities will be valued by the Advisor based on market quotations or at fair value determined in accordance with GAAP. Market quotations may be obtained from third-party pricing service providers or broker-dealers. When reliable market quotations for such assets are available from multiple sources, the Advisor will use commercially reasonable efforts to use two or more quotations and will value such assets based on the average of the quotations obtained. GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Pursuant to the valuation guidelines adopted by our board of directors, if market quotations are not readily available (or are otherwise not reliable for a particular investment), the fair value will be determined in good faith by the Advisor. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, estimates of fair value may differ from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed and the differences could be material. Market quotes are considered not readily available in circumstances where there is an absence of current or reliable market-based data (e.g., trade information, bid/ask information, or broker-dealer quotations). Our board of directors has delegated to the Advisor the responsibility for monitoring significant events that may materially affect the values of our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities and for determining whether the value of the applicable investments should be re-evaluated in light of such significant events. The valuation of our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities will not be reviewed by our independent valuation advisor or appraised.

Liabilities

We will include the fair value of our liabilities as part of our NAV calculation. We expect that these liabilities will include the fees payable to the Advisor and the Dealer Manager, any accrued performance participation payable to the Special Limited Partner, accounts payable, accrued operating expenses, property-level mortgages, any portfolio-level credit facilities and other liabilities. All liabilities will be valued using widely accepted methodologies specific to each type of liability. Liabilities related to stockholder servicing fees will be allocable to a specific class of shares and will only be included in the NAV calculation for that class. Our debt will typically be valued at fair value in accordance with GAAP. For purposes of calculating our NAV, the organization and offering expenses paid by the Advisor through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering will not be recognized as expenses or as a component of equity and reflected in our NAV until we reimburse the Advisor for these costs.

 

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The Advisor’s valuation of each investment’s liabilities, including any third-party incentive fee payments or investment level debt, deal terms and structure will not be reviewed by the independent valuation advisor or appraised.

NAV and NAV Per Share Calculation

We are offering to the public four classes of shares of our common stock: Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares. Our NAV will be calculated for each of these classes by our fund administrator. Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may replace our fund administrator with another party, including the Advisor, if it is deemed appropriate to do so. The Advisor is responsible for reviewing and confirming our NAV, and overseeing the process around the calculation of our NAV, in each case, as performed by our fund administrator.

Each class will have an undivided interest in our assets and liabilities, other than class-specific stockholder servicing fees. In accordance with the valuation guidelines, our fund administrator calculates our NAV per share for each class as of the last calendar day of each month, using a process that reflects several components (each as described above), including the estimated fair value of (1) each of our properties based in part upon individual appraisal reports provided periodically by third-party independent valuation firms and reviewed by our independent valuation Advisor, as finally determined and updated monthly by the Advisor, with review and confirmation for reasonableness by our independent valuation advisor, (2) our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities for which third-party market quotes are available, (3) our other real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities, if any, and (4) our other assets and liabilities. Because stockholder servicing fees allocable to a specific class of shares will only be included in the NAV calculation for that class, the NAV per share for our share classes may differ.

At the conclusion of the escrow period, NAV for each class of shares will be equal to the net proceeds received by us from purchases of shares during the escrow period in each respective class, less our liabilities. Thereafter, at the end of each month, before taking into consideration repurchases or class-specific expense accruals for that month, any change in our aggregate NAV (whether an increase or decrease) is allocated among each class of shares based on each class’s relative percentage of the previous aggregate NAV plus issuances of shares that were effective on the first calendar day of such month. The NAV calculation is available generally within 15 calendar days after the end of the applicable month. Changes in our monthly NAV includes, without limitation, accruals of our net portfolio income, interest expense, the management fee, any accrued performance participation payable to the Special Limited Partner, distributions, unrealized/realized gains and losses on assets, any applicable organization and offering costs and any expense reimbursements. Changes in our monthly NAV also includes material, non-recurring events, such as capital expenditures and material property acquisitions and dispositions occurring during the month. On an ongoing basis, the Advisor will adjust the accruals to reflect actual operating results and the outstanding receivable, payable and other account balances resulting from the accumulation of monthly accruals for which financial information is available.

The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf (other than upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period. We will reimburse the Advisor for such advanced expenses ratably over the 60 months following the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period. For purposes of calculating our NAV, the organization and offering expenses paid by the Advisor through the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period will not be recognized as expenses or as a component of equity and reflected in our NAV until we reimburse the Advisor for these costs.

Following the aggregation of the net asset values of our investments, the addition of any other assets (such as cash on hand) and the deduction of any other liabilities, our fund administrator incorporates any class-specific adjustments to our NAV, including additional issuances and repurchases of our common stock and accruals of class-specific stockholder servicing fees. For each applicable class of shares, the stockholder servicing fee is calculated as a percentage of the aggregate NAV for such class of shares. Please see the hypothetical calculation

 

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in the paragraph below for an example of how the stockholder servicing fee will affect the calculation of NAV of each applicable class of shares each month. The declaration of distributions will reduce the NAV for each class of our common stock in an amount equal to the accrual of our liability to pay any such distribution to our stockholders of record of each class. NAV per share for each class is calculated by dividing such class’s NAV at the end of each month by the number of shares outstanding for that class at the end of such month.

A hypothetical calculation illustrating the various components that are likely to impact our NAV on any given month is below. For purposes of this illustration, we assume that the calculation occurs on a hypothetical month during the first year of our operations that does not include any payment or accrual of distributions on our shares or any operating expenses other than the management fee and the performance participation. As described above and in the footnote to the table below, each class of shares may have a different NAV per share because stockholder servicing fees will differ with respect to each class. Net portfolio income and unrealized/realized gains on assets and liabilities for any month is allocated proportionately among the share classes according to the NAV of the classes at the beginning of the month. The stockholder servicing fee for each applicable class of shares is calculated by multiplying the monthly stockholder servicing fee rate (1/12th of the total annual stockholder servicing fee rate for each applicable class of shares) by the aggregate NAV of such class of shares for that month, after adjustment for any net portfolio income or loss, unrealized/realized gains or losses on assets and liabilities, management fee expense and performance participation accrual. All amounts shown in the hypothetical calculation below are for illustrative purposes only, are not indicative of our current or projected financial condition or performance and actual results could be materially different.

 

     Class T
NAV
    Class S
NAV
    Class D
NAV
    Class I
NAV
    Total
NAV
 

A    Beginning NAV Before New Purchases for Hypothetical Month

   $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 150,000,000  

B    Share Purchases(1)

     —       —       —       —       —  

C    Beginning NAV After New Purchases for Hypothetical Month

   $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 37,500,000     $ 150,000,000  

D    Net Portfolio Income (Loss) (Before Fees)

     196,875       196,875       196,875       196,875       787,500  

E    Unrealized/Realized Gains (Losses) on Assets and Liabilities

     84,375       84,375       84,375       84,375       337,500  

F    Management Fee (1/12th of 1.25% multiplied by the sum of C + D + E)

     (39,356 )     (39,356 )     (39,356 )     (39,356 )     (157,424 )

G    Performance Participation Accrual (accrual equal to 12.5% of the sum of D, E, F because Total Return exceeds Hurdle Amount by enough for full Catch-Up)

     (30,237 )     (30,237 )     (30,237 )     (30,237 )     (120,948 )

H    Stockholder Servicing Fee (1/12th of annual stockholder servicing fee rate; multiplied by the sum of C through G)

     (26,712 )     (26,712 )     (7,857 )     —       (61,281 )

I      NAV Before Share Repurchases (Sum of C through H)

     37,684,945       37,684,945       37,703,800       37,711,657       150,785,347  

J     Share Repurchases(1)

     —       —       —       —       —  

K    Ending NAV for Hypothetical Month (Sum of I + J)

   $ 37,684,945     $ 37,684,945     $ 37,703,800     $ 37,711,657     $ 150,785,347  

 

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(1) Monthly sales and repurchases of shares at the transaction price (which is generally equal to the prior month’s NAV) will increase or decrease our NAV per share depending on whether sales and repurchases of shares are made at an amount greater than or less than that month’s NAV per share and whether sales are greater than or less than repurchases.

The combination of the Class T NAV, Class S NAV, Class D NAV and Class I NAV equals the aggregate net asset value of our assets, which will consist almost entirely of the value of our interest in the Operating Partnership, less our liabilities, including liabilities related to class-specific stockholder servicing fees. The value of our interest in the Operating Partnership is equal to the excess of the aggregate NAV of the Operating Partnership over the portion thereof that would be distributed to any limited partners other than us if the Operating Partnership were liquidated. The aggregate NAV of the Operating Partnership is the excess of the value of the Operating Partnership’s assets (including the fair value of its properties, real estate-related debt, real estate-related securities, cash and other investments) over its liabilities (including the fair value of its debt, any declared and accrued unpaid distributions, any accrued performance participation payable to the Special Limited Partner and the expenses attributable to its operations). The Advisor calculates the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the Operating Partnership as directed by our valuation guidelines based upon values received from various sources, as described in more detail above.

Relationship between NAV and Our Transaction Price

Generally, our transaction price will equal our prior month’s NAV. The transaction price will be the price at which we repurchase shares and the price, together with applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, at which we offer shares. Although the transaction price will generally be based on our prior month’s NAV per share, such prior month’s NAV may be significantly different from the current NAV per share of the applicable class of stock as of the date on which your purchase or repurchase occurs.

In addition, we may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share (including by updating a previously disclosed offering price) or suspend our offering or our share repurchase plan in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. In cases where our transaction price is not based on the prior month’s NAV per share, the offering price and repurchase price will not equal our NAV per share as of any time.

Limits on the Calculation of Our NAV Per Share

The overarching principle of our valuation guidelines is to produce reasonable estimated values for each of our investments (and other assets and liabilities), or the price that would be received for that investment in orderly transactions between market participants. However, the majority of our assets will consist of real estate properties and, as with any real estate valuation protocol and as described above, the valuation of our properties (and other assets and liabilities) is based on a number of judgments, assumptions and opinions about future events that may or may not prove to be correct. The use of different judgments, assumptions or opinions would likely result in a different estimate of the value of our real estate properties (and other assets and liabilities). Any resulting potential disparity in our NAV per share may be in favor of stockholders whose shares are repurchased, existing stockholders or new purchasers of our common stock, as the case may be, depending on the circumstances at the time (for cases in which our transaction price is based on NAV). See “Risk Factors—Valuations and appraisals of our properties real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities are estimates of fair value and may not necessarily correspond to realizable value,” “—Our NAV per share amounts may change materially if the appraised values of our properties materially change from prior appraisals or the actual operating results for a particular month differ from what we originally budgeted for that month” and “—It may be difficult to reflect, fully and accurately, material events that may impact our monthly NAV.”

 

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Additionally, while the methodologies contained in our valuation guidelines are designed to operate reliably within a wide variety of circumstances, it is possible that in certain unanticipated situations or after the occurrence of certain extraordinary events (such as a significant disruption in relevant markets, a terrorist attack or an act of nature), our ability to calculate NAV may be impaired or delayed, including, without limitation, circumstances where there is a delay in accessing or receiving information from vendors or other reporting agents upon which we may rely upon in determining the monthly value of our NAV. In these circumstances, a more accurate valuation of our NAV could be obtained by using different assumptions or methodologies. Accordingly, in special situations when, in the Advisor’s reasonable judgment, the administration of the valuation guidelines would result in a valuation that does not represent a fair and accurate estimate of the value of our investment, alternative methodologies may be applied, provided that the Advisor must notify our board of directors at the next scheduled board meeting of any alternative methodologies utilized and their impact on the overall valuation of our investment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our board of directors may suspend the offering or our share repurchase plan if it determines that the calculation of NAV is materially incorrect or unreliable or there is a condition that restricts the valuation of a material portion of our assets.

We include no discounts to our NAV for the illiquid nature of our shares, including the limitations on your ability to sell shares under our share repurchase plan and our ability to suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan at any time. Our NAV generally does not consider exit costs (e.g., selling costs and commissions and debt prepayment penalties related to the sale of a property) that would likely be incurred if our assets and liabilities were liquidated or sold. While we may use market pricing concepts to value individual components of our NAV, our per share NAV is not derived from the market pricing information of open-end real estate funds listed on stock exchanges.

Our NAV per share does not represent the amount of our assets less our liabilities in accordance with GAAP. We do not represent, warrant or guarantee that:

 

    a stockholder would be able to realize the NAV per share for the class of shares a stockholder owns if the stockholder attempts to sell its shares;

 

    a stockholder would ultimately realize distributions per share equal to the NAV per share for the class of shares it owns upon liquidation of our assets and settlement of our liabilities or a sale of our company;

 

    shares of our common stock would trade at their NAV per share on a national securities exchange;

 

    a third party would offer the NAV per share for each class of shares in an arm’s-length transaction to purchase all or substantially all of our shares; or

 

    the NAV per share would equate to a market price of an open-ended real estate fund.

 

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PLAN OF OPERATION

Overview

We are a Maryland corporation formed on June 22, 2017. We were formed to invest primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. Our portfolio principally will be comprised of properties, and debt secured by properties, located in the United States but may also be diversified on a global basis through investments in properties and debt secured by properties, outside of the United States, with a focus on Europe. We are an externally advised, perpetual-life REIT formed to pursue the investment objectives and strategies described elsewhere in this prospectus. We intend to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We plan to own all or substantially all of our assets through the Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.

Our board of directors will at all times have ultimate oversight and policy-making authority over us, including responsibility for governance, financial controls, compliance and disclosure. Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, however, we have delegated to the Advisor the authority to source, evaluate and monitor our investment opportunities and make decisions related to the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of our assets, in accordance with our investment objectives, guidelines, policies and limitations, subject to oversight by our board of directors.

We have neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenues to date. Our entire activity since inception has been to prepare for our proposed fundraising through our initial public offering of our common stock.

Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P., a wholly-owned subsidiary of our sponsor, has purchased $200,000 in Class I shares. Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest an additional $4.8 million in Class I shares prior to the end of the escrow period, resulting in an aggregate investment of $5.0 million. After we have received purchase orders for at least $150 million (including purchase orders by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers), in any combination of purchases of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares, and our board of directors has authorized the release of such funds to us from escrow, we intend to contribute the net proceeds from this offering which are not used or retained to pay the fees and expenses attributable to our operations to the Operating Partnership in respect of a corresponding number of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I units. The Operating Partnership will use the net proceeds received from us to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies. We will use the net proceeds only for the purposes set forth in this prospectus and in the manner approved by our board of directors, the members of which serve as fiduciaries to our stockholders. See “Estimated Use of Proceeds.”

We have not entered into any arrangements to acquire any properties, real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities with the net proceeds from this offering. The number and type of properties, real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities that we acquire will depend upon real estate market conditions, the amount of proceeds we raise in this offering, any applicable investment priorities of Other Starwood Accounts and other circumstances existing at the time we are acquiring such assets.

We are not aware of any material trends or uncertainties, favorable or unfavorable, other than national economic conditions affecting real estate generally, that may be reasonably anticipated to have a material impact on either capital resources or the revenues or income to be derived from acquiring properties, real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities, other than those referred to in this prospectus.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary needs for liquidity and capital resources are to fund our investments, to make distributions to our stockholders, to repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase plan, to pay our offering and operating fees and expenses and to pay interest on any outstanding indebtedness we may incur. We

 

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anticipate our offering and operating fees and expenses will include, among other things, the management fee we will pay to the Advisor, the performance participation that the Operating Partnership will pay to the Special Limited Partner, stockholder servicing fees we will pay to the Dealer Manager, legal, audit and valuation expenses, federal and state filing fees, printing expenses, administrative fees, transfer agent fees, marketing and distribution expenses and fees related to acquiring, financing, appraising and managing our properties. We do not have any office or personnel expenses as we do not have any employees. We will reimburse the Advisor for certain out-of-pocket expenses in connection with our operations. See “Compensation—Management Fee.” The Advisor has agreed to advance all of our organization and offering expenses on our behalf (other than upfront selling commissions and stockholder servicing fees) through the first anniversary of the date on which we break escrow in this offering. We will reimburse the Advisor for such advanced expenses ratably over the 60 months following the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period. After the first anniversary of the conclusion of the escrow period, we will reimburse the Advisor for any organization and offering expenses that it incurs on our behalf as and when such expenses are incurred. As of July 13, 2017, the Advisor had incurred approximately $1.0 million of organization and offering expenses on our behalf.

We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, beginning with our taxable year ending December 31 of the year in which the escrow period concludes. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to, among other things, distribute as dividends at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to our stockholders and meet certain tests regarding the nature of our income and assets.

Over time, we generally intend to fund our cash needs for items other than asset acquisitions from operations. Our cash needs for acquisitions will be funded primarily from the sale of shares of our common stock and through the assumption or incurrence of debt.

Although we have not received any commitments from lenders to fund a line of credit to date, we may decide to obtain a line of credit to fund acquisitions, to repurchase shares pursuant to our share repurchase plan and for any other corporate purpose. If we decide to obtain a line of credit, we would expect that it would afford us borrowing availability to fund repurchases. As our assets increase, however, it may not be commercially feasible or we may not be able to secure an adequate line of credit to fund share repurchases. Moreover, actual availability may be reduced at any given time if we use borrowings under the line of credit to fund share repurchases or for other corporate purposes.

Other potential future sources of capital include secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders and proceeds from the sale of assets. If necessary, we may use financings or other sources of capital in the event of unforeseen significant capital expenditures. We have not yet identified any sources for these types of financings.

Results of Operations

As of the date of this prospectus, we are in our organizational period and have not commenced significant operations.

Critical Accounting Policies

Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that management believes will be critical once we commence operations. We consider these policies critical because they involve significant judgments and assumptions and require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Our accounting policies have been established to conform with GAAP. The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to use judgments in the application of such policies. These judgments will affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions,

 

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materially different amounts could be reported in our financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses.

Principles of Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has recently issued guidance that clarifies the methodology for determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the methodology for assessing who is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. A VIE is required to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, and only by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party with both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

There are judgments and estimates involved in determining if an entity in which we will make an investment will be a VIE and if so, if we will be the primary beneficiary. The entity will be evaluated to determine if it is a VIE by, among other things, calculating the percentage of equity being risked compared to the total equity of the entity. The minimum equity at risk percentage can vary depending upon the industry or the type of operations of the entity and it will be up to us to determine that minimum percentage as it relates to our business and the facts surrounding each of our acquisitions. In addition, even if the entity’s equity at risk is a very low percentage, we will be required to evaluate the equity at risk compared to the entity’s expected future losses to determine if there could still in fact be sufficient equity at the entity. Determining expected future losses involves assumptions of various possibilities of the results of future operations of the entity, assigning a probability to each possibility and using a discount rate to determine the net present value of those future losses. A change in the judgments, assumptions and estimates outlined above could result in consolidating an entity that had not been previously consolidated or accounting for an investment on the equity method that had been previously consolidated, the effects of which could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.

Real Estate Joint Ventures and Partnerships

To determine the method of accounting for partially owned real estate joint ventures and partnerships, management evaluates the characteristics of associated entities and determines whether an entity is a VIE and, if so, determines if we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity’s significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the design of the entity structure, the nature of the entity’s operations, future cash flow projections, the entity’s financing and capital structure, and contractual relationships and terms. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary.

Primary risks associated with our VIEs include the potential funding of the entities’ debt obligations or making additional contributions to fund the entities’ operations.

Partially owned, non-variable interest real estate joint ventures and partnerships over which we have a controlling financial interest are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements. In determining if we have a controlling financial interest, we consider factors such as ownership interest, authority to make decisions, kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. Partially owned real estate joint ventures and partnerships where we do not have a controlling financial interest, but have the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for using the equity method.

Management will analyze and assess reconsideration events, including changes in the factors mentioned above, to determine if a consolidation treatment remains appropriate. Decisions regarding consolidation of partially

 

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owned entities frequently require significant judgment by our management. Errors in the assessment of consolidation could result in material changes to our consolidated financial statements.

Investment Property and Lease Intangibles

Acquisitions of properties will be accounted for utilizing the acquisition method and, accordingly, the results of operations of acquired properties will be included in our results of operations from their respective dates of acquisition. Estimates of future cash flows and other valuation techniques that we believe are similar to those used by independent appraisers will be used to record the purchase of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed such as land, buildings and improvements, equipment and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities such as amounts related to in-place leases, acquired above- and below-market leases, tenant relationships, asset retirement obligations and mortgage notes payable. Values of buildings and improvements will be determined on an as-if-vacant basis. Initial valuations may be subject to change until such information is finalized, no later than 12 months from the acquisition date.

The estimated fair value of acquired in-place leases will be the costs we would have incurred to lease the properties to the occupancy level of the properties at the date of acquisition. Such estimates include the fair value of leasing commissions, legal costs and other direct costs that would be incurred to lease the properties to such occupancy levels. Additionally, we will evaluate the time period over which such occupancy levels would be achieved. Such evaluation will include an estimate of the net market-based rental revenues and net operating costs (primarily consisting of real estate taxes, insurance and utilities) that would be incurred during the lease-up period. Acquired in-place leases as of the date of acquisition will be amortized over the remaining lease terms.

Acquired above- and below-market lease values will be recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the lease acquired) of the difference between the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and management’s estimate of fair market value lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases. The capitalized above- and below-market lease values will be amortized as adjustments to rental revenue over the remaining terms of the respective leases, which include periods covered by bargain renewal options. Should a tenant terminate its lease, the unamortized portion of the in-place lease value will be charged to amortization expense and the unamortized portion of out-of-market lease value will be charged to rental revenue.

Value of Real Estate Portfolio

We will review our real estate portfolio to ascertain if there are any indicators of impairment in the value of any of our real estate assets, including deferred costs and intangibles, in order to determine if there is any need for an impairment charge. In reviewing the portfolio, we will examine the type of asset, the economic situation in the area in which the asset is located, the economic situation in the industry in which the tenant is involved and the timeliness of the payments made by the tenant under its lease, as well as any current correspondence that may have been had with the tenant, including property inspection reports. For each real estate asset owned for which indicators of impairment exist, if the undiscounted cash flow analysis yields an amount which is less than the assets’ carrying amount, an impairment loss will be recorded to the extent that the estimated fair value is lower than the asset’s carrying amount. The estimated fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model of the expected future cash flows through the useful life of the property. Real estate assets that are expected to be disposed of are valued at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell on an individual asset basis. Any impairment charge taken with respect to any part of our real estate portfolio will reduce our earnings and assets to the extent of the amount of any impairment charge, but it will not affect our cash flow or our distributions until such time as we dispose of the property.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues, which we expect will be substantially derived from rental income and payments received in connection with our real estate-related debt investments, will include rental income that our tenants pay in

 

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accordance with the terms of their respective leases reported on a straight line basis over the initial lease term of each lease. Since we expect many of our leases will provide for rental increases at specified intervals, straight line basis accounting requires us to record as an asset and include in revenues unbilled rent receivables, in addition to rents that have been previously billed and not collected, which we will only receive if the tenant makes all rent payments required through expiration of the initial term of the lease. Accordingly, management must determine, in its judgment, that the billed and unbilled rents receivable applicable to each specific tenant are collectible. We will review billed and unbilled rent receivables and take into consideration the tenant’s payment history and the financial condition of the tenant. In the event that the collectability of a billed or unbilled rent receivable is in doubt, we will be required to take a reserve against the receivable or a direct write-off of the receivable, which will have an adverse effect on earnings for the year in which the reserve or direct write-off is taken.

Rental revenue will also include amortization of above- and below-market leases. Revenues relating to lease termination fees will be recognized at the time that a tenant’s right to occupy the leased space is terminated.

Income Taxes

As a REIT, we will not be subject to federal income tax with respect to the portion of our income that meets certain criteria and is distributed annually to stockholders. We intend to operate in a manner that allows us to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT. Many of these requirements, however, are highly technical and complex. We will monitor the business and transactions that may potentially impact our REIT status. If we were to fail to meet these requirements, we could be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We would not be able to deduct distributions paid to stockholders in any year in which it fails to qualify as a REIT. We would also be disqualified for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost unless we were entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We may be exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of long-term debt used to maintain liquidity, fund capital expenditures and expand our investment portfolio and operations. Market fluctuations in real estate financing may affect the availability and cost of funds needed to expand our investment portfolio. In addition, restrictions upon the availability of real estate financing or high interest rates for real estate loans could adversely affect our ability to dispose of real estate in the future. We will seek to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates on loans secured by our assets. Also, we will be exposed to both credit risk and market risk.

Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty will owe us, which creates credit risk for us. If the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, we will owe the counterparty and, therefore, do not have credit risk. We will seek to minimize the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties.

Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of a financial instrument that results from a change in interest rates. The market risk associated with interest-rate contracts is managed by establishing and monitoring parameters that limit the types and degree of market risk that may be undertaken. With regard to variable rate financing, we will assess our interest rate cash flow risk by continually identifying and monitoring changes in interest rate exposures that may adversely impact expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities. We will maintain risk management control systems to monitor interest rate cash flow risk attributable to both our outstanding and forecasted debt obligations as well as our potential offsetting hedge positions. While this hedging strategy will be designed to minimize the impact on our net income and funds from operations from changes in interest rates, the overall returns on your investment may be reduced. Our board of directors has not yet established policies and procedures regarding our use of derivative financial instruments for hedging or other purposes.

 

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PRIOR PERFORMANCE

The information presented in this section presents the historical experience of real estate investment programs sponsored by Starwood Capital and its affiliates (excluding separately managed accounts, co-investment entities, and other vehicles for which Starwood Capital does not have investment acquisition discretion, unless otherwise noted) that were in their investment or operational phases during the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016. Our structure and investment strategy are generally different from these prior programs and our performance will depend on factors that may not be applicable to or affect the performance of these other programs. Further, all but one of the prior programs discussed in this section were conducted through privately-held entities that were not subject to all of the laws and regulations that will apply to us as a publicly offered REIT. Investors should not assume that they will experience returns, if any, that are comparable to those experienced by investors in the prior programs. The Prior Performance Tables included in this prospectus, beginning on page A-1, include further information regarding certain prior programs. References in this section to Starwood Capital include its affiliates.

Capital Raising

Starwood Capital operates investment programs that invest primarily in real property and programs that invest primarily in real estate-related debt. During the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016, Starwood Capital sponsored 13 real estate programs that were in their investment or operational phases, consisting of (1) 11 private programs that, depending on the program, invest primarily in a mix of real property assets and real estate-related debt, (2) Starwood Property Trust, a NYSE-listed REIT, and (3) Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited, a London Stock Exchange-listed company. We refer to these 13 real estate programs as “the prior programs.” In the aggregate, during this period Starwood Capital raised more than $20 billion from approximately 1,000 investors from its 11 private prior programs. Additionally, during this period Starwood Property Trust and Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited raised more than $5.8 billion and £0.4 billion from investors, respectively.

Excluded from the prior programs are the following programs with which Starwood Capital or certain of its personnel were affiliated during the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016: (1) TriPoint Group, Inc., a company engaged in the design, construction and sale of single-family homes; (2) Starwood Waypoint Homes (f/k/a Colony Starwood Homes), a NYSE-listed REIT focused on single-family homes, following its spin-off from Starwood Property Trust in 2014; and (3) separately managed accounts, co-investment entities and other vehicles for which Starwood Capital does not have investment acquisition discretion, unless otherwise noted.

Please see “Appendix A: Prior Performance Tables—Table I” for more detailed information about fund raising for certain prior programs during the three year period ended December 31, 2016.

 

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Investments

During the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016, the prior programs and their related co-investment entities made investments in approximately 9,703 real estate properties (inclusive of 4,378 single-family homes) with an aggregate equity investment amount of approximately $18 billion. The table below provides details about the location and aggregate equity investment in these properties.

 

     Property Investments  

Location

   Number      Equity Invested(1)
(in billions)
 

United States

     8,941      $ 13.7  

Europe

     725        3.5  

Asia Pacific

     12        0.1  

Canada and Mexico

     3        0.2  

South America

     22        0.3  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

TOTAL ALL LOCATIONS

     9,703      $ 17.8  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1) We have estimated the amount of equity invested by Starwood Property Trust in properties based on the allocable share of aggregate net equity invested in all assets.

The following table gives a breakdown of the aggregate investments in real property (based on equity amount of investments) made by the prior programs and their related co-investment entities, categorized by property type, during the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016.

 

Type of Property

   Total  

Leisure and Hospitality

     34

Multifamily & Condominiums

     24

Office

     14

Retail

     13

Residential

     7

Other

     4

Industrial

     3

Mixed Use

     1
  

 

 

 

TOTAL

     100
  

 

 

 

Investment Objectives

We consider a program to have investment objectives similar to ours if the program seeks steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate, real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities. We do not consider any of the prior programs to have investment objectives similar to ours, except for Starwood Property Trust. Approximately 22% of the aggregate funds raised from investors by all of the prior programs were invested in programs with investment objectives similar to ours.

The aggregate cost of the underlying properties of the prior programs with similar investment objectives to our real estate portfolio is approximately 3% of the total aggregate cost incurred by all of the prior programs during

the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016.

Sales and Dispositions

The prior private programs and their related co-investment entities disposed of approximately 1,653 properties during the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016. The aggregate net sales proceeds of such properties (net of leverage) was approximately $13.4 billion and the aggregate original equity cost was approximately $9.8 billion.

 

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During the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016, approximately 98 investments in real estate properties were disposed of by prior programs with similar investment objectives to our real estate portfolio excluding the spin-off of Starwood Waypoint Homes from Starwood Property Trust. The aggregate net sales proceeds of such properties (inclusive of corporate level debt) was approximately $53.6 million and the aggregate original gross cost (inclusive of corporate level debt) was approximately $33.9 million.

Please see “Appendix A: Prior Performance Tables—Table III” for information about the operating results of certain prior programs, the offerings of which are open-ended or closed in the five-year period ended December 31, 2016.

Prior Programs Summary

Starwood Capital has sponsored 13 programs that were in their investment or operation phases during the ten-year period ended December 31, 2016 (in addition to separately managed accounts, co-investment entities and other vehicles for which Starwood Capital does not have investment acquisition discretion, and taking into account any related parallel funds and alternative investment vehicles). As described in greater detail below, the prior programs primarily invested in a range of real properties and real estate-related debt and other securities based on Starwood Capital’s analysis and assessment of favorable market opportunities. As noted above under “—Investment Objectives,” (i) Starwood Property Trust has investment objectives similar to our real estate portfolio with respect to its real estate equity portfolio, (ii) Starwood Property Trust has investment objectives similar to our real estate-related securities portfolio with respect to its real estate-related securities portfolio and (iii) SOF VII and Hotel I (as described below) had investment objectives similar to our real estate-related securities portfolio with respect to their real estate-related securities portfolios. Other than the foregoing, the prior programs do not have investment objectives similar to ours.

The 13 prior programs (inclusive of feeder funds and parallel funds) are as follows:

 

    Starwood Opportunity Fund IV (“SOF IV”) had its final closing in February 1997, with total commitments of approximately $830 million. SOF IV pursued an investment strategy focused on office properties, mixed-used complexes, residential land development, and retail- and leisure-related development.

 

    Starwood Opportunity Fund V (“SOF V”) had its final closing in April 1999, with total commitments of approximately $516 million. SOF V’s strategy emphasized investments in residential and retail assets, including the construction or redevelopment of condominium projects in major cities.

 

    Starwood Global Opportunity Fund VI (“SOF VI”) had its final closing in February 2002, with total commitments of $567 million. SOF VI pursued opportunities in country-specific and property-specific investments.

 

    Starwood Capital Hospitality Fund I (“Hotel I”) had its final closing in November 2005, with total commitments of $900 million. Hotel I pursued opportunities with SOF VII (described below) in hotel and hotel-related investments.

 

    Starwood Opportunity Fund VII (“SOF VII”) had its final closing in December 2005, with total commitments of $1.475 billion. SOF VII pursued opportunities with Hotel I in hotel and hotel-related investments. In addition, SOF VII pursued investments in residential land, office buildings and senior housing opportunities.

 

    Starwood Debt Fund II (“Debt Fund II”) had its final closing in January 2009, with total commitments of $338 million. Debt Fund II pursued opportunities with SOF VIII and Hotel II (each described below) focused on first mortgages, junior notes, CMBS, corporate bonds and mezzanine debt.

 

    Starwood Property Trust is a NYSE-listed REIT that launched in August 2009 with an initial market capitalization of $950 million. Starwood Property Trust pursues an investment strategy focused on origination, acquiring, financing and managing commercial mortgage loans and other commercial real estate debt investments. Since inception, Starwood Property Trust has deployed total capital of approximately $33 billion.

 

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    Starwood Capital Hospitality Fund II (“Hotel II”) had its final closing in March 2010, with total commitments of $966 million. Hotel II pursued opportunities with SOF VIII and Debt II in hotel and hotel-related transactions. Hotel II focused on investing in budget hotels, luxury hotels, portfolios of hotels and hotel platforms by investing in distressed hospitality debt, distressed assets and portfolios of assets.

 

    Starwood Opportunity Fund VIII (“SOF VIII”) had its final closing in March 2010, with total commitments of $1.83 billion. SOF VIII focused on opportunistic investing in global distressed real estate and targeted loans and real estate owned that was being sold by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and other distressed institutions, performing debt and “loan-to-own” opportunities, U.S. residential land, property in emerging economies with attractive fundamentals and mispriced corporate and global real estate. In addition, SOF VIII pursued opportunities with Hotel II in hotel and hotel-related transactions and opportunities in debt investments with Debt Fund II and Starwood Property Trust.

 

    Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited (“SEREF”) is a London Stock Exchange listed company that launched in November 2012 with an initial market capitalization of £224 million. SEREF pursues an investment strategy focused on origination and acquisition of real estate debt investments in the form of performing loans in the United Kingdom and the wider European Union. Since inception, SEREF has made £576.8 million of loan commitments to borrowers.

 

    Starwood Distressed Opportunity Fund IX (“SOF IX”) had its final closing in April 2013, with total commitments of $4.2 billion. SOF IX pursued an investment strategy with a focus on distressed debt purchases from money center banks, regional banks, the FDIC and other distressed sellers, as well as value-add and income assets, corporate opportunities and land development.

 

    Starwood Global Opportunity Fund X (“SOF X”) had its final closing in March 2015 with total commitments of $5.6 billion. SOF X focused on acquiring real estate at discounts to replacement cost and on other underperforming assets in select sub-markets.

 

    Starwood Global Opportunity Fund XI (“SOF XI”) has not yet closed and had approximately $3.2 billion in total capital commitments as of December 31, 2016, although SOF XI had not commenced operations as of that date.

Material Adverse Developments on Prior Programs

Starwood Capital has invested in real estate over the past 25 years through various economic cycles, including the global financial crisis. Adverse business developments in prior programs described above were generally the result of broader economic distress (e.g., the global financial crisis, periods of increased volatility) or other factors that are immaterial to investors in this offering (e.g., ground-up construction, distress in international markets where we are not expected to invest). Specific instances of such temporary adverse developments are discussed below.

During the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, the U.S. and international markets experienced high volatility, significant declines in real estate values, severe disruptions in the credit and capital markets and deteriorated property operating fundamentals. As a result, valuations of Starwood Capital’s real estate programs and real estate-related debt programs during this period were reduced. While such real estate programs were formed primarily to make opportunistic real estate investments, and have different investment objectives than ours, virtually the entire real estate industry globally, including such programs, suffered during the financial crisis. During this period, three of the prior programs sponsored by Starwood Capital, in particular, realized losses on certain investments, had tenants file for protection from creditors under the bankruptcy code, tenants vacate facilities prior to or at the end of, or cease operations during, a lease term, and litigation with tenants involving lease defaults and sales of properties. These developments caused a reduction in cash flow and an increase in administrative expenses during certain periods.

 

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Upon written request, you may obtain, without charge, a copy of the most recent Form 10-K annual report filed with the SEC by Starwood Property Trust. We will provide exhibits to each such Form 10-K upon payment of a reasonable fee for copying and mailing expenses. These reports and exhibits, as well as other reports required to be filed with the SEC, are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

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STOCK OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth, as of June 30, 2017, information regarding the number and percentage of shares owned by each director, our chief executive officer, each executive officer, all directors and executive officers as a group, and any person known to us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of outstanding shares of our common stock. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes securities that a person has the right to acquire within 60 days. The address for each of the persons named below is in care of our principal executive offices at 1601 Washington Avenue, Suite 800, Miami Beach, Florida 33139.

 

Name of Beneficial Owner

   Number of Shares
Beneficially Owned(1)
     Percent of All
Shares
 

Directors and Officers

     

Barry S. Sternlicht(2)

     10,000        100

John P. McCarthy, Jr.

     0        0

Christopher D. Graham

     0        0

Nick Antonopoulos

     0        0

Matthew S. Guttin

     0        0
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

All directors and executive officers as a group

     10,000        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

5% Stockholders

     

Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P.

     10,000        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1) All shares listed in the table above are Class I shares.
(2) As of the date of this prospectus, Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P. owned 10,000 Class I shares, which are deemed to be beneficially owned by Mr. Sternlicht.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. The rights of our stockholders are governed by Maryland law as well as our charter and bylaws. The following summary of the terms of our stock is a summary of all material provisions concerning our stock and you should refer to the MGCL and our charter and bylaws for a full description. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information contained in our charter and bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You can obtain copies of our charter and bylaws and every other exhibit to our registration statement. See the “Where You Can Find More Information” section below.

Under our charter, we have authority to issue a total of 1,100,000,000 shares of capital stock. Of the total shares of stock authorized, 1,000,000,000 shares are classified as common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class T shares, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class S shares, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class D shares and 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class I shares, and 100,000,000 shares are classified as preferred stock with a par value $0.01 per share. In addition, our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time, without stockholder approval, to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue.

Common Stock

Subject to the restrictions on ownership and transfer of stock set forth in our charter and except as may otherwise be specified in our charter, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters voted on by stockholders, including election of our directors. The holders of common stock vote together as a single class on all actions to be taken by the stockholders; provided, however, that with respect to (i) any amendment of the charter that would materially and adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of only a particular class of common stock, (ii) any matter submitted to stockholders that relates solely to a particular class of common stock or (iii) any matter submitted to stockholders in which the interests of a particular class of common stock differ from the interests of all other classes of common stock, only the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of such affected class of common stock, with no other class of common stock voting except such affected class of common stock voting as a separate class, is required. Our charter does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of our directors. Therefore, the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect our entire board of directors. Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding class or series of shares of stock and to the provisions in our charter regarding the restriction on ownership and transfer of stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to such distributions as may be authorized from time to time by our board of directors (or a committee of our board of directors) and declared by us out of legally available funds and, upon liquidation, are entitled to receive all assets available for distribution to our stockholders. Upon issuance for full payment in accordance with the terms of this offering, all shares of our common stock issued in the offering will be fully paid and non-assessable. Holders of common stock will not have preemptive rights, which means that you will not have an automatic option to purchase any new shares of stock that we issue.

Our charter also contains a provision permitting our board of directors, without any action by our stockholders, to classify or reclassify any unissued common stock into one or more classes or series by setting or changing the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of repurchase of any new class or series of shares of stock.

We will generally not issue certificates for shares of our common stock. Shares of our common stock will be held in “uncertificated” form, which will eliminate the physical handling and safekeeping responsibilities inherent in owning transferable stock certificates and eliminate the need to return a duly executed stock certificate to effect a transfer. [            ] acts as our registrar and as the transfer agent for our shares. Transfers can be effected simply by mailing to our transfer agent a transfer and assignment form, which we will provide to you at no charge upon written request.

 

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Class T Shares

Each Class T share issued in the primary offering will be subject to an upfront selling commission of up to 3.0% and a dealer manager fee of 0.5% of the NAV per share of each Class T share sold in the offering on the date of the purchase; however, such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold. The Dealer Manager anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers.

We will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class T shares. For each Class T share, this stockholder servicing fee will consist of an advisor stockholder servicing fee and a dealer stockholder servicing fee. We expect that generally the advisor stockholder servicing fee will equal 0.65% per annum and the dealer stockholder servicing fee will equal 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV for each Class T share. However, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares. The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services.

The upfront selling commission and dealer manager fee will not be payable in respect of any Class T shares sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, but such shares will be charged the stockholder servicing fee payable with respect to all our outstanding Class T shares.

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% (or a lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer at the time such Class T shares were issued) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such share (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such share. Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class T share (in the case of a limit of 8.75% of gross proceeds) over approximately 6.5 years from the date of purchase, assuming payment of the full upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for this time period, this fee with respect to a Class T share would total approximately $1.11.

Class S Shares

Each Class S share issued in the primary offering will be subject to an upfront selling commission of up to 3.5% of the NAV per share of each Class S share sold in the offering on the date of the purchase. The Dealer Manager anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers.

We will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class S shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class S shares. The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a

 

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portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services.

The upfront selling commission will not be payable in respect of any Class S shares sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, but such shares will be charged the stockholder servicing fee payable with respect to all our outstanding Class S shares.

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class S shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% of the gross proceeds from the sale of such shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class S shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such share. Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class S share over approximately 6.5 years from the date of purchase, assuming payment of the full upfront selling commissions, opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for this time period, this fee with respect to a Class S share would total approximately $1.11.

Class D Shares

No upfront selling commissions will be paid for sales of any Class D shares. We will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class D shares equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of all our outstanding Class D shares, including any Class D shares sold pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services.

Class D shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class D shares, (2) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class D shares, (3) through certain registered investment advisers, (4) through bank trust departments or any other organization or person authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity for its clients or customers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus.

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% of the gross proceeds from the sale of such shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class D shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such share. Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class D share over approximately 35 years from the date of purchase, assuming opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for this time period, this fee with respect to a Class D share would total approximately $1.75.

 

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Class I Shares

No upfront selling commissions or stockholder servicing fees will be paid for sales of any Class I shares.

Class I shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class I shares, (2) by endowments, foundations, pension funds and other institutional investors, (3) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class I shares, (4) by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of the Advisor, Starwood Capital or other affiliates and their immediate family members, and, if approved by our board of directors, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus.

Other Terms of Common Stock

If not already converted into Class I shares upon a determination that total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed the applicable limit as described in the “—Class T Shares,” “—Class S Shares” and “—Class D Shares” sections above, each Class T share, Class S share and Class D share held in a stockholder’s account will automatically and without any action on the part of the holder thereof convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent NAV as such share on the earliest of (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) our merger or consolidation with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case in a transaction in which our stockholders receive cash or securities listed on a national securities exchange or (iii) the date following termination of the primary portion of the offering in which such Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares were sold on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources in connection with the offering, including upfront selling commissions, the stockholder servicing fee and other underwriting compensation, is equal to 10% of the gross proceeds of the primary portion of the offering. In addition, immediately before any liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each Class T share, Class S share and Class D share will automatically convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent NAV as such share.

Preferred Stock

Our charter authorizes our board of directors to designate and issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock without stockholder approval, and to establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of repurchase of each class or series of preferred stock so issued. Because our board of directors has the power to establish the preferences and rights of each class or series of preferred stock, it may afford the holders of any series or class of preferred stock preferences, powers and rights senior to the rights of holders of common stock.

However, the voting rights per share of any series or class of preferred stock sold in a private offering may not exceed voting rights which bear the same relationship to the voting rights of a publicly held share as the consideration paid to us for each privately-held preferred share bears to the book value of each outstanding publicly held share. If we ever created and issued preferred stock with a distribution preference over common stock, payment of any distribution preferences of outstanding preferred stock would reduce the amount of funds available for the payment of distributions on the common stock. Further, holders of preferred stock are normally entitled to receive a liquidation preference in the event we liquidate, dissolve or wind up before any payment is made to the common stockholders, likely reducing the amount common stockholders would otherwise receive upon such an occurrence. In addition, under certain circumstances, the issuance of preferred stock may render more difficult or tend to discourage a merger, offer or proxy contest, the assumption of control by a holder of a large block of our securities, or the removal of incumbent management. Our board of directors has no present plans to issue any preferred stock, but may do so at any time in the future without stockholder approval.

 

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Meetings and Special Voting Requirements

An annual meeting of the stockholders will be held each year, upon reasonable notice to our stockholders, but no sooner than 30 days after delivery of our annual report to stockholders. Special meetings of stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our directors, a majority of our independent directors or our chief executive officer, president or chairman of the board of directors and must be called by our secretary to act on any matter that may properly be considered at a meeting of stockholders upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast at least 10% of the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at the meeting. Upon receipt of a written request stating the purpose of any such special meeting, our secretary shall provide a written notice to our stockholders within 10 days of receipt of such written request, stating the purpose of the meeting and setting a meeting date not less than 15 nor more than 60 days after the distribution of such notice. The presence either in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast at least 50% of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at the meeting on any matter will constitute a quorum. Generally, the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast is necessary to take stockholder action, except as described in the next paragraph and except that a majority of the votes represented in person or by proxy at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to elect a director.

Under the MGCL and our charter, stockholders generally are entitled to vote at a duly held meeting at which a quorum is present on (1) amendments to our charter, (2) our liquidation and dissolution, (3) a merger, consolidation, conversion, statutory share exchange or sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, and (4) election or removal of our directors. Except with respect to the election of directors or as otherwise provided in our charter, the vote of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares of our stock entitled to vote is required to approve any such action, and no such action can be taken by our board of directors without such majority vote of our stockholders. In addition, although the NASAA REIT Guidelines indicate that stockholders are permitted to amend our charter or dissolve us without the necessity for concurrence by our board of directors, we are required to comply with the MGCL, which provides that any amendment to our charter or any dissolution of our company must first be declared advisable by our board of directors. Therefore, except with respect to the election or removal of our directors, prior to a stockholder vote, our board of directors must first adopt a resolution that the proposed action is advisable and directing the matter to be submitted to the stockholders. Accordingly, the only proposals to amend our charter or to dissolve our company that will be presented to our stockholders will be those that have been declared advisable by our board of directors. Stockholders are not entitled to exercise any of the rights of an objecting stockholder provided for in Title 3, Subtitle 2 of the MGCL unless our board of directors determines that such rights apply, with respect to all or any classes or series of stock, to one or more transactions occurring after the date of the determination in connection with which stockholders would otherwise be entitled to exercise such rights. Stockholders have the power, without the concurrence of the directors, to remove a director from our board of directors with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.

Stockholders are entitled to receive a copy of our stockholder list upon request. The list provided by us will include each stockholder’s name, address and telephone number and number of shares of stock owned by each stockholder and will be sent within 10 days of our receipt of the request. The stockholder list shall be maintained as part of our books and records and shall be available for inspection by any stockholder or the stockholder’s designated agent at our corporate offices upon the request of a stockholder. The stockholder list will be updated at least quarterly to reflect changes in the information contained therein. The copy of the stockholder list will be printed in alphabetical order, on white paper, and in a readily readable type size (in no event smaller than ten-point type). A stockholder requesting a list will be required to pay reasonable costs of postage and duplication. The purposes for which a stockholder may request a copy of the stockholder list include, but are not limited to, matters relating to stockholders’ voting rights, the exercise of stockholder rights under federal proxy laws and any other proper purpose. If the Advisor or our board of directors neglects or refuses to exhibit, produce or mail a copy of our stockholder list as requested, the Advisor or our board of directors, as the case may be, shall be liable to any stockholder requesting our stockholder list for the costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, incurred by that stockholder for compelling the production of our stockholder list, and for actual damages suffered by any

 

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such stockholder by reason of such refusal or neglect. It shall be a defense that the actual purpose and reason for the requests for inspection or for a copy of our stockholder list is to secure such list or other information for the purpose of selling our stockholder list or copies thereof, or of using the same for a commercial purpose other than in the interest of the applicant as a stockholder relative to our affairs. We have the right to request that a requesting stockholder represent to us that the list will not be used to pursue commercial interests unrelated to such stockholder’s interest in us. The remedies provided by our charter to stockholders requesting copies of our stockholder list are in addition to, and shall not in any way limit, other remedies available to stockholders under federal law, or the laws of any state.

In addition to the foregoing, stockholders have rights under Rule 14a-7 under the Exchange Act, which provides that, upon the request of a stockholder and the payment of the expenses of the distribution, we are required to distribute specific materials to stockholders in the context of the solicitation of proxies by a stockholder for voting on matters presented to stockholders or, at our option, provide requesting stockholders with a copy of the list of stockholders so that the requesting stockholder may make the distribution of such materials.

Furthermore, pursuant to our charter, any stockholder and any designated representative thereof shall be permitted access to our corporate records to which such stockholder is entitled under applicable law at all reasonable times, and may inspect and copy any of them for a reasonable charge. Under Maryland law, stockholders are entitled to inspect and copy only our bylaws, minutes of stockholder proceedings, annual statements of affairs, voting trust agreements and statements of stock and securities issued by us during the period specified by the requesting stockholder, which period may not be longer than 12 months prior to the date of the stockholder’s request. Because our stockholders are entitled to inspect only those corporate records that stockholders are entitled to inspect and copy under Maryland law, our stockholders will not be entitled to inspect and copy the minutes of the meetings of our board of directors, which are records that certain states other than Maryland allow corporate stockholders to inspect and copy. Requests to inspect or copy our corporate records must be made in writing to: Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154. It is the policy of our board of directors to comply with all proper requests for access to our corporate records in conformity with our charter and Maryland law.

Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer

Our charter contains restrictions on the number of shares of our stock that a person or group may own. No person or group may acquire or hold, directly or indirectly through application of constructive ownership rules, in excess of 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common stock or 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding stock of all classes or series unless they receive an exemption (prospectively or retroactively) from our board of directors.

Subject to certain limitations, our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person prospectively or retroactively from, or modify, these limits, subject to such terms, conditions, representations and undertakings as required by our charter or as our board of directors may determine. Our charter provides for, and our board of directors has granted, limited exemptions to certain persons who directly or indirectly own our stock, including directors, officers and stockholders controlled by them or trusts for the benefit of their families.

Our charter further prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of our stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT and any person from transferring shares of our stock if the transfer would result in our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons. Any person who acquires or intends to acquire shares of our stock that may violate any of these restrictions, or who is the intended transferee of shares of our stock which are transferred to the trust, as described below, is required to give us immediate written notice, or in the case of a proposed or attempted transaction, give at least 15 days prior written notice, and provide us with such information as we may request in order to determine the effect of the transfer on our status as a REIT. The above restrictions will not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT or that compliance with such restrictions is no longer required for us to qualify as a REIT.

 

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Any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would result in violation of the above limitations, except for a transfer which results in shares being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons, in which case such transfer will be void and of no force and effect and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such shares, will cause the number of shares causing the violation, rounded to the nearest whole share, to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries designated by us and the proposed transferee will not acquire any rights in the shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day, as defined in our charter, prior to the date of the transfer. Shares of our stock held in the trust will be issued and outstanding shares. The proposed transferee will not benefit economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the trust, will have no rights to dividends and no rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust will have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions with respect to shares held in the trust. These rights will be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable beneficiaries. Any dividend or other distribution paid prior to our discovery that shares of stock have been transferred to the trust will be paid by the recipient to the trustee upon demand. Any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee. Any dividend or distribution paid to the trustee will be held in trust for the charitable beneficiaries. Subject to Maryland law, the trustee will have the authority to rescind as void any vote cast by the proposed transferee prior to our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust and to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiaries. However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee will not have the authority to rescind and recast the vote.

Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that shares of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will sell the shares to a person designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above ownership limitations. Upon the sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiaries in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and to the charitable beneficiaries as follows. The proposed transferee will receive the lesser of (i) the price paid by the proposed transferee for the shares or, if the proposed transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust, such as a gift, devise or other similar transaction, the market price, as defined in our charter, of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust and (ii) the price per share received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. The trustee may reduce the amount payable to the proposed transferee by the amount of dividends and other distributions which have been paid to the proposed transferee and are owed by the proposed transferee to the trustee. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable per share to the proposed transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiaries. If, prior to our discovery that shares of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the proposed transferee, then the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and, to the extent that the proposed transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount he was entitled to receive, the excess shall be paid to the trustee upon demand.

In addition, shares of our stock held in the trust will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust, or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift and (ii) the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiaries in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee.

We may reduce the amount payable to the proposed transferee by the amount of dividends and other distributions which have been paid to the proposed transferee and are owed by the proposed transferee to the trustee. We may pay the amount of such reduction to the trustee for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary.

If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective for any reason to prevent violation of the above limitations or our failing to qualify as a REIT, then the transfer of the number of shares that otherwise cause any person to violate the above limitations will be void and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such shares.

 

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All certificates, if any, representing shares of our stock issued in the future will bear a legend referring to the restrictions described above.

Every owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our stock during any taxable year, or such lower percentage as required by the Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder or as otherwise required by our board of directors, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, is required to give us written notice, stating his or her name and address, the number of shares of each class and series of our stock which he or she beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each such owner shall provide us with such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of its beneficial ownership on our status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limits. In addition, each stockholder shall, upon demand, be required to provide us with such information as we may request in good faith in order to determine our status as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance.

Any subsequent transferee to whom you transfer any of your shares of our stock must also comply with the suitability standards we have established for our stockholders. See the “Suitability Standards” section of this prospectus.

Distribution Policy

We intend to declare distributions based on record dates established by our board of directors and to pay such distributions on a monthly basis commencing with the first full calendar quarter after the escrow period concludes. The escrow period will conclude no earlier than when we receive purchase orders for at least the minimum offering amount of $150 million (including purchase orders by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers) and our board of directors determines to authorize the release of the escrowed funds. Our stockholders will not begin receiving distributions until at least one calendar quarter after such time. Our distribution policy will be set by our board of directors and is subject to change based on available cash flows. We cannot guarantee the amount of distributions paid, if any. You will not be entitled to receive a distribution if your shares are repurchased prior to the applicable time of the record date. In connection with a distribution to our stockholders, we expect our board of directors to approve a monthly distribution for a certain dollar amount per share for each class of our common stock. We will then calculate each stockholder’s specific distribution amount for the month using applicable record and declaration dates, and your distributions begin to accrue on the date you are admitted as a stockholder.

Distributions will be made on all classes of our common stock at the same time. The per share amount of distributions on Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares will likely differ because of different allocations of class-specific stockholder servicing fees. We expect to use the “record share” method of determining the per share amount of distributions on Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares, although our board of directors may choose any other method. The “record share” method is one of several distribution calculation methods for multiple-class funds recommended, but not required, by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Under this method, the amount to be distributed on our common stock will be increased by the sum of all class-specific stockholder servicing fees for such period. Such amount will be divided by the number of our common shares outstanding on the record date. Such per share amount will be reduced for each class of common stock by the per share amount of any class-specific stockholder servicing fees allocable to such class.

To qualify as a REIT, we are required to pay distributions sufficient to satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT for tax purposes. We intend to distribute sufficient income so that we satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT. In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute 90% of our annual REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to our stockholders. See the “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of REITs in General—Requirements for Qualification as a REIT” and “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Annual

 

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Distribution Requirements Applicable to REITs” sections of this prospectus. Generally, income distributed to stockholders will not be taxable to us under the Code if we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gains.

Distributions will be authorized at the discretion of our board of directors, in accordance with our earnings, cash flows and general financial condition. Our board of directors’ discretion will be directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period but may be made in anticipation of cash flows which we expect to receive during a later quarter and may be made in advance of actual receipt of funds in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform. Due to these timing differences, we may be required to borrow money, use proceeds from the issuance of securities (in this offering or subsequent offerings, if any) or sell assets in order to distribute amounts sufficient to satisfy the requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income in order to qualify as a REIT. We have not established any limit on the amount of proceeds from this offering that may be used to fund distributions other than those limits imposed by our organizational documents and Maryland law. See the “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” section of this prospectus for information concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of distributions paid by us.

There is no assurance we will pay distributions in any particular amount, if at all. We may fund any distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of Starwood Capital), and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources. The extent to which we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations will depend on various factors, including the level of participation in our distribution reinvestment plan, the extent to which the Advisor elects to receive its management fee in Class I shares or Class I units and the Special Limited Partner elects to receive distributions on its performance participation interest in Class I units, how quickly we invest the proceeds from this and any future offering and the performance of our investments, including our real estate-related debt and real estate-related securities portfolios. Funding distributions from the sales of assets, borrowings, return of capital or proceeds of this offering will result in us having less funds available to acquire properties or other real estate-related investments. As a result, the return you realize on your investment may be reduced. Doing so may also negatively impact our ability to generate cash flows. Likewise, funding distributions from the sale of additional securities will dilute your interest in us on a percentage basis and may impact the value of your investment especially if we sell these securities at prices less than the price you paid for your shares. We believe the likelihood that we pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations will be higher in the early stages of the offering.

Under the MGCL, our board of directors may delegate to a committee of directors the power to fix the amount and other terms of a distribution. In addition, if our board of directors gives general authorization for a distribution and provides for or establishes a method or procedure for determining the maximum amount of the distribution, our board of directors may delegate to one of our officers the power, in accordance with the general authorization, to fix the amount and other terms of the distribution.

Distributions in kind shall not be permitted, except for distributions of readily marketable securities, distributions of beneficial interests in a liquidating trust established for our dissolution and the liquidation of our assets in accordance with the terms of our charter or distributions in which (a) our board of directors advises each stockholder of the risks associated with direct ownership of the property, (b) our board of directors offers each stockholder the election of receiving such in-kind distributions, and (c) in-kind distributions are made only to those stockholders that accept such offer. Our stockholders who receive distributions in kind of marketable securities may incur transaction expenses in liquidating the securities.

 

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Distribution Reinvestment Plan

We have adopted a distribution reinvestment plan whereby stockholders (other than clients of certain participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in our distribution reinvestment plan) will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock unless they elect to receive their distributions in cash. Clients of certain participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in our distribution reinvestment plan will automatically receive their distributions in cash unless they elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional shares of our common stock. Any cash distributions attributable to the class or classes of shares owned by participants in the distribution reinvestment plan will be immediately reinvested in our shares on behalf of the participants on the business day such distribution would have been paid to such stockholder. See the “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” section of this prospectus for information concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of participating in the distribution reinvestment plan.

The per share purchase price for shares purchased pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan will be equal to the transaction price at the time the distribution is payable. Stockholders will not pay upfront selling commissions when purchasing shares pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan. The stockholder servicing fees with respect to shares of our Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares are calculated based on our NAV for those shares and may reduce the NAV or, alternatively, the distributions payable with respect to shares of each such class, including shares issued in respect of distributions on such shares under the distribution reinvestment plan. Shares acquired under the distribution reinvestment plan will entitle the participant to the same rights and be treated in the same manner as shares of that class purchased in this offering.

We reserve the right to amend any aspect of our distribution reinvestment plan without the consent of our stockholders, provided that notice of any material amendment is sent to participants at least ten business days prior to the effective date of that amendment. In addition, we may suspend or terminate the distribution reinvestment plan for any reason at any time upon ten business days’ prior written notice to participants. A stockholder’s participation in the plan will be terminated to the extent that a reinvestment of such stockholder’s distributions in our shares would cause the percentage ownership or other limitations contained in our charter to be violated. Participants may terminate their participation in the distribution reinvestment plan with ten business days’ prior written notice to us.

Account Statements

Our transfer agent will provide on a quarterly basis to each participant in the distribution reinvestment plan a statement of account describing, as to such participant, (1) the distributions reinvested during the quarter, (2) the number of shares purchased during the quarter, (3) the per share purchase price for such shares and (4) the total number of shares purchased on behalf of the participant under the plan. On an annual basis, tax information with respect to income earned on shares under the plan for the calendar year will be provided to each applicable participant.

Restrictions on Roll-Up Transactions

In connection with any proposed transaction considered a “Roll-up Transaction” involving us and the issuance of securities of an entity that would be created or would survive after the successful completion of the Roll-up Transaction, an appraisal of all of our assets must be obtained from a competent independent appraiser. If the appraisal will be included in a prospectus used to offer the securities of the roll-up entity, the appraisal shall be filed with the SEC and the states. The assets will be appraised on a consistent basis, and the appraisal will be based on the evaluation of all relevant information and shall indicate the value of the assets as of a date immediately prior to the announcement of the proposed Roll-up Transaction. The appraisal will assume an orderly liquidation of assets over a 12-month period. The terms of the engagement of the independent appraiser shall clearly state that the engagement is for our benefit and the benefit of our stockholders. A summary of the appraisal, indicating all material assumptions underlying the appraisal, will be included in a report to stockholders in connection with any proposed Roll-up Transaction.

 

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A “Roll-up Transaction” is a transaction involving the acquisition, merger, conversion or consolidation, directly or indirectly, of us and the issuance of securities of another entity (a “Roll-up Entity”) that would be created or would survive after the successful completion of such transaction. The term Roll-up Transaction does not include:

 

    a transaction involving our securities that have been for at least 12 months listed on a national securities exchange; or

 

    a transaction involving our conversion to a corporate, trust, or association form if, as a consequence of the transaction, there will be no significant adverse change in any of the following: stockholder voting rights; the term of our existence; compensation to the Advisor; or our investment objectives.

In connection with a proposed Roll-up Transaction, the person sponsoring the Roll-up Transaction must offer to common stockholders who vote “no” on the proposal the choice of:

 

    accepting the securities of a Roll-up Entity offered in the proposed Roll-up Transaction; or

 

    one of the following:

 

    remaining as holders of our stock and preserving their interests therein on the same terms and conditions as existed previously; or

 

    receiving cash in an amount equal to the stockholder’s pro rata share of the appraised value of our net assets.

We are prohibited from participating in any proposed Roll-up Transaction:

 

    that would result in the common stockholders having democracy rights in a Roll-up Entity that are less than those provided in our charter and bylaws and described elsewhere in this prospectus, including rights with respect to the election and removal of directors, annual reports, annual and special meetings, amendment of our charter, and our dissolution;

 

    that includes provisions that would operate to materially impede or frustrate the accumulation of shares of stock by any purchaser of the securities of the Roll-up Entity, except to the minimum extent necessary to preserve the tax status of the Roll-up Entity, or which would limit the ability of an investor to exercise the voting rights of its securities of the Roll-up Entity on the basis of the number of shares of stock held by that investor;

 

    in which investor’s rights to access of records of the Roll-up Entity will be less than those provided in the “—Meetings and Special Voting Requirements” section above; or

 

    in which any of the costs of the Roll-up Transaction would be borne by us if the Roll-up Transaction is rejected by our common stockholders.

Registration Rights Agreements

We anticipate entering into a registration rights agreement with the Advisor and the Special Limited Partner, pursuant to which the Advisor or the Special Limited Partner may require us to prepare and file, at our expense, a shelf registration statement relating to the resale of all shares of our common stock currently held or later acquired by them or their permitted transferees and under certain circumstances they may require us to file resale registration statements on demand and provide unlimited “piggyback” rights with respect to the resale of such shares (subject to certain cutback and other provisions).

 

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CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS

The following description of the terms of certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws is only a summary. For a complete description, we refer you to the MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. We have filed our charter and bylaws as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Business Combinations

Under the MGCL, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:

 

    any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10.0% or more of the voting power of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock; or

 

    an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10.0% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board of directors.

After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

 

    80.0% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and

 

    two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares of stock held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares of our common stock in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares of our common stock.

The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Our board of directors has adopted a resolution providing that any business combination between us and any other person is exempted from this statute, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors. This resolution, however, may be altered or repealed in whole or in part at any time. If this resolution is repealed or our board of directors fails to first approve the business combination, the statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.

Control Share Acquisitions

The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the

 

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matter. Shares of stock owned by the acquiror, by officers or by employees who are directors of the corporation are excluded from shares of stock entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:

 

    one-tenth or more but less than one-third;

 

    one-third or more but less than a majority; or

 

    a majority or more of all voting power.

Control shares do not include shares of stock the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval or shares acquired directly from the corporation. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of issued and outstanding control shares, subject to certain exceptions.

A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel our board of directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares of stock. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders’ meeting.

If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the corporation may redeem for fair value any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved. The right of the corporation to redeem control shares is subject to certain conditions and limitations. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of the shares of stock are considered and not approved or, if no such meeting is held, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders’ meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares of stock as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.

The control share acquisition statute does not apply (1) to shares of stock acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction, or (2) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.

Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions of our stock by any person. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.

Subtitle 8

Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act, and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:

 

    a classified board of directors;

 

    a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director;

 

    a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors;

 

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    a requirement that a vacancy on the board of directors be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and

 

    a majority requirement for the calling of a stockholder-requested special meeting of stockholders.

In our charter, we have elected that vacancies on our board of directors be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred. Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships, provided that the number is not less than three. We have not elected to be subject to any of the other provisions of Subtitle 8.

Vacancies on Board of Directors; Removal of Directors

Any vacancy created by the death, resignation, removal, adjudicated incompetence or other incapacity of a director or an increase in the number of directors may be filled only by a vote of a majority of the remaining directors, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum. Any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is duly elected and qualified. Our independent directors will choose the nominees to fill vacancies in our independent director positions.

Any director may resign at any time and may be removed with or without cause by our stockholders upon the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors. The notice of any special meeting called for the purpose of the proposed removal shall indicate that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the director shall be removed.

Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business

Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors and the proposal of business to be considered by our stockholders may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (2) by or at the direction of our board of directors or (3) by a stockholder who is a stockholder of record at the record date set by our board of directors for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting, at the time of giving the advance notice required by the bylaws and at the time of the meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual nominated or on such other business and who has complied with the advance notice procedures of the bylaws. With respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to our board of directors at a special meeting may be made only (1) by or at the direction of our board of directors or (2) provided that the meeting has been called for the purpose of electing directors, by a stockholder who is a stockholder of record at the record date set by our board of directors for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to vote at the special meeting, at the time of giving the advance notice required by the bylaws and at the time of the meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual nominated and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of the bylaws.

Tender Offers

Our charter provides that any tender offer made by any person, including any “mini-tender” offer, must comply with the provisions of Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act, including the notice and disclosure requirements. Among other things, the offeror must provide us notice of such tender offer at least ten business days before initiating the tender offer. If a person makes a tender offer that does not comply with such provisions, we may elect to grant tendering stockholders a rescission right with respect to their tendered shares. In addition, the non-complying offeror will be responsible for all of our expenses in connection with that offeror’s noncompliance.

 

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Anti-takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws

The business combination provisions and the control share acquisition provisions of Maryland law, the provision of our charter electing to be subject to a provision of Subtitle 8, and the advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control of our company that might involve a premium price for stockholders or otherwise be in their best interest.

 

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SUMMARY OF OUR OPERATING PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

We have summarized the material terms and provisions of the Limited Partnership Agreement of Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., which we refer to as the “partnership agreement.”

Management of Our Operating Partnership

Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, LP was formed on July 13, 2017 to acquire and hold assets on our behalf.

We intend to hold substantially all of our assets in the Operating Partnership or in subsidiary entities in which the Operating Partnership owns an interest. For purposes of satisfying the asset and gross income tests for qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our proportionate share of the assets and income of the Operating Partnership will be deemed to be our assets and income.

We are and expect to continue to be the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. As of the date of this prospectus, the only limited partners of the Operating Partnership are us, in our capacity as limited partner, and Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner, L.L.C., the special limited partner of the Operating Partnership and an affiliate of Starwood Capital.

As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, we have the exclusive power to manage and conduct the business of the Operating Partnership. A general partner is accountable to a limited partnership as a fiduciary and consequently must exercise good faith and integrity in handling partnership affairs. No limited partner of the Operating Partnership may transact business for the Operating Partnership, or participate in management activities or decisions, except as provided in the partnership agreement and as required by applicable law. We may not be removed as general partner by the limited partners. Our board of directors will at all times have oversight and policy-making authority, including responsibility for governance, financial controls, compliance and disclosure with respect to the Operating Partnership. However, pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, we have delegated to the Advisor authority to make decisions related to the management of our and the Operating Partnership’s assets, including sourcing, evaluating and monitoring our investment opportunities and making decisions related to the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of our assets, in accordance with our investment objectives, guidelines, policies and limitations, subject to oversight by our board of directors.

The Special Limited Partner has expressly acknowledged and any future limited partners of the Operating Partnership will expressly acknowledge that we, as general partner, are acting on behalf of the Operating Partnership, ourselves and our stockholders collectively. Neither we nor our board of directors is under any obligation to give priority to the separate interests of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership or our stockholders in deciding whether to cause the Operating Partnership to take or decline to take any actions. If there is a conflict between the interests of our stockholders on the one hand and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners on the other, we will endeavor in good faith to resolve the conflict in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the Operating Partnership’s limited partners, provided, however, that for so long as we own a controlling interest in the Operating Partnership, any conflict that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the Operating Partnership’s limited partners may be resolved in favor of our stockholders. We are not liable under the partnership agreement to the Operating Partnership or to any of its limited partners for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived by such limited partners in connection with such decisions, provided that we have acted in good faith.

The partnership agreement requires that the Operating Partnership be operated in a manner that will enable us to (1) satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless we otherwise cease to qualify as a REIT, (2) avoid any U.S. federal income or excise tax liability and (3) ensure that the Operating Partnership will not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” that is taxable as a corporation. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

 

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Capital Contributions

We intend to contribute the net proceeds from this offering, after payment of fees and expenses attributable to our offering and operations, to the Operating Partnership as capital contributions. However, we will be deemed to have made capital contributions in the amount of the gross offering proceeds received from investors, and the Operating Partnership will be deemed to have simultaneously paid the fees, commissions and other costs associated with this offering and our operations.

If the Operating Partnership requires additional funds at any time in excess of capital contributions made by us, the Operating Partnership may borrow funds from a financial institution or other lenders or we or any of our affiliates may provide such additional funds through loans, purchase of additional partnership interests or otherwise (which we or such affiliates will have the option, but not the obligation, of providing). In addition, the Operating Partnership may admit additional limited partners whose investments may be subject to a different management fee and repurchase limitations if our board of directors concludes in good faith that such admittance is in our best interest.

Limited Partnership Units Generally

Limited partnership units represent an interest as a limited partner in the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership may issue additional partnership units and classes of partnership units with rights different from, and superior to, those of limited partnership units of any class, without the consent of the limited partners. Holders of limited partnership units do not have any preemptive rights with respect to the issuance of additional units.

Limited partners of any class do not have the right to participate in the management of the Operating Partnership. Limited partners of any class who do not participate in the management of the Operating Partnership, by virtue of their status as limited partners, generally are not liable for the debts and liabilities of the Operating Partnership beyond the amount of their capital contributions. The voting rights of the limited partners of any class are generally limited to approval of specific types of amendments to the Operating Partnership agreement.

Class T Units, Class S Units, Class D Units and Class I Units

Partnership interests in the Operating Partnership, other than the special limited partner interest and general partner interest, are currently divided into four classes of units: (a) Class T units; (b) Class S units; (c) Class D units; and (d) Class I units. In general, the Class T units, Class S units, Class D units and Class I units are intended to correspond on a one-for-one basis with our Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares. When we receive proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock, we will contribute such proceeds to the Operating Partnership and receive Operating Partnership units that correspond to the classes of our shares sold.

In general, each Class T unit, Class S unit, Class D unit and Class I unit will share in distributions from the Operating Partnership when such distributions are declared by us, the general partner, which decision will be made in our sole discretion. Upon the Operating Partnership’s liquidation, Class T units, Class S units and Class D units will automatically convert to Class I units, in each case in proportion to the NAV per unit of each class, and the resulting Class I units will share on a unit-by-unit basis in the assets of the operating partnership that are available for distribution, after payment of all liabilities, establishment of reserves and after payment of any preferred return owed to holders of any limited partnership preferred units and payment of the portion distributable to the holder of the special limited partner interest. In addition, a portion of the items of income, gain, loss and deduction of the operating partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be allocated to each limited partnership unit, regardless of whether any distributions are made by the Operating Partnership.

For each Class T unit, Class S unit, Class D unit or Class I unit, investors generally will be required to contribute money or property, with a net equity value determined by the general partner. Holders of Operating Partnership

 

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units will not be obligated to make additional capital contributions to the Operating Partnership. Further, these holders will not have the right to make additional capital contributions to the Operating Partnership or to purchase additional Operating Partnership units without our consent as general partner.

The Advisor may elect to receive its management fee in cash, Class I shares or Class I units, and distributions on the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest may be payable in cash or Class I units at the election of the Special Limited Partner. See “Compensation—Management Fee” and “—Special Limited Partner Interest” below.

For holders other than us, the Advisor or the Special Limited Partner, after owning an Operating Partnership unit for one year, Operating Partnership unit holders generally may, subject to certain restrictions, exchange Operating Partnership units for a corresponding number of shares of our common stock. The Advisor and the Special Limited Partner may exchange Class I units for a corresponding number of Class I shares at any time. The Advisor and the Special Limited Partner will have the option of exchanging Class I shares for an equivalent aggregate NAV amount of Class T, Class S or Class D shares and will have registration rights with respect to shares of our common stock. See “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights.”

Special Limited Partner Interest

So long as the Advisory Agreement has not been terminated (including by means of non-renewal), the Special Limited Partner will hold a performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership that entitles it to receive cash distributions (or Operating Partnership units at its election) from our Operating Partnership equal to 12.5% of the Total Return, subject to a 5% Hurdle Amount and a High Water Mark, with a Catch-Up (each term as defined below). Such distributions will be paid annually.

Specifically, the Special Limited Partner will be paid a performance participation distribution in an amount equal to:

 

    First, if the Total Return for the applicable period exceeds the sum of (i) the Hurdle Amount for that period and (ii) the Loss Carryforward Amount (any such excess, “Excess Profits”), 100% of such Excess Profits until the total amount paid to the Special Limited Partner equals 12.5% of the sum of (x) the Hurdle Amount for that period and (y) any amount paid to the Special Limited Partner pursuant to this clause (this is commonly referred to as a “Catch-Up”); and

 

    Second, to the extent there are remaining Excess Profits, 12.5% of such remaining Excess Profits.

“Total Return” for any period since the end of the prior calendar year shall equal the sum of:

 

  (i) all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on the Operating Partnership units outstanding at the end of such period since the beginning of the then-current calendar year plus

 

  (ii) the change in aggregate NAV of such units since the beginning of the year, before giving effect to (x) changes resulting solely from the proceeds of issuances of Operating Partnership units, (y) any performance participation accrual and (z) applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses (including any payments made to us for payment of such expenses).

For the avoidance of doubt, the calculation of Total Return will (i) include any appreciation or depreciation in the NAV of units issued during the then-current calendar year but (ii) exclude the proceeds from the initial issuance of such units.

“Hurdle Amount” for any period during a calendar year means that amount that results in a 5% annualized internal rate of return on the NAV of the Operating Partnership units outstanding at the beginning of the then-current calendar year and all Operating Partnership units issued since the beginning of the then-current calendar year, taking into account the timing and amount of all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on all

 

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such units and all issuances of Operating Partnership units over the period and calculated in accordance with recognized industry practices. The ending NAV of the Operating Partnership units used in calculating the internal rate of return will be calculated before giving effect to any accrual of performance participation interest and applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses, provided that the calculation of the Hurdle Amount for any period will exclude any Operating Partnership units repurchased during such period, which units will be subject to the performance participation distribution upon repurchase as described below.

Except as described in Loss Carryforward below, any amount by which Total Return falls below the Hurdle Amount will not be carried forward to subsequent periods.

“Loss Carryforward Amount” shall initially equal zero and shall cumulatively increase by the absolute value of any negative annual Total Return and decrease by any positive annual Total Return, provided that the Loss Carryforward Amount shall at no time be less than zero and provided further that the calculation of the Loss Carryforward Amount will exclude the Total Return related to any Operating Partnership units repurchased during such year, which units will be subject to the performance participation distribution upon repurchase as described below. The effect of the Loss Carryforward Amount is that the recoupment of past annual Total Return losses will offset the positive annual Total Return for purposes of the calculation of the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation. This is referred to as a “High Water Mark.”

The Special Limited Partner will also receive a performance participation with respect to all Operating Partnership units that are repurchased at the end of any month (in connection with repurchases of our shares in our share repurchase plan) in an amount calculated as described above with the relevant period being the portion of the year for which such unit was outstanding, and proceeds for any such unit repurchase will be reduced by the amount of any such performance participation.

Distributions on the performance participation interest may be payable in cash or Class I units at the election of the Special Limited Partner. If the Special Limited Partner elects to receive such distributions in Class I units, the Special Limited Partner may request the Operating Partnership to repurchase such Class I units from the Special Limited Partner at a later date. Any such repurchase requests will not be subject to the Early Repurchase Deduction but will be subject to the same repurchase limits that exist under our share repurchase plan. The Operating Partnership will repurchase any such Operating Partnership units for cash unless our board of directors determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or our charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for shares of our common stock with an equivalent aggregate NAV.

The NAV of the Operating Partnership calculated on the last trading day of a calendar year shall be the amount against which changes in NAV is measured during the subsequent calendar year. In our first calendar year of operations, the performance participation will be prorated for the portion of the calendar year.

The measurement of the foregoing net assets change is also subject to adjustment by our board of directors to account for any unit dividend, unit split, recapitalization or any other similar change in the Operating Partnership’s capital structure or any distributions made after the commencement of this offering that the board of directors deems to be a return of capital (if such changes are not already reflected in the Operating Partnership’s net assets).

The Special Limited Partner will not be obligated to return any portion of performance participation paid based on our subsequent performance.

Changes in our Operating Partnership’s NAV per unit of each class will generally correspond to changes in our NAV per share of the corresponding class of our common stock, except that for purposes of calculating the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation the effect of any payment of the performance participation or any stockholder servicing fee expenses will be excluded. Distributions with respect to the performance

 

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participation interest are calculated from the Operating Partnership’s Total Return over a calendar year. As a result, the Special Limited Partner may be entitled to receive a performance participation for a given year even if some of our stockholders who purchased shares during such year experienced a decline in NAV per share. Similarly, stockholders whose shares are repurchased during a given year may have their shares repurchased at a lower NAV per share as a result of an accrual for the estimated performance participation at such time, even if no performance participation for such year is ultimately payable to the Special Limited Partner at the end of such calendar year.

In the event the Advisory Agreement is terminated, the Special Limited Partner will receive a distribution of any accrued performance participation with respect to all Operating Partnership units as of the date of such termination.

Issuance of Additional Limited Partnership Interests

As sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, we will have the ability to cause the Operating Partnership to issue additional limited partnership interests (including Operating Partnership units), preferred partnership interests or convertible securities.

Our Operating Partnership allows us to be organized as an UPREIT. A sale of property directly to a REIT is generally a taxable transaction to the selling property owner. In an UPREIT structure, a seller of appreciated property who desires to defer taxable gain on the transfer of such property may, subject to meeting applicable tax requirements, transfer the property to the Operating Partnership in exchange for limited partnership interests (including Operating Partnership units) on a tax-free basis. Being able to offer a seller the opportunity to defer taxation of gain until the seller disposes of its interest in the Operating Partnership may give us a competitive advantage in acquiring desired properties relative to buyers who cannot offer this opportunity.

In addition, investing in the Operating Partnership, rather than in shares of our common stock, may be more attractive to certain institutional or other investors due to their business or tax structure.

Transferability of Interests

Without the consent of a majority in interest of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership, other than interests held by us, we may not voluntarily withdraw as the general partner of the Operating Partnership, engage in any merger, consolidation or other business combination or transfer our general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (except to a wholly owned subsidiary), unless: (1) the transaction in which such withdrawal, business combination or transfer occurs results in the limited partners of the Operating Partnership receiving or having the right to receive an amount of cash, securities or other property equal in value to the amount they would have received if they had exercised their exchange rights immediately prior to such transaction or (2) in the case of a merger or other business combination, the successor entity contributes substantially all of its assets to the Operating Partnership in return for an interest in the Operating Partnership and agrees to assume all obligations of the general partner of the Operating Partnership.

With certain exceptions, the limited partners may not transfer their interests in the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, without our written consent, as general partner.

Exculpation

We, as general partner, will not be liable to the Operating Partnership or limited partners for errors in judgment or other acts or omissions not amounting to willful misconduct or gross negligence since provision has been made in the partnership agreement for exculpation of the general partner. Therefore, purchasers of interests in the Operating Partnership have a more limited right of action than they would have absent the limitation in the partnership agreement.

 

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Indemnification

The partnership agreement provides for the indemnification of us, as general partner, by the Operating Partnership for liabilities we incur in dealings with third parties on behalf of the Operating Partnership. To the extent that the indemnification provisions purport to include indemnification of liabilities arising under the Securities Act, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is contrary to public policy and therefore unenforceable.

Tax Matters

We are the Operating Partnership’s tax matters partner (and partnership representative, as applicable) and have the authority to make tax elections under the Code on the Operating Partnership’s behalf.

 

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership of our common stock as of the date hereof by U.S. holders and non-U.S. holders, each as defined below. Except where noted, this summary deals only with common stock held as a capital asset and does not deal with special situations, such as those of dealers in securities or currencies, financial institutions, regulated investment companies, tax-exempt entities (except as described in “—Taxation of Tax-Exempt Holders of Our Common Stock” below), insurance companies, persons holding common stock as a part of a hedging, integrated, conversion or constructive sale transaction or a straddle, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings, persons liable for alternative minimum tax, investors in pass-through entities or U.S. holders of common stock whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar. This summary does not discuss any state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations. Furthermore, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code and Treasury regulations, IRS rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be repealed, revoked or modified, possibly with retroactive effect, resulting in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. No ruling on the U.S. federal, state, or local tax considerations relevant to our operation or to the purchase, ownership or disposition of our common stock has been requested from the IRS or any other tax authority. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. The summary is also based upon the assumption that we and our subsidiaries and affiliated entities will operate in accordance with our and their applicable organizational documents.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of us and holders of our common stock depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. In addition, the tax consequences to any particular stockholder of holding our common stock will depend on the stockholder’s particular tax circumstances. You are urged to consult your own tax advisors concerning your U.S. federal income tax consequences in light of your particular situation as well as consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

Our Taxation as a REIT

We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Code commencing with our taxable year ending December 31 of the year in which we break escrow in this offering. Furthermore, we intend to operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Code so long as our board of directors determines that REIT qualification remains in our best interest.

In connection with this offering, Alston & Bird LLP is expected to render an opinion that, commencing with our first taxable year in which we make an election to be taxed as a REIT, we will be organized in conformity with the requirements under the Code for qualification as a REIT, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. Investors should be aware that the opinion of Alston & Bird LLP will be based upon customary assumptions, will be conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of our assets, income, organizational documents, stockholder ownership, and the present and future conduct of our business. In addition, the opinion of Alston & Bird LLP will be based on U.S. federal income tax law governing qualification as a REIT in effect as of the date thereof, which is subject to change either prospectively or retroactively. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the Code. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls within specified categories, the diversity of the ownership of our shares, and the percentage of our taxable income that we distribute. Alston & Bird LLP will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. We have not received, and do not intend to seek, any rulings from the IRS regarding our status as a REIT or our satisfaction of any of the REIT qualification requirements. Alston & Bird

 

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LLP’s opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts. The IRS may challenge our status as a REIT, and a court could sustain any such challenge. For a discussion of the tax consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see “—Failure to Qualify.”

The sections of the Code and the corresponding regulations that govern the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders are highly technical and complex. The following discussion is qualified in its entirety by the applicable Code provisions, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and IRS administrative interpretations thereof.

Taxation of REITs in General

As indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below under “—Requirements for Qualification as a REIT.” While we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification, or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the future. See “—Failure to Qualify.”

Provided that we qualify as a REIT, we generally will be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and therefore will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” at the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from an investment in a C corporation (i.e., a corporation generally subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax). Double taxation means taxation once at the corporate level when income is earned and once again at the stockholder level when the income is distributed. In general, the income that we generate, to the extent distributed to stockholders as a dividend, is taxed only at the stockholder level.

If we qualify as a REIT, we will nonetheless be subject to U.S. federal tax in the following circumstances:

 

    We will pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income, including net capital gains that we do not distribute to stockholders during, or within a specified time after, the calendar year in which the income is earned.

 

    Under some circumstances, we may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax.”

 

    If we have net income from “prohibited transactions,” which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax.

 

    If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or from certain leasehold terminations as “foreclosure property,” (a) we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction) and (b) any income from such property will be treated as qualifying for purposes of the REIT gross income tests discussed below, but the income from the sale or operation of the property that would not otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests would be subject to U.S. corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate (currently 35%).

 

    If we fail to satisfy either the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as a REIT because other requirements are met, we will be subject to a 100% tax on the greater of the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, multiplied in either case by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.

 

    If we fail to satisfy the asset tests (other than a de minimis failure of the 5% asset test or the 10% vote or value test, as described below under “—Asset Tests”) but nevertheless maintain our qualification as a REIT because other requirements are met, we will pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy such asset tests multiplied by the highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%).

 

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    If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, and the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure.

 

    We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet recordkeeping requirements intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of a REIT’s stockholders, as described below in “—Requirements for Qualification as a REIT.”

 

    If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of:

 

    85% of our ordinary income for such calendar year;

 

    95% of our capital gain net income for such calendar year; and

 

    any undistributed taxable income from prior taxable years,

we will pay a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amount we actually distributed, plus any retained amounts on which we paid corporate income tax.

 

    If we elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain, a U.S. holder would include its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent we make a timely designation of such gain to the stockholder) in its income and would receive a credit or a refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid.

 

    We will be subject to a 100% excise tax on amounts received by us from a taxable REIT subsidiary (or on certain expenses deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary) if certain arrangements between us and a taxable REIT subsidiary of ours, as further described below, are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties.

 

    If we acquire any assets in a carry-over basis transaction from a non-REIT C corporation that does not elect to recognize its built-in gain in such assets, i.e., the excess of the fair market value of such assets over the adjusted basis of such assets at the time we acquire such assets, we would be subject to tax at the highest regular corporate income tax rate on the built-in gain if we dispose of that built-in gain asset during the five-year period following its acquisition.

In addition, notwithstanding our status as a REIT, we may also have to pay certain state and local income taxes. Moreover, as further described below, any domestic taxable REIT subsidiary in which we own an interest will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its net income.

Requirements for Qualification as a REIT. The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:

 

  (1) that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;

 

  (2) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;

 

  (3) that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for its election to be subject to tax as a REIT;

 

  (4) that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to certain provisions of the Code;

 

  (5) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;

 

  (6) of which not more than 50% in value of the outstanding shares are owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) after applying certain attribution rules;

 

  (7) that makes an election to be a REIT for the current taxable year or has made such an election for a previous taxable year, which has not been terminated or revoked; and

 

  (8) that meets other tests described below regarding its gross income, assets and distributions.

 

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Conditions (1) through (4), inclusive, must be met during the entire taxable year. Condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. Condition (6) must be met during the last half of each taxable year. Neither condition (5) nor condition (6) applies to the first taxable year for which an election to become a REIT is made. We believe that we will maintain sufficient diversity of ownership to allow us to satisfy conditions (5) and (6) above. In addition, our charter contains restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of our stock that are intended to assist us in continuing to satisfy the share ownership requirements described in (5) and (6) above. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock are described in “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.” These restrictions, however, may not ensure that we will be able to satisfy these share ownership requirements. If we fail to satisfy these share ownership requirements, we will fail to qualify as a REIT.

If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are required to send annual letters to holders of our stock requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our stock (as discussed below), and we do not know, or exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, whether we failed to meet requirement (6) above, we will be treated as having met the requirement.

To monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we generally are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our shares. To do so, we must demand written statements each year from the record holders of specified percentages of our stock pursuant to which the record holders must disclose the actual owners of the shares (i.e., the persons required to include our dividends in their gross income). We must maintain a list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand as part of our records. We could be subject to monetary penalties if we fail to comply with these record-keeping requirements. If you fail or refuse to comply with the demands, you will be required by Treasury regulations to submit a statement with your tax return disclosing your actual ownership of our shares and other information. In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS to elect and maintain REIT status, use a calendar year for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and comply with the record-keeping requirements of the Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder.

Ownership of Partnership Interests. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in an entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Treasury regulations provide that the REIT is deemed to own its proportionate share of the partnership’s assets for purposes of the asset tests described below and to earn its proportionate share of the partnership’s gross income for purposes of the gross income tests described below, based on its pro rata share of capital interests in the partnership. However, solely for purposes of the 10% value test described below (see “—Asset Tests”), the determination of a REIT’s interest in a partnership’s assets will be based on the REIT’s proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership, excluding for these purposes, certain excluded securities as described in the Code. In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership generally are deemed to retain the same character in the hands of the REIT. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of partnerships in which we own an equity interest is treated as our assets and items of gross income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements described below. Consequently, to the extent that we directly or indirectly hold a preferred or other equity interest in a partnership, the partnership’s assets and operations may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, even if we have no control or only limited influence over the partnership.

Disregarded Subsidiaries. If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” the separate existence of that subsidiary is disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation or other entity that otherwise would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, other than a taxable REIT subsidiary, all of the stock of which is owned directly or indirectly by the REIT. Other entities that are wholly owned by us, including single member limited liability companies that have not elected to be taxed as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT gross income and asset tests. All assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of qualified

 

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REIT subsidiaries and disregarded subsidiaries will be treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT itself. A qualified REIT subsidiary of ours is not subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxation, although it may be subject to state and local taxation in some states.

In the event that a qualified REIT subsidiary or a disregarded subsidiary ceases to be wholly owned by us (for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another disregarded subsidiary of us), the subsidiary’s separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the value or voting power of the outstanding securities of another corporation. See “—Asset Tests” and “—Gross Income Tests.”

Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. A “taxable REIT subsidiary” is an entity that is taxable as a corporation in which we directly or indirectly own stock and that elects with us to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. The separate existence of a taxable REIT subsidiary is not ignored for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, a domestic taxable REIT subsidiary generally is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow that we and our subsidiaries generate in the aggregate and may reduce our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if a taxable REIT subsidiary owns, directly or indirectly, securities representing 35% or more of the vote or value of a subsidiary corporation, that subsidiary will also be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. However, an entity will not qualify as a taxable REIT subsidiary if it directly or indirectly operates or manages a lodging or health care facility or, generally, provides to another person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated. We generally may not own more than 10%, as measured by voting power or value, of the securities of a corporation that is not a qualified REIT subsidiary unless we and such corporation elect to treat such corporation as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Overall, no more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets (20% for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017) may consist of stock or securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries.

Assets owned, and income earned, by a taxable REIT subsidiary are not attributed to the REIT for purposes of the gross income and asset tests. Rather, the stock issued by a taxable REIT subsidiary to us is an asset in our hands for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and dividends paid to us from such taxable REIT subsidiary, if any, are gross income for purposes of our gross income tests. As a result, income that might not be qualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests applicable to REITs could be earned by our taxable REIT subsidiary without affecting our status as a REIT. For example, we may use taxable REIT subsidiaries to perform services or conduct activities that give rise to certain categories of income, such as management fees, or to conduct activities that, if conducted by us directly, would be treated in our hands as prohibited transactions.

Certain restrictions imposed on taxable REIT subsidiaries are intended to ensure that such entities will be subject to appropriate levels of U.S. federal income taxation. For example, if a taxable REIT subsidiary has a debt to equity ratio as of the close of the taxable year exceeding 1.5 to 1, it may not deduct interest expense accrued in such year to an affiliated REIT to the extent that its net interest expense exceeds 50% of the taxable REIT subsidiary’s “adjusted taxable income” for that year. Disallowed interest may be carried forward and deducted to the extent of 50% of the taxable REIT subsidiary’s adjusted taxable income in excess of its net interest expense in a subsequent year. In addition, a 100% tax applies to certain non-arm’s length transactions between a REIT and its TRSs. See “—Penalty Tax.”

 

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Gross Income Tests

To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements, each of which is applied on an annual basis. First, at least 75% of our gross income, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging and foreign currency transactions, for each taxable year generally must be derived directly or indirectly from:

 

    rents from real property;

 

    interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property;

 

    dividends or other distributions on, and gain from the sale of, stock in other REITs;

 

    gain from the sale of real property or mortgage loans;

 

    abatements and refunds of taxes on real property;

 

    income and gain derived from foreclosure property (as described below);

 

    amounts (other than amounts the determination of which depends in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person) received or accrued as consideration for entering into agreements (i) to make loans secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property or (ii) to purchase or lease real property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property); and

 

    interest or dividend income from investments in stock or debt instruments attributable to the temporary investment of new capital during the one-year period following our receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings (but not our distribution reinvestment plan) or public offerings of debt obligations with at least a five-year term.

Second, at least 95% of our gross income, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging transactions, for each taxable year must be derived from sources that qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test, and from (i) dividends, (ii) interest and (iii) gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real property.

If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for that year if our failure to meet the tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, and we attach a schedule of the sources of our income to our U.S. federal income tax return. It is not possible, however, to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. For example, if we fail to satisfy the gross income tests because nonqualifying income that we intentionally recognize exceeds the limits on nonqualifying income, the IRS could conclude that the failure to satisfy the tests was not due to reasonable cause. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we will fail to qualify as a REIT. Even if these relief provisions apply, a penalty tax would be imposed based on the amount of nonqualifying income. See “—Taxation of REITs in General.”

Gross income from a prohibited transaction, i.e., a sale of property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and that does not satisfy a safe harbor under the Code, is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator in both gross income tests. In addition, certain hedging income and foreign currency gains will be excluded from gross income for purposes of one or both of the gross income tests. We will monitor the amount of our nonqualifying income, and we will manage our portfolio to comply at all times with the gross income tests. The following paragraphs discuss some of the specific applications of the gross income tests to us.

Dividends. We may directly or indirectly receive distributions from taxable REIT subsidiaries or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries. These distributions generally are treated as dividend income to the extent of earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Our dividend income from stock in any corporation (other than any REIT), including any taxable REIT subsidiary, will be qualifying

 

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income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. Dividends that we receive from any REITs in which we own stock and our gain on the sale of the stock in those REITs will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. However, if a REIT in which we own stock fails to qualify as a REIT in any year, our income from such REIT would be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test.

Interest. The term “interest,” as defined for purposes of both gross income tests, generally excludes any amount that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person; however, it generally includes the following: (i) an amount that is received or accrued based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales, and (ii) an amount that is based on the income or profits of a debtor, as long as the debtor derives substantially all of its income from the real property securing the debt by leasing substantially all of its interest in the property, and only to the extent that the amounts received by the debtor would be qualifying “rents from real property” if received directly by a REIT.

Interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property (including, for this purpose, prepayment penalties, loan assumption fees and late payment charges that are not compensation for services) generally is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and personal property, the value of the personal property securing the loan exceeds 15% of the value of all property securing the loan, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we had a binding commitment to acquire or originate the mortgage loan, the interest income will be apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and interest will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test only to the extent that it is allocable to the real property. Even if a loan is not secured by real property or is undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test. We expect that the CMBS and RMBS, in which we invest generally will be treated either as interests in a grantor trust or as interests in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that all interest income from such CMBS and RMBS will be qualifying income for the 95% gross income test. In the case of CMBS and RMBS treated as interests in grantor trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. The interest on such mortgage loans would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation is secured by real property, as discussed above. In the case of CMBS and RMBS treated as interests in a REMIC, income derived from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. If less than 95% of the assets of the REMIC are real estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some REMIC securitizations include imbedded interest swap or cap contracts or other derivative instruments that potentially could produce nonqualifying income for the holder of the related REMIC securities.

Interest, original issue discount and market discount income that we receive or accrue from mortgage-related assets generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests.

Hedging Transactions. We and our subsidiaries may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Any income from a hedging transaction to manage risk of interest rate changes with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, by us to acquire or own real estate assets, or to hedge existing hedging positions after a portion of the hedged indebtedness or property is disposed of, which is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated or entered into, including gain from the disposition of such a transaction, will be disregarded for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. There are also rules for disregarding income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests with respect to hedges of certain foreign currency risks. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as nonqualifying income

 

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for purposes of both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Moreover, to the extent that a position in a hedging transaction has positive value at any particular point in time, it may be treated as an asset that does not qualify for purposes of the asset tests described below. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income or assets that do not qualify for purposes of the REIT tests or that our hedging will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

We may conduct some or all of our hedging activities through a taxable REIT subsidiary or other corporate entity, the income of which may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, rather than by participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries.

Fee Income. We may receive various fees in connection with our operations. The fees will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in consideration for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property or to purchase or lease real property and the fees are not determined by the borrower’s income and profits. Other fees are not qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test.

Rents from Real Property. Rents we receive will qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if several conditions described below are met. These conditions relate to the identity of the tenant, the computation of the rent payable, and the nature of the property leased and any services provided in connection with the property. First, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Second, rents we receive from a “related party tenant” will not qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income tests unless the tenant is a taxable REIT subsidiary, at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants, the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space and the rent is not attributable to an increase in rent due to a modification of a lease with a “controlled taxable REIT subsidiary” (i.e., a taxable REIT subsidiary in which we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the voting power or value of the stock). A tenant is a related party tenant if the REIT, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of the REIT, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the tenant. Whether rents paid by a taxable REIT subsidiary are substantially comparable to rents paid by other tenants is determined at the time the lease with the taxable REIT subsidiary is entered into, extended, or modified, if such modification increases the rents due under such lease. We also may lease “qualified lodging facilities” and “qualified health care properties” to our TRS if the TRS engages an “eligible independent contractor” to manage such properties. Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. Finally, for rents to qualify as “rents from real property” for purposes of the gross income tests, we are only allowed to provide services that are both usually or “customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of real property and not otherwise considered “rendered to the occupant” of the property. Examples of these permitted services include the provision of light, heat, or other utilities, trash removal and general maintenance of common areas. We may, however, render services to our tenants through an “independent contractor” who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive revenue if certain requirements are satisfied. We may also own an interest in a taxable REIT subsidiary which provides services to tenants without tainting our rental income from the related properties.

Even if a REIT directly furnishes or renders services that are non-customary with respect to a property or rendered to the tenant, if the greater of (i) the amounts received or accrued, directly or indirectly, or deemed received by the REIT with respect to such services, or (ii) 150% of our direct cost in furnishing or rendering the services during a taxable year is not more than 1% of all amounts received or accrued, directly or indirectly, by the REIT with respect to the property during the same taxable year, then only the amounts with respect to such services are not treated as rent for purposes of the REIT gross income tests.

 

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We intend to cause any services that are not usually or “customarily rendered,” or that are for the benefit of a particular tenant in connection with the rental of real property, to be provided through a taxable REIT subsidiary or through an “independent contractor” that is adequately compensated and from which we do not derive revenue, and which meets certain other requirements. However, no assurance can be given that the IRS will concur with our determination as to whether a particular service is customary.

Prohibited Transactions Tax. A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether a REIT holds an asset primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends, however, on the facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset. Nevertheless, we intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be treated as, or as having been, held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We cannot assure you that we will comply with certain safe harbor provisions in the Code that, if satisfied, will prevent covered sales from being treated as prohibited transactions or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a taxable REIT subsidiary or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of such corporation at regular corporate income tax rates. We intend to structure our activities to avoid prohibited transaction characterization.

Foreclosure Property. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real property, and any personal property incident to such real property:

 

    that is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REIT having bid in such property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was a default or default was imminent on a lease of such property or on indebtedness that such property secured;

 

    for which the related loan was acquired by the REIT at a time when the default was not imminent or anticipated; and

 

    for which the REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property.

However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor.

Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property at the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired the property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. This grace period terminates and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on the first day:

 

    on which a lease is entered into for the property that, by its terms, will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test, or any amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease entered into on or after such day that will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test;

 

    on which any construction takes place on the property, other than completion of a building or any other improvement, if more than 10% of the construction was completed before default became imminent; or

 

    which is more than 90 days after the day on which the REIT acquired the property and the property is used in a trade or business that is conducted by the REIT, other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive or receive any income.

We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure property, including gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that otherwise would be qualifying income

 

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for purposes of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of that income. However, net income from foreclosure property, including gain from the sale of foreclosure property held for sale in the ordinary course of a trade or business, will qualify for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property.

Phantom Income. Due to the nature of the assets in which we will invest, we may be required to recognize taxable income from certain assets in advance of our receipt of cash from, or proceeds from dispositions of such assets, and may be required to report taxable income that exceeds the economic income ultimately realized on such assets.

We may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The amount of such discount generally will be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal of the debt instrument is made, unless we elect to include accrued market discount in income as it accrues. Principal payments on certain debt instruments may be made monthly, and, consequently, accrued market discount may have to be included in income each month as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full. If we collect less on the debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deductions.

The terms of the debt instruments that we hold may be modified under certain circumstances. These modifications may be considered “significant modifications” for U.S. federal income tax purposes that give rise to a deemed debt-for-debt exchange upon which we may recognize taxable income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash.

Some of the debt securities that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. In general, we will be required to accrue non-de minimis original issue discount based on the constant yield to maturity of such debt securities, and to treat it as taxable income in accordance with applicable U.S. federal income tax rules even though such yield may exceed cash payments, if any, received on such debt instrument.

In addition, in the event that any debt instruments or debt securities acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular debt instrument are not made when due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinated mortgage-backed securities at the stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received.

Finally, we may be required under the terms of indebtedness that we incur to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payments on that indebtedness, with the effect of recognizing income but not having a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

As a result of each of these potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a risk that we may have taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. In that event, we may need to borrow funds or take other action to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements for the taxable year in which this “phantom income” is recognized. See “—Annual Distribution Requirements Applicable to REITs.”

Asset Tests

At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must satisfy the following tests relating to the nature of our assets.

 

    At least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by the following:

 

    interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds;

 

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    interests in mortgages on real property;

 

    interests in personal property that generates rents from real property;

 

    stock in other REITs and debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs;

 

    cash and cash items (including certain receivables);

 

    government securities;

 

    investments in stock or debt instruments attributable to the temporary investment of new capital during the one-year period following our receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings (but not our distribution reinvestment plan) or public offerings of debt obligations with at least a five-year term; and

 

    regular or residual interests in a REMIC. However, if less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC consists of assets that are qualifying real estate-related assets under U.S. federal income tax laws, determined as if we held such assets directly, we will be treated as holding directly our proportionate share of the assets of such REMIC.

 

    Not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by securities, other than those in the 75% asset class described above.

 

    Except for securities in taxable REIT subsidiaries and the securities in the 75% asset class described above, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.

 

    Except for securities in taxable REIT subsidiaries and the securities in the 75% asset class described above, we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s outstanding voting securities.

 

    Except for securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries and the securities in the 75% asset class described above, we may not own more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer, other than securities that qualify for the “straight debt” exception or other exceptions discussed below.

 

    Not more than 25% of the value of our total assets (20% for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017) may be represented by the securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries.

 

    Not more than 25% of the value of our total assets may be represented by “nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.”

A debt obligation secured by a mortgage on both real and personal property is treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test, and interest thereon is treated as interest on an obligation secured by real property, if the fair market value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the fair market value of all property securing the debt even if the loan is not fully secured by real property. If the fair market value of personal property securing the debt exceeds 15% of the fair market value of all property securing the debt and the fair market value of the real property does not equal or exceed the “loan amount” at the time the REIT commits to make or acquire the loan, then a portion of such loan will not be a qualifying real estate asset.

Notwithstanding the general rule, as noted above, that for purposes of the REIT gross income and asset tests we are treated as owning our proportionate share of the underlying assets of a subsidiary partnership, if we hold indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to, and may cause a violation of, the asset tests unless the indebtedness is a qualifying mortgage asset or other conditions are met. Similarly, although stock of another REIT is a qualifying asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, any non-mortgage debt that is issued by another REIT may not so qualify (although such debt will not be treated as “securities” for purposes of the 10% value test, as explained below) unless such REIT is a publicly offered REIT, that is a REIT that is required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 

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Securities, for purposes of the asset tests, may include debt we hold from other issuers. However, debt we hold in an issuer that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% asset test will not be taken into account for purposes of the 10% value test if the debt securities meet the straight debt safe harbor. Subject to certain exceptions, debt will meet the straight debt safe harbor if the debt is a written unconditional promise to pay on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money, the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock, and the interest rate and the interest payment dates of the debt are not contingent on the profits of any person, the borrower’s discretion or similar factors. In the case of an issuer that is a corporation or a partnership, securities that otherwise would be considered straight debt will not be so considered if we, and any of our “controlled taxable REIT subsidiaries” as defined in the Code, hold any securities of the corporate or partnership issuer that (a) are not straight debt or other excluded securities (prior to the application of this rule), and (b) have an aggregate value greater than 1% of the issuer’s outstanding securities (including, in the case of a partnership issuer, our interest as a partner in the partnership).

In addition to straight debt, the Code provides that certain other securities will not violate the 10% asset test. Such securities include (i) any loan made to an individual or an estate, (ii) certain rental agreements pursuant to which one or more payments are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons related to the REIT under attribution rules), (iii) any obligation to pay rents from real property, (iv) securities issued by governmental entities that are not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a non-governmental entity, (v) any security (including debt securities) issued by another REIT and (vi) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the partnership’s income is of such a nature that the partnership would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above under “—Gross Income Tests.” In applying the 10% asset test, a debt security issued by a partnership (other than straight debt or any other excluded security) is not taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT’s proportionate interest as a partner in that partnership.

Any stock that we hold or acquire in other REITs will be a qualifying asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. However, if a REIT in which we own stock fails to qualify as a REIT in any year, the stock in such REIT will not be a qualifying asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. Instead, we would be subject to the second, third, fourth, and fifth asset tests described above with respect to our investment in such a disqualified REIT. We will also be subject to those assets tests with respect to our investments in any non-REIT C corporations for which we do not make a taxable REIT subsidiary election.

We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests and will seek to manage our portfolio to comply at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances, however, that we will be successful in this effort. Independent appraisals may not have been obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our total assets or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover, the values of some assets may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in our subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers will not cause a violation of the REIT asset tests.

However, certain relief provisions are available to allow REITs to satisfy the asset requirements or to maintain REIT qualification notwithstanding certain violations of the asset and other requirements. For example, if we failed to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, such a failure would not cause us to lose our REIT qualification if (i) we satisfied the asset tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter and (ii) the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset requirements was not wholly or partly caused by an acquisition of nonqualifying assets, but instead arose from changes in the relative market values of our assets. If the condition described in (ii) were not satisfied, we could nevertheless avoid disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose or by making use of the relief provisions described above.

In the case of de minimis violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests, a REIT may maintain its qualification despite a violation of such requirements if (i) the value of the assets causing the violation does not exceed the lesser of

 

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1% of the REIT’s total assets and $10,000,000 and (ii) the REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied within that time frame.

Even if we did not qualify for the foregoing relief provisions, one additional provision allows a REIT which fails one or more of the asset requirements for a particular quarter to nevertheless maintain its REIT qualification if (i) the REIT provides the IRS with a description of each asset causing the failure, (ii) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, (iii) the REIT pays a tax equal to the greater of (a) $50,000 per failure and (b) the product of the net income generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%) and (iv) the REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the relevant asset tests within that time frame.

Annual Distribution Requirements Applicable to REITs

To qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally must distribute dividends (other than capital gain dividends) to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to:

 

    the sum of (i) 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and our net capital gain and (ii) 90% of our net income after tax, if any, from foreclosure property; minus

 

    the excess of the sum of specified items of non-cash income (including original issue discount on our mortgage loans) over 5% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and our net capital gain.

Distributions generally must be made during the taxable year to which they relate. Distributions may be made in the following year in two circumstances. First, if we declare a dividend in October, November or December of any year with a record date in one of these months and pay the dividend on or before January 31 of the following year, such dividend will be treated as having been paid and received by our shareholders on December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared. Second, distributions may be made in the following year if the dividends are declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if made before the first regular dividend payment made after such declaration. These distributions are taxable to our stockholders in the year in which paid, even though the distributions relate to our prior taxable year for purposes of the 90% distribution requirement. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we will be subject to tax on the undistributed amount at regular corporate tax rates.

To the extent that in the future we may have available net operating losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the tax treatment to our stockholders of any distributions that are actually made.

If we fail to distribute during a calendar year (or, in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, by the end of January following such calendar year) at least the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income for such year and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior years, we will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (x) the amounts actually distributed (taking into account excess distributions from prior years) and (y) the amounts of income retained on which we have paid corporate income tax.

Although several types of non-cash income are excluded in determining the annual distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to those non-cash income items

 

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if we do not distribute those items on a current basis. As a result of the foregoing, we may not have sufficient cash to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow funds or issue additional stock.

We may elect to retain rather than distribute all or a portion of our net capital gains and pay the tax on the gains. In that case, we may elect to have our stockholders include their proportionate share of the undistributed net capital gains in income as long-term capital gains and receive a credit for their share of the tax paid by us. Our stockholders would then increase the adjusted basis of their stock by the difference between (i) the amounts of capital gain dividends that we designated and that they include in their taxable income, minus (ii) the tax that we paid on their behalf with respect to that income. For purposes of the 4% excise tax described above, any retained amounts for which we elect this treatment would be treated as having been distributed.

We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the distribution requirements. However, it is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, and the inclusion of items of income and deduction of expenses by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, we may decide to retain our cash, rather than distribute it, in order to repay debt, acquire assets or for other reasons. In the event that such timing differences occur, and in other circumstances, it may be necessary in order to satisfy the distribution requirements to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings, or to pay the dividends in the form of other property (including, for example, shares of our own stock).

If our taxable income for a particular year is subsequently determined to have been understated, under some circumstances we may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. However, we will be required to pay interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.

Like-Kind Exchanges

We may dispose of properties in transactions intended to qualify as like-kind exchanges under the Code. Such like-kind exchanges are intended to result in the deferral of gain for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The failure of any such transaction to qualify as a like-kind exchange could require us to pay U.S. federal income tax, possibly including the 100% prohibited transaction tax, depending on the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction.

Penalty Tax

Any redetermined rents, redetermined deductions, excess interest or redetermined TRS service income we generate will be subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, redetermined rents are rents from real property that are overstated as a result of any services furnished to any of our tenants by a taxable REIT subsidiary, and redetermined deductions and excess interest represent any amounts that are deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary for amounts paid to us that are in excess of the amounts that would have been deducted based on arm’s length negotiations. Rents that we receive will not constitute redetermined rents if they qualify for certain safe harbor provisions contained in the Code. Redetermined TRS service income is income earned by a taxable REIT subsidiary that is attributable to services provided to us, or on our behalf to any of our tenants, that is less than the amounts that would have been charged based upon arms’ length negotiations.

Recordkeeping Requirements

We are required to comply with applicable recordkeeping requirements. Failure to comply could result in monetary fines. For example, we must request on an annual basis information from our stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding common stock.

 

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Failure to Qualify

If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements of REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests or asset requirements, then we may still retain REIT qualification if the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each failure.

If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and the relief provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. This would significantly reduce both our cash available for distribution to our stockholders and our earnings. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will not be required to make any distributions to stockholders and any distributions that are made will not be deductible by us. Moreover, all distributions to stockholders would be taxable as dividends to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, whether or not attributable to capital gains of ours. Furthermore, subject to certain limitations in the Code, corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction with respect to those distributions, and individual, trust and estate distributees may be eligible for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates on such dividends. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we also will be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost.

Tax Aspects of Our Operating Partnership and any Subsidiary Partnerships

General. All or substantially all of our assets will be held through our Operating Partnership. In addition, our Operating Partnership may hold certain investments indirectly through subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies which are treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, entities that are treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes are “pass-through” entities which are not required to pay U.S. federal income tax. Rather, partners or members of such entities are allocated their shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of the partnership or limited liability company and are potentially required to pay tax on this income, without regard to whether they receive a distribution from the partnership or limited liability company. A partner in such entities that is a REIT will take into account its share of the gross income of these partnership and limited liability company items for purposes of the various gross income tests and will include in its income its share of income of these other partnerships and limited liability companies for purposes of the computation of its REIT taxable income and the REIT distribution requirements. For purposes of the asset tests, we will include our pro rata share of assets held by our Operating Partnership, including our share of its subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies, based on our capital interest in each such entity.

Entity Classification. Our interests in the Operating Partnership and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies involve special tax considerations, including the possibility that the IRS might challenge the status of these entities as partnerships (or disregarded entities), as opposed to associations taxable as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For example, an entity that would otherwise be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes may nonetheless be taxable as a corporation if it is a “publicly traded partnership” and certain other requirements are met. A partnership or limited liability company would be treated as a publicly traded partnership if its interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or a substantial equivalent thereof, within the meaning of applicable Treasury regulations. If our Operating Partnership or a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company were treated as an association rather than as a partnership, it would be taxable as a corporation and would be required to pay an entity-level tax on its income. In this situation, the character of our assets and items of gross income would change and could prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See “—Failure to Qualify” for a discussion of the effects of our failure to meet the REIT asset and gross income tests. In addition, a change in the tax status of our Operating Partnership, a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company might be treated as a taxable event. If so, we might incur a tax liability without any related cash distributions. We do not anticipate that our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnership or limited liability company will be treated as a publicly traded partnership which is taxable as a corporation.

 

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Legislation was recently enacted that significantly changes the rules for U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships, such as our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnerships or limited liability companies treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such audits will continue to be conducted at the entity level, but with respect to tax returns for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, unless such entity qualifies for and affirmatively elects an alternative procedure, any adjustments to the amount of tax due (including interest and penalties) will be payable by the entity itself. Under the alternative procedure, if elected, a partnership would issue information returns to persons who were partners in the audited year, who would then be required to take the adjustments into account in calculating their own tax liability, and the partnership would not be liable for the adjustments. If any of the Operating Partnership or our subsidiary partnerships or limited liability companies is able to and in fact elects the alternative procedure for a given adjustment, the amount of taxes for which such persons will be liable will be increased by any applicable penalties and a special interest charge. There can be no assurance that any such entities will be eligible to make such an election or that it will, in fact, make such an election for any given adjustment. Many issues and the overall effect of this new legislation on us are uncertain.

Allocations of Income, Gain, Loss and Deduction. A partnership agreement (or, in the case of a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the limited liability company agreement) will generally determine the allocation of partnership income and loss among partners. Generally, Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder require that partnership allocations respect the economic arrangement of the partners. If an allocation of partnership income or loss does not comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners’ interests in the partnership. This reallocation will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Our Operating Partnership’s allocations of taxable income and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder.

Tax Allocations with Respect to the Properties. Under Section 704(c) of the Code, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership (including a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) in exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner so that the contributing partner is charged with the unrealized gain, or benefits from the unrealized loss, associated with the property at the time of the contribution, as adjusted from time to time. The amount of the unrealized gain or unrealized loss generally is equal to the difference between the fair market value or book value and the adjusted tax basis of the contributed property at the time of contribution (this difference is referred to as a book-tax difference), as adjusted from time to time. These allocations are solely for U.S. federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners.

Appreciated property may be contributed to our Operating Partnership in exchange for Operating Partnership units in connection with future acquisitions. The partnership agreement requires that allocations be made in a manner consistent with Section 704(c) of the Code. Treasury regulations issued under Section 704(c) of the Code provide partnerships with a choice of several methods of accounting for book-tax differences. Any book-tax differences will be accounted for using any method approved under Section 704(c) of the Code and the applicable Treasury regulations as chosen by the general partner under the partnership agreement. Any property acquired by our Operating Partnership in a taxable transaction will initially have a tax basis equal to its fair market value, and Section 704(c) of the Code will not apply.

Taxation of U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock

U.S. Holder. As used in the remainder of this discussion, the term “U.S. holder” means a beneficial owner of our common stock that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

    a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

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    a corporation (or an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any State thereof or the District of Columbia;

 

    an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

 

    a trust if it (a) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (b) has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership (or an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding common stock, you should consult your advisors. A “non-U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of our common stock that is neither a U.S. holder nor a partnership (or an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes).

Distributions Generally. As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions made by us to our taxable U.S. holders out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits that are not designated as capital gain dividends or “qualified dividend income” will be taken into account by them as ordinary income taxable at ordinary income tax rates and will not qualify for the reduced capital gains rates that currently generally apply to distributions by non-REIT C corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. holders. In determining the extent to which a distribution constitutes a dividend for tax purposes, our earnings and profits will be allocated first to distributions with respect to our preferred stock, if any, and then to our common stock. Corporate stockholders will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction with respect to these distributions.

Distributions in excess of both current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a U.S. holder to the extent that the distributions do not exceed the adjusted basis of the holder’s stock. Rather, such distributions will reduce the adjusted basis of the stock. To the extent that distributions exceed the adjusted basis of a U.S. holder’s stock, the U.S. holder generally must include such excess in income as long-term capital gain if the shares have been held for more than one year, or as short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less.

Distributions will generally be taxable, if at all, in the year of the distribution. However, if we declare a dividend in October, November or December of any year with a record date in one of these months and pay the dividend on or before January 31 of the following year, we will be treated as having paid the dividend, and U.S. holders will be treated as having received the dividend, on December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared.

We will be treated as having sufficient earnings and profits to treat as a dividend any distribution we pay up to the amount required to be distributed in order to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax discussed above. Moreover, any “deficiency dividend” will be treated as an ordinary or capital gain dividend, as the case may be, regardless of our earnings and profits. As a result, U.S. holders may be required to treat certain distributions that would otherwise result in a tax-free return of capital as taxable dividends.

Capital Gain Dividends. We may elect to designate distributions of our net capital gain as “capital gain dividends” to the extent that such distributions do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year. Capital gain dividends are taxed to U.S. holders of our stock as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset held for more than one year. This tax treatment applies regardless of the period during which the stockholders have held their stock. If we designate any portion of a dividend as a capital gain dividend, the amount that will be taxable to the stockholder as capital gain will be indicated to U.S. holders on IRS Form 1099-DIV. Corporate stockholders, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of capital gain dividends as ordinary income. Capital gain dividends are not eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporations.

Instead of paying capital gain dividends, we may elect to require stockholders to include our undistributed net capital gains in their income. If we make such an election, U.S. holders (i) will include in their income as long-

 

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term capital gains their proportionate share of such undistributed capital gains and (ii) will be deemed to have paid their proportionate share of the tax paid by us on such undistributed capital gains and thereby receive a credit or refund to the extent that the tax paid by us exceeds the U.S. holder’s tax liability on the undistributed capital gain. A U.S. holder of our stock will increase its basis in its stock by the difference between the amount of capital gain included in its income and the amount of tax it is deemed to have paid. A U.S. holder that is a corporation will appropriately adjust its earnings and profits for the retained capital gain in accordance with Treasury regulations to be prescribed by the IRS. Our earnings and profits will be adjusted appropriately.

We must classify portions of our designated capital gain dividend into the following categories:

 

    a 20% gain distribution, which would be taxable to non-corporate U.S. holders of our stock at a federal rate of up to 20%; or

 

    an unrecaptured Section 1250 gain distribution, which would be taxable to non-corporate U.S. holders of our stock at a maximum rate of 25%.

We must determine the maximum amounts that we may designate as 20% and 25% capital gain dividends by performing the computation required by the Code as if the REIT were an individual whose ordinary income were subject to a marginal tax rate of at least 28%. The IRS currently requires that distributions made to different classes of stock be comprised proportionately of dividends of a particular type.

Passive Activity Loss and Investment Interest Limitation. Distributions that we make and gains arising from the disposition of our common stock by a U.S. holder will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, U.S. holders will not be able to apply any “passive activity losses” against such income. Dividends paid by us, to the extent they do not constitute a return of capital, will generally be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment income limitation on the deduction of the investment interest.

Qualified Dividend Income. Distributions that are treated as dividends may be taxed at capital gains rates, rather than ordinary income rates, if they are distributed to an individual, trust or estate, are properly designated by us as qualified dividend income and certain other requirements are satisfied. Dividends are eligible to be designated by us as qualified dividend income up to an amount equal to the sum of the qualified dividend income received by us during the year of the distribution from other C corporations such as taxable REIT subsidiaries, our “undistributed” REIT taxable income from the immediately preceding year, and any income attributable to the sale of a built-in gain asset from the immediately preceding year (reduced by any U.S. federal income taxes that we paid with respect to such REIT taxable income and built-in gain).

Dividends that we receive will be treated as qualified dividend income to us if certain criteria are met. The dividends must be received from a domestic corporation (other than a REIT or a regulated investment company) or a qualifying foreign corporation. A foreign corporation generally will be a qualifying foreign corporation if it is incorporated in a possession of the United States, the corporation is eligible for benefits of an income tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury determines is satisfactory, or the stock on which the dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. However, if a foreign corporation is a foreign personal holding company, a foreign investment company or a passive foreign investment company, then it will not be treated as a qualifying foreign corporation, and the dividends we receive from such an entity would not constitute qualified dividend income.

Furthermore, certain exceptions and special rules apply to determine whether dividends may be treated as qualified dividend income to us. These rules include certain holding requirements that we would have to satisfy with respect to the stock on which the dividend is paid and special rules with regard to dividends received from regulated investment companies and other REITs.

In addition, even if we designate certain dividends as qualified dividend income to our stockholders, a U.S. holder will have to meet certain other requirements for the dividend to qualify for taxation at capital gains rates.

 

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For example, the U.S. holder will only be eligible to treat the dividend as qualifying dividend income if the U.S. holder is taxed at individual rates and meets certain holding requirements. In general, in order to treat a particular dividend as qualified dividend income, a U.S. holder will be required to hold our stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which the stock becomes ex-dividend.

Other Tax Considerations. To the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, are not passed through to stockholders and do not offset income of stockholders from other sources, nor would such losses affect the character of any distributions that we make, which are generally subject to tax in the hands of stockholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.

Sales of Our Common Stock. Upon any taxable sale or other disposition of our common stock (except pursuant to a repurchase by us, as described below), a U.S. holder of our common stock will recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between:

 

    the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received on such disposition; and

 

    the U.S. holder’s adjusted basis in such common stock for tax purposes.

Gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if the common stock has been held by the U.S. holder as a capital asset. The applicable tax rate will depend on the holder’s holding period in the asset (generally, if an asset has been held for more than one year, it will produce long-term capital gain) and the holder’s tax bracket.

In general, any loss upon a sale or exchange of our common stock by a U.S. holder who has held such stock for six months or less (after applying certain holding period rules) will be treated as a long-term capital loss, but only to the extent of distributions from us received by such U.S. holder that are required to be treated by such U.S. holder as long-term capital gains.

Repurchases of Our Common Stock. A repurchase of our common stock will be treated as a distribution in exchange for the repurchased shares and taxed in the same manner as any other taxable sale or other disposition of our common stock discussed above, provided that the repurchase satisfies one of the tests enabling the repurchase to be treated as a sale or exchange. A repurchase will generally be treated as a sale or exchange if it (i) results in a complete termination of the holder’s interest in our common stock, (ii) results in a substantially disproportionate redemption with respect to the holder, or (iii) is not essentially equivalent to a dividend with respect to the holder. In determining whether any of these tests has been met, common stock actually owned, as well as common stock considered to be owned by the holder by reason of certain constructive ownership rules set forth in the Code, generally must be taken into account. The sale of common stock pursuant to a repurchase generally will result in a “substantially disproportionate” redemption with respect to a holder if the percentage of our then outstanding voting stock owned by the holder immediately after the sale is less than 80% of the percentage of our voting stock owned by the holder determined immediately before the sale. The sale of common stock pursuant to a repurchase generally will be treated as not “essentially equivalent to a dividend” with respect to a holder if the reduction in the holder’s proportionate interest in our stock as a result of our repurchase constitutes a “meaningful reduction” of such holder’s interest.

A repurchase that does not qualify as an exchange under such tests will constitute a dividend equivalent repurchase that is treated as a taxable distribution and taxed in the same manner as regular distributions, as described above under “—Distributions Generally.” In addition, although guidance is sparse, the IRS could take the position that a holder who does not participate in any repurchase treated as a dividend should be treated as receiving a constructive distribution of our common stock taxable as a dividend in the amount of their increased percentage ownership of our common stock as a result of the repurchase, even though the holder did not actually receive cash or other property as a result of the repurchase.

 

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Medicare Tax. Certain U.S. holders, including individuals and estates and trusts, are subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income,” which includes net gain from a sale or exchange of common stock and dividends. In the case of an individual, the tax will be 3.8% of the lesser of the individual’s net investment income or the excess of the individual’s modified adjusted gross income over an amount equal to (1) $250,000 in the case of a married individual filing a joint return or a surviving spouse, (2) $125,000 in the case of a married individual filing a separate return, or (3) $200,000 in the case of a single individual.

Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock

The rules governing the U.S. federal income taxation of non-U.S. holders are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. holders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state and local income tax laws on ownership of the common stock, including any reporting requirements.

Distributions. Distributions by us to a non-U.S. holder that are neither attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of “U.S. real property interests” nor designated by us as capital gains dividends will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. These distributions generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax on a gross basis at a rate of 30%, or a lower rate as may be specified under an applicable income tax treaty, unless the dividends are treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. holder of a trade or business within the United States. Under some treaties, however, lower rates generally applicable to dividends do not apply to dividends from REITs or apply to dividends from REITs only in certain circumstances. Dividends that are effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis, that is, after allowance for deductions, at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. holders are taxed, and are generally not subject to withholding. Applicable certification and disclosure requirements must be satisfied to be exempt from withholding under the effectively connected income exception. Any dividends received by a corporate non-U.S. holder that is engaged in a trade or business within the United States may also be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate, or lower applicable treaty rate.

A non-U.S. holder who wishes to claim the benefit of an applicable treaty rate and avoid backup withholding, as discussed below, for our ordinary dividends will be required (i) to complete the applicable IRS Form W-8 and certify under penalty of perjury that such holder is not a U.S. person as defined under the Code and is eligible for treaty benefits or (ii) if our common stock is held through certain foreign intermediaries, to satisfy the relevant certification requirements of applicable Treasury regulations. Special certification and other requirements apply to certain non-U.S. holders that are pass-through entities rather than corporations or individuals.

A non-U.S. holder eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax pursuant to an income tax treaty may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.

Distributions in excess of our current or accumulated earnings and profits that do not exceed the adjusted basis of the non-U.S. holder in its common stock will reduce the non-U.S. holder’s adjusted basis in its common stock and will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits that do exceed the adjusted basis of the non-U.S. holder in its common stock will be treated as gain from the sale of its stock, the tax treatment of which is described below under “—Sales of Our Common Stock.” Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether or not the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution as if it were a dividend.

We would be required to withhold at least 15% of any distribution to a non-U.S. holder in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if our common stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest with respect to

 

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such non-U.S. holder, as described below under “—Sales of Our Common Stock.” This withholding would apply even if the non-U.S. holder is not liable for tax on the receipt of that distribution. However, a non-U.S. holder may file a U.S. federal income tax return to claim a refund of these amounts from the IRS if the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. tax liability with respect to the distribution is less than the amount withheld.

Distributions to a non-U.S. holder that are designated by us at the time of the distribution as capital gain dividends, other than those arising from the disposition of a U.S. real property interest (including direct interests in U.S. real property and stock of U.S. corporations that are “U.S. real property holding corporations” and do not quality for any exemption), generally should not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless:

 

    The investment in the common stock is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment of the non-U.S. holder), in which case the non-U.S. holder will generally be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with respect to any gain, except that a holder that is a foreign corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax, as discussed above; or

 

    The non-U.S. holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the distribution and has a “tax home” in the United States, in which case the individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s capital gains.

Under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA, distributions to a non-U.S. holder that are attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests, whether or not designated as capital gain dividends, will cause the non-U.S. holder to be treated as recognizing gain that is income effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business. Non-U.S. holders will be taxed on this gain at the same rates applicable to U.S. holders, subject to a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. In the case of a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation, this gain may also be subject to a 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) branch profits tax. A distribution is not attributable to a U.S. real property interest if we held an interest in the underlying asset solely as a creditor.

We will be required to withhold and remit to the IRS 35% of any distributions to non-U.S. holders that are designated as capital gain dividends, or, if greater, 35% of a distribution that could have been designated as a capital gain dividend, whether or not attributable to sales of U.S. real property interests. Distributions can be designated as capital gain dividends to the extent of our net capital gain for the taxable year of the distribution. The amount withheld, which for individual non-U.S. holders may exceed the actual tax liability, is creditable against the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability.

However, the 35% withholding tax will not apply to any capital gain dividend with respect to any class of our stock which is “regularly traded” on an established securities market located in the United States if the non-U.S. holder did not own more than 10% of such class of stock at any time during the one-year period ending on the date of such dividend. Instead, any capital gain dividend will be treated as a distribution subject to the rules discussed above with respect to ordinary dividends. Also, the branch profits tax would not apply to such a distribution. However, it is not anticipated that our common stock will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market.

Although the law is not clear on the matter, it appears that amounts we designate as undistributed capital gains in respect of the stock held by U.S. holders generally should be treated with respect to non-U.S. holders in the same manner as actual distributions by us of capital gain dividends. Under that approach, the non-U.S. holders would be able to offset as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability resulting therefrom their proportionate share of the tax paid by us on the undistributed capital gains, and to receive from the IRS a refund to the extent that their proportionate share of this tax paid by us were to exceed their actual U.S. federal income tax liability. If we were to designate a portion of our net capital gain as undistributed capital gain, a non-U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the taxation of such undistributed capital gain.

 

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Sales of Our Common Stock. Subject to the discussion below under “—Repurchases of Our Common Stock,” gain recognized by a non-U.S. holder upon the sale or exchange of our stock generally would not be subject to U.S. taxation unless:

 

    the investment in our common stock is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment of the non-U.S. holder), in which case the non-U.S. holder will be subject to the same treatment as domestic holders with respect to any gain;

 

    the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States, in which case the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s net capital gains for the taxable year; or

 

    the non-U.S. holder is not a qualified shareholder or a qualified foreign pension fund (each as defined below) and our common stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest within the meaning of FIRPTA, as described below.

We anticipate that our common stock will constitute a U.S. real property interest within the meaning of FIRPTA unless we are a domestically controlled REIT. We will be a domestically controlled REIT if, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of our stock is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. holders. No assurance can be given, however, that we are or will be a domestically controlled REIT.

Even if we were not a domestically controlled REIT, a sale of common stock by a non-U.S. holder would nevertheless not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a U.S. real property interest if:

 

    our common stock were “regularly traded” on an established securities market within the meaning of applicable Treasury regulations; and

 

    the non-U.S. holder did not actually, or constructively under specified attribution rules under the Code, own more than 10% of our common stock at any time during the specified testing period.

However, it is not anticipated that our common stock will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market. If gain on the sale or exchange of our common stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the non-U.S. holder would be subject to regular U.S. income tax with respect to any gain in the same manner as a taxable U.S. holder, subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax and special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. In such a case, under FIRPTA the purchaser of common stock may be required to withhold 15% of the purchase price and remit this amount to the IRS.

Qualified Shareholders. Subject to the exception discussed below, a “qualified shareholder” who holds our common stock directly or indirectly (through one or more partnerships) will not be subject to FIRPTA on distributions by us or dispositions of our common stock. While a qualified shareholder will not be subject to FIRPTA on distributions by us or dispositions of our common stock, certain investors of a qualified shareholder (i.e., non-U.S. persons who hold interests in the qualified shareholder (other than interests solely as a creditor), and hold more than 10% of our common stock (whether or not by reason of the investor’s ownership in the qualified shareholder)) may be subject to FIRPTA and FIRPTA withholding.

A qualified shareholder is a non-U.S. person that (i) either is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty which includes an exchange of information program and whose principal class of interests is listed and regularly traded on one or more recognized stock exchanges (as defined in such comprehensive income tax treaty), or is a foreign partnership that is created or organized under foreign law as a limited partnership in a jurisdiction that has an agreement for the exchange of information with respect to taxes with the United States and has a class of limited partnership units representing greater than 50% of the value of all the partnership units that is regularly traded on the NYSE or NASDAQ markets, (ii) is a “qualified collective investment vehicle” (within the meaning of Section 897(k)(3)(B) of the Code), and (iii) maintains records on the identity of each person who, at any time during the foreign person’s taxable year, is the direct owner of 5% or more of the class of interests or units (as applicable) described in (i), above.

 

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Qualified Foreign Pension Funds. A qualified foreign pension fund (or an entity all of the interests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund) that holds our common stock directly or indirectly (through one or more partnerships) will not be subject to FIRPTA on distributions by us or dispositions of our common stock.

A qualified foreign pension fund is any trust, corporation, or other organization or arrangement (i) which is created or organized under the law of a country other than the United States, (ii) which is established to provide retirement or pension benefits to participants or beneficiaries that are current or former employees (or persons designated by such employees) of one or more employers in consideration for services rendered, (iii) which does not have a single participant or beneficiary with a right to more than 5% of its assets or income, (iv) which is subject to government regulation and provides annual information reporting about its beneficiaries to the relevant tax authorities in the country in which it is established or operates, and (v) with respect to which, under the laws of the country in which it is established or operates, (a) contributions to such organization or arrangement that would otherwise be subject to tax under such laws are deductible or excluded from the gross income of such entity or taxed at a reduced rate, or (b) taxation of any investment income of such organization or arrangement is deferred or such income is taxed at a reduced rate.

We urge non-U.S. holders to consult their own tax Advisors to determine their eligibility for exemption from FIRPTA withholding and their qualification as a qualified shareholder or a qualified foreign pension fund.

Repurchases of Our Common Stock. A repurchase of our common stock that is not treated as a sale or exchange will be taxed in the same manner as distributions under the rules described above. See “—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock—Repurchases of Our Common Stock” for a discussion of when a redemption will be treated as a sale or exchange and related matters.

A repurchase of our common stock generally will be subject to tax under FIRPTA to the extent the distribution in the repurchase is attributable to gains from our dispositions of U.S. real property interests. To the extent the distribution is not attributable to gains from our dispositions of U.S. real property interests, the excess of the amount of money received in the repurchase over the non-U.S. holder’s basis in the repurchased shares will be treated in the manner described above under “—Sales of Our Common Stock.” The IRS has released an official notice stating that repurchase payments may be attributable to gains from dispositions of U.S. real property interests (except when the 10% publicly traded exception would apply), but has not provided any guidance to determine when and what portion of a repurchase payment is a distribution that is attributable to gains from our dispositions of U.S. real property interests. Due to the uncertainty, we may withhold at the 35% rate from all or a portion of repurchase payments to non-U.S. holders other than qualified shareholders or qualified foreign pension funds. To the extent the amount of tax we withhold exceeds the amount of a non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, the non-U.S. holder may file a U.S. federal income tax return and claim a refund.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Returns. If a non-U.S. holder is subject to taxation under FIRPTA on proceeds from the sale of our common stock or on distributions we make, the non-U.S. holder will be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return. Prospective non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors to determine the impact of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax laws on their ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

Withholding at a rate of 30% is required on dividends paid in respect of, and after December 31, 2018, withholding at a rate of 30% will be required on payments of gross proceeds from the sale of, shares of our common stock to certain foreign financial institutions (including investments funds), unless such institution enters into an agreement with the Secretary of the Treasury (unless alternative procedures apply pursuant to an applicable intergovernmental agreement between the United States and the relevant foreign government) to report, on an annual basis, information with respect to shares in, and accounts maintained by, the institution to

 

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the extent such shares or accounts are held by certain U.S. persons or by certain non-U.S. entities that are wholly or partially owned by U.S. persons. Accordingly, the entity through which our shares are held may affect the determination of whether such withholding is required. Similarly, dividends paid in respect of, and after December 31, 2018, payments of gross proceeds from the sale of, our shares to an investor that is a passive non-financial non-U.S. entity will be subject to withholding at a rate of 30%, unless such entity either (i) certifies to us that such entity does not have any “substantial U.S. owners” or (ii) provides certain information regarding the entity’s “substantial U.S. owners,” which we will in turn provide to the Secretary of the Treasury. Non-U.S. shareholders are encouraged to consult with their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of these rules on their investment in our common stock.

Taxation of Tax-Exempt Holders of Our Common Stock

Provided that a tax-exempt holder has not held its common stock as “debt-financed property” within the meaning of the Code and our shares of stock are not being used in an unrelated trade or business, dividend income from us generally will not be unrelated business taxable income, UBTI, to a tax-exempt holder. Similarly, income from the sale of our common stock will not constitute UBTI unless the tax-exempt holder has held its common stock as debt-financed property within the meaning of the Code or has used the common stock in an unrelated trade or business.

Further, for a tax-exempt holder that is a social club, voluntary employee benefit association, supplemental unemployment benefit trust or qualified group legal services plan exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Code, respectively, or a single parent title-holding corporation exempt under Section 501(c)(2) the income of which is payable to any of the aforementioned tax-exempt organizations, income from an investment in our common stock will constitute UBTI unless the organization properly sets aside or reserves such amounts for purposes specified in the Code. These tax-exempt holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning these “set aside” and reserve requirements.

Notwithstanding the above, however, a portion of the dividends paid by a “pension-held REIT” are treated as UBTI as to any trust which is described in Section 401(a) of the Code, is tax-exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code, and holds more than 10%, by value, of the interests in the REIT. Tax-exempt pension funds that are described in Section 401(a) of the Code are referred to below as “pension trusts.”

A REIT is a “pension-held REIT” if it meets the following two tests:

 

    it would not have qualified as a REIT but for Section 856(h)(3) of the Code, which provides that stock owned by pension trusts will be treated, for purposes of determining whether the REIT is closely held, as owned by the beneficiaries of the trust rather than by the trust itself; and

 

    either (i) at least one pension trust holds more than 25% of the value of the interests in the REIT, or (ii) a group of pension trusts each individually holding more than 10% of the value of the REIT’s stock, collectively owns more than 50% of the value of the REIT’s stock.

The percentage of any REIT dividend from a “pension-held REIT” that is treated as UBTI is equal to the ratio of the UBTI earned by the REIT, treating the REIT as if it were a pension trust and therefore subject to tax on UBTI, to the total gross income of the REIT. An exception applies where the percentage is less than 5% for any year, in which case none of the dividends would be treated as UBTI. The provisions requiring pension trusts to treat a portion of REIT distributions as UBTI will not apply if the REIT is not a “pension-held REIT” (for example, if the REIT is able to satisfy the “not closely held requirement” without relying on the “look through” exception with respect to pension trusts). Because of our charter’s restrictions on the number of shares of our stock that a person may own, we do not anticipate that we will become a “pension-held REIT.”

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

Holders who participate in the distribution reinvestment plan will recognize taxable income in the amount they would have received had they elected not to participate, even though they receive no cash. These deemed

 

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distributions will be treated as actual distributions from us to the participating holders and will retain the character and U.S. federal income tax effects applicable to all distributions. Stock received under the plan will have a holding period beginning with the day after purchase, and a U.S. federal income tax basis equal to its cost, which is the gross amount of the deemed distribution.

Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting

U.S. Holders of Common Stock. In general, information-reporting requirements will apply to payments of dividends and proceeds of the sale of our common stock held by U.S. holders, unless such U.S. holder is an exempt recipient. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if such U.S. holder fails to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of other exempt status or fails to report in full dividend or interest income. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any U.S. holders who fail to certify their U.S. status to us. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Brokers that are required to report the gross proceeds from a sale of our common stock on IRS Form 1099-B will also be required to report the customer’s adjusted basis in the common stock sold and whether any gain or loss with respect to such stock is long-term or short-term. In some cases, there may be alternative methods of determining the basis in the common stock sold, in which case your broker will apply a default method of its choosing if you do not indicate which method you choose to have applied. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding these reporting requirements and their election options.

Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock. We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. holder the amount of dividends paid to such holder and the tax withheld with respect to such dividends, regardless of whether withholding was required. Copies of the information returns reporting such dividends and withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty.

A non-U.S. holder will be subject to backup withholding for dividends paid to such holder unless such holder certifies under penalty of perjury that it is a non-U.S. holder (and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that such holder is a “United States person” as defined under the Code), or such holder otherwise establishes an exemption.

Information reporting and, depending on the circumstances, backup withholding will apply to the proceeds of a sale of our common stock within the United States or conducted through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries, unless the beneficial owner certifies under penalty of perjury that it is a non-U.S. holder (and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the beneficial owner is a “United States person” as defined under the Code), or such owner otherwise establishes an exemption.

Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or a credit against a non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Legislative or Other Actions Affecting REITs

The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time. The REIT rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the Treasury, which may result in statutory changes as well as revisions to regulations and interpretations. Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations thereof could adversely affect an investment in our common stock.

 

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State and Local Taxes

We and our stockholders may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we or they transact business or reside. Our state and local tax treatment and that of our stockholders may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Consequently, prospective stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws on an investment in our common stock.

Tax Shelter Reporting

If a stockholder recognizes a loss with respect to stock of $2 million or more for an individual stockholder or $10 million or more for a corporate stockholder, the stockholder must file a disclosure statement with the IRS on Form 8886. Direct stockholders of portfolio securities are in many cases exempt from this reporting requirement, but stockholders of a REIT currently are not excepted. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Stockholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

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CERTAIN ERISA CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a summary of certain considerations associated with the purchase and holding of any class of our shares of common stock by employee benefit plans that are subject to Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), plans, individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) and other arrangements that are subject to Section 4975 of the Code or provisions under any other federal, state, local, non-U.S. or other laws or regulations that are similar to such provisions of ERISA or the Code (collectively, “Similar Laws”) and any entities whose underlying assets are considered to include “plan assets” of any such plan, account or arrangement (each, a “Plan” or “Benefit Plan Investor”).

General Fiduciary Matters

ERISA and the Code impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries of a Plan subject to Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code (an “ERISA Plan”) and prohibit certain transactions involving the assets of an ERISA Plan and its fiduciaries or other interested parties. Under ERISA and the Code, any person who exercises any discretionary authority or control over the administration of such an ERISA Plan or the management or disposition of the assets of such an ERISA Plan, or who renders investment advice for a fee or other compensation to such an ERISA Plan, is generally considered to be a fiduciary of the ERISA Plan.

In considering an investment in any class of our shares of common stock of a portion of the assets of any Plan, a fiduciary should consider whether an investment in the shares is appropriate for the Plan, taking into account the provisions of the Plan documents, the overall investment policy of the Plan and the composition of the Plan’s investment portfolio, as there are imposed on Plan fiduciaries certain fiduciary requirements, including those of investment prudence and diversification and the requirement that a Plan’s investments be made in accordance with the documents governing the Plan. Further, a fiduciary should consider that in the future there may be no market in which such Plan would be able to sell or otherwise dispose of the shares.

Prohibited Transaction Issues

Section 406 of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code prohibit ERISA Plans from engaging in specified transactions involving plan assets with persons or entities who are “parties in interest,” within the meaning of ERISA, or “disqualified persons,” within the meaning of Section 4975 of the Code, unless an exemption is available. A party in interest or disqualified person who engaged in a non-exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to excise taxes and other penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. In addition, the fiduciary of the ERISA Plan that engaged in such a non-exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. The fiduciary of an ERISA Plan that proposes to purchase or hold any shares should consider, among other things, whether such purchase and holding may involve the sale or exchange of any property between an ERISA Plan and a party in interest or disqualified person, or the transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of, a party in interest or disqualified person, of any ERISA plan assets. Certain exemptions are available from the prohibited transaction rules. However, there can be no assurance that an exemption will apply in any particular situation.

Plan Assets Issues

An additional issue concerns the extent to which we or all or a portion of our assets could themselves be treated as subject to ERISA. ERISA and the United States Department of Labor regulations, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA, or the Plan Assets Regulation, concerns the definition of what constitutes the assets of an ERISA Plan for purposes of the fiduciary responsibility and prohibited transaction provisions of Title I of ERISA and the prohibited transaction provisions of Section 4975 of the Code.

Under ERISA and the Plan Assets Regulation, generally when an ERISA Plan acquires an “equity interest” in an entity that is neither a “publicly offered security” nor a security issued by an investment company registered

 

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under the Investment Company Act, the ERISA Plan’s assets include both the equity interest and an undivided interest in each of the underlying assets of the entity, unless it is established either that less than 25% of the total value of each class of equity interest in the entity is held by “benefit plan investors” as defined in Section 3(42) of ERISA, or the 25% Test, or that the entity is an “operating company” as defined in the Plan Assets Regulation. The term “benefit plan investors” is generally defined to include employee benefit plans subject to Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code (including “Keogh” plans and IRAs), as well as any entity whose underlying assets include plan assets by reason of a plan’s investment in such entity (e.g., an entity of which 25% or more of the value of any class of equity interests is held by benefit plan investors and which does not satisfy another exception under ERISA).

We will not be an investment company under the Investment Company Act and there can be no assurance that benefit plan investors will hold less than 25% of the total value of each class of our common stock at the completion of this offering or thereafter, and no monitoring or other measures will be undertaken with respect to the level of such ownership with respect to any class of our shares of common stock.

Publicly Offered Securities

For purposes of the Plan Assets Regulation, a “publicly offered security” is a security that is (a) “freely transferable,” (b) part of a class of securities that is “widely held,” and (c) (i) sold to the plan as part of an offering of securities to the public pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act and is part of a class of securities that is registered under the Exchange Act within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year of the issuer during which the offering of such securities to the public has occurred, or (ii) is part of a class of securities that is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.

Operating Company

Under the Plan Assets Regulation, an entity is an “operating company” if it is primarily engaged, directly or through a majority-owned subsidiary or subsidiaries, in the production or sale of a product or service other than the investment of capital. In addition, the Plan Assets Regulation provides that the term operating company includes an entity qualifying as a real estate operating company (“REOC”). An entity is a REOC if (i) on its “initial valuation date” and on at least one day within each “annual valuation period,” at least 50% of the entity’s assets, valued at cost (other than short-term investments pending long-term commitment or distribution to investors) are invested in real estate that is managed or developed and with respect to which such entity has the right to substantially participate directly in management or development activities; and (ii) such entity in the ordinary course of its business is engaged directly in the management and development of real estate during specified periods. The “initial valuation date” is the date on which an entity first makes an investment that is not a short-term investment of funds pending long-term commitment. An entity’s “annual valuation period” is a pre-established period not exceeding 90 days in duration, which begins no later than the anniversary of the entity’s initial valuation date.

It is anticipated that, from and after the date we made our first investment, either (i) our shares of common stock will qualify for the exception for a “publicly offered security” or (ii) the terms and conditions of our investments, and the rights obtained and exercised with respect to such investments, will enable us to qualify as a REOC within the meaning of the Plan Assets Regulation. However, no assurance can be given that this will be the case.

If our assets are deemed to constitute ERISA “plan assets” (i.e., if we fail to qualify as a REOC as of our initial valuation date, or during any subsequent annual valuation period, and one or more of our classes of common stock fail to qualify as a “publicly offered security”), certain transactions that we might enter into, or may have entered into, in the ordinary course of our business may constitute non-exempt “prohibited transactions” under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, may have to be rescinded and may give rise to prohibited transaction excise taxes and fiduciary liability, as described above. In addition, if our assets are deemed to be “plan assets” of an ERISA Plan, our management, as well as various providers of fiduciary or other services to

 

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us, and any other parties with authority or control with respect to us or our assets, may be considered fiduciaries under ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code, or otherwise parties in interest or disqualified persons by virtue of their provision of such services (and there could be an improper delegation of authority to such providers).

In addition, ERISA generally provides that discretionary authority with respect to the management and disposition of the assets of an ERISA Plan may be delegated to certain “investment managers” who acknowledge that they are fiduciaries of the ERISA Plan. In such case, an ERISA Plan fiduciary who has appointed an investment manager will generally not be liable for the acts of such investment manager. We do not expect to be an “investment manager” within the meaning of ERISA. Consequently, if our assets are deemed to constitute “plan assets” of any stockholder which is an ERISA Plan, the fiduciary of any such ERISA Plan would not be protected from liability resulting from our decisions. Moreover, if our underlying assets were deemed to be assets constituting “plan assets,” there are several other provisions of ERISA that could be implicated for an ERISA Plan if it were to acquire or hold shares either directly or by investing in an entity whose underlying assets are deemed to be assets of the ERISA Plan.

Representation

By acceptance of any class of shares of our common stock, each purchaser and subsequent transferee of a share will be deemed to have represented and warranted that either (i) no portion of the assets used by such purchaser or transferee to acquire or hold the shares constitutes assets of any Plan or (ii) the purchaser or transferee made its own discretionary decision to invest in our common stock and the holding of the shares by such purchaser or transferee will not constitute a fiduciary breach or non-exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code or similar violation under any applicable Similar Laws.

The sale of shares of our common stock to an ERISA Plan is in no respect a representation by us or any other person associated with the offering of our common stock that such an investment meets all relevant legal requirements with respect to investments by Plans generally or any particular Plan, or that such an investment is appropriate for Plans generally or any particular Plan.

The preceding discussion is only a summary of certain ERISA implications of an investment in the securities and does not purport to be complete. Prospective investors should consult with their own legal, tax, financial and other advisors prior to investing to review these implications in light of such investor’s particular circumstances.

Each purchaser or transferee that is or is acting on behalf of a Plan should consult with its legal advisor concerning the potential consequences to the Plan under ERISA, Section 4975 of the Code or applicable Similar Law of an investment in any class of our shares.

 

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We are offering up to $5,000,000,000 in shares of our common stock pursuant to this prospectus on a “best efforts” basis through Starwood Capital, L.L.C., the Dealer Manager, a registered broker-dealer affiliated with the Advisor. Because this is a “best efforts” offering, the Dealer Manager must only use its best efforts to sell the shares, which means that no underwriter, broker-dealer or other person will be obligated to purchase any shares. Our offering consists of up to $4,000,000,000 in shares in our primary offering and up to $1,000,000,000 in shares pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. We reserve the right to reallocate shares of common stock between our primary offering and our distribution reinvestment plan.

We are offering to the public four classes of shares of our common stock: Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares. We are offering to sell any combination of share classes with a dollar value up to the maximum offering amount. All investors must meet the suitability standards discussed in the section of this prospectus entitled “Suitability Standards.” The share classes have different upfront selling commissions and different ongoing stockholder servicing fees.

Class T and Class S shares are available through brokerage and transactional-based accounts. Class D shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class D shares, (2) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class D shares, (3) through certain registered investment advisers, (4) through bank trust departments or any other organization or person authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity for its clients or customers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus. Class I shares are generally available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, that provide access to Class I shares, (2) by endowments, foundations, pension funds and other institutional investors, (3) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients to provide access to Class I shares, (4) by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of the Advisor, Starwood Capital or other affiliates and their immediate family members, and, if approved by our board of directors, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers or (5) other categories of investors that we name in an amendment or supplement to this prospectus. The minimum initial investment for Class I shares is $1,000,000, and the minimum initial investment for Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares is $2,500 unless such minimums are waived by the Dealer Manager. If you are eligible to purchase all four classes of shares, you should consider, among other things, the amount of your investment, the length of time you intend to hold the shares and the upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees attributable to the Class T, Class S or Class D shares. Before making your investment decision, please consult with your investment adviser regarding your account type and the classes of common stock you may be eligible to purchase. Neither the Dealer Manager nor its affiliates will directly or indirectly compensate any person engaged as an investment adviser or bank trust department by a potential investor as an inducement for such investment adviser or bank trust department to advise favorably for an investment in us.

We are offering a minimum of $150 million in any combination of purchases of Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares (including purchases by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers). Prior to the end of the escrow period, Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest $5 million in Class I shares. Our sponsor will not sell or request repurchase of such shares for a period of three years following the conclusion of our escrow period. See “—Escrow Arrangement” below. The number of shares we have registered pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is the number that we reasonably expect to be offered and sold within two years from the initial effective date of the registration statement. Under applicable SEC rules, we may extend this offering one additional year if all of the shares we have registered are not yet sold within two years. With the filing of a registration statement for a subsequent offering, we may also be able to extend this offering beyond three years until the follow-on registration statement is declared effective. Pursuant to this prospectus, we are offering to the public all of the shares that we have registered. Although we have registered a fixed dollar amount of our shares, we intend effectively to conduct a

 

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continuous offering of an unlimited number of shares of our common stock over an unlimited time period by filing a new registration statement prior to the end of the three-year period described in Rule 415. In certain states, the registration of our offering may continue for only one year following the initial clearance by applicable state authorities, after which we will renew the offering period for additional one-year periods (or longer, if permitted by the laws of each particular state).

We reserve the right to terminate this offering at any time and to extend our offering term to the extent permissible under applicable law.

Purchase Price

During the escrow period (described below), the per share purchase price for shares of our common stock will be $20.00, plus upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. After the close of the escrow period, shares will generally be sold at the prior month’s NAV per share of the class of share being purchased, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Although the price you pay for shares of our common stock will generally be based on the prior month’s NAV per share, the NAV per share of such stock as of the date on which your purchase is settled may be significantly different. We may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share (including by updating a previously disclosed offering price) or suspend our offering or our share repurchase plan in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. Each class of shares may have a different NAV per share because stockholder servicing fees differ with respect to each class. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines” for more information about the calculation of NAV per share.

If you participate in our distribution reinvestment plan, the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that you purchase in our primary offering will be automatically invested in additional shares of the same class. The per share purchase price for shares purchased pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan will be equal to the transaction price at the time the distribution is payable, which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share for that share class.

Escrow Arrangement

We will not sell any shares of our common stock in this offering unless (1) we receive purchase orders for at least $150 million (including purchase orders by Starwood Capital, its affiliates and our directors and officers), in any combination of purchases of our share classes on or before [            ], 2018 (one year following the first date in which our shares are offered for sale to the public) and (2) our board of directors has authorized the release to us of funds in the escrow account prior to such date. Prior to the end of the escrow period, Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest $5 million in Class I shares.

Even if we receive purchase orders for $150 million, our board of directors may elect to wait a substantial amount of time before authorizing, or may elect not to authorize, the release of the escrowed proceeds. All funds provided with purchase orders during the escrow period will be placed in an interest-bearing account with [            ], as escrow agent. If we do not raise the minimum amount or our board of directors does not determine that it is in our best interest to cause the proceeds raised in this offering to be released to us within such one-year period, this offering will be terminated and our escrow agent will promptly send you a full refund of your investment with interest and without deduction for escrow expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, you may elect to withdraw your purchase order and request a full refund of your investment with interest and without deduction for escrow expenses at any time before the escrowed purchase order proceeds are released to us. If we break escrow in this offering and commence operations, interest earned on funds in escrow will be released to our account and constitute part of our net assets.

 

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Underwriting Compensation

We will enter into a Dealer Manager Agreement with the Dealer Manager, pursuant to which the Dealer Manager will agree to, among other things, manage our relationships with third-party broker-dealers engaged by the Dealer Manager to participate in the distribution of shares of our common stock, which we refer to as “participating broker- dealers,” and financial advisors. The Dealer Manager also coordinates our marketing and distribution efforts with participating broker-dealers and their registered representatives with respect to communications related to the terms of the offering, our investment strategies, material aspects of our operations and subscription procedures. We will not pay referral or similar fees to any accountants, attorneys or other persons in connection with the distribution of our shares.

Summary

The following table shows the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees payable at the time you subscribe for shares for Class T, Class S, Class D or Class I shares.

 

     Maximum Upfront
Selling Commissions as a % of
Transaction Price
   

Maximum Upfront
Dealer Manager Fees as a % of
Transaction Price

Class T shares(1)

     up to 3.0   0.5%

Class S shares

     up to 3.5   None

Class D shares

     None     None

Class I shares

     None     None

 

1) For Class T shares sold in the primary offering, investors generally will pay upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0% of the transaction price and upfront dealer manager fees of 0.5% of the transaction price, provided however that such amounts may vary pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold.

The following table shows the stockholder servicing fees we will pay the Dealer Manager with respect to outstanding Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares on an annualized basis as a percentage of our NAV for such class. The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears.

 

    

Stockholder Servicing
Fee as a % of NAV

Class T shares

   0.85%(1)

Class S shares

   0.85%

Class D shares

   0.25%

Class I shares

   None

 

1) Consists of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum of the aggregate NAV of outstanding Class T shares; however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares.

Upfront Selling Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees

Class T and Class S Shares. Subject to any discounts described below, the Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0%, and dealer manager fees of 0.5%, of the transaction price per Class T share sold in the primary offering, which transaction price shall initially equal $20.00 and following the escrow period, shall equal NAV per Class T share; such amounts may vary, however, pursuant to agreements with certain participating broker-dealers provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer

 

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manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold. Subject to any discounts described below, the Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive upfront selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class S share sold in the primary offering, which transaction price shall initially equal $20.00 and following the escrow period shall equal NAV per Class S share. The Dealer Manager anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers.

Investors who purchase $150,000 or more in Class T or Class S shares from the same broker-dealer, whether in a single purchase or as the result of multiple purchases, may be eligible, depending on the policies of their participating broker-dealer, for volume discounts on the upfront selling commissions. The Dealer Manager and any participating broker-dealers that offer volume discounts to their clients and their registered representatives will be responsible for implementing the volume discounts. The net offering proceeds we receive will not be affected by any reduction of upfront selling commissions. Certain participating broker-dealers may elect not to offer volume discounts to their clients.

The following table illustrates the various discount levels that may be offered for Class T and Class S shares purchased in the primary offering:

 

Your Investment

   Upfront Dealer Manager
Fees and Selling
Commissions as a % of

Transaction Price of
Class S Share
    Upfront Dealer Manager
Fees and Selling
Commissions as a % of
Transaction Price of
Class T Share
 

Up to $149,999.99

     3.50     3.00

$150,000 to $499,999.99

     3.00     2.50

$500,000 to $999,999.99

     2.50     2.00

$1,000,000 and up

     2.00     1.50

If you qualify for a volume discount as the result of multiple purchases of our Class T or Class S shares, you will receive the benefit of the applicable volume discount for the individual purchase which qualified you for the volume discount, but you will not be entitled to the benefit for prior purchases. Additionally, once you qualify for a volume discount, you will receive the benefit for subsequent purchases through the same participating broker-dealer. For this purpose, if you purchase Class T or Class S shares issued and sold in this offering you will receive the benefit of such Class T or Class S share purchases in connection with qualifying for volume discounts in our subsequent offerings through the same participating broker-dealer.

For purposes of qualifying for a volume discount as the result of multiple purchases of shares, only an individual or entity with the same social security number or taxpayer identification number, as applicable may combine their purchases as a “single purchaser;” provided that, certain participating broker-dealers may also combine purchases by an individual investor and his or her spouse living in the same household as a “single purchaser” for purposes of determining the applicable volume discount.

Requests to combine purchase orders of Class T or Class S shares as a part of a combined order for the purpose of qualifying for discounts or fee waivers must be made in writing by the applicable participating broker-dealer, and any resulting reduction in upfront selling commissions will be prorated among the separate subscribers. As with discounts provided to other purchasers, the net proceeds we receive from the sale of shares will not be affected by discounts provided as a result of a combined order.

Your ability to receive a discount or fee waiver based on combining orders or otherwise may depend on the financial advisor or participating broker-dealer through which you purchase your Class T or Class S shares. An investor qualifying for a discount will receive a higher percentage return on his or her investment than investors who do not qualify for such discount. Accordingly, you should consult with your financial advisor about the ability to receive such discounts or fee waivers before purchasing Class T or Class S shares.

 

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Class D and Class I Shares. No upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be paid with respect to Class D and Class I shares sold in this offering.

Stockholder Servicing Fees—Class T, Class S and Class D Shares

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation and certain other limitations described below, we will pay the Dealer Manager selling commissions over time as a stockholder servicing fee (i) with respect to our outstanding Class T shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class T shares, consisting of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV for the Class T shares; however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares, (ii) with respect to our outstanding Class S shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class S shares and (iii) with respect to our outstanding Class D shares equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class D shares. We will not pay a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class I shares.

The stockholder servicing fees will be paid monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services. Because the stockholder servicing fees with respect to Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares are calculated based on the aggregate NAV for all of the outstanding shares of each such class, it reduces the NAV with respect to all shares of each such class, including shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan.

We will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% (or, in the case of Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, a lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer at the time such Class T shares were issued) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such share (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares (and any shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such share. Although we cannot predict the length of time over which the stockholder servicing fee will be paid due to potential changes in the NAV of our shares, this fee would be paid with respect to a Class T share (in the case of a limit of 8.75% of the gross proceeds) or Class S share over approximately 6.5 years from the date of purchase and with respect to a Class D share over approximately 35 years from the date of purchase, assuming payment of the full upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, opting out of the distribution reinvestment plan and a constant NAV of $20.00 per share. Under these assumptions, if a stockholder holds his or her shares for these time periods, this fee with respect to a Class T share or Class S share would total approximately $1.11 and with respect to a Class D share would total approximately $1.75.

Eligibility to receive the stockholder servicing fee is conditioned on a broker-dealer providing the following ongoing services with respect to the Class T, Class S or Class D shares: assistance with recordkeeping, answering investor inquiries regarding us, including regarding distribution payments and reinvestments, helping investors understand their investments upon their request, and assistance with share repurchase requests. For Class T shares, advisor stockholder services are answering investor inquiries regarding us, including regarding distribution payments and reinvestments, helping investors understand their investments upon their request, and assistance with share repurchase requests and dealer stockholder services are assistance with recordkeeping. If the applicable broker-dealer is not eligible to receive the stockholder servicing fee due to failure to provide these

 

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services, the Dealer Manager will waive the stockholder servicing fee that broker-dealer would have otherwise been eligible to receive. The stockholder servicing fees are ongoing fees that are not paid at the time of purchase.

Other Compensation

We or the Advisor may also pay directly, or reimburse the Dealer Manager if the Dealer Manager pays on our behalf, any organization and offering expenses (other than upfront selling commissions and stockholder servicing fees).

Limitations on Underwriting Compensation

In addition to the conversion feature described above in “—Stockholder Servicing Fees—Class T, Class S and Class D Shares,” we will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee on the Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) our merger or consolidation with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case in a transaction in which our stockholders receive cash or securities listed on a national securities exchange or (iii) the date following the completion of the primary portion of this offering on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources in connection with this offering, including upfront selling commissions, the stockholder servicing fee and other underwriting compensation, is equal to 10% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering. The Dealer Manager will monitor the aggregate amount of underwriting compensation that we and the Advisor pay in connection with this offering in order to ensure we comply with the underwriting compensation limits of applicable FINRA rules. FINRA rules and the NASAA REIT Guidelines also limit our total organization and offering expenses (including upfront selling commissions, bona fide due diligence expenses and other underwriting compensation) to 15% of our gross offering proceeds from this offering. After the termination of the primary offering and again after termination of the offering under our distribution reinvestment plan, the Advisor has agreed to reimburse us to the extent that organization and offering expenses that we incur exceed 15% of our gross proceeds from the applicable offering.

In order to show the maximum amount of compensation that may be paid in connection with this offering, the following table assumes that (1) we sell all of the shares offered by this prospectus, (2) all shares sold in the offering are Class S shares, (3) no shares are reallocated between the primary offering and the distribution reinvestment plan, (4) all Class S shares are sold with the highest possible upfront selling commissions and (5) NAV per share remains $20.00. The table does not give effect to any shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. The following table also assumes that we will cease paying stockholder servicing fees with respect to any Class S stockholder after the time the total upfront selling commissions and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to the shares in such Class S stockholder’s account reach 8.75% of the gross proceeds from the offering of such Class S shares in the aggregate.

Maximum Estimated Underwriting Fees and Expenses

At Maximum Primary Offering of $4,000,000,000

 

Upfront selling commissions

   $ 135,265,700        3.38 %

Stockholder servicing fees(1)

     214,734,300        5.37 %

Reimbursement of wholesaling activities(2)

     [                  [         ]%

Legal fees allocable to the Dealer Manager

     [                  [         ]%
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total(2)

   $ [                  [         ]%
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

We will pay the Dealer Manager a stockholder servicing fee with respect to our outstanding Class S shares equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of our outstanding Class S shares. The numbers presented reflect that stockholder servicing fees are paid over a number of years, and as a result, will cumulatively

 

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  increase above 0.85% over time. The Dealer Manager will reallow (pay) all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fee to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers for ongoing stockholder services performed by such broker-dealers, and will waive stockholder servicing fees to the extent a broker-dealer is not eligible to receive it for failure to provide such services.
(2) Wholesale reimbursements consist primarily of (a) actual costs incurred for fees to attend retail seminars sponsored by participating broker-dealers, (b) amounts used to reimburse participating broker-dealers for the actual costs incurred by registered representatives for travel, meals and lodging in connection with attending bona fide training and education meetings, (c) commissions and non-transaction based compensation paid to registered persons associated with the Dealer Manager in connection with the wholesaling of our offering, and (d) expense reimbursements for actual costs incurred by employees of the Dealer Manager in the performance of wholesaling activities. The Advisor will reimburse the Dealer Manager for the expenses set forth in (c) and (d) above without reimbursement from us, and we will reimburse the Dealer Manager or its affiliates for the other expenses set forth above, in each case, to the extent permissible under applicable FINRA rules.

Term of the Dealer Manager Agreement

Either party may terminate the Dealer Manager Agreement upon 60 days’ written notice to the other party or immediately upon notice to the other party in the event such other party failed to comply with a material provision of the Dealer Manager Agreement. Our obligations under the Dealer Manager Agreement to pay the stockholder servicing fees with respect to the Class T, Class S and Class D shares distributed in this offering as described therein shall survive termination of the agreement until such shares are no longer outstanding (including such shares that have been converted into Class I shares, as described above in “—Stockholder Servicing Fees—Class T, Class S and Class D Shares”).

Indemnification

To the extent permitted by law and our charter, we will indemnify the participating broker-dealers and the Dealer Manager against some civil liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act, and liabilities arising from an untrue statement of material fact contained in, or omission to state a material fact in, this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, blue sky applications or approved sales literature.

 

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HOW TO SUBSCRIBE

You may buy or request that we repurchase shares of our common stock through your financial advisor, a participating broker-dealer or other financial intermediary that has a selling agreement with the Dealer Manager. Because an investment in our common stock involves many considerations, your financial advisor or other financial intermediary may help you with this decision. Due to the illiquid nature of investments in real estate, our shares of common stock are only suitable as a long-term investment. Because there is no public market for our shares, stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares if we choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month, in our discretion, or if our board of directors modifies, suspends or terminates the share repurchase plan.

Investors who meet the suitability standards described herein may purchase shares of our common stock. See “Suitability Standards” in this prospectus. Investors seeking to purchase shares of our common stock must proceed as follows:

 

    Read this entire prospectus and any appendices and supplements accompanying this prospectus.

 

    Complete the execution copy of the subscription agreement. A specimen copy of the subscription agreement, including instructions for completing it, is included in this prospectus as Appendix C.

 

    Deliver a check, submit a wire transfer, instruct your broker to make payment from your brokerage account or otherwise deliver funds for the full purchase price of the shares of our common stock being subscribed for along with the completed subscription agreement to the participating broker-dealer. Checks should be made payable, or wire transfers directed, to “Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.” or “Starwood REIT.” For Class T, Class S and Class D shares, after you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement of $2,500, additional purchases must be in increments of $500. For Class I shares, after you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement of $1,000,000, additional purchases must be in increments of $500, unless such minimums are waived by the Dealer Manager. The minimum subsequent investment does not apply to purchases made under our distribution reinvestment plan.

 

    By executing the subscription agreement and paying the total purchase price for the shares of our common stock subscribed for, each investor attests that he or she meets the suitability standards as stated in the subscription agreement and agrees to be bound by all of its terms. Certain participating broker-dealers may require additional documentation.

A sale of the shares to a subscriber may not be completed until at least five business days after the subscriber receives our final prospectus. Subscriptions to purchase our common stock may be made on an ongoing basis, but investors may only purchase our common stock pursuant to accepted subscription orders as of the first calendar day of each month (based on the prior month’s transaction price), and to be accepted, a subscription request must be made with a completed and executed subscription agreement in good order and payment of the full purchase price of our common stock being subscribed at least five business days prior to the first calendar day of the month (unless waived by the Dealer Manager or otherwise agreed to between the Dealer Manager and the applicable participating broker-dealer).

For example, if you wish to subscribe for shares of our common stock in October, your subscription request must be received in good order at least five business days before November 1. Generally, the offering price will equal the NAV per share of the applicable class as of the last calendar day of September, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. If accepted, your subscription will be effective on the first calendar day of November.

Completed subscription requests will not be accepted by us before the later of (i) two business days before the first calendar day of each month and (ii) three business days after we make the transaction price (including any subsequent revised transaction price in the circumstances described below) publicly available by posting it on our

 

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website at www.[        ].com and filing a prospectus supplement with the SEC (or in certain cases after we have delivered notice of such price directly to subscribers as discussed below). Subscribers are not committed to purchase shares at the time their subscription orders are submitted and any subscription may be canceled at any time before the time it has been accepted as described in the previous sentence. As a result, you will have a minimum of three business days after the transaction price for that month has been disclosed to withdraw your request before you are committed to purchase the shares. Generally, you will not be provided with direct notice of the transaction price when it becomes available. Therefore, if you wish to know the transaction price prior to your subscription being accepted you must check our website or our filings with the SEC prior to the time your subscription is accepted.

However, if the transaction price is not made available on or before the eighth business day before the first calendar day of the month (which is six business days before the earliest date we may accept subscriptions), or a previously disclosed transaction price for that month is changed, then we will provide notice of such transaction price (and the first day on which we may accept subscriptions) directly to subscribing investors when such transaction price is made available. In such cases, you will have at least three business days from delivery of such notice before your subscription is accepted.

If for any reason we reject the subscription, or if the subscription request is canceled before it is accepted or withdrawn as described below, we will return the subscription agreement and the related funds, without interest or deduction, within ten business days after such rejection, cancellation or withdrawal.

Shares of our common stock purchased by a fiduciary or custodial account will be registered in the name of the fiduciary account and not in the name of the beneficiary. If you place an order to buy shares and your payment is not received and collected, your purchase may be canceled and you could be liable for any losses or fees we have incurred.

You have the option of placing a transfer on death (TOD), designation on your shares purchased in this offering. A TOD designation transfers the ownership of the shares to your designated beneficiary upon your death. This designation may only be made by individuals, not entities, who are the sole or joint owners with right to survivorship of the shares. If you would like to place a TOD designation on your shares, you must check the TOD box on the subscription agreement and you must complete and return a TOD form, which you may obtain from your financial advisor, in order to effect the designation.

Purchase Price

During the escrow period, the per share purchase price for shares of our common stock will be $20.00, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. After the close of the escrow period, shares will generally be sold at the prior month’s NAV per share of the class of share being purchased, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Although the price you pay for shares of our common stock will generally be based on the prior month’s NAV per share, the NAV per share of such stock for the month in which you make your purchase may be significantly different. We may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share (including by updating a previously disclosed offering price) or suspend our offering in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. Each class of shares may have a different NAV per share because stockholder servicing fees are charged differently with respect to each class. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines” for more information about the calculation of NAV per share.

If you participate in our distribution reinvestment plan, the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that you purchase in our primary offering will be automatically invested in additional shares of the same class. Shares are offered pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan at the transaction price at the time the distribution is payable, which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share for that share class.

 

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We will generally adhere to the following procedures relating to purchases of shares of our common stock in this continuous offering:

 

    On each business day, our transfer agent will collect purchase orders. Notwithstanding the submission of an initial purchase order, we can reject purchase orders for any reason, even if a prospective investor meets the minimum suitability requirements outlined in our prospectus. Investors may only purchase our common stock pursuant to accepted subscription orders as of the first calendar day of each month (based on the prior month’s transaction price), and to be accepted, a subscription request must be made with a completed and executed subscription agreement in good order and payment of the full purchase price of our common stock being subscribed at least five business days prior to the first calendar day of the month. If a purchase order is received less than five business days prior to the first calendar day of the month, unless waived by the Dealer Manager, the purchase order will be executed in the next month’s closing at the transaction price applicable to that month, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. As a result of this process, the price per share at which your order is executed may be different than the price per share for the month in which you submitted your purchase order.

 

    Generally, within 15 calendar days after the last calendar day of each month, we will determine our NAV per share for each share class as of the last calendar day of the prior month, which will generally be the transaction price for the then-current month for such share class.

 

    Completed subscription requests will not be accepted by us before the later of (i) two business days before the first calendar day of each month and (ii) three business days after we make the transaction price (including any subsequent revised transaction price in the circumstances described below) publicly available by posting it on our website and filing a prospectus supplement with the SEC.

 

    Subscribers are not committed to purchase shares at the time their subscription orders are submitted and any subscription may be canceled at any time before the time it has been accepted as described in the previous sentence. You may withdraw your purchase request by notifying the transfer agent, through your financial intermediary or directly on our toll-free, automated telephone line, 844-702-1299.

 

    You will receive a confirmation statement of each new transaction in your account as soon as practicable but generally not later than seven business days after the stockholder transactions are settled. The confirmation statement will include information on how to obtain information we have filed with the SEC and made publicly available on our website, www.[        ].com, including supplements to the prospectus.

Following the termination of our escrow period, our transaction price will generally be based on our prior month’s NAV. Our NAV may vary significantly from one month to the next. Through our website at www.[        ].com and prospectus supplement filings, you will have information about the transaction price and NAV per share. We may set a transaction price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of our stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share (including by updating a previously disclosed offering price) or suspend our offering in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month. If the transaction price is not made available on or before the eighth business day before the first calendar day of the month (which is six business days before the earliest date we may accept subscriptions), or a previously disclosed transaction price for that month is changed, then we will provide notice of such transaction price (and the first day on which we may accept subscriptions) directly to subscribing investors when such transaction price is made available.

In contrast to securities traded on an exchange or over-the-counter, where the price often fluctuates as a result of, among other things, the supply and demand of securities in the trading market, our NAV will be calculated once monthly using our valuation methodology, and the price at which we sell new shares and repurchase outstanding shares will not change depending on the level of demand by investors or the volume of requests for repurchases.

 

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SHARE REPURCHASES

General

While you should view your investment as long term with limited liquidity, we have adopted a share repurchase plan, whereby on a monthly basis, stockholders may request that we repurchase all or any portion of their shares. Due to the illiquid nature of investments in real estate, we may not have sufficient liquid resources to fund repurchase requests. In addition, we have established limitations on the amount of funds we may use for repurchases during any calendar month and quarter. See “—Repurchase Limitations” below.

You may request that we repurchase shares of our common stock through your financial advisor or directly with our transfer agent. The procedures relating to the repurchase of shares of our common stock are as follows:

 

    Under our share repurchase plan, to the extent we choose to repurchase shares in any particular month we will only repurchase shares as of the opening of the last calendar day of that month (a “Repurchase Date”). To have your shares repurchased, your repurchase request and required documentation must be received in good order by 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the second to last business day of the applicable month. Settlements of share repurchases will be made within three business days of the Repurchase Date. Repurchase requests received and processed by our transfer agent will be effected at a repurchase price equal to the transaction price on the applicable Repurchase Date (which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share), subject to any Early Repurchase Deduction.

 

    A stockholder may withdraw his or her repurchase request by notifying the transfer agent, directly or through the stockholder’s financial intermediary, on our toll-free, automated telephone line, 844-702-1299. The line is open on each business day between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. (Eastern time). Repurchase requests must be cancelled before 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the last business day of the applicable month.

 

    If a repurchase request is received after 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the second to last business day of the applicable month, the purchase order will be executed, if at all, on the next month’s Repurchase Date at the transaction price applicable to that month (subject to any Early Repurchase Deduction), unless such request is withdrawn prior to the repurchase. Repurchase requests received and processed by our transfer agent on a business day, but after the close of business on that day or on a day that is not a business day, will be deemed received on the next business day.

 

    Repurchase requests may be made by mail or by contacting your financial intermediary, both subject to certain conditions described in this prospectus. If making a repurchase request by contacting your financial intermediary, your financial intermediary may require you to provide certain documentation or information. If making a repurchase request by mail to the transfer agent, you must complete and sign a repurchase authorization form, which can be found in our share repurchase plan filed as an exhibit to this registration of which this prospectus forms a part and which will also be available on our website, www.[            ].com. Written requests should be sent to the transfer agent at the following address:

[                ]

[                ]

[                ]

Overnight Address:

[                ]

[                ]

[                ]

Toll Free Number: [                ]

 

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Corporate investors and other non-individual entities must have an appropriate certification on file authorizing repurchases. A signature guarantee may be required.

 

    For processed repurchases, stockholders may request that repurchase proceeds are to be paid by mailed check provided that the amount is less than $100,000 and the check is mailed to an address on file with the transfer agent for at least 30 days.

 

    Processed repurchases of more than $100,000 will be paid only via wire transfer. For this reason, stockholders who own more than $100,000 of our common stock must provide wiring instructions for their brokerage account or designated U.S. bank account. Stockholders who own less than $100,000 of our common stock may also receive repurchase proceeds via wire transfer, provided the payment amount is at least $2,500. For all repurchases paid via wire transfer, the funds will be wired to the account on file with the transfer agent or, upon instruction, to another financial institution provided that the stockholder has made the necessary funds transfer arrangements. The customer service representative can provide detailed instructions on establishing funding arrangements and designating your bank or brokerage account on file. Funds will be wired only to U.S. financial institutions (ACH network members).

 

    A medallion signature guarantee will be required in certain circumstances. The medallion signature process protects stockholders by verifying the authenticity of a signature and limiting unauthorized fraudulent transactions. A medallion signature guarantee may be obtained from a domestic bank or trust company, broker-dealer, clearing agency, savings association or other financial institution which participates in a medallion program recognized by the Securities Transfer Association. The three recognized medallion programs are the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program, the Stock Exchanges Medallion Program and the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Medallion Signature Program. Signature guarantees from financial institutions which are not participating in any of these medallion programs will not be accepted. A notary public cannot provide signature guarantees. We reserve the right to amend, waive or discontinue this policy at any time and establish other criteria for verifying the authenticity of any repurchase or transaction request. We may require a medallion signature guarantee if, among other reasons: (1) the amount of the repurchase request is over $500,000; (2) you wish to have repurchase proceeds transferred by wire to an account other than the designated bank or brokerage account on file for at least 30 days or sent to an address other than your address of record for the past 30 days; or (3) our transfer agent cannot confirm your identity or suspects fraudulent activity.

 

    If a stockholder has made multiple purchases of shares of our common stock, any repurchase request will be processed on a first in/first out basis unless otherwise requested in the repurchase request.

Minimum Account Repurchases

In the event that any stockholder fails to maintain the minimum balance of $500 of shares of our common stock, we may repurchase all of the shares held by that stockholder at the repurchase price in effect on the date we determine that the stockholder has failed to meet the minimum balance, less any Early Repurchase Deduction. Minimum account repurchases will apply even in the event that the failure to meet the minimum balance is caused solely by a decline in our NAV. Minimum account repurchases are subject to Early Repurchase Deduction.

Sources of Funds for Repurchases

We may fund repurchase requests from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings, return of capital or offering proceeds (including from sales of our common stock or Operating Partnership units to the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of Starwood Capital), and we have no limits on the amounts we may pay from such sources.

In an effort to have adequate cash available to support our share repurchase plan, we may reserve borrowing capacity under a line of credit. We could then elect to borrow against this line of credit in part to repurchase

 

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shares presented for repurchase during periods when we do not have sufficient proceeds from operating cash flows or the sale of shares in this continuous offering to fund all repurchase requests. If we determine to obtain a line of credit, we would expect that it would afford us borrowing availability to fund repurchases.

Repurchase Limitations

We may repurchase fewer shares than have been requested in any particular month to be repurchased under our share repurchase plan, or none at all, in our discretion at any time. In addition, the total amount of aggregate repurchases of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares will be limited to no more than 2% of our aggregate NAV per month and no more than 5% of our aggregate NAV per calendar quarter.

In the event that we determine to repurchase some but not all of the shares submitted for repurchase during any month, shares submitted for repurchase during such month will be repurchased on a pro rata basis. All unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted after the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the share repurchase plan, as applicable.

If the transaction price for the applicable month is not made available by the tenth business day prior to the last business day of the month (or is changed after such date), then no repurchase requests will be accepted for such month and stockholders who wish to have their shares repurchased the following month must resubmit their repurchase requests.

Should repurchase requests, in our judgment, place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company as a whole, or should we otherwise determine that investing our liquid assets in real properties or other illiquid investments rather than repurchasing our shares is in the best interests of the company as a whole, we may choose to repurchase fewer shares in any particular month than have been requested to be repurchased, or none at all. Further, our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. Material modifications, including any amendment to the 2% monthly or 5% quarterly limitations on repurchases, to and suspensions of the share repurchase plan will be promptly disclosed to stockholders in a prospectus supplement (or post-effective amendment if required by the Securities Act) or special or periodic report filed by us. Material modifications will also be disclosed on our website. In addition, we may determine to suspend the share repurchase plan due to regulatory changes, changes in law or if we become aware of undisclosed material information that we believe should be publicly disclosed before shares are repurchased. Once the share repurchase plan is suspended, our board of directors must affirmatively authorize the recommencement of the plan before stockholder requests will be considered again.

Early Repurchase Deduction

There is no minimum holding period for shares of our common stock and stockholders can request that we repurchase their shares at any time. However, subject to limited exceptions, shares that have not been outstanding for at least one year will be repurchased at 95% of the transaction price. This Early Repurchase Deduction will also generally apply to minimum account repurchases. The Early Repurchase Deduction will not apply to shares acquired through our distribution reinvestment plan.

The Early Repurchase Deduction will inure indirectly to the benefit of our remaining stockholders and is intended to offset the trading costs, market impact and other costs associated with short-term trading in our common stock. We may, from time to time, waive the Early Repurchase Deduction in the following circumstances:

 

    repurchases resulting from death or qualifying disability; or

 

    in the event that a stockholder’s shares are repurchased because the stockholder has failed to maintain the $500 minimum account balance.

 

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As set forth above, we may waive the Early Repurchase Deduction in respect of repurchase of shares resulting from the death of a stockholder who is a natural person, subject to the conditions and limitations described above, including shares held by such stockholder through a revocable grantor trust or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from the estate of the stockholder, the recipient of the shares through bequest or inheritance, or, in the case of a revocable grantor trust, the trustee of such trust, who shall have the sole ability to request repurchase on behalf of the trust. We must receive the written repurchase request within 12 months after the death of the stockholder in order for the requesting party to rely on any of the special treatment described above that may be afforded in the event of the death of a stockholder. Such a written request must be accompanied by a certified copy of the official death certificate of the stockholder. If spouses are joint registered holders of shares, the request to have the shares repurchased may be made if either of the registered holders dies. If the stockholder is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of repurchase upon death does not apply.

Furthermore, as set forth above, we may waive the Early Repurchase Deduction in respect of repurchase of shares held by a stockholder who is a natural person who is deemed to have a qualifying disability (as such term is defined in Section 72(m)(7) of the Code), subject to the conditions and limitations described above, including shares held by such stockholder through a revocable grantor trust, or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from such stockholder, provided that the condition causing the qualifying disability was not pre-existing on the date that the stockholder became a stockholder. We must receive the written repurchase request within 12 months of the initial determination of the stockholder’s disability in order for the stockholder to rely on any of the waivers described above that may be granted in the event of the disability of a stockholder. If spouses are joint registered holders of shares, the request to have the shares repurchased may be made if either of the registered holders acquires a qualifying disability. If the stockholder is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of repurchase upon disability does not apply.

Items of Note

When you make a request to have shares repurchased, you should note the following:

 

    if you are requesting that some but not all of your shares be repurchased, keep your balance above $500 to avoid minimum account repurchase, if applicable;

 

    you will not receive interest on amounts represented by uncashed repurchase checks;

 

    under applicable anti-money laundering regulations and other federal regulations, repurchase requests may be suspended, restricted or canceled and the proceeds may be withheld; and

 

    all shares of our common stock requested to be repurchased must be beneficially owned by the stockholder of record making the request or his or her estate, heir or beneficiary, or the party requesting the repurchase must be authorized to do so by the stockholder of record of the shares or his or her estate, heir or beneficiary, and such shares of common stock must be fully transferable and not subject to any liens or encumbrances. In certain cases, we may ask the requesting party to provide evidence satisfactory to us that the shares requested for repurchase are not subject to any liens or encumbrances. If we determine that a lien exists against the shares, we will not be obligated to repurchase any shares subject to the lien.

IRS regulations require us to determine and disclose on Form 1099-B the adjusted cost basis for shares of our stock sold or repurchased. Although there are several available methods for determining the adjusted cost basis, unless you elect otherwise, which you may do by checking the appropriate box on the subscription agreement or calling our customer service number at 844-702-1299, we will utilize the first-in-first-out method.

Frequent Trading and Other Policies

We may reject for any reason, or cancel as permitted or required by law, any purchase orders for shares of our common stock. For example, we may reject any purchase orders from market timers or investors that, in our

 

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opinion, may be disruptive to our operations. Frequent purchases and sales of our shares can harm stockholders in various ways, including reducing the returns to long-term stockholders by increasing our costs, disrupting portfolio management strategies and diluting the value of the shares of long-term stockholders.

In general, stockholders may request that we repurchase their shares of our common stock once every 30 days. However, we prohibit frequent trading. We define frequent trading as follows:

 

    any stockholder who requests that we repurchase its shares of our common stock within 30 calendar days of the purchase of such shares;

 

    transactions deemed harmful or excessive by us (including, but not limited to, patterns of purchases and repurchases), in our sole discretion; and

 

    transactions initiated by financial advisors, among multiple stockholder accounts, that in the aggregate are deemed harmful or excessive.

The following are excluded when determining whether transactions are excessive:

 

    purchases and requests for repurchase of our shares in the amount of $2,500 or less;

 

    purchases or repurchases initiated by us; and

 

    transactions subject to the trading policy of an intermediary that we deem materially similar to our policy.

At the Dealer Manager’s discretion, upon the first violation of the policy in a calendar year, purchase and repurchase privileges may be suspended for 90 days. Upon a second violation in a calendar year, purchase and repurchase privileges may be suspended for 180 days. On the next business day following the end of the 90 or 180 day suspension, any transaction restrictions placed on a stockholder may be removed.

Mail and Telephone Instructions

We and our transfer agent will not be responsible for the authenticity of mail or phone instructions or losses, if any, resulting from unauthorized stockholder transactions if they reasonably believe that such instructions were genuine. We and our transfer agent have established reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions are genuine including requiring the stockholder to provide certain specific identifying information on file and sending written confirmation to stockholders of record no later than five days following execution of the instruction. Stockholders, or their designated custodian or fiduciary, should carefully review such correspondence to ensure that the instructions were properly acted upon. If any discrepancies are noted, the stockholder, or its agent, should contact his, her or its financial advisor as well as our transfer agent in a timely manner, but in no event more than 60 days from receipt of such correspondence. Failure to notify such entities in a timely manner will relieve us, our transfer agent and the financial advisor of any liability with respect to the discrepancy.

SUPPLEMENTAL SALES MATERIAL

In addition to this prospectus, we will use sales material in connection with the offering of shares, although only when accompanied by or preceded by the delivery of this prospectus. Some or all of the sales material may not be available in certain jurisdictions. This sales material may include information relating to this offering, the past performance of the Advisor and its affiliates, property brochures and articles and publications concerning real estate. In addition, the sales material may contain quotes from various publications without obtaining the consent of the author or the publication for use of the quoted material in the sales material.

 

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REPORTS TO STOCKHOLDERS

We will cause to be prepared and mailed or delivered to each stockholder, as of a record date after the end of the fiscal year, and to each holder of our other publicly held securities, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which it relates, an annual report for each fiscal year. The annual reports will contain the following:

 

    financial statements that are prepared in accordance with GAAP and are audited by our independent registered public accounting firm;

 

    the ratio of the costs of raising capital during the year to the capital raised;

 

    the aggregate amount of the management fee and the aggregate amount of any other fees paid to the Advisor and any affiliate of the Advisor by us or third parties doing business with us during the year;

 

    our Total Operating Expenses for the year, stated as a percentage of our Average Invested Assets and as a percentage of our Net Income;

 

    a report from the independent directors that our policies are in the best interest of our stockholders and the basis for such determination; and

 

    a separate report containing full disclosure of all material terms, factors and circumstances surrounding any and all transactions involving us and the Advisor, a director or any affiliate thereof during the year, which report the independent directors are specifically charged with a duty to examine and to comment on regarding the fairness of the transactions.

Alternatively, such information may be provided in a proxy statement delivered with the annual report. We will make available to you on our website, www.[            ].com, or, at our discretion, via email, our quarterly and annual reports, proxy statements and other reports and documents concerning your investment. To the extent required by law or regulation, or, in our discretion, we may also make certain of this information available to you via U.S. mail or other courier. You may always receive a paper copy upon request.

Our tax accountants will prepare our federal tax return (and any applicable state income tax returns). Generally we will provide appropriate tax information to our stockholders within 31 days following the end of each fiscal year. Our fiscal year is the calendar year.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the shares of our common stock being offered hereby has been passed upon for us by Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland. Alston & Bird LLP has reviewed the statements relating to certain U.S. federal income tax matters that are likely to be material to U.S. holders and non-U.S. holders of our common stock under the caption “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” and has passed upon the accuracy of those statements as well as our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

EXPERTS

The consolidated balance sheet of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. as of July 13, 2017, included in this prospectus has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein. Such consolidated balance sheet is included in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

The statements included in our prospectus under the captions “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines—Our Independent Valuation Advisor” and “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines—Valuation of Investments,” relating to the role of our independent valuation advisor, have been reviewed by [            ], an independent valuation firm, and are included in our prospectus given the authority of such firm as experts in property valuations and appraisals.

 

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PRIVACY POLICY NOTICE

To help you understand how we protect your personal information, we have included our Privacy Policy as Appendix D to this prospectus. This appendix describes our current privacy policy and practices. Should you decide to establish or continue a stockholder relationship with us, we will advise you of our policy and practices as required by law.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the SEC with respect to the shares of our common stock to be issued in this offering. This prospectus is a part of that registration statement and, as permitted by SEC rules, does not include all of the information you can find in the registration statement or the exhibits to the registration statement. For additional information relating to us, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or document are necessarily summaries of such contract or document and in each instance, if we have filed the contract or document as an exhibit to the registration statement, we refer you to the copy of the contract or document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement.

We will file annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The registration statement is, and any of these future filings with the SEC will be, available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may read and copy any filed document at the SEC’s public reference room in Washington, D.C. at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at (800) SEC-0330 for further information about the public reference room.

We maintain a web site at www.[            ].com where there is additional information about our business, but the contents of the website are not incorporated by reference in or otherwise a part of this prospectus. From time to time, we may use our website as a distribution channel for material company information.

 

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

 

     Page  

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

     F-2  

Consolidated Balance Sheet

     F-3  

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement

     F-4  

 

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Sole Director and Stockholder of

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) as of July 13, 2017. This consolidated financial statement is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this consolidated financial statement based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated balance sheet is free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated balance sheet, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated balance sheet presentation. We believe that our audit of the consolidated balance sheet provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, such consolidated balance sheet presents fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. as of July 13, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Stamford, CT

August 4, 2017

 

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Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheet

 

     July 13, 2017  

Assets

  

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 200,000  
  

 

 

 

Total assets

   $ 200,000  
  

 

 

 

Liabilities and Equity

  

Total liabilities

   $ —  

Equity

  

Class I Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized and 10,000 issued and outstanding

   $ 100  

Additional paid-in capital

     199,900  
  

 

 

 

Total equity

     200,000  
  

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

   $ 200,000  
  

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statement.

 

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Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement

1. Organization and Business Purpose

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) was formed on June 22, 2017 as a Maryland corporation and intends to qualify as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company is the sole general partner of Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Starwood OP”). Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner, L.L.C. (the “Special Limited Partner”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P. (the “Sponsor”), owns a special limited partner interest in Starwood OP. The Company was organized to invest primarily in stabilized, income-oriented commercial real estate and debt secured by commercial real estate. The Company’s portfolio principally will be comprised of properties, and debt secured by properties, located in the United States but may also be diversified on a global basis through the acquisition of properties, and debt secured by properties, outside of the United States, with a focus on Europe. To a lesser extent, the Company also may invest in real estate-related securities. Substantially all of the Company’s business will be conducted through Starwood OP, which as of July 13, 2017 has not commenced its principal operations. The Company and Starwood OP intend that they will be externally managed by Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”), an affiliate of Starwood. On July 13, 2017, the Company was capitalized with a $200,000 investment by Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Sponsor.

As of July 13, 2017, the Company has neither purchased nor contracted to purchase any investments. The Advisor has not identified any real estate, real estate-related debt or real estate-related securities in which it is probable that the Company will invest.

2. Capitalization

As of July 13, 2017, the Company was authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock. The Company intends to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission an offering of up to $4,000,000,000 in shares in its primary offering and up to $1,000,000,000 in shares pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan (the “Offering”). The Company intends to sell any combination of four classes of shares of its common stock, Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares, with a dollar value up to the maximum offering amount. The share classes have different upfront selling commissions and ongoing stockholder servicing fees. Until the release of proceeds from escrow, the per share purchase price for shares of the Company’s common stock in its primary offering will be $20.00 per share plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Thereafter, the purchase price per share for each class of common stock will vary and will generally equal the Company’s prior month’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share, as calculated monthly, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying audited consolidated financial statement has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statement includes the accounts of the Company and Starwood OP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Separate statements of income, changes in equity, and cash flows have not been presented in the consolidated financial statements because principal operations have not commenced.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statement in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, cash on hand, and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company may have bank balances in excess of federally insured amounts; however, the Company deposits its cash and cash equivalents with high credit-quality institutions to minimize credit risk exposure. The Company did not hold cash equivalents as of July 13, 2017.

Income Taxes

The Company intends to make an election to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code commencing with its taxable year ending December 31 for the year in which the proceeds from escrow are released. If the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent it distributes 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders. REITs are subject to a number of other organizational and operational requirements. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income.

Organization and Offering Expenses

The Advisor has agreed to advance organization and offering expenses on behalf of the Company (including legal, accounting, and other expenses attributable to the organization, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the first anniversary of the date on which escrow is released. The Company will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over a 60 month period following the first anniversary of the date escrow is released.

As of July 13, 2017, the Advisor and its affiliates have incurred organization and offering expenses on the Company’s behalf of approximately $1.0 million. These organization and offering expenses are not recorded in the accompanying balance sheet because such costs are not the Company’s liability until the date on which the escrow is released. When recorded by the Company, organizational expenses will be expensed as incurred, and offering expenses will be charged to stockholders’ equity. Any amount due to the Advisor but not paid will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet.

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

The Company has adopted a distribution reinvestment plan whereby stockholders (other than clients of participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in the distribution reinvestment plan) will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of common stock unless they elect to receive their distributions in cash. Clients of participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in the distribution reinvestment plan will automatically receive their distributions in cash unless they elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional shares of our common stock. The per share purchase price for shares purchased pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan will be equal to the offering price before upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees (the “transaction price”) at the time the distribution is payable, which will generally be equal to the Company’s prior month’s NAV per share for that share class. Stockholders will not pay upfront selling commissions or dealer manager fees when purchasing shares pursuant to the distribution reinvestment plan. The stockholder servicing fees with respect to shares of the Company’s Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares are calculated based on the NAV for those shares and may reduce the NAV or, alternatively, the distributions payable with respect to shares of each such class, including shares issued in respect of distributions on such shares under the distribution reinvestment plan.

Share Repurchases

The Company has adopted a share repurchase plan, whereby on a monthly basis, stockholders may request that the Company repurchase all or any portion of their shares. The Company may choose to repurchase all, some or

 

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none of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased at the end of any particular month, in its discretion, subject to any limitations in the share repurchase plan. The total amount of aggregate repurchases of Class T, Class S, Class D, and Class I shares will be limited to 2% of the aggregate NAV per month and 5% of the aggregate NAV per calendar quarter. Shares would be repurchased at a price equal to the transaction price on the applicable repurchase date, subject to any early repurchase deduction. Shares that have not been outstanding for at least one year would be repurchased at 95% of the transaction price. Due to the illiquid nature of investments in real estate, the Company may not have sufficient liquid resources to fund repurchase requests and has established limitations on the amount of funds the Company may use for repurchases during any calendar month and quarter. Further, the Company may modify, suspend or terminate the share repurchase plan.

4. Related Party Transactions

The Company intends to enter into an advisory agreement with the Advisor. Pursuant to the advisory agreement between the Company and the Advisor, the Advisor is responsible for sourcing, evaluating and monitoring the Company’s investment opportunities and making decisions related to the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of the Company’s assets, in accordance with the Company’s investment objectives, guidelines, policies and limitations, subject to oversight by the Company’s board of directors.

Certain affiliates of the Company, including the Advisor, will receive fees and compensation in connection with the offering and ongoing management of the assets of the Company. The Advisor will be paid a management fee equal to 1.25% of NAV per annum, payable monthly. The management fee will be paid, at the Advisor’s election, in cash or Class I shares or Class I Starwood REIT OP units.

The Company may retain certain of the Advisor’s affiliates for necessary services relating to the Company’s investments or its operations, including any administrative services, construction, special servicing, leasing, development, property oversight and other property management services, as well as services related to mortgage servicing, group purchasing, healthcare, consulting/brokerage, capital markets/credit origination, loan servicing, property, title or other types of insurance, management consulting and other similar operational matters. Any such arrangements will be at market terms and rates. As of July 13, 2017, the Company has not retained an affiliate of the Advisor for any such services.

The Special Limited Partner will hold an interest in the Starwood OP that entitles it to receive performance participation distributions in the form of cash (or Starwood OP interests at its election) from Starwood OP equal to 12.5% of the annual Total Return, subject to a 5% annual Hurdle Amount and a High Water Mark, with a Catch-Up (each term as will be defined in the Starwood OP limited partnership agreement). Such payment will be made annually.

In addition, Starwood Capital, L.L.C. (the “Dealer Manager”) will serve as the dealer manager for the Offering. The Dealer Manager is a registered broker-dealer affiliated with the Advisor. The Company intends to enter into an agreement (the “Dealer Manager Agreement”) with the Dealer Manager in connection with the Offering. The Company’s obligations, under the Dealer Manager Agreement, to pay stockholder servicing fees with respect to the Class T, Class S and Class D shares distributed in the Offering shall survive until such shares are no longer outstanding (including because such shares converted into Class I shares).

The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive selling commissions of up to 3.0%, and dealer manager fees of 0.5%, of the transaction price of each Class T share sold in the primary offering. The Dealer Manager will be entitled to receive selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class S share sold in the primary offering. The Dealer Manager will also receive a stockholder servicing fee of 0.85%, 0.85% and 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of the Company’s outstanding Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares, respectively. The Company will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the transfer agent determines that total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such shares would exceed 8.75% (or, in the case

 

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of Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, a lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer at the time such Class T shares were issued) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under the Company’s distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). The Company will accrue the cost of the stockholder servicing fee as an offering cost at the time each Class T, Class S and Class D share is sold during the primary offering. There will not be a stockholder servicing fee with respect to Class I shares.

5. Economic Dependency

The Company will be dependent on the Advisor and its affiliates for certain services that are essential to it, including the sale of the Company’s shares of common stock, acquisition and disposition decisions, and certain other responsibilities. In the event that the Advisor and its affiliates are unable to provide such services, the Company would be required to find alternative service providers.

6. Commitments and Contingencies

As of July 13, 2017, the Company is not subject to any material litigation nor is the Company aware of any material litigation threatened against it.

7. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated events subsequent to July 13, 2017 through August 4, 2017, the date on which the consolidated financial statement was available to be issued.

 

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APPENDIX A: PRIOR PERFORMANCE TABLES

The following prior performance tables provide information relating to certain real estate investment programs sponsored by our sponsor and its affiliates, collectively referred to herein as the prior programs. These prior programs focus on investing in real estate and real estate-related debt. Each individual prior real estate program has its own specific investment objectives; however, the general investment objectives common to all the prior programs include providing investors with investment returns from income-producing real estate and real estate-related debt. We have presented all prior programs that have investment objectives similar to ours and certain other recent programs that do not have investment objectives similar to ours, as required by applicable SEC guidance.

We consider a program to have an investment objective similar to that of our real estate portfolio if the program seeks steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in a diversified portfolio of stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate.

This information should be read together with the summary information included in the “Prior Performance” section of this prospectus.

By purchasing shares in this offering, you will not acquire any ownership interest in any prior real estate programs to which the information in this section relates and you should not assume that you will experience returns, if any, comparable to those experienced by the investors in the prior programs discussed. Further, most of the prior programs discussed in this section were conducted through privately-held entities that were subject neither to the fees and expenses associated with this offering nor all of the laws and regulations that will apply to us as a publicly offered REIT.

Description of the Tables

The following tables are included herein:

 

Table I

   Experience in Raising and Investing Funds

Table II

   (Omitted) Compensation to Sponsor has been omitted since compensation data is included in Table IV—Results of Completed Programs.

Table III

   Operating Results of Prior Programs

Table IV

   Results of Completed Programs

Table V

   (Omitted) Sales or Disposals of Property has been omitted since none of the prior Starwood Capital programs with similar investment objectives to ours had sold or disposed of any significant investments during the three years ended December 31, 2016.

 

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TABLE I

EXPERIENCE IN RAISING AND INVESTING FUNDS

Table I provides a summary of the experience of Starwood Capital as a sponsor in raising and investing funds in real estate programs for which the offerings have closed within the last three years or are open-ended. Starwood Property Trust, Inc. has an investment objective that is similar to ours with respect to real estate equity investments. Starwood Capital has no other real estate programs with similar investment objectives to ours that have closed within the last three years or are open-ended. Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited does not have an investment objective similar to ours because it primarily seeks steady income from the origination and acquisition of real estate debt investments in the United Kingdom and wider European Union rather than seeking steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate. Starwood Global Opportunity Fund X (“SOF-X”) does not have investment objectives similar to ours because it primarily seeks capital appreciation by generally investing in opportunistic real estate rather than seeking steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate. We have excluded the financial position and results of separately managed accounts, co-investment entities, and other vehicles for which Starwood Capital does not have investment acquisition discretion from the table below.

 

     As of December 31, 2016  
($ in thousands)    Starwood Property
Trust
     Starwood European
Real Estate Finance
Limited(3)
     SOF-X  

Dollar amount offered(1)

   $ 5,813,062      £ 371,930      $ 5,600,000  

Dollar amount raised(1)

   $ 5,813,062      £ 371,930      $ 5,600,000  

Length of offering (in months)(1)

     N/A        N/A        13  

Months to invest 90% of amount available for investment (measured from beginning of offering)(2)

     N/A        N/A        N/A  

 

(1) Starwood Property Trust is a publicly-listed REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that offers shares from time-to-time in private or public offerings. Dollar amount offered and dollar amount raised represents the par value of common stock plus additional paid-in capital as of December 31, 2016 and adds back stockholder equity relating to a subsidiary spin-off in 2014.
(2) Starwood Property Trust and Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited are publicly-listed companies and, therefore, disclosure is not meaningful. SOF-X is currently in its investment period and has not reached 90% invested.
(3) Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited is a London Stock Exchange listed company that offers shares from time-to-time. The functional currency of the company is Pounds Sterling (GBP) and the amounts listed reflect the share capital raised (less issuance costs) in GBP.

 

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TABLE III

OPERATING RESULTS OF PRIOR PROGRAMS

Table III summarizes the operating results of Starwood Capital’s prior programs that have had offerings close during the five years ended December 31, 2016 or are open-ended. Starwood Property Trust, Inc. has an investment objective that is similar to ours with respect to real estate equity investments. Starwood Capital has no other real estate programs with similar investment objectives to ours that have closed within the last five years or are open-ended. Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited does not have an investment objective similar to ours because it primarily seeks steady income from the origination and acquisition of real estate debt investments in the United Kingdom and wider European Union rather than seeking steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate. Starwood Global Opportunity Fund X (“SOF-X”) and Starwood Distressed Opportunity Fund IX (“SOF-IX”) do not have investment objectives similar to ours because they primarily seek capital appreciation by generally investing in opportunistic real estate rather than seeking steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate. We have excluded the financial position and results of separately managed accounts, co-investment entities, and other vehicles for which Starwood Capital does not have investment acquisition discretion from the table below.

 

    Starwood Property Trust  
    Year Ended (Unaudited)  
($ in thousands)   2012     2013     2014     2015     2016  

Summary of Operating Results

         

Total revenues

  $ 307,294     $ 549,495     $ 702,875     $ 735,877     $ 784,667  

Interest expense

    (47,125     (111,803     (161,104     (202,550     (230,799

Other costs and expenses

    (74,636     (261,363     (322,905     (333,729     (419,600
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income before other income and income taxes

    185,533       176,329       218,866       199,598       134,268  

Other income

    21,025       177,653       307,319       269,791       241,727  

Income tax provision

    (871     (23,858     (24,096     (17,206     (8,344

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax

    (2,005     (19,794     (1,551     —         —    
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income

    203,682       310,330       500,538       452,183       367,651  

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests

    (2,487     (5,300     (5,517     (1,486     (2,465
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.

    201,195       305,030       495,021       450,697       365,186  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Summary Statements of Cash Flows

         

Net cash flows provided by operating activities

    265,582       326,314       220,709       612,506       556,630  

Net cash flows used in investing activities

    (1,188,665     (2,827,602     (1,714,830     (400,795     (812,822

Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

    986,727       2,640,162       1,437,513       (93,583     505,487  

Amount and Source of Cash Distributions

         

Cash distributions paid to common stockholders

    186,102       300,973       401,661       446,847       458,351  

Total distributions paid to common stockholders (per $1,000 invested):(1)(2)

    69       70       105       108       100  

Source of cash distributions:

         

From operations

    133,570       232,632       335,237       360,431       341,821  

From sales of loans and investments

    52,532       68,341       66,424       86,416       116,530  

From refinancings

    —         —         —         —         —    

Summary Balance Sheet

         

Total assets

    4,324,373       110,770,575       116,099,297       85,698,354       77,256,266  

Total liabilities

    1,527,168       106,443,442       112,216,385       81,527,411       72,696,193  

 

(1) Dollars invested includes par value of common stock plus additional paid-in capital, less treasury stock.
(2) For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, stockholders’ equity has been reduced, resulting from the spin-off of a subsidiary.

 

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     Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited  
     Year Ended (Unaudited)  
(GBP in thousands)    2013(1)     2014     2015     2016  

Summary of Operating Results

        

Total income

   £ 5,972     £ 16,181     £ 22,760     £ 27,844  

Total expenses

     (1,888     (1,538     (4,005     (2,596
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income

     4,084       14,643       18,755       25,248  

Summary Statements of Cash Flows

        

Net cash used in operating activities

     (152,863     (53,981     (68,488     (11,587

Net cash flows provided by investing activities

     627       139       34       17  

Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

     231,938       (12,696     56,089       41,407  

Amount and Source of Cash Distributions

        

Cash distributions paid to common stockholders

     1,905       12,381       18,121       21,303  

Total distributions paid to common stockholders (per £1,000 invested):(2)

     8       53       60       57  

Source of cash distributions:

        

From operations

     1,876       12,080       15,103       21,303  

From loan repayments

     —         301       3,018       —    

From refinancings

     —         —         —         —    

From return of capital

     29       —         —         —    

Summary Balance Sheet

        

Total assets

     236,462       239,626       314,442       390,977  

Total liabilities

     440       1,342       8,968       10,026  

 

(1) Results are for the period November 9, 2012 through December 31, 2013.
(2) GBP invested represents share capital as of each year-end date.

 

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     SOF-X(1)  
     Year Ended (Unaudited)  
($ in thousands, including footnotes)    2014(2)     2015     2016  

Summary of Operating Results

      

Total investment income

   $ 9,769     $ 177,775     $ 350,774  

Interest expense

     (8,542     (48,828     (30,157

Other fund-level expenses

     (9,213     (46,083     (57,959
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net investment income (loss)

     (7,986     82,864       262,658  

Realized gain on investment

     719       22,146       199,572  

Unrealized gain on investment

     18,877       328,839       184,127  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income(3)

     11,610       433,849       646,357  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Summary Statements of Cash Flows

      

Net cash flows used in operating activities

     (1,024,570     (2,078,067     (684,288

Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

     —         —         —    

Net cash flows provided by financing activities

     1,029,895       2,076,043       686,570  

Amount and Source of Cash Distributions

      

Cash distributions paid to limited partners:

     —         53,703       750,244  

Total distributions paid to limited partners (per $1,000 invested):

     —         108       218  

Source of cash distributions to limited partners:

      

From operations

     —         53,703       262,658  

From sales of properties

     —         —         487,586  

From refinancings

     —         —         —    

Summary Balance Sheet

      

Total assets

     1,024,226       3,499,934       4,782,471  

Total liabilities

     1,014,217       2,610,938       1,044,897  

 

(1) Represents aggregate amounts for the master-feeder complex and is presented on an investment company basis in accordance with GAAP.
(2) For the period from June 17, 2014 (inception) through December 31, 2014
(3) During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 an incentive allocation of $125,357, $81,799 and $1,956 respectively, has been accrued from the limited partners to the general partner. The operating results above are not impacted by the incentive allocation.

 

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    SOF-IX(1)  
    Year Ended (Unaudited)  
($ in thousands, including footnotes)   2012     2013     2014     2015     2016  

Summary of Operating Results

         

Total investment income

  $ 25,579     $ 95,881     $ 218,757     $ 409,500     $ 200,479  

Interest expense

    (13,822     (20,388     (16,914     (15,255     (5,346

Other fund-level expenses

    (23,187     (36,253     (37,439     (41,512     (28,299
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net investment income (loss)

    (11,430     39,240       164,404       352,733       166,834  

Realized gain on investment

    24,458       39,075       49,039       189,175       704,143  

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment

    107,523       412,332       879,700       251,040       (462,716
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income(2)

    120,551       490,647       1,093,143       792,948       408,261  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Summary Statements of Cash Flows

         

Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities

    (745,540     (1,456,927     (372,523     800,965       1,179,887  

Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

    —         —         —         —         —    

Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

    753,484       1,451,956       379,297       (809,290     (1,179,948

Amount and Source of Cash Distributions

         

Cash distributions paid to limited partners:

    —         201,239       686,880       1,396,723    

 

786,594

 

Total distributions paid to limited partners (per $1,000 invested):

    —         108       223       400       203  

Source of cash distributions to limited partners:

         

From operations

    —         39,240       164,404       352,733       166,834  

From sales of properties

    —         150,245       522,476       766,843       619,760  

From refinancings

    —         11,754       —         277,147       —    

Summary Balance Sheet

         

Total assets

    1,044,342       2,989,904       4,450,418       4,430,502       3,678,805  

Total liabilities

    928,079       709,045       556,079       747,235       1,906  

 

(1) Represents aggregate amounts for the master-feeder complex and is presented on an investment company basis in accordance with GAAP
(2) During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 an incentive allocation of $79,716, $153,855, $212,392, $92,652 and $24,066, respectively, has been accrued from the limited partners to the general partner. The operating results above are not impacted by the incentive allocation.

 

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TABLE IV

RESULTS OF COMPLETED PROGRAMS

Table IV summarizes information on the results of prior Starwood Capital real estate programs that have completed operations during the five years ended December 31, 2016. No prior Starwood Capital programs with investment objectives similar to ours have completed operations during the five years ended December 31, 2016. Starwood Opportunity Fund V, L.P. (“SOF-V”) and Starwood Opportunity Fund IV, L.P. (“SOF-IV”) did not have investment objectives similar to ours because they primarily sought capital appreciation by generally investing in opportunistic real estate rather than seeking steady income and potential capital appreciation by investing primarily in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate. Starwood Debt Fund II, L.P. (“Debt Fund II”) did not have an investment objective similar to ours as it primarily sought capital appreciation by generally investing in opportunistic debt securities and other debt interests rather than seeking steady income and capital appreciation by investing in stabilized or substantially stabilized real estate.

All figures are through the last full quarter prior to completion of the program unless otherwise noted.

 

($ in thousands)    SOF-V     SOF-IV     Debt Fund II  

Date of final sale of property/investment

     3/2007       12/2010       12/2015  

Duration of program (months)

     97       169       84  

Dollar amount raised

   $ 516,060     $ 830,155     $ 338,400  

Annualized Return on Investment

     14     21     8

Average Leverage over duration of program

     40     44     37

Aggregate compensation paid or reimbursed to the sponsor or its affiliates

   $ 147,494     $ 308,047     $ 13,248  

 

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APPENDIX B: DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN

This Distribution Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”) is adopted by Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to its Articles of Amendment and Restatement (as amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Charter”). Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms shall have the same meaning as set forth in the Charter.

1. Distribution Reinvestment. As agent for the stockholders (the “Stockholders”) of the Company who (i) purchase Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares or Class I shares of the Company’s common stock (collectively the “Shares”) pursuant to the Company’s continuous public offering (the “Offering”), or (ii) purchase Shares pursuant to any future offering of the Company (a “Future Offering”), and who do not opt out of participating in the Plan (or, in the case of clients of participating broker-dealers that do not permit automatic enrollment in the Plan, who opt to participate in the Plan) (the “Participants”), the Company will apply all dividends and other distributions declared and paid in respect of the Shares held by each Participant and attributable to the class of Shares purchased by such Participant (the “Distributions”), including Distributions paid with respect to any full or fractional Shares acquired under the Plan, to the purchase of additional Shares of the same class for such Participant.

2. Effective Date. The effective date of this Plan shall be the date that the minimum offering requirements are met in connection with the Offering and the escrowed subscription proceeds are released to the Company.

3. Procedure for Participation. Any Stockholder (unless such Stockholder is a client of a participating broker-dealer that does not permit automatic enrollment in the Plan) who has received a Prospectus, as contained in the Company’s registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), will automatically become a Participant unless they elect not to become a Participant by noting such election on their subscription agreement. Any Stockholder who is a client of a participating broker-dealer that does not permit automatic enrollment in the Plan who has received a Prospectus, as contained in the Company’s registration statement filed with the SEC, will become a Participant if they elect to become a Participant by noting such election on their subscription agreement. If any Stockholder initially elects not to be a Participant, they may later become a Participant by subsequently completing and executing an enrollment form or any appropriate authorization form as may be available from the Company, the Company’s transfer agent, the dealer manager for the Offering or any soliciting dealer participating in the distribution of Shares for the Offering. Participation in the Plan will begin with the next Distribution payable after acceptance of a Participant’s subscription, enrollment or authorization. Shares will be purchased under the Plan on the date that Distributions are paid by the Company.

4. Suitability. Each Participant is requested to promptly notify the Company in writing if the Participant experiences a material change in his or her financial condition, including the failure to meet the income, net worth and investment concentration standards imposed by such Participant’s state of residence and set forth in the Company’s most recent prospectus. For the avoidance of doubt, this request in no way shifts to the Participant the responsibility of the Company’s sponsor, or any other person selling shares on behalf of the Company to the Participant to make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of Shares is a suitable and appropriate investment based on information provided by such Participant.

5. Purchase of Shares.

A. Participants will acquire Shares from the Company (including Shares purchased by the Company for the Plan in a secondary market (if available) or on a stock exchange (if listed)) under the Plan (the “Plan Shares”) at a price equal to the NAV per Share applicable to the class of Shares purchased by the Participant on the date that the distribution is payable (calculated as of the most recent month end). No upfront selling commissions will be payable with respect to shares purchased pursuant to the Plan, but such shares will be subject to ongoing stockholder servicing fees. Participants in the Plan may purchase fractional Shares so that 100% of the Distributions will be used to acquire Shares. However, a Participant will not be able to acquire Plan Shares and

 

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such Participant’s participation in the Plan will be terminated to the extent that a reinvestment of such Participant’s distributions in Shares would cause the percentage ownership or other limitations contained in the Charter to be violated.

B. Shares to be distributed by the Company in connection with the Plan may (but are not required to) be supplied from: (i) the Plan Shares which will be registered with the SEC in connection with the Offering or (ii) Shares to be registered with the SEC in a Future Offering for use in the Plan (a “Future Registration”).

6. Taxes. THE REINVESTMENT OF DISTRIBUTIONS DOES NOT RELIEVE A PARTICIPANT OF ANY INCOME TAX LIABILITY THAT MAY BE PAYABLE ON THE DISTRIBUTIONS. INFORMATION REGARDING POTENTIAL TAX INCOME LIABILITY OF PARTICIPANTS MAY BE FOUND IN THE PUBLIC FILINGS MADE BY THE COMPANY WITH THE SEC.

7. Share Certificates. The ownership of the Shares purchased through the Plan will be in book-entry form unless and until the Company issues certificates for its outstanding Shares.

8. Reports. On a quarterly basis, the Company shall provide each Participant a statement of account describing, as to such Participant: (i) the Distributions reinvested during the quarter; (ii) the number and class of Shares purchased pursuant to the Plan during the quarter; (iii) the per share purchase price for such Shares; and (iv) the total number of Shares purchased on behalf of the Participant under the Plan. On an annual basis, tax information with respect to income earned on Shares under the Plan for the calendar year will be provided to each applicable participant.

9. Termination by Participant. A Participant may terminate participation in the Plan at any time, without penalty, by delivering 10 days’ prior written notice to the Company. This notice must be received by the Company prior to the last day of a quarter in order for a Participant’s termination to be effective for such quarter (i.e., a timely termination notice will be effective as of the last day of a quarter in which it is timely received and will not affect participation in the Plan for any prior quarter). Any transfer of Shares by a Participant to a non-Participant will terminate participation in the Plan with respect to the transferred Shares. If a Participant requests that the Company repurchase all or any portion of the Participant’s Shares, the Participant’s participation in the Plan with respect to the Participant’s Shares for which repurchase was requested but that were not repurchased will be terminated. If a Participant terminates Plan participation, the Company may, at its option, ensure that the terminating Participant’s account will reflect the whole number of shares in such Participant’s account and provide a check for the cash value of any fractional share in such account. Upon termination of Plan participation for any reason, future Distributions will be distributed to the Stockholder in cash.

10. Amendment, Suspension or Termination by the Company. The Board of Directors may by majority vote amend any aspect of the Plan; provided that the Plan cannot be amended to eliminate a Participant’s right to terminate participation in the Plan and that notice of any material amendment must be provided to Participants at least 10 days prior to the effective date of that amendment. The Board of Directors may by majority vote suspend or terminate the Plan for any reason upon ten days’ written notice to the Participants.

11. Liability of the Company. The Company shall not be liable for any act done in good faith, or for any good faith omission to act, including, without limitation, any claims or liability (i) arising out of failure to terminate a Participant’s account upon such Participant’s death prior to timely receipt of notice in writing of such death or (ii) with respect to the time and the prices at which Shares are purchased or sold for a Participant’s account. To the extent that indemnification may apply to liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or the securities laws of a particular state, the Company has been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC and certain state securities commissioners, such indemnification is contrary to public policy and, therefore, unenforceable.

 

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APPENDIX C: FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT

 

     

    Subscription Agreement for Shares of

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

  

 

1. Your Investment

 

         Investment Amount $                                ☐ Initial Purchase                                                                 
       ☐ Subsequent Purchase
     Investment Method  
    

☐ By mail            

Estate Income Trust, Inc.”

  Attach a check to this agreement. Make all checks* payable to: “[            ] as Escrow Agent for Starwood Real
     ☐ By wire   Account Name: [            ]
       Routing Number: [            ]
       Account Number: [            ]
       Beneficiary: [            ], as Escrow Agent for Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.
     ☐ Broker-dealer/Financial advisor  
   * Cash, cashier’s checks/official bank checks, temporary checks, foreign checks, money orders, third party checks, or travelers checks are not accepted.
   SHARE CLASS SELECTION (required)  
  

    SHARE CLASS T (minimum investment $2,500)

 
  

    SHARE CLASS S (minimum investment $2,500)

 
  

    SHARE CLASS D (Minimum investment $2,500; available for certain fee-based wrap accounts and other eligible investors as disclosed in the prospectus)

  

    SHARE CLASS I (Minimum investment $1,000,000; available for certain fee-based wrap accounts and other eligible investors as disclosed in the prospectus)

If you are a Starwood Capital Group Employee, Officer, Director, or Affiliate, please select one below (required)

 

        ☐  Employee    ☐ Officer or Director    ☐ Affiliate    ☐ Not Applicable

 

2. Ownership Type (Select only one)

 

      Non-Custodial Account Type    Third Party Custodial Account Type
   
      BROKERAGE ACCOUNT NUMBER                                       CUSTODIAN ACCOUNT NUMBER                             
   
    

☐    INDIVIDUAL OR JOINT  TENANT WITH RIGHTS OF SURVIVORSHIP

           ☐ IRA
    

 

☐      TRANSFER ON DEATH (Optional Designation. Not Available for Louisiana Residents. See Section 3C.)

 

☐    TENANTS IN COMMON

 

  

        ☐ ROTH IRA

 

        ☐ SEP IRA

 

        ☐ SIMPLE IRA

    

☐    COMMUNITY PROPERTY

     

 

        ☐ OTHER                                                         

   
    

☐ UNIFORM GIFT/TRANSFER TO MINORS

     STATE OF                                                                      

      CUSTODIAN INFORMATION (TO BE COMPLETED  BY CUSTODIAN)
               
     ☐ PENSION PLAN (Include Certification of Investment Powers Form)            CUSTODIAN NAME                                                 
   
     ☐ TRUST (Include Certification of Investment Powers Form)            CUSTODIAN TAX ID #                                          
   
     ☐ CORPORATION / PARTNERSHIP / OTHER               CUSTODIAN PHONE #                                           
    

(Corporate Resolution or Partnership Agreement Required)

          
                     

 

 

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Entity Name—Retirement Plan/Trust/Corporation/Partnership/Other

(Trustee(s) or authorized signatory(s) information MUST be provided in Sections 3A and 3B)

 

Entity Name                 Tax ID Number                

 

Date of Trust:            

 

Exemptions

(See Form W-9 instructions at www.irs.gov)

 

        

Entity Type (Select one. Required)

                

☐ Retirement Plan         ☐ Trust        ☐ S-Corp        

  ☐ C-Corp        ☐ LLC        ☐ Partnership           Exempt payee code (if any)                                    

☐ Other                                             

  Jurisdiction (if Non-U.S.)                                           Exemption from FATCA reporting code (if any)                                                               
 

(Attach a completed applicable Form W-8)

 

 

3. Investor Information

 

A. Investor Name (Investor/Trustee/Executor/Authorized Signatory Information)

 

(Residential street address MUST be provided. See Section 4 if mailing address is different than residential street address.)

 

 

First Name        

 

 

(MI)

 

  

Last Name

 

        

 

Gender

 

 

 

                 

Social Security Number/Tax ID                                         

 

  

Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)

 

        

 

Daytime Phone Number

 

 

 

        

Residential Street Address

 

  

City

 

        

 

State

 

 

 

    

 

Zip Code

 

 

 

        

Email Address

 

                              

If Non-U.S. Citizen, Specify Country of Citizenship and Select One below (required)

 

☐ Resident Alien

          ☐ Non-Resident Alien (Attach a completed Form  W-8BEN, Rev. Feb 2014)   Country of Citizenship                                    

 

If you are a Starwood Capital Group Employee, Officer, Director or Affiliate, please Select One below (required)

☐ Employee                          ☐ Officer or Director                         ☐ Affiliate

 

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B. Co-Investor Name (Co-Investor/Co-Trustee/Co-Authorized Signatory Information, if applicable)

 

 

First Name        

 

 

(MI)

 

  

Last Name

 

        

 

Gender

 

 

 

                 

Social Security Number/Tax ID                                         

 

  

Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)

 

        

 

Daytime Phone Number

 

 

 

        

Residential Street Address

 

  

City

 

        

 

State

 

 

 

    

 

Zip Code

 

 

 

        

Email Address

                              

 

If Non-U.S. Citizen, Specify Country of Citizenship and Select One below (required)

☐ Resident Alien

   ☐ Non-Resident Alien (Attach a completed Form W-8BEN, Rev. Feb  2014)   Country of Citizenship                                    

If you are a Starwood Capital Group Employee, Officer, Director or Affiliate, please Select One below (required)

☐ Employee                          ☐ Officer or Director                         ☐ Affiliate    

C. Transfer on Death Beneficiary Information (Individual or Joint Account with rights of survivorship only.) (Not available for Louisiana residents.) (Beneficiary Date of Birth required. Whole percentages only; must equal 100%.)

 

First Name

   (MI)    Last Name    SSN    Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)    ☐ Primary
              

☐ Secondary                %

 

First Name    (MI)    Last Name    SSN    Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)   

☐ Primary

☐ Secondary                 %

First Name    (MI)    Last Name    SSN    Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)   

☐ Primary

☐ Secondary                 %

First Name    (MI)    Last Name    SSN    Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY)   

☐ Primary

☐ Secondary                 %

 

4. Contact Information (If different than provided in Section 3A)

 

Email Address            
Mailing Address   City   State   Zip Code

 

5. Select How You Want to Receive Your Distribution (Select only one)

YOU ARE AUTOMATICALLY ENROLLED IN OUR DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN. If you do not wish to be enrolled in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan, check this box and complete the information below:  ☐

Complete this section ONLY if you do NOT wish to enroll in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan and you instead elect to receive cash distributions.

For Custodial held accounts, if you elect cash distributions the funds must be sent to the Custodian.

A.Cash/Check Mailed to the address set forth above (Available for Non-Custodial Investors only.)

 

 

B.Cash/Check Mailed to Third Party/Custodian

 

Name/Entity Name/Financial Institution         Mailing Address

 

City    State   Zip Code    Account Number (Required)

 

 

C.Cash/Direct Deposit Attach a pre-printed voided check. (Non-Custodial Investors Only.)

 

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I authorize Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. or its agent to deposit my distribution into my checking or savings account. This authority will remain in force until I notify Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. in writing to cancel it. In the event that Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. deposits funds erroneously into my account, they are authorized to debit my account for an amount not to exceed the amount of the erroneous deposit.

 

Financial Institution Name    Mailing Address    City    State

 

Your Bank’s ABA Routing Number    Your Bank Account Number

PLEASE ATTACH A PRE-PRINTED VOIDED CHECK

 

6. Broker-Dealer/Financial Advisor Information (Required Information. All fields must be completed.)

The Financial Advisor must sign below to complete the order. The Financial Advisor hereby warrants that he/she is duly licensed and may lawfully sell Shares in the state designated as the investor’s legal residence.

 

Broker-Dealer    Financial Advisor Name

 

Advisor Mailing Address

 

City

 

   State    Zip Code
Financial Advisor Number    Branch Number    Telephone Number

 

E-mail Address    Fax Number

Please note that unless previously agreed to in writing by Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., all sales of securities must be made through a Broker-Dealer, including when an RIA has introduced the sale. In all cases, Section 6 must be completed.

The undersigned confirm(s), which confirmation is made on behalf of the Broker-Dealer with respect to sales of securities made through a Broker-Dealer, that they (i) have reasonable grounds to believe that the information and representations concerning the investor identified herein are true, correct and complete in all respects; (ii) have discussed such investor’s prospective purchase of Shares with such investor; (iii) have advised such investor of all pertinent facts with regard to the lack of liquidity and marketability of the Shares; (iv) have delivered or made available a current Prospectus and related supplements, if any, to such investor; (v) have reasonable grounds to believe that the investor is purchasing these Shares for his or her own account; and (vi) have reasonable grounds to believe that the purchase of Shares is a suitable investment for such investor, that such investor meets the suitability standards applicable to such investor set forth in the Prospectus and related supplements, if any, and that such investor is in a financial position to enable such investor to realize the benefits of such an investment and to suffer any loss that may occur with respect thereto. The undersigned Financial Advisor further represents and certifies that, in connection with this subscription for Shares, he or she has complied with and has followed all applicable policies and procedures under his or her firm’s existing Anti-Money Laundering Program and Customer Identification Program.

If you do not have another broker-dealer or other financial intermediary introducing you to Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., then Starwood Capital, L.L.C. may be deemed to act as your broker of record in connection with any investment in Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. Starwood Capital, L.L.C. is not a full-service broker-dealer and may not provide the kinds of financial services that you might expect from another financial intermediary, such as holding securities in an account. If Starwood Capital, L.L.C. is your broker of record, then your Shares will be held in your name on the books of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. Starwood Capital, L.L.C. will not monitor your investments, and has not and will not make any recommendation regarding your investments. If you want to receive financial advice regarding a prospective investment in the Shares, contact your broker or other financial intermediary.

 

X              X          
   Financial Advisor Signature    Date      

Branch Manager Signature

(If required by Broker-Dealer)

   Date

 

7. Electronic Delivery Form (Optional)

Instead of receiving paper copies of the prospectus, prospectus supplements, annual reports, proxy statements, and other stockholder communications and reports, you may elect to receive electronic delivery of stockholder communications from Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. If you would like to consent to electronic delivery, including pursuant to email, please check the box below for this election.

 

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We encourage you to reduce printing and mailing costs and to conserve natural resources by electing to receive electronic delivery of stockholder communications and statement notifications. By consenting below to electronically receive stockholder communications, including your account-specific information, you authorize said offering(s) to either (i) email stockholder communications to you directly or (ii) make them available on our website and notify you by email when and where such documents are available.

You will not receive paper copies of these electronic materials unless specifically requested, the delivery of electronic materials is prohibited or we, in our sole discretion, elect to send paper copies of the materials.

By consenting to electronic access, you will be responsible for your customary internet service provider charges and may be required to download software in connection with access to these materials.

 

I consent to electronic delivery

 

       

 

Email
If blank, the email provided in Section 4 or Section 3A will be used.

 

8. Subscriber Signatures

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. is required by law to obtain, verify and record certain personal information from you or persons on your behalf in order to establish the account. Required information includes name, date of birth, permanent residential address and social security/taxpayer identification number. We may also ask to see other identifying documents. If you do not provide the information, Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. may not be able to open your account. By signing the Subscription Agreement, you agree to provide this information and confirm that this information is true and correct. If we are unable to verify your identity, or that of another person(s) authorized to act on your behalf, or if we believe we have identified potentially criminal activity, we reserve the right to take action as we deem appropriate which may include closing your account.

Please separately initial each of the representations below. Except in the case of fiduciary accounts, you may not grant any person a power of attorney to make the representations on your behalf. In order to induce Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. to accept this subscription, I hereby represent and warrant to you as follows:

Please Note: All Items Must be Read and Initialed

 

I have received a copy of the Final Prospectus.                     
     Initials             Initials    
I/We have (i) a minimum net worth (not including home, home furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000, or (ii) a minimum net worth (as previously described) of at least $70,000 and a minimum annual gross income of at least $70,000.                     
     Initials             Initials    
In addition to the general suitability requirements described above in 7(b), I/we meet the higher suitability requirements, if any, imposed by my state of primary residence as set forth in the Prospectus under “SUITABILITY STANDARDS.”                     
     Initials             Initials    
I acknowledge that there is no public market for the Shares and, thus, my investment in Shares is not liquid.                     
     Initials             Initials  
I am purchasing the Shares for my own account.                     
     Initials             Initials    
I acknowledge that as a result of the minimum offering established for this offering, I may be required to wait up to one year before receiving the Shares or a refund of my money                     
     Initials             Initials    
I understand that the transaction price per share at which my investment will be executed will be made available at www.[            ].com and in a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC, available at www.sec. gov.                     
     Initials             Initials    

 

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I understand that my subscription request will not be accepted before the later of (i) two business days before the first calendar day of the month and (ii) three business days after the transaction price is made available. I understand that I am not committed to purchase shares at the time my subscription order is submitted and I may cancel my subscription at any time before the time it has been accepted as described in the previous sentence. I understand that I may withdraw my purchase request by notifying the transfer agent, through my financial intermediary or directly on Starwood Real Estate Income Trusts Inc.’s toll-free, automated telephone line, [                ].

If you do not have another broker-dealer or other financial intermediary introducing you to Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., then Starwood Capital, L.L.C. may be deemed to be acting as your broker of record in connection with any investment in Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. For important information in this respect, see Section 6 above. I declare that the information supplied above is true and correct and may be relied upon by Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. I acknowledge that the Broker-Dealer/Financial Advisor (Broker-Dealer/Financial Advisor of record) indicated in Section 6 of this Subscription Agreement and its designated clearing agent, if any, will have full access to my account information, including the number of shares I own, tax information (including the Form 1099) and redemption information. Investors may change the Broker-Dealer/Financial Advisor of record at any time by contacting Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. at the number indicated below.

SUBSTITUTE IRS FORM W-9 CERTIFICATIONS (required for U.S. investors):

Under penalties of perjury, I certify that:

 

  (1) The number shown on this Subscription Agreement is my correct taxpayer identification number (or I am waiting for a number to be issued to me); and

 

  (2) I am not subject to backup withholding because: (a) I am exempt from backup withholding, or (b) I have not been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that I am subject to backup withholding as a result of a failure to report all interest or dividends, or (c) the IRS has notified me that I am no longer subject to backup withholding; and

 

  (3) I am a U.S. citizen or other U.S. person (including a resident alien) (defined in IRS Form W-9); and

 

  (4) The FATCA code(s) entered on this form (if any) indicating that I am exempt from FATCA reporting is correct.

Certification instructions. You must cross out item 2 above if you have been notified by the IRS that you are currently subject to backup withholding because you have failed to report all interest and dividends on your tax return.

The Internal Revenue Service does not require your consent to any provision of this document other than the certifications required to avoid backup withholding.

 

X              X          
   Signature of Investor    Date      

Signature of Co-Investor or Custodian

(If applicable)

   Date

(MUST BE SIGNED BY CUSTODIAN OR TRUSTEE IF PLAN IS ADMINISTERED BY A THIRD PARTY)

 

9. Miscellaneous

If investors participating in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan or making subsequent purchases of Shares of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. experience a material adverse change in their financial condition or can no longer make the representations or warranties set forth in Section 8 above, they are asked to promptly notify Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. and the Broker-Dealer in writing.

No sale of Shares may be completed until at least five business days after you receive the final Prospectus. To be accepted, a subscription request must be made with a completed and executed subscription agreement in good order and payment of the full purchase price at least five business prior to the first calendar day of the month (unless waived). You will receive a written confirmation of your purchase.

All items on the Subscription Agreement must be completed in order for your subscription to be processed. Subscribers are encouraged to read the Prospectus in its entirety for a complete explanation of an investment in the Shares of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. Investor Relations: [            ]

 

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APPENDIX D: PRIVACY POLICY NOTICE

[To be provided by amendment.]

 

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Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Maximum Offering of $5,000,000,000

Common Stock

 

 

Prospectus

 

 

[                ], 2017

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to make any representations other than those contained in the prospectus and supplemental literature authorized by Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. and referred to in this prospectus, and, if given or made, such information and representations must not be relied upon. This prospectus is not an offer to sell nor is it seeking an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of these securities. You should not assume that the delivery of this prospectus or that any sale made pursuant to this prospectus implies that the information contained in this prospectus will remain fully accurate and correct as of any time subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

Until [            ], 2017 (90 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as participating dealers.

 

 

 


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PART II

Information Not Required in the Prospectus

Item 31. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table itemizes the expenses incurred by the registrant in connection with the issuance and registration of the securities being registered hereunder. All amounts shown are estimates except the SEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee.

 

SEC registration fee

   $ 579,500  

FINRA filing fee

   $ 225,000  

Legal

   $ *  

Printing and mailing

   $ *  

Accounting and tax

   $ *  

Blue sky

   $ 196,209  

Advertising and sales literature

   $ *  

Due diligence

   $ *  

Transfer agent and escrow agent fees and expenses

   $ *  

Promotional items

   $ *  

Technology expenses

   $ *  

Issuer costs related to training and education meetings and retail conferences

   $ *  

Wholesale reimbursements for training and education meetings and retail conferences

   $ *  

Legal fees-dealer manager portion

   $ *  
  

 

 

 

Total

   $ *  
  

 

 

 

 

* To be provided by amendment.

Item 32. Sales to Special Parties.

We were capitalized through the purchase by Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P., a wholly-owned subsidiary of our sponsor, Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P., of 10,000 shares of Class I common stock for the aggregate consideration of $200,000 on July 13, 2017. Starwood Capital or one of its affiliates will invest an additional $4.8 million in Class I shares prior to the end of the escrow period, resulting in an aggregate investment of $5.0 million.

Item 33. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

The offer and sale of shares to Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P. is claimed to be exempt from the registration provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) thereof.

Item 34. Indemnification of Directors, Officers and Others.

Our organizational documents generally limit the personal liability of our stockholders, directors and officers for monetary damages and require us to indemnify and advance expenses to our directors, officers and the Advisor and its affiliates subject to the limitations of the NASAA REIT Guidelines and Maryland law. Maryland law permits a corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an

 

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improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment and which is material to the cause of action. The Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”) requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made or threatened to be made a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL allows directors and officers to be indemnified against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred in connection with a proceeding unless the following can be established:

 

    an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding, and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty;

 

    the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or

 

    with respect to any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe his or her act or omission was unlawful.

A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification for an adverse judgment in a suit by the corporation or in its right, or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to expenses. The MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon receipt of a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification and a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.

In addition to the above limitations of the MGCL, our charter provides that our directors, the Advisor and any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates may be indemnified for losses or liability suffered by them or held harmless for losses or liability suffered by us only if all of the following conditions are met:

 

    the indemnitee determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct which caused the loss or liability was in our best interest;

 

    the indemnitee was acting on our behalf or performing services for us;

 

    in the case of affiliated directors, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates, the liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by the party seeking indemnification; and

 

    in the case of our independent directors, the liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct by the party seeking indemnification.

In addition, any indemnification or any agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of our net assets and not from our stockholders.

Our charter also provides that we may not provide indemnification to a director, the Advisor or any of our or the Advisor’s affiliates for any loss, liability or expense arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by such party unless one or more of the following conditions are met:

 

    there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the party seeking indemnification;

 

    such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to such party; or

 

   

a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against such party and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the SEC and of the published position of

 

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any state securities regulatory authority in which our securities were offered or sold as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

Finally, our charter provides that we may pay or reimburse reasonable legal expenses and other costs incurred by our directors, the Advisor and of our or the Advisor’s affiliates in advance of final disposition of a proceeding only if all of the following are satisfied:

 

    the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on our behalf;

 

    the indemnitee provides us with written affirmation of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification;

 

    the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a stockholder or, if by a stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement; and

 

    the indemnitee provides us with a written agreement to repay the amount paid or reimbursed, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if it is ultimately determined that he or she did not comply with the requisite standard of conduct and is not entitled to indemnification.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Pursuant to the terms of these indemnification agreements, we would indemnify and advance expenses and costs incurred by our directors and executive officers in connection with any claims, suits or proceedings brought against such directors and executive officers as a result of his or her service. However, our indemnification obligation is subject to the limitations set forth in the indemnification agreements and in our charter. We also maintain a directors and officers insurance policy.

The general effect to investors of any arrangement under which any of our controlling persons, directors or officers are insured or indemnified against liability is a potential reduction in distributions resulting from our payment of premiums, deductibles and other costs associated with such insurance or, to the extent any such loss is not covered by insurance, our payment of indemnified losses. In addition, indemnification could reduce the legal remedies available to us and our stockholders against the indemnified individuals; however, this provision does not reduce the exposure of our directors and officers to liability under federal or state securities laws, nor does it limit our stockholder’s ability to obtain injunctive relief or other equitable remedies for a violation of a director’s or an officer’s duties to us or our stockholders, although the equitable remedies may not be an effective remedy in some circumstances.

Item 35. Treatment of Proceeds from Shares Being Registered.

Not applicable.

Item 36. Financial Statements and Exhibits.

 

1. Financial Statements.

See page F-1 for an index of the financial statements included in the registration statement

 

2. Exhibits.

See the Exhibit Index on the page immediately preceding the exhibits for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-11, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

 

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Item 37. Undertakings.

 

  (i) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

 

  (A) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

 

  (1) To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act.

 

  (2) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.

 

  (3) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.

 

  (B) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

  (C) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

 

  (D) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of the registration statement relating to the offering, other than a registration statement relying on Rule 430B or other than a prospectus filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

 

  (E) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, in a primary offering of securities pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

 

  (1) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

 

  (2) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

 

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  (3) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

 

  (4) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

 

  (F) To send to each stockholder, at least on an annual basis, a detailed statement of any transactions with the Advisor or its affiliates, and of fees, commissions, compensation and other benefits paid or accrued to the advisor or its affiliates for the fiscal year completed, showing the amount paid or accrued to each recipient and the services performed.

 

  (ii) The registrant undertakes to provide to the stockholders the financial statements required by Form 10-K for the first full fiscal year of operations of the registrant.

 

  (iii) The registrant undertakes to file a sticker supplement pursuant to Rule 424(c) under the Securities Act during the distribution period describing each significant property not identified in the prospectus at such time as there arises a reasonable probability that such property will be acquired and to consolidate all such stickers into a post-effective amendment filed at least once every three months, with the information contained in such amendment provided simultaneously to the existing stockholders. Each sticker supplement should disclose all compensation and fees received by the advisor and its affiliates in connection with any such acquisition. The post-effective amendment shall include or incorporate by reference audited financial statements meeting the requirements of Rule 3-14 of Regulation S-X that have been filed or should have been filed on Form 8-K for all significant properties acquired during the distribution period.

 

  (iv) The registrant undertakes to file, after the end of the distribution period, a current report on Form 8-K containing the financial statements and any additional information required by Rule 3-14 of Regulation S-X, for each significant property acquired and to provide the information contained in such report to the stockholders at least once each quarter after the distribution period of the offering has ended.

 

  (v) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions and otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on [    ], 2017.

 

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.
By:  

 

  John P. McCarthy, Jr.
  Chief Executive Officer and President

POWER OF ATTORNEY

We, the undersigned officers and directors of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., hereby severally constitute John P. McCarthy, Jr., Nick Antonopoulos and Matthew S. Guttin, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the Registration Statement filed herewith and any and all amendments to said Registration Statement, including any Registration Statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b), and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all requirements of the Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming our signature as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said Registration Statement and any and all amendments thereto.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Form S-11 Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the following capacities on [    ], 2017.

 

Signature

  

Title

 

John P. McCarthy, Jr.

  

Chief Executive Officer and President

(principal executive officer)

 

Nick Antonopoulos

   Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

 

Barry S. Sternlicht

  

Chairman of the Board

 

[            ]

  

Director

 

[            ]

  

Director

 

[            ]

  

Director

 

[            ]

  

Independent Director

 

[            ]

  

Independent Director

 

[            ]

  

Independent Director

 

[            ]

  

Independent Director

 

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Exhibit Index

 

Exhibit
Number

  

Description

  1.1    Form of Dealer Manager Agreement
  1.2    Form of Selected Dealer Agreement
  3.1    Form of Articles of Amendment and Restatement
  3.2    Amended & Restated Bylaws
  4.1    Distribution Reinvestment Plan (included in Appendix B)
  5.1    Form of Opinion of Venable LLP as to Legality of Securities
  8.1    Form of Opinion of Alston & Bird LLP as to Tax Matters
10.1    Form of Advisory Agreement
10.2    Form of Limited Partnership Agreement of Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P.
10.3*    Form of Registration Rights Agreement
10.4*    Form of Trademark License Agreement
10.5*    Form of Valuation Services Agreement
10.6*    Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement
10.7*    Form of Independent Directors Restricted Share Plan
10.8*    Form of Independent Directors Restricted Stock Award Agreement
10.9*    Form of Independent Directors Compensation Plan
10.10*    Form of Escrow Agreement
21.1*    Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1*    Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
23.2*    Consent of Independent Valuation Advisor
23.3    Consent of Venable LLP (contained in its opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1)
23.4    Consent of Alston & Bird LLP (contained in its opinion filed as Exhibit 8.1)
24.1*    Power of Attorney (included in signature page to the Registration Statement and incorporated by reference herein)

 

* To be filed by amendment.

 

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EX-1 2 filename2.htm EX-1.1

EXHIBIT 1.1

DEALER MANAGER AGREEMENT

[        ], 2017

Starwood Capital, L.L.C.

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

This Dealer Manager Agreement (this “Agreement”) is entered into by and between Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”) and Starwood Capital, L.L.C. (the “Dealer Manager”).

The Company has filed one or more registration statements with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that are listed on Schedule 1 to this Agreement (each, a “Registration Statement”), which Schedule 1 may be amended from time to time with the written consent of the Company and the Dealer Manager. In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, “the Registration Statement” means, at any given time, each of the registration statements listed on Schedule 1, as such Schedule 1 may be amended from time to time, as each such registration statement is finally amended and revised at the effective date of such registration statement (including at the effective date of any post-effective amendment thereto).

Each Registration Statement shall register an ongoing offering (each, an “Offering”) of the Company’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share (“Common Stock”), which may consist of any combination of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares of Common Stock (the “Shares”). In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, “the Offering” means each Offering covered by a Registration Statement and “Shares” means the Shares being offered in the Offering.

The Offering is and shall be comprised of a maximum amount of Shares set forth in the Prospectus (as defined in Section 1.a. below) that will be issued and sold to the public at the public offering prices per Share set forth in the Prospectus pursuant to a primary offering (the “Primary Shares”) and the Company’s distribution reinvestment plan (the “DRIP Shares”). In connection with the Offering, the minimum purchase by any one person shall be as set forth in the Prospectus (except as otherwise indicated in any letter or memorandum from the Company to the Dealer Manager).

In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, any references to the Registration Statement, the Offering, the Shares or the Prospectus with respect to each other shall mean only those that are all related to the same Registration Statement.

The Company is offering to the public four classes of Shares, Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares. The differences between the classes of Shares and the eligibility requirements for each class are described in detail in the Prospectus. The Shares are to be offered and sold to the public as described under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus. Except as otherwise agreed by the Company and the Dealer Manager, Shares sold through the Dealer Manager are to be sold through the Dealer Manager, as the dealer manager, and the broker-dealers (each a “Dealer” and collectively, the “Dealers”) with whom the Dealer Manager has entered into or will enter into a selected dealer agreement related to the distribution of Shares substantially in the form attached to this Agreement as “Exhibit A” or such other form as approved by the Company (each a “Selected Dealer Agreement”) at a purchase price (i) equal to a fixed amount plus applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees prior to the satisfaction of any minimum offering contingency described in the Prospectus (the “Minimum Offering”); and (ii) after the Minimum Offering is satisfied, generally equal to the Company’s prior month’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share applicable to the class of Shares being purchased (as calculated in accordance with the procedures described in the Prospectus), or at a different offering price made available to investors in cases where the Company believes there has been a material change to the NAV per Share since the end of the prior month, plus in either case any applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees, subject in certain circumstances to reductions thereof as described in the Prospectus. For stockholders who participate in the Company’s distribution reinvestment plan (the “DRIP”), the cash distributions attributable to the class of Shares that each stockholder owns will be automatically invested in additional shares of the same class. The DRIP Shares are to be issued and sold to stockholders of the Company at a purchase price equal to the Primary Share offering price per share before any applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees (the “transaction price”) of the applicable class of Shares on the date that the distribution is payable.

 


Terms not defined herein shall have the same meaning as in the Prospectus. Now, therefore, the Company hereby agrees with the Dealer Manager as follows:

1. Representations and Warranties of the Company: The Company represents and warrants to the Dealer Manager and each Dealer participating in an Offering, with respect to such Offering, as applicable, that:

a. A Registration Statement with respect to the Shares has been prepared by the Company in accordance with applicable requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the applicable rules and regulations (the “Rules and Regulations”) of the SEC promulgated thereunder, covering the Shares. Copies of such Registration Statement and each amendment thereto have been or will be delivered to the Dealer Manager. The prospectus contained therein, as finally amended and revised at the effective date of the Registration Statement (including at the effective date of any post-effective amendment thereto), is hereinafter referred to as the “Prospectus,” except that if the prospectus or prospectus supplement filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act shall differ from the Prospectus on file at the Effective Date, the term “Prospectus” shall also include such prospectus or prospectus supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b). “Effective Date” means the applicable date upon which the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto is or was first declared effective by the SEC. “Filing Date” means the applicable date upon which the initial Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto is filed with the SEC.

b. The Company has been duly and validly organized and formed as a corporation under the laws of the state of Maryland, with the power and authority to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus.

c. As of the Effective Date or Filing Date, as applicable, the Registration Statement and Prospectus complied or will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and the Rules and Regulations. The Registration Statement, as of the applicable Effective Date, does not and will not contain any untrue statements of material facts or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading; and the Prospectus as of the applicable Filing Date, does not and will not contain any untrue statements of material facts or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, provided, however, that the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.c. will not extend to such statements contained in or omitted from the Registration Statement or Prospectus as are primarily within the knowledge of the Dealer Manager or any of the Dealers and are based upon information furnished by the Dealer Manager in writing to the Company specifically for inclusion therein.

d. The Company intends to use the funds received from the sale of the Shares as set forth in the Prospectus.

e. No consent, approval, authorization or other order of any governmental authority is required in connection with the execution or delivery by the Company of this Agreement or the issuance and sale by the Company of the Shares, except such as may be required under the Securities Act and the Rules and Regulations, by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) or applicable state securities laws.

f. Unless otherwise described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, there are no actions, suits or proceedings pending or to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against the Company at law or in equity or before or by any federal or state commission, regulatory body or administrative agency or other governmental body, domestic or foreign, which will have a material adverse effect on the business or property of the Company.

g. The execution and delivery of this Agreement, the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated and compliance with the terms of this Agreement by the Company will not conflict with or constitute a default under any charter, by-law, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, lease, rule, regulation, writ, injunction or decree of any government, governmental instrumentality or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Company, except to the extent that the enforceability of the indemnity and contribution provisions contained in Section 4 of this Agreement may be limited under applicable securities laws.

 

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h. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform the transactions contemplated hereby, except to the extent that the enforceability of the indemnity and contribution provisions contained in Section 4 of this Agreement may be limited under applicable securities laws.

i. At the time of the issuance of the Shares, the Shares will have been duly authorized and, when issued and sold as contemplated by the Prospectus and the Company’s charter, as amended and supplemented, and upon payment therefor as provided by the Prospectus and this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and will conform to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus.

j. Each “significant subsidiary” of the Company (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) and each other entity in which the Company holds a direct or indirect ownership interest that is material to the Company (each a “Subsidiary” and, collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) has been duly organized or formed and is validly existing as a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or similar entity in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, has power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure to be so qualified would not reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement, all of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary has been duly authorized and validly issued, is fully paid and non-assessable and is owned by the Company, directly or through Subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity; none of the outstanding shares of capital stock or other equity interests of any Subsidiary was issued in violation of the preemptive or similar rights of any stockholder or equity holder of such Subsidiary. The only direct Subsidiaries of the Company as of the date of the Registration Statement or the most recent amendment to the Registration Statement, as applicable, are the Subsidiaries described in the Registration Statement or such amendment to the Registration Statement.

k. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company owns or possesses, has the right to use or can acquire on reasonable terms, adequate patents, patent rights, licenses, inventions, copyrights, know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) necessary to carry on the business now operated by the Company, except where the failure to have such ownership or possession would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect.

l. The Company has filed all material federal, state and foreign income tax returns, which have been required to be filed, on or before the due date (taking into account all extensions of time to file) and has paid or provided for the payment of all taxes indicated by said returns and all assessments received by the Company to the extent that such taxes or assessments have become due, except where the Company is contesting such assessments in good faith.

m. The financial statements of the Company included in the Prospectus present fairly in all material respects the financial position of the Company as of the date indicated and the results of its operations for the periods specified; said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis.

o. The Company does not intend to conduct its business so as to be an “investment company” as that term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder, and it will exercise reasonable diligence to ensure that it does not become an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

p. The Company complies in all material respects with applicable privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the “GLB Act”) and applicable provisions of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of 2001, as amended (the “USA PATRIOT Act”).

 

3


q. Any and all printed sales literature or other materials which have been approved in advance in writing by the Company and appropriate regulatory agencies for use in the Offering (“Authorized Sales Materials”) prepared by the Company and any of its affiliates (excluding the Dealer Manager) specifically for use with potential investors in connection with the Offering, when used in conjunction with the Prospectus, did not at the time provided for use, and, as to later provided materials, will not at the time provided for use, include any untrue statement of a material fact nor did they at the time provided for use, or, as to later provided materials, will they, omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made and when read in conjunction with the Prospectus, not misleading. If at any time any event occurs which is known to the Company as a result of which such Authorized Sales Materials when used in conjunction with the Prospectus would include an untrue statement of a material fact or, in view of the circumstances under which they were made, omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, the Company will notify the Dealer Manager thereof.

2. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with the Dealer Manager that:

a. It will, at no expense to the Dealer Manager, furnish the Dealer Manager with such number of printed copies of the Registration Statement, including all amendments and exhibits thereto, as the Dealer Manager may reasonably request. It will similarly furnish to the Dealer Manager and others designated by the Dealer Manager as many copies of the following documents as the Dealer Manager may reasonably request: (a) the Prospectus in preliminary and final form and every form of supplemental or amended prospectus; (b) this Agreement; and (c) any other Authorized Sales Materials.

b. It will furnish such proper information and execute and file such documents as may be necessary for the Company to qualify the Shares for offer and sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions as the Dealer Manager may reasonably designate and will file and make in each year such statements and reports as may be required. The Company will furnish to the Dealer Manager upon request a copy of such papers filed by the Company in connection with any such qualification.

c. It will: (a) use its best efforts to cause the Registration Statement to become effective; (b) furnish copies of any proposed amendment or supplement of the Registration Statement or Prospectus to the Dealer Manager; (c) file every amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus that may be required by the SEC; and (d) if at any time the SEC shall issue any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, it will promptly notify the Dealer Manager and, to the extent the Company determines such action is in the best interests of the Company, use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the lifting of such order.

d. If at any time when a Prospectus is required to be delivered under the Securities Act any event occurs as a result of which, in the opinion of either the Company or the Dealer Manager, the Prospectus would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in view of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, the Company will promptly notify the Dealer Manager thereof (unless the information shall have been received from the Dealer Manager) and will effect the preparation of an amended or supplemental Prospectus which will correct such statement or omission. The Company will then promptly prepare such amended or supplemental Prospectus or Prospectuses as may be necessary to comply with the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act.

e. It will disclose a per share estimated value of the Shares and related information in accordance with the requirements of FINRA Rule 2310(b)(5).

3. Obligations and Compensation of Dealer Manager.

a. The Company hereby appoints the Dealer Manager as its agent and principal distributor for the purpose of selling for cash to the public up to the maximum amount of Shares set forth in the Prospectus (subject to the Company’s right of reallocation, as described in the Prospectus) through Dealers, all of whom shall be members of FINRA. The Dealer Manager hereby accepts such agency and distributorship and agrees to use its best efforts to sell, and cause the Dealers to sell, the Shares on said terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus with respect to each Offering and any additional terms or conditions specified in Schedule 2 to this Agreement, as it

 

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may be amended from time to time. The Dealer Manager represents to the Company that it is a member in good standing of FINRA and that it and its employees and representatives have all required licenses and registrations to act under this Agreement. With respect to the Dealer Manager’s participation in the distribution of the Shares in the Offering, the Dealer Manager agrees to comply, and ensure that the Dealers comply, in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act, the Rules and Regulations, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and all other state or federal laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Offering and the sale of Shares, all applicable state securities or blue sky laws and regulations, and the rules of FINRA applicable to the Offering, from time to time in effect, including, without limitation, FINRA Rules 2040, 2111, 2310, 5110 and 5141.

b. The Dealer Manager shall comply, and require in the Selected Dealer Agreement that the Dealers comply, with (a) the privacy standards and requirements of the GLB Act; (b) the privacy standards and requirements of any other applicable federal or state law; and (c) its own internal privacy policies and procedures, each as may be amended from time to time.

c. Promptly after the initial Effective Date of the Registration Statement, the Dealer Manager and the Dealers shall commence the offering of the Shares in the Offering for cash to the public in jurisdictions in which the Shares are registered or qualified for sale or in which such offering is otherwise permitted. The Dealer Manager and the Dealers will immediately suspend or terminate offering of the Shares upon request of the Company at any time and will resume offering the Shares upon subsequent request of the Company.

d. Subject to volume discounts and other special circumstances described in or otherwise provided in this Agreement and under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus, which may be amended, restated or supplemented from time to time, the Company will pay to the Dealer Manager selling commissions in connection with sales of Class T Primary Shares and Class S Primary Shares, as described in Schedule 2 to this Agreement. The applicable selling commissions payable to the Dealer Manager will be paid substantially concurrently with the execution by the Company of orders submitted by purchasers of Class T Primary Shares and Class S Primary Shares and all or a portion of the selling commissions may be reallowed by the Dealer Manager to the Dealers who sold the Class T Primary Shares or Class S Primary Shares giving rise to such selling commissions, as described more fully in the Selected Dealer Agreement entered into with each such Dealer.

e. Subject to volume discounts and other special circumstances described in or otherwise provided in this Agreement and under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus, which may be amended and restated from time to time, the Company will pay to the Dealer Manager dealer manager fees in connection with sales of Class T Primary Shares, as described in Schedule 2 to this Agreement. The applicable dealer manager fees payable to the Dealer Manager will be paid substantially concurrently with the execution by the Company of orders submitted by purchasers of Class T Primary Shares and all or a portion of the dealer manager fees may be reallowed by the Dealer Manager to the Dealers who sold the Class T Primary Shares giving rise to such dealer manager fees, as described more fully in the Selected Dealer Agreement entered into with each such Dealer.

f. Except as may be provided in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus, which may be amended, restated or supplemented from time to time, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 3.g. below, the Company will pay to the Dealer Manager a stockholder servicing fee with respect to sales of Class S and Class D shares and an advisor stockholder servicing fee and a dealer stockholder servicing fee with respect to Class T shares, all as described in Schedule 2 to this Agreement (the “Servicing Fee”). The Company will pay the Servicing Fee to the Dealer Manager monthly in arrears. The Dealer Manager may reallow all or a portion of the Servicing Fee to any Dealers who sold the Class T, Class S or Class D shares giving rise to a portion of such Servicing Fee to the extent the Selected Dealer Agreement with such Dealer provides for such a reallowance and such Dealer is in compliance with the terms of such Selected Dealer Agreement related to such reallowance; provided, however, that upon the date when the Dealer Manager is notified that the Dealer who sold the Class T, Class S or Class D shares giving rise to a portion of the Servicing Fee is no longer the broker-dealer of record with respect to such Class T, Class S or Class D Shares or that the Dealer no longer satisfies any or all of the conditions in its Selected Dealer Agreement for the receipt of the Servicing Fee, then Dealer’s

 

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entitlement to the Servicing Fees related to such Class T, Class S or Class D shares, as applicable, shall cease, and Dealer shall not receive the Servicing Fee for any portion of the quarter in which Dealer is not eligible on the last day of the quarter; provided, however, if there is a change in the broker-dealer of record with respect to the Class T, Class S or Class D shares, as applicable, made in connection with a change in the registration of record for the Class T, Class S or Class D shares on the Company’s books and records (including, but not limited to, a reregistration due to a sale or a transfer or a change in the form of ownership of the account), then the Dealer shall be entitled to a pro rata portion of the Servicing Fees related to the Class T, Class S or Class D shares, as applicable, for the portion of the quarter for which the Dealer was the broker-dealer of record.

Thereafter, such Servicing Fees may be reallowed to the then-current broker-dealer of record of the Class T, Class S or Class D shares, as applicable, if any such broker-dealer of record has been designated (the “Servicing Dealer”), to the extent such Servicing Dealer has entered into a Selected Dealer Agreement or similar agreement with the Dealer Manager (“Servicing Agreement”), such Selected Dealer Agreement or Servicing Agreement with the Servicing Dealer provides for such reallowance and the Servicing Dealer is in compliance with the terms of such agreement related to such reallowance. In this regard, all determinations will be made by the Dealer Manager in good faith in its sole discretion. The Dealer is not entitled to any Servicing Fee with respect to Class I shares. The Dealer Manager may also reallow some or all of the Servicing Fee to other broker-dealers who provide services with respect to the Shares (who shall be considered additional Servicing Dealers) pursuant to a Servicing Agreement with the Dealer Manager to the extent such Servicing Agreement provides for such reallowance and such additional Servicing Dealer is in compliance with the terms of such agreement related to such reallowance, in accordance with the terms of such Servicing Agreement.

g. The Dealer Manager shall cease receiving the Servicing Fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager, in conjunction with the transfer agent, determines that total selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees paid with respect to such Shares would exceed, in the aggregate, 8.75% (or, solely in the case of Class T shares, a lower limit as set forth in the Selected Dealer Agreement between the Dealer Manager and the applicable Dealer) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such Shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares (and any shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto) held in a stockholder’s account will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such Shares. In addition, the Dealer Manager will cease receiving the Servicing Fee on Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares in connection with an Offering (i.e., pursuant to the Registration Statement for such Offering) upon the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) the merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets in each case in a transaction in which the Company’s stockholders receive cash or shares listed on a national stock exchange or (iii) the date following the completion of such Offering on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources in connection with such Offering, including selling commissions, dealer manager fees, the Servicing Fee and other underwriting compensation, is equal to ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds from Primary Shares sold in such Offering, as determined in good faith by the Dealer Manager in its sole discretion. For purposes of this Agreement, the portion of the Servicing Fee accruing with respect to Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares of the Company’s common stock issued (publicly or privately) by the Company during the term of a particular Offering, and not issued pursuant to a prior Offering, shall be underwriting compensation with respect to such particular Offering and not with respect to any other Offering.

h. The terms of any reallowance of selling commissions, dealer manager fees and the Servicing Fee shall be set forth in the Selected Dealer Agreement or Servicing Agreement entered into with the Dealers or Servicing Dealers, as applicable. The Company will not be liable or responsible to any Dealer or Servicing Dealer for direct payment of commissions, or any reallowance of dealer manager fees or the Servicing Fee to such Dealer or Servicing Dealer, it being the sole and exclusive responsibility of the Dealer Manager for payment of commissions or any reallowance of dealer manager fees or the Servicing Fee to Dealers and Servicing Dealers. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the discretion of the Company, the Company may act as agent of the Dealer Manager by making direct payment of commissions, dealer manager fees or Servicing Fees to Dealers on behalf of the Dealer Manager without incurring any liability.

 

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i. In addition to the other items of underwriting compensation set forth in this Section 3, the Company or Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”) shall reimburse the Dealer Manager for all items of underwriting compensation referenced in the Prospectus, to the extent the Prospectus indicates that they will be paid by the Company or the Advisor, as applicable, and to the extent permitted pursuant to prevailing rules and regulations of FINRA.

j. In addition to reimbursement as provided under Section 3.i., and subject to prevailing rules and regulations of FINRA, the Company shall also pay directly or reimburse the Dealer Manager for reasonable bona fide due diligence expenses incurred by any Dealer as described in the Prospectus. The Dealer Manager shall obtain from any Dealer and provide to the Company a detailed and itemized invoice for any such due diligence expenses. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, no payments or reimbursements made by the Company with respect to a particular Offering hereunder shall cause total organization and offering expenses, defined under NASAA Guidelines (as defined in Section 4.a. below) and FINRA rules, to exceed 15% of gross proceeds from such Offering.

k. The Dealer Manager represents and warrants to the Company and each person and firm that signs the Registration Statement that the information under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus and all other information furnished to the Company by the Dealer Manager in writing expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.

l. The Dealer Manager and all Dealers will offer and sell the Shares at the public offering prices per share as determined in accordance with the Prospectus.

4. Indemnification.

a. To the extent permitted by the Company’s charter and the provisions of Article II.G of the Statement of Policy Regarding Real Estate Investment Trusts of the North American Securities Administrators Association, Inc. (the “NASAA Guidelines”), and subject to the limitations below, the Company will indemnify and hold harmless the Dealers and the Dealer Manager, their officers and directors and each person, if any, who controls such Dealer or Dealer Manager within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act (the “Indemnified Persons”) from and against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (“Losses”), joint or several, to which such Indemnified Persons may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such Losses (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon (a) any untrue statement of a material fact contained (i) in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or (ii) in any blue sky application or other document executed by the Company or on its behalf specifically for the purpose of qualifying any or all of the Shares for sale under the securities laws of any jurisdiction or based upon written information furnished by the Company under the securities laws thereof (any such application, document or information being hereinafter called a “Blue Sky Application”) or (iii) in any Authorized Sales Materials, or (b) the omission to state in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or in any Blue Sky Application or Authorized Sales Materials a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company will reimburse the Dealer Manager and each Indemnified Person of the Dealer Manager for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Dealer Manager or such Indemnified Person in connection with investigating or defending such Loss.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4.a., the Company may not indemnify or hold harmless the Dealer Manager, any Dealer or any of their affiliates in any manner that would be inconsistent with the provisions to Article II.G of the NASAA Guidelines. In particular, but without limitation, the Company may not indemnify or hold harmless the Dealer Manager, any Dealer or any of their affiliates for liabilities arising from or out of a violation of state or federal securities laws, unless one or more of the following conditions are met:

 

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(i) There has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations;

(ii) Such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; or

(iii) A court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the Commission and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which the securities were offered as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

Further notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4.a., the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such Loss or expense arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished (x) to the Company by the Dealer Manager or (y) to the Company or the Dealer Manager by or on behalf of any Dealer specifically for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them, any Blue Sky Application or any Authorized Sales Materials, and, further, the Company will not be liable for the portion of any Loss in any such case if it is determined that such Dealer or the Dealer Manager was at fault in connection with such portion of the Loss, expense or action.

The foregoing indemnity agreement of this Section 4.a. is subject to the further condition that, insofar as it relates to any untrue statement or omission made in the Prospectus (or amendment or supplement thereto) that was eliminated or remedied in any subsequent amendment or supplement thereto, such indemnity agreement shall not inure to the benefit of an Indemnified Party from whom the person asserting any Losses purchased the Shares that are the subject thereof, if a copy of the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented was not sent or given to such person at or prior to the time the subscription of such person was accepted by the Company, but only if a copy of the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented had been supplied to the Dealer Manager or the Dealer prior to such acceptance.

b. The Dealer Manager will indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its officers and directors (including any person named in the Registration Statement, with his consent, as about to become a director), each other person who has signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act (the “Company Indemnified Persons”), from and against any Losses to which any of the Company Indemnified Persons may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such Losses (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon (a) any untrue statement of a material fact contained (i) in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or (ii) in any Blue Sky Application or (iii) in any Authorized Sales Materials; or (b) the omission to state in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or in any Blue Sky Application or Authorized Sales Materials a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, provided that clauses (a) and (b) apply, to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Dealer Manager specifically for use with reference to the Dealer Manager in the preparation of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or in preparation of any Blue Sky Application or Authorized Sales Materials; or (c) any use of sales literature not authorized or approved by the Company or any use of “broker-dealer use only” materials with members of the public by the Dealer Manager in the offer and sale of the Shares or any use of sales literature in a particular jurisdiction if such material bears a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public in such jurisdiction; or (d) any untrue statement made by the Dealer Manager or its representatives or agents or omission to state a fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares; or (e) any material

 

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violation of this Agreement; or (f) any failure to comply with applicable laws governing privacy issues, money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing efforts, including applicable rules of the SEC, FINRA and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “USA Patriot Act”); or (g) any other failure to comply with applicable rules of FINRA or federal or state securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The Dealer Manager will reimburse the aforesaid parties for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending such Loss, expense or action. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Dealer Manager may otherwise have.

c. Each Dealer severally will indemnify and hold harmless the Company, the Dealer Manager, each of their officers and directors (including any person named in the Registration Statement, with his consent, as about to become a director), each other person who has signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company or the Dealer Manager within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act (the “Dealer Indemnified Persons”) from and against any Losses to which a Dealer Indemnified Person may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such Losses (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon (a) any untrue statement of a material fact contained (i) in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or (ii) in any Blue Sky Application or (iii) in any Authorized Sales Materials; or (b) the omission to state in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or in any Blue Sky Application or Authorized Sales Materials a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, provided that clauses (a) and (b) apply, to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company or the Dealer Manager by or on behalf of the Dealer specifically for use with reference to the Dealer in the preparation of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus used prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or supplement to any of them or in preparation of any Blue Sky Application or Authorized Sales Materials; or (c) any use of sales literature not authorized or approved by the Company or any use of “broker-dealer use only” materials with members of the public by the Dealer in the offer and sale of the Shares or any use of sales literature in a particular jurisdiction if such material bears a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public in such jurisdiction; or (d) any untrue statement made by the Dealer or its representatives or agents or omission to state a fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares; or (e) any material violation of this Agreement or the Selected Dealer Agreement entered into between the Dealer Manager and the Dealer; or (f) any failure or alleged failure to comply with all applicable laws, including, without limitation, laws governing privacy issues, money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing efforts, including applicable rules of the SEC, FINRA and the USA Patriot Act; or (g) any other failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable rules of FINRA or federal or state securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each such Dealer will reimburse each Dealer Indemnified Person for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such Loss, expense or action. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that such Dealer may otherwise have.

d. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 4 of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any indemnifying party under this Section 4, notify in writing the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof. The failure of an indemnified party to so notify the indemnifying party will relieve the indemnifying party from any liability under this Section 4 as to the particular item for which indemnification is then being sought, but not from any other liability that it may have to any indemnified party. In case any such action is brought against any indemnified party, and it notifies an indemnifying party of the commencement thereof, the indemnifying party will be entitled, to the extent it may wish, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to participate in the defense thereof, with separate counsel. Such participation shall not relieve such indemnifying party of the obligation to reimburse the indemnified party for reasonable legal and other expenses (subject to Section 4.e.) incurred by such indemnified party in defending itself, except for such expenses incurred after the indemnifying party has deposited funds sufficient to effect the settlement, with prejudice, of the claim in respect of which indemnity is sought. Any such indemnifying party shall not be liable to any such indemnified party on account of any settlement of any claim or action effected without the consent of such indemnifying party. Any indemnified party shall not be bound to perform or refrain from performing any act pursuant to the terms of any settlement of any claim or action effected without the consent of such indemnified party

 

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e. The indemnifying party shall pay all legal fees and expenses of the indemnified party in the defense of such claims or actions; provided, however, that the indemnifying party shall not be obliged to pay legal expenses and fees to more than one law firm in connection with the defense of similar claims arising out of the same alleged acts or omissions giving rise to such claims notwithstanding that such actions or claims are alleged or brought by one or more parties against more than one indemnified party. If such claims or actions are alleged or brought against more than one indemnified party, then the indemnifying party shall only be obliged to reimburse the expenses and fees of the one law firm that has been selected by a majority of the indemnified parties against which such action is finally brought; and in the event a majority of such indemnified parties are unable to agree on which law firm for which expenses or fees will be reimbursable by the indemnifying party, then payment shall be made to the first law firm of record representing an indemnified party against the action or claim. Such law firm shall be paid only to the extent of services performed by such law firm and no reimbursement shall be payable to such law firm on account of legal services performed by another law firm.

f. The indemnity agreements contained in this Section 4 shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (a) any investigation made by or on behalf of any Dealer, or any person controlling any Dealer or by or on behalf of the Company, the Dealer Manager or any officer or director thereof, or by or on behalf of any person controlling the Company or the Dealer Manager, (b) delivery of any Shares and payment therefor, and (c) any termination of this Agreement. A successor of any Dealer or of any of the parties to this Agreement, as the case may be, shall be entitled to the benefits of the indemnity agreements contained in this Section 4.

5. Survival of Provisions.

a. The respective agreements, representations and warranties of the Company and the Dealer Manager set forth in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (a) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Dealer Manager or any Dealer or any person controlling the Dealer Manager or any Dealer or by or on behalf of the Company or any person controlling the Company, and (b) the acceptance of any payment for the Shares.

b. The respective agreements of the Company and the Dealer Manager set forth in Sections 3.d. through 3.j. and Sections 4 through 14 of this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of any termination of this Agreement.

6. Applicable Law. The validity, interpretation and construction of this Agreement shall be governed by, the laws of the State of New York; provided however, that causes of action for violations of federal or state securities laws shall not be governed by this Section. Venue for any action brought hereunder shall lie exclusively in New York, New York.

7. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts. Each counterpart, when executed and delivered, shall be an original contract, but all counterparts, when taken together, shall constitute one and the same Agreement.

8. Successors and Amendment.

a. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Dealer Manager and the Company and their respective successors. Nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give to any other person any right, remedy or claim, except as otherwise specifically provided herein. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the Dealers to the extent set forth in Sections 1 and 4 hereof.

b. This Agreement may be amended by the written agreement of the Dealer Manager and the Company.

 

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c. Schedule 1 may be amended from time to time with the written consent of the Company and the Dealer Manager. However, the addition or removal of Registration Statements from Schedule 1 shall only apply prospectively and shall not affect the respective agreements, representations and warranties of the Company and the Dealer Manager prior to such amendments to Schedule 1. For the avoidance of doubt, the parties acknowledge and agree that, upon the removal of a Registration Statement from Schedule 1, the representations, warranties and covenants in Sections 1 and 2 shall no longer continue to be made with respect to the Offering, the Shares or the Prospectus relating to such Registration Statement.

9. Term and Termination.

Any party to this Agreement shall have the right to terminate this Agreement on 60 days’ written notice or immediately upon notice to the other party in the event that such other party shall have failed to comply with any material provision hereof. Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, (a) the Company shall pay to the Dealer Manager all earned but unpaid compensation and reimbursement for all incurred, accountable compensation to which the Dealer Manager is or becomes entitled under Section 3 pursuant to the requirements of that Section 3 at such times as such amounts become payable pursuant to the terms of such Section 3, offset by any losses suffered by the Company or any officer or director of the Company arising from the Dealer Manager’s breach of this Agreement or an action that would otherwise give rise to an indemnification claim against the Dealer Manager under Section 4.b. herein, and (b) the Dealer Manager shall promptly deliver to the Company all records and documents in its possession that relate to the Offering other than as required by law to be retained by the Dealer Manager. Dealer Manager shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with the Company to accomplish an orderly transfer of management of the Offering to a party designated by the Company.

10. Confirmation. The Company hereby agrees and assumes the duty to confirm on its behalf and on behalf of Dealers who sell the Shares all orders for purchase of Shares accepted by the Company. Such confirmations will comply with the rules of the SEC and FINRA, and will comply with applicable laws of such other jurisdictions to the extent the Company is advised of such laws in writing by the Dealer Manager.

11. Prospectus and Authorized Sales Materials. Dealer Manager agrees that it is not authorized or permitted to give and will not give, any information or make any representation concerning the Shares except as set forth in the Prospectus and any Authorized Sales Materials. The Dealer Manager further agrees (a) not to deliver any Authorized Sales Materials to any investor or prospective investor, to any broker-dealer that has not entered into a Selected Dealer Agreement or Servicing Agreement, or to any representatives or other associated persons of such a broker-dealer, unless it is accompanied or preceded by the Prospectus as amended and supplemented, (b) not to show or give to any investor or prospective investor or reproduce any material or writing that is supplied to it by the Company and marked “dealer only,” “financial advisor use only” or otherwise bearing a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public and (c) not to show or give to any investor or prospective investor in a particular jurisdiction (and will similarly require Dealers pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement) any material or writing that is supplied to it by the Company if such material bears a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public in such jurisdiction. Dealer Manager, in its agreements with Dealers, will include requirements and obligations of the Dealers similar to those imposed upon the Dealer Manager pursuant to this section.

12. Suitability of Investors. The Dealer Manager, in its agreements with Dealers, will require that the Dealers offer Shares only to persons who meet the financial qualifications set forth in the Prospectus or in any suitability letter or memorandum sent to it by the Company and will only make offers to persons in the jurisdictions in which it is advised in writing that the Shares are qualified for sale or that such qualification is not required. In offering Shares, the Dealer Manager, in its agreements with Dealers, will require that the Dealer comply with the provisions of all applicable rules and regulations relating to suitability of investors, including, without limitation, the provisions of Article III.C. of the NASAA Guidelines. The Dealer Manager, in its agreements with Dealers, will require that the Dealers shall sell Class D shares and Class I shares only to those persons who are eligible to purchase such shares as described in the Prospectus and only through those Dealers who are authorized to sell such shares. The Dealer Manager, in its agreements with the Dealers, shall require the Dealers to maintain, for at least six years, a record of the information obtained to determine that an investor meets the financial qualification and suitability standards imposed on the offer and sale of the Shares.

 

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13. Submission of Orders. The Dealer Manager will require in its agreements with each Dealer that each Dealer comply with the submission of orders procedures set forth in the form of Selected Dealer Agreement attached as “Exhibit A” to this Agreement. To the extent the Dealer Manager is involved in the distribution process other than through a Dealer, the Dealer Manager will comply with such submission of orders procedures, and will require each person desiring to purchase Shares in the Offering to complete and execute a subscription agreement in the form filed as an appendix to the Prospectus (a “Subscription Agreement”) in the form provided by the Company to the Dealer Manager for use in connection with the Offering and to deliver to the Dealer Manager or as otherwise directed by the Dealer Manager such completed and executed Subscription Agreement together with a check or wire transfer (“instrument of payment”) in the amount of such person’s purchase, which must be at least the minimum purchase amount set forth in the Prospectus. Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment will be transmitted by the Dealer Manager to the escrow agent described in the Prospectus and Subscription Agreement for any Offering in which there is a Minimum Offering that has not yet been satisfied or, after any such Minimum Offering is satisfied or if no such Minimum Offering is applicable to an Offering, to the Company, as soon as practicable, but in any event by the end of the second business day following receipt by the Dealer Manager. If the Dealer Manager receives a Subscription Agreement or instrument of payment not conforming to the instructions set forth in the form of Selected Dealer Agreement, the Dealer Manager shall return such Subscription Agreement and instrument of payment directly to such subscriber not later than the end of the next business day following its receipt. Instruments of payment of rejected subscribers will be promptly returned to such subscribers.

14. Notice. Notices and other writings contemplated by this Agreement shall be delivered via (i) hand, (ii) first class registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested, (iii) a nationally recognized overnight courier or (iv) electronic mail. All such notices shall be addressed, as follows:

 

If to the Dealer Manager:

  

Starwood Capital, L.L.C.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

  

Email: [        ]

  

With a copy to:

  

Starwood Capital, L.L.C.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

  

Email: [        ]

If to the Company:

  

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

  

Email: [        ]

  

With a copy to:

  

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

  

Email: [        ]

If the foregoing correctly sets forth our understanding, please indicate your acceptance thereof in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter and your acceptance shall constitute a binding agreement between us as of the date first above written.

 

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Very truly yours,
STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.
By:  

 

Name:   [                    ]
Title:   [                    ]

 

Accepted and agreed to as of the

date first above written:

STARWOOD CAPITAL, L.L.C.
By:  

 

Name:   [                    ]
Title:   [                    ]

 

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Schedule 1

Registration Statement(s)

 

1. Registration Statement on Form S-11, Registration No. 333-[        ].


Schedule 2

Compensation

I. Selling Commissions

Subject to certain Dealers’ right to retain selling commissions as described in the Selected Dealer Agreement, the Company will pay to the Dealer Manager selling commissions in the amount of (a) up to 3.0% of the transaction price per share of each sale of Class T Primary Shares; however, such amount may vary pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement with certain Dealers, provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold, and (b) up to 3.5% of the transaction price per share of each sale of Class S Primary Shares.

The Company will not pay to the Dealer Manager any selling commissions in respect of the purchase of any Class D shares, Class I shares or DRIP Shares.

II. Dealer Manager Fees

The Company will pay to the Dealer Manager dealer manager fees in the amount of up to 0.5% of the transaction price per share of each sale of Class T Primary Shares; however, such amount may vary pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement with certain Dealers, provided that the sum of upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees shall not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price of each Class T share sold.

The Company will not pay to the Dealer Manager any dealer manager fees in respect of the purchase of any Class S shares, Class D shares, Class I shares or DRIP Shares.

III. Servicing Fee

The Company will pay to the Dealer Manager a Servicing Fee with respect to outstanding Class T Primary Shares that is paid monthly in an amount equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding Class T Primary Shares, consisting of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum; however, such fees may vary pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement with certain Dealers, provided that the sum of the advisor stockholder servicing fee and dealer stockholder servicing fee shall always equal 0.85% per annum.

The Company will pay to the Dealer Manager a Servicing Fee with respect to outstanding Class S Primary Shares and Class D Primary Shares that is paid monthly in an amount equal to 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding Class S Primary Shares and in an amount equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding Class D Primary Shares.

The Company will not pay the Dealer Manager a Servicing Fee with respect to Class I shares.

EX-1 3 filename3.htm EX-1.2

EXHIBIT 1.2

FORM OF SELECTED DEALER AGREEMENT

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Starwood Capital, L.L.C., as the dealer manager (“Dealer Manager”) for Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the “Company”), a Maryland corporation, invites you (“Dealer”) to participate in the distribution of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (“Common Stock”) subject to the following terms:

I. Dealer Manager Agreement

The Dealer Manager has entered into a Dealer Manager Agreement (the “Dealer Manager Agreement”) with the Company dated [        ], 2017, attached hereto as Exhibit “A.” Except as otherwise specifically stated herein, all terms used in this Selected Dealer Agreement (this “Agreement”) have the meanings provided in the Dealer Manager Agreement.

As described in the Dealer Manager Agreement, the Company has filed one or more registration statements with the SEC that are listed on Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement (each, a “Registration Statement”), which Schedule 1 may be amended from time to time with the written consent of the Company and the Dealer Manager. Any new Registration Statement will be added to Schedule 1 upon its initial effectiveness with the SEC. Each Registration Statement shall register an ongoing offering (each, an “Offering”) of Common Stock, which may consist of Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares of Common Stock (the “Shares”).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any new Registration Statement is added to Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement, the Dealer Manager will give Dealer written notice of such addition. Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement may be amended from time to time with the written consent of the Company and the Dealer Manager. However, the addition or removal of Registration Statements from Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement shall only apply prospectively and shall not affect the respective agreements, representations and warranties of the Company, the Dealer Manager and Dealer prior to such amendments to Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement. It is possible that more than one Registration Statement may be listed on Schedule 1 during times of transition from one Registration Statement to another, during which time offers or sales may be made pursuant to either Registration Statement. In such event, the Dealer Manager shall (a) communicate to Dealer details about the transition from one Registration Statement to the next, including when sales may be made pursuant to the most recent Registration Statement and when sales will cease pursuant to the older Registration Statement and (b) provide Dealer with sufficient copies of the appropriate Prospectus and other offering materials in order to continue to make offers and sales throughout such transition period.

In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, “the Registration Statement” means, at any given time, each of the registration statements listed on Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement, as such Schedule 1 to the Dealer Manager Agreement may be amended from time to time, as each such registration statement is finally amended and revised at the effective date of the registration statement (including at the effective date of any post-effective amendment thereto). In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, “the Offering” means, at any given time, an offering covered by a Registration Statement and “Shares” means the Shares being offered in an Offering. In this Agreement, unless explicitly stated otherwise, any references to the Registration Statement, the Offering, the Shares or the Prospectus with respect to each other shall mean only those that are all related to the same Registration Statement.

By your acceptance of this Agreement, you will become one of the Dealers referred to in the Dealer Manager Agreement between the Company and the Dealer Manager and will be entitled and subject to the indemnification provisions contained in the Dealer Manager Agreement, including the provisions of Section 4 of the Dealer Manager Agreement wherein the Dealers severally agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, the Dealer Manager and each officer and director thereof, and each person, if any, who controls the Company or the Dealer Manager within the meaning of the Securities Act.

Dealer hereby agrees to use its best efforts to sell the Shares for cash on the terms and conditions stated in the Prospectus. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed or construed to make Dealer an employee, agent, representative or partner of the Dealer Manager or of the Company, and Dealer is not authorized to act for the Dealer Manager or the Company or to make any representations on their behalf except as set forth in the Prospectus and in the Authorized Sales Materials.

 


II. Submission of Orders

Each person desiring to purchase Shares in the Offering will be required to complete and execute a Subscription Agreement and to deliver to Dealer such completed and executed Subscription Agreement together with a check or wire transfer (“instrument of payment”) in the amount of such person’s purchase, which must be at least the minimum purchase amount set forth in the Prospectus. Those persons who purchase Shares will be instructed by Dealer to make their instruments of payment payable to or for the benefit of the escrow agent described in the Prospectus and Subscription Agreement for any Offering in which there is a minimum offering contingency described in the Prospectus (the “Minimum Offering”) that has not yet been satisfied. If no such Minimum Offering is applicable or has already been satisfied in accordance with the Prospectus, then those persons who purchase Shares will be instructed by Dealer to make their instruments of payment payable to or for the benefit of “Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.” The Dealer Manager or the Company shall notify Dealer at least five (5) business days prior to the date Dealer must provide to the Company instruments of payment to fund subscriber purchase orders solely for the initial issuance of Shares in connection with the satisfaction of any applicable Minimum Offering contingency. On the date specified in the notice, Dealer shall deliver such instruments of payment in the amount of the transaction price (as defined in Section 3 below) and applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees for all subscribers’ purchases for deposit to the escrow account. Selling commissions and dealer manager fees may be delivered to a separate bank account as agent or trustee for the persons who have the beneficial interests therein rather than the escrow account. After the Minimum Offering is satisfied, purchase orders which include a completed and executed Subscription Agreement in good order and instruments of payment received by the Company at least five (5) business days prior to the last business day of the month (unless waived by the Dealer Manager) will be executed as of the first business day of the next month (based on the prior month’s transaction price). Subscribers may not submit an initial purchase order until at least five (5) business days after the date on which the subscriber receives a copy of the Prospectus.

If Dealer receives a Subscription Agreement or instrument of payment not conforming to the foregoing instructions, Dealer shall return such Subscription Agreement and instrument of payment directly to such subscriber not later than the end of the next business day following its receipt. Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment received by Dealer which conform to the foregoing instructions shall be transmitted for deposit pursuant to one of the methods described in this Section II. Transmittal of received investor funds will be made in accordance with the following procedures:

Where, pursuant to Dealer’s internal supervisory procedures, internal supervisory review is conducted at the same location at which Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment are received from subscribers, Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment will be transmitted by the end of the next business day following receipt by Dealer for deposit to the escrow agent described in the Prospectus and Subscription Agreement for any Offering in which a Minimum Offering is applicable and has not yet been satisfied. If no such Minimum Offering is applicable or has been satisfied in accordance with the Prospectus, then Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment will be transmitted by the end of the next business day following receipt by Dealer to the Company or its agent as set forth in the Subscription Agreement or as otherwise directed by the Company.

Where, pursuant to Dealer’s internal supervisory procedures, final internal supervisory review is conducted at a different location, Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment will be transmitted by the end of the next business day following receipt by Dealer to the office of Dealer conducting such final internal supervisory review (the “Final Review Office”). The Final Review Office will in turn, by the end of the next business day following receipt by the Final Review Office, transmit such Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment for deposit to the escrow agent described in the Prospectus and Subscription Agreement for any Offering in which a Minimum Offering is applicable and has not yet been satisfied. If no such Minimum Offering is applicable or has been satisfied in accordance with the Prospectus, then the Final Review Office will, by the end of the next business day following receipt by the Final Review Office, transmit such Subscription Agreements and instruments of payment to the Company or its agent as set forth in the Subscription Agreement or as otherwise directed by the Company.

 

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III. Pricing

Except as otherwise provided in the Prospectus, which may be amended or supplemented from time to time, the Primary Shares shall be offered to the public at a purchase price payable in cash (i) equal to a fixed amount plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees prior to the satisfaction of any Minimum Offering; and (ii) after the Minimum Offering is satisfied, generally equal to the Company’s prior month’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share applicable to the class of shares being purchased (as calculated in accordance with the procedures described in the Prospectus), or at a different offering price made available to investors in cases where the Company believes there has been a material change to the NAV per Share since the end of the prior month, plus in either case any applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees. For stockholders who participate in the Company’s distribution reinvestment plan (“DRIP”), the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that each stockholder owns will be automatically re-invested in additional shares of the same class. The DRIP Shares will be issued and sold to stockholders of the Company at a purchase price equal to the then-current Primary Share offering price per share before any applicable selling commissions and dealer manager fees (“transaction price”) of the applicable class of shares on the date the distribution is payable. Except as otherwise indicated in the Prospectus or in any letter or memorandum sent to Dealer by the Company or the Dealer Manager, a minimum initial purchase of (i) $2,500 in Class T, Class S or Class D shares and (ii) $1,000,000 in Class I shares is required, and additional investments may be made in cash in minimal increments of at least $500 in Shares. The Shares are nonassessable.

IV. Dealers’ Compensation

Except as may be provided in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus, which may be amended or supplemented from time to time, as compensation for completed sales and ongoing stockholder services rendered by Dealer hereunder, Dealer is entitled, on the terms and subject to the conditions herein, to the compensation set forth on Schedule I hereto, which compensation reflects the payment of all or a portion of the selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees received by the Dealer Manager in connection with Shares sold by Dealer or Shares owned by stockholders to whom Dealer performs ongoing stockholder services, as applicable.

V. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of Dealer

In addition to the representations and warranties found elsewhere in this Agreement, Dealer represents, warrants and agrees that:

(i) It is duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of the state, commonwealth or other jurisdiction in which Dealer is organized.

(ii) It is empowered under applicable laws and by Dealer’s organizational documents to enter into this Agreement and perform all activities and services of Dealer provided for herein and that there are no impediments, prior or existing, or regulatory, self-regulatory, administrative, civil or criminal matters affecting Dealer’s ability to perform under this Agreement.

(iii) The execution, delivery, and performance of this Agreement; the incurrence of the obligations set forth herein; and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein, including the issuance and sale of the Shares, will not constitute a breach of, or default under, any agreement or instrument by which Dealer is bound, or to which any of its assets are subject, or any order, rule, or regulation applicable to it of any court, governmental body, or administrative agency having jurisdiction over it.

(iv) All requisite actions have been taken to authorize Dealer to enter into and perform this Agreement.

(v) It shall notify Dealer Manager, promptly in writing, of any written claim or complaint or any enforcement action or other proceeding with respect to Shares offered hereunder against Dealer or its principals, affiliates, officers, directors, employees or agents, or any person who controls Dealer, within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act.

 

3


(vi) Dealer will not sell or distribute Shares or otherwise make any such Shares available in any jurisdiction outside of the United States unless Dealer receives prior written consent from Dealer Manager.

(vii) Dealer acknowledges that the Dealer Manager will enter into similar agreements with other broker-dealers, which does not require the consent of Dealer.

(viii) Dealer agrees to be bound by the terms of any escrow agreement applicable to an Offering, if any, and Dealer agrees that it will not represent or imply that the escrow agent identified in the Prospectus, has investigated the desirability or advisability of any investment in the Company or has approved, endorsed or passed upon the merits of the Shares or of the Company, nor will Dealer use the name of said escrow agent in any manner whatsoever in connection with the offer or sale of the Shares other than by acknowledgement that it has agreed to serve as escrow agent.

VI. Right to Reject Orders or Cancel Sales

All orders, whether initial or additional, are subject to acceptance by and shall only become effective upon confirmation by the Company, which reserves the right to reject any order for any reason or no reason including, without limitation, orders not accompanied by an executed Subscription Agreement in good order or without the required instrument of payment in full payment for the Shares. Issuance and delivery of the Shares will be made only after actual receipt of payment therefor. If any check is not paid upon presentment, or if the Company is not in actual receipt of clearinghouse funds or cash, certified or cashier’s check or the equivalent in payment for the Shares, the Company reserves the right to cancel the sale without notice.

In the event that the Dealer Manager has reallowed any selling commission or dealer manager fee to Dealer for the sale of one or more Shares and the subscription is rejected, canceled or rescinded for any reason as to one or more of the Shares covered by such subscription, Dealer shall pay the amount specified to the Dealer Manager within ten (10) days following mailing of notice to Dealer by the Dealer Manager stating the amount owed as a result of rescinded or rejected subscriptions. Further, if Dealer has retained selling commissions in connection with an order that is subsequently rejected, canceled or rescinded for any reason, Dealer agrees to return to the subscriber any selling commission theretofore retained by Dealer with respect to such order within three (3) days following mailing of notice to Dealer by the Dealer Manager stating the amount owed as a result of rescinded or rejected subscriptions. If Dealer fails to pay any such amounts, the Dealer Manager shall have the right to offset such amounts owed against future compensation due and otherwise payable to Dealer (it being understood and agreed that such right to offset shall not be in limitation of any other rights or remedies that the Dealer Manager may have in connection with such failure).

VII. Prospectus and Authorized Sales Materials; Compliance with Laws

Dealer is not authorized or permitted to give and will not give, any information or make any representation concerning the Shares except as set forth in the Prospectus and any Authorized Sales Materials. The Dealer Manager will supply Dealer with reasonable quantities of the Prospectus, any supplements thereto and any amended Prospectus, as well as any Authorized Sales Materials, for delivery to investors, and Dealer will deliver a copy of the Prospectus and all supplements thereto and any amended Prospectus to each investor to whom an offer is made prior to or simultaneously with the first solicitation of an offer to sell the Shares to an investor. Dealer agrees that it will not send or give any supplement to the Prospectus or any Authorized Sales Materials to an investor unless it has previously sent or given a Prospectus and all previous supplements thereto and any amended Prospectus to that investor or has simultaneously sent or given a Prospectus and all previous supplements thereto and any amended Prospectus with such supplement to the Prospectus or Authorized Sales Materials. Dealer agrees that it will not show or give to any investor or prospective investor or reproduce any material or writing which is supplied to it by the Dealer Manager and marked “dealer only,” “financial advisor use only” or otherwise bearing a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public. Dealer agrees that it will not show or give to any investor or prospective investor in a particular jurisdiction any material or writing that is supplied to it by the Dealer Manager if such material bears a legend denoting that it is not to be used in connection with the sale of Shares to members of the public in such jurisdiction. Dealer agrees that it will not use in connection with the offer or sale of Shares any material or writing which relates to another company supplied to it by the Company or the Dealer Manager bearing a legend which states that such material may not be used in connection

 

4


with the offer or sale of any securities other than the company to which it relates. Dealer further agrees that it will not use in connection with the offer or sale of Shares any materials or writings which have not been previously approved by the Dealer Manager or the Company in writing. Dealer agrees, if the Dealer Manager so requests, to furnish a copy of any revised preliminary Prospectus to each person to whom it has furnished a copy of any previous preliminary Prospectus, and further agrees that it will itself mail or otherwise deliver all preliminary and final Prospectuses required for compliance with the provisions of Rule 15c2-8 under the Exchange Act. Regardless of the termination of this Agreement, Dealer will deliver a Prospectus in transactions in the Shares for a period of 90 days from the effective date of the Registration Statement or such longer period as may be required by the Exchange Act.

On becoming a Dealer, and in offering and selling Shares, Dealer agrees to comply with all the applicable requirements imposed upon it under (a) the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated under both such acts, (b) all applicable state securities laws and regulations as from time to time in effect, (c) any other state, federal, foreign and other laws and regulations applicable to the Offering, the sale of Shares or the activities of Dealer pursuant to this Agreement, including without limitation the privacy standards and requirements of state and federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”), and the laws governing money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing efforts, including the applicable rules of the SEC and FINRA, the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended, the USA Patriot Act, and regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Asset Control at the Department of the Treasury, and (d) this Agreement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented. With respect to Dealer’s use of electronic delivery of offering documents or subscription agreements and electronic signatures, Dealer agrees to comply with the applicable requirements of the Statement of Policy Regarding Use of Electronic Offering Documents and Electronic Signatures of the North American Securities Administrators Association, Inc. (“NASAA”), as adopted by the NASAA membership on May 8, 2017, as well as the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act referred to therein, each as may be amended from time to time. Notwithstanding the termination of this Agreement or the payment of any amount to Dealer, Dealer agrees to pay Dealer’s proportionate share of any claim, demand or liability asserted against Dealer and the other Dealers on the basis that such Dealers or any of them constitute an association, unincorporated business or other separate entity, including in each case such Dealer’s proportionate share of any expenses incurred in defending against any such claim, demand or liability.

VIII. License and Association Membership

Dealer’s acceptance of this Agreement constitutes a representation to the Company and the Dealer Manager that Dealer is a properly registered or licensed broker-dealer, duly authorized to sell Shares under federal and state securities laws and regulations, and foreign laws, if applicable, and in all states or jurisdictions where it offers or sells Shares, and that it is a member in good standing of FINRA. This Agreement shall automatically terminate if Dealer ceases to be a member in good standing of FINRA. Dealer agrees to notify the Dealer Manager immediately if Dealer ceases to be a member in good standing of FINRA. Dealer also hereby agrees to abide by the Rules of FINRA, including but not limited to FINRA Rules 2040, 2111, 2121, 2310, 5110 and 5141.

IX. Limitation of Offer; Suitability

Dealer will offer Shares (both at the time of an initial subscription and at the time of any additional subscription, including initial enrollments and increased participations in the DRIP) only to persons who meet the financial qualifications and suitability standards set forth in the Prospectus or in any suitability letter or memorandum sent to it by the Company or the Dealer Manager and will only make offers to persons in the jurisdictions in which it is advised in writing by the Dealer Manager that the Shares are qualified for sale or that such qualification is not required and in which Dealer has all required licenses and registrations to offer Shares in such jurisdictions. In offering Shares, Dealer will comply with the provisions of the Rules set forth in the FINRA Manual, as well as all other applicable rules and regulations relating to suitability of investors, including without limitation, the provisions of Article III.C and Article III.E.1 of the NASAA Statement of Policy Regarding Real Estate Investment Trusts, as adopted by the NASAA membership on May 7, 2007 (the “NASAA Guidelines”). Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to relieve Dealer of its suitability obligations under FINRA Rule 2111 or FINRA Rule 2310. Dealer will sell Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares only to the extent approved by the Dealer Manager as set forth on Schedule I to this Agreement, and to the extent approved to sell Class D shares and Class I shares pursuant to this Agreement, sell such shares only to those persons who are eligible to purchase Class D shares and Class I shares as described in the Prospectus. Nothing contained in this Selected Dealer Agreement

 

5


shall be construed to impose upon the Company or the Dealer Manager the responsibility of assuring that prospective investors meet the suitability standards in accordance with the terms and provisions of the Prospectus. Dealer shall not purchase any Shares for a discretionary account without obtaining the prior written approval of Dealer’s customer and such customer’s completed and executed Subscription Agreement. Dealer agrees to comply with the record-keeping requirements imposed by (a) federal and state securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, (b) the applicable rules of FINRA and (c) the NASAA Guidelines, including the requirement to maintain records (the “Suitability Records”) of the information used to determine that an investment in Shares is suitable and appropriate for each subscriber for a period of six years from the date of the sale of the Shares. Dealer further agrees to make the Suitability Records available to the Dealer Manager and the Company upon request and to make them available to representatives of the SEC and FINRA and applicable state securities administrators upon Dealer’s receipt of a subpoena or other appropriate document request from such agency.

X. Disclosure Review; Confidentiality of Information

Dealer agrees that it shall have reasonable grounds to believe, based on the information made available to it through the Prospectus or other materials, that all material facts are adequately and accurately disclosed in the Prospectus and provide a basis for evaluating the Shares. In making this determination, Dealer shall evaluate, at a minimum, items of compensation, physical properties, tax aspects, financial stability and experience of the sponsor, conflicts of interest and risk factors, and appraisals and other pertinent reports. If Dealer relies upon the results of any inquiry conducted by another member or members of FINRA, Dealer shall have reasonable grounds to believe that such inquiry was conducted with due care, that the member or members conducting or directing the inquiry consented to the disclosure of the results of the inquiry and that the person who participated in or conducted the inquiry is not the Dealer Manager or a sponsor or an affiliate of the sponsor of the Company.

It is anticipated that (i) Dealer and Dealer’s officers, directors, managers, employees, owners, members, partners, home office diligence personnel or other agents of Dealer that are conducting a due diligence inquiry on behalf of Dealer and (ii) persons or committees, as the case may be, responsible for determining whether Dealer will participate in the Offering ((i) and (ii) are collectively, the “Diligence Representatives”) either have previously or will in the future have access to certain Confidential Information (defined below) pertaining to the Company, the Dealer Manager, Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”) or their respective affiliates. For purposes hereof, “Confidential Information” shall mean and include: (i) trade secrets concerning the business and affairs of the Company, the Dealer Manager, the Advisor, or their respective affiliates; (ii) confidential data, know-how, current and planned research and development, current and planned methods and processes, marketing lists or strategies, slide presentations, business plans, however documented, belonging to the Company, the Dealer Manager, the Advisor, or their respective affiliates; (iii) information concerning the business and affairs of the Company, the Dealer Manager, the Advisor, or their respective affiliates (including, without limitation, historical financial statements, financial projections and budgets, investment-related information, models, budgets, plans, and market studies, however documented; (iv) any information marked or designated “Confidential—For Due Diligence Purposes Only”; and (v) any notes, analysis, compilations, studies, summaries and other material containing or based, in whole or in part, on any information included in the foregoing. Dealer agrees to keep, and to cause its Diligence Representatives to keep, all such Confidential Information strictly confidential and to not use, distribute or copy the same except in connection with Dealer’s due diligence inquiry. Dealer agrees to not disclose, and to cause its Diligence Representatives not to disclose, such Confidential Information to the public, or to Dealer’s sales staff, financial advisors, or any person involved in selling efforts related to the Offering or to any other third party and agrees not to use the Confidential Information in any manner in the offer and sale of the Shares. Dealer further agrees to use all reasonable precautions necessary to preserve the confidentiality of such Confidential Information, including, but not limited to (a) limiting access to such information to persons who have a need to know such information only for the purpose of Dealer’s due diligence inquiry and (b) informing each recipient of such Confidential Information of Dealer’s confidentiality obligation. Dealer acknowledges that Dealer or its Diligence Representatives may previously have received Confidential Information in connection with preliminary due diligence on the Company, and agrees that the foregoing restrictions shall apply to any such previously received Confidential Information. Dealer acknowledges that Dealer or its Diligence Representatives may in the future receive Confidential Information either in individual or collective meetings or telephone calls with the Company, and agrees that the foregoing restrictions shall apply to any Confidential Information received in the future through any source or medium. Dealer acknowledges the restrictions and limitations of Regulation F-D promulgated by the SEC and agrees that the foregoing restrictions are necessary and appropriate in order for the Company to comply

 

6


therewith. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Confidential Information may be disclosed (a) if approved in writing for disclosure by the Company or the Dealer Manager, (b) pursuant to a subpoena or as required by law, or (c) as required by regulation, rule, order or request of any governing or self-regulatory organization (including the SEC or FINRA), provided that Dealer shall notify the Dealer Manager in advance if practicable under the circumstances of any attempt to obtain Confidential Information pursuant to provisions (b) and (c).

XI. Dealer’s Compliance with Anti-Money Laundering Rules and Regulations

Dealer hereby represents that it has complied and will comply with Section 326 of the USA Patriot Act and the implementing rules and regulations promulgated thereunder in connection with broker/dealers’ anti-money laundering obligations. Dealer hereby represents that it has adopted and implemented, and will maintain a written anti-money laundering compliance program (“AML Program”) including, without limitation, anti-money laundering policies and procedures relating to customer identification in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including federal and state securities laws, applicable rules of FINRA, and the USA Patriot Act and the implementing rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In accordance with these applicable laws and regulations and its AML Program, Dealer agrees to verify the identity of its new customers; to maintain customer records; and to check the names of new customers against government watch lists, including the Office of Foreign Asset Control’s (OFAC) list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons. Additionally, Dealer will monitor account activity to identify patterns of unusual size or volume, geographic factors and any other “red flags” described in the USA Patriot Act as potential signals of money laundering or terrorist financing. Dealer will submit to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network any required suspicious activity reports about such activity and further will disclose such activity to applicable federal and state law enforcement when required by law. Upon request by the Dealer Manager at any time, Dealer hereby agrees to furnish (a) a copy of its AML Program to the Dealer Manager for review, and (b) a copy of the findings and any remedial actions taken in connection with Dealer’s most recent independent testing of its AML Program. Dealer agrees to notify the Dealer Manager immediately if Dealer is subject to a FINRA disclosure event or fine from FINRA related to its AML Program.

XII. Privacy.

Dealer agrees to abide by and comply in all respects with (a) the privacy standards and requirements of the GLBA and applicable regulations promulgated thereunder, (b) the privacy standards and requirements of any other applicable federal or state law, including the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) and (c) its own internal privacy policies and procedures, each as may be amended from time to time.

The parties hereto acknowledge that from time to time, Dealer may share with the Company and the Company may share with Dealer nonpublic personal information (as defined under the GLBA) of customers of Dealer. This nonpublic personal information may include, but is not limited to a customer’s name, address, telephone number, social security number, account information and personal financial information. Dealer shall only be granted access to such nonpublic personal information of each of its customers that pertains to the period or periods during which Dealer served as the broker-dealer of record for such customer’s account. Dealer, the Dealer Manager and the Company shall not disclose nonpublic personal information of any customers who have opted out of such disclosures, except (a) to service providers (when necessary and as permitted under the GLBA), (b) to carry out the purposes for which one party discloses such nonpublic personal information to another party under this Agreement (when necessary and as permitted under the GLBA) or (c) as otherwise required by applicable law. Any nonpublic personal information that one party receives from another party shall be subject to the limitations on usage described in this Section XII. Except as expressly permitted under the FCRA, Dealer agrees that it shall not disclose any information that would be considered a “consumer report” under the FCRA.

Dealer shall be responsible for determining which customers have opted out of the disclosure of nonpublic personal information by periodically reviewing and, if necessary, retrieving a list of such customers (the “List”) to identify customers that have exercised their opt-out rights. In the event Dealer, the Dealer Manager or the Company expects to use or disclose nonpublic personal information of any customer for purposes other than as set forth in this Section XII, it must first consult the List to determine whether the affected customer has exercised his or her opt-out rights. The use or disclosure of any nonpublic personal information of any customer that is identified on the List as having opted out of such disclosures, except as set forth in this Section XII, shall be prohibited.

 

7


Dealer shall implement commercially reasonable measures in compliance with industry best practices designed (a) to assure the security and confidentiality of nonpublic personal information of all customers; (b) to protect such information against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information; (c) to protect against unauthorized access to, or use of, such information that could result in material harm to any customer; (d) to protect against unauthorized disclosure of such information to unaffiliated third parties; and (e) to otherwise ensure its compliance with all applicable privacy standards and requirements of federal or state law (including, but not limited to, the GLBA), and any other applicable legal or regulatory requirements. Dealer further agrees to cause all its agents, representatives, affiliates, subcontractors, or any other party to whom Dealer provides access to or discloses nonpublic personal information of customers to implement appropriate measures designed to meet the objectives set forth in this Section XII.

XIII. Dealer’s Undertaking to Not Facilitate a Secondary Market in the Shares

Dealer acknowledges that there is no public trading market for the Shares and that there are limits on the ownership, transferability and redemption of the Shares, which significantly limit the liquidity of an investment in the Shares. Dealer also acknowledges that the Company’s share repurchase plan (the “Plan”) provides only a limited opportunity for investors to have their Shares purchased by the Company and that the Company’s board of directors may, in its sole discretion, amend, suspend, or terminate the Plan at any time in accordance with the terms of the Plan. Dealer hereby agrees that so long as the Company is offering Shares under a Registration Statement filed with the SEC and the Company has not listed the Shares on a national securities exchange, Dealer will not engage in any action or transaction that would facilitate or otherwise create the appearance of a secondary market in the Shares without the prior written approval of the Dealer Manager.

XIV. Arbitration

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising between the parties relating to this Agreement (whether such dispute arises under any federal, state or local statute or regulation, or at common law), shall be resolved by final and binding arbitration administered in accordance with the then-current commercial arbitration rules of FINRA in accordance with the terms of this Agreement (including the governing law provisions of this Agreement and pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. §§ 1 – 16). The parties will request that the arbitrator or arbitration panel (“Arbitrator”) issue written findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Arbitrator shall not be empowered to make any award or render any judgment for punitive damages, and the Arbitrator shall be required to follow applicable law in construing this Agreement, making awards, and rendering judgments. The decision of the arbitration panel shall be final and binding, and judgment upon any arbitration award may be entered by any court having jurisdiction. All arbitration hearings will be held at the New York City FINRA District Office or at another mutually agreed upon site. The parties may agree on a single arbitrator, or, if the parties cannot so agree, each party will have the right to choose one arbitrator, and the selected arbitrators will choose a third arbitrator. Each arbitrator must have experience and education that qualify him or her to competently address the specific issues to be designated for arbitration. Notwithstanding the preceding, no party will be prevented from immediately seeking provisional remedies in courts of competent jurisdiction, including but not limited to, temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions, but such remedies will not be sought as a means to avoid or stay arbitration.

XV. Termination

Dealer will suspend or terminate its offer and sale of Shares upon the request of the Company or the Dealer Manager at any time and will resume its offer and sale of Shares hereunder upon subsequent request of the Company or the Dealer Manager. Any party may terminate this Agreement by written notice. Such termination shall be effective 48 hours after the mailing or other transmission of such notice by the methods provided in Section XVII below. This Agreement is the entire agreement of the parties and supersedes all prior agreements, if any, between the parties hereto.

This Agreement may be amended at any time by the Dealer Manager by written notice to Dealer, and any such amendment shall be deemed accepted by Dealer upon placement of an order for sale of Shares by such Dealer’s customer after Dealer has received such notice.

 

8


The respective agreements and obligations of the Dealer Manager and Dealer set forth in Sections IV, VI, VII, and XIII through XVII of this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of the termination of this Agreement.

XVI. Use of Company and Starwood Names

Except as expressly provided herein, nothing herein shall be deemed to constitute a waiver by the Dealer Manager of any consent that would otherwise be required under this Agreement or applicable law prior to the use of Dealer of the name or identifying marks of the Company, the Dealer Manager, “Starwood”, “Starwood Capital” or “Starwood Capital Group” (or any combination or derivation thereof). The Dealer Manager reserves the right to withdraw its consent to the use of the Company’s name at any time and to request to review any materials generated by Dealer that use the Company’s or Starwood’s name or mark. Any such consent is expressly subject to the continuation of this Agreement and shall terminate with the termination of this Agreement as provided herein.

XVII. Notice

Notices and other writings contemplated by this Agreement shall be delivered via (i) hand, (ii) first class registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested, (iii) a nationally recognized overnight courier or (iv) electronic mail. All such notices shall be addressed, as follows:

 

If to the Dealer Manager:

  

Starwood Capital, L.L.C.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

  

Email: [        ]

  

With a copy to:

  

Starwood Capital, L.L.C.

  

Attn: [        ]

  

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

  

Email: [        ]

If to Dealer:

  

To the address specified by Dealer herein.

XVIII. Attorney’s Fees and Applicable Law

In any action to enforce the provisions of this Agreement or to secure damages for its breach, the prevailing party shall recover its costs and reasonable attorney’s fees. This Agreement shall be construed under the laws of the State of New York and shall take effect when signed by Dealer and countersigned by the Dealer Manager. Venue for any action (including arbitration) shall lie exclusively in New York, New York.

XVIV. No Partnership.

Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed or interpreted to constitute Dealer as an employee, agent or representative of, or in association with or in partnership with, the Dealer Manager, the Company or the other Dealers; instead, this Agreement shall only constitute Dealer as a dealer authorized by the Dealer Manager to sell the Shares according to the terms set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented and in this Agreement.

 

9


THE DEALER MANAGER:
STARWOOD CAPITAL GROUP, L.L.C.

 

Date:

 

We have read the foregoing Agreement and we hereby accept and agree to the terms and conditions therein set forth. We hereby represent that the list below of jurisdictions in which we are registered or licensed as a broker or dealer and are fully authorized to sell securities is true and correct, and we agree to advise you of any change in such list during the term of this Agreement.

1. IDENTITY OF DEALER:

 

Company Name:  

 

   
Type of entity:   (Corporation, Partnership or Proprietorship)
Organized in the State of:  

 

 

Licensed as broker-dealer in all States:    Yes                No
If no, list all States licensed as broker-dealer:  

 

     
Tax ID #:    

 

2. Person to receive notices delivered pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement.

 

Name:  

 

Company:  

 

Address:  

 

City, State and Zip:  

 

Telephone:  

 

Fax:  

 

Email:  

 

 

10


AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED BY DEALER:
 

 

(Dealer’s Firm Name)

By:

 

 

 

Signature

Name:  

 

Title:  

 

Date:  

 

 

11


SCHEDULE I

ADDENDUM

TO

SELECTED DEALER AGREEMENT WITH

STARWOOD CAPITAL, L.L.C.

 

 

Name of Dealer:

The following reflects the selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees as agreed upon between Starwood Capital, L.L.C. (the “Dealer Manager”) and Dealer, effective as of the effective date of the Selected Dealer Agreement (the “Agreement”) between the Dealer Manager and Dealer in connection with the offering of Shares of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the “Company”).

Upfront Selling Commissions

Except as may be provided in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus, which may be amended or supplemented from time to time, as compensation for completed sales (as defined below) by Dealer of Class T Primary Shares and Class S Primary Shares that Dealer is authorized to sell and for services rendered by Dealer hereunder, the Dealer Manager shall reallow to Dealer an upfront selling commission in an amount equal to the percentage set forth below of the transaction price per share on such completed sales of Class T Primary Shares and Class S Primary Shares, as applicable, by Dealer. Dealer shall not receive selling commissions for sales of any DRIP Shares, or for sales of any Class D or Class I shares, whether in the Primary Offering or pursuant to the DRIP. For purposes of this Schedule I, a “completed sale” shall occur if and only if a transaction has closed with a subscriber for Shares pursuant to all applicable offering and subscription documents, payment for the Shares has been received by the Company in full in the manner provided in Section II of the Agreement, the Company has accepted the subscription agreement of such subscriber, the Minimum Offering, if applicable, has been satisfied, and the Company has thereafter distributed the selling commission to the Dealer Manager in connection with such transaction.

After the Minimum Offering applicable to an Offering has been satisfied or if no such Minimum Offering applies to an Offering, Dealer may withhold the selling commissions to which it is entitled pursuant to the Agreement, this Schedule I and the Prospectus from the purchase price for the Shares in the Offering and forward the balance to the Company or its agent as set forth in the Subscription Agreement if it represents to the Dealer Manager that: (i) Dealer is legally permitted to do so; and (ii) (A) Dealer meets all applicable net capital requirements under the rules of FINRA or other applicable rules regarding such an arrangement; (B) Dealer has forwarded the Subscription Agreement to the Company or its agent within the time required under Section II, and received the Company’s written acceptance of the subscription prior to forwarding the purchase price for the Shares, net of the selling commissions to which Dealer is entitled, to the Company or its agent; and (C) Dealer has verified that there are sufficient funds in the investor’s account with Dealer to cover the entire cost of the subscription. Dealer shall wire such subscription funds to the Company or its agent as set forth in the Subscription Agreement by the end of the second business day following receipt of the Company’s written acceptance of the subscription.

Dealer Manager Fees

Except as may be provided in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus, which may be amended or supplemented from time to time, as compensation for completed sales by Dealer of Class T Primary Shares that Dealer is authorized to sell and for services rendered by Dealer hereunder, the Dealer Manager shall reallow to Dealer a dealer manager fee in an amount equal to the percentage set forth below of the transaction price per share on such completed sales of Class T Primary Shares by Dealer. Dealer shall not receive dealer manager fees for sales of any DRIP Shares, or for sales of any Class S, Class D or Class I shares, whether in the Primary Offering or pursuant to the DRIP.

Dealer shall be responsible for implementing the volume discounts described in or as otherwise provided in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus. Requests to combine purchase orders of Class T shares or Class S shares as a part of a combined order for the purpose of qualifying for discounts as described in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus must be made in writing by Dealer, and any resulting reduction in selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be prorated among the separate subscribers.

 


Terms and Conditions of the Servicing Fees

The payment of the Servicing Fee to Dealer is subject to terms and conditions set forth herein and the Prospectus as may be amended or supplemented from time to time. If Dealer elects to sell Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares, eligibility to receive the Servicing Fee with respect to the Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares, as applicable, sold by Dealer is conditioned upon Dealer acting as broker-dealer of record with respect to such Shares and complying with the requirements set forth below, including providing stockholder and account maintenance services with respect to such Shares. For the avoidance of doubt, such services are non-distribution services, other than those primarily intended to result in the sale of Shares.

(i) the existence of an effective Selected Dealer Agreement or ongoing Servicing Agreement between the Dealer Manager and Dealer, and

(ii) the provision of services with respect to the Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares, as applicable, by Dealer, which may include one or more, without limitation and as appropriate, of the following:

1. assistance with recordkeeping, including maintaining records for and on behalf of Dealer’s customers reflecting transactions and balances of Shares owned,

2. transmitting stockholder communications to its customers from the Company or the Dealer Manager, including the Prospectus, annual and periodic reports, and proxy statements,

3. establishing an account and providing ongoing account maintenance,

4. assistance with and answering investor inquiries regarding the Company, including distribution payments and reinvestment decisions,

5. helping investors understand their investments,

6. share repurchase requests,

7. assistance with Share conversion processing, or

8. providing such other similar services as the stockholder may reasonably require in connection with its investment in the class of Shares.

With respect to Class T shares, the financial advisor of Dealer responsible for the sale of such Class T shares is expected to provide one or more of the services listed in items 3 through 8 above. In connection with this provision, Dealer agrees to reasonably cooperate to provide certification to the Company, the Dealer Manager, and its agents (including its auditors) confirming the provision of services to each particular class of stockholders upon reasonable request.

Dealer hereby represents by its acceptance of each payment of the Servicing Fee that it complies with each of the above requirements and is providing the above-described services. Dealer agrees to promptly notify Dealer Manager if it is no longer the broker-dealer of record with respect to some or all of the Class T, Class S or Class D shares giving rise to such Servicing Fees or if it no longer satisfies any or all of the conditions set forth above.

Subject to the conditions described herein, the Dealer Manager will reallow to Dealer the Servicing Fee in an amount described below, on Class T shares, Class S shares or Class D shares, as applicable, sold by Dealer. To the extent payable, the Servicing Fee will accrue monthly based on the Company’s then-current NAV of the Shares of such class and will be payable monthly in arrears as provided in the Prospectus. All determinations regarding the total amount and rate of reallowance of the Servicing Fee, Dealer’s compliance with the listed conditions, and the portion retained by the Dealer Manager will be made by the Dealer Manager in its sole discretion.

 

2


Notwithstanding the foregoing, subject to the terms of the Prospectus, upon the date when the Dealer Manager is notified that Dealer is no longer the broker-dealer of record with respect to such Class T, Class S or Class D shares or that Dealer no longer satisfies any or all of the conditions set forth above, then Dealer’s entitlement to the Servicing Fees related to such Class T, Class S and Class D shares, as applicable, shall cease, and Dealer shall not receive the Servicing Fee for any portion of the month in which Dealer is not eligible on the last day of the month; provided, however, if there is a change in the broker-dealer of record with respect to the Class T, Class S or Class D shares, as applicable, made in connection with a change in the registration of record for the Class T, Class S or Class D shares on the Company’s books and records (including, but not limited to, a reregistration due to a sale or a transfer or a change in the form of ownership of the account), then Dealer shall be entitled to a pro rata portion of the Servicing Fees related to the Class T, Class S and Class D shares, as applicable, for the portion of the month for which Dealer was the broker-dealer of record.

Thereafter, such Servicing Fees may be reallowed to the then-current broker-dealer of record of the Class T, Class S and Class D shares, as applicable, if any such broker-dealer of record has been designated (the “Servicing Dealer”), to the extent such Servicing Dealer has entered into a Selected Dealer Agreement or similar agreement with the Dealer Manager (“Servicing Agreement”) and such Selected Dealer Agreement or Servicing Agreement with the Servicing Dealer provides for such reallowance. In this regard, all determinations will be made by the Dealer Manager in good faith in its sole discretion. Dealer is not entitled to any Servicing Fee with respect to Class I shares. The Dealer Manager may also reallow some or all of the Servicing Fee to other broker-dealers who provide services with respect to the Shares (who shall be considered additional Servicing Dealers) pursuant to a Servicing Agreement with the Dealer Manager to the extent such Servicing Agreement provides for such reallowance and such additional Servicing Dealer is in compliance with the terms of such agreement related to such reallowance, in accordance with the terms of such Servicing Agreement

The Company and the Dealer Manager shall cease paying the Servicing Fee with respect to any Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares held in a stockholder’s account at the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager, in conjunction with the transfer agent, determines that total selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees paid with respect to such Shares would exceed, in the aggregate, 8.75% (or, solely in the case of Class T shares, a lower limit as set forth in this Schedule I to the Selected Dealer Agreement between the Dealer Manager and Dealer) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such Shares (including the gross proceeds of any Shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto). At the end of such month, such Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares (and any shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto) held in a stockholder’s account will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such Shares. In addition, the Company and the Dealer Manager will cease paying the Servicing Fee on Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares in connection with this Offering upon the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of Class I shares, (ii) the merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, in each case in a transaction in which the Company’s stockholders receive cash or shares listed on a national stock exchange, or (iii) the date following the completion of this Offering on which, in the aggregate, underwriting compensation from all sources in connection with this Offering, including selling commissions, dealer manager fees, the Servicing Fee and other underwriting compensation, is equal to ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds from Primary Shares sold in this Offering, as determined in good faith by the Dealer Manager in its sole discretion. For purposes of this Schedule I, the portion of the Servicing Fee accruing with respect to Class T, Class S and Class D shares of the Company’s common stock issued (publicly or privately) by the Company during the term of a particular Offering, and not issued pursuant to a prior Offering, shall be underwriting compensation with respect to such particular Offering and not with respect to any other Offering.

General

Selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees due to Dealer pursuant to this Agreement will be paid to Dealer within 30 days after receipt by the Dealer Manager. Dealer, in its sole discretion, may authorize Dealer Manager to deposit selling commissions, dealer manager fees, Servicing Fees or other payments due to it pursuant to this Agreement directly to its bank account. If Dealer so elects, Dealer shall provide such deposit authorization and instructions in Schedule II to this Agreement.

 

3


The parties hereby agree that the foregoing selling commissions and reallowed dealer manager fees and Servicing Fee are not in excess of the usual and customary distributors’ or sellers’ commission received in the sale of securities similar to the Primary Shares, that Dealer’s interest in the offering is limited to such selling commissions and reallowed dealer manager fees and Servicing Fee from the Dealer Manager and Dealer’s indemnity referred to in Section 4 of the Dealer Manager Agreement, and that the Company is not liable or responsible for the direct payment of such selling commissions and reallowed dealer manager fees and Servicing Fee to Dealer.

Except as otherwise described under “Upfront Selling Commissions” above, Dealer waives any and all rights to receive compensation, including the dealer manager fees and Servicing Fee, until it is paid to and received by the Dealer Manager. Dealer acknowledges and agrees that, if the Company pays selling commissions, dealer manager fees or Servicing Fees, as applicable, to the Dealer Manager, the Company is relieved of any obligation for selling commissions, dealer manager fees or Servicing Fees, as applicable, to Dealer. The Company may rely on and use the preceding acknowledgement as a defense against any claim by Dealer for selling commissions, dealer manager fees or Servicing Fees, as applicable, the Company pays to Dealer Manager but that Dealer Manager fails to remit to Dealer. Dealer affirms that the Dealer Manager’s liability for selling commissions and dealer manager fees payable and the Servicing Fee is limited solely to the proceeds of selling commissions, dealer manager fees and the Servicing Fee, as applicable, receivable from the Company and Dealer hereby waives any and all rights to receive payment of selling commissions or any reallowance of dealer manager fees or the Servicing Fee, as applicable, due until such time as the Dealer Manager is in receipt of the selling commission, dealer manager fee or Servicing Fee, as applicable, from the Company. Notwithstanding the above, Dealer affirms that, to the extent Dealer retains selling commissions as described above under “Upfront Selling Commissions,” neither the Company nor the Dealer Manager shall have liability for selling commissions payable to Dealer, and that Dealer is solely responsible for retaining the selling commissions due to Dealer from the subscription funds received by Dealer from its customers for the purchase of Shares in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, Dealer will not be entitled to receive any selling commissions, dealer manager fees or Servicing Fee which would cause the aggregate amount of selling commissions, dealer manager fees, Servicing Fees and other forms of underwriting compensation (as defined in accordance with applicable FINRA rules) paid from any source in connection with the Offering to exceed ten percent (10.0%) of the gross proceeds raised from the sale of Shares in the Primary Offering.

Due Diligence

In addition, as set forth in the Prospectus, the Dealer Manager or, in certain cases at the option of the Company, the Company, will pay or reimburse Dealer for reasonable bona fide due diligence expenses incurred by Dealer in connection with the Offering. Such due diligence expenses may include travel, lodging, meals and other reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Dealer and its personnel when visiting the Company’s offices or properties to verify information relating to the Company or its properties. Dealer shall provide a detailed and itemized invoice for any such due diligence expenses and shall obtain the prior written approval from the Dealer Manager for such expenses, and no such expenses shall be reimbursed absent a detailed and itemized invoice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no such payment will be made if such payment would cause the aggregate of such reimbursements to Dealer and other broker-dealers, together with all other organization and offering expenses, to exceed 15% of the Company’s gross proceeds from the Offering. All such reimbursements will be made in accordance with, and subject to the restrictions and limitations imposed under the Prospectus, FINRA rules and other applicable laws and regulations.

Share Class Election

CHECK EACH APPLICABLE BOX BELOW IF DEALER ELECTS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LISTED SHARE CLASS

☐  Class T Shares                 ☐  Class S Shares                 ☐  Class D Shares                 ☐  Class I Shares

 

4


The following reflects the selling commission and the Servicing Fee as agreed upon between the Dealer Manager and Dealer for the applicable Share Class.

 

(Initials)            % of the transaction price per Class T share* (Up to 3.0%)    By initialing here, Dealer hereby agrees to the terms of the Agreement and this Schedule I with respect to the Class T shares.
(Initials)            _% of the transaction price per Class T share* (Up to 0.5%)    By initialing here, Dealer hereby agrees to the terms of the Agreement and this Schedule I with respect to the Class T shares.
(Initials)    Servicing Fee of         _% (Annualized Rate) of aggregate NAV of outstanding Class T shares, consisting of an advisor stockholder servicing fee of         % (Annualized Rate), and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of         % (Annualized Rate), of the aggregate NAV of outstanding Class T shares. (Sum of advisor stockholder servicing fee and dealer stockholder servicing fee must not exceed 0.85%)    By initialing here, Dealer agrees to the terms of eligibility for the Servicing Fee set forth in this Schedule I. Should Dealer choose to opt out of this provision, it will not be eligible to receive the Servicing Fee and initialing is not necessary. Dealer represents by its acceptance of each payment of the Servicing Fee that it complies with each of the above requirements.
(Initials)            % of the transaction price per Class S share* (Up to 3.5%)    By initialing here, Dealer hereby agrees to the terms of the Agreement and this Schedule I with respect to the Class S shares.
(Initials)    Servicing Fee of         % (Annualized Rate) of aggregate NAV of outstanding Class S shares (Up to 0.85%)    By initialing here, Dealer agrees to the terms of eligibility for the Servicing Fee set forth in this Schedule I. Should Dealer choose to opt out of this provision, it will not be eligible to receive the Servicing Fee and initialing is not necessary. Dealer represents by its acceptance of each payment of the Servicing Fee that it complies with each of the above requirements.
(Initials)    Servicing Fee of         % (Annualized Rate) of aggregate NAV of outstanding Class D shares (Up to 0.25%)    By initialing here, Dealer agrees to the terms of eligibility for the Servicing Fee set forth in this Schedule I. Should Dealer choose to opt out of this provision, it will not be eligible to receive the Servicing Fee and initialing is not necessary. Dealer represents by its acceptance of each payment of the Servicing Fee that it complies with each of the above requirements.

 

5


(Initials)    A cap on the total selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees paid with respect to the Class T shares held within a stockholder’s account of         % of the gross proceeds from the sale of such Class T shares (including the gross proceeds of any Class T shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto).    By initialing here, Dealer hereby agrees to the terms of the Selected Dealer Agreement and this Schedule I with respect to a cap of less than 8.75% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under the DRIP with respect thereto) on the total selling commissions, dealer manager fees and Servicing Fees paid with respect to the Class T shares held in a stockholder’s account and sold pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement and this Schedule I. Should Dealer choose to opt out of this provision, the cap will be 8.75% and initialing is not necessary.

 

* Subject to discounts described in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the Prospectus.

 

6


WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Selected Dealer Agreement to be executed as of the date first written above.

 

“DEALER MANAGER”
STARWOOD CAPITAL, L.L.C.
By:    
Name:   [                    ]
Title:   [                    ]

 

“DEALER”  

 

(Print Name of Dealer)
By:  

 

  Name:  

 

  Title:  

 

 

7


SCHEDULE II

TO

SELECTED DEALER AGREEMENT WITH

STARWOOD CAPITAL, L.L.C.

 

 

NAME OF ISSUER: STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.

NAME OF DEALER:

SCHEDULE TO AGREEMENT DATED:

Dealer hereby authorizes the Dealer Manager or its agent to deposit selling commissions, Servicing Fees, and other payments due to it pursuant to the Selected Dealer Agreement to its bank account specified below. This authority will remain in force until Dealer notifies the Dealer Manager in writing to cancel it. In the event that the Dealer Manager deposits funds erroneously into Dealer’s account, the Dealer Manager is authorized to debit the account with no prior notice to Dealer for an amount not to exceed the amount of the erroneous deposit.

Bank Name:

Bank Address:

Bank Routing Number:

Account Number:

 

“DEALER”  

 

(Print Name of Dealer)
By:  

 

  Name:  

 

  Title:  

 

 

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EX-3 4 filename4.htm EX-3.1

EXHIBIT 3.1

STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.

ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT AND RESTATEMENT

FIRST: Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Corporation”) desires to amend and restate its charter as currently in effect and as hereinafter amended.

SECOND: The following provisions are all the provisions of the charter currently in effect and as hereinafter amended:

ARTICLE I

NAME

The name of the corporation (which is hereinafter called the “Corporation”) is: Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

ARTICLE II

PURPOSES AND POWERS

The purposes for which the Corporation is formed are to engage in any lawful act or activity (including, without limitation or obligation, engaging in business as a real estate investment trust under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or any successor statute (the “Code”)) for which corporations may be organized under the general laws of the State of Maryland as now or hereafter in force.

ARTICLE III

PRINCIPAL OFFICE IN STATE AND RESIDENT AGENT

The address of the principal office of the Corporation in the State of Maryland is c/o The Corporation Trust Incorporated, 2405 York Rd., Suite 201, Lutherville Timonium, Maryland 21093. The name and address of the resident agent of the Corporation are The Corporation Trust Incorporated, 2405 York Road, Suite 201, Timonium, Maryland 21093. The resident agent is a Maryland corporation.

ARTICLE IV

DEFINITIONS

As used in the Charter, the following terms shall have the following meanings unless the context otherwise requires:

Acquisition Expenses” shall mean any and all expenses, exclusive of Acquisition Fees, incurred by the Corporation, the Advisor or any Affiliate of either in connection with the selection, evaluation, structuring, acquisition, origination, financing and development of any assets, whether or not acquired, including, without limitation, legal fees and expenses, travel and communications expenses, costs of appraisals, nonrefundable option payments on property not acquired, accounting fees and expenses and title insurance premiums and the costs of performing due diligence.

 


Acquisition Fee” shall mean any and all fees and commissions, exclusive of Acquisition Expenses, paid by any Person to any other Person (including any fees or commissions paid by or to any Affiliate of the Corporation or the Advisor) in connection with making or investing in Mortgages or Real Estate-Related Securities or the purchase, development or construction of a Property, including real estate commissions, selection fees, Development Fees, Construction Fees, nonrecurring management fees, loan fees, points or any other fees of a similar nature. Excluded shall be Development Fees and Construction Fees paid to any Person not affiliated with the Sponsor in connection with the actual development and construction of a project.

Advisor” shall mean the Person appointed, employed or contracted with by the Corporation pursuant to Section 8.1 hereof and responsible for directing or performing the day-to-day business affairs of the Corporation, including any Person to whom the Advisor subcontracts all or substantially all of such functions.

Advisory Agreement” shall mean the agreement between the Corporation and the Advisor pursuant to which the Advisor will direct or perform the day-to-day business affairs of the Corporation.

Affiliate” shall mean, with respect to any Person, (i) any Person directly or indirectly owning, controlling or holding, with the power to vote, 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of such other Person; (ii) any Person 10% or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled or held, with the power to vote, by such other Person; (iii) any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with such other Person, including any partnership in which such Person is a general partner; (iv) any executive officer, director, trustee or general partner of such other Person; and (v) any legal entity for which such Person acts as an executive officer, director, trustee or general partner.

Aggregate Share Ownership Limit” shall mean 9.8%, in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding Shares, or such other percentage determined by the Board of Directors in accordance with Section 6.1.8 of the Charter.

asset” of the Corporation shall mean any Property, Mortgage, Real Estate-Related Security or other asset owned by the Corporation, directly or indirectly through one or more of its Affiliates.

Average Invested Assets” shall mean, for a specified period, the average of the aggregate book value of the assets of the Corporation invested, directly or indirectly, in equity interests in and loans secured by real estate, including all Properties, Mortgages and Real Estate-Related Securities and consolidated and unconsolidated Joint Ventures or other partnerships, before deducting depreciation, amortization, impairments, bad debt reserves or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of such values at the end of each month during such period.

Beneficial Ownership” shall mean ownership of Shares by a Person, whether the interest in Shares is held directly or indirectly (including by a nominee), and shall include interests that would be treated as owned through the application of Section 544 of the Code, as modified by Section 856(h)(1)(B) of the Code. The terms “Beneficial Owner,” “Beneficially Owns” and “Beneficially Owned” shall have the correlative meanings.

Bidder” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.7(a) herein.

Board” or “Board of Directors” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

Business Day” shall mean any day, other than a Saturday or Sunday, that is neither a legal holiday nor a day on which banking institutions in New York City are authorized or required by law, regulation or executive order to close.

Bylaws” shall mean the Bylaws of the Corporation, as amended from time to time.

Charitable Beneficiary” shall mean one or more beneficiaries of the Charitable Trust as determined pursuant to Section 6.2.6, provided that each such organization must be described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code and contributions to each such organization must be eligible for deduction under each of Sections 170(b)(1)(A), 2055 and 2522 of the Code.

 

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Charitable Trust” shall mean any trust provided for in Section 6.2.1.

Charitable Trustee” shall mean the Person unaffiliated with the Corporation and a Prohibited Owner that is appointed by the Corporation to serve as Trustee of the Charitable Trust.

Charter” shall mean the charter of the Corporation.

Class D Common Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Class I Common Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Class S Common Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Class T Common Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Class D NAV Per Share” shall mean the net asset value of the Corporation allocable to the Class D Common Shares (including any reduction for Stockholder Servicing Fees as described in the Prospectus), determined as described in the Prospectus, divided by the number of outstanding Class D Common Shares.

Class D Conversion Rate” shall mean the fraction, the numerator of which is the Class D NAV Per Share and the denominator of which is the Class I NAV Per Share.

Class I NAV Per Share” shall mean the net asset value of the Corporation allocable to the Class I Shares, determined as described in the Prospectus, divided by the number of outstanding Class I Shares.

Class T NAV Per Share” shall mean the net asset value of the Corporation allocable to the Class T Common Shares (including any reduction for Stockholder Servicing Fees as described in the Prospectus), determined as described in the Prospectus, divided by the number of outstanding Class T Common Shares.

Class T Conversion Rate” shall mean the fraction, the numerator of which is the Class T NAV Per Share and the denominator of which is the Class I NAV Per Share.

Class S NAV Per Share” shall mean the net asset value of the Corporation allocable to the Class S Common Shares (including any reduction for Stockholder Servicing Fees as described in the Prospectus), determined as described in the Prospectus, divided by the number of outstanding Class S Common Shares.

Class S Conversion Rate” shall mean the fraction, the numerator of which is the Class S NAV Per Share and the denominator of which is the Class I NAV Per Share.

Code” shall have the meaning as provided in Article II herein.

Commencement of the Initial Public Offering” shall mean the date that the Securities and Exchange Commission declares effective the registration statement filed under the Securities Act for the Initial Public Offering.

Common Share Ownership Limit” shall mean 9.8% (in value or in number of Common Shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the aggregate of the outstanding Common Shares, or such other percentage determined by the Board of Directors in accordance with Section 6.1.8 of the Charter.

Common Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Competitive Real Estate Commission” shall mean a real estate or brokerage commission paid for the purchase or Sale of a Property that is reasonable, customary and competitive in light of the size, type and location of the Property.

 

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Construction Fee” shall mean a fee or other remuneration for acting as general contractor and/or construction manager to construct improvements, supervise and coordinate projects or provide major repairs or rehabilitations on a Property.

Constructive Ownership” shall mean ownership of Shares by a Person, whether the interest in Shares is held directly or indirectly (including by a nominee), and shall include interests that would be treated as owned through the application of Section 318(a) of the Code, as modified by Section 856(d)(5) of the Code. The terms “Constructive Owner,” “Constructively Owns” and “Constructively Owned” shall have the correlative meanings.

Contract Purchase Price” shall mean the amount actually paid or allocated in respect of the purchase, development, construction or improvement of a Property or the amount of funds advanced with respect to a Mortgage, or the amount actually paid or allocated in respect of the purchase of other assets of the Corporation, in each case exclusive of Acquisition Fees and Acquisition Expenses.

Corporation” shall have the meaning as provided in Article I herein.

Dealer Manager” shall mean such Person selected by the Board to act as the dealer manager for an Offering.

Development Fee” shall mean a fee for the packaging of a Property, including the negotiation and approval of plans, and any assistance in obtaining zoning and necessary variances and financing for a specific Property, either initially or at a later date.

Directors” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 7.1 herein.

Distributions” shall mean any distributions (as such term is defined in Section 2-301 of the MGCL), pursuant to Section 5.5 hereof, by the Corporation to owners of Shares, including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes.

11.7(b) notice” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.7 herein.

Excepted Holder” shall mean a Stockholder for whom an Excepted Holder Limit is created by the Board of Directors pursuant to Section 6.1.7.

Excepted Holder Limit” shall mean, provided that the affected Excepted Holder agrees to comply with the requirements established by the Board of Directors pursuant to Section 6.1.7 and subject to adjustment pursuant to Section 6.1.8, the percentage limit established by the Board of Directors pursuant to Section 6.1.7.

Excess Amount” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 8.8 herein.

Exchange Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time, or any successor statute thereto.

Gross Proceeds” shall mean the aggregate purchase price of all Shares sold for the account of the Corporation through an Offering, without deduction for Selling Commissions. Solely for the purpose of computing Gross Proceeds in Section 5.2.3(c), the purchase price of any Class T Common Share or Class S Common Share shall be deemed to be the full, non-discounted offering price at the time of purchase of each such Class T Common Share or Class S Common Share.

Indemnitee” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 12.2(b) herein.

Independent Appraiser” shall mean a Person with no material current or prior business or personal relationship with the Advisor or the Directors and who is engaged to a substantial extent in the business of rendering opinions regarding the value of Real Property and/or other assets of the type held by the Corporation. Membership in a nationally recognized appraisal society such as the Appraisal Institute shall be conclusive evidence of being engaged to a substantial extent in the business of rendering opinions regarding the value of Real Property.

 

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Independent Director” shall mean a Director who is not on the date of determination, and within the last two years from the date of determination has not been, directly or indirectly associated with the Sponsor or the Advisor by virtue of (i) ownership of an interest in the Sponsor, the Advisor or any of their Affiliates, other than an interest in the Corporation or an interest that is not material in any other Affiliate, (ii) employment by the Sponsor, the Advisor or any of their Affiliates, (iii) service as an officer or director of the Sponsor, the Advisor or any of their Affiliates, (iv) performance of services, other than as a Director, for the Corporation, (v) service as a director or trustee of more than three REITs organized by the Sponsor or advised by the Advisor or (vi) maintenance of a material business or professional relationship with the Sponsor, the Advisor or any of their Affiliates. A business or professional relationship is considered “material” if the aggregate gross income derived by the Director from the Sponsor, the Advisor and their Affiliates exceeds 5% of either the Director’s annual gross income, derived from all sources, during either of the last two years or the Director’s net worth on a fair market value basis. An indirect association with the Sponsor or the Advisor shall include circumstances in which a Director’s spouse, parent, child, sibling, mother- or father-in-law, son- or daughter-in-law or brother- or sister-in-law is or has been associated with the Sponsor, the Advisor, any of their Affiliates or the Corporation.

Initial Date” shall mean the date on which Shares are first issued in the Initial Public Offering; provided, however, that following any Restriction Termination Date, the term “Initial Date” shall mean the date on which the Corporation files, and the SDAT accepts for record, a Certificate of Notice setting forth the determination of the Board of Directors that it is in the best interests of the Corporation to attempt to qualify or requalify as a REIT.

Initial Investment” shall mean that portion (i.e., $200,000) of the initial capitalization of the Corporation contributed by the Sponsor or its Affiliates pursuant to Section II.A. of the NASAA REIT Guidelines.

Initial Public Offering” shall mean the first Offering pursuant to an effective registration statement filed under the Securities Act.

Invested Capital” shall mean the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of Shares purchased by Stockholders by the issue price of such Shares at the time of such purchase, reduced by the portion of any Distribution that is attributable to net sales proceeds and by any amounts paid by the Corporation to repurchase Shares pursuant to the Corporation’s plan for the repurchase of Shares.

Joint Ventures” shall mean those joint venture or partnership arrangements (other than the Operating Partnership) in which the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries is a co-venturer or partner established to acquire or hold assets of the Corporation.

Leverage” shall mean the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the Corporation for money borrowed (including purchase money mortgage loans) outstanding at any time, both secured and unsecured.

Listing” shall mean the listing of any or all of the Common Shares on a national securities exchange. Upon such Listing, the Common Shares shall be deemed Listed.

Market Price” on any date shall mean, with respect to any class or series of outstanding Shares, the Closing Price for such Shares on such date. The “Closing Price” on any date shall mean the last sale price for such Shares, regular way, or, in case no such sale takes place on such day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices, regular way, for such Shares, in either case as reported in the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed or admitted to trading on the NYSE or, if such Shares are not listed or admitted to trading on the NYSE, as reported on the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed on the principal national securities exchange on which such Shares are listed or admitted to trading or, if such Shares are not listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange, the last quoted price or, if not so quoted, the average of the high bid and low asked prices in the over-the-counter market, as reported by the principal automated quotation system that may then be in use or, if such Shares are not quoted by any such system, the average of the closing bid and asked prices as furnished by a professional market maker making a market in such Shares selected by the Board of Directors or, in the event that no trading price is available for such Shares, the net asset value of such Shares as most recently disclosed by the Corporation.

 

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MGCL” shall mean the Maryland General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time.

Mortgages” shall mean, in connection with any mortgage financing that the Corporation makes or invests in, all of the notes, deeds of trust, security interests or other evidences of indebtedness or obligations, which are secured or collateralized by Real Property owned by the borrowers under such notes, deeds of trust, security interests or other evidences of indebtedness or obligations.

NASAA REIT Guidelines” shall mean the Statement of Policy Regarding Real Estate Investment Trusts published by the North American Securities Administrators Association on May 7, 2007.

Net Assets” shall mean the total assets (other than intangibles) at cost, before deducting depreciation, reserves for bad debts or other non-cash reserves, less total liabilities, calculated at least quarterly by the Corporation on a basis consistently applied.

Net Income” shall mean for any period, the Corporation’s total revenues applicable to such period, less the total expenses applicable to such period other than additions to, or allowances for, non-cash charges such as depreciation, amortization, impairments and reserves for bad debt or other similar non-cash reserves. If the Advisor receives an Incentive Fee pursuant to Section 8.6 hereof, Net Income, for purposes of calculating Total Operating Expenses in Section 8.8 hereof, shall exclude any gain from the Sale of the assets of the Corporation.

Non-Compliant Tender Offer” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.7 herein.

NYSE” shall mean the New York Stock Exchange.

Offering” shall mean any offering of Shares for the account of the Corporation.

Operating Partnership” shall mean Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, through which the Corporation may own assets.

Organization and Offering Expenses” shall mean any and all costs and expenses incurred by the Corporation and to be paid from the assets of the Corporation in connection with the formation of the Corporation and the qualification and registration of an Offering, and the marketing and distribution of Shares, including, without limitation, total underwriting and brokerage discounts and commissions, costs related to investor and broker-dealer sales meetings, fees and expenses of the underwriters’ attorneys, expenses for printing, engraving, mailing, salaries of employees while engaged in sales activity, charges of transfer agents, registrars, trustees, escrow holders, depositaries, experts, expenses of qualification of the sale of the Shares under federal and state laws, including taxes and fees and accountants’ and attorneys’ fees.

Person” shall mean an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, estate, trust (including a trust qualified under Sections 401(a) or 501(c)(17) of the Code), a portion of a trust permanently set aside for or to be used exclusively for the purposes described in Section 642(c) of the Code, association, private foundation within the meaning of Section 509(a) of the Code, joint stock company or other legal entity and, for purposes of Article VI herein (and all defined terms used in such Article), also includes a group as that term is used for purposes of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act and a group to which an Excepted Holder Limit applies.

Position Statement” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.7 herein.

Preferred Shares” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.1 herein.

Prohibited Owner” shall mean, with respect to any purported Transfer, any Person who, but for the provisions of Article VI herein, would Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares in violation of Section 6.1.1, and, if appropriate in the context, shall also mean any Person who would have been the record owner of Shares that the Prohibited Owner would have so owned.

 

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Property” or “Properties” shall mean, as the context requires, any, or all, respectively, of the Real Property acquired by the Corporation, directly or indirectly, including through joint venture arrangements or other partnership or investment interests.

Prospectus” shall mean the prospectus included in the most recent effective registration statement filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to the applicable Offering, as such prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time.

Real Estate-Related Securities” shall mean equity and debt securities of both publicly traded and private companies, including REITs and pass-through entities, that own Real Property or loans secured by real estate, including investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities and derivative instruments, owned by the Corporation directly or indirectly through one or more of its Affiliates.

Real Property” shall mean land, rights in land (including leasehold interests) and any buildings, structures, improvements, furnishings, fixtures and equipment located on or used in connection with land and rights or interests in land.

Reinvestment Plan” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.10 herein.

Reinvestment Proceeds” shall mean, with respect to any Share issued pursuant to a Reinvestment Plan, the net asset value of the Corporation allocable to the Shares of such class, determined as described in the Prospectus, divided by the number of outstanding Shares of such class, at the time of issuance.

REIT” shall mean a corporation, trust, association or other legal entity (other than a real estate syndication) that is engaged primarily in investing in equity interests in real estate (including fee ownership and leasehold interests) or in loans secured by real estate or both as defined pursuant to the REIT Provisions of the Code.

REIT Provisions of the Code” shall mean Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and any successor or other provisions of the Code relating to real estate investment trusts (including provisions as to the attribution of ownership of beneficial interests therein) and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Rescission Notice” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.7 herein.

Restriction Termination Date” shall mean the first day after the Initial Date on which the Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in the best interests of the Corporation to attempt to, or continue to, qualify as a REIT or that compliance with the restrictions and limitations on Beneficial Ownership, Constructive Ownership and Transfers of Shares set forth herein is no longer required in order for the Corporation to qualify as a REIT.

Roll-Up Entity” shall mean a partnership, real estate investment trust, corporation, trust or other entity that would be created or would survive after the successful completion of a proposed Roll-Up Transaction.

Roll-Up Transaction” shall mean a transaction involving the acquisition, merger, conversion or consolidation either directly or indirectly of the Corporation and the issuance of securities of a Roll-Up Entity to the holders of Common Shares. Such term does not include:

(a) a transaction involving securities of the Corporation that have been listed on a national securities exchange for at least twelve months; or

(b) a transaction involving the conversion to corporate, trust or association form of only the Corporation, if, as a consequence of the transaction, there will be no significant adverse change in any of the following:

(i) voting rights of the holders of Common Shares;

(ii) the term of existence of the Corporation;

(iii) Sponsor or Advisor compensation; or

 

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(iv) the Corporation’s investment objectives.

Sale” shall include any transaction or series of transactions whereby:

(a) the Corporation or the Operating Partnership directly or indirectly (except as described in other subsections of this definition) sells, grants, transfers, conveys or relinquishes its ownership of any Property or portion thereof, including the lease of any Property consisting of a building only, and including any event with respect to any Property which gives rise to a significant amount of insurance proceeds or condemnation awards;

(b) the Corporation or the Operating Partnership directly or indirectly (except as described in other subsections of this definition) sells, grants, transfers, conveys or relinquishes its ownership of all or substantially all of the interest of the Corporation or the Operating Partnership in any Joint Venture in which it is a co-venturer or partner;

(c) any Joint Venture in which the Corporation or the Operating Partnership is a co-venturer or partner directly or indirectly (except as described in other subsections of this definition) sells, grants, transfers, conveys or relinquishes its ownership of any Property or portion thereof, including any event with respect to any Property which gives rise to a significant amount of insurance proceeds or condemnation awards;

(d) the Corporation or the Operating Partnership directly or indirectly (except as described in other subsections of this definition) sells, grants, conveys or relinquishes its interest in any Mortgage or Real Estate-Related Security or portion thereof, including any payments thereunder or in satisfaction thereof (other than regularly scheduled interest payments) or any amounts owed pursuant to such Mortgage or Real Estate-Related Security, and including any event with respect to any Mortgage or Real Estate-Related Security which gives rise to a significant amount of insurance proceeds or similar awards; and

(e) the Corporation or the Operating Partnership directly or indirectly (except as described in other subsections of this definition) sells, grants, transfers, conveys or relinquishes its ownership of any other asset not previously described in this definition or any portion thereof.

SDAT” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 5.4 herein.

Securities Act” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time, or any successor statute thereto. Reference to any provision of the Securities Act shall mean such provision as in effect from time to time, as the same may be amended, and any successor provision thereto, as interpreted by any applicable regulations as in effect from time to time.

Selling Commissions” shall mean any and all up-front fees and commissions payable to underwriters, dealer managers or other broker-dealers in connection with the sale of Shares, including, without limitation, up-front fees or commissions payable to the Dealer Manager.

Shares” shall mean shares of stock of the Corporation of any class or series, including Common Shares or Preferred Shares.

Soliciting Dealers” shall mean those broker-dealers that are members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or that are exempt from broker-dealer registration, and that, in either case, enter into participating broker or other agreements with the Dealer Manager to sell Shares.

Sponsor” shall mean any Person that (i) is directly or indirectly instrumental in organizing, wholly or in part, the Corporation or (ii) will control, manage or participate in the management of the Corporation, and any Affiliate of such Person. A Person may also be deemed a Sponsor of the Corporation by: (a) taking the initiative, directly or indirectly, in founding or organizing the Corporation, either alone or in conjunction with one or more other Persons, (b) receiving a material participation in the Corporation in connection with the founding or organizing of the business of the Corporation, in consideration of services or property, or both services and property, (c) having a substantial number of relationships and contacts with the Corporation, (d) possessing significant rights to control Properties, (e) receiving fees for providing services to the Corporation which are paid on a basis that is not customary in the industry or (f) providing goods or services to the Corporation on a basis which was not negotiated

 

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at arm’s-length with the Corporation. “Sponsor” does not include any Person whose only relationship with the Corporation is that of an independent property manager and whose only compensation is as such, or wholly independent third parties such as attorneys, accountants and underwriters whose only compensation is for professional services.

Stockholder List” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 11.5 herein.

Stockholder Servicing Fee” shall mean the stockholder servicing fee payable to the Dealer Manager and reallowable to soliciting dealers with respect to Class T Common Shares, Class S Common Shares, Class D Common Shares, and any other class of Common Shares for which such fee is payable, as described in the Prospectus.

Stockholders” shall mean the holders of record of the Shares as maintained in the books and records of the Corporation or its transfer agent.

Total Corporation-Level Underwriting Compensation” shall mean all underwriting compensation paid or incurred with respect to an Offering from all sources, determined pursuant to the rules and guidance of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., including Stockholder Servicing Fees and Selling Commissions.

Total Operating Expenses” shall mean all costs and expenses paid or incurred by the Corporation, as determined under generally accepted accounting principles, including advisory fees, but excluding: (i) the expenses of raising capital such as Organization and Offering Expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and Listing of the Shares, (ii) property level expenses incurred at each property, (iii) interest payments, (iv) taxes, (v) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves, (vi) incentive fees paid in compliance with Section 8.6, (vii) Acquisition Fees and Acquisition Expenses, (viii) real estate commissions on the Sale of Property and (ix) other fees and expenses connected with the acquisition, disposition, management and ownership of real estate interests, mortgage loans or other property (including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property).

Transfer” shall mean any issuance, sale, transfer, gift, assignment, devise or other disposition, as well as any other event that causes any Person to acquire Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of Shares or the right to vote or receive dividends on Shares, or any agreement to take any such actions or cause any such events, including (i) the granting or exercise of any option (or any disposition of any option), (ii) any disposition of any securities or rights convertible into or exchangeable for Shares or any interest in Shares or any exercise of any such conversion or exchange right and (iii) Transfers of interests in other entities that result in changes in Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of Shares; in each case, whether voluntary or involuntary, whether owned of record, Constructively Owned or Beneficially Owned and whether by operation of law or otherwise. The terms “Transferring” and “Transferred” shall have the correlative meanings.

2%/25% Guidelines” shall have the meaning as provided in Section 8.8 herein.

Unimproved Real Property” shall mean Property (i) in which the Corporation has an equity interest that was not acquired for the purpose of producing rental or other operating income, (ii) that has no development or construction in process and (iii) for which no development or construction is planned, in good faith, to commence within one year.

ARTICLE V

STOCK

Section 5.1 Authorized Shares. The Corporation has authority to issue 1,100,000,000 Shares, consisting of 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Common Shares”), 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class T common stock (the “Class T Common Shares”), 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class S common stock (the “Class S Common Shares”), 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class D common

 

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stock (the “Class D Common Shares”) and 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class I common stock (the “Class I Common Shares”), and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Preferred Shares”). The aggregate par value of all authorized Shares having par value is $11,000,000. All Shares shall be fully paid and non-assessable when issued. The Board may classify or reclassify any unissued Common Shares from time to time into one or more classes or series of Shares. If Shares of one class are classified or reclassified into Shares of another class pursuant to this Article V, the number of authorized Shares of the former class shall be automatically decreased and the number of Shares of the latter class shall be automatically increased, in each case by the number of Shares so classified or reclassified, so that the aggregate number of Shares of all classes that the Corporation has authority to issue shall not be more than the total number of Shares set forth in the first sentence of this paragraph. The Board of Directors, with the approval of a majority of the entire Board and without any action by the Stockholders, may amend the Charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of Shares or the number of Shares of any class or series that the Corporation has authority to issue.

Section 5.2 Common Shares.

Section 5.2.1 Common Shares Subject to Terms of Preferred Shares. The Common Shares shall be subject to the express terms of any series of Preferred Shares.

Section 5.2.2 Voting Rights. Subject to the provisions of Article VI and except as may otherwise be specified in the Charter, each Common Share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote per share on all matters upon which Stockholders are entitled to vote pursuant to Section 11.2 hereof. Except as may be provided otherwise in the Charter, and subject to the express terms of any series of Preferred Shares, the holders of the Common Shares shall have the exclusive right to vote on all matters (as to which a common stockholder shall be entitled to vote pursuant to applicable law) at all meetings of the Stockholders. The holders of Common Shares shall vote together as a single class on all actions to be taken by the Stockholders; provided, however, that with respect to (a) any amendment of the Charter that would materially and adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of only a particular class of Common Shares, (b) any matter submitted to Stockholders that relates solely to a particular class of Common Shares or (c) any matter submitted to Stockholders in which the interests of a particular class of Common Shares differ from the interests of all other classes of Common Shares, only the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of such affected class of Common Shares, with no other class of Common Shares voting except such affected class of Common Shares voting as a separate class, shall be required.

Section 5.2.3 Conversion of Class T Common Shares, Class S Common Shares and Class D Common Shares. Each Class T Common Share, Class S Common Share and Class D Common Share held in a Stockholder’s account shall automatically and without any action on the part of the holder thereof convert into a number of Class I Common Shares equal to the Class T Conversion Rate, Class S Conversion Rate or Class D Conversion Rate, respectively, on the earliest of (a) a Listing of Class I Common Shares, (b) a merger or consolidation of the Corporation with or into another entity or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s assets, in each case in a transaction in which the Stockholders receive cash or securities listed on a national securities exchange (c) the end of the month in which the Dealer Manager in conjunction with the Corporation’s transfer agent determines that total Selling Commissions and Stockholder Servicing Fees paid with respect to the Shares held by such Stockholder within such account would exceed, in the aggregate, 8.75% of the sum of the Gross Proceeds from the sale of such Shares and the aggregate Reinvestment Proceeds of any Shares issued under a Reinvestment Plan with respect to such Shares (or, solely with respect to the Class T Common Shares, a lower limit as set forth in the applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a Soliciting Dealer at the time such Class T Common Shares were issued), and (d) after termination of the primary portion of the Offering in which such Class T Common Shares, Class S Common Shares and Class D Common Shares were sold, the end of the month in which the Corporation, with the assistance of the Dealer Manager, determines that Total Corporation-Level Underwriting Compensation paid with respect to such Offering is equal to ten percent of the Gross Proceeds of the primary portion of such Offering.

Section 5.2.4 Rights Upon Liquidation. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or any Distribution of the assets of the Corporation, the aggregate assets of the Corporation available for Distribution to holders of the Common Shares shall be determined in accordance with applicable law. Immediately before any liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or any distribution of the assets of the Corporation pursuant to a plan of liquidation, dissolution or winding up, Class T Common Shares will automatically

 

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convert to Class I Common Shares at the Class T Conversion Rate, Class S Common Shares will automatically convert to Class I Common Shares at the Class S Conversion Rate and Class D Common Shares will automatically convert to Class I Common Shares at the Class D Conversion Rate. Following such conversion, the aggregate assets of the Corporation available for Distribution to holders of the Common Shares, or the proceeds therefrom, shall be distributed to each holder of Class I Common Shares, ratably with each other holder of Class I Common Shares, which will include all converted Class T Common Shares, Class S Common Shares and Class D Common Shares, in such proportion as the number of outstanding Class I Common Shares held by such holder bears to the total number of outstanding Class I Common Shares then outstanding.

Section 5.3 Preferred Shares. The Board may classify any unissued Preferred Shares and reclassify any previously classified but unissued Preferred Shares of any series from time to time, into one or more classes or series of Shares; provided, however, that the voting rights per Share (other than any publicly held Share) sold in a private offering shall not exceed the voting rights which bear the same relationship to the voting rights of a publicly held Share as the consideration paid to the Corporation for each privately offered Share bears to the book value of each outstanding publicly held Share.

Section 5.4 Classified or Reclassified Shares. Prior to the issuance of classified or reclassified Shares of any class or series, the Board by resolution shall: (a) designate that class or series to distinguish it from all other classes and series of Shares; (b) specify the number of Shares to be included in the class or series; (c) set or change, subject to the provisions of Article VI and subject to the express terms of any class or series of Shares outstanding at the time, the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other Distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption for each class or series; and (d) cause the Corporation to file articles supplementary with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland (“SDAT”). Any of the terms of any class or series of Shares set or changed pursuant to Section 5.4(c) may be made dependent upon facts or events ascertainable outside the Charter (including determinations by the Board or other facts or events within the control of the Corporation) and may vary among holders thereof, provided that the manner in which such facts, events or variations shall operate upon the terms of such class or series of Shares is clearly and expressly set forth in the articles supplementary or other charter document.

Section 5.5 Distributions. The Board of Directors may from time to time authorize the Corporation to declare and pay to Stockholders such dividends or other Distributions in cash or other assets of the Corporation or in securities of the Corporation, including in Shares of one class payable to holders of Shares of another class, or from any other source as the Board of Directors in its discretion shall determine. The Board of Directors shall endeavor to authorize the Corporation to declare and pay such dividends and other Distributions as shall be necessary for the Corporation to qualify as a REIT under the Code; provided, however, Stockholders shall have no right to any dividend or other Distribution unless and until authorized by the Board and declared by the Corporation. The exercise of the powers and rights of the Board of Directors pursuant to this Section 5.5 shall be subject to the provisions of any class or series of Shares at the time outstanding. The receipt by any Person in whose name any Shares are registered on the records of the Corporation or by his or her duly authorized agent shall be a sufficient discharge for all dividends or other Distributions payable or deliverable in respect of such Shares and from all liability to see to the application thereof. Distributions in kind shall not be permitted, except for distributions of readily marketable securities, distributions of beneficial interests in a liquidating trust established for the dissolution of the Corporation and the liquidation of its assets in accordance with the terms of the Charter or distributions of in-kind property in which (a) the Board advises each Stockholder of the risks associated with direct ownership of the property, (b) the Board offers each Stockholder the election of receiving such in-kind property distributions and (c) in-kind property distributions are made only to those Stockholders that accept such offer.

Other than Distributions pursuant to a program or programs by which the Corporation voluntarily repurchases shares from its Stockholders or pursuant to Article VI, each Stockholder of a class or series of Shares shall be treated the same with respect to Distributions as every other Stockholder of that class or series.

Section 5.6 Charter and Bylaws. The rights of all Stockholders and the terms of all Shares are subject to the provisions of the Charter and the Bylaws.

 

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Section 5.7 No Issuance of Share Certificates. Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, the Corporation shall not issue stock certificates. A Stockholder’s investment shall be recorded on the books of the Corporation. To transfer his or her Shares, a Stockholder shall submit an executed form to the Corporation, which form shall be provided by the Corporation upon request. Such transfer will also be recorded on the books of the Corporation. Upon issuance or transfer of Shares, the Corporation will provide the Stockholder with information concerning his or her rights with regard to such Shares, as required by the Bylaws and the MGCL or other applicable law.

Section 5.8 Suitability of Stockholders. Upon the Commencement of the Initial Public Offering and until Listing, the following provisions shall apply:

Section 5.8.1 Investor Suitability Standards. Subject to suitability standards established by individual states, to purchase Common Shares, if such prospective Stockholder is an individual (including an individual beneficiary of a purchasing individual retirement account), or if the prospective Stockholder is a fiduciary (such as a trustee of a trust or corporate pension or profit sharing plan, or other tax-exempt organization, or a custodian under a Uniform Gifts to Minors Act), such individual or fiduciary, as the case may be, must represent to the Corporation, among other requirements as the Corporation may require from time to time:

(a) that such individual (or, in the case of a fiduciary, that the fiduciary account or the donor who directly or indirectly supplies the funds to purchase the Shares) has a minimum annual gross income of $70,000 and a net worth (excluding home, furnishings and automobiles) of not less than $70,000; or

(b) that such individual (or, in the case of a fiduciary, that the fiduciary account or the donor who directly or indirectly supplies the funds to purchase the Shares) has a net worth (excluding home, furnishings and automobiles) of not less than $250,000.

Section 5.8.2 Determination of Suitability of Sale. The Sponsor and each Person selling Common Shares on behalf of the Corporation and each broker or dealer or registered investment adviser recommending the purchase of Shares to a customer shall make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of Common Shares by a Stockholder is a suitable and appropriate investment for such Stockholder. In making this determination, the Sponsor or each Person selling Common Shares on behalf of the Corporation, or each broker or dealer or registered investment adviser recommending the purchase of Shares to a customer shall ascertain that the prospective Stockholder: (a) meets the minimum income and net worth standards established for purchasing Common Shares; (b) can reasonably benefit from an investment in Common Shares based on the prospective Stockholder’s overall investment objectives and portfolio structure; (c) is able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on the prospective Stockholder’s overall financial situation; and (d) has apparent understanding of (i) the fundamental risks of the investment; (ii) the risk that the Stockholder may lose the entire investment; (iii) the lack of liquidity of the Common Shares; (iv) the restrictions on transferability of the Common Shares; and (v) the tax consequences of the investment.

The Sponsor or each Person selling Common Shares on behalf of the Corporation, or each broker or dealer or registered investment adviser recommending the purchase of Shares to a customer shall make this determination with respect to each prospective Stockholder on the basis of information it has obtained from or on behalf of such prospective Stockholder, including information indirectly obtained from a prospective stockholder through such stockholder’s investment adviser, financial advisor or bank acting as a fiduciary. Relevant information for this purpose will include at least the age, investment objectives, investment experiences, income, net worth, financial situation and other investments of the prospective Stockholder, as well as any other pertinent factors.

The Sponsor or each Person selling Common Shares on behalf of the Corporation, or each broker or dealer or registered investment adviser recommending the purchase of Shares to a customer shall maintain records of the information used to determine that an investment in Common Shares is suitable and appropriate for a Stockholder. The Sponsor or each Person selling Common Shares on behalf of the Corporation, or each broker or dealer or registered investment adviser recommending the purchase of Shares to a customer shall maintain these records for at least six years.

The Sponsor and each Person selling shares on behalf of the Corporation may each rely upon the following in satisfying its obligations under this Section 5.8.2: (i) the Person directly recommending the purchase of Common Shares to a customer if that Person is a FINRA member broker or dealer that has entered into a selling agreement with the Sponsor or the Corporation or their Affiliates or (ii) a registered investment adviser that has entered into an agreement with the Sponsor or the Corporation or their Affiliates.

 

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Section 5.8.3 Minimum Investment and Transfer. Subject to certain individual state requirements and except with respect to the issuance of Common Shares under the Reinvestment Plan, no initial sale or transfer of Common Shares for value of less than $2,500, or such other amount as determined by the Board, will be permitted.

Section 5.9 Repurchase of Shares. The Board may establish, from time to time, a program or programs by which the Corporation voluntarily repurchases Shares from its Stockholders; provided, however, that such repurchase does not impair the capital or operations of the Corporation. Neither the Sponsor, the Advisor, any member of the Board or any Affiliate thereof may receive any fees arising out of the repurchase of Shares by the Corporation.

Section 5.10 Distribution Reinvestment Plans. The Board may establish, from time to time, a Distribution reinvestment plan or plans (each, a “Reinvestment Plan”). Under any such Reinvestment Plan, (a) all material information regarding Distributions to the holders of Common Shares and the effect of reinvesting such Distributions, including the tax consequences thereof, shall be provided to the holders of Common Shares not less often than annually, and (b) each holder of Common Shares participating in such Reinvestment Plan shall have a reasonable opportunity to withdraw from the Reinvestment Plan not less often than annually after receipt of the information required in clause (a) above.

ARTICLE VI

RESTRICTION ON TRANSFER AND OWNERSHIP OF SHARES

Section 6.1 Shares.

Section 6.1.1 Ownership Limitations. During the period commencing on the Initial Date and prior to the Restriction Termination Date, but subject to Section 6.3:

(a) Basic Restrictions.

(i) (1) No Person, other than an Excepted Holder, shall Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares in excess of the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit, (2) no Person, other than an Excepted Holder, shall Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Common Shares in excess of the Common Share Ownership Limit and (3) no Excepted Holder shall Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares in excess of the Excepted Holder Limit for such Excepted Holder.

(ii) No Person shall Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares to the extent that such Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of Shares would result in the Corporation being “closely held” within the meaning of Section 856(h) of the Code (without regard to whether the ownership interest is held during the last half of a taxable year), or otherwise failing to qualify as a REIT (including, but not limited to, Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership that would result in the Corporation owning (actually or Constructively) an interest in a tenant that is described in Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code if the income derived by the Corporation from such tenant would cause the Corporation to fail to satisfy any of the gross income requirements of Section 856(c) of the Code).

(iii) Any Transfer of Shares that, if effective, would result in Shares being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 Persons (determined under the principles of Section 856(a)(5) of the Code) shall be void ab initio, and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such Shares.

(b) Transfer in Trust. If any Transfer of Shares occurs which, if effective, would result in any Person Beneficially Owning or Constructively Owning Shares in violation of Section 6.1.1(a)(i) or (ii),

(i) then that number of Shares the Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of which otherwise would cause such Person to violate Section 6.1.1(a)(i) or (ii) (rounded up to the nearest whole share) shall be automatically Transferred to a Charitable Trust for the benefit of a Charitable Beneficiary, as described in Section 6.2, effective as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to the date of such Transfer, and such Person shall acquire no rights in such Shares; or

 

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(ii) if the Transfer to the Charitable Trust described in clause (i) of this sentence would not be effective for any reason to prevent the violation of Section 6.1.1(a)(i) or (ii), then the Transfer of that number of Shares that otherwise would cause any Person to violate Section 6.1.1(a)(i) or (ii) shall be void ab initio, and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such Shares.

To the extent that, upon a transfer of Shares pursuant to this Section 6.1.1(b), a violation of any provision of this Article VI would nonetheless be continuing (for example where the ownership of Shares by a single Charitable Trust would violate the 100 stockholder requirement applicable to REITs), then Shares shall be transferred to that number of Charitable Trusts, each having a distinct Charitable Trustee and a Charitable Beneficiary or Beneficiaries that are distinct from those of each other Charitable Trust, such that there is no violation of any provision of this Article VI.

Section 6.1.2 Remedies for Breach. If the Board of Directors or its designee (including any duly authorized committee of the Board) shall at any time determine that a Transfer or other event has taken place that results in a violation of Section 6.1.1 or that a Person intends to acquire or has attempted to acquire Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of any Shares in violation of Section 6.1.1 (whether or not such violation is intended), the Board of Directors or its designee shall take such action as it deems advisable to refuse to give effect to or to prevent such Transfer or other event, including, without limitation, causing the Corporation to redeem Shares, refusing to give effect to such Transfer on the books of the Corporation or instituting proceedings to enjoin such Transfer or other event; provided, however, that any Transfers or attempted Transfers or other events in violation of Section 6.1.1 shall automatically result in the Transfer to the Charitable Trust described above, and, where applicable, such Transfer (or other event) shall be void ab initio as provided above irrespective of any action (or non-action) by the Board of Directors or its designee.

Section 6.1.3 Notice of Restricted Transfer. Any Person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of Shares that will or may violate Section 6.1.1(a), or any Person who would have owned Shares that resulted in a Transfer to the Charitable Trust pursuant to the provisions of Section 6.1.1(b), shall immediately give written notice to the Corporation of such event, or in the case of such a proposed or attempted transaction, give at least 15 days prior written notice, and shall provide to the Corporation such other information as the Corporation may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such Transfer on the Corporation’s status as a REIT.

Section 6.1.4 Owners Required To Provide Information. From the Initial Date and prior to the Restriction Termination Date:

(a) every owner of more than five percent (or such lower percentage as required by the Code or the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder or as otherwise required by the Board of Directors) of the outstanding Shares, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, shall give written notice to the Corporation stating the name and address of such owner, the number of Shares Beneficially Owned and a description of the manner in which such Shares are held. Each such owner shall provide to the Corporation such additional information as the Corporation may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such Beneficial Ownership on the Corporation’s status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit, the Common Share Ownership Limit and the other restrictions set forth herein; and

(b) each Person who is a Beneficial or Constructive Owner of Shares and each Person (including the Stockholder of record) who is holding Shares for a Beneficial or Constructive Owner shall provide to the Corporation such information as the Corporation may request, in order to determine the Corporation’s status as a REIT and to comply with requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance.

Section 6.1.5 Remedies Not Limited. Subject to Section 7.10 of the Charter, nothing contained in this Section 6.1 shall limit the authority of the Board of Directors to take such other action as it deems necessary or advisable to protect the Corporation and the interests of its Stockholders in preserving the Corporation’s status as a REIT.

 

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Section 6.1.6 Ambiguity. In the case of an ambiguity in the application of any of the provisions of this Section 6.1, Section 6.2 or any definition contained in Article IV, the Board of Directors may determine the application of the provisions of this Section 6.1 or Section 6.2 with respect to any situation based on the facts known to it. In the event Section 6.1 or 6.2 requires an action by the Board of Directors and the Charter fails to provide specific guidance with respect to such action, the Board of Directors may determine the action to be taken so long as such action is not contrary to the provisions of Article IV or Sections 6.1 or 6.2. Absent a decision to the contrary by the Board of Directors (which the Board may make in its sole and absolute discretion), if a Person would have (but for the remedies set forth in Section 6.1.2) acquired Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of Shares in violation of Section 6.1.1, such remedies (as applicable) shall apply first to the Shares which, but for such remedies, would have been Beneficially Owned or Constructively Owned (but not actually owned) by such Person, pro rata among the Persons who actually own such Shares based upon the relative number of the Shares held by each such Person.

Section 6.1.7 Exceptions.

(a) Subject to Section 6.1.1(a)(ii), the Board of Directors may exempt (prospectively or retroactively) a Person from the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit and the Common Share Ownership Limit, as the case may be, and may establish or increase an Excepted Holder Limit for such Person if:

(i) the Board of Directors obtains such representations and undertakings from such Person as are reasonably necessary for the Board to ascertain that no individual’s Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of such Shares will violate Section 6.1.1(a)(ii);

(ii) such Person does not and represents that it will not own, actually or Constructively, an interest in a tenant of the Corporation (or a tenant of any entity owned or controlled by the Corporation) that would cause the Corporation to own, actually or Constructively, more than a 9.8% interest (as set forth in Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code) in such tenant and the Board of Directors obtains such representations and undertakings from such Person as are reasonably necessary to ascertain this fact (for this purpose, a tenant from whom the Corporation (or an entity owned or controlled by the Corporation) derives (and is expected to continue to derive) a sufficiently small amount of revenue such that, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, rent from such tenant would not adversely affect the Corporation’s ability to qualify as a REIT, shall not be treated as a tenant of the Corporation); and

(iii) such Person agrees that any violation or attempted violation of such representations or undertakings (or other action which is contrary to the restrictions contained in Sections 6.1.1 through 6.1.6) will result in such Shares being automatically Transferred to a Charitable Trust in accordance with Sections 6.1.1(b) and 6.2.

(b) Prior to granting any exception pursuant to Section 6.1.7(a), the Board of Directors may require a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or an opinion of counsel, in either case in form and substance satisfactory to the Board of Directors in its sole discretion, as it may deem necessary or advisable in order to determine or ensure the Corporation’s status as a REIT. Notwithstanding the receipt of any ruling or opinion, the Board of Directors may impose such conditions or restrictions as it deems appropriate in connection with granting such exception.

(c) Subject to Section 6.1.1(a)(ii), an underwriter which participates in a public offering or a private placement of Shares (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Shares) may Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Shares) in excess of the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit, the Common Share Ownership Limit or both such limits, but only to the extent necessary to facilitate such public offering or private placement.

(d) The Board of Directors may only reduce the Excepted Holder Limit for an Excepted Holder: (i) with the written consent of such Excepted Holder at any time, or (ii) pursuant to the terms and conditions of the agreements and undertakings entered into with such Excepted Holder in connection with the establishment of the Excepted Holder Limit for that Excepted Holder. No Excepted Holder Limit shall be reduced to a percentage that is less than the Common Share Ownership Limit.

 

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Section 6.1.8 Increase or Decrease in Aggregate Share Ownership and Common Share Ownership Limits. Subject to Section 6.1.1(a)(ii), the Board of Directors may from time to time increase or decrease the Common Share Ownership Limit and the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit for one or more Persons and increase or decrease the Common Share Ownership Limit and the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit for all other Persons. No decreased Common Share Ownership Limit and/or Aggregate Share Ownership Limit will be effective for any Person whose percentage of ownership in Shares is in excess of such decreased Common Share Ownership Limit and/or Aggregate Share Ownership Limit, as applicable, until such time as such Person’s percentage of ownership in Shares equals or falls below the decreased Common Share Ownership Limit and/or Aggregate Share Ownership Limit, but any further acquisition of Shares in excess of such percentage ownership of Shares will be in violation of the Common Share Ownership Limit and/or Aggregate Share Ownership Limit and, provided further, that the new Common Share Ownership Limit and/or Aggregate Share Ownership Limit would not allow five or fewer Persons to Beneficially Own more than 49.8% in value of the outstanding Shares.

Section 6.1.9 Legend. Any certificate representing Shares shall bear substantially the following legend:

The Shares represented by this certificate are subject to restrictions on Beneficial and Constructive Ownership and Transfer for the purpose, among others, of the Corporation’s maintenance of its status as a real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Subject to certain further restrictions and except as expressly provided in the Corporation’s charter, (i) no Person may Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Common Shares in excess of 9.8% (in value or number of Common Shares) of the outstanding Common Shares unless such Person is an Excepted Holder (in which case the Excepted Holder Limit shall be applicable); (ii) no Person may Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares in excess of 9.8% (in value or number of shares) of the total outstanding Shares, unless such Person is an Excepted Holder (in which case the Excepted Holder Limit shall be applicable); (iii) no Person may Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares that would result in the Corporation being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause the Corporation to fail to qualify as a REIT; and (iv) any Transfer of Shares that, if effective, would result in Shares being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 Persons (as determined under the principles of Section 856(a)(5) of the Code) shall be void ab initio, and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such Shares. Any Person who Beneficially Own or Constructively Owns or attempts to Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares which cause or will cause a Person to Beneficially Own or Constructively Own Shares in excess or in violation of the above limitations must immediately notify the Corporation in writing (or, in the case of an attempted transaction, give at least 15 days prior written notice). If any of the restrictions on Transfer or ownership as set forth in (i), (ii) or (iii) above are violated, the Shares in excess or in violation of the above limitations will be automatically Transferred to a Charitable Trust for the benefit of one or more Charitable Beneficiaries. In addition, the Corporation may redeem Shares upon the terms and conditions specified by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion if the Board of Directors determines that ownership or a Transfer or other event may violate the restrictions described above. Furthermore, upon the occurrence of certain events, attempted Transfers in violation of the restrictions described in (i), (ii) or (iii) above may be void ab initio.

Until such time as the Common Shares are listed on a national securities exchange, to purchase Common Shares, if such prospective Stockholder is an individual (including an individual beneficiary of a purchasing individual retirement account), or if the prospective Stockholder is a fiduciary (such as a trustee of a trust or corporate pension or profit sharing plan, or other tax-exempt organization, or a custodian under a Uniform Gifts to Minors Act), such individual or fiduciary, as the case may be, must represent to the Corporation, among other requirements as the Corporation may require from time to time:

(a) that such individual (or, in the case of a fiduciary, that the fiduciary account or the donor who directly or indirectly supplies the funds to purchase the Common Shares) has a minimum annual gross income of $70,000 and a net worth (excluding home, furnishings and automobiles) of not less than $70,000; or

(b) that such individual (or, in the case of a fiduciary, that the fiduciary account or the donor who directly or indirectly supplies the funds to purchase the Common Shares) has a net worth (excluding home, furnishings and automobiles) of not less than $250,000. Subject to certain individual state requirements and except with respect to the issuance of Common Shares under the Reinvestment Plan, no transfer of Common Shares for value of less than $2,500, or such other amount as determined by the Board, will be permitted.

 

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All capitalized terms in this legend have the meanings defined in the Corporation’s charter, as the same may be amended from time to time, a copy of which, including the restrictions on Transfer and ownership, will be furnished to each holder of Shares on request and without charge. Requests for such a copy may be directed to the Secretary of the Corporation at its principal office.

Instead of the foregoing legend, the certificate may state that the Corporation will furnish a full statement about certain restrictions on transferability to a Stockholder on request and without charge. In the case of uncertificated Shares, the Corporation will send the holder of such Shares, on request and without charge, a written statement of the information otherwise required on certificates.

Section 6.2 Transfer of Shares in Trust.

Section 6.2.1 Ownership in Trust. Upon any purported Transfer or other event described in Section 6.1.1(b) that would result in a Transfer of Shares to a Charitable Trust, such Shares shall be deemed to have been Transferred to the Charitable Trustee as trustee of a Charitable Trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more Charitable Beneficiaries. Such Transfer to the Charitable Trustee shall be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to the purported Transfer or other event that results in the Transfer to the Charitable Trust pursuant to Section 6.1.1(b). The Charitable Trustee shall be appointed by the Corporation and shall be a Person unaffiliated with the Corporation and any Prohibited Owner. Each Charitable Beneficiary shall be designated by the Corporation as provided in Section 6.2.6.

Section 6.2.2 Status of Shares Held by the Charitable Trustee. Shares held by the Charitable Trustee shall continue to be issued and outstanding Shares. The Prohibited Owner shall have no rights in the Shares held by the Charitable Trustee. The Prohibited Owner shall not benefit economically from ownership of any Shares held in trust by the Charitable Trustee, shall have no rights to dividends or other Distributions and shall not possess any rights to vote or other rights attributable to the Shares held in the Charitable Trust.

Section 6.2.3 Dividend and Voting Rights. The Charitable Trustee shall have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other Distributions with respect to Shares held in the Charitable Trust, which rights shall be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary. Any dividend or other Distribution paid prior to the discovery by the Corporation that Shares have been Transferred to the Charitable Trustee shall be paid by the recipient of such dividend or other Distribution to the Charitable Trustee upon demand and any dividend or other Distribution authorized but unpaid shall be paid when due to the Charitable Trustee. Any dividends or other Distributions so paid over to the Charitable Trustee shall be held in trust for the Charitable Beneficiary. The Prohibited Owner shall have no voting rights with respect to Shares held in the Charitable Trust and, subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that Shares have been Transferred to the Charitable Trustee, the Charitable Trustee shall have the authority (at the Charitable Trustee’s sole discretion) (a) to rescind as void any vote cast by a Prohibited Owner prior to the discovery by the Corporation that Shares have been Transferred to the Charitable Trustee and (b) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the Charitable Trustee acting for the benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary; provided, however, that if the Corporation has already taken irreversible corporate action, then the Charitable Trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article VI, until the Corporation has received notification that Shares have been Transferred into a Charitable Trust, the Corporation shall be entitled to rely on its share transfer and other Stockholder records for purposes of preparing lists of Stockholders entitled to vote at meetings, determining the validity and authority of proxies and otherwise conducting votes and determining the other rights of Stockholders.

Section 6.2.4 Sale of Shares by Charitable Trustee. Within 20 days of receiving notice from the Corporation that Shares have been Transferred to the Charitable Trust, the Charitable Trustee shall sell the Shares held in the Charitable Trust to a Person, designated by the Charitable Trustee, whose ownership of the Shares will not violate the ownership limitations set forth in Section 6.1.1(a). Upon such sale, the interest of the Charitable Beneficiary in the Shares sold shall terminate and the Charitable Trustee shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the Prohibited Owner and to the Charitable Beneficiary as provided in this Section 6.2.4. The Prohibited Owner shall receive the lesser of (a) the price paid by the Prohibited Owner for the Shares or, if the Prohibited Owner did

 

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not give value for the Shares in connection with the event causing the Shares to be held in the Charitable Trust (e.g., in the case of a gift, devise or other such transaction), the Market Price of the Shares on the day of the event causing the Shares to be held in the Charitable Trust and (b) the price per share received by the Charitable Trustee (net of any commissions and other expenses of sale) from the sale or other disposition of the Shares held in the Charitable Trust. The Charitable Trustee may reduce the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner by the amount of dividends and other Distributions which have been paid to the Prohibited Owner and are owed by the Prohibited Owner to the Charitable Trustee pursuant to Section 6.2.3 of this Article VI. Any net sales proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner shall be immediately paid to the Charitable Beneficiary. If, prior to the discovery by the Corporation that Shares have been Transferred to the Charitable Trustee, such Shares are sold by a Prohibited Owner, then (i) such Shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the Charitable Trust and (ii) to the extent that the Prohibited Owner received an amount for such Shares that exceeds the amount that such Prohibited Owner was entitled to receive pursuant to this Section 6.2.4, such excess shall be paid to the Charitable Trustee upon demand.

Section 6.2.5 Purchase Right in Shares Transferred to the Charitable Trustee. Shares Transferred to the Charitable Trustee shall be deemed to have been offered for sale to the Corporation, or its designee, at a price per Share equal to the lesser of (a) the price per Share in the transaction that resulted in such Transfer to the Charitable Trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the Market Price at the time of such devise or gift) and (b) the Market Price on the date the Corporation, or its designee, accepts such offer. The Corporation shall have the right to accept such offer until the Charitable Trustee has sold the Shares held in the Charitable Trust pursuant to Section 6.2.4. Upon such a sale to the Corporation, the interest of the Charitable Beneficiary in the Shares sold shall terminate and the Charitable Trustee shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the Prohibited Owner. The Corporation may reduce the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner by the amount of dividends and other Distributions which have been paid to the Prohibited Owner and are owed by the Prohibited Owner to the Charitable Trustee pursuant to Section 6.2.3 of this Article VI. The Corporation may pay the amount of such reduction to the Charitable Trustee for the benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary.

Section 6.2.6 Designation of Charitable Beneficiaries. By written notice to the Charitable Trustee, the Corporation shall designate one or more nonprofit organizations to be the Charitable Beneficiary of the interest in the Charitable Trust such that (a) Shares held in the Charitable Trust would not violate the restrictions set forth in Section 6.1.1(a) in the hands of such Charitable Beneficiary and (b) each such organization must be described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code and contributions to each such organization must be eligible for deduction under each of Sections 170(b)(1)(A), 2055 and 2522 of the Code.

Section 6.3 NYSE Transactions. Nothing in this Article VI shall preclude the settlement of any transaction entered into through the facilities of the NYSE or any other national securities exchange or automated inter-dealer quotation system. The fact that the settlement of any transaction occurs shall not negate the effect of any other provision of this Article VI and any transferee in such a transaction shall be subject to all of the provisions and limitations set forth in this Article VI.

Section 6.4 Enforcement. The Corporation is authorized specifically to seek equitable relief, including injunctive relief, to enforce the provisions of this Article VI.

Section 6.5 Non-Waiver. No delay or failure on the part of the Corporation or the Board of Directors in exercising any right hereunder shall operate as a waiver of any right of the Corporation or the Board of Directors, as the case may be, except to the extent specifically waived in writing.

 

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ARTICLE VII

PROVISIONS FOR DEFINING, LIMITING

AND REGULATING CERTAIN POWERS OF THE

CORPORATION AND OF THE STOCKHOLDERS AND DIRECTORS

Section 7.1 Number of Directors. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of the Board of Directors. The number of Directors of the Corporation (the “Directors”) shall be seven, which number may be increased or decreased from time to time pursuant to the Bylaws; provided, however, that the total number of Directors shall not be fewer than three. Upon Commencement of the Initial Public Offering and until Listing (if any), a majority of the Directors shall be Independent Directors except for a period of up to 60 days after the death, removal or resignation of an Independent Director pending the election of such Independent Director’s successor. The names of the current Directors who shall serve until the next annual meeting of Stockholders and until their successors are duly elected and qualify are:

Barry S. Sternlicht

[                    ]

[                    ]

[                    ]

[                    ]

[                    ]

[                    ]

These Directors may increase the number of Directors and fill any vacancy, whether resulting from an increase in the number of Directors or otherwise, on the Board of Directors prior to the first annual meeting of Stockholders in the manner provided in the Bylaws.

The Corporation elects, at such time as it becomes eligible to make the election provided for under Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL, that, except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of any class or series of Preferred Shares, any and all vacancies on the Board of Directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining Directors in office, even if the remaining Directors do not constitute a quorum, and any Director elected to fill a vacancy shall serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which such vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if any remaining directors are Independent Directors, only Independent Directors shall nominate replacements for vacancies among the Independent Directors’ positions.

Section 7.2 Experience. Each Director shall have at least three years of relevant experience demonstrating the knowledge and experience required to successfully acquire and manage the type of assets being acquired by the Corporation. At least one of the Independent Directors shall have at least three years of relevant real estate experience.

Section 7.3 Committees. The Board may establish such committees as it deems appropriate, in its discretion, provided that the majority of the members of each committee are Independent Directors.

Section 7.4 Term. Except as may otherwise be provided in the terms of any Preferred Shares issued by the Corporation with respect to the termination after less than one year of the term of office of any Director elected by the holders of such Preferred Shares, each Director shall hold office for one year, until the next annual meeting of Stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Directors may be elected to an unlimited number of successive terms.

Section 7.5 Fiduciary Obligations. The Directors serve in a fiduciary capacity to the Corporation and have a fiduciary duty to the Stockholders, including a fiduciary duty to the Stockholders to supervise the relationship of the Corporation with the Advisor.

Section 7.6 Extraordinary Actions. Notwithstanding any provision of law permitting or requiring any action to be taken or approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of Shares entitled to cast a greater number of votes, any such action shall be effective and valid if declared advisable by the Board of Directors and taken or approved by the affirmative vote of holders of Shares entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.

Section 7.7 Authorization by Board of Stock Issuance. The Board of Directors may authorize the issuance from time to time of Shares of any class or series, whether now or hereafter authorized, or securities or rights convertible into Shares of any class or series, whether now or hereafter authorized, for such consideration as the Board of Directors may deem advisable (including as compensation for the Independent Directors or without consideration in the case of a stock split or stock dividend), subject to such restrictions or limitations, if any, as may

 

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be set forth in the Charter or the Bylaws. The issuance of Preferred Shares shall also be approved by a majority of Independent Directors not otherwise interested in the transaction, who shall have access at the Corporation’s expense to the Corporation’s legal counsel or to independent legal counsel.

Section 7.8 Preemptive Rights and Appraisal Rights. Except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of classified or reclassified Shares pursuant to Section 5.4 or as may otherwise be provided by contract approved by the Board of Directors, no holder of Shares shall, as such holder, have any preemptive right to purchase or subscribe for any additional Shares or any other security that the Corporation may issue or sell. Holders of Shares shall not be entitled to exercise any rights of an objecting stockholder provided for under Title 3, Subtitle 2 of the MGCL or any successor statute unless the Board of Directors, upon such terms and conditions as may be specified by the Board of Directors, shall determine that such rights apply, with respect to all or any classes or series of Shares, to one or more transactions occurring after the date of such determination in connection with which holders of such Shares would otherwise be entitled to exercise such rights.

Section 7.9 Determinations by Board. The determination as to any of the following matters, made by or pursuant to the direction of the Board of Directors consistent with the Charter, shall be final and conclusive and shall be binding upon the Corporation and every holder of Shares:

(a) the amount of the Net Income for any period and the amount of assets at any time legally available for the payment of dividends, repurchase of Shares or the payment of other Distributions on Shares;

(b) the amount of paid-in surplus, Net Assets, other surplus, annual or other cash flow, funds from operations, net profit, Net Assets in excess of capital, undivided profits or excess of profits over losses on Sales of assets;

(c) the amount, purpose, time of creation, increase or decrease, alteration or cancellation of any reserves or charges and the propriety thereof (whether or not any obligation or liability for which such reserves or charges shall have been created shall have been paid or discharged);

(d) any interpretation or resolution of any ambiguity with respect to any provision of the Bylaws or the Charter, including, without limitation: (i) any of the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers or rights, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other Distributions, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption of any class or series of Shares, (ii) any provision of the definitions of any of the following: Affiliate, Independent Director and Sponsor, (iii) which amounts paid to the Advisor or its Affiliates are expenses connected with the ownership of real estate interests, loans or other property, (iv) which expenses are excluded from the definition of Total Operating Expenses, (v) whether expenses qualify as Organization and Offering Expenses, (vi) whether an investment is considered a commodity or commodity future contract and whether a futures contract is used solely for hedging purposes in connection with the Corporation’s ordinary business of investing in real estate assets, Mortgages and Real Estate-Related Securities as contemplated by Section 9.3(b), and (vii) whether substantial justification exists to invest in or make a Mortgage as contemplated by Section 9.3(d) because of the presence of other underwriting criteria;

(e) the fair value, or any sale, bid or asked price to be applied in determining the fair value, of any asset owned or held by the Corporation or any Shares; the number of Shares of any class of the Corporation;

(f) any matter relating to the acquisition, holding and disposition of any assets of the Corporation;

(g) any interpretation of the terms and conditions of one or more agreements with any Person; or

(h) any other matter relating to the business and affairs of the Corporation or required or permitted by applicable law, the Charter or Bylaws or otherwise to be determined by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that any determination by the Board of Directors as to any of the preceding matters shall not render invalid or improper any action taken or omitted prior to such determination and no Director shall be liable for making or failing to make such a determination.

Section 7.10 REIT Qualification. If the Corporation elects to qualify for federal income tax treatment as a REIT, the Board of Directors shall use its reasonable best efforts to take such actions as are necessary or appropriate to preserve the status of the Corporation as a REIT; however, if the Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in the best interests of the Corporation to attempt to, or continue to qualify as a REIT, the Board of Directors may

 

20


revoke or otherwise terminate the Corporation’s REIT election pursuant to Section 856(g) of the Code. The Board of Directors also may determine that compliance with any restriction or limitation on stock ownership and Transfers set forth in Article VI is no longer required for REIT qualification.

Section 7.11 Board Action with Respect to Certain Matters. A majority of the Independent Directors must approve any Board action to which the following sections of the NASAA REIT Guidelines apply: II.A., II.F., II.G., IV.A., IV.B., IV.C., IV.D., IV.E., IV.F., IV.G., V.E., V.H., V.J., VI.A., VI.B.4 and VI.G.

Section 7.12 Ratification of Charter. At the first meeting of the Board of Directors at which a majority of the Board of Directors consists of Independent Directors, the Board of Directors and the Independent Directors shall each review and ratify the Charter by majority vote.

ARTICLE VIII

ADVISOR

Section 8.1 Appointment of Advisor and Initial Investment. The Board is responsible for setting the general policies of the Corporation and for the general supervision of its business conducted by officers, agents, employees, advisors or independent contractors of the Corporation. However, the Board is not required personally to conduct the business of the Corporation, and it may (but need not) appoint, employ or contract with any Person (including a Person that is an Affiliate of any Director) as an Advisor and may grant or delegate such authority to the Advisor as the Board may, in its sole discretion, deem necessary or desirable. The term of retention of any Advisor shall not exceed one year, although there is no limit to the number of times that a particular Advisor may be retained. The Sponsor or its Affiliates have made an Initial Investment of $200,000 in the Corporation. The Sponsor or such Affiliate may not sell the Initial Investment while the Sponsor or any affiliate thereof serves as the Sponsor, but may transfer the Initial Investment to other Affiliates.

Section 8.2 Supervision of Advisor. The Board shall review and evaluate the qualifications of the Advisor before entering into, and shall evaluate the performance of the Advisor before renewing, an Advisory Agreement, and the criteria used in such evaluation shall be reflected in the minutes of the meetings of the Board. The Board may exercise broad discretion in allowing the Advisor to administer and regulate the operations and investment activities of the Corporation, to act as agent for the Corporation, to execute documents on behalf of the Corporation and to make executive decisions that conform to general policies and principles established by the Board. The Board shall monitor the Advisor to assure that the administrative procedures, operations and programs of the Corporation are in the best interests of the Stockholders and are fulfilled. The Independent Directors are responsible for reviewing the fees and expenses of the Corporation at least annually or with sufficient frequency to determine that the expenses incurred are reasonable in light of the investment performance of the Corporation, its Net Assets, its Net Income and the fees and expenses of other comparable unaffiliated REITs. Each such determination shall be reflected in the minutes of the meetings of the Board. The Independent Directors also will be responsible for reviewing, from time to time and at least annually, the performance of the Advisor and determining that compensation to be paid to the Advisor is reasonable in relation to the nature and quality of services performed and that such compensation is within the limits prescribed by the Charter. The Independent Directors shall also supervise the performance of the Advisor and the compensation paid to the Advisor by the Corporation in order to determine that the provisions of the Advisory Agreement are being carried out. Specifically, the Independent Directors will consider factors such as (a) the amount of the fee paid to the Advisor in relation to the size, composition and performance of the assets of the Corporation, (b) the success of the Advisor in generating opportunities that meet the investment objectives of the Corporation, (c) rates charged to other REITs and to investors other than REITs by advisors performing the same or similar services, (d) additional revenues realized by the Advisor and its Affiliates through their relationship with the Corporation, including loan administration, underwriting or broker commissions, servicing, engineering, inspection and other fees, whether paid by the Corporation or by others with whom the Corporation does business, (e) the quality and extent of service and advice furnished by the Advisor, (f) the performance of the assets of the Corporation, including income, conservation or appreciation of capital, frequency of problem investments and competence in dealing with distress situations, and (g) the quality of the assets of the Corporation relative to the investments generated by the Advisor for its own account. The Independent Directors may also consider all other factors that they deem relevant, and the findings of the Independent Directors on each of the factors considered shall be recorded in the minutes of the Board. The Board shall determine whether any successor Advisor possesses sufficient qualifications to perform the advisory function for the Corporation and whether the compensation provided for in its contract with the Corporation is justified.

 

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Section 8.3 Fiduciary Obligations. The Advisor shall have a fiduciary responsibility and duty to the Corporation and to the Stockholders.

Section 8.4 Term and Termination. The Advisory Agreement shall have a term of no more than one year, subject to an unlimited number of successive one-year renewals upon mutual consent of the parties. A majority of the Independent Directors may terminate the Advisory Agreement on 60 days’ written notice without cause or penalty, and, in such event, the Advisor will cooperate with, and take all reasonable steps requested to assist, the Corporation and the Board in making an orderly transition of the advisory function.

Section 8.5 Disposition Fee on Sale of Property. The Corporation may pay the Advisor a real estate commission upon the Sale of one or more Properties, in an amount equal to the lesser of (a) one-half of the Competitive Real Estate Commission or (b) 3% of the sales price of such Property or Properties. Payment of such fee may be made only if the Advisor provides a substantial amount of services in connection with the Sale of such Property or Properties, as determined by a majority of the Independent Directors. In addition, the amount paid when added to all other real estate commissions paid to unaffiliated parties in connection with such Sale shall not exceed the lesser of the Competitive Real Estate Commission or an amount equal to 6% of the sales price of such Property or Properties.

Section 8.6 Incentive Fees. The Corporation may pay the Advisor an interest in the gain from the Sale of assets, for which full consideration is not paid in cash or property of equivalent value, provided the amount or percentage of such interest is reasonable. Such an interest in gain from the Sale of assets shall be considered presumptively reasonable if it does not exceed 15% of the balance of such net proceeds remaining after payment to holders of Common Shares, in the aggregate, of an amount equal to 100% of the Invested Capital, plus an amount equal to 6% of the Invested Capital per annum cumulative. In the case of multiple Advisors, such Advisor and any of their Affiliates shall be allowed such fees provided such fees are distributed by a proportional method reasonably designed to reflect the value added to the assets by each respective Advisor or any Affiliate.

Section 8.7 Acquisition Fees. The Corporation may pay the Advisor and its Affiliates fees for the review and evaluation of potential investments in assets of the Corporation; provided, however, that the total of all Acquisition Fees and Acquisition Expenses shall be reasonable, and shall not exceed an amount equal to 6% of the Contract Purchase Price or, in the case of a Mortgage, 6% of the funds advanced; and provided, further, that a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction may approve fees and expenses in excess of this limit if they determine the transaction to be commercially competitive, fair and reasonable to the Corporation.

Section 8.8 Reimbursement for Total Operating Expenses. The Corporation may reimburse the Advisor, at the end of each fiscal quarter, for Total Operating Expenses paid by the Advisor; provided, however, that commencing upon the earlier to occur of four fiscal quarters after (i) the Corporation’s acquisition of its first asset or (ii) six months after the date on which the Corporation breaks escrow for the Initial Public Offering, the Corporation shall not reimburse the Advisor at the end of any fiscal quarter for Total Operating Expenses that, in the four consecutive fiscal quarters then ended, exceed the greater of 2% of Average Invested Assets or 25% of Net Income (the “2%/25% Guidelines”) for such four fiscal quarters. The Independent Directors shall have the fiduciary responsibility of limiting Total Operating Expenses to amounts that do not exceed the 2%/25% Guidelines unless they have made a finding that, based on such unusual and non-recurring factors that they deem sufficient, a higher level of expenses (an “Excess Amount”) is justified. Within 60 days after the end of any fiscal quarter of the Corporation for which there is an Excess Amount that the Independent Directors conclude was justified, there shall be sent to the holders of Common Shares a written disclosure of such fact (or shall be disclosed to the holders of Common Shares in the next Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Corporation or by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 60 days of such quarter end), together with an explanation of the factors the Independent Directors considered in determining that such Excess Amount was justified. Any such finding and the reasons in support thereof shall be reflected in the minutes of the meetings of the Board. In the event that the Independent Directors do not determine that such Excess Amount is justified, the Advisor shall pay the Corporation the amount by which the expenses exceeded the 2%/25% Guidelines.

 

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ARTICLE IX

INVESTMENT POLICIES AND LIMITATIONS

Section 9.1 Review of Investment Policies. The Board shall establish written policies on investments and borrowing and shall monitor the administrative procedures, investment operations and performance of the Corporation and the Adviser to assure that such policies are carried out. The Independent Directors shall review the investment policies of the Corporation with sufficient frequency (and, upon Commencement of the Initial Public Offering, not less often than annually) to determine that the policies being followed by the Corporation are in the best interests of its Stockholders. Each such determination and the basis therefor shall be set forth in the minutes of the meetings of the Board.

Section 9.2 Certain Investment Restrictions.

(a) The Corporation may invest in Joint Ventures with the Sponsor, the Advisor, one or more Directors or any Affiliate thereof, only if a majority of Directors (including a majority of Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction approve such investment as being fair and reasonable to the Corporation and on substantially the same terms and conditions as, or more favorable than, those received by other joint venturers.

(b) Subject to any limitations in Section 9.3, the Corporation may invest in equity securities, provided that such investment shall be permitted only if a majority of Directors (including a majority of Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction approve such investment as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable.

Section 9.3 Investment and Other Limitations. In addition to other investment restrictions and guidelines imposed by the Board from time to time, consistent with the Corporation’s objective of qualifying as a REIT, the following limitations shall apply:

(a) Not more than 10% of the Corporation’s total assets shall be invested in Unimproved Real Property or indebtedness secured by a deed of trust or Mortgages on Unimproved Real Property.

(b) The Corporation shall not invest in commodities or commodity future contracts. This limitation is not intended to apply to derivatives related to non-commodity investments, including futures contracts when used solely for the purpose of hedging in connection with the Corporation’s ordinary business of investing in real estate assets, Mortgages and Real Estate-Related Securities.

(c) The Corporation shall not invest in or make any Mortgage (excluding any investments in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities) unless an appraisal is obtained concerning the underlying property except for those loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency. In cases in which a majority of Independent Directors so determine, and in all cases in which the transaction is with the Advisor, the Sponsor, any Director or any Affiliate thereof, such appraisal of the underlying property must be obtained from an Independent Appraiser. Such appraisal shall be maintained in the Corporation’s records for at least five years and shall be available for inspection and duplication by any holder of Common Shares. In addition to the appraisal, a mortgagee’s or owner’s title insurance policy as to the priority of the Mortgage or condition of the title must be obtained.

(d) The Corporation shall not invest in or make any Mortgage, including a construction loan but excluding any investments in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities, on any one Real Property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans on such Real Property, would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised value of such Real Property as determined by appraisal unless substantial justification exists because of the presence of other underwriting criteria. For purposes of this subsection, the “aggregate amount of all mortgage loans outstanding on the property, including the loans of the Corporation” shall include all interest (excluding contingent participation in income and/or appreciation in value of the mortgaged property), the current payment of which may be deferred pursuant to the terms of such loans, to the extent that deferred interest on each loan exceeds 5% per annum of the principal balance of the loan.

 

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(e) The Corporation shall not make or invest in any Mortgages (excluding any investments in mortgage pools, commercial mortgage-backed securities or residential mortgage-backed securities) that are subordinate to any lien or other indebtedness or equity interest of the Advisor, any Director, the Sponsor or any Affiliate of the Corporation.

(f) The Corporation shall not issue (i) equity securities redeemable solely at the option of the holder (except that Stockholders may offer their Common Shares to the Corporation pursuant to any repurchase plan adopted by the Board on terms outlined in the Prospectus relating to any Offering, as such plan is thereafter amended in accordance with its terms); (ii) debt securities unless the historical debt service coverage (in the most recently completed fiscal year) as adjusted for known changes is sufficient to properly service that higher level of debt, as determined by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized officer of the Corporation; (iii) equity securities on a deferred payment basis or under similar arrangements; or (iv) options or warrants to the Advisor, the Directors, the Sponsor or any Affiliate thereof except on the same terms as such options or warrants, if any, are sold to the general public. Options or warrants may be issued to Persons other than the Advisor, the Directors, the Sponsor or any Affiliate thereof, but not at exercise prices less than the fair market value of the underlying securities on the date of grant and not for consideration (which may include services) that in the judgment of the Independent Directors has a market value less than the value of such option or warrant on the date of grant. Options or warrants granted to the Advisor, the Directors, the Sponsor or any Affiliate thereof shall not be exercisable for a number of Shares that exceeds 10% of the outstanding Shares on the date of grant. The voting rights per Share (other than any publicly held Share) sold in a private offering shall not exceed the voting rights that bear the same relationship to the voting rights of a publicly held Share as the consideration paid to the Corporation for each privately offered Share bears to the book value of each outstanding publicly held Share.

(g) A majority of Directors shall determine that the consideration paid for Real Property acquired by the Corporation shall ordinarily be based on the fair market value of the Real Property. If a majority of the Independent Directors on the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board determines, or if the Real Property is acquired from the Advisor, a Director, the Sponsor or their Affiliates, such fair market value shall be determined by a qualified Independent Appraiser selected by such Independent Directors.

(h) The aggregate Leverage shall be reasonable in relation to the Net Assets and shall be reviewed by the Board at least quarterly. The maximum amount of such Leverage in relation to Net Assets shall not exceed 300%. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Leverage may exceed such limit if any excess in borrowing over such level is approved by a majority of the Independent Directors. Any such excess borrowing shall be disclosed to Stockholders in the next quarterly report of the Corporation following such borrowing, along with justification for such excess.

(i) The Corporation will not make any investment that the Corporation believes will cause it to be classified as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(j) The Corporation will not make any investment that the Corporation believes will be inconsistent with its objectives of qualifying and remaining qualified as a REIT unless and until the Board determines, in its sole discretion, that REIT qualification is not in the best interests of the Corporation.

(k) The Corporation shall not invest in real estate contracts of sale, otherwise known as land sale contracts, unless the contract is in recordable form and is appropriately recorded in the chain of title.

(l) The Corporation shall not engage in the business of underwriting or the agency distribution of securities issued by other Persons.

(m) The Corporation shall not acquire interests or securities in any entity holding investments or engaging in activities prohibited by this Article IX except for investments in which the Corporation holds a non-controlling interest or investments in any entity having securities listed on a national securities exchange or included for quotation on an interdealer quotation system.

 

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ARTICLE X

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Section 10.1 Sales and Leases to the Corporation. The Corporation may purchase or lease an asset or assets from the Sponsor, the Advisor, a Director or any Affiliate thereof upon a finding by a majority of Directors (including a majority of Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction that such transaction is fair and reasonable to the Corporation and at a price to the Corporation no greater than the cost of the asset to such Sponsor, Advisor, Director or Affiliate or, if the price to the Corporation is in excess of such cost, that substantial justification for such excess exists and such excess is reasonable. In no event shall the purchase price paid by the Corporation for any such asset exceed the asset’s current appraised value.

Section 10.2 Sales and Leases to the Sponsor, Advisor, Directors or Affiliates. The Advisor, the Sponsor, a Director or any Affiliate thereof may purchase or lease an asset or assets from the Corporation if a majority of Directors (including a majority of Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction determine that the transaction is fair and reasonable to the Corporation.

Section 10.3 Other Transactions.

(a) The Corporation shall not make loans to the Sponsor, the Advisor, a Director or any Affiliate thereof except Mortgages pursuant to Section 9.3(c), (d) and (e) hereof or loans to wholly owned subsidiaries of the Corporation. This restriction on loans applies only to advances of cash that are commonly viewed as loans, as determined by the Board of Directors, and does not apply to advances of cash for legal expenses or other costs incurred as a result of any legal action for which indemnification is being sought nor does it limit the Corporation’s ability to advance reimbursable expenses incurred by Directors or officers or the Advisor or its Affiliates.

(b) The Corporation may not borrow money from the Sponsor, the Advisor, a Director or any Affiliate thereof, unless approved by a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in such transaction as fair, competitive, and commercially reasonable, and no less favorable to the Corporation than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties under the same circumstances.

(c) The Corporation shall not engage in any other transaction with the Sponsor, the Advisor, a Director or any Affiliate thereof unless a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in such transaction approve such transaction as fair and reasonable to the Corporation and on terms and conditions no less favorable to the Corporation than those available from unaffiliated third parties.

ARTICLE XI

STOCKHOLDERS

Section 11.1 Meetings. There shall be an annual meeting of the Stockholders, to be held on such date and at such time and place as shall be determined by or in the manner prescribed in the Bylaws, at which the Directors shall be elected and any other proper business may be conducted; provided that such annual meeting will be held upon reasonable notice and within a reasonable period (not less than 30 days) following delivery of the annual report. The Board of Directors, including the Independent Directors, shall be required to take reasonable steps to ensure that this requirement is met. The holders of a majority of Shares entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at an annual meeting at which a quorum is present, may, without the necessity for concurrence by the Board, vote to elect the Directors. A quorum shall be the presence in person or by proxy of Stockholders entitled to cast at least 50% of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting on any matter. Special meetings of Stockholders may be called in the manner provided in the Bylaws, including by the chief executive officer, the president or the chairman of the board or by a majority of the Directors or a majority of the Independent Directors, and shall be called by the secretary of the Corporation to act on any matter that may properly be considered at a meeting of Stockholders upon the written request of Stockholders entitled to cast not less than 10% of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at such meeting. Notice of any special meeting of Stockholders shall be given as provided in the

 

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Bylaws. If the meeting is called by the secretary upon the written request of Stockholders as described in this Section 11.1, notice of the special meeting shall be sent to all Stockholders within 10 days of the receipt of the written request and the special meeting shall be held at the time and place specified in the Stockholder request not less than 15 days nor more than 60 days after the delivery of the notice; provided, however, that if no time or place is so specified in the Stockholder request, at such time and place convenient to the Stockholders. If there are no Directors, the officers of the Corporation shall promptly call a special meeting of the Stockholders entitled to vote for the election of successor Directors. Any meeting may be adjourned and reconvened as the Board may determine or as otherwise provided in the Bylaws.

Section 11.2 Voting Rights of Stockholders. Subject to the provisions of any class or series of Shares then outstanding and the mandatory provisions of any applicable laws or regulations, the Stockholders shall be entitled to vote only on the following matters: (a) election or removal of Directors, without the necessity for concurrence by the Board, as provided in Sections 11.1 hereof; (b) amendment of the Charter as provided in Article XIII hereof; (c) dissolution of the Corporation; (d) merger, conversion or consolidation of the Corporation, a statutory share exchange or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s assets; and (e) such other matters with respect to which the Board of Directors has adopted a resolution declaring that a proposed action is advisable and directing that the matter be submitted to the Stockholders for approval or ratification. Without the approval of a majority of the Shares entitled to vote on the matter, the Board may not (i) amend the Charter to adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the Stockholders; (ii) amend provisions of the Charter relating to Director qualifications, fiduciary duties, liability and indemnification, conflicts of interest, investment policies or investment restrictions; (iii) liquidate or dissolve the Corporation other than before the initial investment in Property; (iv) sell all or substantially all of the Corporation’s assets other than in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise permitted by law; or (v) cause the merger or reorganization of the Corporation except as permitted by law.

Section 11.3 Voting Limitations on Shares Held by the Advisor, Directors and Affiliates. With respect to Shares owned by the Advisor, any Director or any of their Affiliates, neither the Advisor, nor such Director(s), nor any of their Affiliates may vote or consent on matters submitted to the Stockholders regarding the removal of the Advisor, such Director(s) or any of their Affiliates or any transaction between the Corporation and any of them. In determining the requisite percentage in interest of Shares necessary to approve a matter on which the Advisor, such Director and any of their Affiliates may not vote or consent, any Shares owned by any of them shall not be included.

Section 11.4 Right of Inspection. Any holder of Common Shares and any designated representative thereof shall be permitted access to the records of the Corporation to which it is entitled under applicable law at all reasonable times, and may inspect and copy any of them for a reasonable charge. Inspection of the Corporation’s books and records by the office or agency administering the securities laws of a jurisdiction shall be provided upon reasonable notice and during normal business hours.

Section 11.5 Access to Stockholder List. An alphabetical list of the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the holders of Common Shares, along with the number of Shares held by each of them (the “Stockholder List”), shall be maintained as part of the books and records of the Corporation and shall be available for inspection by any holder of Common Shares or such holder’s designated agent at the home office of the Corporation upon the request of the holder of Common Shares. The Stockholder List shall be updated at least quarterly to reflect changes in the information contained therein. A copy of the Stockholder List shall be mailed to any holder of Common Shares so requesting within ten days of receipt by the Corporation of the request. The copy of the Stockholder List shall be printed in alphabetical order, on white paper, and in a readily readable type size (in no event smaller than ten-point type). The Corporation may impose a reasonable charge for expenses incurred in reproduction pursuant to such holder’s request. The purposes for which a holder of Common Shares may request a copy of the Stockholder List include, without limitation, matters relating to such holder’s voting rights, the exercise of such holder’s rights under federal proxy laws and any other proper purpose.

If the Advisor or the Board neglects or refuses to exhibit, produce or mail a copy of the Stockholder List as requested, the Advisor and/or the Board, as the case may be, shall be liable to any holder of Common Shares requesting the Stockholder List for the costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, incurred by such holder of Common Shares for compelling the production of the Stockholder List, and for actual damages suffered by any

 

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holder of Common Shares by reason of such refusal or neglect. It shall be a defense that the actual purpose and reason for the requests for inspection or for a copy of the Stockholder List is to secure the Stockholder List or other information for the purpose of selling the Stockholder List or copies thereof, or of using the same for a commercial purpose other than in the interest of the applicant as a holder of Common Shares relative to the affairs of the Corporation. The Corporation may require the holder of Common Shares requesting the Stockholder List to represent that the Stockholder List is not requested for a commercial purpose unrelated to such holder’s interest in the Corporation. The remedies provided hereunder to holders of Common Shares requesting copies of the Stockholder List are in addition to, and shall not in any way limit, other remedies available to holders of Common Shares under federal law or the laws of any state.

Section 11.6 Reports. For each fiscal year after the Commencement of the Initial Public Offering prior to a Listing, the Directors, including the Independent Directors, shall take reasonable steps to insure that the Corporation shall cause to be prepared and mailed or delivered to each holder of Common Shares as of a record date after the end of the fiscal year, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which it relates, an annual report that shall include: (a) financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that are audited and reported on by independent certified public accountants; (b) the ratio of the costs of raising capital during the period to the capital raised; (c) the aggregate amount of advisory fees and the aggregate amount of other fees paid to the Advisor and any Affiliate of the Advisor by the Corporation and including fees or charges paid to the Advisor and any Affiliate of the Advisor by third parties doing business with the Corporation; (d) the Total Operating Expenses of the Corporation, stated as a percentage of Average Invested Assets and as a percentage of its Net Income; (e) a report from the Independent Directors that the policies being followed by the Corporation are in the best interests of the holders of Common Shares and the basis for such determination; and (f) separately stated, full disclosure of all material terms, factors and circumstances surrounding any and all transactions involving the Corporation, the Directors, the Advisor, the Sponsors and any Affiliate thereof occurring in the year for which the annual report is made, and the Independent Directors shall be specifically charged with a duty to examine and comment in the report on the fairness of such transactions. Alternatively, such information may be provided in a proxy statement delivered with the annual report. The annual report and proxy statement may be delivered by any reasonable means, including through an electronic medium. Electronic delivery of the annual report or proxy statement shall comply with any then-applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Section 11.7 Tender Offers.

(a) If any Person makes a tender offer for Shares, including, without limitation, a “mini-tender” offer, such Person (a “Bidder”) must comply with all of the provisions set forth in Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, disclosure and notice requirements, that would be applicable if the tender offer was for more than 5% of the outstanding Shares; provided, however, that such documents are not required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, any Bidder must provide notice to the Corporation at least 10 Business Days prior to initiating any such tender offer. If any Bidder initiates a tender offer without complying with the foregoing (a “Non-Compliant Tender Offer”), the Corporation may elect to publish, send or give to Stockholders and the Bidder a statement (a “Position Statement”), which Position Statement may be posted on the Corporation’s website, disclosing that the Corporation (a) recommends acceptance or rejection of the Non-Compliant Tender Offer, (b) expresses no opinion and is remaining neutral toward the Non-Compliant Tender Offer, or (c) is unable to take a position with respect to the Non-Compliant Tender Offer. If the Corporation issues a Position Statement but does not recommend acceptance of the Non-Compliant Tender Offer, then the Corporation may elect to cause the rescission provisions of paragraph (b) of this Section 11.7 to be applicable by including a notice of such election (a “11.7(b) notice”) in the Position Statement within 10 Business Days of the Corporation becoming aware of the commencement of the Non-Compliant Tender Offer:

(b) If the Corporation includes a 11.7(b) notice in a Position Statement, and any Stockholder who tendered Shares in connection with the Non-Compliant Tender Offer delivers a notice (a “Rescission Notice”) to the Corporation within 30 days of issuance of the Position Statement indicating a desire to rescind such Stockholder’s tender, then such purported tender shall be void ab initio and the Bidder shall acquire no rights in such Shares and the Stockholder who delivered the Rescission Notice shall continue to have all rights in such Shares. Until the expiration of this 30-day period, the Corporation shall not record a transfer of Shares to the Bidder or its assignee in connection with the Tender Offer.

 

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(c) In addition, unless waived by the Corporation, any Person who makes a Non-Compliant Tender Offer that is not recommended by the Corporation in the Position Statement shall be responsible for all expenses incurred by the Corporation in connection with (x) its review and consideration of the Non-Compliant Tender Offer, including board of directors meeting costs and the costs of counsel and financial advisors, (y) the publication and/or distribution of the Position Statement, including printing and mailing costs, and (z) the enforcement of the provisions of this Section 11.7. In addition to the remedies provided herein, the Corporation may seek injunctive relief, including, without limitation, a temporary or permanent restraining order, in connection with any Non-Compliant Tender Offer.

(d) This Section 11.7 shall be of no force or effect with respect to any Shares that are then Listed as of the date of the commencement of the tender offer.

ARTICLE XII

LIABILITY LIMITATION AND INDEMNIFICATION

Section 12.1 Limitation of Stockholder Liability. No Stockholder shall be liable for any debt, claim, demand, judgment or obligation of any kind of, against or with respect to the Corporation by reason of his being a Stockholder, nor shall any Stockholder be subject to any personal liability whatsoever, in tort, contract or otherwise, to any Person in connection with the assets or the affairs of the Corporation by reason of his being a Stockholder.

Section 12.2 Limitation of Director and Officer Liability.

(a) Subject to any limitations set forth under Maryland law or in paragraph 12.2(b), no Director or officer of the Corporation shall be liable to the Corporation or its Stockholders for money damages. Neither the amendment nor repeal of this Section 12.2(a), nor the adoption or amendment of any other provision of the Charter or Bylaws inconsistent with this Section 12.2(a), shall apply to or affect in any respect the applicability of the preceding sentence with respect to any act or failure to act which occurred prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption.

(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in paragraph (a) above, the Corporation shall not provide that a Director, the Advisor or any Affiliate of the Corporation or the Advisor (the “Indemnitee”) be held harmless for any loss or liability suffered by the Corporation, unless all of the following conditions are met:

(i) The Indemnitee has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in the best interests of the Corporation.

(ii) The Indemnitee was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Corporation.

(iii) Such liability or loss was not the result of (A) negligence or misconduct, in the case that the Indemnitee is a Director (other than an Independent Director), the Advisor or an Affiliate of the Corporation or the Advisor or (B) gross negligence or willful misconduct, in the case that the Indemnitee is an Independent Director.

(iv) Such agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of Net Assets and not from the Stockholders.

Section 12.3 Indemnification.

(a) Subject to any limitations set forth under Maryland law or in paragraph (b) or (c) below, the Corporation shall indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to (i) any individual who is a present or former Director or officer of the Corporation and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity, (ii) any individual who, while a Director or officer of the Corporation and at the request of the Corporation, serves or has served as a director, officer, partner, member, manager or trustee of another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the

 

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proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity or (iii) the Advisor or any of its Affiliates acting as an agent of the Corporation. The rights to indemnification and advance of expenses provided to a Director or officer hereby shall vest immediately upon election of such Director or officer. The Corporation may, with the approval of the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee thereof, provide such indemnification and advance for expenses to a Person who served a predecessor of the Corporation in any of the capacities described in (i) or (ii) above and to any employee or agent of the Corporation or a predecessor of the Corporation. The Board may take such action as is necessary to carry out this Section 12.3(a). No amendment of the Charter or repeal of any of its provisions shall limit or eliminate the right of indemnification provided hereunder with respect to acts or omissions occurring prior to such amendment or repeal.

(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in paragraph (a) above, the Corporation shall not provide for indemnification of an Indemnitee for any liability or loss suffered by such Indemnitee, unless all of the following conditions are met:

(i) The Indemnitee has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in the best interests of the Corporation.

(ii) The Indemnitee was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Corporation.

(iii) Such liability or loss was not the result of (A) negligence or misconduct, in the case that the Indemnitee is a Director (other than an Independent Director), the Advisor or an Affiliate or (B) gross negligence or willful misconduct, in the case that the Indemnitee is an Independent Director.

(iv) Such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of Net Assets and not from the Stockholders.

(c) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in paragraph (a) above, the Corporation shall not provide indemnification to an Indemnitee for any loss, liability or expense arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by such party unless one or more of the following conditions are met: (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the Indemnitee; (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the Indemnitee; or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the Indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which securities were offered or sold as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

Section 12.4 Payment of Expenses. The Corporation may pay or reimburse reasonable legal expenses and other costs incurred by an Indemnitee in advance of final disposition of a proceeding only if all of the following are satisfied: (a) the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on behalf of the Corporation, (b) the Indemnitee provides the Corporation with written affirmation of the Indemnitee’s good faith belief that the Indemnitee has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the Corporation as authorized by Section 12.3 hereof, (c) the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a Stockholder or, if by a Stockholder of the Corporation acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement, and (d) the Indemnitee provides the Corporation with a written agreement to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the Corporation, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if it is ultimately determined that the Indemnitee did not comply with the requisite standard of conduct and is not entitled to indemnification.

Section 12.5 Express Exculpatory Clauses in Instruments. Neither the Stockholders nor the Directors, officers, employees or agents of the Corporation shall be liable under any written instrument creating an obligation of the Corporation by reason of their being Stockholders, Directors, officers, employees or agents of the Corporation, and all Persons shall look solely to the Corporation’s assets for the payment of any claim under or for the performance of that instrument. The omission of the foregoing exculpatory language from any instrument shall not affect the validity or enforceability of such instrument and shall not render any Stockholder, Director, officer, employee or agent liable thereunder to any third party, nor shall the Directors or any officer, employee or agent of the Corporation be liable to anyone as a result of such omission.

 

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ARTICLE XIII

AMENDMENTS

The Corporation reserves the right from time to time to make any amendment to the Charter, now or hereafter authorized by law, including any amendment altering the terms or contract rights, as expressly set forth in the Charter, of any Shares. All rights and powers conferred by the Charter on Stockholders, Directors and officers are granted subject to this reservation. Except for those amendments permitted to be made without Stockholder approval under Maryland law or by specific provision in the Charter, any amendment to the Charter shall be valid only if approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes entitled to be cast on the matter, including without limitation, (a) any amendment which would adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the Stockholders and (b) any amendment to Sections 7.2 and 7.5 of Article VII, Article IX, Article X, Article XII, Article XIV hereof and this Article XIII (or any other amendment of the Charter that would have the effect of amending such sections).

ARTICLE XIV

ROLL-UP TRANSACTIONS

In connection with any proposed Roll-Up Transaction, an appraisal of all of the Corporation’s assets shall be obtained from a competent Independent Appraiser. If the appraisal will be included in a prospectus used to offer the securities of a Roll-Up Entity, the appraisal shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the states as an exhibit to the registration statement for the offering. The Corporation’s assets shall be appraised on a consistent basis, and the appraisal shall be based on the evaluation of all relevant information and shall indicate the value of the assets as of a date immediately prior to the announcement of the proposed Roll-Up Transaction. The appraisal shall assume an orderly liquidation of the assets over a twelve-month period. The terms of the engagement of the Independent Appraiser shall clearly state that the engagement is for the benefit of the Corporation and the Stockholders. A summary of the appraisal, indicating all material assumptions underlying the appraisal, shall be included in a report to Stockholders in connection with a proposed Roll-Up Transaction. In connection with a proposed Roll-Up Transaction, the Person sponsoring the Roll-Up Transaction shall offer to holders of Common Shares who vote against the proposed Roll-Up Transaction the choice of:

(a) accepting the securities of a Roll-Up Entity offered in the proposed Roll-Up Transaction; or

(b) one of the following:

(i) remaining as Stockholders and preserving their interests therein on the same terms and conditions as existed previously; or

(ii) receiving cash in an amount equal to the Stockholder’s pro rata share of the appraised value of the Net Assets.

The Corporation is prohibited from participating in any proposed Roll-Up Transaction:

(a) that would result in the holders of Common Shares having democracy rights in a Roll-Up Entity that are less than the rights provided for in Sections 11.1, 11.2, 11.6 and 12.1 hereof;

(b) that includes provisions that would operate as a material impediment to, or frustration of, the accumulation of Shares by any purchaser of the securities of the Roll-Up Entity (except to the minimum extent necessary to preserve the tax status of the Roll-Up Entity), or which would limit the ability of an investor to exercise the voting rights of its securities of the Roll-Up Entity on the basis of the number of Shares held by that investor;

(c) in which investor’s rights to access of records of the Roll-Up Entity will be less than those described in Sections 11.4 and 11.5 hereof; or

(d) in which any of the costs of the Roll-Up Transaction would be borne by the Corporation if the Roll-Up Transaction is rejected by the holders of Common Shares.

 

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THIRD: The amendment and restatement of the charter of the Corporation as hereinabove set forth has been duly advised by the Board of Directors and approved by the stockholders of the Corporation as required by law.

FOURTH: The current address of the principal office of the Corporation is as set forth in Article III of the foregoing amendment and restatement of the charter.

FIFTH: The name and address of the Corporation’s current resident agent is as set forth in Article III of the foregoing amendment and restatement of the charter.

SIXTH: The number of directors of the Corporation and the names of those currently in office are as set forth in Article VII of the foregoing amendment and restatement of the charter.

SEVENTH: The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation had authority to issue immediately prior to the foregoing amendment and restatement of the charter of the Corporation was 1,000,000, consisting of 1,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, all of which were classified as Class I common stock. The aggregate par value of all shares of stock having par value was $10,000.

EIGHTH: The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation has authority to issue pursuant to the foregoing amendment and restatement of the charter of the Corporation is 1,100,000,000, consisting of 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class T common stock, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class S common stock, 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class D common stock and 250,000,000 of which are classified as Class I common stock, and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share. The aggregate par value of all authorized shares of stock having par value is $11,000,000.

NINTH: The undersigned acknowledges these Articles of Amendment and Restatement to be the corporate act of the Corporation and as to all matters or facts required to be verified under oath, the undersigned acknowledges that to the best of his knowledge, information and belief, these matters and facts are true in all material respects and that this statement is made under the penalties for perjury.

[signature page follows]

 

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused these Articles of Amendment and Restatement to be signed in its name and on its behalf by its Chief Executive Officer and President and attested to by its Secretary on this [        ] day of [        ], 2017.

 

  STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.
By:  

 

  (SEAL)
  Name:   John McCarthy  
  Title:   Chief Executive Officer and President  

 

  ATTEST:
 
By:  

 

  Name:   Matthew Guttin
  Title:   Secretary

 

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EX-3 5 filename5.htm EX-3.2

EXHIBIT 3.2

STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.

AMENDED & RESTATED BYLAWS

ARTICLE I

OFFICES

Section 1. PRINCIPAL OFFICE. The principal office of the Corporation in the State of Maryland shall be located at such place as the Board of Directors may designate.

Section 2. ADDITIONAL OFFICES. The Corporation may have additional offices, including a principal executive office, at such places as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.

ARTICLE II

MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

Section 1. PLACE. All meetings of stockholders shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation or at such other place as shall be set in accordance with these Bylaws and stated in the notice of the meeting.

Section 2. ANNUAL MEETING. An annual meeting of stockholders for the election of directors and the transaction of any business within the powers of the Corporation shall be held on the date and at the time and place set by the Board of Directors, beginning in the year 2018, provided that the date of such meeting will be at least 30 days after delivery of the Corporation’s annual report to stockholders.

Section 3. SPECIAL MEETINGS. The president, the chief executive officer, the chairman of the board, a majority of the Board of Directors or a majority of the Independent Directors (as defined in the charter of the Corporation (the “Charter”)) may call a special meeting of the stockholders. Any such special meeting of stockholders shall be held on the date and at the time and place set by the president, the chief executive officer, the chairman of the board, the Board of Directors or the Independent Directors, whoever has called the meeting. A special meeting of stockholders shall also be called by the secretary of the Corporation to act on any matter that may properly be considered at a meeting of stockholders upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than ten percent of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at such meeting. The written request must state the purpose of such meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at such meeting. Within ten days after receipt of such written request, either in person or by mail, the secretary of the Corporation shall provide all stockholders with written notice, either in person or by mail, of such meeting and the purpose of such meeting. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, such meeting shall be held not less than 15 days nor more than 60 days after the secretary’s delivery of such notice. Subject to the foregoing sentence, such meeting shall be held at the time and place specified in the stockholder request; provided, however, that if none is so specified, such meeting shall be held at a time and place convenient to the stockholders.

Section 4. NOTICE. Except as provided otherwise in Section 3 of this Article II, not less than ten nor more than 90 days before each meeting of stockholders, the secretary shall give to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting and to each stockholder not entitled to vote who is entitled to notice of the meeting notice in writing or by electronic transmission stating the time and place of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting or as otherwise may be required by any statute, the purpose for which the meeting is called, by mail, electronic mail or other electronic means, by presenting it to such stockholder


personally, by leaving it at the stockholder’s residence or usual place of business or by any other means permitted by Maryland law. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail addressed to the stockholder at the stockholder’s address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid. If transmitted electronically, such notice shall be deemed to be given when transmitted to the stockholder by an electronic transmission to any address or number of the stockholder at which the stockholder receives electronic transmissions. The Corporation may give a single notice to all stockholders who share an address, which single notice shall be effective as to any stockholder at such address, unless such stockholder objects in writing to receiving such single notice or revokes in writing a prior consent to receiving such single notice. Failure to give notice of any meeting to one or more stockholders, or any irregularity in such notice, shall not affect the validity of any meeting fixed in accordance with this Article II or the validity of any proceedings at any such meeting.

Subject to Section 11(a) of this Article II, any business of the Corporation may be transacted at an annual meeting of stockholders without being specifically designated in the notice, except such business as is required by any statute to be stated in such notice. No business shall be transacted at a special meeting of stockholders except as specifically designated in the notice. The Corporation may postpone or cancel a meeting of stockholders by making a public announcement (as defined in Section 11(c)(3) of this Article II) of such postponement or cancellation prior to the meeting. Notice of the date, time and place to which the meeting is postponed shall be given not less than ten days prior to such date and otherwise in the manner set forth in this Section 4.

Section 5. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT. Every meeting of stockholders shall be conducted by an individual appointed by the Board of Directors to be chairman of the meeting or, in the absence of such appointment or appointed individual, by the chairman of the board or, in the case of a vacancy in the office or absence of the chairman of the board, by one of the following officers present at the meeting in the following order: the vice chairman of the board, if there is one, the chief executive officer, the president, the vice presidents in their order of rank and within each rank, in their order of seniority, the secretary or, in the absence of such officers, a chairman chosen by the stockholders by the vote of a majority of the votes cast by stockholders present in person or by proxy. The secretary or, in the secretary’s absence, an assistant secretary or, in the absence of both the secretary and assistant secretaries, an individual appointed by the Board of Directors or, in the absence of such appointment, an individual appointed by the chairman of the meeting shall act as secretary. In the event that the secretary presides at a meeting of the stockholders, an assistant secretary or, in the absence of all assistant secretaries, an individual appointed by the Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting shall record the minutes of the meeting. The order of business and all other matters of procedure at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined by the chairman of the meeting. The chairman of the meeting may prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and take such action as, in the discretion of the chairman and without any action by the stockholders, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, (a) restricting admission to the time set for the commencement of the meeting; (b) limiting attendance at the meeting to stockholders of record of the Corporation, their duly authorized proxies and such other individuals as the chairman of the meeting may determine; (c) limiting participation at the meeting on any matter to stockholders of record of the Corporation entitled to vote on such matter, their duly authorized proxies and other such individuals as the chairman of the meeting may determine; (d) limiting the time allotted to questions or comments; (e) determining when and for how long the polls should be opened and when the polls should be closed; (f) maintaining order and security at the meeting; (g) removing any stockholder or any other individual who refuses to comply with meeting procedures, rules or guidelines as set forth by the chairman of the meeting; (h) concluding a meeting or recessing or adjourning the meeting to a later date and time and at a place announced at the meeting; and (i) complying with any state and local laws and regulations concerning safety and security. Unless otherwise determined by the chairman of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

 

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Section 6. QUORUM. At any meeting of stockholders, the presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast at least 50% of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting on any matter shall constitute a quorum; but this section shall not affect any requirement under any statute or the Charter for the vote necessary for the approval of any matter. If such quorum is not established at any meeting of the stockholders, the chairman of the meeting may adjourn the meeting sine die or from time to time to a date not more than 120 days after the original record date without notice other than announcement at the meeting. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally convened.

The stockholders present either in person or by proxy, at a meeting which has been duly called and at which a quorum has been established, may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal from the meeting of enough stockholders to leave fewer than would be required to establish a quorum.

Section 7. VOTING. The holders of a majority of the shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at an annual meeting at which a quorum is present may, without the necessity for concurrence by the Board of Directors, vote to elect a director. Each share may be voted for as many individuals as there are directors to be elected and for whose election the share is entitled to be voted. A majority of the votes cast at a meeting of stockholders duly called and at which a quorum is present shall be sufficient to approve any other matter which may properly come before the meeting, unless more than a majority of the votes cast is required by statute or by the Charter. Unless otherwise provided by statute or by the Charter, each outstanding share of stock, regardless of class, shall be entitled to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of stockholders. Voting on any question or in any election may be viva voce unless the chairman of the meeting shall order that voting be by ballot or otherwise.

Section 8. PROXIES. A holder of record of shares of stock of the Corporation may cast votes in person or by proxy executed by the stockholder or by the stockholder’s duly authorized agent in any manner permitted by law. Such proxy or evidence of authorization of such proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the Corporation before or at the meeting. No proxy shall be valid more than eleven months after its date unless otherwise provided in the proxy.

Section 9. VOTING OF STOCK BY CERTAIN HOLDERS. Stock of the Corporation registered in the name of a corporation, partnership, trust, limited liability company or other entity, if entitled to be voted, may be voted by the president or a vice president, general partner, trustee or managing member thereof, as the case may be, or a proxy appointed by any of the foregoing individuals, unless some other person who has been appointed to vote such stock pursuant to a bylaw or a resolution of the governing body of such corporation or other entity or agreement of the partners of a partnership presents a certified copy of such bylaw, resolution or agreement, in which case such person may vote such stock. Any trustee or other fiduciary may vote stock registered in the name of such person in the capacity of trustee or fiduciary, either in person or by proxy.

Shares of stock of the Corporation directly or indirectly owned by it shall not be voted at any meeting and shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares entitled to be voted at any given time, unless they are held by it in a fiduciary capacity, in which case they may be voted and shall be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares at any given time.

The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution a procedure by which a stockholder may certify in writing to the Corporation that any shares of stock registered in the name of the stockholder are held for the account of a specified person other than the stockholder. The resolution shall set forth the class of stockholders who may make the certification, the purpose for which the certification may be made, the

 

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form of certification and the information to be contained in it; if the certification is with respect to a record date, the time after the record date within which the certification must be received by the Corporation; and any other provisions with respect to the procedure which the Board of Directors considers necessary or desirable. On receipt by the secretary of the Corporation of such certification, the person specified in the certification shall be regarded as, for the purposes set forth in the certification, the holder of record of the specified stock in place of the stockholder who makes the certification.

Section 10. INSPECTORS. The Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting may appoint, before or at the meeting, one or more inspectors for the meeting and any successor to the inspector. The inspectors, if any, shall (a) determine the number of shares of stock represented at the meeting, in person or by proxy, and the validity and effect of proxies, (b) receive and tabulate all votes, ballots or consents, (c) report such tabulation to the chairman of the meeting, (d) hear and determine all challenges and questions arising in connection with the right to vote, and (e) do such acts as are proper to fairly conduct the election or vote. Each such report shall be in writing and signed by the inspector or by a majority of them if there is more than one inspector acting at such meeting. If there is more than one inspector, the report of a majority shall be the report of the inspectors. The report of the inspector or inspectors on the number of shares represented at the meeting and the results of the voting shall be prima facie evidence thereof.

Section 11. ADVANCE NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER NOMINEES FOR DIRECTOR AND OTHER STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS.

(a) Annual Meetings of Stockholders.

(1) Nominations of individuals for election to the Board of Directors and the proposal of other business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders (i) pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting, (ii) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (iii) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the record date set by the Board of Directors for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting, at the time of giving of notice by the stockholder as provided for in this Section 11(a) and at the time of the annual meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual so nominated or on any such other business and who has complied with this Section 11(a).

(2) For any nomination or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of paragraph (a)(1) of this Section 11, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the secretary of the Corporation and any such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for action by the stockholders. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice shall set forth all information required under this Section 11 and shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not earlier than the 150th day nor later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on the 120th day prior to the first anniversary of the date of the proxy statement (as defined in Section 11(c)(3) of this Article II) for the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that in connection with the Corporation’s first annual meeting or in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced or delayed by more than 30 days from the first anniversary of the date of the preceding year’s annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the 150th day prior to the date of such annual meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on the later of the 120th day prior to the date of such annual meeting, as originally convened, or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. The public announcement of a postponement or adjournment of an annual meeting shall not commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

 

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(3) Such stockholder’s notice shall set forth:

(i) as to each individual whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director (each, a “Proposed Nominee”), all information relating to the Proposed Nominee that would be required to be disclosed in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the election of the Proposed Nominee as a director in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or would otherwise be required in connection with such solicitation, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A (or any successor provision) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules thereunder;

(ii) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a description of such business, the stockholder’s reasons for proposing such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business of such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person (as defined below), individually or in the aggregate, including any anticipated benefit to the stockholder or the Stockholder Associated Person therefrom, or any agreement, arrangement or understanding in relation thereto;

(iii) as to the stockholder giving the notice, any Proposed Nominee and any Stockholder Associated Person,

(A) the class, series and number of all shares of stock or other securities of the Corporation (collectively, the “Company Securities”), if any, which are owned (beneficially or of record) by such stockholder, Proposed Nominee or Stockholder Associated Person and the date on which each such Company Security was acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition and

(B) the nominee holder for, and number of, any Company Securities owned beneficially but not of record by such stockholder, Proposed Nominee or Stockholder Associated Person;

(iv) as to the stockholder giving the notice, any Stockholder Associated Person with an interest or ownership referred to in clauses (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph (3) of this Section 11(a) and any Proposed Nominee,

(A) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s stock ledger, and the current name and business address, if different, of each such Stockholder Associated Person and any Proposed Nominee and

(B) the investment strategy or objective, if any, of such stockholder and each such Stockholder Associated Person who is not an individual and a copy of the prospectus, offering memorandum or similar document, if any, provided to investors or potential investors in such stockholder and each such Stockholder Associated Person;

(v) the name and address of any person who contacted or was contacted by the stockholder giving the notice or any Stockholder Associated Person about the Proposed Nominee or other business proposal;

(vi) to the extent known by the stockholder giving the notice, the name and address of any other stockholder supporting the nominee for election or reelection as a director or the proposal of other business on the date of such stockholder’s notice; and

 

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(vii) a representation whether the stockholder or a Stockholder Associated Person intends or is part of a group which intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to the Corporation’s stockholders and/or (y) otherwise to solicit proxies or votes from stockholders in support of such proposal or nomination.

(4) Such stockholder’s notice shall, with respect to any Proposed Nominee, be accompanied by a written undertaking executed by the Proposed Nominee (i) certifying that such Proposed Nominee (a) is not, and will not become a party to, any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed to the Corporation, (b) will serve as a director of the Corporation if elected; (ii) whether such Proposed Nominee, if elected, would be an Independent Director, as defined in the Charter, and (iii) attaching a completed Proposed Nominee questionnaire (which questionnaire shall be provided by the Corporation, upon request, to the stockholder providing the notice and shall include all information relating to the Proposed Nominee that would be required to be disclosed in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the election of the Proposed Nominee as a director in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or would otherwise be required in connection with such solicitation, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A (or any successor provision) under the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, or would be required pursuant to the rules of any national securities exchange on which any securities of the Corporation are listed or over-the-counter market on which any securities of the Corporation are traded).

(5) Notwithstanding anything in this subsection (a) of this Section 11 to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors is increased, and there is no public announcement of such action at least 130 days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the proxy statement (as defined in Section 11(c)(3) of this Article II) for the preceding year’s annual meeting, a stockholder’s notice required by this Section 11(a) shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on the tenth day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.

(6) For purposes of this Section 11, “Stockholder Associated Person” of any stockholder shall mean (i) any person acting in concert with such stockholder, (ii) any beneficial owner of shares of stock of the Corporation owned of record or beneficially by such stockholder (other than a stockholder that is a depositary) and (iii) any person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with such stockholder or such Stockholder Associated Person.

(b) Special Meetings of Stockholders. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected only (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) provided that the special meeting has been called in accordance with Section 3 of this Article II for the purpose of electing directors, by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the record date set by the Board of Directors for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to vote at the special meeting, at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section 11 and at the time of the special meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual so nominated and who has complied with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 11. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more individuals to the Board of Directors, any stockholder may nominate an individual or individuals (as the case may be) for election as a director as specified in the Corporation’s notice of meeting, if the stockholder’s notice, containing the information

 

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required by paragraph (a)(3) of this Section 11, is delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not earlier than the 120th day prior to such special meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern time on the later of the 90th day prior to such special meeting or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. The public announcement of a postponement or adjournment of a special meeting shall not commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

(c) General.

(1) If information submitted pursuant to this Section 11 by any stockholder proposing a nominee for election as a director or any proposal for other business at a meeting of stockholders shall be inaccurate in any material respect, such information may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 11. Any such stockholder shall notify the Corporation of any inaccuracy or change (within two business days of becoming aware of such inaccuracy or change) in any such information. Upon written request by the secretary or the Board of Directors, any such stockholder shall provide, within five business days of delivery of such request (or such other period as may be specified in such request), (i) written verification, satisfactory, in the discretion of the Board of Directors or any authorized officer of the Corporation, to demonstrate the accuracy of any information submitted by the stockholder pursuant to this Section 11 and (ii) a written update of any information (including, if requested by the Corporation, written confirmation by such stockholder that it continues to intend to bring such nomination or other business proposal before the meeting) submitted by the stockholder pursuant to this Section 11 as of an earlier date. If a stockholder fails to provide such written verification or written update within such period, the information as to which written verification or a written update was requested may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 11.

(2) Only such individuals who are nominated in accordance with this Section 11 shall be eligible for election by stockholders as directors, and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with this Section 11. The chairman of the meeting shall have the power to determine whether a nomination or any other business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with this Section 11.

(3) For purposes of this Section 11, “the date of the proxy statement” shall have the same meaning as “the date of the company’s proxy statement released to shareholders” as used in Rule 14a-8(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as interpreted by the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. “Public announcement” shall mean disclosure (i) in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press, Business Wire, PR Newswire or other widely circulated news or wire service or (ii) in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act.

(4) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 11, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of state law and of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 11. Nothing in this Section 11 shall be deemed to affect any right of a stockholder to request inclusion of a proposal in, or the right of the Corporation to omit a proposal from, the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 (or any successor provision) under the Exchange Act. Nothing in this Section 11 shall require disclosure of revocable proxies received by the stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person pursuant to a solicitation of proxies after the filing of an effective Schedule 14A by such stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person under Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act.

 

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(5) Notwithstanding anything in these Bylaws to the contrary, except as otherwise determined by the chairman of the meeting, if the stockholder giving notice as provided for in this Section 11 does not appear in person or by proxy at such annual or special meeting to present each nominee for election as a director or the proposed business, as applicable, such matter shall not be considered at the meeting.

Section 12. CONTROL SHARE ACQUISITION ACT. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Charter or these Bylaws, Title 3, Subtitle 7 of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or any successor statute (the “MGCL”), shall not apply to any acquisition by any person of shares of stock of the Corporation. This section may be repealed, in whole or in part, at any time, whether before or after an acquisition of control shares and, upon such repeal, may, to the extent provided by any successor bylaw, apply to any prior or subsequent control share acquisition.

ARTICLE III

DIRECTORS

Section 1. GENERAL POWERS. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of its Board of Directors.

Section 2. NUMBER, TENURE AND RESIGNATION. At any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose, a majority of the entire Board of Directors may establish, increase or decrease the number of directors, provided that the number thereof shall never be less than the minimum number required by the MGCL (or, upon the Commencement of the Initial Public Offering (as defined in the Charter), three) nor more than 15, and further provided that the tenure of office of a director shall not be affected by any decrease in the number of directors. For so long as the Advisory Agreement among the Corporation, Starwood REIT Advisors, L.L.C. (the “Advisor”) and Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. is in effect, (i) three directors on the slate of directors to be voted on by the stockholders at the Corporation’s annual meeting of stockholders shall be individuals designated for nomination by the Advisor, subject to the approval of such nominations by the Board; provided, however, that such number of director designees shall be reduced as necessary by a number that will result in a majority of the directors being Independent Directors, (ii) the remaining directors shall be individuals nominated by the Board after consultation with the Advisor and (iii) only individuals nominated in accordance with clauses (i) and (ii) of this sentence shall be eligible for election as directors. Any director of the Corporation may resign at any time by delivering his or her resignation to the Board of Directors, the chairman of the board or the secretary. Any resignation shall take effect immediately upon its receipt or at such later time specified in the resignation. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective unless otherwise stated in the resignation. Directors may be removed as set forth in the Charter.

Section 3. ANNUAL AND REGULAR MEETINGS. An annual meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held immediately after and at the same place as the annual meeting of stockholders, no notice other than this Bylaw being necessary. In the event such annual meeting of stockholders is not so held, the annual meeting of the board of directors may be held at such time and place as shall be specified in a notice given as hereinafter provided for special meetings of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, the time and place for the holding of regular meetings of the Board of Directors without other notice than such resolution.

Section 4. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by or at the request of the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer, the president or a majority of the directors then in office. The person or persons authorized to call special meetings of the Board of Directors may fix any place as the place for holding any special meeting of the Board of Directors called by them. The Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, the time and place for the holding of special meetings of the Board of Directors without other notice than such resolution.

 

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Section 5. NOTICE. Notice of any special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be delivered personally or by telephone, electronic mail, facsimile transmission, courier or United States mail to each director at his or her business or residence address. Notice by personal delivery, telephone, electronic mail or facsimile transmission shall be given at least 24 hours prior to the meeting. Notice by courier shall be given at least two days prior to the meeting. Notice by United States mail shall be given at least three days prior to the meeting. Telephone notice shall be deemed to be given when the director or his or her agent is personally given such notice in a telephone call to which the director or his or her agent is a party. Electronic mail notice shall be deemed to be given upon transmission of the message to the electronic mail address given to the Corporation by the director. Facsimile transmission notice shall be deemed to be given upon completion of the transmission of the message to the number given to the Corporation by the director and receipt of a completed answer-back indicating receipt. Notice by courier shall be deemed to be given when deposited with or delivered to a courier properly addressed. Notice by United States mail shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail properly addressed, with postage thereon prepaid. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any annual, regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors need be stated in the notice, unless specifically required by statute or these Bylaws.

Section 6. QUORUM. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the Board of Directors, provided that, if less than a majority of such directors is present at such meeting, a majority of the directors present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice, and provided further that if, pursuant to applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws, the vote of a majority or other percentage of a specified group of directors is required for action, a quorum must also include a majority or such other percentage of such group.

The directors present at a meeting which has been duly called and at which a quorum has been established may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal from the meeting of enough directors to leave fewer than required to establish a quorum.

Section 7. VOTING. The action of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the action of the Board of Directors, unless the concurrence of a greater proportion is required for such action by applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws. If enough directors have withdrawn from a meeting to leave fewer than required to establish a quorum but the meeting is not adjourned, the action of the majority of that number of directors necessary to constitute a quorum at such meeting shall be the action of the Board of Directors, unless the concurrence of a greater proportion is required for such action by applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws. On any matter for which the Charter requires the approval of the Independent Directors, the action of a majority of the total number of Independent Directors shall be the action of the Independent Directors.

Section 8. ORGANIZATION. At each meeting of the Board of Directors, the chairman of the board or, in the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman of the board, if any, shall act as chairman of the meeting. In the absence of both the chairman and vice chairman of the board, the chief executive officer or, in the absence of the chief executive officer, the president or, in the absence of the president, a director chosen by a majority of the directors present shall act as chairman of the meeting. The secretary or, in his or her absence, an assistant secretary of the Corporation or, in the absence of the secretary and all assistant secretaries, an individual appointed by the chairman of the meeting shall act as secretary of the meeting and shall record the minutes of the meeting.

 

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Section 9. TELEPHONE MEETINGS. Directors may participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

Section 10. CONSENT BY DIRECTORS WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if a consent in writing or by electronic transmission to such action is given by each director and is filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors.

Section 11. VACANCIES. If for any reason any or all of the directors cease to be directors, such event shall not terminate the Corporation or affect these Bylaws or the powers of the remaining directors hereunder. Until such time as the Corporation becomes subject to Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL, any vacancy on the Board of Directors for any cause other than an increase in the number of directors may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, even if such majority is less than a quorum; any vacancy in the number of directors created by an increase in the number of directors may be filled by a majority vote of the entire Board of Directors; and any individual so elected as director shall serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor is elected and qualifies. At such time as the Corporation becomes subject to Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL and except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of any class or series of preferred stock, any vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled only by a majority of the remaining directors, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy shall serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies. Independent Directors shall nominate replacements for vacancies among the Independent Directors’ positions.

Section 12. COMPENSATION. Directors shall not receive any stated salary for their services as directors but, by resolution of the Board of Directors, may receive compensation per year and/or per meeting and/or per visit to real property or other facilities owned or leased by the Corporation and for any service or activity they perform or engage in as directors, including under any incentive plan approved by the Board of Directors. Directors may be reimbursed for expenses of attendance, if any, at each annual, regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof and for their expenses, if any, in connection with each property visit and any other service or activity they perform or engage in as directors; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any directors from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

Section 13. RELIANCE. Each director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation shall, in the performance of his or her duties with respect to the Corporation, be entitled to rely on any information, opinion, report or statement, including any financial statement or other financial data, prepared or presented by an officer or employee of the Corporation whom the director, officer, employee or agent reasonably believes to be reliable and competent in the matters presented, by a lawyer, certified public accountant or other person, as to a matter which the director, officer, employee or agent reasonably believes to be within the person’s professional or expert competence, or, with respect to a director, by a committee of the Board of Directors on which the director does not serve, as to a matter within its designated authority, if the director reasonably believes the committee to merit confidence.

Section 14. CERTAIN RIGHTS OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS. A director, officer, employee or agent shall have no responsibility to devote his or her full time to the affairs of the Corporation. Any director, officer, employee or agent, in his or her personal capacity or in a capacity as an affiliate, employee, or agent of any other person, or otherwise, may have business interests and engage in business activities similar to, in addition to or in competition with those of or relating to the Corporation.

 

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Section 15. RATIFICATION. The Board of Directors or the stockholders may ratify and make binding on the Corporation any action or inaction by the Corporation or its officers to the extent that the Board of Directors or the stockholders could have originally authorized the matter and, if so ratified, such action or inaction shall have the same force and effect as if originally duly authorized, and such ratification shall be binding upon the Corporation and its stockholders. Any action or inaction questioned in any stockholders’ derivative proceeding or any other proceeding on the ground of lack of authority, defective or irregular execution, adverse interest of a director, officer or stockholder, non-disclosure, miscomputation, the application of improper principles or practices of accounting, or otherwise, may be ratified, before or after judgment, by the Board of Directors or by the stockholders, and if so ratified, shall have the same force and effect as if the questioned action or inaction had been originally duly authorized, and such ratification shall be binding upon the Corporation and its stockholders and shall constitute a bar to any claim or execution of any judgment in respect of such questioned action or inaction.

Section 16. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS. Notwithstanding any other provision in the Charter or these Bylaws, this Section 16 shall apply during the existence of any catastrophe, or other similar emergency condition, as a result of which a quorum of the Board of Directors under Article III of these Bylaws cannot readily be obtained (an “Emergency”). During any Emergency, unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, (a) a meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof may be called by any director or officer by any means feasible under the circumstances; (b) notice of any meeting of the Board of Directors during such an Emergency may be given less than 24 hours prior to the meeting to as many directors and by such means as may be feasible at the time, including publication, television or radio; and (c) the number of directors necessary to constitute a quorum shall be one-third of the entire Board of Directors.

ARTICLE IV

COMMITTEES

Section 1. NUMBER, TENURE AND QUALIFICATIONS. The Board of Directors may appoint from among its members committees, composed of one or more directors, to serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. A majority of the members of each committee shall be Independent Directors. In the absence of any member of any such committee, the members thereof present at any meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may appoint another director to act in the place of such absent member.

Section 2. POWERS. The Board of Directors may delegate to committees appointed under Section 1 of this Article any of the powers of the Board of Directors, except as prohibited by law.

Section 3. MEETINGS. Notice of committee meetings shall be given in the same manner as notice for special meetings of the Board of Directors. A majority of the members of the committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the committee. The act of a majority of the committee members present at a meeting shall be the act of such committee. The Board of Directors may designate a chairman of any committee, and such chairman or, in the absence of a chairman, any two members of any committee (if there are at least two members of the committee) may fix the time and place of its meeting unless the Board shall otherwise provide. In the absence of any member of any such committee, the members thereof present at any meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may appoint another director to act in the place of such absent member.

 

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Section 4. TELEPHONE MEETINGS. Members of a committee of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

Section 5. CONSENT BY COMMITTEES WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of a committee of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if a consent in writing or by electronic transmission to such action is given by each member of the committee and is filed with the minutes of proceedings of such committee.

Section 6. VACANCIES. Subject to the provisions hereof, the Board of Directors shall have the power at any time to change the membership of any committee, to appoint the chair of any committee. to fill any vacancy, to designate an alternate member to replace any absent or disqualified member or to dissolve any such committee.

ARTICLE V

OFFICERS

Section 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS. The officers of the Corporation shall include a president, a secretary and a treasurer and may include a chairman of the board, a vice chairman of the board, a chief executive officer, one or more vice presidents, a chief operating officer, a chief financial officer, one or more assistant secretaries and one or more assistant treasurers. In addition, the Board of Directors may from time to time elect such other officers with such powers and duties as it shall deem necessary or desirable. The officers of the Corporation shall be elected by the Board of Directors, for such term as the Board of Directors may determine, except that the chief executive officer or president may from time to time elect one or more vice presidents, assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers or other officers. Each officer shall serve until his or her successor is elected and qualifies or until his or her death, or his or her resignation or removal in the manner hereinafter provided. Any two or more offices except president and vice president may be held by the same person. Appointment of an officer or agent shall not of itself create contract rights between the Corporation and such officer or agent.

Section 2. REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION. Any officer or agent of the Corporation may be removed, with or without cause, by the Board of Directors if in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation would be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed. Any officer of the Corporation may resign at any time by delivering his or her resignation to the Board of Directors, the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer, the president or the secretary. Any resignation shall take effect immediately upon its receipt or at such later time specified in the resignation. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective unless otherwise stated in the resignation. Such resignation shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the Corporation.

Section 3. VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office may be filled by the Board of Directors for the balance of the term.

Section 4. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Board of Directors may designate from among its members a chairman of the board, who shall not, solely by reason of these Bylaws, be an officer of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate the chairman of the board as an executive or non-executive chairman. The chairman of the board shall preside over the meetings of the Board of Directors. The chairman of the board shall perform such other duties as may be assigned to him or her by these Bylaws or the Board of Directors.

 

12


Section 5. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief executive officer. In the absence of such designation, the chairman of the board shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The chief executive officer shall have general responsibility for implementation of the policies of the Corporation, as determined by the Board of Directors, and for the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation. He or she may execute any deed, mortgage, bond, contract or other instrument, except in cases where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws to some other officer or agent of the Corporation or shall be required by law to be otherwise executed; and in general shall perform all duties incident to the office of chief executive officer and such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors from time to time.

Section 6. CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief operating officer. The chief operating officer shall have the responsibilities and duties as determined by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer.

Section 7. CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief financial officer. The chief financial officer shall have the responsibilities and duties as determined by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer.

Section 8. PRESIDENT. In the absence of a chief executive officer, the president shall in general supervise and control all of the business and affairs of the Corporation. In the absence of a designation of a chief operating officer by the Board of Directors, the president shall be the chief operating officer. He or she may execute any deed, mortgage, bond, contract or other instrument, except in cases where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws to some other officer or agent of the Corporation or shall be required by law to be otherwise executed; and in general shall perform all duties incident to the office of president and such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors from time to time.

Section 9. VICE PRESIDENTS. In the absence of the president or in the event of a vacancy in such office, the vice president (or in the event there be more than one vice president, the vice presidents in the order designated at the time of their election or, in the absence of any designation, then in the order of their election) shall perform the duties of the president and when so acting shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the president; and shall perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to such vice president by the chief executive officer, the president or the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may designate one or more vice presidents as executive vice president, senior vice president, or vice president for particular areas of responsibility.

Section 10. SECRETARY. The secretary shall, unless any such duty is delegated to an administrator or other third party appointed by the Board of Directors, (a) keep the minutes of the proceedings of the stockholders, the Board of Directors and committees of the Board of Directors in one or more books provided for that purpose; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law; (c) be custodian of the corporate records and of the seal of the Corporation; (d) keep a register of the post office address of each stockholder which shall be furnished to the secretary by such stockholder; (e) have general charge of the stock transfer books of the Corporation; and (f) in general perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him or her by the chief executive officer, the president or the Board of Directors.

Section 11. TREASURER. The treasurer shall, unless any such duty is delegated to an administrator or other third party appointed by the Board, have the custody of the funds, securities and other property interests of the Corporation, shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation, shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects

 

13


in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors and in general shall perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him or her by the chief executive officer, the president or the Board of Directors. In the absence of a designation of a chief financial officer by the Board of Directors, the treasurer shall be the chief financial officer of the Corporation.

The treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the president and Board of Directors, at the regular meetings of the Board of Directors or whenever it may so require, an account of all his or her transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation.

Section 12. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS. The assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers, in general, shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them by the secretary or treasurer, respectively, or by the chief executive officer, the president or the Board of Directors.

Section 13. COMPENSATION. The compensation of the officers shall be fixed from time to time by or under the authority of the Board of Directors and no officer shall be prevented from receiving such compensation by reason of the fact that he or she is also a director. For the avoidance of doubt, it is understood that neither the Corporation nor the Board of Directors has the authority to determine the salary, bonus or any other compensation paid by the Corporation’s advisor to any director, officer, member, partner, employee, or stockholder of the advisor or its affiliates, including any person who is also a director, officer or employee of the Corporation.

ARTICLE VI

CONTRACTS, CHECKS AND DEPOSITS

Section 1. CONTRACTS. The Board of Directors or any committee of the Board within the scope of its delegated authority may authorize any officer or agent to enter into any contract or to execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Any agreement, deed, mortgage, lease or other document shall be valid and binding upon the Corporation when duly authorized or ratified by action of the Board of Directors or such committee or executed by any such authorized person.

Section 2. CHECKS AND DRAFTS. All checks, drafts or other orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or agent of the Corporation in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

Section 3. DEPOSITS. All funds of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall be deposited or invested from time to time to the credit of the Corporation as the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president, the chief financial officer or any other officer designated by the Board of Directors may determine.

 

14


ARTICLE VII

STOCK

Section 1. CERTIFICATES. Except as may otherwise be provided by the Board of Directors, stockholders of the Corporation are not entitled to certificates representing the shares of stock held by them. In the event that the Corporation issues shares of stock represented by certificates, such certificates shall be in such form as prescribed by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized officer, shall contain the statements and information required by the MGCL and shall be signed by the officers of the Corporation in the manner permitted by the MGCL. In the event that the Corporation issues shares of stock without certificates, to the extent then required by the MGCL, the Corporation shall provide to the record holders of such shares a written statement of the information required by the MGCL to be included on stock certificates. There shall be no differences in the rights and obligations of stockholders based on whether or not their shares are represented by certificates.

Section 2. TRANSFERS. All transfers of shares of stock shall be made on the books of the Corporation, by the holder of the shares, in person or by his or her attorney or other agent, in such manner as the Board of Directors or any officer of the Corporation may prescribe and, if such shares are certificated, upon surrender of certificates duly endorsed. The issuance of a new certificate upon the transfer of certificated shares is subject to the determination of the Board of Directors that such shares shall no longer be represented by certificates. Upon the transfer of any uncertificated shares, to the extent then required by the MGCL, the Corporation shall provide to the record holders of such shares a written statement of the information required by the MGCL to be included on stock certificates.

The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share of stock as the holder in fact thereof and, accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise expressly provided by the laws of the State of Maryland.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, transfers of shares of any class or series of stock will be subject in all respects to the Charter and all of the terms and conditions contained therein.

Section 3. REPLACEMENT CERTIFICATE. Any officer of the Corporation may direct a new certificate or certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, destroyed, stolen or mutilated, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate to be lost, destroyed, stolen or mutilated; provided, however, if such shares have ceased to be certificated, no new certificate shall be issued unless requested in writing by such stockholder and the Board of Directors has determined that such certificates may be issued. Unless otherwise determined by an officer of the Corporation, the owner of such lost, destroyed, stolen or mutilated certificate or certificates, or his or her legal representative, shall be required, as a condition precedent to the issuance of a new certificate or certificates, to give the Corporation a bond in such sums as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the Corporation.

Section 4. FIXING OF RECORD DATE. The Board of Directors may set, in advance, a record date for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or determining stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or the allotment of any other rights, or in order to make a determination of stockholders for any other proper purpose. Such date, in any case, shall not be prior to the close of business on the day the record date is fixed and shall be not more than 90 days and, in the case of a meeting of stockholders, not less than ten days, before the date on which the meeting or particular action requiring such determination of stockholders of record is to be held or taken.

When a record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at any meeting of stockholders has been set as provided in this section, such record date shall continue to apply to the meeting if adjourned or postponed, except if the meeting is adjourned or postponed to a date more than 120 days after the record date originally fixed for the meeting, in which case a new record date for such meeting may be determined as set forth herein.

 

15


Section 5. STOCK LEDGER. The Corporation shall maintain at its principal office or at the office of its counsel, accountants or transfer agent, an original or duplicate stock ledger containing the name and address of each stockholder and the number of shares of each class held by such stockholder.

Section 6. FRACTIONAL STOCK; ISSUANCE OF UNITS. The Board of Directors may authorize the Corporation to issue fractional stock or authorize the issuance of scrip, all on such terms and under such conditions as it may determine. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Charter or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of units consisting of different securities of the Corporation. Any security issued in a unit shall have the same characteristics as any identical securities issued by the Corporation, except that the Board of Directors may provide that for a specified period securities of the Corporation issued in such unit may be transferred on the books of the Corporation only in such unit.

ARTICLE VIII

ACCOUNTING YEAR

The Board of Directors shall have the power, from time to time, to fix the fiscal year of the Corporation by a duly adopted resolution.

ARTICLE IX

DISTRIBUTIONS

Section 1. AUTHORIZATION. Dividends and other distributions upon the stock of the Corporation may be authorized by the Board of Directors and declared by the Corporation, subject to the provisions of law and the Charter. Dividends and other distributions may be paid in cash, property or stock of the Corporation, subject to the provisions of law and the Charter.

Section 2. CONTINGENCIES. Before payment of any dividends or other distributions, there may be set aside out of any assets of the Corporation available for dividends or other distributions such sum or sums as the Board of Directors may from time to time, in its absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve fund for contingencies, for equalizing dividends, for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation or for such other purpose as the Board of Directors shall determine, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve.

ARTICLE X

INVESTMENT POLICY

Subject to the provisions of the Charter, the Board of Directors may from time to time adopt, amend, revise or terminate any policy or policies with respect to investments by the Corporation as it shall deem appropriate in its sole discretion.

ARTICLE XI

SEAL

Section 1. SEAL. The Board of Directors may authorize the adoption of a seal by the Corporation. The seal shall contain the name of the Corporation and the year of its incorporation and the words “Incorporated Maryland.” The Board of Directors may authorize one or more duplicate seals and provide for the custody thereof.

 

16


Section 2. AFFIXING SEAL. Whenever the Corporation is permitted or required to affix its seal to a document, it shall be sufficient to meet the requirements of any law, rule or regulation relating to a seal to place the word “(SEAL)” adjacent to the signature of the person authorized to execute the document on behalf of the Corporation.

ARTICLE XII

WAIVER OF NOTICE

Whenever any notice of a meeting is required to be given pursuant to the Charter or these Bylaws or pursuant to applicable law, a waiver thereof in writing or by electronic transmission, given by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice. Neither the business to be transacted at nor the purpose of any meeting need be set forth in the waiver of notice of such meeting, unless specifically required by statute. The attendance of any person at any meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where such person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting has not been lawfully called or convened.

ARTICLE XIII

AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS

The Board of Directors shall have the exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of these Bylaws and to make new Bylaws.

 

17

EX-5 6 filename6.htm EX-5.1

EXHIBIT 5.1

[LETTERHEAD OF VENABLE LLP]

DRAFT – SUBJECT TO REVIEW AND CHANGE

            , 2017

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

1601 Washington Avenue, Suite 800

Miami Beach, Florida 33139

 

  Re: Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-                )

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have served as Maryland counsel to Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), in connection with certain matters of Maryland law arising out of the registration of up to $5,000,000,000 in shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company, consisting of Class T common stock (“Class T Shares”), Class S common stock (“Class S Shares”), Class D common stock (“Class D Shares”) and Class I common stock (“Class I Shares”), covered by the above-referenced Registration Statement, and all amendments thereto (the “Registration Statement”), filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”). $4,000,000,000 in Shares (the “Primary Offering Shares”) are issuable in a primary offering (the “Offering”) pursuant to subscription agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) and $1,000,000,000 in Shares (the “Plan Shares”) are issuable pursuant to the Company’s Distribution Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), subject to the right of the Company to reallocate Shares between the Offering and the Plan as described in the Registration Statement.

In connection with our representation of the Company, and as a basis for the opinion hereinafter set forth, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the following documents (herein collectively referred to as the “Documents”):

1. The Registration Statement and the related form of prospectus included therein (including, without limitation, the Plan attached thereto as Appendix B and the form of Subscription Agreement attached thereto as Appendix C) in the form in which it was transmitted to the Commission under the 1933 Act;

2. The charter of the Company (the “Charter”), certified by the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland (the “SDAT”);


Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

            , 2017

Page 2

 

3. The Bylaws of the Company, certified as of the date hereof by an officer of the Company;

4. A certificate of the SDAT as to the good standing of the Company, dated as of a recent date;

5. Resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company relating to the sale, issuance and registration of the Shares (the “Resolutions”), certified as of the date hereof by an officer of the Company;

6. A certificate executed by an officer of the Company, dated as of the date hereof; and

7. Such other documents and matters as we have deemed necessary or appropriate to express the opinion set forth below, subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein.

In expressing the opinion set forth below, we have assumed the following:

1. Each individual executing any of the Documents, whether on behalf of such individual or another person, is legally competent to do so.

2. Each individual executing any of the Documents on behalf of a party (other than the Company) is duly authorized to do so.

3. Each of the parties (other than the Company) executing any of the Documents has duly and validly executed and delivered each of the Documents to which such party is a signatory, and such party’s obligations set forth therein are legal, valid and binding and are enforceable in accordance with all stated terms.

4. All Documents submitted to us as originals are authentic. The form and content of all Documents submitted to us as unexecuted drafts do not differ in any respect relevant to this opinion from the form and content of such Documents as executed and delivered. All Documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies conform to the original documents. All signatures on all Documents are genuine. All public records reviewed or relied upon by us or on our behalf are true and complete. All representations, warranties, statements and information contained in the Documents are true and complete. There has been no oral or written modification of or amendment to any of the Documents, and there has been no waiver of any provision of any of the Documents, by action or omission of the parties or otherwise.


Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

            , 2017

Page 3

 

5. The Shares will not be issued or transferred in violation of any restriction or limitation on transfer and ownership of shares of stock of the Company contained in Article VI of the Charter.

6. Upon the issuance of any of the Shares, the total number of Class T Shares issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of Class T Shares that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter, the total number of Class S Shares issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of Class S Shares that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter, the total number of Class D Shares issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of Class D Shares that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter and the total number of Class I Shares issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of Class I Shares that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter. We note that, as of the date hereof, there are more than 241,545,894 Class T Shares, more than 241,545,894 Class S Shares, more than 250,000,000 Class D Shares and more than 250,000,000 Class I Shares available for issuance under the Charter.

Based upon the foregoing, and subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein, it is our opinion that:

1. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Maryland and is in good standing with the SDAT.

2. The issuance of the Primary Offering Shares has been duly authorized and, when and if issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the Resolutions, the Subscription Agreements and the Registration Statement, the Primary Offering Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

3. The issuance of the Plan Shares has been duly authorized and, when and if issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the Resolutions, the Plan and the Registration Statement, the Plan Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

The foregoing opinion is limited to the laws of the State of Maryland and we do not express any opinion herein concerning any other law. We express no opinion as to compliance with any federal or state securities laws, including the securities laws of the State of Maryland, or as to federal or state laws regarding fraudulent transfers. To the extent that any


Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

            , 2017

Page 4

 

matter as to which our opinion is expressed herein would be governed by the laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of Maryland, we do not express any opinion on such matter. The opinion expressed herein is subject to the effect of judicial decisions which may permit the introduction of parol evidence to modify the terms or the interpretation of agreements.

The opinion expressed herein is limited to the matters specifically set forth herein and no other opinion shall be inferred beyond the matters expressly stated. We assume no obligation to supplement this opinion if any applicable law changes after the date hereof or if we become aware of any fact that might change the opinion expressed herein after the date hereof.

This opinion is being furnished to you for submission to the Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of the name of our firm therein. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required by Section 7 of the 1933 Act.

Very truly yours,

EX-8 7 filename7.htm EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

 

LOGO

The Atlantic Building

950 F Street, NW

Washington, DC 20004-1404

202-239-3300 | Fax: 202-654-4829

[ ], 2017

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

 

Re:

  Registration on Securities Form S-11 Relating to Shares of Common Stock of Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are acting as tax counsel to Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the registration statement on Form S-11, File No. _______ (as amended, the “Registration Statement”), filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to register up to $5,000,000,000 of the Company’s common stock, par value $.01 per share, consisting of Class T shares, Class S shares, Class D shares and Class I shares (the “Shares”). This opinion letter is rendered pursuant to Item 16 of Form S-11 and Item 601(b)(8) of Regulation S-K.

You have requested our opinions as to (i) the qualification of the Company as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and (ii) the accuracy of the discussion of U.S. federal income tax considerations contained under the caption “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the Registration Statement.

In preparing this opinion letter, we have reviewed the form of the Company’s Articles of Amendment and Restatement (the “Articles”), the Registration Statement and such other documents as we have considered relevant to our analysis. We have also obtained representations as to factual matters made by the Company through a certificate of an officer of the Company (the “Officer’s Certificate”). Our opinion letter is based solely on the information and representations in such documents.

For purposes of this opinion letter, we have assumed (i) the genuineness of all signatures on documents we have examined, (ii) the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, (iii) the conformity to the original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, (iv) the conformity, to the extent relevant to our opinions, of final documents to all documents submitted to us as drafts, (v) the authority and capacity of the individual or individuals who executed any such documents on behalf of any person, (vi) due execution and delivery of all such documents by all the parties thereto, (vii) the compliance of each party with all material provisions of such documents, and (viii) the accuracy and completeness of all records made available to us.

 

Alston & Bird LLP   www.alston.com
Atlanta | Beijing | Brussels | Charlotte | Dallas | Los Angeles | New York | Research Triangle | San Francisco | Silicon Valley | Washington, D.C.


 

Page 2

 

Further, we have assumed, with your consent, that (i) the factual representations set forth in the Officer’s Certificate and the description of the Company and its subsidiaries and their proposed activities in the Registration Statement are true, accurate and complete as of the date hereof, and that during the first taxable year of operations and during subsequent taxable years, the Company and its subsidiaries will operate in a manner that will make the representations contained in the Officer’s Certificate and the description of the Company and its subsidiaries and their proposed activities in the Registration Statement true for such years, (ii) the Company will file the form of the Articles with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation, (iii) other than the filing of such Articles, the Company will not make any amendments to its organizational documents after the date of this opinion that would affect the Company’s qualification as a REIT for any taxable year and (iv) no action will be taken after the date hereof by the Company or any of its subsidiaries that would have the effect of altering the facts upon which the opinion set forth below is based.

For purposes of our opinion, we have not made an independent investigation of the facts, representations, and covenants set forth in the Officer’s Certificate, the Registration Statement, or in any other document. Consequently, we have assumed, and relied on your representations, that the information presented in the Officer’s Certificate, the Registration Statement, and other documents accurately and completely describe all material facts relevant to our opinion. We have assumed that such representations are true without regard to any qualification as to knowledge or belief. Our opinion is conditioned on the continuing accuracy and completeness of such statements, representations and covenants. Any material change or inaccuracy in the facts referred to, set forth, or assumed herein or in the Officer’s Certificate may affect our conclusions set forth herein.

The opinions expressed herein are given as of the date hereof and are based upon the Code, the U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, current administrative positions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and existing judicial decisions, any of which could be changed at any time, possibly on a retroactive basis. Any such changes could adversely affect the opinions rendered herein. In addition, as noted above, our opinions are based solely on the documents that we have examined and the representations that have been made to us and cannot be relied upon if any of the facts contained in such documents or in such additional information is, or later becomes, inaccurate or if any of the representations made to us are, or later become, inaccurate. Our opinions are limited to the U.S. federal income tax matters specifically covered herein. We have not opined on any other tax consequences to the Company or any other person. Further, we express no opinion with respect to other federal laws or the laws of any other jurisdiction.

Based on the foregoing, we are of the opinion that:

(i)    Commencing with the taxable year ending December 31 of the year in which the escrow period concludes., and assuming that the elections and other procedural steps referred to in the Registration Statement and Officer’s Certificate are completed by the Company in a timely fashion, the Company will be organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and the Company’s contemplated method of operations will enable it to satisfy the requirements for such qualification.

(ii)    The statements under the caption “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the Registration Statement, insofar as they purport to constitute summaries of matters of U.S. federal income tax law and regulations or legal conclusions with respect thereto, constitute accurate summaries of the matters described therein in all material respects.


 

Page 3

 

The Company’s status as a REIT for any taxable year is dependent upon, among other things, the Company meeting the requirements of Sections 856 through 860 of the Code throughout such year and for the year as a whole. Accordingly, because the Company’s satisfaction of such requirements will depend upon future events, including the final determination of financial and operational results, it is not possible to assure that the Company will satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT in any particular taxable year.

Our opinion is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service, and the Internal Revenue Service may disagree with the opinion contained herein.

No opinions other than those expressly contained herein may be inferred or implied. Also, we undertake no obligation to update this opinion letter, or to ascertain after the date hereof whether circumstances occurring after such date may affect the conclusions set forth herein.

This opinion letter is being furnished to you for submission to the Securities Exchange Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as Exhibit 8.1 to the Registration Statement and to the reference to this firm under the caption “Legal Matters” in the prospectus constituting a part of the Registration Statement. In giving this consent, we do not thereby admit that we are an “expert” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

Very truly yours,
EX-10 8 filename8.htm EX-10.1

EXHIBIT 10.1

ADVISORY AGREEMENT

AMONG

STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME TRUST, INC.,

STARWOOD REIT OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P.,

AND

STARWOOD REIT ADVISORS, LLC


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

         Page  

1.

 

DEFINITIONS

     1  

2.

 

APPOINTMENT

     5  

3.

 

DUTIES OF THE ADVISOR

     5  

4.

 

AUTHORITY OF ADVISOR

     8  

5.

 

BANK ACCOUNTS

     8  

6.

 

RECORDS; ACCESS

     9  

7.

 

LIMITATIONS ON ACTIVITIES

     9  

8.

 

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF THE ADVISOR

     9  

9.

 

DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

     11  

10.

 

MANAGEMENT FEE

     11  

11.

 

EXPENSES

     12  

12.

 

OTHER SERVICES

     14  

13.

 

REIMBURSEMENT TO THE ADVISOR

     15  

14.

 

NO JOINT VENTURE

     15  

15.

 

TERM OF AGREEMENT

     15  

16.

 

TERMINATION BY THE PARTIES

     15  

17.

 

ASSIGNMENT TO AN AFFILIATE

     15  

18.

 

PAYMENTS TO AND DUTIES OF ADVISOR UPON TERMINATION

     16  

19.

 

INDEMNIFICATION BY THE COMPANY AND THE OPERATING PARTNERSHIP

     16  

20.

 

INDEMNIFICATION BY ADVISOR

     16  

21.

 

NON-SOLICITATION

     16  

22.

 

MISCELLANEOUS

     17  

23.

 

INITIAL INVESTMENT

     18  


ADVISORY AGREEMENT

THIS ADVISORY AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”), dated as of the [        ] day of [            ], 2017 and effective as of the date the Registration Statement (as defined below) is declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Effective Date”), is by and among Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (the “Operating Partnership”), and Starwood REIT Advisors, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Advisor”). Capitalized terms used herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in Section 1 below.

W I T N E S S E T H

WHEREAS, the Company intends to qualify as a REIT, and to invest its funds in investments permitted by the terms of Sections 856 through 860 of the Code;

WHEREAS, the Company is the general partner of the Operating Partnership and intends to conduct all of its business and make all or substantially all Investments through the Operating Partnership;

WHEREAS, the Company and the Operating Partnership desire to avail themselves of the knowledge, experience, sources of information, advice, assistance and certain facilities available to the Advisor and to have the Advisor undertake the duties and responsibilities hereinafter set forth, on behalf of, and subject to the supervision of, the Board, all as provided herein; and

WHEREAS, the Advisor is willing to undertake to render such services, subject to the supervision of the Board, on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties agree as follows:

1. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the definitions hereinafter indicated:

Acquisition Expenses” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Advisor” shall mean Starwood REIT Advisors, LLC a Delaware limited liability company.

Advisor Expenses” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(b).

Affiliate” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Average Invested Assets” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Board” shall mean the board of directors of the Company, as of any particular time.

Business Day” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Bylaws” shall mean the bylaws of the Company, as amended from time to time.

Cause” shall mean, with respect to the termination of this Agreement, fraud, criminal conduct, willful misconduct or willful or gross negligent breach of fiduciary duty by the Advisor in connection with performing its duties hereunder.


CEA” shall mean the U.S. Commodities Exchange Act, as amended.

Change of Control” shall mean any event (including, without limitation, issue, transfer or other disposition of shares of capital stock of the Company or equity interests in the Operating Partnership, merger, share exchange or consolidation) after which any “person” (as that term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) is or becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company or the Operating Partnership representing greater than 50% or more of the combined voting power of Company’s or the Operating Partnership’s then outstanding securities, respectively; provided, that, a Change of Control shall not be deemed to occur as a result of any widely distributed public offering of the Shares.

Charter” shall mean the Articles of Incorporation of the Company filed with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation in accordance with the Maryland General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time.

Class D Common Shares” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class D NAV per Share” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class I Common Shares” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class I NAV per Share” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class S Common Shares” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class S NAV per Share” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class T Common Shares” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Class T NAV per Share” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

Commencement Date” shall mean the date on which the Company breaks escrow for its initial Offering.

Company” shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.

Dealer Managershall mean Starwood Capital, L.L.C., or such other Person selected by the Board to act as the dealer manager or distribution agent for an Offering.

Dealer Manager Fees” shall mean the dealer manager fee payable to the Dealer Manager as described in the Prospectus.

Director” shall mean a member of the Board.

Distributions” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Effective Date” shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.

Excess Amount” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 14.

 

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Exchange Act” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Expense Year” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 14.

GAAP” shall mean generally accepted accounting principles as in effect in the United States of America from time to time.

Gross Proceeds” shall mean the aggregate purchase price of all Shares sold for the account of the Company through an Offering, without deduction for Selling Commissions or Dealer Manager Fees. The purchase price of any Class T Common Share or Class S Common Share shall be deemed to be the full, non-discounted offering price at the time of purchase of each such Class T Common Share or Class S Common Share.

Independent Appraiser” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Independent Director” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Initial Investment” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 23.

Investment Company Act” shall mean the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

Investment Guidelines” shall mean the investment guidelines adopted by the Board, as amended from time to time, pursuant to which the Advisor has discretion to acquire and dispose of Investments for the Company without the prior approval of the Board.

Investments” shall mean any investments by the Company or the Operating Partnership, directly or indirectly, in Real Property, Real Estate-Related Assets or other assets.

Joint Ventures” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Management Fee” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 10(a).

Mortgage” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

NASAA REIT Guidelines” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

NAV” shall mean the Company’s net asset value, calculated pursuant to the Valuation Guidelines.

Net Income” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Offering” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Operating Partnership” shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.

Operating Partnership Agreement” shall mean the Limited Partnership Agreement of the Operating Partnership, as amended from time to time.

Organization and Offering Expenses” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

 

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Other Starwood Accounts” shall mean investment funds, REITs, vehicles, accounts, products and/or other similar arrangements sponsored, advised and/or managed by Starwood, whether currently in existence or subsequently established (in each case, including any related successor funds, alternative vehicles, supplemental capital vehicles, surge funds, over-flow funds, co-investment vehicles and other entities formed in connection with Starwood side-by-side or additional general partner investments with respect thereto).

Performance Participation Interest” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Operating Partnership Agreement.

Person” shall mean an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other legal entity.

“Priority Starwood Accounts” shall mean Other Starwood Accounts that have priority over the Company with respect to certain investments, as described in the prospectus.

Prospectus” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Real Estate-Related Assets” shall mean any investments by the Company or the Operating Partnership in Mortgages and Real Estate-Related Securities.

Real Estate-Related Securities” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Real Property” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Registration Statement” shall mean the registration statement on Form S-11, as may be amended from time to time, of the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission related to the registration of the Shares for the Company’s initial Offering.

REIT” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Securities Act” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Selling Commissions” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Shares” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Starwood” means, collectively, Starwood Capital Group Holdings, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, and any Affiliate thereof.

Stockholder Servicing Fee” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Stockholders” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Termination Date” shall mean the date of termination of this Agreement or expiration of this Agreement in the event this Agreement is not renewed for an additional term.

Total Operating Expenses” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Treasury Regulations” shall mean the Procedures and Administration Regulation promulgated by the U.S. Department of Treasury under the Code, as amended.

 

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2%/25% Guidelines” shall have the meaning set forth in the Charter.

Valuation Guidelines” shall mean the valuation guidelines adopted by the Board, as amended from time to time.

2. APPOINTMENT. The Company and the Operating Partnership hereby appoint the Advisor to serve as their investment adviser on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, and the Advisor hereby accepts such appointment. By accepting such appointment, the Advisor acknowledges that it has a contractual and fiduciary responsibility to the Company and the Stockholders. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the Advisor hereby agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to perform the duties set forth herein, provided that the Company reimburses the Advisor for costs and expenses in accordance with Section 12.

3. DUTIES OF THE ADVISOR. Subject to the oversight of the Board and the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Investment Guidelines and consistent with the provisions of the Company’s most recent Prospectus, the Charter and Bylaws and the Operating Partnership Agreement, the Advisor will have plenary authority with respect to the management of the business and affairs of the Company and the Operating Partnership and will be responsible for implementing the investment strategy of the Company and the Operating Partnership. The Advisor will perform (or cause to be performed through one or more of its Affiliates or third parties) such services and activities relating to the selection of investments and rendering investment advice to the Company and the Operating Partnership as may be appropriate or otherwise mutually agreed from time to time, which may include, without limitation:

(a) serving as an advisor to the Company and the Operating Partnership with respect to the establishment and periodic review of the Investment Guidelines for the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s investments, financing activities and operations;

(b) sourcing, evaluating and monitoring the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s investment opportunities and executing the acquisition, management, financing and disposition of the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s assets, in accordance with the Company’s Investment Guidelines, policies and objectives and limitations, subject to oversight by the Board;

(c) with respect to prospective acquisitions, purchases, sales, exchanges or other dispositions of Investments, conducting negotiations on the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s behalf with sellers, purchasers and other counterparties and, if applicable, their respective agents, advisors and representatives, and determining the structure and terms of such transactions;

(d) providing the Company with portfolio management and other related services;

(e) serving as the Company’s advisor with respect to decisions regarding any of the Company’s financings, hedging activities or borrowing, including (1) assisting the Company in developing criteria for debt and equity financing that is specifically tailored to the Company’s investment objectives, and (2) advising the Company with respect to obtaining appropriate financing for the Investments (which, in accordance with applicable law and the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Charter and Bylaws, may include financing by the Advisor or its Affiliates) and (3) negotiating and entering into, on the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s behalf, financing arrangements (including one or more credit facilities), repurchase agreements, interest rate or currency swap agreements, hedging arrangements, foreign exchange transactions, derivative transactions, and other agreements and instruments required or appropriate in connection with the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s activities;

 

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(f) engaging and supervising, on the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s behalf and at the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s expense, independent contractors, advisors, consultants, attorneys, accountants, administrators, auditors, appraisers, independent valuation agents, escrow agents and other service providers (which may include Affiliates of the Advisor) that provide various services with respect to the Company and the Operating Partnership, including, without limitation, on-site managers, building and maintenance personnel, investment banking, securities brokerage, mortgage brokerage, credit analysis, risk management services, asset management services, loan servicing, other financial, legal or accounting services, due diligence services, underwriting review services, and all other services (including custody and transfer agent and registrar services) as may be required relating to the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s activities or Investments (or potential Investments);

(g) coordinating and managing operations of any Joint Venture or co-investment interests held by the Company or the Operating Partnership and conducting matters with the Joint Venture or co-investment partners;

(h) communicating on the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s behalf with the holders of any of the Company’s equity or debt securities as required to satisfy the reporting and other requirements of any governmental bodies or agencies or trading markets and to maintain effective relations with such holders;

(i) advising the Company in connection with policy decisions to be made by the Board;

(j) providing the daily management of the Company and the Operating Partnership, including performing and supervising the various administrative functions reasonably necessary for the management of the Company and the Operating Partnership;

(k) engaging one or more sub-advisors with respect to the management of the Company and the Operating Partnership, including, where appropriate, Affiliates of the Advisor;

(l) evaluating and recommending to the Board hedging strategies and engaging in hedging activities on the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s behalf, consistent with the Company’s qualification as a REIT and with the Investment Guidelines;

(m) investing and reinvesting any moneys and securities of the Company and the Operating Partnership (including investing in short-term investments pending investment in other investments, payment of fees, costs and expenses, or payments of dividends or distributions to the Company’s stockholders and partners) and advising the Company as to the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s capital structure and capital raising;

(n) determining valuations for the Company’s Real Property and Real Estate-Related Assets and calculate, as of the last Business Day of each month, the Class T NAV per Share, Class S NAV per Share, Class D NAV per Share and Class I NAV per Share in accordance with the Valuation Guidelines, and in connection therewith, obtain appraisals performed by an Independent Appraiser and other independent third party appraisal firms concerning the value of the Real Properties and obtain market quotations or conduct fair valuation determinations concerning the value of Real Estate-Related Assets;

(o) providing input in connection with the appraisals performed by the Independent Appraisers, including periodic asset and portfolio-level information with respect to the Company’s Real Properties and Real Estate-Related Assets;

 

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(p) monitoring the Company’s Real Property and Real Estate-Related Assets for events that may be expected to have a material impact on the most recent estimated values provided by the Independent Valuation Advisor and notify the Independent Valuation Advisor with respect to such events;

(q) monitoring each Independent Appraiser’s valuation process to ensure that it complies with the Valuation Guidelines;

(r) delivering to, or maintaining on behalf of, the Company copies of appraisals obtained in connection with the investments in any Real Property;

(s) in the event that the Company is a commodity pool under the CEA, acting as the Company’s commodity pool operator for the period and on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, including, for the avoidance of doubt, the authority to make any filings, submissions or registrations (including for exemptive or “no action” relief) to the extent required or desirable under the CEA (and the Company hereby appoints the Advisor to act in such capacity and the Advisor accepts such appointment and agrees to be responsible for such services);

(t) placing, or arranging for the placement of, orders of Real Estate-Related Assets pursuant to the Advisor’s investment determinations for the Company and the Operating Partnership either directly with the issuer or with a broker or dealer (including any Affiliated broker or dealer);

(u) making from time to time, or at any time reasonably requested by the Board, reports to the Board of its performance of services to the Company and the Operating Partnership under this Agreement, including reports with respect to potential conflicts of interest involving the Advisor or any of its Affiliates;

(v) advising the Company regarding the Company’s ability to elect REIT status, and thereafter maintenance of the Company’s status as a REIT, and monitoring compliance with the various REIT qualification tests and other rules set out in the Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder;

(w) taking all necessary actions to enable the Company and the Operating Partnership to make required tax filings and reports, including soliciting Stockholders for required information to the extent provided by the REIT provisions of the Code;

(x) assisting the Company in maintaining the registration of the Shares under federal and state securities laws with respect to any Offering and complying with all federal, state and local regulatory requirements applicable to the Company with respect to any Offering and the Company’s business activities (including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended), including, with respect to any Offering, preparing or causing to be prepared all supplements to the Prospectus, post-effective amendments to the registration statement for any Offering and financial statements required under applicable regulations and contractual undertakings and all reports and documents, if any, required under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act; and

(y) performing such other services from time to time in connection with the management of the Company’s investment activities as the Board shall reasonably request and/or the Advisor shall deem appropriate under the particular circumstances.

 

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4. AUTHORITY OF ADVISOR.

(a) Pursuant to the terms of this Agreement (including the restrictions included in this Section 4 and in Section 7), and subject to the continuing and exclusive authority of the Board over the management of the Company, the Board (by virtue of its approval of this Agreement and authorization of the execution hereof by the officers of the Company) hereby delegates to the Advisor the authority to take, or cause to be taken, any and all actions and to execute and deliver any and all agreements, certificates, assignments, instruments or other documents and to do any and all things that, in the judgment of the Advisor, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the Advisor’s duties described in Section 3, including the making of any Investment that fits within the Investment Guidelines, objectives, policies and limitations and within the discretionary limits and authority as granted to the Advisor from time to time by the Board.

(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, any Investment that does not fit within the Investment Guidelines will require the prior approval of the Board or any duly authorized committee of the Board, as the case may be. Except as otherwise set forth herein, in the Investment Guidelines or in the Charter, any Investment that fits within the Investment Guidelines may be made by the Advisor on the Company’s or the Operating Partnership’s behalf without the prior approval of the Board or any duly authorized committee of the Board.

(c) The prior approval of a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction will be required for each transaction to which the Advisor or its Affiliates is a party.

(d) The Board will review the Investment Guidelines with sufficient frequency and at least annually and may, at any time upon the giving of notice to the Advisor, amend the Investment Guidelines; provided, however, that such modification or revocation shall be effective upon receipt by the Advisor or such later date as is specified by the Board and included in the notice provided to the Advisor and such modification or revocation shall not be applicable to investment transactions to which the Advisor has committed the Company or the Operating Partnership prior to the date of receipt by the Advisor of such notification, or if later, the effective date of such modification or revocation specified by the Board.

(e) The Advisor may retain, for and on behalf, and at the sole cost and expense, of the Company, such services as the Advisor deems necessary or advisable in connection with the management and operations of the Company, which may include Affiliates of the Advisor; provided, that any such services may only be provided by Affiliates to the extent such services are approved by a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in such transactions as being fair and reasonable to the Company and on terms and conditions not less favorable to the Company than those available from non-Affiliated third parties. In performing its duties under Section 3, the Advisor shall be entitled to rely reasonably on qualified experts and professionals (including, without limitation, accountants, legal counsel and other professional service providers) hired by the Advisor at the Company’s sole cost and expense.

5. BANK ACCOUNTS. The Advisor may establish and maintain one or more bank accounts in the name of the Company and the Operating Partnership and any subsidiary thereof and may collect and deposit into any such account or accounts, and disburse from any such account or accounts, any money on behalf of the Company or the Operating Partnership, consistent with the Advisor’s authority under this Agreement, provided that no funds shall be commingled with the funds of the Advisor; and the Advisor shall from time to time render, upon request by the Board, its audit committee or the auditors of the Company, appropriate accountings of such collections and payments to the Board, its audit committee and the auditors of the Company, as applicable.

 

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6. RECORDS; ACCESS. The Advisor shall maintain appropriate records of its activities hereunder and make such records available for inspection by the Board and by counsel, auditors and authorized agents of the Company, at any time or from time to time during normal business hours. The Advisor shall at all reasonable times have access to the books and records of the Company and the Operating Partnership.

7. LIMITATIONS ON ACTIVITIES. The Advisor shall refrain from any action that, in its sole judgment made in good faith, (i) is not in compliance with the Investment Guidelines, (ii) would adversely and materially affect the qualification of the Company as a REIT under the Code or the status of either the Company or the Operating Partnership as an entity excluded from investment company status under the Investment Company Act, or (iii) would materially violate any law, rule or regulation of any governmental body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company and the Operating Partnership or of any exchange on which the securities of the Company may be listed or that would otherwise not be permitted by the Charter, Bylaws or Operating Partnership Agreement. If the Advisor is ordered to take any action by the Board, the Advisor shall notify the Board if it is the Advisor’s reasonable judgment that such action would adversely and materially affect such status or violate any such law, rule or regulation or the Charter, Bylaws or Operating Partnership Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Advisor nor any of its Affiliates shall be liable to the Company, the Operating Partnership, the Board, or the Stockholders for any act or omission by the Advisor or any of its Affiliates, except as provided in Section 20 of this Agreement.

8. OTHER ACTIVITIES OF THE ADVISOR.

(a) Nothing in this Agreement shall (i) prevent the Advisor or any of its Affiliates, officers, directors or employees from engaging in other businesses or from rendering services of any kind to any other Person, whether or not the investment objectives or policies of any such other Person are similar to those of the Company, including, without limitation, the sponsoring, closing and/or managing of any Other Starwood Accounts, (ii) in any way bind or restrict the Advisor or any of its Affiliates, officers, directors or employees from buying, selling or trading any securities or commodities for their own accounts or for the account of others for whom the Advisor or any of its Affiliates, officers, directors or employees may be acting, or (iii) prevent the Advisor or any of its Affiliates from receiving fees or other compensation or profits from such activities described in this Section 8(a) which shall be for the Advisor’s (and/or its Affiliates’) benefit. While information and recommendations supplied to the Company shall, in the Advisor’s reasonable and good faith judgment, be appropriate under the circumstances and in light of the investment objectives and policies of the Company, the Company acknowledges that such information and recommendations may be different in certain material respects from the information and recommendations supplied by the Advisor or any Affiliate of the Advisor to others (including, for greater certainty, the Other Starwood Accounts and their investors, as described more fully in Section 8(b)).

(b) The Advisor and the Company acknowledge and agree that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, (i) Affiliates of the Advisor sponsor, advise and/or manage Other Starwood Accounts and may in the future sponsor, advise and/or manage additional Other Starwood Accounts (including Priority Starwood Accounts), (ii) with respect to Other Starwood Accounts with investment objectives or guidelines that overlap with the Company’s but that do not have priority over the Company, the Advisor and its Affiliates will allocate investment opportunities between the Company and such Other Starwood Accounts in accordance with Starwood’s prevailing policies and procedures on a basis that the Advisor and its Affiliates determine to be reasonable in their sole discretion, and there may be circumstances where investments that are consistent with the Company’s Investment Guidelines may be shared with or allocated to one or more Other Starwood Accounts (in lieu of the Company) in accordance with Starwood’s prevailing policies and procedures and (iii) Priority Starwood Accounts will receive

 

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priority over the Company with respect to investments within such accounts’ investment objectives and guidelines and the Advisor will not allocate investment opportunities to the Company unless the investment advisors of the Priority Starwood Accounts forgo, in their sole discretion, all or a portion of such investments because of such accounts’ investment objectives, guidelines, concentration limitations or otherwise.

(c) In connection with the services of the Advisor hereunder, the Company and the Board acknowledge and agree that (i) as part of Starwood’s regular businesses, personnel of the Advisor and its Affiliates may from time-to-time work on other projects and matters (including with respect to one or more Other Starwood Accounts), and that conflicts may arise with respect to the allocation of personnel between the Company and one or more Other Starwood Accounts and/or the Advisor and such other Affiliates, (ii) unless prohibited by the Charter, Other Starwood Accounts may invest, from time to time, in properties or other assets in which the Company also invests (including at a different level of an issuer’s capital structure (e.g., an investment by an Other Starwood Account in a debt or mezzanine interest with respect to the same portfolio entity in which the Company owns an equity interest or vice versa) or in a different tranche of equity or debt with respect to an issuer in which the Company has an interest) and while Starwood will seek to resolve any such conflicts in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to any priorities of the Priority Starwood Accounts described above) in accordance with its prevailing policies and procedures with respect to conflicts resolution among Other Starwood Accounts generally, such transactions are not required to be presented to the Board or any committee thereof for approval (unless otherwise required by the Charter or Investment Guidelines), and there can be no assurance that any conflicts will be resolved in the Company’s favor, (iii) the Advisor and its Affiliates may from time to time receive fees from portfolio entities or other issuers for the arranging, underwriting, syndication or refinancing of investments or other additional fees, including fees related to administrative services, construction, special servicing, leasing, development, property oversight and other property management services, as well as services related to mortgage servicing, group purchasing, healthcare, consulting/brokerage, capital markets/credit origination, loan servicing, property, title and/or other types of insurance, management consulting and other similar operational matters, including with respect to Other Starwood Accounts and related portfolio entities, and while such fees may give rise to conflicts of interest, the Company will not receive the benefit of any such fees, and (iv) the terms and conditions of the governing agreements of such Other Starwood Accounts (including with respect to the economic, reporting, and other rights afforded to investors in such Other Starwood Accounts) are materially different from the terms and conditions applicable to the Company and the Stockholders, and neither the Company nor the Stockholders (in such capacity) shall have the right to receive the benefit of any such different terms applicable to investors in such Other Starwood Accounts as a result of an investment in the Company or otherwise. The Advisor shall keep the Board reasonably informed on a periodic basis in connection with the foregoing.

(d) The Advisor is not permitted to consummate on the Company’s behalf any transaction that involves (i) the sale of any investment to or (ii) the acquisition of any investment from Starwood, any Other Starwood Account or any of their Affiliates unless such transaction is approved by a majority of the Directors, including a majority of the Independent Directors, not otherwise interested in such transaction as being fair and reasonable to the Company. In addition, for any such acquisition by the Company, the Company’s purchase price will be limited to the cost of the property to the Affiliate, including acquisition-related expenses, or if substantial justification exists, the current appraised value of the property as determined by an Independent Appraiser. In addition, the Company may enter into Joint Ventures with Other Starwood Accounts, or with Starwood, the Advisor, one or more Directors, or any of their respective Affiliates, only if a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction approve the transaction as being fair and reasonable to the Company and on substantially the same, or no less favorable, terms and conditions as those received by other Affiliate joint venture partners. The Advisor will seek to resolve any conflicts of

 

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interest in a fair and reasonable manner (subject to any priorities of the Priority Starwood Accounts described above) in accordance with its prevailing policies and procedures with respect to conflicts resolution among Other Starwood Accounts generally, but only those transactions set forth in this Section 8(d) will be expressly required to be presented for approval to the Independent Directors or any committee thereof (unless otherwise required by the Charter or the Investment Guidelines).

(e) For the avoidance of doubt, it is understood that neither the Company nor the Board has the authority to determine the salary, bonus or any other compensation paid by the Advisor to any director, officer, member, partner, employee, or stockholder of the Advisor or its Affiliates, including any person who is also a director or officer employee of the Company.

9. DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS. Subject to Section 7 and to restrictions advisable with respect to the qualification of the Company as a REIT, directors, managers, officers and employees of the Advisor or an Affiliate of the Advisor or any corporate parent of an Affiliate, may serve as a Director or officer of the Company, except that no director, officer or employee of the Advisor or its Affiliates who also is a Director or officer of the Company shall receive any compensation from the Company for serving as a Director or officer other than (a) reasonable reimbursement for travel and related expenses incurred in attending meetings of the Board or (b) as otherwise approved by the Board, including a majority of the Independent Directors, and no such Director shall be deemed an Independent Director for purposes of satisfying the Director independence requirement set forth in the Charter. For so long as this Agreement is in effect, the Advisor shall have the right to nominate, subject to the approval of such nomination by the Board, three Directors who are Affiliated with the Advisor to the slate of Directors to be voted on by the stockholders at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that such number of director nominees shall be reduced as necessary by a number that will result in a majority of the Directors being Independent Directors. Furthermore, the Board shall consult with the Advisor in connection with (i) its selection of each Independent Director for nomination to the slate of Directors to be voted on at the annual meeting of stockholders, and (ii) filling any vacancies created by the removal, resignation, retirement or death of any Director.

10. MANAGEMENT FEE.

(a) The Company will pay the Advisor a management fee (the “Management Fee”) equal to 1.25% of NAV per annum payable monthly, before giving effect to any accruals for the Management Fee, the Stockholder Servicing Fee, the Performance Participation Interest (as defined in the Operating Partnership Agreement) or any Distributions. The Advisor shall receive the Management Fee as compensation for services rendered hereunder. The Advisor has agreed to waive its management fee for the first six months following the Commencement Date.

(b) The Management Fee may be paid, at the Advisor’s election, in cash or cash equivalent aggregate NAV amounts of Class I Common Shares or Class I units of the Operating Partnership. If the Advisor elects to receive any portion of its Management Fee in Class I Common Shares or Class I units of the Operating Partnership, the Advisor may elect to have the Company repurchase such Class I Common Shares or Class I units of the Operating Partnership from the Advisor at a later date. Class I Common Shares and Class I units of the Operating Partnership obtained by the Advisor will not be subject to the repurchase limits of the Company’s share repurchase plan or any reduction or penalty for an early repurchase. The Operating Partnership will repurchase any such Operating Partnership units for cash unless the Board determines that any such repurchase for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or the Charter, in which case such Operating Partnership units will be repurchased for the Company’s Class I Common Shares with an equivalent aggregate NAV. The Advisor will have the option of exchanging Class I Common Shares for an equivalent aggregate NAV amount of Class T Shares, Class S Common Shares or Class D Common Shares and will have registration rights with respect to shares of the Company’s common stock.

 

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(c) In the event this Agreement is terminated or its term expires without renewal, the Advisor will be entitled to receive its prorated Management Fee through the date of termination. Such pro ration shall take into account the number of days of any partial calendar month or calendar year for which this Agreement was in effect.

(d) In the event the Company or the Operating Partnership commences a liquidation of its Investments during any calendar year, the Company will pay the Advisor the Management Fee from the proceeds of the liquidation.

11. EXPENSES.

(a) As required by the NASAA REIT Guidelines, the cumulative Selling Commissions, Dealer Manager Fees, Stockholder Servicing Fees and Organization and Offering Expenses paid by the Company will not exceed 15.0% of Gross Proceeds from the sale of Shares in an Offering.

(b) Subject to Sections 4(e) and 11(c), the Advisor shall be responsible for the expenses related to any and all personnel of the Advisor who provide investment advisory services to the Company pursuant to this Agreement (including, without limitation, each of the officers of the Company and any Directors who are also directors, officers or employees of the Advisor or any of its Affiliates), including, without limitation, salaries, bonus and other wages, payroll taxes and the cost of employee benefit plans of such personnel, and costs of insurance with respect to such personnel (“Advisor Expenses”).

(c) In addition to the compensation paid to the Advisor pursuant to Section 10, the Company or the Operating Partnership shall pay all of its costs and expenses directly or reimburse the Advisor or its Affiliates for costs and expenses of the Advisor and its Affiliates incurred on behalf of the Company other than Advisor Expenses. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, it is specifically agreed that the following costs and expenses of the Company or the Operating Partnership are not Advisor Expenses and shall be paid by the Company or the Operating Partnership and shall not be paid by the Advisor or Affiliates of the Advisor:

(i) Organization and Offering Expenses; provided that within 60 days after the end of the month in which an Offering terminates, the Advisor shall reimburse the Company to the extent that the Organization and Offering Expenses, Selling Commissions, Dealer Manager Fees and Stockholder Servicing Fees borne by the Company exceed 15.0% of the Gross Proceeds raised in the completed Offering;

(ii) Acquisition Expenses, subject to the limitations set forth in the Charter;

(iii) fees, costs and expenses in connection with the issuance and transaction costs incident to the trading, settling, disposition and financing of Investments (whether or not consummated), including brokerage commissions, hedging costs, prime brokerage fees, custodial expenses, clearing and settlement charges, forfeited deposits, and other investment costs fees and expenses actually incurred in connection with the pursuit, making, holding, settling, monitoring or disposing of actual or potential investments;

 

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(iv) the actual cost of goods and services used by the Company and obtained from either Affiliates of the Advisor or Persons not Affiliated with the Advisor, including fees paid to administrators, consultants, attorneys, technology providers and other services providers, and brokerage fees paid in connection with the purchase and sale of Investments;

(v) all fees, costs and expenses of legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing (including internal audit), finance, administrative, investment banking, capital market, transfer agency, escrow agency, custody, prime brokerage, asset management, property management, data or technology services and other non-investment advisory services rendered to the Company by the Advisor or its Affiliates in compliance with Section 4(e);

(vi) expenses of managing and operating the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Real Properties, whether payable to an Affiliate of the Advisor or a non-Affiliated Person;

(vii) the compensation and expenses of the Directors (excluding those directors who are directors, officers or employees of the Advisor) and the cost of liability insurance to indemnify the Company’s Directors and officers;

(viii) interest and fees and expenses arising out of borrowings made by the Company, including, but not limited to, costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any of the Company’s credit facilities, other financing arrangements, or other indebtedness of the Company (including commitment fees, accounting fees, legal fees, closing and other similar costs) or any of the Company’s securities offerings;

(ix) expenses connected with communications to holders of the Company’s securities or securities of the Subsidiaries and other bookkeeping and clerical work necessary in maintaining relations with holders of such securities and in complying with the continuous reporting and other requirements of governmental bodies or agencies, including, without limitation, all costs of preparing and filing required reports with the SEC, the costs payable by the Company to any transfer agent and registrar, expenses in connection with the listing and/or trading of the Company’s securities on any exchange, the fees payable by the Company to any such exchange in connection with its listing, costs of preparing, printing and mailing the Company’s annual report to the Stockholders and proxy materials with respect to any meeting of the Stockholders and any other reports or related statements;

(x) the Company’s allocable share of costs associated with technology-related expenses, including without limitation, any computer software or hardware, electronic equipment or purchased information technology services from third-party vendors or Affiliates of the Advisor, technology service providers and related software/hardware utilized in connection with the Company’s investment and operational activities;

(xi) the Company’s allocable share of expenses incurred by managers, officers, personnel and agents of the Advisor for travel on the Company’s behalf and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them in connection with the purchase, financing, refinancing, sale or other disposition of an Investment;

(xii) expenses relating to compliance-related matters and regulatory filings relating to the Company’s activities (including, without limitation, expenses relating to the preparation and filing of Form PF, Form ADV, reports to be filed with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, reports, disclosures, and/or other regulatory filings of the Advisor and its Affiliates relating to the Company’s activities (including the Company’s pro rata share of the costs of the Advisor and its Affiliates of regulatory expenses that relate to the Company and Other Starwood Accounts));

 

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(xiii) the costs of any litigation involving the Company or the Operating Partnership or their assets and the amount of any judgments or settlements paid in connection therewith, directors and officers, liability or other insurance and indemnification or extraordinary expense or liability relating to the affairs of the Company;

(xiv) all taxes and license fees;

(xv) all insurance costs incurred in connection with the operation of the Company’s business except for the costs attributable to the insurance that the Advisor elects to carry for itself and its personnel;

(xvi) expenses of managing, improving, developing, operating and selling Investments, whether payable to an Affiliate of the Advisor or a non-Affiliated Person;

(xvii) expenses connected with the payments of interest, dividends or distributions in cash or any other form authorized or caused to be made by the Board to or on account of holders of the Company’s securities, including, without limitation, in connection with any distribution reinvestment plan;

(xviii) any judgment or settlement of pending or threatened proceedings (whether civil, criminal or otherwise) against the Company or the Operating Partnership, or against any Director or officer of the Company or in his or her capacity as such for which the Company is required to indemnify such Director or officer by any court or governmental agency; and

(xix) expenses incurred in connection with the formation, organization and continuation of any corporation, partnership, Joint Venture or other entity through which the Company’s investments are made or in which any such entity invests.

(d) The Advisor may, at its option, elect not to seek reimbursement for certain expenses during a given period, which determination shall not be deemed to construe a waiver of reimbursement for similar expenses in future periods.

(e) Any reimbursement payments owed by the Company to the Advisor may be offset by the Advisor against amounts due to the Company from the Advisor. Cost and expense reimbursement to the Advisor shall be subject to adjustment at the end of each calendar year in connection with the annual audit of the Company.

(f) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Advisor shall pay for all Organization and Offering Expenses (other than Selling Commissions, Dealer Manager Fees and Stockholder Servicing Fees) incurred prior to the first anniversary of the Commencement Date. All Organization and Offering Expenses (other than Selling Commissions, Dealer Manager Fees and Stockholder Servicing Fees) paid by the Advisor pursuant to this Section 11(f) shall be reimbursed by the Company to the Advisor in 60 equal monthly installments commencing with the first anniversary of the Commencement Date.

12. OTHER SERVICES. Should the Board request that the Advisor or any director, manager, officer or employee thereof render services for the Company and the Operating Partnership other than set forth in Section 3, such services shall be separately compensated at such rates and in such amounts as are agreed by the Advisor and the Independent Directors, subject to the limitations contained in the Charter, and shall not be deemed to be services pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.

 

14


13. REIMBURSEMENT TO THE ADVISOR. Commencing upon the fourth fiscal quarter after the Corporation’s acquisition of its first asset, the Company shall not reimburse the Advisor at the end of any fiscal quarter for Total Operating Expenses that in the four consecutive fiscal quarters then ended (the “Expense Year”) exceed (the “Excess Amount”) the greater of 2.0% of Average Invested Assets or 25.0% of Net Income (the “2%/25% Guidelines”) for such four fiscal quarters unless the Independent Directors determine that such Excess Amount was justified, based on unusual and nonrecurring factors that the Independent Directors deem sufficient. If the Independent Directors do not approve such Excess Amount as being so justified, the Advisor shall reimburse the Company the amount by which the Total Operating Expenses exceeded the 2%/25% Guidelines. If the Independent Directors determine such Excess Amount was justified, then, within 60 days after the end of any fiscal quarter of the Company for which Total Operating Expenses for the Expense Year exceed the 2%/25% Guidelines, the Advisor, at the direction of the Independent Directors, shall cause such fact to be disclosed to the Stockholders in writing (or the Company shall disclose such fact to the Stockholders in the next quarterly report of the Company or by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 60 days of such quarter end), together with an explanation of the factors the Independent Directors considered in determining that such excess were justified. The Company will ensure that such determination will be reflected in the minutes of the meetings of the Board. All figures used in the foregoing computation shall be determined in accordance with GAAP applied on a consistent basis.

14. NO JOINT VENTURE. The Company and the Operating Partnership, on the one hand, and the Advisor on the other, are not partners or joint venturers with each other, and nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to make them such partners or joint venturers or impose any liability as such on either of them.

15. TERM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement shall continue in force for a period of one year from the Effective Date, subject to an unlimited number of successive one-year renewals upon mutual consent of the parties. It is the duty of the Board to evaluate the performance of the Advisor annually before renewing the Agreement, and each such renewal shall be for a term of no more than one year.

16. TERMINATION BY THE PARTIES. This Agreement may be terminated (i) at the option of the Advisor immediately upon a Change of Control of the Company or Operating Partnership; (ii) immediately by the Company or the Operating Partnership for Cause or upon the bankruptcy of the Advisor; or (iii) upon 60 days’ written notice without Cause or penalty by a majority vote of the Independent Directors; or (iv) upon 60 days’ written notice by the Advisor. The provisions of Sections 18 through 22 survive termination of this Agreement.

17. ASSIGNMENT TO AN AFFILIATE. This Agreement may be assigned by the Advisor to an Affiliate of the Advisor with the approval of a majority of the Directors (including a majority of the Independent Directors). The Advisor may assign any rights to receive fees or other payments under this Agreement to any Person without obtaining the consent of the Board. This Agreement shall not be assigned by the Company or the Operating Partnership without the approval of the Advisor, except in the case of an assignment by the Company or the Operating Partnership to a corporation or other organization which is a successor to all of the assets, rights and obligations of the Company or the Operating Partnership, in which case such successor organization shall be bound hereunder and by the terms of said assignment in the same manner as the Company and the Operating Partnership are bound by this Agreement. This Agreement shall be binding on successors to the Company resulting from a Change in Control or sale of all or substantially all the assets of the Company or the Operating Partnership, and shall likewise be binding on any successor to the Advisor.

 

15


18. PAYMENTS TO AND DUTIES OF ADVISOR UPON TERMINATION.

(a) After the Termination Date, the Advisor shall not be entitled to compensation for further services hereunder except it shall be entitled to receive from the Company and the Operating Partnership within 30 days after the effective date of such termination all unpaid reimbursements of expenses and all earned but unpaid fees payable to the Advisor prior to termination of this Agreement, subject to the 2%/25% Guidelines to the extent applicable.

(b) The Advisor shall promptly upon termination:

(i) pay over to the Company and the Operating Partnership all money collected and held for the account of the Company and the Operating Partnership pursuant to this Agreement, after deducting any accrued compensation and reimbursement for its expenses to which it is then entitled;

(ii) deliver to the Board a full accounting, including a statement showing all payments collected by it and a statement of all money held by it, covering the period following the date of the last accounting furnished to the Board;

(iii) deliver to the Board all assets, including all Investments, and documents of the Company and the Operating Partnership then in the custody of the Advisor; and

(iv) cooperate with, and take all reasonable actions requested by, the Company and Board in making an orderly transition of the advisory function.

19. INDEMNIFICATION BY THE COMPANY AND THE OPERATING PARTNERSHIP. The Company and the Operating Partnership shall indemnify and hold harmless the Advisor and its Affiliates, including their respective officers, managers, directors, partners and employees, from all liability, claims, damages or losses arising in the performance of their duties hereunder, and related expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, to the extent such liability, claims, damages or losses and related expenses are not fully reimbursed by insurance, and to the fullest extent possible without such indemnification being inconsistent with the laws of the State of Maryland, the Charter or the provisions of Section II.G of the NASAA REIT Guidelines.

20. INDEMNIFICATION BY ADVISOR. The Advisor shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company and the Operating Partnership from contract or other liability, claims, damages, taxes or losses and related expenses including attorneys’ fees, to the extent that (i) such liability, claims, damages, taxes or losses and related expenses are not fully reimbursed by insurance and (ii) are incurred by reason of the Advisor’s bad faith, fraud, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Advisor shall not be held responsible for any action of the Board in following or declining to follow any advice or recommendation given by the Advisor.

21. NON-SOLICITATION. During the term of this Agreement and in the event of a termination without Cause of this Agreement by the Company pursuant to Section 16(iii), for two (2) years after the Termination Date, the Company shall not, without the consent of the Advisor, employ or otherwise retain any employee of the Advisor or any of its Affiliates or any person who has been employed by the Advisor or any of its Affiliates at any time within the two (2) year period immediately preceding the date on which such person commences employment with or is otherwise retained by the Company. The Company acknowledges and agrees that, in addition to any damages, the Advisor may be entitled to equitable relief for any violation of this Section 21 by the Company, including, without limitation, injunctive relief.

 

16


22. MISCELLANEOUS.

(a) Notices. Any notice, report or other communication required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be in writing unless some other method of giving such notice, report or other communication is required by the Charter, the Bylaws, or accepted by the party to whom it is given, and shall be given by being delivered by hand, by courier or overnight carrier, by registered or certified mail or by electronic mail using the contact information set forth herein:

The Company and the Operating Partnership:

 

  

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

Attention: Office of the General Counsel

Email: rinaldi@starwood.com

with a required copy to:   

Alston & Bird LLP

1201 West Peachtree Street

Atlanta, GA 30309

Attention: Rosemarie A. Thurston

Email: rosemarie.thurston@alston.com

The Advisor:   

Starwood REIT Advisors, LLC

1601 Washington Avenue

Suite 800

Miami Beach, FL 33139

Attention: Office of the General Counsel

Email: rinaldi@starwood.com

with a required copy to:   

Rinaldi Finkelstein & Franklin, L.L.C.

591 West Putnam Avenue

Greenwich, CT 06830

Attention: Ellis Rinaldi

Email: rinaldi@starwood.com

Any party may at any time give notice in writing to the other parties of a change in its address for the purposes of this Section 22(a).

(b) Modification. This Agreement shall not be changed, modified, terminated, or discharged, in whole or in part, except by an instrument in writing signed by the parties hereto, or their respective successors or assignees.

(c) Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are independent of and severable from each other, and no provision shall be affected or rendered invalid or unenforceable by virtue of the fact that for any reason any other or others of them may be invalid or unenforceable in whole or in part.

 

17


(d) Governing Law; Exclusive Jurisdiction; Jury Trial. The provisions of this Agreement shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The parties hereby irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York and the Federal courts of the United States of America located in Borough of Manhattan, New York for purposes of any suit, action or other proceeding arising from this Agreement, and hereby waive, and agree not to assert, as a defense in any action, suit or proceeding for the interpretation or enforcement hereof or thereof, that it is not subject thereto or that such action, suit or proceeding may not be brought or is not maintainable in such courts or that the venue thereof may not be appropriate or that this Agreement or any such document may not be enforced in or by such courts. Each of the parties hereby consent to and grant any such court jurisdiction over the person of such parties and over the subject matter of any such dispute. EACH OF THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ALL RIGHT TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION, PROCEEDING OR COUNTERCLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT.

(e) Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the entire agreement and understanding among the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings, inducements and conditions, express or implied, oral or written, of any nature whatsoever with respect to the subject matter hereof. The express terms hereof control and supersede any course of performance or usage of the trade inconsistent with any of the terms hereof.

(f) Indulgences, Not Waivers. Neither the failure nor any delay on the part of a party to exercise any right, remedy, power or privilege under this Agreement shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, remedy, power or privilege preclude any other or further exercise of the same or of any other right, remedy, power or privilege, nor shall any waiver of any right, remedy, power or privilege with respect to any occurrence be construed as a waiver of such right, remedy, power or privilege with respect to any other occurrence. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and is signed by the party asserted to have granted such waiver.

(g) Gender; Number. Words used herein regardless of the number and gender specifically used, shall be deemed and construed to include any other number, singular or plural, and any other gender, masculine, feminine or neuter, as the context requires.

(h) Headings. The titles and headings of Sections and Subsections contained in this Agreement are for convenience only, and they neither form a part of this Agreement nor are they to be used in the construction or interpretation hereof.

(i) Execution in Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original as against any party whose signature appears thereon, and all of which shall together constitute one and the same instrument. This Agreement shall become binding when one or more counterparts hereof, individually or taken together, shall bear the signatures of all of the parties reflected hereon as the signatories.

23. INITIAL INVESTMENT. Starwood or one of its Affiliates has contributed $200,000 (the “Initial Investment”) in exchange for the initial issuance of Shares of the Company. Starwood or its Affiliates may not sell any of the Shares purchased with the Initial Investment while Starwood or its Affiliate acts in an advisory capacity to the Company. The restrictions included above shall not apply to any Shares acquired by Starwood or its Affiliates other than the Shares acquired through the Initial Investment. Neither Starwood, the Advisor, nor their Affiliates shall vote any Shares they now own, or hereafter acquire, or consent that such Shares be voted, on matters submitted to the Stockholders regarding (i) the removal of Starwood REIT Advisors, LLC as the Advisor or (ii) the removal of any member of the Board who is affiliated with Starwood.

 

18


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Advisory Agreement as of the date and year first above written.

 

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc.
By:  

 

  Name:
  Title:
Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P.
By: Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., its General Partner
By:  

 

  Name:
  Title:
Starwood REIT Advisors, LLC
By:  

 

  Name:
  Title:
EX-10 9 filename9.htm EX-10.2

EXHIBIT 10.2

LIMITED PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

OF

STARWOOD REIT OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P.

A DELAWARE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

[            ], 2017


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

          Page  

ARTICLE 1 DEFINED TERMS

     1  

            1.1.

   Definitions      1  

            1.2.

   Interpretation      10  

ARTICLE 2 PARTNERSHIP FORMATION AND IDENTIFICATION

     10  

            2.1.

   Formation      10  

            2.2.

   Name, Office and Registered Agent      10  

            2.3.

   Partners      10  

            2.4.

   Term and Dissolution      11  

            2.5.

   Filing of Certificate and Perfection of Limited Partnership      11  

            2.6.

   Certificates Representing Partnership Units      11  

ARTICLE 3 BUSINESS OF THE PARTNERSHIP

     12  

ARTICLE 4 CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACCOUNTS

     12  

            4.1.

   Capital Contributions      12  

            4.2.

   Class T Units, Class S Units, Class D Units and Class I Units      13  

            4.3.

   Additional Capital Contributions and Issuances of Additional Partnership Interests      13  

            4.4.

   Additional Funding      15  

            4.5.

   Capital Accounts      16  

            4.6.

   Percentage Interests      16  

            4.7.

   No Interest on Contributions      16  

            4.8.

   Return of Capital Contributions      17  

            4.9.

   No Third Party Beneficiary      17  

ARTICLE 5 PROFITS AND LOSSES; DISTRIBUTIONS

     17  

            5.1.

   Allocation of Profit and Loss      17  

            5.2.

   Distribution of Cash      21  

            5.3.

   REIT Distribution Requirements      23  

            5.4.

   No Right to Distributions in Kind      23  

            5.5.

   Limitations on Return of Capital Contributions      23  

            5.6.

   Distributions Upon Liquidation      23  

            5.7.

   Substantial Economic Effect      24  

ARTICLE 6 RIGHTS, OBLIGATIONS AND POWERS OF THE GENERAL PARTNER

     24  

            6.1.

   Management of the Partnership      24  

            6.2.

   Delegation of Authority      27  

            6.3.

   Indemnification and Exculpation of Indemnitees      27  

            6.4.

   Liability and Obligations of the General Partner      28  

            6.5.

   Reimbursement of General Partner      29  

 

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            6.6.

   Outside Activities      30  

            6.7.

   Transactions With Affiliates      30  

            6.8.

   Title to Partnership Assets      31  

            6.9.

   Repurchases and Exchanges of REIT Shares      31  

            6.10.

   No Duplication of Fees or Expenses      31  

ARTICLE 7 CHANGES IN GENERAL PARTNER

     32  

            7.1.

   Transfer of the General Partner’s Partnership Interest      32  

            7.2.

   Admission of a Substitute or Additional General Partner      33  

            7.3.

   Effect of Bankruptcy, Withdrawal, Death or Dissolution of the sole remaining General Partner      34  

            7.4.

   Removal of a General Partner      34  

ARTICLE 8 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE LIMITED PARTNERS

     35  

            8.1.

   Management of the Partnership      35  

            8.2.

   Power of Attorney      35  

            8.3.

   Limitation on Liability of Limited Partners      36  

            8.4.

   Ownership by Limited Partner of Corporate General Partner or Affiliate      36  

            8.5.

   Redemption Right      36  

ARTICLE 9 TRANSFERS OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS

     39  

            9.1.

   Purchase for Investment      39  

            9.2.

   Restrictions on Transfer of Limited Partnership Interests      39  

            9.3.

   Admission of Substitute Limited Partner      40  

            9.4.

   Rights of Assignees of Partnership Interests      41  

            9.5.

   Effect of Bankruptcy, Death, Incompetence or Termination of a Limited Partner      42  

            9.6.

   Joint Ownership of Interests      42  

ARTICLE 10 BOOKS AND RECORDS; ACCOUNTING; TAX MATTERS

     42  

            10.1.

   Books and Records      42  

            10.2.

   Custody of Partnership Funds; Bank Accounts      43  

            10.3.

   Fiscal and Taxable Year      43  

            10.4.

   Annual Tax Information and Report      43  

            10.5.

   Tax Matters Partner; Tax Elections; Special Basis Adjustments      43  

            10.6.

   Reports to Limited Partners      44  

ARTICLE 11 AMENDMENT OF AGREEMENT; MERGER

     44  

ARTICLE 12 GENERAL PROVISIONS

     45  

            12.1.

   Notices      45  

            12.2.

   Survival of Rights      45  

            12.3.

   Additional Documents      45  

            12.4.

   Severability      45  

            12.5.

   Entire Agreement      45  

            12.6.

   Pronouns and Plurals      45  

            12.7.

   Headings      45  

 

ii


            12.8.

  

Counterparts

     45  

            12.9.

  

Governing Law

     45  

EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT A – Partners, Capital Contributions, Units and Percentage Interests

EXHIBIT B – Notice of Exercise of Redemption Right

 

 

iii


LIMITED PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

OF

STARWOOD REIT OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P.

This Limited Partnership Agreement (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of [ ], 2017, between Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. a Maryland corporation, as general partner (the “General Partner”) and as a Limited Partner, Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company (the “Special Limited Partner”) and the Limited Partners party hereto from time to time.

RECITALS:

WHEREAS, Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “Partnership”) was formed on [            ], 2017 as a limited partnership under the laws of the State of Delaware when a certificate of limited partnership was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing, of mutual covenants between the parties hereto, and of other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

ARTICLE 1

DEFINED TERMS

1.1. Definitions. The following defined terms used in this Agreement shall have the meanings specified below:

Act” means the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, as it may be amended from time to time.

Additional Funds” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.4.

Additional Securities” means any additional REIT Shares (other than REIT Shares issued in connection with a redemption pursuant to Section 8.5) or rights, options, warrants or convertible or exchangeable securities containing the right to subscribe for or purchase REIT Shares, as set forth in Section 4.3(a)(iii).

Administrative Expenses” means (i) all administrative and operating costs and expenses incurred by the Partnership and its Subsidiaries, (ii) those administrative costs and expenses of the General Partner, including any salaries or other payments to directors, officers or employees of the General Partner, and any accounting and legal expenses of the General Partner, which expenses are expenses of the Partnership and not the General Partner, and (iii) to the extent not included in clause (ii) above, REIT Expenses; provided, however, that Administrative Expenses shall not include any administrative costs and expenses incurred by the General Partner that are attributable to assets that are not owned directly or indirectly by the Partnership.


Advisor” means the Person appointed, employed or contracted with by the General Partner and the Partnership and responsible for directing or performing the day-to-day business affairs of the General Partner and the Partnership, including any Person to whom the Advisor subcontracts all or substantially all of such functions.

Advisory Agreement” means the agreement between the General Partner, the Partnership and the Advisor pursuant to which the Advisor will direct or perform the day-to-day business affairs of the General Partner and the Partnership.

Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, (i) any Person directly or indirectly owning, controlling or holding with the power to vote 10% of more of the outstanding voting securities of such other Person; (ii) any Person 10% or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled or held, with the power to vote, by such other Person; (iii) any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with such other Person, including any partnership in which such Person is a general partner; (iv) any executive officer, director, trustee or general partner of such other Person; and (v) any legal entity for which such Person acts an executive officer, director, trustee or general partner.

Aggregate Share Ownership Limit” has the meaning set forth in the Articles of Incorporation.

Agreed Value” means the fair market value of a Partner’s non-cash Capital Contribution as of the date of contribution as agreed to by such Partner and the General Partner.

Agreement” means this Limited Partnership Agreement, as amended, modified supplemented or restated from time to time, as the context requires.

Applicable Percentage” has the meaning provided in Section 8.5(b).

Articles of Incorporation” means the Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the General Partner filed with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation on June 22, 2017, as further amended or supplemented from time to time.

Capital Account” has the meaning provided in Section 4.5.

Capital Contribution” means the total amount of cash, cash equivalents, and the Agreed Value of any Property or other asset (other than cash or cash equivalents) contributed or agreed to be contributed, as the context requires, to the Partnership by each Partner pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. Any reference to the Capital Contribution of a Partner shall include the Capital Contribution made by a predecessor holder of the Partnership Interest of such Partner.

Carrying Value” means, with respect to any asset of the Partnership, the asset’s adjusted net basis for federal income tax purposes or, in the case of any asset contributed to the Partnership, the fair market value of such asset at the time of contribution, reduced by any amounts attributable to the inclusion of liabilities in basis pursuant to Section 752 of the Code, except that the Carrying Values of all assets may, at the discretion of the General Partner, be adjusted to equal their respective fair market values (as determined by the General Partner), in

 

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accordance with the rules set forth in Regulations Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(f), as provided for in Section 4.5. In the case of any asset of the Partnership that has a Carrying Value that differs from its adjusted tax basis, the Carrying Value shall be adjusted by the amount of depreciation, depletion and amortization calculated for purposes of the definition of Profit and Loss rather than the amount of depreciation, depletion and amortization determined for federal income tax purposes.

Cash Amount” means an amount of cash per Partnership Unit equal to the applicable Redemption Price determined by the General Partner.

Certificate” means any instrument or document that is required under the laws of the State of Delaware, or any other jurisdiction in which the Partnership conducts business, to be signed and sworn to by any of the Partners of the Partnership (either by themselves or pursuant to the power-of-attorney granted to the General Partner in Section 8.2) and filed for recording in the appropriate public offices within the State of Delaware or such other jurisdiction to perfect or maintain the Partnership as a limited partnership, to effect the admission, withdrawal, or substitution of any Partner of the Partnership, or to protect the limited liability of the Limited Partners as limited partners under the laws of the State of Delaware or such other jurisdiction.

Class” means a class of REIT Shares or Partnership Units, as the context may require.

Class D Conversion Rate” means the fraction, the numerator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class D Unit and the denominator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class I Unit.

Class D REIT Shares” means the REIT Shares referred to as “Class D” shares in the Articles of Incorporation.

Class D Unit” means a Partnership Unit entitling the holder thereof to the rights of a holder of a Class D Unit as provided in this Agreement.

Class I REIT Shares” means the REIT Shares referred to as “Class I” shares in the Articles of Incorporation.

Class I Unit” means a Partnership Unit entitling the holder thereof to the rights of a holder of a Class I Unit as provided in this Agreement.

Class S Conversion Rate” means the fraction, the numerator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class S Unit and the denominator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class I Unit.

Class S REIT Shares” means the REIT Shares referred to as “Class S” shares in the Articles of Incorporation.

Class S Unit” means a Partnership Unit entitling the holder thereof to the rights of a holder of a Class S Unit as provided in this Agreement.

 

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Class T Conversion Rate” means the fraction, the numerator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class T Unit and the denominator of which is the Net Asset Value Per Unit for each Class I Unit.

Class T REIT Shares” means the REIT Shares referred to as “Class T” shares in the Articles of Incorporation.

Class T Unit” means a Partnership Unit entitling the holder thereof to the rights of a holder of a Class T Unit as provided in this Agreement.

Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and as hereafter amended from time to time. Reference to any particular provision of the Code shall mean that provision in the Code at the date hereof and any successor provision of the Code.

Commission” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Common Share Ownership Limit” shall have the meaning set forth in the Articles of Incorporation.

Director” has the meaning set forth in the Articles of Incorporation.

Event of Bankruptcy” as to any Person means the filing of a petition for relief as to such Person as debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Code of 1978 or similar provision of law of any jurisdiction (except if such petition is contested by such Person and has been dismissed within 90 days); insolvency or bankruptcy of such Person as finally determined by a court proceeding; filing by such Person of a petition or application to accomplish the same or for the appointment of a receiver or a trustee for such Person or a substantial part of his assets; commencement of any proceedings relating to such Person as a debtor under any other reorganization, arrangement, insolvency, adjustment of debt or liquidation law of any jurisdiction, whether now in existence or hereinafter in effect, either by such Person or by another, provided that if such proceeding is commenced by another, such Person indicates his approval of such proceeding, consents thereto or acquiesces therein, or such proceeding is contested by such Person and has not been finally dismissed within 90 days.

Excepted Holder Limit” has the meaning set forth in the Articles of Incorporation.

General Partner” means Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and any Person who becomes a substitute or additional General Partner as provided herein, and any of their successors as General Partner, in such Person’s capacity as a General Partner of the Partnership.

General Partnership Interest” means any Partnership Interest held by the General Partner, other than any Partnership Interest it holds as a Limited Partner.

Hurdle Amount” for any period during a calendar year means that amount that results in a 5% annualized internal rate of return on the Net Asset Value of the Partnership Units outstanding at the beginning of the then-current calendar year and all Partnership Units issued since the beginning of the then-current calendar year, taking into account the timing and amount

 

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of all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on all such Partnership Units and all issuances of Partnership Units over the period and calculated in accordance with recognized industry practices. The ending Net Asset Value of the Partnership Units used in calculating the internal rate of return will be calculated before giving effect to any allocation or accrual to the Performance Participation Interest and any applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses, provided that the calculation of the Hurdle Amount for any period will exclude any Partnership Units repurchased during such period, which Partnership Units will be subject to the Performance Participation Interest upon such repurchase as described in Section 5.2(c).

Indemnitee” means (i) any Person made a party to a proceeding by reason of its status as the General Partner or a director, officer or employee of the General Partner or the Partnership, (ii) the Advisor, (iii) the Special Limited Partner and (iv) such other Persons (including Affiliates of the General Partner or the Partnership) as the General Partner may designate from time to time, in its sole and absolute discretion.

Joint Venture” means any joint venture or partnership arrangement (other than the Partnership) in which the Partnership or any of its Subsidiaries is a co-venturer or partner established to acquire or hold assets of the Partnership.

Limited Partner” means the General Partner in its capacity as a Limited Partner, and any other Person identified as a Limited Partner on Exhibit A, upon the execution and delivery by such Person of an additional limited partner signature page, and any Person who becomes a Substitute Limited Partner, in such Person’s capacity as a Limited Partner in the Partnership.

Limited Partnership Interest” means the ownership interest of a Limited Partner in the Partnership at any particular time, including the right of such Limited Partner to any and all benefits to which such Limited Partner may be entitled as provided in this Agreement and in the Act, together with the obligations of such Limited Partner to comply with all the provisions of this Agreement and of such Act. A Limited Partnership Interest may be expressed as a number of Partnership Units.

Listing” means the listing of the shares of the General Partner’s common stock on a national securities exchange. Upon such Listing, the shares shall be deemed “Listed.”

Loss” has the meaning provided in Section 5.1(e).

Loss Carryforward Amount” shall initially equal zero and shall cumulatively increase by the absolute value of any negative annual Total Return and decrease by any positive annual Total Return, provided that the Loss Carryforward Amount shall at no time be less than zero and provided further that the calculation of the Loss Carryforward Amount will exclude the Total Return related to any Partnership Units repurchased during such year, which Partnership Units will be subject to the Performance Participation Interest upon such repurchase as described in Section 5.3(c).

Net Asset Value” means (i) for any Partnership Units, the net asset value of such Partnership Units, determined as of the end of each business day as described in the Prospectus and (ii) for any REIT Shares, the net asset value of such REIT Shares, determined as of the end of each business day as described in the Prospectus.

 

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Net Asset Value Per Unit” means, for each Class of Partnership Unit, the net asset value per unit of such Class of Partnership Unit, determined as of the end of each business day as described in the Prospectus.

Net Asset Value Per REIT Share” means, for each Class of REIT Shares, the net asset value per share of such Class of REIT Shares, determined as of the end of each business day as described in the Prospectus.

Notice of Redemption” means the Notice of Exercise of Redemption Right substantially in the form attached as Exhibit B.

Offer” has the meaning set forth in Section 7.1(b)(ii).

Offering” means an offer and sale of REIT Shares to the public.

Partner” means any General Partner, Special Limited Partner or Limited Partner.

Partner Nonrecourse Debt Minimum Gain” means an amount with respect to each Partner’s nonrecourse debt (as defined in Regulations Section 1.704-2(b)(4)) equal to the Partnership Minimum Gain that would result if such partner nonrecourse debt were treated as a nonrecourse liability (as defined in Regulations Section 1.752-1(a)(2)) determined in accordance with Regulations Section 1.704-2(i)(3).

Partnership” means Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership.

Partnership Interest” means an ownership interest in the Partnership held by a Limited Partner, the General Partner or the Special Limited Partner and includes any and all benefits to which the holder of such a Partnership Interest may be entitled as provided in this Agreement, together with all obligations of such Person to comply with the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

Partnership Minimum Gain” has the meaning specified in Regulations Sections 1.704-2(b)(2) and 1.704-2(d).

Partnership Record Date” means the record date established by the General Partner for the distribution of cash pursuant to Section 5.2, which record date shall be the same as the record date established by the General Partner for a distribution to its stockholders of some or all of its portion of such distribution.

Partnership Representative” has the meaning described in Section 10.5(a).

Partnership Unit” means a fractional, undivided share of the Partnership Interests (other than the General Partnership Interest and the Special Limited Partnership Interest) of all Partners issued hereunder, including Class T Units, Class S Units, Class D Units and Class I Units. The allocation of Partnership Units of each Class among the Partners shall be as set forth on Exhibit A.

 

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Percentage Interest” means the percentage ownership interest in the Partnership of each Partner, as determined by dividing the Partnership Units owned by a Partner by the total number of Partnership Units then outstanding. The Percentage Interest of each Partner shall be as set forth on Exhibit A.

Performance Participation Interest” has the meaning set forth in Section 5.2(c).

Person” means an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, estate, trust (including a trust qualified under Sections 401(a) or 501(c)(17) of the Code), a portion of a trust permanently set aside for or to be used exclusively for the purposes described in Section 642(c) of the Code, association, private foundation within the meaning of Section 509(a) of the Code, joint stock company or other legal entity.

Profit” has the meaning provided in Section 5.1(e) hereof.

Property” means any Real Property, Real Estate Securities or other investment in which the Partnership holds an ownership interest.

Prospectus” means the prospectus included in the most recent effective registration statement filed by the General Partner with the Commission with respect to the applicable Offering, as such prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time.

Real Estate Securities” means equity and debt securities of both publicly traded and private companies, including REITs and pass-through entities, that own Real Property or loans secured by real estate, including investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities and derivative instruments, owned by the General Partner or the Partnership directly or indirectly through one or more of its Affiliates.

Real Property” means land, rights in land (including leasehold interests) and any buildings, structures, improvements, furnishings, fixtures and equipment located on or used in connection with land and rights or interests in land.

Redemption Price” means the Value of the REIT Shares Amount as of the end of the Specified Redemption Date. “Value” means, for any Class of REIT Shares: (i) if such Class of REIT Shares are Listed, the average closing price per share for the previous 30 trading days, or (ii) if such Class of REIT Shares are not Listed, the Net Asset Value Per REIT Share for REIT Shares of that Class.

Redemption Right” has the meaning provided in Section 8.5(a).

Regulations” means the federal income tax regulations promulgated under the Code, as amended and as hereafter amended from time to time. Reference to any particular provision of the Regulations shall mean that provision of the Regulations on the date hereof and any successor provision of the Regulations.

Regulatory Allocations” has the meaning set forth in Section 5.1(g).

 

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REIT” means a real estate investment trust as defined pursuant to Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and any successor or other provisions of the Code relating to real estate investment trusts.

REIT Expenses” means (i) costs and expenses relating to the formation and continuity of existence and operation of the General Partner and any Subsidiaries thereof (which Subsidiaries shall, for purposes of this defined term, be included within the definition of General Partner), including taxes, fees and assessments associated therewith, any and all costs, expenses or fees payable to any director, officer, or employee of the General Partner or service providers to the General Partner (including service providers affiliated with the Advisor), (ii) costs and expenses relating to any public offering and registration of securities by the General Partner and all filings, statements, reports, fees and expenses incidental thereto, including, without limitation, underwriting discounts and selling commissions applicable to any such offering of securities, any stockholder servicing fees, and any costs and expenses associated with any claims made by any holders of such securities or any underwriters or placement agents thereof, (iii) costs and expenses associated with any repurchase of any securities by the General Partner, (iv) costs and expenses associated with the preparation and filing of any periodic or other reports and communications by the General Partner under federal, state or local laws or regulations, including filings with the Commission, (v) costs and expenses associated with compliance by the General Partner with laws, rules and regulations promulgated by any regulatory body, including the Commission and any securities exchange, (vi) the management fee payable to the Advisor under the Advisory Agreement and other fees and expenses payable to other services providers of the General Partner, (vii) costs and expenses incurred by the General Partner relating to any issuing or redemption of Partnership Interests and/or REIT Shares, and (viii) all other operating or administrative costs of the General Partner incurred in the ordinary course of its business on behalf of or in connection with the Partnership.

REIT Share” means a share of common stock of the General Partner (or successor entity, as the case may be), including Class T REIT Shares, Class S REIT Shares, Class D REIT Shares and Class I REIT Shares.

REIT Shares Amount” means a number of REIT Shares having the same Class designation as the Class of Partnership Units offered for exchange by a Tendering Party equal to such number of Partnership Units; provided that in the event the General Partner issues to all holders of REIT Shares rights, options, warrants or convertible or exchangeable securities entitling the stockholders to subscribe for or purchase REIT Shares, or any other securities or property (collectively, the “rights”), and the rights have not expired at the Specified Redemption Date, then the REIT Shares Amount shall also include the rights issuable to a holder of the REIT Shares Amount of REIT Shares on the record date fixed for purposes of determining the holders of REIT Shares entitled to rights.

Related Party” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person whose ownership of shares of the General Partner’s capital stock would be attributed to the first such Person under Code Section 544 (as modified by Code Section 856(h)(1)(B)).

Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time, or any successor statute thereto. Reference to any provision of the Securities Act shall mean such provision as in effect from time to time, as the same may be amended, and any successor provision thereto, as interpreted by any applicable regulations as in effect from time to time.

 

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Service” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.

Special Limited Partner” means Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company, which shall be a limited partner of the Partnership and recognized as such under applicable Delaware law, but not a “Limited Partner” within the meaning of this Agreement (other than to the extent it owns Partnership Units).

Special Limited Partnership Interest” means the interest of the Special Limited Partner in the Partnership representing solely its right as the holder of an interest in distributions described in Section 5.3 (and any corresponding allocations of income, gain, loss and deduction under this Agreement), and not any interest in Partnership Units it may own from time to time.

Specified Redemption Date” means the first business day of the month following the month of the day that is 45 days after the receipt by the General Partner of the Notice of Redemption.

Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any corporation or other entity of which a majority of (i) the voting power of the voting equity securities or (ii) the outstanding equity interests is owned, directly or indirectly, by such Person.

Substitute Limited Partner” means any Person admitted to the Partnership as a Limited Partner pursuant to Section 9.3.

Survivor” has the meaning set forth in Section 7.1(c).

Tax Matters Partner” has the meaning described in Section 10.5(a).

Tendered Units” has the meaning provided in Section 8.5(a).

Tendering Party” has the meaning provided in Section 8.5(a).

Total Return” for any period since the end of the prior calendar year shall equal the sum of: (i) all distributions accrued or paid (without duplication) on the Partnership Units outstanding at the end of such period since the beginning of the then-current calendar year plus (ii) the change in aggregate Net Asset Value of such Partnership Units since the beginning of such year, before giving effect to (x) changes resulting solely from the proceeds of issuances of Partnership Units, (y) any allocation or accrual to the Performance Participation Interest and (z) any applicable stockholder servicing fee expenses (including any payments made to the General Partner for payment of such expenses). For the avoidance of doubt, the calculation of Total Return will (i) include any appreciation or depreciation in the Net Asset Value of Partnership Units issued during the then-current calendar year but (ii) exclude the proceeds from the initial issuance of such Partnership Units.

Transfer” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(a).

 

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  1.2. Interpretation. The definitions in Section 1.1 shall apply equally to both the singular and plural forms of the terms defined. Wherever the context may require, any pronoun used in this Agreement shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. For all purposes of this Agreement, the term “control” and variations thereof shall mean possession of the authority to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the specified entity, through the direct or indirect ownership of equity interests therein, by contract or otherwise. As used in this Agreement, the words “include,” “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation.” As used in this Agreement, the terms “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder” shall refer to this Agreement in its entirety. Any references in this Agreement to “Sections” or “Articles” shall, unless otherwise specified, refer to Sections or Articles, respectively, in this Agreement. Any references in this Agreement to an “Exhibit” shall, unless otherwise specified, refer to an Exhibit attached to this Agreement, as such Exhibit may be amended from time to time. Each such Exhibit shall be deemed incorporated in this Agreement in full.

ARTICLE 2

PARTNERSHIP FORMATION AND IDENTIFICATION

 

  2.1. Formation. The Partnership was formed as a limited partnership pursuant to the Act and all other pertinent laws of the State of Delaware, for the purposes and upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

 

  2.2. Name, Office and Registered Agent. The name of the Partnership is Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. The specified office and principal place of business of the Partnership shall be 1601 Washington Avenue, Suite 800, Miami Beach, FL 33139. The General Partner may at any time change the location of such office, provided the General Partner gives notice to the Partners of any such change. The name and address of the Partnership’s registered agent is The Corporation Trust Company, Corporation Trust Center, 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801. The sole duty of the registered agent as such is to forward to the Partnership any notice that is served on him as registered agent.

 

  2.3. Partners.

(a) The General Partner of the Partnership is Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation. Its principal place of business is the same as that of the Partnership.

(b) The Limited Partners are the General Partner (in its capacity as Limited Partner) and any other Persons identified as Limited Partners on Exhibit A hereto.

(c) The Special Limited Partner is Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company. Its principal place of business is the same as that of the Partnership.

 

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  2.4. Term and Dissolution.

(a) The Partnership commenced upon the filing for record of the Certificate in the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on July 13, 2017 and shall continue indefinitely, except that the Partnership shall be dissolved upon the first to occur of any of the following events:

(i) The occurrence of an Event of Bankruptcy as to a General Partner or the dissolution, death, removal or withdrawal of a General Partner unless the business of the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 7.3(b); provided that if a General Partner is on the date of such occurrence a partnership, the dissolution of such General Partner as a result of the dissolution, death, withdrawal, removal or Event of Bankruptcy of a partner in such partnership shall not be an event of dissolution of the Partnership if the business of such General Partner is continued by the remaining partner or partners, either alone or with additional partners, and such General Partner and such partners comply with any other applicable requirements of this Agreement;

(ii) The passage of 90 days after the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Partnership (provided that if the Partnership receives an installment obligation as consideration for such sale or other disposition, the Partnership shall continue, unless sooner dissolved under the provisions of this Agreement, until such time as such note or notes are paid in full); or

(iii) The election by the General Partner that the Partnership should be dissolved.

(b) Upon dissolution of the Partnership (unless the business of the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 7.3(b)), the General Partner (or its trustee, receiver, successor or legal representative) shall amend or cancel any Certificate(s) and liquidate the Partnership’s assets and apply and distribute the proceeds thereof in accordance with Section 5.6. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the liquidating General Partner may either (i) defer liquidation of, or withhold from distribution for a reasonable time, any assets of the Partnership (including those necessary to satisfy the Partnership’s debts and obligations), or (ii) distribute the assets to the Partners in kind.

 

  2.5. Filing of Certificate and Perfection of Limited Partnership. The General Partner shall execute, acknowledge, record and file at the expense of the Partnership, any and all amendments to the Certificate(s) and all requisite fictitious name statements and notices in such places and jurisdictions as may be necessary to cause the Partnership to be treated as a limited partnership under, and otherwise to comply with, the laws of each state or other jurisdiction in which the Partnership conducts business.

 

  2.6.

Certificates Representing Partnership Units. At the request of a Limited Partner, the General Partner, at its sole and absolute discretion, may issue (but in no way is obligated to issue) a certificate specifying the number and Class of Partnership Units owned by the Limited Partner as of the date of such certificate.

 

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  Any such certificate (i) shall be in form and substance as approved by the General Partner, (ii) shall not be negotiable and (iii) shall bear a legend to the following effect:

“This certificate is not negotiable. The Partnership Units represented by this certificate are governed by and transferable only in accordance with the provisions of the Limited Partnership Agreement of Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, LP, as amended from time to time.”

ARTICLE 3

BUSINESS OF THE PARTNERSHIP

The purpose and nature of the business to be conducted by the Partnership is (i) to conduct any business that may be lawfully conducted by a limited partnership organized pursuant to the Act, provided, however, that such business shall be limited to and conducted in such a manner as to permit the General Partner at all times to qualify as a REIT, and in a manner such that the General Partner will not be subject to any taxes under Section 857 or 4981 of the Code (to the extent the General Partner determines not being subject to such taxes is desirable), unless the General Partner otherwise ceases to qualify as a REIT, (ii) to enter into any partnership, joint venture or other similar arrangement to engage in any of the foregoing or the ownership of interests in any entity engaged in any of the foregoing and (iii) to do anything necessary or incidental to the foregoing. In connection with the foregoing, and without limiting the General Partner’s right in its sole and absolute discretion to qualify or cease qualifying as a REIT, the Partners acknowledge that the General Partner intends to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and that such qualification and the avoidance of income and excise taxes on the General Partner inures to the benefit of all the Partners and not solely to the General Partner. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Limited Partners agree that the General Partner may terminate its status as a REIT under the Code at any time to the full extent permitted under the Articles of Incorporation. The General Partner on behalf of the Partnership shall also be empowered to do any and all acts and things necessary or prudent to ensure that the Partnership will not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of Section 7704 of the Code.

ARTICLE 4

CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACCOUNTS

 

  4.1. Capital Contributions. The General Partner and the Limited Partners have made capital contributions to the Partnership in exchange for the Partnership Interests set forth opposite their names on Exhibit A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the General Partner may keep Exhibit A current through separate revisions to the books and records of the Partnership that reflect periodic changes to the capital contributions made by the Partners and redemptions and other purchases of Partnership Units by the Partnership, and corresponding changes to the Partnership Interests of the Partners, without preparing a formal amendment to this Agreement.

 

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  4.2. Class T Units, Class S Units, Class D Units and Class I Units. The General Partner is hereby authorized to cause the Partnership to issue Partnership Units designated as Class T Units, Class S Units, Class D Units and Class I Units. Each such Class shall have the rights and obligations attributed to that Class under this Agreement.

 

  4.3. Additional Capital Contributions and Issuances of Additional Partnership Interests. Except as provided in this Section 4.3 or in Section 4.4, the Partners shall have no right or obligation to make any additional Capital Contributions or loans to the Partnership. The General Partner may contribute additional capital to the Partnership, from time to time, and receive additional Partnership Interests in respect thereof, in the manner contemplated in this Section 4.3.

(a) Issuances of Additional Partnership Interests.

    (i) General. The General Partner is hereby authorized to cause the Partnership to issue such additional Partnership Interests in the form of Partnership Units for any Partnership purpose at any time or from time to time to the Partners (including the General Partner) or to other Persons for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as shall be established by the General Partner in its sole and absolute discretion, all without the approval of any Limited Partners, including but not limited to, Partnership Units issued in connection with the issuance of REIT Shares of, or other interests in, the General Partner, Class I Units issued to the Special Limited Partner with respect to payments made pursuant to the Performance Participation Interest, Class I Units issued to the Advisor as a management fee pursuant to the Advisory Agreement and Partnership Units issued in connection with acquisitions of properties. Any additional Partnership Interests issued thereby may be issued in one or more classes (including the Classes specified in this Agreement or any other Classes), or one or more series of any of such classes, with such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, powers and duties, including rights, powers and duties senior to Limited Partnership Interests, all as shall be determined by the General Partner in its sole and absolute discretion and without the approval of any Limited Partner, subject to Delaware law, including, without limitation, (i) the allocations of items of Partnership income, gain, loss, deduction and credit to each such class or series of Partnership Interests; (ii) the right of each such class or series of Partnership Interests to share in Partnership distributions; and (iii) the rights of each such class or series of Partnership Interests upon dissolution and liquidation of the Partnership; provided, however, that no additional Partnership Interests shall be issued to the General Partner unless:

        (1) the additional Partnership Interests are issued in connection with an issuance of Additional Securities by the General Partner in accordance with Section 4.3(a)(iii);

        (2) the additional Partnership Interests are issued in exchange for property owned by the General Partner with a fair market value, as determined by the General Partner, in good faith, equal to the value of the Partnership Interests; or

 

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        (3) the additional Partnership Interests are issued to all Partners holding Partnership Units in proportion to their respective Percentage Interests.

Without limiting the foregoing, the General Partner is expressly authorized to cause the Partnership to issue Partnership Units for less than fair market value, so long as the General Partner concludes in good faith that such issuance is in the best interests of the General Partner and the Partnership.

(ii) Adjustment Events. In the event the General Partner (i) declares or pays a dividend on any Class of its outstanding REIT Shares in REIT Shares or makes a distribution to all holders of any Class of its outstanding REIT Shares in REIT Shares, (ii) subdivides any Class of its outstanding REIT Shares, or (iii) combines any Class of its outstanding REIT Shares into a smaller number of REIT Shares with respect to any Class of REIT Shares, then a corresponding adjustment to the number of outstanding Partnership Units of the applicable Class necessary to maintain the proportionate relationship between the number of outstanding Partnership Units of such Class to the number of outstanding REIT Shares of such Class shall automatically be made. Additionally, in the event that any other entity shall become General Partner pursuant to any merger, consolidation or combination of the General Partner with or into another entity (the “Successor Entity”), the number of outstanding Partnership Units of each Class shall be adjusted by multiplying such number by the number of shares of the Successor Entity into which one REIT Share of such Class is converted pursuant to such merger, consolidation or combination, determined as of the date of such merger, consolidation or combination. Any adjustment to the number of outstanding Partnership Units of any Class shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such event retroactive to the record date, if any, for such event; provided, however, that if the General Partner receives a Notice of Redemption after the record date, but prior to the effective date of such dividend, distribution, subdivision or combination, or such merger, consolidation or combination, the number of outstanding Partnership Units of any Class shall be determined as if the General Partner had received the Notice of Redemption immediately prior to the record date for such dividend, distribution, subdivision or combination or such merger, consolidation or combination. If the General Partner takes any other action affecting the REIT Shares other than actions specifically described above and, in the opinion of the General Partner such action would require an adjustment to the number of Partnership Units to maintain the proportionate relationship between the number of outstanding Partnership Units to the number of outstanding REIT Shares, the General Partner shall have the right to make such adjustment to the number of Partnership Units, to the extent permitted by law, in such manner and at such time as the General Partner, in its sole discretion, may determine to be appropriate under the circumstances.

(iii) Upon Issuance of Additional Securities. Upon the issuance by the General Partner of any Additional Securities (including pursuant to the General Partner’s distribution reinvestment plan) other than to all holders of REIT Shares, the General Partner shall contribute any net proceeds from the issuance of such Additional Securities and from any exercise of rights contained in such Additional Securities, directly and through the General Partner, to the Partnership in return for, as the General

 

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Partner may designate, Partnership Interests or rights, options, warrants or convertible or exchangeable securities of the Partnership having designations, preferences and other rights such that their economic interests are substantially similar to those of the Additional Securities; provided, however, that the General Partner is allowed to issue Additional Securities in connection with an acquisition of assets that would not be owned directly or indirectly by the Partnership, but if and only if, such acquisition and issuance of Additional Securities have been approved and determined to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the General Partner and the Partnership; provided further, that the General Partner is allowed to use net proceeds from the issuance and sale of such Additional Securities to repurchase REIT Shares pursuant to a share repurchase plan. Without limiting the foregoing, the General Partner is expressly authorized to issue Additional Securities for less than fair market value, and to cause the Partnership to issue to the General Partner corresponding Partnership Interests, so long as the General Partner concludes in good faith that such issuance is in the best interests of the General Partner and the Partnership. Without limiting the foregoing, if the General Partner issues REIT Shares of any Class for a cash purchase price and contributes all of the net proceeds of such issuance to the Partnership as required hereunder, the General Partner shall be issued a number of additional Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the issued REIT Shares equal to the number of such REIT Shares of that Class issued by the General Partner the proceeds of which were so contributed.

(b) Certain Deemed Contributions of Proceeds of Issuance of REIT Shares. In connection with any and all issuances of REIT Shares, to the extent that the General Partner shall make Capital Contributions to the Partnership of the proceeds therefrom, if the proceeds actually received and contributed by the General Partner in respect of the REIT Shares the proceeds of which were so contributed are less than the gross proceeds of such issuance as a result of any underwriter’s discount or other expenses paid or incurred in connection with such issuance, then the General Partner shall be deemed to have made Capital Contributions to the Partnership in the aggregate amount of the gross proceeds of such issuance and the Partnership shall be deemed simultaneously to have paid such offering expenses in accordance with Section 6.5 and in connection with the required issuance of additional Partnership Units to the General Partner for such Capital Contributions pursuant to Section 4.3(a). In connection with any and all issuances of REIT Shares pursuant to the General Partner’s distribution reinvestment plan, the General Partner shall be deemed to have made Capital Contributions to the Partnership in the aggregate amount of the distributions that have been reinvested in respect of the REIT Shares issued by the General Partner in return for an equal number of Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the issued REIT Shares.

 

  4.4. Additional Funding. If the General Partner determines that it is in the best interests of the Partnership to provide for additional Partnership funds (“Additional Funds”) for any Partnership purpose, the General Partner may (i) cause the Partnership to obtain such funds from outside borrowings, (ii) elect to have the General Partner or any of its Affiliates provide such Additional Funds to the Partnership through loans, purchase of additional Partnership Interests or otherwise (which the General Partner or such Affiliates will have the option, but not the obligation, of providing) or (iii) cause the Partnership to issue additional Partnership Interests and admit additional Limited Partners to the Partnership in accordance with Section 4.3.

 

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  4.5. Capital Accounts. A separate capital account (a “Capital Account”) shall be established and maintained for each Partner in accordance with Regulations Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv), and a Partner shall have a single Capital Account with respect to all Partnership Interests held by such Partner. If (i) a new or existing Partner acquires an additional Partnership Interest in exchange for more than a de minimis Capital Contribution, (ii) the Partnership distributes to a Partner more than a de minimis amount of Partnership property or money as consideration for a Partnership Interest, (iii) the Partnership is liquidated within the meaning of Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(g), or (iv) the Partnership grants a Partnership Interest (other than a de minimis interest) as consideration for the provision of services to or for the benefit of the Partnership, the General Partner may revalue the property of the Partnership to its fair market value (as determined by the General Partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, and taking into account Section 7701(g) of the Code) in accordance with Regulations Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(f). When the Partnership’s property is revalued by the General Partner, the Capital Accounts of the Partners shall be adjusted in accordance with Regulations Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(f) and (g), which generally require such Capital Accounts to be adjusted to reflect the manner in which the unrealized gain or loss inherent in such property (that has not been reflected in the Capital Accounts previously) would be allocated among the Partners pursuant to Section 5.1 if there were a taxable disposition of such property for its fair market value (as determined by the General Partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, and taking into account Section 7701(g) of the Code) on the date of the revaluation.

 

  4.6. Percentage Interests. If the number of outstanding Partnership Units increases or decreases during a taxable year, each Partner’s Percentage Interest shall be adjusted by the General Partner effective as of the effective date of each such increase or decrease to a percentage equal to the number of Partnership Units held by such Partner divided by the aggregate number of Partnership Units outstanding after giving effect to such increase or decrease. If the Partners’ Percentage Interests are adjusted pursuant to this Section 4.6, the Profits and Losses for the taxable year in which the adjustment occurs shall be allocated between the part of the year ending on the day when the adjustment occurs and the part of the year beginning on the following day either (i) as if the taxable year had ended on the date of the adjustment or (ii) based on the number of days in each part. The General Partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, shall determine which method shall be used to allocate Profits and Losses for the taxable year in which the adjustment occurs. The allocation of Profits and Losses for the earlier part of the year shall be based on the Percentage Interests before adjustment, and the allocation of Profits and Losses for the later part shall be based on the adjusted Percentage Interests.

 

  4.7. No Interest on Contributions. No Partner shall be entitled to interest on its Capital Contribution.

 

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  4.8. Return of Capital Contributions. No Partner shall be entitled to withdraw any part of its Capital Contribution or its Capital Account or to receive any distribution from the Partnership, except as specifically provided in this Agreement. Except as otherwise provided herein, there shall be no obligation to return to any Partner or withdrawn Partner any part of such Partner’s Capital Contribution for so long as the Partnership continues in existence.

 

  4.9. No Third Party Beneficiary. No creditor or other third-party having dealings with the Partnership shall have the right to enforce the right or obligation of any Partner to make Capital Contributions or loans or to pursue any other right or remedy hereunder or at law or in equity, it being understood and agreed that the provisions of this Agreement shall be solely for the benefit of, and may be enforced solely by, the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns. None of the rights or obligations of the Partners herein set forth to make Capital Contributions or loans to the Partnership shall be deemed an asset of the Partnership for any purpose by any creditor or other third party, nor may such rights or obligations be sold, transferred or assigned by the Partnership or pledged or encumbered by the Partnership to secure any debt or other obligation of the Partnership or of any of the Partners. In addition, it is the intent of the parties hereto that no distribution to any Limited Partner shall be deemed a return of money or other property in violation of the Act. However, if any court of competent jurisdiction holds that, notwithstanding the provisions of this Agreement, any Limited Partner is obligated to return such money or property, such obligation shall be the obligation of such Limited Partner and not of the General Partner. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, a deficit Capital Account of a Partner shall not be deemed to be a liability of such Partner nor an asset or property of the Partnership.

ARTICLE 5

PROFITS AND LOSSES; DISTRIBUTIONS

 

  5.1. Allocation of Profit and Loss.

(a) General Partner Gross Income Allocation. There shall be specially allocated to the General Partner an amount of (i) first, items of Partnership income and (ii) second, items of Partnership gain during each fiscal year or other applicable period, before any other allocations are made hereunder, in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the cumulative reimbursements made to the General Partner under Section 6.5(b) (other than reimbursements that would properly be treated as “guaranteed payments” or which are attributable to the reimbursement of expenses that would properly be either deductible by the Partnership or added to the tax basis of any Partnership asset) over the cumulative allocations of Partnership income and gain to the General Partner under this Section 5.1(a).

 

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(b) General Allocations. The items of Profit and Loss of the Partnership for each fiscal year or other applicable period shall be allocated among the Partners in a manner that will, as nearly as possible (after giving effect to the allocations under Section 5.1(a), 5.1(c) and 5.1(g)) cause the Capital Account balance of each Partner at the end of such fiscal year or other applicable period to equal (i) the amount of the hypothetical distribution that such Partner would receive if the Partnership were liquidated on the last day of such period and all assets of the Partnership, including cash, were sold for cash equal to their Carrying Values, taking into account any adjustments thereto for such period, all liabilities of the Partnership were satisfied in full in cash according to their terms (limited with respect to each nonrecourse liability to the Carrying Value of the assets securing such liability) and the remaining cash proceeds (after satisfaction of such liabilities) were distributed in full pursuant to Section 5.2, minus (ii) the sum of such Partner’s share of Partnership Minimum Gain and Partner Nonrecourse Debt Minimum Gain and the amount, if any and without duplication, that the Partner would be obligated to contribute to the capital of the Partnership, all computed as of the date of the hypothetical sale of assets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the General Partner may make such allocations as it deems reasonably necessary to give economic effect to the provisions of this Agreement, taking into account facts and circumstances as the General Partner deems reasonably necessary for this purpose.

(c) Regulatory Allocations. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement:

(i) Minimum Gain Chargeback. If there is a net decrease in Partnership Minimum Gain or Partner Nonrecourse Debt Minimum Gain (determined in accordance with the principles of Regulations Sections 1.704-2(d) and 1.704-2(i)) during any Partnership taxable year, the Partners shall be specially allocated items of Partnership income and gain for such year (and, if necessary, subsequent years) in an amount equal to their respective shares of such net decrease during such year, determined pursuant to Regulations Sections 1.704-2(g) and 1.704-2(i)(5). The items to be so allocated shall be determined in accordance with Regulations Section 1.704-2(f). This Section 5.1(c)(i) is intended to comply with the minimum gain chargeback requirements in such U.S. Regulations Sections and shall be interpreted consistently therewith, including that no chargeback shall be required to the extent of the exceptions provided in Regulations Sections 1.704-2(f) and 1.704-2(i)(4).

(ii) Qualified Income Offset. If any Partner unexpectedly receives any adjustments, allocations, or distributions described in U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) or (6), items of Partnership income and gain shall be specially allocated to such Partner in an amount and manner sufficient to eliminate the deficit Capital Account balance created by such adjustments, allocations or distributions as promptly as possible; provided that an allocation pursuant to this Section 5.1(c)(ii) shall be made only to the extent that a Partner would have a deficit Capital Account balance in excess of such sum after all other allocations provided for in this Article 5 have been tentatively made as if this Section 5.1(c)(ii) were not in this Agreement. This Section 5.1(c)(ii) is intended to comply with the “qualified income offset” requirement of the Code and shall be interpreted consistently therewith.

 

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(iii) Gross Income Allocation. If one or more Partners has a deficit Capital Account at the end of any fiscal year that is in excess of the sum of (i) the amount each such Partner is obligated to restore, if any, pursuant to any provision of this Partnership Agreement, and (ii) the amount each such Partner is deemed to be obligated to restore pursuant to the penultimate sentences of Regulations Sections 1.704-2(g)(1) and 1.704-2(i)(5), each such Partner shall be specially allocated items of Partnership income and gain in the amount of such excess as quickly as possible (in proportion to the amount of such deficit); provided that an allocation pursuant to this Section 5.1(c)(iii) shall be made only if and to the extent that a Partner would have a deficit Capital Account in excess of such sum after all other allocations provided for in this Article 5 have been tentatively made as if Section 5.1(c)(ii) and this Section 5.1(c)(iii) were not in this Partnership Agreement.

(iv) Payee Allocation. If any payment to any person that is treated by the Partnership as the payment of an expense is recharacterized by a taxing authority as a Partnership distribution to the payee as a partner, such payee shall be specially allocated, in the manner determined by the General Partner, an amount of Partnership gross income and gain as quickly as possible equal to the amount of the distribution.

(v) Nonrecourse Deductions. Nonrecourse Deductions shall be allocated pro rata based on the number of Partnership Units held by each Partner. “Nonrecourse Deductions” has the meaning specified in Regulations Sections 1.704-2(b)(1) and 1.704-2(c).

(vi) Partner Nonrecourse Deductions. Partner Nonrecourse Deductions for any taxable period shall be allocated to the Partner who bears the economic risk of loss with respect to the liability to which such Partner Nonrecourse Deductions are attributable in accordance with Regulations Section 1.704-2(j).Partner Nonrecourse Deductions” has the meaning specified in Regulations Section 1.704-2(i)(2).

(vii) Any special allocations of income or gain pursuant to Section 5.1(c)(ii) or Section 5.1(c)(iii) hereof shall be taken into account in computing subsequent allocations pursuant to Section 5.1(b) and this Section 5.1(c)(viii), so that the net amount of any items so allocated and all other items allocated to each Partner shall, to the extent possible, be equal to the net amount that would have been allocated to each Partner if such allocations pursuant to Section 5.1(c)(ii) or Section 5.1(c)(iii) had not occurred.

(d) Allocations Between Transferor and Transferee. If a Partner transfers any part or all of its Partnership Interest, the distributive shares of the various items of Profit and Loss allocable among the Partners during such fiscal year of the Partnership shall be allocated between the transferor and the transferee Partner either (i) as if the Partnership’s fiscal year had ended on the date of the transfer, or (ii) based on the number of days of such fiscal year that each was a Partner without regard to the results of Partnership activities in the respective portions of such fiscal year in which the transferor and the transferee were Partners. The General Partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, shall determine which method shall be used to allocate the distributive shares of the various items of Profit and Loss between the transferor and the transferee Partner.

 

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(e) Definition of Profit and Loss. “Profit” and “Loss” and any items of income, gain, expense, or loss referred to in this Agreement shall be determined in accordance with the accounting method used by the Partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes with the following adjustments: (i) all items of income, gain, loss or deduction allocated pursuant to Sections 5.1(a) and 5.1(c)(i) through (iii) shall not be taken into account in computing such taxable income or loss; (ii) any income of the Partnership that is exempt from U.S. federal income taxation and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profit and Loss shall be added to such taxable income or loss; (iii) if the Carrying Value of any asset differs from its adjusted tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes, any depreciation, amortization, gain or loss resulting from a disposition of such asset shall be calculated with reference to such Carrying Value; (iv) upon an adjustment to the Carrying Value of any asset pursuant to the definition of Carrying Value (other than an adjustment in respect of depreciation, amortization or cost recovery deductions), the amount of the adjustment shall be included as gain or loss in computing such taxable income or loss; (v) if the Carrying Value of any asset differs from its adjusted tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of depreciation, amortization or cost recovery deductions with respect to such asset for purposes of Profit and Loss shall be an amount which bears the same ratio to such Carrying Value as the U.S. federal income tax depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deductions bears to such adjusted tax basis (provided that if the U.S. federal income tax depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deduction is zero, the Partners may use any reasonable method for purposes of determining depreciation, amortization or other cost recovery deductions in calculating Profit and Loss; and (vi) except for items in (i) above, any expenditures of the Partnership not deductible in computing taxable income or loss, not properly capitalizable and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profit and Loss pursuant to this definition shall be treated as deductible items.

(f) Tax Allocations. All items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of the Partnership shall be allocated among the Partners for federal, state and local income tax purposes consistent with the manner that the corresponding constituent items of Profit and Loss shall be allocated among the Partners pursuant to this Partnership Agreement in the manner determined by the General Partner, except as may otherwise be provided herein or by the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the General Partner may make such allocations as it deems reasonably necessary to give economic effect to the provisions of this Agreement, taking into account facts and circumstances as the General Partner deems reasonably necessary for this purpose.

(g) Curative Allocations. The allocations set forth in Section 5.1(c) of this Agreement (the “Regulatory Allocations”) are intended to comply with certain requirements of the Regulations. The General Partner is authorized to offset all Regulatory Allocations either with other Regulatory Allocations or with special allocations of other items of Partnership income, gain, loss or deduction pursuant to this Section 5.1(g). Therefore, notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 5.1 (other than the Regulatory Allocations), the General Partner shall make such offsetting special allocations of Partnership income, gain, loss or deduction in whatever manner it deems appropriate so that, after such offsetting allocations are made, each Partner’s Capital Account is, to the extent possible, equal to the Capital Account balance such Partner would have had if the Regulatory Allocations were not part of this Agreement and all Partnership items were allocated pursuant to Sections 5.1(a) and (b).

 

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  5.2. Distribution of Cash.

(a) The Partnership shall distribute cash on a quarterly (or, at the election of the General Partner, more or less frequent) basis, in an amount determined by the General Partner in its sole and absolute discretion, to the Partners who are Partners on the Partnership Record Date with respect to such quarter (or other distribution period) in accordance with Section 5.2(b). The Partnership shall be deemed to have distributed cash to the General Partner in an amount equal to the amount of distributions by the General Partner that are reinvested in REIT Shares issued by the General Partner pursuant to the General Partner’s distribution reinvestment plan, and the General Partner shall be deemed to have made Capital Contributions to the Partnership in the aggregate amount of such distributions in return for an equal number of Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the issued REIT Shares.

(b) Except for distributions pursuant to Section 5.6 in connection with the dissolution and liquidation of the Partnership and subject to the provisions of Sections 5.2(c), 5.2(d), 5.2(e), 5.3 and 5.4, all distributions of cash (including any deemed distributions pursuant to Section 5.2(a)) shall be made to the Partners in amounts proportionate to the aggregate Net Asset Value of the Partnership Units held by the respective Partners on the Partnership Record Date, except that the amount distributed per Partnership Unit of any Class may differ from the amount per Partnership Unit of another Class on account of differences in Class-specific expense allocations with respect to REIT Shares as described in the Prospectus or for other reasons as determined by the Board of Directors of the General Partner. Any such differences shall correspond to differences in the amount of distributions per REIT Share for REIT Shares of different Classes, with the same adjustments being made to the amount of distributions per Partnership Unit for Partnership Units of a particular Class as are made to the distributions per REIT Share by the General Partner with respect to REIT Shares having the same Class designation.

(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, so long as the Advisory Agreement has not been terminated (including by means of non-renewal), the Special Limited Partner shall be entitled to a distribution (the “Performance Participation Interest”), promptly following the end of each year in an amount equal to:

(i) First, if the Total Return for the applicable period exceeds the sum of (i) the Hurdle Amount for that period and (ii) the Loss Carryforward Amount (any such excess, “Excess Profits”), 100% of such Excess Profits until the total amount allocated to the Special Limited Partner equals 12.5% of the sum of (x) the Hurdle Amount for that period and (y) any amount allocated to the Special Limited Partner pursuant to this clause; and

(ii) Second, to the extent there are remaining Excess Profits, 12.5% of such remaining Excess Profits.

Any amount by which Total Return falls below the Hurdle Amount and that does not constitute Loss Carryforward Amount will not be carried forward to subsequent periods.

 

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With respect to all Partnership Units that are repurchased at the end of any month in connection with repurchases of REIT Shares pursuant to the General Partner’s share repurchase plan, the Special Limited Partner shall be entitled to such Performance Participation Interest in an amount calculated as described above calculated in respect of the portion of the year for which such Partnership Units were outstanding, and proceeds for any such Partnership Unit repurchase will be reduced by the amount of any such Performance Participation Interest.

Distributions on the Performance Participation Interest may be payable in cash or Class I Units at the election of the Special Limited Partner. If the Special Limited Partner elects to receive such distributions in Class I Units, the Special Limited Partner will receive the number of Class I Units that results from dividing the Performance Participation Interest by the Net Asset Value per Class I Unit at the time of such distribution. If the Special Limited Partner elects to receive such distributions in Class I Units, the Special Limited Partner may request the Partnership to redeem such Class I Units from the Special Limited Partner at any time thereafter pursuant to Section 8.5, subject to the one-year holding requirement described in Section 8.5.

The measurement of the change in Net Asset Value Per Unit for the purpose of calculating the Total Return is subject to adjustment by the Board of Directors of the General Partner to account for any dividend, split, recapitalization or any other similar change in the Partnership’s capital structure or any distributions that the Board of Directors of the General Partner deems to be a return of capital if such changes are not already reflected in the Partnership’s net assets.

The Special Limited Partner will not be obligated to return any portion of the Performance Participation Interest paid due to the subsequent performance of the Partnership.

In the event the Advisory Agreement is terminated (including by means of non-renewal), the Special Limited Partner will be allocated any accrued Performance Participation Interest with respect to all Partnership Units as of the date of such termination.

(d) To the extent the Partnership is required by law to withhold or to make tax payments (including interest and penalties thereon) on behalf of or with respect to any Partner (“Tax Advances”), the General Partner may withhold such amounts and make such tax payments as so required. All Tax Advances made on behalf of a Partner shall, at the option of the General Partner, (i) be promptly paid to the Partnership by the Partner on whose behalf such Tax Advances were made or (ii) be repaid by reducing the amount of the current or next succeeding distribution or distributions which would otherwise have been made to such Partner or, if such distributions are not sufficient for that purpose, by so reducing the proceeds of liquidation otherwise payable to such Partner. Whenever the General Partner selects the option set forth in clause (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence for repayment of a Tax Advance by a Partner, for all other purposes of this Partnership Agreement such Partner shall be treated as having received all distributions unreduced by the amount of such Tax Advance. Each Partner hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Partnership and the General Partner and any member or officer of the General Partner from and against any liability with respect to Tax Advances required on behalf of or with respect to such Partner. Each Partner shall furnish the General Partner with such information, forms and certifications as it may require and as are necessary to comply with the regulations governing the obligations of withholding tax agents, as well as such information, forms and certifications as are necessary with respect to any withholding taxes imposed by countries other than the United States and represents and warrants that the information and forms furnished by it shall be true and accurate in all respects. The amount of

 

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any taxes paid by or withheld from receipts of the Partnership (or any investment in which the Partnership invests that is treated as a flow-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes) allocable to a Partner from an Investment shall be deemed to have been distributed to each Partner to the extent that the payment or withholding of such taxes reduced distribution proceeds otherwise distributable to such Partner as provided herein.

(e) In no event may a Partner receive a distribution of cash with respect to a Partnership Unit if such Partner is entitled to receive a cash distribution as the holder of record of a REIT Share for which all or part of such Partnership Unit has been or will be exchanged.

 

  5.3. REIT Distribution Requirements. The General Partner shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Partnership to distribute amounts sufficient to enable the General Partner to make stockholder distributions that will allow the General Partner to (i) meet its distribution requirement for qualification as a REIT as set forth in Section 857 of the Code and (ii) avoid any federal income or excise tax liability imposed by the Code.

 

  5.4. No Right to Distributions in Kind. No Partner shall be entitled to demand property other than cash in connection with any distributions by the Partnership.

 

  5.5. Limitations on Return of Capital Contributions. Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Article 5, no Partner shall have the right to receive and the General Partner shall not have the right to make, a distribution that includes a return of all or part of a Partner’s Capital Contributions, unless after giving effect to the return of a Capital Contribution, the sum of all Partnership liabilities, other than the liabilities to a Partner for the return of his Capital Contribution, does not exceed the fair market value of the Partnership’s assets.

 

  5.6. Distributions Upon Liquidation. Immediately before liquidation of the Partnership, Class T Units will automatically convert to Class I Units at the Class T Conversion Rate, Class S Units will automatically convert to Class I Units at the Class S Conversion Rate and Class D Units will automatically convert to Class I Units at the Class D Conversion Rate. Upon liquidation of the Partnership, after payment of, or adequate provision for, debts and obligations of the Partnership, including any Partner loans, and after payment of any accrued Performance Participation Interest to the Special Limited Partner, any remaining assets of the Partnership shall be distributed to each holder of Class I Units, ratably with each other holder of Class I Units, which will include all converted Class T Units, Class S Units and Class D Units, in such proportion as the number of outstanding Class I Units held by such holder bears to the total number of outstanding Class I Units then outstanding.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the amount by which the value, as determined in good faith by the General Partner, of any property other than cash to be distributed in kind to the Partners exceeds or is less than the Carrying Value of such property shall, to the extent not otherwise recognized by the Partnership, be taken into account in computing Profit and Loss of the Partnership for purposes of crediting or charging the Capital Accounts of, and distributing proceeds to, the Partners, pursuant to this Agreement.

 

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To the extent deemed advisable by the General Partner, appropriate arrangements (including the use of a liquidating trust) may be made to assure that adequate funds are available to pay any contingent debts or obligations.

 

  5.7. Substantial Economic Effect. It is the intent of the Partners that the allocations under Sections 5.1(a), 5.1(b), 5.1(c) and 5.1(g) have substantial economic effect (or be consistent with the Partners’ interests in the Partnership in the case of the allocation of losses attributable to nonrecourse debt) within the meaning of Section 704(b) of the Code as interpreted by the Regulations promulgated pursuant thereto. Article 5 and other relevant provisions of this Agreement shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with such intent.

ARTICLE 6

RIGHTS, OBLIGATIONS AND

POWERS OF THE GENERAL PARTNER

 

  6.1. Management of the Partnership.

(a) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, the General Partner shall have full, complete and exclusive discretion to manage and control the business of the Partnership for the purposes herein stated, and shall make all decisions affecting the business and assets of the Partnership. Subject to the restrictions specifically contained in this Agreement and without limiting any powers of the Advisor pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the powers of the General Partner shall include, without limitation, the authority to take the following actions on behalf of the Partnership:

(i) to acquire, purchase, own, operate, lease and dispose of any Property;

(ii) to construct buildings and make other improvements on the properties owned or leased by the Partnership;

(iii) to authorize, issue, sell, redeem or otherwise purchase any Partnership Interests or any securities (including secured and unsecured debt obligations of the Partnership, debt obligations of the Partnership convertible into any class or series of Partnership Interests, or options, rights, warrants or appreciation rights relating to any Partnership Interests) of the Partnership;

 

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(iv) to borrow or lend money for the Partnership, issue or receive evidences of indebtedness in connection therewith, refinance, increase the amount of, modify, amend or change the terms of, or extend the time for the payment of, any such indebtedness, and secure such indebtedness by mortgage, deed of trust, pledge or other lien on the Partnership’s assets;

(v) to pay, either directly or by reimbursement, for all operating costs and general administrative expenses of the Partnership to third parties or to the General Partner or its Affiliates as set forth in this Agreement;

(vi) to guarantee or become a co-maker of indebtedness of the General Partner or any Subsidiary thereof, refinance, increase the amount of, modify, amend or change the terms of, or extend the time for the payment of, any such guarantee or indebtedness, and secure such guarantee or indebtedness by mortgage, deed of trust, pledge or other lien on the Partnership’s assets;

(vii) to use assets of the Partnership (including, without limitation, cash on hand) for any purpose consistent with this Agreement, including, without limitation, payment, either directly or by reimbursement, of all operating costs and general administrative expenses of the General Partner, the Partnership or any Subsidiary of either, to third parties or to the General Partner as set forth in this Agreement;

(viii) to lease all or any portion of any of the Partnership’s assets, whether or not any portion of the Partnership’s assets so leased are to be occupied by the lessee, or, in turn, subleased in whole or in part to others, for such consideration and on such terms as the General Partner may determine;

(ix) to prosecute, defend, arbitrate, or compromise any and all claims or liabilities in favor of or against the Partnership, on such terms and in such manner as the General Partner may reasonably determine, and similarly to prosecute, settle or defend litigation with respect to the Partners, the Partnership, or the Partnership’s assets;

(x) to file applications, communicate, and otherwise deal with any and all governmental agencies having jurisdiction over, or in any way affecting, the Partnership’s assets or any other aspect of the Partnership business;

(xi) to make or revoke any election permitted or required of the Partnership by any taxing authority;

(xii) to maintain such insurance coverage for public liability, fire and casualty, and any and all other insurance for the protection of the Partnership, for the conservation of Partnership assets, or for any other purpose convenient or beneficial to the Partnership, in such amounts and such types, as the General Partner shall determine from time to time;

 

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(xiii) to determine whether or not to apply any insurance proceeds for any property to the restoration of such property or to distribute the same;

(xiv) to establish one or more divisions of the Partnership, to hire and dismiss employees of the Partnership or any division of the Partnership, and to retain legal counsel, accountants, consultants, real estate brokers, and such other persons, as the General Partner may deem necessary or appropriate in connection with the Partnership business and to pay therefor such remuneration as the General Partner may deem reasonable and proper;

(xv) to retain other services of any kind or nature in connection with the Partnership business, and to pay therefor such remuneration as the General Partner may deem reasonable and proper;

(xvi) to negotiate and conclude agreements on behalf of the Partnership with respect to any of the rights, powers and authority conferred upon the General Partner;

(xvii) to maintain accurate accounting records and to file all federal, state and local income tax returns on behalf of the Partnership;

(xviii) to distribute Partnership cash or other Partnership assets in accordance with this Agreement;

(xix) to form or acquire an interest in, and contribute property to, any further limited or general partnerships, joint ventures or other relationships that the General Partner deems desirable (including, without limitation, the acquisition of interests in, and the contributions of property to, its Subsidiaries and any other Person in which it has an equity interest from time to time);

(xx) to establish Partnership reserves for working capital, capital expenditures, contingent liabilities, or any other valid Partnership purpose;

(xxi) to merge, consolidate or combine the Partnership with or into another Person;

(xxii) to do any and all acts and things necessary or prudent to ensure that the Partnership will not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of Section 7704 of the Code; and

(xxiii) to take such other action, execute, acknowledge, swear to or deliver such other documents and instruments, and perform any and all other acts that the General Partner deems necessary or appropriate for the formation, continuation and conduct of the business and affairs of the Partnership (including, without limitation, all actions consistent with allowing the General Partner at all times to qualify as a REIT unless the General Partner voluntarily terminates its REIT status) and to possess and enjoy all of the rights and powers of a general partner as provided by the Act.

 

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(b) Except as otherwise provided herein, to the extent the duties of the General Partner require expenditures of funds to be paid to third parties, the General Partner shall not have any obligations hereunder except to the extent that Partnership funds are reasonably available to it for the performance of such duties, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize or require the General Partner, in its capacity as such, to expend its individual funds for payment to third parties or to undertake any individual liability or obligation on behalf of the Partnership.

 

  6.2. Delegation of Authority. The General Partner may delegate any or all of its powers, rights and obligations hereunder to any Person, and may appoint, employ, contract or otherwise deal with any Person for the transaction of the business of the Partnership, which Person (which may include the Advisor) may, under supervision of the General Partner, perform any acts or services for the Partnership as the General Partner may approve.

 

  6.3. Indemnification and Exculpation of Indemnitees.

(a) To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Partnership shall indemnify and hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless an Indemnitee from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, joint or several, costs and expenses (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, settlements, penalties and other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, of any nature whatsoever, known or unknown, liquidated or unliquidated, that are incurred by any Indemnitee and that relate to the operations of the Partnership as set forth in this Agreement in which any Indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or otherwise, unless it is established that: (i) the act or omission of the Indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and constituted willful misconduct or gross negligence; (ii) the Indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or (iii) in the case of any criminal proceeding, the Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. The termination of any proceeding by settlement, judgment, order or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent shall not, of itself, create a presumption that an Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner that the Indemnitee believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Partnership or that the Indemnitee’s conduct constituted fraud, willful misconduct, gross negligence, a material breach of this Agreement, a breach of its fiduciary duty or, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, an Indemnitee had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. Any indemnification pursuant to this Section 6.3 shall be made only out of the assets of the Partnership.

(b) The Partnership shall reimburse an Indemnitee for reasonable expenses incurred by an Indemnitee who is a party to a proceeding in advance of the final disposition of the proceeding upon receipt by the Partnership of (i) a written affirmation by the Indemnitee of the Indemnitee’s good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the Partnership as authorized in this Section 6.3 has been met, and (ii) a written undertaking by or on behalf of the Indemnitee to repay the amount if it shall ultimately be determined that the standard of conduct has not been met.

 

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(c) The indemnification provided by this Section 6.3 shall be in addition to any other rights to which an Indemnitee or any other Person may be entitled under any agreement, pursuant to any vote of the Partners, as a matter of law or otherwise, and shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to serve in such capacity.

(d) The Partnership may, but shall not be obligated to, purchase and maintain insurance, on behalf of the Indemnitees and such other Persons as the General Partner shall determine, against any liability that may be asserted against or expenses that may be incurred by such Person in connection with the Partnership’s activities, regardless of whether the Partnership would have the power to indemnify such Person against such liability under the provisions of this Agreement.

(e) For purposes of this Section 6.3, the Partnership shall be deemed to have requested an Indemnitee to serve as fiduciary of an employee benefit plan whenever the performance by it of its duties to the Partnership also imposes duties on, or otherwise involves services by, it to the plan or participants or beneficiaries of the plan; excise taxes assessed on an Indemnitee with respect to an employee benefit plan pursuant to applicable law shall constitute fines within the meaning of this Section 6.3; and actions taken or omitted by the Indemnitee with respect to an employee benefit plan in the performance of its duties for a purpose reasonably believed by it to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of the plan shall be deemed to be for a purpose which is not opposed to the best interests of the Partnership.

(f) In no event may an Indemnitee subject the Limited Partners to personal liability by reason of the indemnification provisions set forth in this Agreement.

(g) An Indemnitee shall not be denied indemnification in whole or in part under this Section 6.3 because the Indemnitee had an interest in the transaction with respect to which the indemnification applies if the transaction was otherwise permitted by the terms of this Agreement and the Articles of Incorporation.

(h) The provisions of this Section 6.3 are for the benefit of the Indemnitees, their heirs, successors, assigns and administrators and shall not be deemed to create any rights for the benefit of any other Persons.

 

  6.4. Liability and Obligations of the General Partner.

(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, the General Partner shall not be liable for monetary damages to the Partnership or any Partners for losses sustained or liabilities incurred as a result of errors in judgment or of any act or omission not amounting to willful misconduct or gross negligence. The General Partner shall not be in breach of any duty that the General Partner may owe to the Limited Partners or the Partnership or any other Persons under this Agreement or of any duty stated or implied by law or equity provided the General Partner, acting in good faith, abides by the terms of this Agreement.

(b) The Limited Partners expressly acknowledge that the General Partner is acting on behalf of the Partnership, itself and its stockholders collectively, and that neither the General Partner nor its Board of Directors is under any obligation to consider the separate interests of the Limited Partners (including, without limitation, the tax consequences to Limited

 

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Partners or the tax consequences of some, but not all, of the Limited Partners) in deciding whether to cause the Partnership to take (or decline to take) any actions. In the event of a conflict between the interests of its stockholders on one hand and the Limited Partners on the other, the General Partner shall endeavor in good faith to resolve the conflict in a manner not adverse to either its stockholders or the Limited Partners; provided, however, that for so long as the General Partner directly owns a controlling interest in the Partnership, any such conflict that the General Partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, determines cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either its stockholders or the Limited Partner shall be resolved in favor of the stockholders. The General Partner shall not be liable for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred, or benefits not derived by Limited Partners in connection with such decisions, provided that the General Partner has acted in good faith.

(c) Subject to its obligations and duties as General Partner set forth in Section 6.1 hereof, the General Partner may exercise any of the powers granted to it under this Agreement and perform any of the duties imposed upon it hereunder either directly or by or through its agents. The General Partner shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any such agent appointed by it in good faith.

(d) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement or the Act, any action of the General Partner on behalf of the Partnership or any decision of the General Partner to refrain from acting on behalf of the Partnership, undertaken in the good faith belief that such action or omission is necessary or advisable in order (i) to protect the ability of the General Partner to continue to qualify as a REIT, (ii) to prevent the General Partner from incurring any taxes under Section 857, Section 4981, or any other provision of the Code, or (iii) to ensure that the Partnership will not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” under section 7704 of the Code, is expressly authorized under this Agreement and is deemed approved by all of the Limited Partners.

(e) Any amendment, modification or repeal of this Section 6.4 or any provision hereof shall be prospective only and shall not in any way affect the limitations on the General Partner’s liability to the Partnership and the Limited Partners under this Section 6.4 as in effect immediately prior to such amendment, modification or repeal with respect to matters occurring, in whole or in part, prior to such amendment, modification or repeal, regardless of when claims relating to such matters may arise or be asserted.

 

  6.5. Reimbursement of General Partner.

(a) Except as provided in this Section 6.5 and elsewhere in this Agreement (including the provisions of Articles 5 and 6 regarding distributions, payments, and allocations to which it may be entitled), the General Partner shall not be compensated for its services as general partner of the Partnership.

(b) The General Partner shall be reimbursed on a monthly basis, or such other basis as the General Partner may determine in its sole and absolute discretion, for all Administrative Expenses incurred by the General Partner.

 

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  6.6. Outside Activities.

(a) Subject to Section 6.7 hereof, the Articles of Incorporation and any agreements entered into by the General Partner or its Affiliates with the Partnership or any of its Subsidiaries, any officer, director, employee, agent, trustee, Affiliate or stockholder of the General Partner shall be entitled to and may have, directly or indirectly, business interests and engage in business activities in addition to those relating to the Partnership, including business interests and activities substantially similar or identical to those of the Partnership. Neither the Partnership nor any of the Limited Partners shall have any rights by virtue of this Agreement in any such business ventures, interests or activities. None of the Limited Partners nor any other Person shall have any rights by virtue of this Agreement or the partnership relationship established hereby in any such business ventures, interests or activities, and the General Partner shall have no obligation pursuant to this Agreement to communicate or offer any opportunities or interest in any such business ventures, interests and activities to the Partnership or any Limited Partner, even if such opportunity is of a character which, if presented to the Partnership or any Limited Partner, could be taken by such Person, even if it may raise a conflict of interest with the Limited Partners or the Partnership. The General Partner will not be liable for breach of any fiduciary or other duty by reason of the fact that such party pursues or acquires for, or directs such opportunity or interest to another Person or does not communicate or offer such opportunity or interest to the Partnership.

(b) No Limited Partner shall, by reason of being a Limited Partner in the Partnership, have any right to participate in any manner in any profits or income earned or derived by or accruing to the General Partner and its respective Affiliates, or the respective members, partners, officers, directors, employees, stockholders, agents or representatives thereof from the conduct of any business other than the business of the Partnership or from any transaction in instruments effected by the General Partner and its Affiliates or the respective members, partners, stockholders, officers, directors, employees or agents thereof for any account other than that of the Partnership.

 

  6.7. Transactions With Affiliates.

(a) Any Affiliate of the General Partner or the Advisor may be employed or retained by the Partnership and may otherwise deal with the Partnership (whether as a buyer, lessor, lessee, manager, furnisher of goods or services, broker, agent, lender or otherwise) and may receive from the Partnership any compensation, price, or other payment therefor which the General Partner determines to be fair and reasonable.

(b) The Partnership may lend or contribute to its Subsidiaries or other Persons in which it has an equity investment, and such Persons may borrow funds from the Partnership, on terms and conditions established in the sole and absolute discretion of the General Partner. The foregoing authority shall not create any right or benefit in favor of any Subsidiary or any other Person.

(c) The Partnership may transfer assets to joint ventures, other partnerships, corporations or other business entities in which it is or thereby becomes a participant, and in which any of its Affiliates may or may not be a participant, upon such terms and subject to such conditions as the General Partner deems are consistent with this Agreement, applicable law, the Articles of Incorporation and the REIT status of the General Partner.

 

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(d) Except as expressly permitted by this Agreement, neither the General Partner nor any of its Affiliates shall sell, transfer or convey any property to, or purchase any property from, the Partnership, directly or indirectly, except pursuant to transactions that are, in the General Partner’s sole discretion, on terms that are fair and reasonable to the Partnership and in compliance with the Articles of Incorporation.

 

  6.8. Title to Partnership Assets. Title to Partnership assets, whether real, personal or mixed and whether tangible or intangible, shall be deemed to be owned by the Partnership as an entity, and no Partner, individually or collectively, shall have any ownership interest in such Partnership assets or any portion thereof. Title to any or all of the Partnership assets may be held in the name of the Partnership, the General Partner or one or more nominees, as the General Partner may determine, including Affiliates of the General Partner. The General Partner hereby declares and warrants that any Partnership assets for which legal title is held in the name of the General Partner or any nominee or Affiliate of the General Partner shall be held by the General Partner for the use and benefit of the Partnership in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement; provided, however, that the General Partner shall use its best efforts to cause beneficial and record title to such assets to be vested in the Partnership as soon as reasonably practicable. All Partnership assets shall be recorded as the property of the Partnership in its books and records, irrespective of the name in which legal title to such Partnership assets is held.

 

  6.9. Repurchases and Exchanges of REIT Shares.

(a) Repurchases. If the General Partner repurchases any REIT Shares (other than REIT Shares repurchased with proceeds received from the issuance of other REIT Shares), then the General Partner shall cause the Partnership to purchase from the General Partner a number of Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the redeemed REIT Shares for that Class of Partnership Units on the same terms that the General Partner repurchased such REIT Shares (including any applicable discount to Net Asset Value).

(b) Exchanges. If the General Partner exchanges any REIT Shares of any Class (“Exchanged REIT Shares”) for, or converts any REIT Shares of any Class to, REIT Shares of a different Class (“Received REIT Shares”), then the General Partner shall, and shall cause the Partnership to, exchange or convert a number of Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the Exchanged REIT Shares, for Partnership Units having the same Class designation as the Received REIT Shares on the same terms that the General Partner exchanged or converted the Exchanged REIT Shares.

 

  6.10.  No Duplication of Fees or Expenses. The Partnership may not incur or be responsible for any fee or expense (in connection with an Offering or otherwise) that would be duplicative of fees and expenses paid by the General Partner.

 

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ARTICLE 7

CHANGES IN GENERAL PARTNER

 

  7.1. Transfer of the General Partners Partnership Interest.

(a) The General Partner shall not transfer all or any portion of its General Partnership Interest or withdraw as General Partner except as provided in, or in connection with a transaction contemplated by, Section 7.1(b), (c) or (d).

(b) Except as otherwise provided in Section 6.4(b) or Section 7.1(b), (c) or (d) hereof, the General Partner shall not engage in any merger, consolidation or other combination with or into another Person or sale of all or substantially all of its assets, (other than in connection with a change in the General Partner’s state of incorporation or organizational form) in each case which results in a change of control of the General Partner (a “Transaction”), unless:

(i) the consent of Limited Partners holding more than 50% of the Percentage Interests of the Limited Partners is obtained; or

(ii) as a result of such Transaction all Limited Partners will receive for each Partnership Unit of each Class an amount of cash, securities, or other property equal to the greatest amount of cash, securities or other property paid in the Transaction to a holder of one REIT Share having the same Class designation as that Partnership Unit in consideration of such REIT Share; provided that if, in connection with the Transaction, a purchase, tender or exchange offer (“Offer”) shall have been made to and accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding REIT Shares, each holder of Partnership Units shall be given the option to exchange its Partnership Units for the greatest amount of cash, securities, or other property which a Limited Partner holding Partnership Units would have received had it (1) exercised its Redemption Right and (2) sold, tendered or exchanged pursuant to the Offer the REIT Shares received upon exercise of the Redemption Right immediately prior to the expiration of the Offer; or the General Partner is the surviving entity in the Transaction and either (A) the holders of REIT Shares do not receive cash, securities, or other property in the Transaction or (B) all Limited Partners receive in exchange for their Partnership Units of each Class, an amount of cash, securities, or other property (expressed as an amount per REIT Share) that is no less than the greatest amount of cash, securities, or other property (expressed as an amount per REIT Share) received in the Transaction by any holder of REIT Shares having the same Class designation as the Partnership Units being exchanged.

(c) Notwithstanding Section 7.1(a), the General Partner may merge with or into or consolidate with another entity if immediately after such merger or consolidation (i) substantially all of the assets of the successor or surviving entity (the “Survivor”), other than Partnership Units held by the General Partner, are contributed, directly or indirectly, to the Partnership as a Capital Contribution in exchange for Partnership Units with a fair market value equal to the value of the assets so contributed as determined by the Survivor in good faith and (ii) the Survivor expressly agrees to assume all obligations of the General Partner, as appropriate, hereunder. Upon such contribution and assumption, the Survivor shall have the right and duty to amend this Agreement as set forth in this Section 7.1(c). The Survivor shall in good faith arrive at a new method for the calculation of the Cash Amount and the REIT Shares Amount after any such merger or consolidation so as to approximate the existing method for such calculation as closely as reasonably possible. Such calculation shall take into account, among other things, the

 

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kind and amount of securities, cash and other property that was receivable upon such merger or consolidation by a holder of REIT Shares of each Class or options, warrants or other rights relating thereto, and which a holder of Partnership Units of any Class could have acquired had such Partnership Units been exchanged immediately prior to such merger or consolidation. Such amendment to this Agreement shall provide for adjustment to such method of calculation, which shall be as nearly equivalent as may be practicable to the adjustments provided for in Section 4.3(a)(ii). The Survivor also shall in good faith modify the definition of REIT Shares and make such amendments to Section 8.5 so as to approximate the existing rights and obligations set forth in Section 8.5 as closely as reasonably possible. The above provisions of this Section 7.1(c) shall similarly apply to successive mergers or consolidations permitted hereunder.

In respect of any transaction described in the preceding paragraph, the General Partner is required to use its commercially reasonable efforts to structure such transaction to avoid causing the Limited Partners to recognize a gain for federal income tax purposes by virtue of the occurrence of or their participation in such transaction, provided such efforts are consistent with the exercise of the Board of Directors’ fiduciary duties to the stockholders of the General Partner under applicable law.

(d) Notwithstanding Section 7.1(a), a General Partner may transfer all or any portion of its General Partnership Interest to (A) a wholly owned Subsidiary of such General Partner or (B) the owner of all of the ownership interests of such General Partner, and following a transfer of all of its General Partnership Interest, may withdraw as General Partner.

 

  7.2. Admission of a Substitute or Additional General Partner. A Person shall be admitted as a substitute or additional General Partner of the Partnership only if the following terms and conditions are satisfied:

(a) the Person to be admitted as a substitute or additional General Partner shall have accepted and agreed to be bound by all the terms and provisions of this Agreement by executing a counterpart thereof and such other documents or instruments as may be required or appropriate in order to effect the admission of such Person as a General Partner, and a certificate evidencing the admission of such Person as a General Partner shall have been filed for recordation and all other actions required by Section 2.5 in connection with such admission shall have been performed;

(b) if the Person to be admitted as a substitute or additional General Partner is a corporation or a partnership it shall have provided the Partnership with evidence satisfactory to counsel for the Partnership of such Person’s authority to become a General Partner and to be bound by the terms and provisions of this Agreement; and

(c) counsel for the Partnership shall have rendered an opinion (relying on such opinions from other counsel and the state or any other jurisdiction as may be necessary) that (x) the admission of the person to be admitted as a substitute or additional General Partner is in conformity with the Act and (y) none of the actions taken in connection with the admission of such Person as a substitute or additional General Partner will cause (i) the Partnership to be classified other than as a partnership for federal tax purposes, or (ii) the loss of any Limited Partner’s limited liability.

 

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7.3. Effect of Bankruptcy, Withdrawal, Death or Dissolution of the sole remaining General Partner.

(a) Upon the occurrence of an Event of Bankruptcy as to the sole remaining General Partner (and its removal pursuant to Section 7.4(a)) or the death, withdrawal, removal or dissolution of the sole remaining General Partner (except that, if the sole remaining General Partner is on the date of such occurrence a partnership, the withdrawal, death, dissolution, Event of Bankruptcy as to, or removal of a partner in, such partnership shall be deemed not to be a dissolution of such General Partner if the business of such General Partner is continued by the remaining partner or partners), the Partnership shall be dissolved and terminated unless the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 7.3(b). The merger of the General Partner with or into any entity that is admitted as a substitute or successor General Partner pursuant to Section 7.2 shall not be deemed to be the withdrawal, dissolution or removal of the General Partner.

(b) Following the occurrence of an Event of Bankruptcy as to the sole remaining General Partner (and its removal pursuant to Section 7.4(a) hereof) or the death, withdrawal, removal or dissolution of the sole remaining General Partner (except that, if the sole remaining General Partner is, on the date of such occurrence, a partnership, the withdrawal of, death, dissolution, Event of Bankruptcy as to, or removal of a partner in, such partnership shall be deemed not to be a dissolution of such General Partner if the business of such General Partner is continued by the remaining partner or partners), the Limited Partners, within 90 days after such occurrence, may elect to continue the business of the Partnership by selecting, subject to Section 7.2 and any other provisions of this Agreement, a substitute General Partner by consent of the Limited Partners holding a majority of the Percentage Interests of all Limited Partners. If the Limited Partners elect to continue the business of the Partnership and admit a substitute General Partner, the relationship with the Partners and of any Person who has acquired an interest of a Partner in the Partnership shall be governed by this Agreement.

 

  7.4. Removal of a General Partner.

(a) Upon the occurrence of an Event of Bankruptcy as to, or the dissolution of, a General Partner, such General Partner shall be deemed to be removed automatically; provided, however, that if a General Partner is on the date of such occurrence a partnership, the withdrawal, death or dissolution of, Event of Bankruptcy as to, or removal of, a partner in, such partnership shall be deemed not to be a dissolution of the General Partner if the business of such General Partner is continued by the remaining partner or partners. The Limited Partners may not remove the General Partner, with or without cause.

(b) If a General Partner has been removed pursuant to this Section 7.4 and the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 7.3, such General Partner shall promptly transfer and assign its General Partnership Interest in the Partnership to the substitute General Partner approved by the Limited Partners in accordance with Section 7.3(b) and otherwise admitted to the Partnership in accordance with Section 7.2. At the time of assignment, the removed General Partner shall be entitled to receive from the substitute General Partner the fair market value of the General Partnership Interest of such removed General Partner as reduced by any damages caused to the Partnership by such General Partner. Such fair market value shall be determined by an appraiser mutually agreed upon by the General Partner and the Limited Partners holding a

 

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majority of the Percentage Interests of all Limited Partners within 10 days following the removal of the General Partner. If the parties are unable to agree upon an appraiser, the removed General Partner and the Limited Partners holding a majority of the Percentage Interests of all Limited Partners each shall select an appraiser. Each such appraiser shall complete an appraisal of the fair market value of the removed General Partner’s General Partnership Interest within 30 days of the General Partner’s removal, and the fair market value of the removed General Partner’s General Partnership Interest shall be the average of the two appraisals; provided, however, that if the higher appraisal exceeds the lower appraisal by more than 20% of the amount of the lower appraisal, the two appraisers, no later than 40 days after the removal of the General Partner, shall select a third appraiser who shall complete an appraisal of the fair market value of the removed General Partner’s General Partnership Interest no later than 60 days after the removal of the General Partner. In such case, the fair market value of the removed General Partner’s General Partnership Interest shall be the average of the two appraisals closest in value.

(c) The General Partnership Interest of a removed General Partner, during the time after default until transfer under Section 7.4(b), shall be converted to that of a special Limited Partner; provided, however, such removed General Partner shall not have any rights to participate in the management and affairs of the Partnership, and shall not be entitled to any portion of the income, expense, profit, gain or loss allocations or cash distributions allocable or payable, as the case may be, to the Limited Partners. Instead, such removed General Partner shall receive and be entitled only to retain distributions or allocations of such items that it would have been entitled to receive in its capacity as General Partner, until the transfer is effective pursuant to Section 7.4(b).

(d) All Partners shall have given and hereby do give such consents, shall take such actions and shall execute such documents as shall be legally necessary, desirable and sufficient to effect all the foregoing provisions of this Section.

ARTICLE 8

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE LIMITED PARTNERS

 

  8.1. Management of the Partnership. The Limited Partners shall not participate in the management or control of Partnership business nor shall they transact any business for the Partnership, nor shall they have the power to sign for or bind the Partnership, such powers being vested solely and exclusively in the General Partner.

 

  8.2. Power of Attorney. Each Limited Partner hereby irrevocably appoints the General Partner its true and lawful attorney-in-fact, who may act for each Limited Partner and in its name, place and stead, and for its use and benefit, to sign, acknowledge, swear to, deliver, file or record, at the appropriate public offices, any and all documents, certificates, and instruments as may be deemed necessary or desirable by the General Partner to carry out fully the provisions of this Agreement and the Act in accordance with their terms, which power of attorney is coupled with an interest and shall survive the death, dissolution or legal incapacity of the Limited Partner, or the transfer by the Limited Partner of any part or all of its Partnership Interest.

 

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  8.3. Limitation on Liability of Limited Partners. No Limited Partner shall be liable for any debts, liabilities, contracts or obligations of the Partnership. A Limited Partner shall be liable to the Partnership only to make payments of its Capital Contribution, if any, as and when due hereunder. After its Capital Contribution is fully paid, no Limited Partner shall, except as otherwise required by the Act, be required to make any further Capital Contributions or other payments or lend any funds to the Partnership.

 

  8.4. Ownership by Limited Partner of Corporate General Partner or Affiliate. No Limited Partner shall at any time, either directly or indirectly, own any stock or other interest in the General Partner or in any Affiliate thereof, if such ownership by itself or in conjunction with other stock or other interests owned by other Limited Partners would, in the opinion of counsel for the Partnership, jeopardize the classification of the Partnership as a partnership for federal tax purposes. The General Partner shall be entitled to make such reasonable inquiry of the Limited Partners as is required to establish compliance by the Limited Partners with the provisions of this Section.

 

  8.5. Redemption Right.

(a) Subject to this Section 8.5 and the provisions of any agreements between the Partnership and one or more Limited Partners with respect to Partnership Units held by them, each Limited Partner other than the General Partner, after holding any Partnership Units for at least one year, shall have the right (subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein) to require the Partnership to redeem (a “Redemption”) all or a portion of such Partnership Units (the “Tendered Units”) in exchange (a “Redemption Right”) for REIT Shares issuable on, or the Cash Amount payable on, the Specified Redemption Date, as determined by the General Partner in its sole discretion. Any Redemption Right shall be exercised pursuant to a Notice of Redemption delivered to the Partnership (with a copy to the General Partner) by the Limited Partner exercising the Redemption Right (the “Tendering Party”). Within 15 days of receipt of a Notice of Redemption, the Partnership will send to the Limited Partner submitting the Notice of Redemption a response stating whether the General Partner has determined the applicable Partnership Units will be redeemed for REIT Shares or the Cash Amount. In either case, the Limited Partner shall be entitled to withdraw the Notice of Redemption if (i) it provides notice to the Partnership that it wishes to withdraw the request and (ii) the Partnership receives the notice no less than two business days prior to the Specified Redemption Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Special Limited Partner and the Advisor shall have the right to require the Partnership to redeem all or a portion of their Class I Units pursuant to this Section 8.5 at any time irrespective of the period the Class I Units have been held by the Special Limited Partner or the Advisor. The Partnership shall redeem any such Class I Units of the Special Limited Partner or the Advisor for the Cash Amount unless the Board of Directors of the General Partner determines that any such redemption for cash would be prohibited by applicable law or this Agreement, in which case such Class I Units will be redeemed for an amount of Class I REIT Shares with an aggregate Net Asset Value equivalent to the aggregate Net Asset Value of such Class I Units.

 

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No Limited Partner, other than the Special Limited Partner and the Advisor, may deliver more than two Notices of Redemption during each calendar year. A Limited Partner other than the Special Limited Partner and the Advisor may not exercise the Redemption Right for less than 1,000 Partnership Units or, if such Limited Partner holds less than 1,000 Partnership Units, all of the Partnership Units held by such Partner. The Tendering Party shall have no right, with respect to any Partnership Units so redeemed, to receive any distribution paid with respect to Partnership Units if the record date for such distribution is on or after the Specified Redemption Date.

(b) If the General Partner elects to redeem Tendered Units for REIT Shares rather than cash, then the Partnership shall direct the General Partner to issue and deliver such REIT Shares to the Tendering Party pursuant to the terms set forth in this Section 8.5(b), in which case, (i) the General Partner, acting as a distinct legal entity, shall assume directly the obligation with respect thereto and shall satisfy the Tendering Party’s exercise of its Redemption Right, and (ii) such transaction shall be treated, for federal income tax purposes, as a transfer by the Tendering Party of such Tendered Units to the General Partner in exchange for REIT Shares. The percentage of the Tendered Units tendered for Redemption by the Tendering Party for which the General Partner elects to issue REIT Shares (rather than cash) is referred to as the “Applicable Percentage.” In making such election to acquire Tendered Units, the Partnership shall act in a fair, equitable and reasonable manner that neither prefers one group or class of Limited Partners over another nor discriminates against a group or class of Limited Partners. If the Partnership elects to redeem any number of Tendered Units for REIT Shares rather than cash, on the Specified Redemption Date, the Tendering Party shall sell such number of the Tendered Units to the General Partner in exchange for a number of REIT Shares equal to the product of the REIT Shares Amount and the Applicable Percentage. The product of the Applicable Percentage and the REIT Shares Amount, if applicable, shall be delivered by the General Partner as duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable REIT Shares free of any pledge, lien, encumbrance or restriction, other than the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit (as calculated in accordance with the Articles of Incorporation) and other restrictions provided in the Article of Incorporation, the bylaws of the General Partner, the Securities Act and relevant state securities or “blue sky” laws. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 8.5(a) and this Section 8.5(b), the Tendering Parties shall have no rights under this Agreement that would otherwise be prohibited under the Articles of Incorporation.

(c) In connection with an exercise of Redemption Rights pursuant to this Section 8.5, the Tendering Party shall submit the following to the General Partner, in addition to the Notice of Redemption:

A written affidavit, dated the same date as the Notice of Redemption, (a) disclosing the actual and constructive ownership, as determined for purposes of Sections 856(a)(6) and 856(h) of the Code, of REIT Shares by (i) such Tendering Party and (ii) any Related Party and (b) representing that, after giving effect to the Redemption, neither the Tendering Party nor any Related Party will own REIT Shares in excess of the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit (or, if applicable the Excepted Holder Limit);

 

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(i) A written representation that neither the Tendering Party nor any Related Party has any intention to acquire any additional REIT Shares prior to the closing of the Redemption on the Specified Redemption Date

(ii) An undertaking to certify, at and as a condition to the closing of the Redemption on the Specified Redemption Date, that either (a) the actual and constructive ownership of REIT Shares by the Tendering Party and any Related Party remain unchanged from that disclosed in the affidavit required by Section 8.5(c)(1) or (b) after giving effect to the Redemption, neither the Tendering Party nor any Related Party shall own REIT Shares in violation of the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit (or, if applicable, the Excepted Holder Limit); and

(iii) Any other documents as the General Partner may reasonably require.

(d) Any Cash Amount to be paid to a Tendering Party pursuant to this Section 8.5 shall be paid on the Specified Redemption Date; provided, however, that the General Partner may elect to cause the Specified Redemption Date to be delayed for up to an additional 180 days to the extent required for the General Partner to cause additional REIT Shares to be issued to provide financing to be used to make such payment of the Cash Amount. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the General Partner agrees to use its best efforts to cause the closing of the acquisition of Tendered Units hereunder to occur as quickly as reasonably possible.

(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the General Partner shall place appropriate restrictions on the ability of the Limited Partners to exercise their Redemption Rights to prevent, among other things, (a) any person from owning shares in excess of the Common Share Ownership Limit, the Aggregate Share Ownership Limit and the Excepted Holder Limit, (b) the General Partner’s common stock from being owned by less than 100 persons, the General Partner from being “closely held” within the meaning of section 856(h) of the Code, and as and if deemed necessary to ensure that the Partnership does not constitute a “publicly traded partnership” under section 7704 of the Code. If and when the General Partner determines that imposing such restrictions is necessary, the General Partner shall give prompt written notice thereof (a “Restriction Notice”) to each of the Limited Partners holding Partnership Units, which notice shall be accompanied by a copy of an opinion of counsel to the Partnership which states that, in the opinion of such counsel, restrictions are necessary in order to avoid having the Partnership be treated as a “publicly traded partnership” under section 7704 of the Code.

(f) A redemption fee may be charged (other than to the Advisor, Special Limited Partner or their Affiliates) in connection with an exercise of Redemption Rights pursuant to this Section 8.5.

 

38


ARTICLE 9

TRANSFERS OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS

 

  9.1. Purchase for Investment.

(a) Each Limited Partner hereby represents and warrants to the General Partner and to the Partnership that the acquisition of his Partnership Interest is made as a principal for his account for investment purposes only and not with a view to the resale or distribution of such Partnership Interest.

(b) Each Limited Partner agrees that he will not sell, assign or otherwise transfer his Partnership Interest or any fraction thereof, whether voluntarily or by operation of law or at judicial sale or otherwise, to any Person who does not make the representations and warranties to the General Partner set forth in Section 9.1(a) above and similarly agree not to sell, assign or transfer such Partnership Interest or fraction thereof to any Person who does not similarly represent, warrant and agree.

 

  9.2. Restrictions on Transfer of Limited Partnership Interests.

(a) Subject to the provisions of Section 9.2(b) and (c), no Limited Partner may offer, sell, assign, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise transfer all or any portion of his Limited Partnership Interest, or any of such Limited Partner’s economic rights as a Limited Partner, whether voluntarily or by operation of law or at judicial sale or otherwise (collectively, a “Transfer”) without the consent of the General Partner, which consent may be granted or withheld in its sole and absolute discretion; provided that the Special Limited Partner may transfer all or any portion of its Limited Partnership Interest, or any of its economic rights as a Limited Partner, to any of its Affiliates without the consent of the General Partner. Any such purported transfer undertaken without such consent shall be considered to be null and void ab initio and shall not be given effect. The General Partner may require, as a condition of any Transfer to which it consents, that the transferor assume all costs incurred by the Partnership in connection therewith.

(b) No Limited Partner may withdraw from the Partnership other than as a result of a permitted Transfer (i.e., a Transfer consented to as contemplated by clause (a) above or clause (c) below or a Transfer pursuant to Section 9.5 below) of all of its Partnership Interest pursuant to this Article 9 or pursuant to a redemption of all of its Partnership Units pursuant to Section 8.5. Upon the permitted Transfer or redemption of all of a Limited Partner’s Partnership Interest, such Limited Partner shall cease to be a Limited Partner.

(c) Notwithstanding Section 9.2(a) and subject to Sections 9.2(d), (e) and (f) below, a Limited Partner may Transfer, without the consent of the General Partner, all or a portion of its Partnership Interest to (i) a parent or parent’s spouse, natural or adopted descendant or descendants, spouse of such descendant, or brother or sister, or a trust created by such Limited Partner for the benefit of such Limited Partner and/or any such person(s), of which trust such Limited Partner or any such person(s) is a trustee, (ii) a corporation controlled by a Person or Persons named in (i) above, or (iii) if the Limited Partner is an entity, its beneficial owners.

(d) No Limited Partner may effect a Transfer of its Limited Partnership Interest, in whole or in part, without the consent of the General Partner, which may be withheld in its sole and absolute discretion, if, in the opinion of legal counsel for the Partnership, such proposed Transfer would require the registration of the Limited Partnership Interest under the Securities Act or would otherwise violate any applicable federal or state securities or blue sky law (including investment suitability standards).

 

39


(e) No Transfer by a Limited Partner of its Partnership Interest, in whole or in part, may be made to any Person without the consent of the General Partner, which may be withheld in its sole and absolute discretion, if (i) in the opinion of legal counsel for the Partnership, the transfer would result in the Partnership’s being treated as an association taxable as a corporation (other than a qualified REIT subsidiary within the meaning of Section 856(i) of the Code and the General Partner determines such treatment would be in the best interest of the Partnership), (ii) in the opinion of legal counsel for the Partnership, it would adversely affect the ability of the General Partner to continue to qualify as a REIT or subject the General Partner to any additional taxes under Section 857 or Section 4981 of the Code, (iii) in the opinion of legal counsel for the Partnership, the transfer would cause the Partnership not to qualify for the safe harbor described in Regulations Section 1.7704-1(h), or (iv) such transfer is effectuated through an “established securities market” or a “secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof)” within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Code.

(f) No transfer by a Limited Partner of any Partnership Interest may be made to a lender to the Partnership or any Person who is related (within the meaning of Regulations Section 1.752-4(b)) to any lender to the Partnership whose loan constitutes a nonrecourse liability (within the meaning of Regulations Section 1.752-1(a)(2)), without the consent of the General Partner, which may be withheld in its sole and absolute discretion, provided that as a condition to such consent the lender may be required to enter into an arrangement with the Partnership and the General Partner to exchange or redeem for the Cash Amount any Partnership Units in which a security interest is held simultaneously with the time at which such lender would be deemed to be a Partner in the Partnership for purposes of allocating liabilities to such lender under Section 752 of the Code.

(g) Any Transfer in contravention of any of the provisions of this Article 9 shall be void and ineffectual and shall not be binding upon, or recognized by, the Partnership.

(h) Prior to the consummation of any Transfer under this Article 9, the transferor and/or the transferee shall deliver to the General Partner such opinions, certificates and other documents as the General Partner shall request in connection with such Transfer.

 

  9.3. Admission of Substitute Limited Partner.

(a) Subject to the other provisions of this Article 9, an assignee of the Limited Partnership Interest of a Limited Partner (which shall be understood to include any purchaser, transferee, donee, or other recipient of any disposition of such Limited Partnership Interest) shall be deemed admitted as a Limited Partner of the Partnership only with the consent of the General Partner and upon the satisfactory completion of the following:

(i) The assignee shall have accepted and agreed to be bound by the terms and provisions of this Agreement by executing a counterpart or an amendment thereof, including a revised Exhibit A, and such other documents or instruments as the General Partner may require in order to effect the admission of such Person as a Limited Partner.

 

40


(ii) To the extent required, an amended Certificate evidencing the admission of such Person as a Limited Partner shall have been signed, acknowledged and filed for record in accordance with the Act.

(iii) The assignee shall have delivered a letter containing the representation set forth in Section 9.1(a) hereof and the agreement set forth in Section 9.1(b) hereof.

(iv) If the assignee is a corporation, partnership or trust, the assignee shall have provided the General Partner with evidence satisfactory to counsel for the Partnership of the assignee’s authority to become a Limited Partner under the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

(v) The assignee shall have executed a power of attorney containing the terms and provisions set forth in Section 8.2 hereof.

(vi) The assignee shall have paid all legal fees and other expenses of the Partnership and the General Partner and filing and publication costs in connection with its substitution as a Limited Partner.

(vii) The assignee has obtained the prior written consent of the General Partner to its admission as a Substitute Limited Partner, which consent may be given or denied in the exercise of the General Partner’s sole and absolute discretion.

(b) For the purpose of allocating Profits and Losses and distributing cash received by the Partnership, a Substitute Limited Partner shall be treated as having become, and appearing in the records of the Partnership as, a Partner upon the filing of the Certificate described in Section 9.3(a) (ii) hereof or, if no such filing is required, the later of the date specified in the transfer documents or the date on which the General Partner has received all necessary instruments of transfer and substitution.

(c) The General Partner shall cooperate with the Person seeking to become a Substitute Limited Partner by preparing the documentation required by this Section and making all official filings and publications. The Partnership shall take all such action as promptly as practicable after the satisfaction of the conditions in this Article 9 to the admission of such Person as a Limited Partner of the Partnership.

 

  9.4. Rights of Assignees of Partnership Interests.

(a) Subject to the provisions of Sections 9.1 and 9.2 hereof, except as required by operation of law, the Partnership shall not be obligated for any purposes whatsoever to recognize the assignment by any Limited Partner of its Partnership Interest until the Partnership has received notice thereof.

 

41


(b) Any Person who is the assignee of all or any portion of a Limited Partner’s Limited Partnership Interest, but does not become a Substitute Limited Partner and desires to make a further assignment of such Limited Partnership Interest, shall be subject to all the provisions of this Article 9 to the same extent and in the same manner as any Limited Partner desiring to make an assignment of its Limited Partnership Interest.

 

  9.5. Effect of Bankruptcy, Death, Incompetence or Termination of a Limited Partner. The occurrence of an Event of Bankruptcy as to a Limited Partner, the death of a Limited Partner or a final adjudication that a Limited Partner is incompetent (which term shall include, but not be limited to, insanity) shall not cause the termination or dissolution of the Partnership, and the business of the Partnership shall continue if an order for relief in a bankruptcy proceeding is entered against a Limited Partner, the trustee or receiver of his estate or, if he dies, his executor, administrator or trustee, or, if he is finally adjudicated incompetent, his committee, guardian or conservator, shall have the rights of such Limited Partner for the purpose of settling or managing his estate property and such power as the bankrupt, deceased or incompetent Limited Partner possessed to assign all or any part of his Partnership Interest and to join with the assignee in satisfying conditions precedent to the admission of the assignee as a Substitute Limited Partner.

 

  9.6. Joint Ownership of Interests. A Partnership Interest may be acquired by two individuals as joint tenants with right of survivorship, provided that such individuals either are married or are related and share the same home as tenants in common. The written consent or vote of both owners of any such jointly held Partnership Interest shall be required to constitute the action of the owners of such Partnership Interest; provided, however, that the written consent of only one joint owner will be required if the Partnership has been provided with evidence satisfactory to the counsel for the Partnership that the actions of a single joint owner can bind both owners under the applicable laws of the state of residence of such joint owners. Upon the death of one owner of a Partnership Interest held in a joint tenancy with a right of survivorship, the Partnership Interest shall become owned solely by the survivor as a Limited Partner and not as an assignee. The Partnership need not recognize the death of one of the owners of a jointly-held Partnership Interest until it shall have received notice of such death. Upon notice to the General Partner from either owner, the General Partner shall cause the Partnership Interest to be divided into two equal Partnership Interests, which shall thereafter be owned separately by each of the former owners.

ARTICLE 10

BOOKS AND RECORDS; ACCOUNTING; TAX MATTERS

 

  10.1.

 Books and Records. At all times during the continuance of the Partnership, the Partners shall keep or cause to be kept at the Partnership’s specified office true and complete books of account in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, including: (a) a current list of the full name and last known business

 

42


  address of each Partner, (b) a copy of the Certificate of Limited Partnership and all Certificates of amendment thereto, (c) copies of the Partnership’s federal, state and local income tax returns and reports, (d) copies of this Agreement and amendments thereto and any financial statements of the Partnership for the three most recent years and (e) all documents and information required under the Act. Any Partner or its duly authorized representative, upon paying the costs of collection, duplication and mailing, shall be entitled to inspect or copy such records during ordinary business hours.

 

  10.2. Custody of Partnership Funds; Bank Accounts.

(a) All funds of the Partnership not otherwise invested shall be deposited in one or more accounts maintained in such banking or brokerage institutions as the General Partner shall determine, and withdrawals shall be made only on such signature or signatures as the General Partner may, from time to time, determine.

(b) All deposits and other funds not needed in the operation of the business of the Partnership may be invested in any manner determined by the General Partner in its sole discretion. The funds of the Partnership shall not be commingled with the funds of any other Person except for such commingling as may necessarily result from an investment permitted by this Section 10.2(b).

 

  10.3.  Fiscal and Taxable Year. The fiscal and taxable year of the Partnership shall be the calendar year.

 

  10.4.  Annual Tax Information and Report. Within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year of the Partnership, the General Partner shall furnish to each person who was a Limited Partner at any time during such year the tax information necessary to file such Limited Partner’s individual tax returns as required by law.

 

  10.5.  Tax Matters Partner; Tax Elections; Special Basis Adjustments.

(a) The General Partner shall (i) for taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2017, be the “Tax Matters Partner” of the Partnership within the meaning of Section 6231(a)(7) of the Code and (ii) for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, act as or appoint the “Partnership Representative” within the meaning of Section 6223(a) of the Code (as amended by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015). As Tax Matters Partner or Partnership Representative, as applicable, the General Partner (or its appointee) shall have the right and obligation to take all actions authorized and required, respectively, by the Code for the Tax Matters Partner or Partnership Representative. The General Partner (or its appointee) shall have the right to retain professional assistance in respect of any audit of the Partnership by the Service and all out-of-pocket expenses and fees incurred by the General Partner (or its appointee) on behalf of the Partnership as Tax Matters Partner or Partnership Representative, as applicable, shall constitute Partnership expenses.

(b) All elections required or permitted to be made by the Partnership under the Code or any applicable state, local or foreign tax law shall be made by the General Partner in its sole and absolute discretion

 

43


(c) In the event of a transfer of all or any part of the Partnership Interest of any Partner, the Partnership, at the option of the General Partner, may elect pursuant to Section 754 of the Code to adjust the basis of the Partnership’s assets. Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 5, any adjustments made pursuant to Section 754 of the Code shall affect only the successor in interest to the transferring Partner and in no event shall be taken into account in establishing, maintaining or computing Capital Accounts for the other Partners for any purpose under this Agreement. Each Partner will furnish the Partnership with all information necessary to give effect to such election.

 

  10.6.  Reports to Limited Partners. As soon as practicable after the close of each fiscal year, but in no event later than the date on which the General Partner mails its annual report to holders of the REIT Shares, the General Partner shall cause to be mailed to each Limited Partner an annual report containing financial statements of the Partnership, or of the General Partner if such statements are prepared solely on a consolidated basis with the General Partner, for such fiscal year, presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The annual financial statements shall be audited by accountants selected by the General Partner.

ARTICLE 11

AMENDMENT OF AGREEMENT; MERGER

The General Partner’s consent shall be required for any amendment to this Agreement. The General Partner, without the consent of the Limited Partners, may amend this Agreement in any respect or merge or consolidate the Partnership with or into any other partnership or business entity (as defined in Section 17-211 of the Act) in a transaction pursuant to Section 7.1(b), (c) or (d) hereof; provided, however, that the following amendments and any other merger or consolidation of the Partnership shall require the consent of Limited Partners holding more than 50% of the Percentage Interests of the Limited Partners:

(a) any amendment affecting the operation of the Redemption Right (except as provided in Section 8.5(d), 7.1(b) or 7.1(c)) in a manner adverse to the Limited Partners;

(b) any amendment that would adversely affect the rights of the Limited Partners to receive the distributions payable to them hereunder, other than with respect to the issuance of additional Partnership Units pursuant to Section 4.3;

(c) any amendment that would alter the Partnership’s allocations of Profit and Loss to the Limited Partners, other than with respect to the issuance of additional Partnership Units pursuant to Section 4.3; or

(d) any amendment that would impose on the Limited Partners any obligation to make additional Capital Contributions to the Partnership.

 

44


ARTICLE 12

GENERAL PROVISIONS

 

  12.1. Notices. All communications required or permitted under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been given when delivered personally or upon deposit in the United States mail, registered, postage prepaid return receipt requested, to the Partners at the addresses set forth in Exhibit A; provided, however, that any Partner may specify a different address by notifying the General Partner in writing of such different address. Notices to the Partnership shall be delivered at or mailed to its specified office.

 

  12.2. Survival of Rights. Subject to the provisions hereof limiting transfers, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Partners and the Partnership and their respective legal representatives, successors, transferees and assigns.

 

  12.3. Additional Documents. Each Partner agrees to perform all further acts and execute, swear to, acknowledge and deliver all further documents which may be reasonable, necessary, appropriate or desirable to carry out the provisions of this Agreement or the Act.

 

  12.4. Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be declared illegal, invalid, or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, then such provision shall be deemed to be severable from this Agreement (to the extent permitted by law) and in any event such illegality, invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the remainder hereof.

 

  12.5. Entire Agreement. This Agreement and exhibits attached hereto constitute the entire Agreement of the Partners and supersede all prior written agreements and prior and contemporaneous oral agreements, understandings and negotiations with respect to the subject matter hereof.

 

  12.6. Pronouns and Plurals. When the context in which words are used in the Agreement indicates that such is the intent, words in the singular number shall include the plural and the masculine gender shall include the neuter or female gender as the context may require.

 

  12.7. Headings. The Article headings or sections in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not be used in construing the scope of this Agreement or any particular Article.

 

  12.8. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original copy and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument binding on all parties hereto, notwithstanding that all parties shall not have signed the same counterpart.

 

  12.9. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware.

 

45


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunder affixed their signatures to this Agreement of Limited Partnership, all as of the date first set forth above.

 

GENERAL PARTNER:

STARWOOD REAL ESTATE INCOME

TRUST, INC

By:  

 

  Name:
  Title:
SPECIAL LIMITED PARTNER:
STARWOOD REIT SPECIAL LIMITED PARTNER, L.L.C.
By:   Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings, L.P.
Its:   Sole Member
By:   Starwood Real Estate Income Holdings
GP, L.L.C.
Its:   General Partner
By:  

 

  Name:
  Title:


EXHIBIT A

 

Partner

 

Type of
Interest

  Contribution     Agreed Value of
Contribution
    Class T
Units
    Class S
Units
    Class D
Units
    Class I
Units
    Percentage
Interest
 

GENERAL PARTNER:

               

Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. 1601 Washington Avenue Suite 800 Miami Beach, FL 33139

 

General Partnership

Interest

    N/A       $ N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A  
 

Limited

Partnership

Interest

  $ 200,000     $ 200,000       0       0       0       20,000       100  

LIMITED PARTNERS:

               

Starwood REIT Special Limited Partner, L.L.C. 1601 Washington Avenue Suite 800 Miami Beach, FL 33139

 

Limited

Partnership

Interest

    N/A       $ N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A  

Totals

    $ 200,000     $ 200,000       0       0       0       20,000       100  

 

A-1


EXHIBIT B

NOTICE OF EXERCISE OF REDEMPTION RIGHT

In accordance with Section 8.5 of the Limited Partnership Agreement (the “Agreement”) of Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, LP, the undersigned hereby irrevocably (i) presents for redemption Partnership Units in Starwood REIT Operating Partnership, LP in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and the Redemption Right referred to in Section 8.5 thereof, (ii) surrenders such Partnership Units and all right, title and interest therein, and (iii) directs that the Cash Amount or REIT Shares Amount (as defined in the Agreement) as determined by the General Partner deliverable upon exercise of the Redemption Right be delivered to the address specified below, and if REIT Shares (as defined in the Agreement) are to be delivered, such REIT Shares be registered or placed in the name(s) and at the address(es) specified below.

Dated:

 

 

(Name of Limited Partner)

 

(Signature of Limited Partner)

 

(Mailing Address)

 

(City) (State) (Zip Code)

 

Signature Guaranteed by:

If REIT Shares are to be issued, issue to:

 

Name:  

 

Social Security or
Tax I.D. Number:  

 

 

B-1

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