Organization and Basis of Presentation (Policies)	9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Nature of Operations	The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FirstSun Capital Bancorp (“FirstSun” or “Parent Company” and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Sunflower Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) and Logia Portfolio Management, LLC, and have been prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These entities are collectively referred to as “our”, “us”, “we”, or “the Company”. These consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for a full year presentation and certain disclosures have been condensed or omitted in accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC. These interim financial statements are unaudited, and include, in our opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods indicated, which are not necessarily indicative of results which may be expected for the full year. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with FirstSun’s audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the 2022 Annual Report.
Use of Estimates	The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various assumptions about the future that are believed to be reasonable based on all available information. Our reported financial position or results of operations may be materially different under changed conditions or when using different estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to significant accounting policies. In the event that estimates or assumptions prove to differ from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information.
Risks and Uncertainties	In the normal course of business, companies in the banking and mortgage industries encounter certain economic and regulatory risks. Economic risks include credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, prepayment risk, and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of default that may result from the borrowers’ inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments. We are subject to interest rate risk to the extent that in a rising interest rate environment we may experience a decrease in loan production, as well as decreases in the value of mortgage loans held-for-sale and in commitments to originate loans, which may adversely impact our earnings. Rising interest rates may also increase the cost of our borrowings to fund our operations. Risks related to liquidity are heightened in the current environment due to competition for deposits, customers withdrawing deposits in order to maintain maximum levels of deposit insurance and recent bank failures in early 2023.We generally sell loans to investors without recourse; therefore, the investors have assumed the risk of loss or default by the borrower. However, we are usually required by these investors to make certain standard representations and warranties relating to credit information, loan documentation, and collateral. To the extent that we do not comply with such representations, or there are early payment defaults, we may be required to repurchase the loans or indemnify these investors for any losses from borrower defaults. In addition, if loans pay off within a specified time frame, we may be required to refund a portion of the sales proceeds to the investors. We established reserves for potential losses related to these representations and warranties which are recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities. In assessing the adequacy of the reserves, we evaluate various factors including actual write-offs during the period, historical loss experience, known delinquent and other problem loans, and economic trends and conditions in the industry.
Reclassification	Certain amounts appearing in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or stockholders' equity as previously reported.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted	As an “emerging growth company” under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, we can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Therefore, we can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to non-public business entities. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period for an “emerging growth company” for as long as it is available to us. For standards that we have delayed adoption, we may lack comparability to other companies who have adopted such standards. In June of 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the way that entities are required to measure credit losses. The new standard requires that the estimated credit loss be based upon an “expected credit loss” approach rather than the “incurred loss” approach previously required. The new approach requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets over their expected lives based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of collectability. The expected credit loss model requires earlier recognition of credit losses than the incurred loss approach. We expect ongoing changes in the allowance for credit losses will be driven primarily by the growth of our loan portfolio, credit quality, and the economic environment and related projections at that time. In addition, the ASU developed a new accounting treatment for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The ASU also modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities by requiring companies to record an allowance for credit impairment rather than write-downs of such assets. Management has reviewed this update and other ASUs that were subsequently issued to further clarify the implementation guidance outlined in ASU 2016-13. We adopted the amendments of these ASUs as of January 1, 2023. Upon adoption, we recorded an increase to the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment of $5.3 million, a reduction in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $0.2 million, an increase to deferred tax assets of $1.2 million, and a corresponding one-time cumulative reduction to retained earnings, net of tax, of $3.8 million in the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this ASU, as it relates to available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities, did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements as of January 1, 2023. In March of 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors while enhancing the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The amendment also requires disclosure of gross charge-offs by year of origination for finance receivables. We adopted the amendments in this ASU as of January 1, 2023 prospectively. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2022-02, several of our significant accounting policies have changed to reflect the requirements of the new standard. See below for the updated significant accounting policies as of January 1, 2023.
Securities	The Bank classifies debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are those which the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale.Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (accumulated other comprehensive income/loss) until realized. Realized gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in earnings and recorded on trade date. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost of the securities sold. Purchased premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into interest income using the yield-to-maturity method based upon the remaining contractual maturity of the asset, adjusted for any expected prepayments or call features for securities purchased at a premium. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value. Any previously recognized allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) should be written off and the write-down in excess of such ACL would be recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the cash position of the issuer and its cash and capital generation capacity, which could increase or diminish the issuer’s ability to repay its bond obligations, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information about the financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry, and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the economic climate. Management also takes into consideration changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security, if any, such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default, and significant changes in prepayment assumptions and the level of cash flow generated from the underlying collateral, if any, supporting the principal and interest payments on the debt securities. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and management records an ACL for the credit loss, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Management recognizes in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss (“AOCI”) any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL, net of tax. Non-credit-related impairments result from other factors, including changes in interest rates. Management records changes in the ACL as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to available-for-sale debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner. The ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities is based on an expected loss methodology referred to as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology by major security type. Any expected credit loss is provided through the ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security so the statement of financial condition reflects the net amount management expects to collect. For the ACL of held-to-maturity securities, management considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held-to-maturity debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner. Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair values reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. Equity securities are included as a component of “prepaid expenses and other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.
Loans Receivable	Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs, and an allowance for credit losses.Interests on loans receivable is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding using primarily a simple interest calculation. Loan origination fees and related direct loan origination costs for a given loan are offset and only the net amount is deferred and amortized and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan using the interest method without anticipating prepayments. The accrual of interest income on loans is discontinued when, in management’s judgment, the interest is uncollectible in the normal course of business, and a loan is moved to nonaccrual status in accordance with the Bank’s policy, typically after 90 or 120 days of non-payment, as follows: interest income on consumer, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection; interest income on residential real estate loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 120 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Consumer and credit card loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest in full is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans. When discontinued, all unpaid interest is reversed. Interest is included in income after the date the loan is placed on nonaccrual status only after all principal has been paid or when the loan is returned to accrual status. The loan is returned to accrual status only when the borrower has brought all past-due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled. Acquired Loans – Loans acquired through a purchase or a business combination are recorded at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Management performs an assessment of acquired loans to first determine if such loans have experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since their origination and thus should be classified and accounted for as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. For loans that have not experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, referred to as non-PCD loans, management records such loans at fair value, with any resulting discount or premium accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Additionally, upon the purchase or acquisition of non-PCD loans, management measures and records an ACL based on the Bank’s methodology for determining the ACL. The ACL for non-PCD loans is recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are purchased or acquired. Acquired loans that are classified as PCD are recognized at fair value, which includes any premiums or discounts resulting from the difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value. Premiums and non-credit loss related discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Unlike non-PCD loans, the initial ACL for PCD loans is established through an adjustment to the acquired loan balance and not through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are acquired. At acquisition, the ACL for PCD loans, which represents the fair value credit discount, is determined using a discounted cash flow method that considers the probability of default and loss-given default used in the Bank’s ACL methodology. Characteristics of PCD loans include the following: delinquency, payment history since origination, credit scores migration and/or other factors the Bank may become aware of through its initial analysis of acquired loans that may indicate there has been a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since a loan’s origination. Subsequent to acquisition, the ACL for both non-PCD and PCD loans is determined pursuant to the Bank ACL methodology in the same manner as all other loans. The ACL for loans held for investment is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management confirms the loan balance is uncollectible. Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Internal and industry historical credit loss experience is a significant input for the estimation of expected credit losses. Additionally, management’s assessment involves evaluating key factors, which include credit and macroeconomic indicators, such as changes in economic growth levels, unemployment rates, property values, and other relevant factors, to account for current and forecasted market conditions that are likely to cause estimated credit losses over the life of the loans to differ from historical credit losses. Expected credit losses are generally estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted by prepayments when appropriate. Management estimates the ACL primarily based on a probability of default (“PD”), loss-given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”) modeled approach, or individually for collateral dependent loans. Management evaluates the need for changes to the ACL by portfolio segments and classes of loans within certain of those portfolio segments. Factors such as the credit risk inherent in a portfolio and how management monitors the related quality, as well as the estimation approach to estimate credit losses, are considered in the determination of such portfolio segments and classes. The Bank believes it has a diversified portfolio across a variety of industries, and the portfolio is generally centered in the states in which the Bank has offices. Management has identified the following portfolio segments: Commercial and industrial loans include commercial and industrial loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment and inventory purchases, and other expansion projects. These loans are made primarily in the Bank’s market areas, are underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt from revenue, and extended under the Bank’s normal credit standards, controls, and monitoring systems. Collateral is often represented by liens on accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, and other forms of general non-real estate business assets. The Bank often obtains some form of credit enhancement through a personal guaranty of the borrower, principals and/or others. The global cash flow capability of commercial and industrial loan customers is generally evaluated both at underwriting and during the life of the loan. Commercial and industrial loans may involve increased risk due to the expectation that repayments for such loans generally come from the operation of the business activity and those operations may be unsuccessful. A disruption in the operating cash flows from a business, sometimes influenced by events not under the control of the borrower such as changing business environment, changes in regulations and political climate, rising interest rates, unexpected natural events, or competition could also impact the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan. Assets collateralizing commercial and industrial loans may also decline in value more quickly than anticipated. Commercial and industrial loans require increased underwriting and monitoring to offset these risks, for which the Bank’s systems have been designed to provide. Commercial real estate loans include owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans to operating commercial and agricultural businesses, and include both loans for long-term financing of land and buildings and loans made for the initial development or construction of a commercial real estate project. Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers collateralized by a mortgage on a residence and include purchase money, refinancing, secondary mortgages, and home equity loans and lines of credit. Public finance loans include loans to our charter school and municipal based customers. Consumer loans include direct consumer installment loans, credit card accounts, overdrafts and other revolving loans. Other loans consist of loans to nondepository financial institutions, lease financing receivables and loans for agricultural production. The ACL is measured using a PD/LGD with EAD model that is calculated based on the product of a cumulative PD and LGD. PD and LGD estimates are assigned based upon the periodic completion of credit risk scorecards. Remaining EAD is derived based on inherent loan characteristics and like-kind loan prepayment trends. Under this approach, management calculates losses for each loan for all future periods using the PD and LGD rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the estimated remaining balance of the loans. For the ACL determination of all portfolios, the expectations for relevant macroeconomic variables consider an initial reasonable and supportable period of four years and a reversion period of one year, utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical loss rates. Management periodically considers the need to make qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not be limited to factors such as the following: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and loan resolution strategies, among others. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. For loans for which foreclosure is not probable, but for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, management has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral, with selling costs considered in the event sale of the collateral is expected. Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held for investment loans, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off in a timely manner. Loan credit quality and the adequacy of the allowance are also subject to periodic examination by regulatory agencies. Such agencies may require adjustments to the allowance based upon their judgements about information available at the time of their examination. Management estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes the consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Organization and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FirstSun Capital Bancorp (“FirstSun” or “Parent Company” and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Sunflower Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) and Logia Portfolio Management, LLC, and have been prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These entities are collectively referred to as “our”, “us”, “we”, or “the Company”. These consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for a full year presentation and certain disclosures have been condensed or omitted in accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC. These interim financial statements are unaudited, and include, in our opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods indicated, which are not necessarily indicative of results which may be expected for the full year. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with FirstSun’s audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the 2022 Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various assumptions about the future that are believed to be reasonable based on all available information. Our reported financial position or results of operations may be materially different under changed conditions or when using different estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to significant accounting policies. In the event that estimates or assumptions prove to differ from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information.

Risks and Uncertainties

In the normal course of business, companies in the banking and mortgage industries encounter certain economic and regulatory risks. Economic risks include credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, prepayment risk, and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of default that may result from the borrowers’ inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments. We are subject to interest rate risk to the extent that in a rising interest rate environment we may experience a decrease in loan production, as well as decreases in the value of mortgage loans held-for-sale and in commitments to originate loans, which may adversely impact our earnings. Rising interest rates may also increase the cost of our borrowings to fund our operations. Risks related to liquidity are heightened in the current environment due to competition for deposits, customers withdrawing deposits in order to maintain maximum levels of deposit insurance and recent bank failures in early 2023.We generally sell loans to investors without recourse; therefore, the investors have assumed the risk of loss or default by the borrower. However, we are usually required by these investors to make certain standard representations and warranties relating to credit information, loan documentation, and collateral. To the extent that we do not comply with such representations, or there are early payment defaults, we may be required to repurchase the loans or indemnify these investors for any losses from borrower defaults. In addition, if loans pay off within a specified time frame, we may be required to refund a portion of the sales proceeds to the investors. We established reserves for potential losses related to these representations and warranties which are recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities. In assessing the adequacy of the reserves, we evaluate various factors including actual write-offs during the period, historical loss experience, known delinquent and other problem loans, and economic trends and conditions in the industry.

Reclassification

Certain amounts appearing in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or stockholders' equity as previously reported.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

As an “emerging growth company” under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, we can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Therefore, we can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to non-public business entities. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period for an “emerging growth company” for as long as it is available to us. For standards that we have delayed adoption, we may lack comparability to other companies who have adopted such standards.

In June of 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the way that entities are required to measure credit losses. The new standard requires that the estimated credit loss be based upon an “expected credit loss” approach rather than the “incurred loss” approach previously required. The new approach requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets over their expected lives based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of collectability. The expected credit loss model requires earlier recognition of credit losses than the incurred loss approach. We expect ongoing changes in the allowance for credit losses will be driven primarily by the growth of our loan portfolio, credit quality, and the economic environment and related projections at that time. In addition, the ASU developed a new accounting treatment for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.

The ASU also modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities by requiring companies to record an allowance for credit impairment rather than write-downs of such assets.

Management has reviewed this update and other ASUs that were subsequently issued to further clarify the implementation guidance outlined in ASU 2016-13. We adopted the amendments of these ASUs as of January 1, 2023.

Upon adoption, we recorded an increase to the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment of $5.3 million, a reduction in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $0.2 million, an increase to deferred tax assets of $1.2 million, and a corresponding one-time cumulative reduction to retained earnings, net of tax, of $3.8 million in the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2023.

The adoption of this ASU, as it relates to available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities, did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements as of January 1, 2023.

In March of 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors while enhancing the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The amendment also requires disclosure of gross charge-offs by year of origination for finance receivables. We adopted the amendments in this ASU as of January 1, 2023 prospectively.

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2022-02, several of our significant accounting policies have changed to reflect the requirements of the new standard. See below for the updated significant accounting policies as of January 1, 2023.

Securities

The Bank classifies debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are those which the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale.Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (accumulated other comprehensive income/loss) until realized.

Realized gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in earnings and recorded on trade date. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost of the securities sold.

Purchased premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into interest income using the yield-to-maturity method based upon the remaining contractual maturity of the asset, adjusted for any expected prepayments or call features for securities purchased at a premium.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value. Any previously recognized allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) should be written off and the write-down in excess of such ACL would be recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the cash position of the issuer and its cash and capital generation capacity, which could increase or diminish the issuer’s ability to repay its bond obligations, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information about the financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry, and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the economic climate. Management also takes into consideration changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security, if any, such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default, and significant changes in prepayment assumptions and the level of cash flow generated from the underlying collateral, if any, supporting the principal and interest payments on the debt securities. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and management records an ACL for the credit loss, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Management recognizes in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss (“AOCI”) any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL, net of tax. Non-credit-related impairments result from other factors, including changes in interest rates.

Management records changes in the ACL as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to available-for-sale debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner.

The ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities is based on an expected loss methodology referred to as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology by major security type. Any expected credit loss is provided through the ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security so the statement of financial condition reflects the net amount management expects to collect. For the ACL of held-to-maturity securities, management considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held-to-maturity debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner.

Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair values reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. Equity securities are included as a component of “prepaid expenses and other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.

Loans Receivable

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs, and an allowance for credit losses.Interests on loans receivable is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding using primarily a simple interest calculation. Loan origination fees and related direct loan origination costs for a given loan are offset and only the net amount is deferred and amortized and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan using the interest method without anticipating prepayments. The accrual of interest income on loans is

discontinued when, in management’s judgment, the interest is uncollectible in the normal course of business, and a loan is moved to nonaccrual status in accordance with the Bank’s policy, typically after 90 or 120 days of non-payment, as follows: interest income on consumer, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection; interest income on residential real estate loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 120 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Consumer and credit card loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest in full is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans.

When discontinued, all unpaid interest is reversed. Interest is included in income after the date the loan is placed on nonaccrual status only after all principal has been paid or when the loan is returned to accrual status. The loan is returned to accrual status only when the borrower has brought all past-due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled.

Acquired Loans – Loans acquired through a purchase or a business combination are recorded at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Management performs an assessment of acquired loans to first determine if such loans have experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since their origination and thus should be classified and accounted for as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. For loans that have not experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, referred to as non-PCD loans, management records such loans at fair value, with any resulting discount or premium accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Additionally, upon the purchase or acquisition of non-PCD loans, management measures and records an ACL based on the Bank’s methodology for determining the ACL. The ACL for non-PCD loans is recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are purchased or acquired.

Acquired loans that are classified as PCD are recognized at fair value, which includes any premiums or discounts resulting from the difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value. Premiums and non-credit loss related discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Unlike non-PCD loans, the initial ACL for PCD loans is established through an adjustment to the acquired loan balance and not through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are acquired. At acquisition, the ACL for PCD loans, which represents the fair value credit discount, is determined using a discounted cash flow method that considers the probability of default and loss-given default used in the Bank’s ACL methodology. Characteristics of PCD loans include the following: delinquency, payment history since origination, credit scores migration and/or other factors the Bank may become aware of through its initial analysis of acquired loans that may indicate there has been a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since a loan’s origination.

Subsequent to acquisition, the ACL for both non-PCD and PCD loans is determined pursuant to the Bank ACL methodology in the same manner as all other loans.

The ACL for loans held for investment is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management confirms the loan balance is uncollectible.

Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Internal and industry historical credit loss experience is a significant input for the estimation of expected credit losses. Additionally, management’s assessment involves evaluating key factors, which include credit and macroeconomic indicators, such as changes in economic growth levels, unemployment rates, property values, and other relevant factors, to account for current and forecasted market conditions that are likely to cause estimated credit losses over the life of the loans to differ from historical credit losses. Expected credit losses are generally estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted by prepayments when appropriate.

Management estimates the ACL primarily based on a probability of default (“PD”), loss-given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”) modeled approach, or individually for collateral dependent loans. Management

evaluates the need for changes to the ACL by portfolio segments and classes of loans within certain of those portfolio segments. Factors such as the credit risk inherent in a portfolio and how management monitors the related quality, as well as the estimation approach to estimate credit losses, are considered in the determination of such portfolio segments and classes. The Bank believes it has a diversified portfolio across a variety of industries, and the portfolio is generally centered in the states in which the Bank has offices. Management has identified the following portfolio segments:

Commercial and industrial loans include commercial and industrial loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment and inventory purchases, and other expansion projects. These loans are made primarily in the Bank’s market areas, are underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt from revenue, and extended under the Bank’s normal credit standards, controls, and monitoring systems. Collateral is often represented by liens on accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, and other forms of general non-real estate business assets. The Bank often obtains some form of credit enhancement through a personal guaranty of the borrower, principals and/or others. The global cash flow capability of commercial and industrial loan customers is generally evaluated both at underwriting and during the life of the loan. Commercial and industrial loans may involve increased risk due to the expectation that repayments for such loans generally come from the operation of the business activity and those operations may be unsuccessful. A disruption in the operating cash flows from a business, sometimes influenced by events not under the control of the borrower such as changing business environment, changes in regulations and political climate, rising interest rates, unexpected natural events, or competition could also impact the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan. Assets collateralizing commercial and industrial loans may also decline in value more quickly than anticipated. Commercial and industrial loans require increased underwriting and monitoring to offset these risks, for which the Bank’s systems have been designed to provide.

Commercial real estate loans include owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans to operating commercial and agricultural businesses, and include both loans for long-term financing of land and buildings and loans made for the initial development or construction of a commercial real estate project.

Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers collateralized by a mortgage on a residence and include purchase money, refinancing, secondary mortgages, and home equity loans and lines of credit.

Public finance loans include loans to our charter school and municipal based customers.

Consumer loans include direct consumer installment loans, credit card accounts, overdrafts and other revolving loans.

Other loans consist of loans to nondepository financial institutions, lease financing receivables and loans for agricultural production.

The ACL is measured using a PD/LGD with EAD model that is calculated based on the product of a cumulative PD and LGD. PD and LGD estimates are assigned based upon the periodic completion of credit risk scorecards. Remaining EAD is derived based on inherent loan characteristics and like-kind loan prepayment trends. Under this approach, management calculates losses for each loan for all future periods using the PD and LGD rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the estimated remaining balance of the loans.

For the ACL determination of all portfolios, the expectations for relevant macroeconomic variables consider an initial reasonable and supportable period of four years and a reversion period of one year, utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical loss rates.

Management periodically considers the need to make qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not be limited to factors such as the following: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and loan resolution strategies, among others.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. For loans for which foreclosure is not probable, but for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, management has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral, with selling costs considered in the event sale of the collateral is expected.

Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held for investment loans, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off in a timely manner.

Loan credit quality and the adequacy of the allowance are also subject to periodic examination by regulatory agencies. Such agencies may require adjustments to the allowance based upon their judgements about information available at the time of their examination.

Management estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes the consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.