10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

    For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-38267

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	82-1669692
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6500 Chase Oaks Boulevard, Suite 100, Plano, Texas 75023

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(978) 614-8100

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001	RBBN	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒	Non-accelerated filer	☐
Smaller reporting company	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act) o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐    No x

As of May 10, 2024, there were 173,909,887 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item		Page
	Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	3
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	45
4.	Controls and Procedures	45
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
1.	Legal Proceedings	46
1A.	Risk Factors	46
2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	46
5.	Other Information	46
6.	Exhibits	47
	Signatures	48

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this report, including statements regarding impacts from the war in Israel, our future expenses and restructuring activities, results of operations and financial position, capital structure and the anticipated refinancing of our credit facility, expected impacts from the war in Ukraine and the financial sanctions and trade restrictions imposed in connection therewith, beliefs about our business strategy, availability of components for the manufacturing of our products, ongoing litigation, plans and objectives of management for future operations and manufacturing are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words "anticipates", "believes", "could", "estimates", "expects", "intends", "may", "plans", "seeks" and other similar language, whether in the negative or affirmative, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are unknown and/or difficult to predict and that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, supply chain disruptions resulting from component availability and/or geopolitical instabilities and disputes (including those related to the wars in Israel and Ukraine); the closure, on a temporary basis, of our offices or those of our contract manufacturer in Israel as a result of the war and the impact of military call-ups of our employees in Israel; material litigation; unpredictable fluctuations in quarterly revenue and operating results; the impact of fluctuations in interest rates; our ability to refinance our credit facility; our ability to operate as a going concern; material cybersecurity and data intrusion incidents, including any security breaches resulting in the theft, transfer, or unauthorized disclosure of customer, employee, or company information; our ability to comply with applicable domestic and foreign information security and privacy laws, regulations and technology platform rules or other obligations related to data privacy and security; failure to compete successfully against telecommunications equipment and networking companies; failure to grow our customer base or generate recurring business from our existing customers; credit risks; the timing of customer purchasing decisions and our recognition of revenues; macroeconomic conditions, including inflation; the impact of restructuring and cost-containment activities; our ability to adapt to rapid technological and market changes; our ability to generate positive returns on our research and development; our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and obtain necessary licenses; our ability to maintain partner, reseller, distribution and vendor support and supply relationships; the potential for defects in our products; risks related to the terms of our credit agreement; higher risks in international operations and markets; increases in tariffs, trade restrictions or taxes on our products; currency fluctuations; unanticipated adverse changes in legal, regulatory or tax laws; future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and/or failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures. We therefore caution you against relying on any of these forward-looking statements.

Additional important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in these forward-looking statements are also discussed in Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Part I, Item 1A and Part II, Item 7A, "Risk Factors" and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," respectively, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speaks only as of the date on which this report was first filed. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

3

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	30,931	$	26,630
Accounts receivable, net	212,498		268,421
Inventory	80,758		77,521
Other current assets	44,943		46,146
Total current assets	369,130		418,718
Property and equipment, net	40,758		41,820
Intangible assets, net	224,880		238,087
Goodwill	300,892		300,892
Deferred income taxes	72,438		69,761
Operating lease right-of-use assets	37,110		39,783
Other assets	33,252		35,092
	$	1,078,460	$	1,144,153
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of term debt	$	228,168	$	35,102
Accounts payable	66,847		85,164
Accrued expenses and other	84,491		91,687
Operating lease liabilities	14,213		15,739
Deferred revenue	110,596		113,381
Total current liabilities	504,315		341,073
Long-term debt, net of current	—		197,482
Warrant liability	5,927		5,295
Preferred stock liability, $0.01 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized, 55,000 shares issued and outstanding ($56,650 liquidation preference)	56,204		53,337
Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768		38,711
Deferred revenue, net of current	14,019		19,218
Deferred income taxes	5,616		5,616
Other long-term liabilities	30,953		30,658
Total liabilities	653,802		691,390
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 240,000,000 shares authorized; 172,714,429 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024; 172,083,667 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023	17		17
Additional paid-in capital	1,962,602		1,958,909
Accumulated deficit	(1,550,311)		(1,519,950)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	12,350		13,787
Total stockholders' equity	424,658		452,763
	$	1,078,460	$	1,144,153

See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Revenue:
Product	$	87,610	$	93,318
Service	92,054		92,841
Total revenue	179,664		186,159
Cost of revenue:
Product	45,794		62,063
Service	35,364		35,305
Amortization of acquired technology	6,551		7,389
Total cost of revenue	87,709		104,757
Gross profit	91,955		81,402
Operating expenses:
Research and development	45,763		51,304
Sales and marketing	34,716		35,399
General and administrative	15,191		14,045
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	6,706		7,264
Acquisition-, disposal- and integration-related	—		1,642
Restructuring and related	3,065		6,937
Total operating expenses	105,441		116,591
Loss from operations	(13,486)		(35,189)
Interest expense, net	(5,987)		(6,422)
Other (expense) income, net	(7,513)		4,772
Loss before income taxes	(26,986)		(36,839)
Income tax provision	(3,375)		(1,466)
Net loss	$	(30,361)	$	(38,305)
Loss per share:
Basic	$	(0.18)	$	(0.23)
Diluted	$	(0.18)	$	(0.23)
Weighted average shares used to compute loss per share:
Basic	172,428		168,541
Diluted	172,428		168,541

See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Net loss	$	(30,361)	$	(38,305)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized loss on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization into earnings	(1,321)		(5,900)
Reclassification of gain to other income (expense), net upon sale of interest rate swap	—		(5,099)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(116)		(151)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(1,437)		(11,150)
Comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(31,798)	$	(49,455)

See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands, except shares)

(unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, 2024
								Accumulated
				Additional				other		Total
	Common stock			paid-in		Accumulated		comprehensive		stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		capital		deficit		(loss) income		equity
Balances, January 1, 2024	172,083,667	$	17	$	1,958,909	$	(1,519,950)	$	13,787	$	452,763
Exercise of stock options	8,624			17						17
Vesting of restricted stock awards and units	888,189									—
Vesting of performance-based stock units	31,282									—
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations	(297,333)			(846)						(846)
Stock-based compensation expense				4,522						4,522
Other comprehensive loss								(1,437)		(1,437)
Net loss						(30,361)				(30,361)
Balances, March 31, 2024	172,714,429	$	17	$	1,962,602	$	(1,550,311)	$	12,350	$	424,658

Three months ended March 31, 2023
								Accumulated
				Additional				other		Total
	Common stock			paid-in		Accumulated		comprehensive		stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		capital		deficit		income		equity
Balances, January 1, 2023	168,324,995	$	17	$	1,941,569	$	(1,453,744)	$	30,585	$	518,427
Exercise of stock options	573			1						1
Vesting of restricted stock awards and units	1,020,277									—
Vesting of performance-based stock units	381,071									—
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations	(496,937)			(1,893)						(1,893)
Stock-based compensation expense				5,848						5,848
Other comprehensive loss								(11,150)		(11,150)
Net loss						(38,305)				(38,305)
Balances, March 31, 2023	169,229,979	$	17	$	1,945,525	$	(1,492,049)	$	19,435	$	472,928

See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(30,361)	$	(38,305)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash flows provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	3,394		3,510
Amortization of intangible assets	13,257		14,653
Amortization of debt issuance costs	716		1,065
Amortization of accumulated other comprehensive gain related to interest rate swap	(1,756)		—
Stock-based compensation	4,522		5,848
Deferred income taxes	(2,620)		(6,048)
Gain on sale of swap	—		(7,301)
Change in fair value of warrant liability	632		—
Change in fair value of preferred stock liability	1,512		—
Dividends accrued on preferred stock liability	1,355		—
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses	1,144		(2,185)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	55,384		19,742
Inventory	(4,379)		(2,917)
Other operating assets	7,923		15,031
Accounts payable	(17,837)		(10,405)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities	(11,800)		11,521
Deferred revenue	(7,986)		6,924
Net cash provided by operating activities	13,100		11,133
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(2,513)		(2,413)
Purchases of software licenses	(150)		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,663)		(2,413)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings under revolving line of credit	15,000		—
Principal payments on revolving line of credit	(15,000)		—
Principal payments of term debt	(5,014)		(80,015)
Payment of debt issuance costs	—		(1,562)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock and warrant liabilities	—		53,350
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	17		1
Payment of tax obligations related to vested stock awards and units	(846)		(1,893)
Net cash used in financing activities	(5,843)		(30,119)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(293)		171
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	4,301		(21,228)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	26,630		67,262
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	30,931	$	46,034
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	6,322	$	4,757
Income taxes paid	$	3,138	$	1,517
Income tax refunds received	$	474	$	289
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:
Capital expenditures incurred, but not yet paid	$	1,889	$	1,579
Inventory transfers to property and equipment	$	507	$	656
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities:
Fair value of vested restricted and performance-based stock grants	$	2,610	$	5,332

See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

(1) BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Ribbon Communications Inc. ("Ribbon" or the "Company") is a leading global provider of communications technology to service providers and enterprises. The Company provides a broad range of software and high-performance hardware products, network solutions, and services that enable the secure delivery of data and voice communications, and high-bandwidth networking and connectivity for residential consumers and for small, medium, and large enterprises and industry verticals such as finance, education, government, utilities, and transportation. Ribbon's mission is to create a recognized global technology leader providing cloud-centric solutions that enable the secure exchange of information, with unparalleled scale, performance, and elasticity. The Company is headquartered in Plano, Texas, and has a global presence with research and development, or sales and support locations in over thirty countries around the world.

Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, necessary for their fair presentation with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or any future interim period. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as amended (the "Annual Report"), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.

Operating Segments

The Company's chief operating decision maker (the "CODM") is its president and chief executive officer. The CODM assesses the Company's performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks segment ("IP Optical Networks").

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company's significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report. There were no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ribbon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, inventory valuations, assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and the Preferred Stock and Warrants, intangible asset and goodwill valuations, including impairments, warranty accruals, legal contingencies and recoverability of Ribbon's net deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowances. Ribbon regularly assesses these estimates and records changes in estimates in the period in which they become known. Ribbon bases its

9

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company's IP Optical Networks segment maintains customer receivables factoring agreements with a number of financial institutions. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company may transfer receivables to the financial institutions, on a non-recourse basis, provided that the financial institutions approve the receivables in advance. The Company maintains credit insurance policies from major insurance providers or obtains letters of credit from the customers for a majority of its factored trade receivables. The Company accounts for the factoring of its financial assets as a sale of the assets and records the factoring fees, when incurred, as a component of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, and the proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Factoring of accounts receivable and associated fees for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Accounts receivable sold	20,992	21,061
Less factoring fees	(391)	(455)
Net cash proceeds	20,601	20,606

Going Concern Assessment and Management Plans

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company's 2020 Credit Facility (as defined in Note 9) requires quarterly payments of $10.0 million each in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2024, with the remaining balance of $200.4 million due on March 3, 2025. The Company does not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity to repay the $200.4 million due on March 3, 2025. In response to these conditions, management's plans include refinancing the 2020 Credit Facility. The Company has entered into a binding commitment letter to refinance the 2020 Credit Facility. See Note 20 - Subsequent Event. The refinance contemplated by the binding commitment letter is expected to close no later than June 30, 2024. However, because the credit facility contemplated by the commitment letter has not yet been finalized, it cannot be deemed to be within the Company's control. As a result, such plans cannot be deemed probable and do not alleviate the substantial doubt raised about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases the disclosure requirements around rate reconciliation information and certain types of income taxes companies are required to pay. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, including enhancement of the

10

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

disclosures of significant segment expenses and interim disclosure requirements, to enable investors to better understand an entity's overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for the Company annually beginning in 2024 and on an interim basis beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”), which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU was issued in response to, and to align GAAP with, the SEC's August 2018 final rule that updates and simplifies disclosure requirements. The effective date for the Company for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure requirement becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On February 1, 2023, the FASB staff noted that they believe that the Pillar 2 tax, established by the OECD and intended to apply for tax years beginning in 2024, would be an alternative minimum tax and therefore deferred tax assets would not need to be recognized related to this parallel taxing system. On February 2, 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. Under an additional transitional safe harbor released July 17, 2023, the undertaxed profits rule top-up tax will not be applied by any constituent entity's jurisdiction of residence with respect to income earned by a company's ultimate parent entity in its jurisdiction of residence, if the ultimate parent entity's jurisdiction has a corporate tax rate of at least 20%. This transition safe harbor will apply to fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2025 and ending before December 31, 2026. The Company is closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on its tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules. Based upon preliminary calculations for calendar year 2024, the Company anticipates that it will meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and any remaining top-up tax should be immaterial.

(2) EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports net income, diluted net earnings per share is determined by using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.

The shares used to compute loss per share were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	172,428	168,541
Potential dilutive common shares	—	—
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	172,428	168,541

Options to purchase the Company's common stock and unvested restricted and performance-based stock units aggregating 12.1 million and 11.9 million shares were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because their effect would have been antidilutive.

On March 28, 2023, the Company issued 55,000 shares of newly designated Series A Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Stock") to investors in a private placement offering at a price of $970 per share, along with 4.9 million warrants (the "Warrants") to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Private Placement"), at the exercise price of $3.77 per share. The proceeds from the Private Placement were approximately $53.4 million, including approximately $10 million from existing related party stockholders (See Note 11).

As of March 31, 2024, the potential number of dilutive shares from the Warrants totaled 4.9 million shares. However, there

11

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

was no impact on weighted average shares outstanding from these Warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as the average share price of the Company's common stock was below the exercise price of $3.77 per share and their effect would have been antidilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the potential effect from the Warrants on weighted average shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share was de minimis.

Dividends payable on the Preferred Stock are not an adjustment to net income (loss) used for the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share as these dividends are included in the fair value adjustment of the Preferred Stock which is reflected in Other (expense) income, net.

(3) INVENTORY

Inventory at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
On-hand final assemblies and finished goods inventories	$	98,290	$	93,077
Deferred cost of goods sold	1,927		3,269
	100,217		96,346
Less noncurrent portion (included in Other assets)	(19,459)		(18,825)
Current portion	$	80,758	$	77,521

(4) INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

The Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

March 31, 2024	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	245,163	$	95,217
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		141,423		126,717
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,927		73
Software licenses	3.00	5,486		2,613		2,873
	9.50	$	619,006	$	394,126	$	224,880

December 31, 2023	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	239,066	$	101,314
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		134,743		133,397
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,901		99
Software licenses	3.00	5,436		2,159		3,277
	9.51	$	618,956	$	380,869	$	238,087

12

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

Estimated future amortization expense for the Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	37,557
2025	44,105
2026	39,056
2027	33,939
2028	23,400
2029	18,379
Thereafter	28,444
	$	224,880

There were no changes to the carrying value of the Company's goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The components of goodwill at both March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Goodwill	$	392,302	$	191,996	$	584,298
Accumulated impairment losses	(167,406)		(116,000)		(283,406)
	$	224,896	$	75,996	$	300,892

(5) FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

The carrying amounts of the Company's cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under a revolving credit facility in the condensed consolidated balance sheets approximates fair value due to the immediate or short-term nature of these financial instruments. Ribbon's term debt balance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of $230.4 million and $235.4 million, respectively, had a fair value of approximately $231.5 million and $235.1 million, respectively. Our Preferred Stock and Warrants liabilities had a combined fair value of $62.1 million as of March 31, 2024, including cumulative dividends on the Preferred Stock of $5.3 million.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The three-tier fair value hierarchy is based on the level of independent, objective evidence surrounding the inputs used to measure fair value. A financial instrument's categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1. Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company had no assets or liabilities fair valued using Level 1 input at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Level 2. Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets). At December 31, 2023, the Company determined the fair value of its defined benefit plans' assets using Level 2 input. There were no significant changes to the Company's defined benefit plans' assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that required the calculation of their fair value as of March 31, 2024.

Level 3. Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's Preferred Stock and Warrants were determined using Level 3 input.

13

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

(6) ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER

Accrued expenses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Employee compensation and related costs	$	29,505	$	33,682
Professional fees	19,148		19,702
Taxes payable	3,653		8,383
Other	32,185		29,920
	$	84,491	$	91,687

(7) WARRANTY ACCRUALS

The changes in the Company's accrual balance in the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance at January 1, 2024	$	12,243
Current period provisions	1,347
Settlements	(1,334)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	12,256

(8) RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES

The Company recorded restructuring and related expense aggregating $3.1 million and $6.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Restructuring and related expense includes restructuring expense (primarily severance and related costs), estimated future variable lease costs for vacated properties with no intent or ability of sublease, and accelerated rent amortization expense.

For restructuring events that involve lease assets and liabilities, the Company applies lease reassessment and modification guidance and evaluates the right-of-use assets for potential impairment. If the Company plans to exit all or distinct portions of a facility and does not have the ability or intent to sublease, the Company will accelerate the amortization of each of those lease components through the vacate date. The accelerated amortization is recorded as a component of Restructuring and related expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Related variable lease expenses will continue to be expensed as incurred through the vacate date, at which time the Company will reassess the liability balance to ensure it appropriately reflects the remaining liability associated with the premises and record a liability for the estimated future variable lease costs.

Accelerated amortization of lease assets is recognized from the date that the Company commences the plan to fully or partially vacate a facility, for which there is no intent or ability to enter into a sublease, through the final vacate date. Accelerated amortization of lease assets that are included as a component of restructuring and related expense are excluded from the restructuring accrual activity tables below, as the liability for lease payments for these facilities is included as a component of current and noncurrent Operating lease liabilities in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (see Note 16). The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the Company's facilities consolidation initiatives.

Restructuring and related expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

14

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Severance and related costs	$	1,616	$	5,708
Variable and other facilities-related costs	1,449		$	1,006
Accelerated amortization of lease assets due to cease-use	—		$	223
	$	3,065	$	6,937

2023 Restructuring Plan

On February 22, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2023 Restructuring Plan") to streamline the Company's operations in order to support the Company's investment in critical growth areas. The 2023 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a workforce reduction. Any potential positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements.

In connection with the 2023 Restructuring Plan, the Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.6 million and $5.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisting entirely of severance related costs. A summary of the 2023 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense		Cash payments		Net transfer to operating lease accounts		Balance at March 31, 2024
Severance	$	671	$	1,616	$	(1,284)	$	—	$	1,003

2022 Restructuring Plan

On February 14, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2022 Restructuring Plan") to streamline the Company's operations in order to support the Company's investment in critical growth areas. The 2022 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a consolidation of facilities and a workforce reduction. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements.

The Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.4 million and $1.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, in connection with the 2022 Restructuring Plan. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was comprised of $1.4 million for facilities-related costs. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was comprised of $1.0 million for variable and other facilities-related costs and $0.2 million for accelerated amortization of lease assets no longer being used with no ability or intent to sublease. A summary of the 2022 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense	Cash payments	Balance at March 31, 2024
Variable and other facilities-related costs	$	468	1,449	(1,495)	$	422

Balance Sheet Classification

The current portions of accrued restructuring were $1.4 million and $1.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included as components of Accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring are included as components of Other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring were $1.0 million and $1.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

15

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

(9) DEBT

2020 Credit Facility

On March 3, 2020, the Company entered into a Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement (as amended, the "2020 Credit Facility"), by and among the Company, as a guarantor, Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., as the borrower ("Borrower"), Citizens Bank, N.A. ("Citizens"), Santander Bank, N.A., and others as lenders ("Lenders"). The proceeds from the Credit Agreement were used, in part, to pay off in full all obligations of the Company under the 2019 Credit Facility.

The 2020 Credit Facility originally provided for $500 million of commitments from the Lenders to the Borrower, comprised of $400 million in term loans (the "2020 Term Loan Facility") and a $100 million facility available for revolving loans (the "2020 Revolving Credit Facility"). Under the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility, a $30 million sublimit was originally available for letters of credit and a $20 million sublimit remains available for swingline loans.

The indebtedness and other obligations under the 2020 Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis by the Company, Edgewater Networks, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and GENBAND Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (together, the "Guarantors"). The 2020 Credit Facility is secured by first-priority liens on substantially all of the assets of the Borrower and the Guarantors, including substantially all of the assets of the Company.

The 2020 Credit Facility requires compliance with certain financial covenants, including a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (each as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility, and each tested on a quarterly basis).

On August 18, 2020, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility in which $75 million of the 2020 Term Loan Facility was assigned from Citizens to a new lender and designated as the Term B Loan. The remaining $325 million of the 2020 Term Loan Facility was deemed the Term A Loan.

The Term A Loan and the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility mature in March 2025 and originally bore interest at the Borrower's option at either the LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 3.50% per year, or the base rate plus 0.50%, or the prime rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 2.50% per year (the "Applicable Margin"). The Applicable Margin varied depending on the Company's Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility).

The Term B Loan was scheduled to mature in March 2026 and bore interest, at the Borrower's option, at either the LIBOR rate plus a margin of 7.50% per year, or the base rate (the highest of the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the First Amendment) plus 0.50%, or the prime rate.

On December 1, 2020, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility to obtain consent for an equity exchange with AVCT in connection with the sale of our Kandy Communications business, as well as to amend certain other provisions of the 2020 Credit Facility.

On March 3, 2021, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility which provided for an incremental term loan facility in the principal amount of $74.6 million, the proceeds of which were used to consummate an open market purchase of all outstanding amounts under the Term B Loan, resulting in the assignment and immediate cancellation of the Term B Loan, such that the outstanding amount under the Term A Loan and incremental term loan facility were combined and held by the Lenders (the "2020 Term Loan") with the same terms as the Term A Loan. The Company wrote off $2.5 million of capitalized debt issuance costs in connection with the Third Amendment.

On March 10, 2022, the Company entered into the Fourth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility to increase the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) and in conjunction the Company made a $15.0 million prepayment that was applied to the final payment due on the maturity date.

16

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

On June 30, 2022, the Company entered into the Fifth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility (the "Fifth Amendment") to increase the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) for 2022, with the fourth quarter of 2022 increased to 4.75:1.00, the first and second quarters of 2023 declining to 3.25:1.00, and in all subsequent quarters the ratio was to be fixed at 3.00:1.00. Also, the Fifth Amendment reduced the minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) in 2022, with the fourth quarter of 2022 reduced to 1.10:1.00 and in all subsequent quarters the ratio was to be fixed at 1.25:1.00. In addition, the Fifth Amendment increased the maximum rate at which loans were to bear interest if the Company's Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio for any quarter was greater than 4.50:1.00. Specifically, loans incurred would bear interest, at the Borrower’s option, at either LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 4.50% per year, or the base rate plus 0.50%, or the prime rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 3.50% per year. The Fifth Amendment also allows the Company to incur junior secured or unsecured debt in an amount no less than $50 million, subject to certain conditions, including the requirement that 50% of the aggregate amount of such incurred debt (net of certain costs, fees and other amounts) must be applied to prepay the 2020 Credit Facility, and compliance with certain leverage ratio-based covenant exceptions. In connection with the Fifth Amendment, the Company made a $10.0 million voluntary prepayment that was applied to the final payment due on the maturity date. Subsequent to the Fifth Amendment, the Company is required to make quarterly principal payments on the 2020 Term Loan aggregating approximately $5.0 million per quarter through March 31, 2024 and $10.0 million in each of the three quarters thereafter, with the remaining and final payment due on the maturity date in March 2025.

On March 24, 2023, the Company entered into the Sixth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility (the “Sixth Amendment”) effective March 30, 2023. The Sixth Amendment, among other things, increased the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility), with the first, second and third quarters of 2023 increasing to 4.50:1.00. In the fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio declines to 4.25:1.00 and 4.00:1.00, respectively. In all subsequent quarters, the Maximum Consolidated Senior Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 3.00:1.00 and the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 4.00:1.00. Also, the Sixth Amendment reduced the minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) to 1.10:1.00 through the first quarter of 2024 and in all subsequent quarters the ratio will be fixed at 1.25:1.00. The Sixth Amendment reduced the maximum borrowings allowed under the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility from $100 million to $75 million and the sublimit available for letters of credit was reduced from $30 million to $20 million. In addition, the Sixth Amendment replaced LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the alternative rate that may be used by the Company for calculating interest owed under the 2020 Credit Facility with the margin now fixed at 4.5%. In conjunction with the Sixth Amendment, the Company made a $75 million prepayment that was applied to the final payment due upon maturity in March 2025 of approximately $200.4 million. The $75 million prepayment was almost entirely funded with the net proceeds from the Private Placement and the sales of our interest rate swap. Debt issuance costs associated with the Sixth Amendment totaled $1.7 million and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the 2020 Credit Facility to Interest expense, net.

The Company's interest rates under the 2020 Term Loan for the three months ended March 31, 2023 benefited from a hedge instrument that was in place, specifically a fixed rate swap, which was sold in March 2023 (see Note 10). As a result of the fixed rate swap sold in March 2023, the ongoing interest rate is based upon U.S. dollar SOFR plus a fixed margin of 4.5%. The Company was in compliance with all covenants of the 2020 Credit Facility at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including the current Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio calculation that considers the Company's debt to include Preferred Stock.

The Company had the following outstanding borrowings, unamortized debt issuance costs, letters of credit, interest rates, and remaining borrowing capacity under the 2020 Credit Facility as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

17

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Current portion of Term Debt	$	228,168		$	35,102
Long-term Debt, net of Current:
Long-term Debt, net of Current (Face Amount)	$	—		$	200,293
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Contra-Liability	—			(2,811)
Long-term Debt, net of Current	$	—		$	197,482
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	$	230,381		$	235,395
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs:
Other Assets	$	439		$	557
Current Portion of Term Debt - Contra Liability	2,213			—
Long-Term Debt - Contra Liability	—			2,811
Total Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	$	2,652		$	3,368
Letters of Credit Outstanding	$	2,711		$	2,711
Remaining Borrowing Capacity	$	72,289		$	72,289
Average Interest Rates:
Term Loan	9.9		%	10.0		%
Letters of Credit	4.5		%	4.5		%

The Company's debt maturities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	30,087
2025	200,294
	$	230,381

Letters of Credit and Other Guarantees

The Company uses letters of credit and performance and bid bonds in the course of its business. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $9.7 million of letters of credit, bank guarantees, and performance and bid bonds outstanding (collectively, "Guarantees"), comprised of the $2.7 million of letters of credit under the 2020 Credit Facility described above (the "Letters of Credit") and $7.0 million of bank guarantees and performance and bid bonds (collectively, the "Other Guarantees") under various uncommitted facilities. At December 31, 2023, the Company had Guarantees aggregating $7.9 million, comprised of the $2.7 million of Letters of Credit noted above and $5.2 million of Other Guarantees.

(10) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

The Company is exposed to financial market risk related to foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates. These exposures are actively monitored by management. To manage the volatility related to the exposure to changes in interest rates, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments. Management's objective has been to reduce, where it is deemed appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. Ribbon's policies and practices are to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. Ribbon does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

18

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

The Company records derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a specific risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge, or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting.

Cash Flow Hedge of Interest Rate Risk

The 2020 Term Loan Facility had outstanding balances of $230.4 million and $235.4 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The 2020 Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facility have variable interest rates based on LIBOR or SOFR (see Note 9). As a result of exposure to interest rate movements, during March 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate swap arrangement, which effectively converted its $400 million term loan with its variable interest rate based upon one-month LIBOR to an aggregate fixed rate of 0.904%, plus a leverage-based margin as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility.

On July 22, 2022, the Company sold $30 million of the notional amount of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty for $1.5 million, reducing the notional amount of this swap to $370 million. On August 16, 2022 the Company sold another $30 million of the notional amount of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty for $1.6 million, reducing the notional amount to $340 million, which approximated the current level of our term loan debt then outstanding. The gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the $60 million notional amount sold of $3.1 million is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense, the amortization of which totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

On March 24, 2023, the Company received $9.4 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.0 million for the sale of $170 million of its $340 million notional amount interest rate swap back to its counterparty, reducing the notional amount to $170 million. On March 27, 2023, the Company received $9.8 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.4 million for the sale of the remaining $170 million of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the term loan debt prepaid on the date of the final sale of our swap totaled $7.3 million and was released into earnings immediately as Other expense, net. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to our remaining term loan debt balance was $12.0 million and is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense, the amortization of which totaled $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives have been to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company has used an interest rate swap as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the related agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, such a derivative was used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the outstanding borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facility and the Company has accounted for this derivative as an effective hedge until the final portion of the swap was sold on March 27, 2023. Any ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative was recognized directly in earnings.

19

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the Company's derivative are reclassified to interest expense as interest is accrued on the Company’s variable-rate debt. The impact of the Company’s derivative financial instrument on its condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on swap, net of tax	$	—	$	(2,715)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other expense, net upon sale of swap, net of tax	—		(5,099)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense	(1,321)		(3,185)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization	$	(1,321)	$	(10,999)

The Company had no derivative assets or liabilities at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

(11) PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS

On March 28, 2023, the Company issued 55,000 shares of Preferred Stock to investors in the Private Placement at a price of $970 per share, along with 4,858,090 Warrants with an exercise price of $3.77 per share.

The Company accounts for the Preferred Stock and Warrants as liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of their specific terms in accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The fair value option was elected for the Preferred Stock, as the Company considers fair value to best reflect its expected future economic value. These liabilities are remeasured to fair value at each reporting date using the same valuation methodology applied upon issuance using current input assumptions.

The value of the Preferred Stock is calculated using the Black-Derman-Toy (BDT) stochastic yield lattice model to capture the optimal timing of repayment, increasing dividend rate and other features and the value of the Warrants is calculated using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model.

Changes in the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants are reported as Other expense, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company determined the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants using Level 3 input. The key assumptions into the models utilized were as follows as of March 31, 2024:

	Preferred Stock (BDT)
Face value per share	$1,000
Interest payments per year	4
Dividend rate - year 1 (paid in-kind)	9.25%
Dividend rate - year 2 (paid in-kind or in cash at the Company's choice)	9.75%
Dividend rate - thereafter (paid in cash)	12.00%
Yield volatility	25.0%
Time to maturity (in years)	1.5

20

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

	Warrants (Black-Scholes)
Stock price	$3.20
Strike price	$3.77
Risk-free rate	4.35%
Volatility	59.2%
Dividend yield	0.0%
Time to expiration (years)	3.0

The changes in the Company's Preferred Stock and Warrant liabilities the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Preferred stock liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	53,337
Payable in-kind dividends	1,355
Fair value change	1,512
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	56,204

	Warrant liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	5,295
Fair value change	632
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	5,927

The Preferred Stock is subordinate to Company indebtedness and senior to the Company’s common stock or other equity. Holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends that accrue quarterly through the September 30, 2025 maturity date. Dividends are payable in-kind during the first year at a rate of 9.25%. At the Company’s option, the dividends are payable in-kind or in cash during the second year at a rate of 9.75%. Dividends thereafter are payable in cash at a rate of 12.00%. The proceeds from the Preferred Stock issuance were approximately $53.4 million, including $10.0 million from existing related party stockholders. Offering costs paid by the Company of approximately $3.5 million were recorded in Other expense, net in the year ended December 31, 2023. The net proceeds from the Private Placement were used for the repayment of debt. The Preferred Stock is redeemable on or after the first and second anniversaries of the closing date at a rate of 103% and 102%, respectively.

The Warrants, which expire March 30, 2027, are immediately exercisable and upon an event such as a merger, consolidation, asset sale or similar change of control, may be exercised and the holders may vote the underlying shares of common stock. In connection with the Private Placement, the Company provided the investors with certain registration rights relating to the Preferred Stock, the Warrants and the shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Warrants, that required the Company to file a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC within 30 days following the closing date of the Private Placement. The registration requirement was completed on May 19, 2023.

(12) REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company derives revenue from two primary sources: products and services. Product revenue includes the Company's hardware and software that function together to deliver the products' essential functionality. Software and hardware are also sold on a standalone basis. Services include customer support (software updates, upgrades and technical support), consulting, design services, installation services and training. Generally, contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, consisting of products and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance

21

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

obligations separately if they are considered distinct.

When an arrangement contains more than one performance obligation, the Company will allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company utilizes the observable price of goods and services when they are sold separately to similar customers in order to estimate standalone selling price.

The Company's software licenses typically provide a perpetual right to use the Company's software. The Company also sells term-based software licenses that expire and Software-as-a-Service ("SaaS")-based software which are referred to as subscription arrangements. The Company does not customize its software nor are installation services required, as the customer has a right to utilize internal resources or a third-party service company. The software and hardware are delivered before related services are provided and are functional without professional services or customer support. The Company has concluded that its software licenses are functional intellectual property that are distinct, as the user can benefit from the software on its own. Product revenue is typically recognized upon transfer of control or when the software is made available for download, as this is the point the user of the software can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the functional intellectual property. The Company begins to recognize software revenue related to the renewal of subscription software licenses at the start of the subscription period.

The Company offers warranties on its products. Certain of the Company's warranties are considered to be assurance-type in nature, ensuring the product is functioning as intended. Assurance-type warranties do not represent separate performance obligations. The Company also sells separately-priced maintenance service contracts which qualify as service-type warranties and represent separate performance obligations. The Company does not allow and has no history of accepting product returns.

Services revenue includes revenue from customer support and other professional services. Customer support includes software updates on a when-and-if-available basis, telephone support, integrated web-based support and bug fixes or patches. The Company sells its customer support contracts at a percentage of list or net product price. Customer support revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the customer support agreement, which is typically one year.

The Company's professional services include consulting, technical support, resident engineer services, design services and installation services. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The method to measure progress toward completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the input method to measure progress for its contracts because it believes such method best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer, which occurs as the Company incurs costs for the contracts. However, in some instances, the Company uses the output method because it best depicts the transfer of asset to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. When the measure of progress is based upon expended labor, progress toward completion is measured as the ratio of labor time expended to date versus the total estimated labor time required to complete the performance obligation. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred or as labor is expended. Costs to fulfill these obligations include internal labor as well as subcontractor costs.

Customer training includes courses offered by the Company. The related revenue is typically recognized as the training services are performed.

22

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

The Company's typical performance obligations include the following:

Performance Obligation	When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied	When Payment is Typically Due
Software and Product Revenue
Software licenses (perpetual or term)	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing except for term licenses, which may be paid for over time
Software licenses (subscription)	Upon activation of hosted site (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Hardware	When control of the hardware passes to the customer; typically, upon delivery (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Software upgrades	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Customer Support Revenue
Customer support	Ratably over the course of the support contract (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Professional Services
Other professional services (excluding training services)	As work is performed (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing (upon completion of services)
Training	When the class is taught (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of services being performed

Significant Judgments

The Company's contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to the customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment.

Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price ("SSP") for each distinct performance obligation. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue is a contract liability representing amounts collected from or invoiced to customers in excess of revenue recognized. This results primarily from the billing of annual customer support agreements where the revenue is recognized over the term of the agreement. The value of deferred revenue will increase or decrease based on the timing of recognition of revenue.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers based on the nature of the products and services and the geographic regions in which each customer is domiciled. The Company's revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was disaggregated as follows:

23

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, 2024	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	26,607	$	32,847	$	11,660	$	71,114
Europe, Middle East and Africa	41,689		17,696		7,698		67,083
Asia Pacific	16,633		10,241		2,927		29,801
Other	2,681		7,597		1,388		11,666
	$	87,610	$	68,381	$	23,673	$	179,664

Three months ended March 31, 2023	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	38,067	$	33,073	$	10,853	$	81,993
Europe, Middle East and Africa	27,435		20,127		6,575		54,137
Asia Pacific	25,615		9,372		3,144		38,131
Other	2,201		8,016		1,681		11,898
	$	93,318	$	70,588	$	22,253	$	186,159

The Company's product revenue from indirect sales through its channel partner program and from its direct sales program for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Indirect sales through channel partner program	$	45,675	$	35,914
Direct sales	41,935		57,404
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue from sales to enterprise customers and from sales to service provider customers for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Sales to enterprise customers	$	37,870	$	27,412
Sales to service provider customers	49,740		65,906
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue and service revenue components by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

24

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	31,513	$	42,839
IP Optical Networks	56,097		50,479
Total product revenue	$	87,610	$	93,318
Service revenue:
Maintenance:
Cloud and Edge	$	53,196	$	54,810
IP Optical Networks	15,185		15,778
Total maintenance revenue	68,381		70,588
Professional services:
Cloud and Edge	16,960		16,831
IP Optical Networks	6,713		5,422
Total professional services revenue	23,673		22,253
Total service revenue	$	92,054	$	92,841

Revenue Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable; unbilled receivables, which are contract assets; and customer advances and deposits, which are contract liabilities, in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Completion of services and billing may occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. The Company may receive advances or deposits from its customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities that are classified as deferred revenue. These assets and liabilities are reported in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis as of the end of each reporting period. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the three months ended March 31, 2024 were not materially impacted by any factors other than billing and revenue recognition. Nearly all of the Company's deferred revenue balance is related to services revenue, primarily customer support contracts. Unbilled receivables stem primarily from engagements where services have been performed; however, billing cannot occur until services are completed.

In some arrangements, the Company allows customers to pay for term-based software licenses and products over the term of the software license. The Company also sells SaaS-based software under subscription arrangements, with payment terms over the term of the SaaS agreement. Amounts recognized as revenue in excess of amounts billed are recorded as unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables that are anticipated to be invoiced in the next twelve months are included in Accounts receivable on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The changes in the Company's accounts receivable, unbilled receivables and deferred revenue balances for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Accounts receivable		Unbilled accounts receivable		Deferred revenue (current)		Deferred revenue (long-term)
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	186,938	$	81,483	$	113,381	$	19,218
Increase (decrease), net	(43,634)		(12,289)		(2,785)		(5,199)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	143,304	$	69,194	$	110,596	$	14,019

The Company recognized approximately $51 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2023 and approximately $48 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2023 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2022. Of the Company's deferred revenue reported as long-term in its condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2024, the Company expects that approximately $7 million will be recognized as revenue in 2025, approximately $4 million will be recognized as revenue in 2026 and approximately $3 million will be recognized as revenue in 2027 and beyond.

25

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

All freight-related customer invoicing is recorded as revenue, while the shipping and handling costs that occur after control of the promised goods or services transfer to the customer are reported as fulfillment costs, a component of Cost of revenue - product in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Commissions Cost

Sales commissions earned by the Company's employees are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs have been deferred on our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized over the expected life of the customer contract, which is generally five years. At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.0 million of deferred sales commissions capitalized.

(13) OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has two reportable segments, which are intended to align with the manner in which the business is managed: Cloud and Edge, and IP Optical Networks.

The Cloud and Edge segment provides secure and reliable software and hardware products, solutions and services for enabling Voice over Internet Protocol ("VoIP") communications, Voice over Long-Term Evolution ("VoLTE") and Voice Over 5G ("VoNR") communications, and Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") within service provider and enterprise networks and from the cloud. The Cloud and Edge products are increasingly software-centric and cloud-native for deployment on private, public or hybrid cloud infrastructures, in data centers, on enterprise premises and within service provider networks. Ribbon's Cloud and Edge product portfolio consists primarily of its Session Border Controller ("SBC") products and its Network Transformation products.

The IP Optical Networks segment provides high-performance, secure solutions for IP networking and optical transport, supporting wireless networks including 5G, metro and edge aggregation, core networking, data center interconnect, legacy transformation and transport solutions for wholesale carriers. This portfolio is offered to service provider, enterprise and industry verticals with critical transport network infrastructures including utilities, government, defense, transportation, and education and research.

The Company has not provided segment asset information as such information is not provided to the CODM and accordingly, asset information is not used in assessing segment performance. Segment revenue and expenses included in the tables below represent direct revenue and expense attributable to each segment. Please see Note 4 for information regarding the allocation of goodwill between segments.

The CODM utilizes revenue and adjusted gross profit to measure and assess each segment's performance. The Company calculates adjusted gross profit by excluding from cost of revenue: amortization of acquired technology, stock-based compensation, and may also exclude other items in future periods that the Company believes are not part of the Company's core business. Adjusted gross profit is not a financial measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies, and should not be considered a substitute for gross profit or other results reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See below for a reconciliation of adjusted gross profit to gross profit which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

The tables below provide revenue, adjusted gross profit and depreciation expense by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

26

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	101,669	$	114,480
IP Optical Networks	77,995		71,679
Revenue	$	179,664	$	186,159

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment adjusted gross profit:
Cloud and Edge	$	67,119	$	69,975
IP Optical Networks	31,965		19,500
Total segment adjusted gross profit	99,084		89,475
Stock-based compensation expense	(578)		(684)
Amortization of acquired technology	(6,551)		(7,389)
Gross profit	$	91,955	$	81,402

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment depreciation expense:
Cloud and Edge	$	2,333	$	2,499
IP Optical Networks	1,061		1,011
Depreciation expense	$	3,394	$	3,510

(14) MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The following customer contributed 10% or more of the Company's revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Verizon Communications Inc.	*	11%
* Less than 10% of total revenue.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company's accounts receivable balance. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral on accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts and such losses have historically been within management's expectations.

(15) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company grants stock-based compensation to employees, officers and non-employee directors, as well as consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries under its Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan which provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), performance-based stock awards,

27

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and other stock- or cash-based awards.

Executive Equity Arrangements

Inducement Awards

In connection with his appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer of Ribbon on March 16, 2020, the Company awarded Bruce McClelland sign-on equity grants, comprised of RSUs and a PSU grant with both market and service conditions. As of March 31, 2024, the Company estimates that the market conditions surrounding the PSUs granted will not be met by the expiration date of September 1, 2024.

Performance-Based Stock Grants

In addition to granting RSAs and RSUs to its executives and certain of its employees, the Company also grants PSUs to certain of its executives and certain other employees. Vesting periods for RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs granted range from one to three years. PSUs granted consist of 60% that have both performance and service conditions (the "Performance PSUs") and 40% that have both market and service conditions (the "Market PSUs"). Each Performance PSU is comprised of three consecutive fiscal year performance periods beginning in the year of grant, with one-third of the Performance PSUs attributable to each fiscal year performance period. The Market PSUs have one three-year performance period, beginning January 1 in the year of grant and ending on December 31, three years thereafter. The number of shares of common stock underlying the PSUs that can be earned will not exceed 200% of the Performance or Market PSUs. Shares subject to PSUs that fail to be earned will be forfeited.

Restricted Stock Units

The activity related to the Company's RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	7,091,368	$	3.18
Granted	29,366	$	2.89
Vested	(888,189)	$	5.05
Forfeited	(200,229)	$	3.26
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	6,032,316	$	2.90

The total grant date fair value of shares of restricted stock underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $4.5 million.

Performance-Based Stock Units

The activity related to the Company's PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	6,297,931	$	2.07
Granted	—	$	—
Vested	(31,282)	$	6.40
Forfeited	(280,304)	$	9.40
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	5,986,345	$	1.70

28

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

The total grant date fair value of shares of restricted stock underlying PSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.2 million.

Stock-Based Compensation

The condensed consolidated statements of operations include stock-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product cost of revenue	$	106	$	149
Service cost of revenue	472		535
Research and development	1,068		1,262
Sales and marketing	1,157		2,129
General and administrative	1,719		1,773
	$	4,522	$	5,848

At March 31, 2024, there was $13.4 million, net of expected forfeitures, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and PSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately one year.

(16) LEASES

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities and has historically had finance leases for certain equipment. Operating leases are reported separately in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Assets acquired under finance leases, if any, are included in Property and equipment, net, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is determined to contain a lease component if the arrangement provides the Company with a right to control the use of an identified asset. Lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components. In such instances for all classes of underlying assets, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather, accounts for the entire arrangement under leasing guidance. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially measured based on the present value of the future minimum fixed lease payments (i.e., fixed payments in the lease contract) over the lease term at the commencement date. As the Company's existing leases do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum fixed lease payments. The Company calculates its incremental borrowing rate to reflect the interest rate that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term and considers its historical borrowing activities and market data from entities with comparable credit ratings in this determination. The measurement of the right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made prior to the commencement date (excluding any lease incentives) and initial direct costs incurred. The Company assessed its right-of-use assets for impairment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and determined no impairment has occurred.

Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and the Company incorporates such options in the lease term when it has the unilateral right to make such an election and it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In making this determination, the Company considers its prior renewal and termination history and planned usage of the assets under lease, incorporating expected market conditions.

For operating leases, lease expense for minimum fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease

29

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

term. The expense for finance leases includes both interest and amortization expense components, with the interest component calculated based on the effective interest method and the amortization component calculated based on straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset over the lease term. Lease contracts may contain variable lease costs, such as common area maintenance, utilities and tax reimbursements that vary over the term of the contract. Variable lease costs are not included in minimum fixed lease payments and as a result, are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company expenses all variable lease costs as incurred.

Certain leased facilities are being partially or fully vacated as part of the 2022 Restructuring Plan and for some of those facilities, the Company has no plans to enter into sublease agreements. Accordingly, the Company accelerated the amortization of those lease assets through the planned cease-use date of each facility, resulting in additional amortization expense $0.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. No such accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company did not record estimated future variable lease costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

All incremental accelerated amortization and accruals for estimated future variable costs are included in Restructuring and related expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had accruals of $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for all future anticipated variable lease costs related to these facilities. The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the Facilities Initiative.

The Company leases its corporate offices and other facilities under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2033.

The Company's right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Classification	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	37,110	$	39,783
Liabilities:
Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities	$	14,213	$	15,739
Non-Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768		38,711
Total Operating lease liabilities		$	50,981	$	54,450

The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Operating lease cost*	$	4,199	$	4,760
Short-term lease cost	3,441		3,427
Variable lease costs (costs excluded from minimum fixed lease payments)**	855		802
Sublease income	(260)		(430)
Net lease cost	$	8,235	$	8,559

* No accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. Operating lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $0.2 million of accelerated amortization for certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

** No variable lease costs were accrued in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 for future estimated variable expenses related to certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

30

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

Cash flows related to the Company's leases in both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities and classified as operating cash flows and each totaled $4.8 million.

Other information related to the Company's leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	5.45		5.50
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.04	%	6.34	%

Future minimum fixed lease payments under noncancelable leases at March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating
	leases
Remainder of 2024	$	13,873
2025	10,799
2026	9,018
2027	7,857
2028	6,452
2029	13,161
Total lease payments	61,160
Less: interest	(10,179)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,981

(17) INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded income tax provisions of $3.4 million and $1.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts reflect the Company's estimates of the effective rates expected to be applicable for the respective full years, adjusted for any discrete events, which are recorded in the period in which they occur. These estimates are reevaluated each quarter based on the Company's estimated tax expense for the full fiscal year. The estimated effective tax rate includes the impact of valuation allowances in various jurisdictions. The Company intends to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the respective allowances.

(18) RELATED PARTIES

The Company recognized revenue from its largest stockholder of $1.5 million and $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, as discussed in Note 11, certain related party stockholders participated in the Private Placement.

(19) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Liabilities for Royalty Payments to the IIA

Prior to the Company's acquisition of ECI Telecom Group Ltd. ("ECI"), ECI had received research and development grants from the Office of the Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economics (the "IIA"). The Company assumed ECI's contract with the IIA, which requires the Company to pay royalties to the IIA on proceeds from the sale of products which the

31

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

Israeli government has supported by way of research and development grants. The royalties for grants prior to 2017 were calculated at the rates of 1.3% to 5.0% of the aggregated proceeds from the sale of such products developed at certain of the Company's R&D centers, up to an amount not exceeding 100% of such grants plus interest at LIBOR. Effective for grants approved in 2017 and subsequently, interest was calculated at the higher of LIBOR plus 1.5% to 2.75%. At March 31, 2024, the Company's maximum possible future royalties commitment, including $1.8 million of unpaid royalties accrued, was $20.6 million, including interest of $1.1 million, based on estimates of future product sales, grants received from the IIA not yet repaid, and management's estimation of products still to be sold.

Litigation

The Company is often a party to disputes and legal proceedings that it considers routine and incidental to its business, including those described below. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the allegations made in the pending cases and intends to vigorously defend these lawsuits; however, the Company is unable currently to forecast the ultimate outcome of these or similar matters. Since it is difficult to predict the outcome of legal proceedings, it is possible that the ultimate outcomes could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Accordingly, with respect to these proceedings, the Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of possible loss.

Miller Complaint. On November 8, 2018, Ron Miller, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed a Class Action Complaint (the "Miller Complaint") in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the "Massachusetts District Court") against the Company and three of its former officers (collectively, the "Defendants"), claiming to represent a class of purchasers of Sonus common stock during the period from January 8, 2015 through March 24, 2015 and alleging violations of the federal securities laws. Similar to a previous complaint entitled Sousa et al. vs. Sonus Networks, Inc. et al., which was dismissed with prejudice by an order dated June 6, 2017, the Miller Complaint claims that the Defendants made misleading forward-looking statements concerning Sonus' expected fiscal first quarter of 2015 financial performance, which statements were also the subject of an August 7, 2018 Securities and Exchange Commission Cease and Desist Order, whose findings the Company neither admitted nor denied. The Miller plaintiffs are seeking monetary damages.

After the Miller Complaint was filed, several parties filed and briefed motions seeking to be selected by the Massachusetts District Court to serve as a Lead Plaintiff in the action. On June 21, 2019, the Massachusetts District Court appointed a group as Lead Plaintiffs and the Lead Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on July 19, 2019. On August 30, 2019, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Miller Complaint and, on October 4, 2019, the Lead Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss. There was an oral argument on the motion to dismiss on February 12, 2020, and on October 20, 2022 the court denied the motion to dismiss. In June 2023, the Defendants agreed to a settlement in principle with the named plaintiffs, and final approval of the settlement was provided by the court on April 24, 2024. The settlement provided a release of all claims asserted in the litigation to all Defendants, who continue to deny liability. The $4.5 million settlement amount was funded by the provider of the Company's Directors and Officers liability insurance policy.

Charter Complaint. On September 19, 2022, Charter Communications Operating, LLC (“Charter”) filed two complaints against two of our subsidiaries (Sonus Networks, Inc. and Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc.) alleging breach of contract with respect to indemnification obligations purportedly owed to Charter in connection with Charter’s legal dispute with Sprint Communications Company L.P., which was settled by Charter in March 2022. One complaint was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in New York County; the second complaint was filed by Charter as well as co-plaintiffs Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC and Bright House Networks, LLC, in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County. In both complaints, Charter is seeking monetary damages. The Company filed its answer to the first complaint file in New York on December 7, 2022 and to the second complaint filed in Delaware on January 9, 2023. Discovery is on-going and the court in the Delaware complaint has set a preliminary trial date of January 2025.

WideOpenWest Complaint. On August 9, 2023, WideOpenWest, Inc. and WideOpenWest Finance, LLC (collectively, “WOW”) filed a complaint against Ribbon alleging breach of contract with respect to indemnification obligations purportedly owed to WOW in connection with WOW’s legal dispute with Sprint Communications Company L.P., which was settled by WOW in the second quarter of 2023. The complaint was filed in the 429th Judicial District of the District Court of the State of Texas, in Collin County, Texas and has since been transferred to the 493rd Judicial District Court in Collin County. In the

32

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

complaint, WOW is seeking monetary damages. The Company filed its answer to the complaint on October 5, 2023. Discovery is on-going and the court has set a preliminary trial date of December 2024.

(20) SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On May 15, 2024, the Company entered into a binding commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter") with HPS Investment Partners, LLC ("HPS") and WhiteHorse Capital Management, LLC ("WhiteHorse" and, together with HPS, the "Lenders"), pursuant to which the Lenders have committed to provide the Company with a $385 million senior secured credit facility (the "Refinancing Facility") comprised of (i) a $350 million term loan and (ii) a $35 million revolving credit facility. The funds from the Refinancing Facility will be used to (a) repay 100% of the amounts outstanding under the 2020 Credit Facility (b) redeem in full the Company's outstanding Series A preferred stock and (c) pay fees and expenses related to the Refinancing Facility. Any excess proceeds will be used by the Company for working capital.

The funding of the Refinancing Facility is subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The Company expects the Refinancing Facility to close and fund no later than June 30, 2024.

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Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Ribbon Communications Inc. should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and notes thereto and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2024.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of communications technology to service providers and enterprises. We provide a broad range of software and high-performance hardware products, network solutions, and services that enable the secure delivery of data and voice communications, and high-bandwidth networking and connectivity for residential consumers and for small, medium, and large enterprises and industry verticals such as finance, education, government, utilities, and transportation. Our mission is to create a recognized global technology leader providing cloud-centric solutions that enable the secure exchange of information, with unparalleled scale, performance and elasticity. We are headquartered in Plano, Texas, and have a global presence with research and development or sales and support locations in over thirty countries around the world.

Key Trends and Economic Factors Affecting Ribbon

Supplier Disruptions. Ongoing uncertainty in the global economy due to inflation, the wars in Israel and Ukraine, national security concerns and other factors, continue to disrupt various manufacturing, commodity and financial markets, increase volatility, and impede global supply chains. Our ability to deliver our solutions as agreed upon with our customers depends in part on the ability of our global contract manufacturers, vendors, licensors and other business partners to deliver products or perform services we have procured from them.

Continued uncertain global economic conditions may cause our customers to restrict spending or delay purchases for an indeterminate period of time and consequently cause our revenues to decline. Further, such factors may negatively impact our operating costs resulting in a reduction in net income. The degree to which the ongoing wars in Israel and Ukraine and the inflationary and high interest rate environment impacts our future business, financial position and results of operations will depend on developments beyond our control, including the duration of the global economic downturn that has resulted from these factors.

The Ongoing Wars in Israel and Ukraine. The uncertainty resulting from the wars in Israel and Ukraine and the threat for expansion of one or both of these wars could result in some of our customers delaying purchases from us. As a result of safety concerns, we may close our offices in Israel from time to time. Although our employees in these offices have the ability to work remotely and business continuity plans are in place to address any medium- or long-term disruptions that could result from the closure of these offices, the office closures and general effects of employees operating in a region at war could have a negative impact on our operations. Further, a number of our employees in Israel are members of the military reserves and subject to immediate call-up in response to the war in Israel. Following the terrorist attacks in Israel in October 2023, a number of our employees have been activated for military duty and we expect that additional employees will also be activated if the war in Israel continues. While we have business continuity plans in place to address the military call-ups, it could affect the timing of projects in the short-term as the work is shifted to other team members both inside and outside of Israel.

Further, the U.S. and other European countries have imposed sanctions and trade restrictions against Russia in connection with the war in Ukraine. These sanctions and restrictions currently prohibit our ability to sell certain products and services. The sanctions continue to evolve and further changes in the current sanctions or trade restrictions could further limit our ability to sell products and services to customers in Russia and, our ability to collect on outstanding accounts receivable from such customers. If we are further limited in our ability to sell products and services to Russia and other countries for an extended period, it could have a material impact on our financial results.

Inflation and Interest Rates. We continue to see near-term impacts on our business due to inflation, including ongoing global price pressures driving up energy prices, component costs, freight premiums, and other operating costs above normal rates. Although headline inflation in the United States and Europe appears to have reached a peak, core inflation (excluding food and energy prices) remains elevated and is a source of continued cost pressure on businesses and households. Interest rates have increased significantly as central banks in developed countries attempt to subdue inflation while government deficits and debt remain at high levels in many global markets. Accordingly, the eventual implications of higher government deficits and debt, tighter monetary policy, and potentially higher long-term interest rates may drive a higher cost of capital for our business.

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Presentation

Unless otherwise noted, all financial amounts, excluding tabular information, in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") are rounded to the nearest million dollar amount, and all percentages, excluding tabular information, are rounded to the nearest percentage point.

Operating Segments

Our Chief Operating Decision Maker assesses our performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge operating segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks operating segment ("IP Optical Networks"). For additional details regarding our operating segments, see Note 13 - Operating Segment Information to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Financial Overview

Financial Results

We reported a loss from operations of $13.5 million and $35.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Our revenue was $179.7 million and $186.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our gross profit and gross margin were $92.0 million and 51.2%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $81.4 million and 43.7%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The lower revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 is due to $12.8 million of lower Cloud and Edge sales, primarily to U.S. Service Providers, partially offset by $6.3 million of higher IP Optical sales in Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("the EMEA region").

Revenue from our Cloud and Edge segment was $101.7 million and $114.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Gross profit and gross margin for this segment were $64.4 million and 63.4%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $66.1 million and 57.7%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Revenue from our IP Optical Networks segment was $78.0 million and $71.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Gross profit and gross margin for this segment were $27.5 million and 35.3%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $15.3 million and 21.4%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Our operating expenses were $105.4 million and $116.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decreased operating expenses are primarily related to lower research and development ("R&D") and restructuring related expenses. Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included $6.7 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets, and $3.1 million of restructuring and related expense. Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $7.3 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets, $1.6 million of acquisition-, disposal- and integration-related expense, and $6.9 million of restructuring and related expense.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of $4.5 million and $5.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts are included as components of both Cost of revenue and Operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

See "Results of Operations" in this MD&A for a discussion of the changes in our revenue and expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Restructuring and Cost Reduction Initiatives

In February 2023, our Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2023 Restructuring Plan") to streamline our operations in order to support our investment in critical growth areas. The 2023 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a workforce reduction. Any potential positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. We recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.6 million and $5.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, in connection with the 2023 Restructuring Plan for severance related costs. We anticipate that we will record nominal future expense for severance in connection with the 2023 Restructuring Plan.

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In February 2022, our Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2022 Restructuring Plan") to streamline our operations in order to support our investment in critical growth areas. The 2022 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a consolidation of facilities and a workforce reduction. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2022 Restructuring Plan, we recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.4 million and $1.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was related to variable and other facilities-related costs. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was comprised of $1.0 million for variable and other facilities-related costs and $0.2 million for accelerated amortization of lease assets no longer being used with no ability or intent to sublease. We anticipate that we will record approximately $4 million of expense in the remainder of 2024 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

For facilities that are part of a restructuring plan, for which we have no intent or ability to enter into a sublease, we recognize accelerated rent amortization over the period from the date that we commence the plan to fully or partially vacate a facility through the final vacate date. We did not record accelerated rent amortization in the three months ended March 31, 2024. We recorded $0.2 million of accelerated rent amortization in the three months ended March 31, 2023. We continue to evaluate our properties included in our restructuring plans for accelerated amortization and/or right-of-use asset impairment. We may incur additional future expense if we are unable to sublease other locations included in these initiatives.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This MD&A is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and beliefs of what could occur in the future given available information. We consider the following accounting policies to be both those most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and those that require the most subjective judgment. The significant accounting policies that we believe are the most critical include revenue recognition, the valuation of inventory, warranty accruals, loss contingencies and reserves, stock-based compensation, the Preferred Stock and Warrants, business combinations, goodwill and intangible assets, accounting for leases, and accounting for income taxes. If actual results differ significantly from management's estimates and projections, there could be a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. There were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from January 1, 2024 through March 31, 2024. For a further discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Results of Operations

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenue. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three months ended				Decrease from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Product	$	87,610	$	93,318	$	(5,708)	(6.1)	%
Service	92,054		92,841		(787)		(0.8)	%
Total revenue	$	179,664	$	186,159	$	(6,495)	(3.5)	%

Segment revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended March 31, 2024						Three months ended March 31, 2023
	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total		Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Product	$	31,513	$	56,097	$	87,610	$	42,839	$	50,479	$	93,318
Service	70,156		21,898		92,054		71,641		21,200		92,841
Total revenue	$	101,669	$	77,995	$	179,664	$	114,480	$	71,679	$	186,159

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The decrease in our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was the result of $11 million of lower sales of our Cloud and Edge products, partially offset by $5 million of higher sales of our IP Optical Networks products. The decrease in revenue from the sale of Cloud and Edge products was primarily attributable to lower sales to U.S. Service Providers, partially offset by increased sales to Enterprise customers, including U.S. Federal agencies to support voice network modernization. The increase in revenue from the sale of IP Optical Networks products was primarily attributable to higher sales in Israel and Eastern Europe following the introduction of new products and capabilities, including support for Long Haul Optical Transport, 5G Cell Site Routers, and a new series of IP Routers.

Revenue from sales to enterprise customers was 43% and 29% of our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These sales were made through both our direct sales team and indirect sales channel partners. The increase in enterprise sales reflects stronger sales of our products to customers in the government sector.

Revenue from indirect sales through our channel partner program was 52% and 38% of our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in channel sales reflects stronger IP Optical Networks deployments through systems integrators as well as sell-thru our Service Provider channel partners in Eastern Europe.

The timing of the completion of customer projects and revenue recognition criteria satisfaction may cause our product revenue to fluctuate from one period to the next.

Service revenue is primarily comprised of hardware and software maintenance and support (“maintenance revenue”) and network design, installation and other professional services (“professional services revenue”).

Service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three months ended				Increase/(Decrease) from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Maintenance	$	68,381	$	70,588	$	(2,207)	(3.1)	%
Professional services	23,673		22,253		1,420		6.4	%
	$	92,054	$	92,841	$	(787)	(0.8)	%

Segment service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Three months ended March 31, 2024						Three months ended March 31, 2023
	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total		Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Maintenance	$	53,196	$	15,185	$	68,381	$	54,810	$	15,778	$	70,588
Professional services	16,960		6,713		23,673		16,831		5,422		22,253
Total service revenue	$	70,156	$	21,898	$	92,054	$	71,641	$	21,200	$	92,841

Maintenance revenue was 3.1% lower in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to modestly lower renewal rates with several Cloud & Edge customers and the timing of renewals in the IP Optical Networks segment.

Professional services revenue was higher in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 by 6.4% primarily due to growing sales of IP Optical Networks services in the EMEA region.

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The following customer contributed 10% or more of our revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended
Customer	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Verizon Communications Inc.	*	11%
* Less than 10% of total revenue.

Revenue from customers domiciled outside the United States was 60% and 56% in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Due to the timing of project completions, we expect that the domestic and international components as a percentage of revenue may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year.

Our deferred product revenue was $11 million and $17 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our deferred service revenue was $114 million and $116 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our deferred revenue balance may fluctuate as a result of the timing of revenue recognition, customer payments, maintenance contract renewals, contractual billing rights and maintenance revenue deferrals included in multiple element arrangements.

We expect that our total revenue in 2024 will increase compared to our 2023 revenue as our IP Optical sales continue to grow. From a regional perspective, we anticipate continued IP Optical revenue growth in 2024 from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and Central and Latin America. In the Cloud & Edge segment, we anticipate growth in Enterprise, including U.S. Federal agencies, offsetting lower spending from U.S. Service Providers in the first half of 2024.

Cost of Revenue/Gross Margin. Our cost of revenue consists primarily of amounts paid to third-party manufacturers for purchased materials and services, royalties, amortization of acquired technology, inventory valuation adjustments, warranty costs, and manufacturing and services personnel and related costs. Our cost of revenue, gross profit and gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three months ended				Increase (decrease) from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Cost of revenue:
Product	$	45,794	$	62,063	(16,269)		(26.2)	%
Service	35,364		35,305		59		0.2	%
Amortization of acquired technology	6,551		7,389		(838)		(11.3)	%
Total cost of revenue	$	87,709	$	104,757	(17,048)		(16.3)	%
Gross profit	$	91,955	$	81,402	$	10,553	13.0	%

Gross margin 51.2  % 43.7  %

Our segment cost of revenue, gross profit and gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three months ended March 31, 2024						Three months ended March 31, 2023
	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total		Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Product	$	11,408	$	34,386	$	45,794	$	20,920	$	41,143	$	62,063
Service	23,604		11,760		35,364		23,954		11,351		35,305
Amortization of acquired technology	2,227		4,324		6,551		3,529		3,860		7,389
Total cost of revenue	$	37,239	$	50,470	$	87,709	$	48,403	$	56,354	$	104,757
Gross profit	$	64,430	$	27,525	$	91,955	$	66,077	$	15,325	$	81,402

Gross margin 63.4  % 35.3  % 51.2  % 57.7  % 21.4  % 43.7  %

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Our gross margin was higher with an 8% increase overall in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, with higher margins in both of our segments. Our IP Optical Networks segment's gross margin increased by 14% primarily attributable to higher sales volume, favorable customer and product mix, lower product costs, and improved absorption of fixed costs from higher sales. Our Cloud and Edge segment's gross margin increased by 6% primarily due to favorable product mix and lower amortization of acquired technology costs.

We believe that our IP Optical Networks segment gross margin will approximately maintain current levels for the remainder of 2024. Our overall corporate gross margin may decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 as a result of higher expected sales from IP Optical Networks, which has lower margins due to the higher hardware content in its products and higher production costs.

Research and Development. R&D expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses and prototype costs for the design, development, testing, and enhancement of our products. R&D expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

					Decrease from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Three months ended	$	45,763	$	51,304	$	(5,541)	(10.8)	%

The decrease in our R&D expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower expenses in our IP Optical Networks segment. The reduced expenses are a combination of lower employee headcount and outside subcontractors resulting from the cost savings implemented in the 2023 Restructuring Plan.

Our IP Optical Networks R&D investment is focused on significantly expanding our portfolio of IP Routing solutions, adding additional features and capabilities to our Optical Transport portfolio, and supporting features in our next generation SDN management and orchestration platform.

Some aspects of our R&D efforts require significant short-term expenditures, the timing of which may cause variability in our expenses. We believe that rapid technological innovation is critical to our long-term success, and we are tailoring our investments to meet the requirements of our customers and market. We believe that our R&D expenses will remain consistent for the rest of 2024 and will be lower than 2023 overall, with reduced investment in both segments in areas such as sustaining engineering, as well as a full year benefit from the cost savings implemented in the 2023 Restructuring Plan.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, commissions, travel and entertainment expenses, promotions, customer trial and evaluations inventory and other marketing and sales support expenses. Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

					Decrease from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Three months ended	$	34,716	$	35,399	$	(683)	(1.9)	%

The decrease in sales and marketing expenses in 2024 as compared to 2023 is primarily a result of a global sales organization realignment that reduced management layers, as well as reduced investment in under-performing regions. In the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, we achieved an equal reduction of expenses in both of our operating segments.

We believe that our sales and marketing expenses in 2024 will be similar to 2023 as we continue to benefit from the realigned global sales structure.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs for executive and administrative personnel, and audit, legal and other professional fees. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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					Increase from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Three months ended	$	15,191	$	14,045	$	1,146	8.2	%

The increase in general and administrative expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to higher stock-based and other incentive compensation.

We believe that our general and administrative expenses in 2024 will increase slightly compared to our 2023 levels, primarily due to higher employee costs and as a result of inflation.

Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets included in Operating expenses. Amortization of acquired intangible assets included in Operating expenses ("Opex Amortization") for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

					Decrease from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Three months ended	$	6,706	$	7,264	$	(558)	(7.7)	%

Opex Amortization was lower for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. We record our amortization in relation to expected future cash flows rather than on a straight-line basis. Accordingly, such expense may vary from one period to the next.

Acquisition-, Disposal- and Integration-Related. Acquisition-, disposal- and integration-related expenses include those expenses related to acquisitions that we would otherwise not have incurred. Acquisition- and disposal-related expenses include professional and services fees, such as legal, audit, consulting, paying agent and other fees. Integration-related expenses represent incremental costs related to combining our systems and processes with those of acquired businesses, such as third-party consulting and other third-party services.

We recorded no such expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.6 million of such expenses recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2023. These costs were related to integration following the Company's acquisition of ECI and included license fees for systems in the process of being retired.

Restructuring and Related. We have been committed to streamlining our operations and reducing operating costs by closing and consolidating certain facilities and reducing our worldwide workforce. Please see the additional discussion of our restructuring initiatives in the "Restructuring and Cost Reduction Initiatives" section of the Overview of this MD&A.

We recorded restructuring and related expense of $3.1 million and $6.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although we have eliminated positions as part of our restructuring initiatives, we continue to hire in certain areas that we believe are important to our future growth.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense and interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three months ended				Increase (decrease) from prior year
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		$		%
Interest income	$	106	$	59	$	47	79.7	%
Interest expense	(6,093)		(6,481)		$	(388)	(6.0)	%
Interest expense, net	$	(5,987)	$	(6,422)	$	(435)	(6.8)	%

Our Interest income was nominal in 2024 and 2023. Interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was primarily comprised of interest and amortization of debt issuance costs related to the 2020 Credit Facility (as defined below). Our interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 benefited from our interest rate swap, which was sold in March 2023. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the sale of our interest rate

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swap.

Other (Expense) Income, Net. We recorded other expense, net of $7.5 million and other income, net of $4.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily comprised of the $3.5 million fair value adjustment of our Preferred Stock and Warrants, including dividends on the Preferred Stock, and foreign currency exchange losses of $1.1 million. Other income in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to the gain of $7.3 million recognized from Accumulated other comprehensive income in connection with the sale of our interest rate swap, partially offset by $3.5 million of costs incurred in the Private Placement.

Income Taxes. We recorded income tax provisions of $3.4 million and $1.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts reflect our estimates of the effective rates expected to be applicable for the respective full fiscal years, adjusted for any discrete events, which are recorded in the period that they occur. These estimates are reevaluated each quarter based on our estimated tax rate for the full year. The estimated effective tax rate includes the impact of valuation allowances in various jurisdictions. We intend to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the respective allowances.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the "OECD") Pillar 2 global minimum tax rules are

intended to apply for tax years beginning in 2024. On February 1, 2023, the FASB staff noted that they believe that the Pillar 2 tax would be an alternative minimum tax and therefore deferred tax assets would not need to be recognized related to this parallel taxing system. On February 2, 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. Under an additional transitional safe harbor released July 17, 2023, the undertaxed profits rule top-up tax will not be applied by any constituent entity's jurisdiction of residence

with respect to income earned by a company's ultimate parent entity in its jurisdiction of residence, if the ultimate parent entity's jurisdiction has a corporate tax rate of at least 20%. This transition safe harbor will apply to fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2025 and ending before December 31, 2026. We are closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on our tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules and do not expect Pillar 2 to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial position, changes in financial position, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		Change
Net loss	$	(30,361)	$	(38,305)	$	7,944
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash flows provided by operating activities	22,156		9,542		12,614
Changes in operating assets and liabilities	21,305		39,896		(18,591)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	13,100	$	11,133	$	1,967
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(2,663)	$	(2,413)	$	(250)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(5,843)	$	(30,119)	$	24,276

We had cash and cash equivalents aggregating $31 million and $27 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We had cash held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries aggregating $18 million and $16 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. If we elect to repatriate all of the funds held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries as of March 31, 2024, we do not believe that the amounts of potential withholding taxes that would arise from the repatriation would have a material effect on our liquidity.

We currently maintain the Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement (as amended, the "2020 Credit Facility"), which we entered into on March 3, 2020, by and among us, as a guarantor, Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc.,

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as the borrower ("Borrower"), Citizens Bank, N.A. ("Citizens"), Santander Bank, N.A., and others as lenders, ("Lenders"). For additional details regarding the terms of the 2020 Credit Facility, see Note 9 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

On March 24, 2023, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility (the “Sixth Amendment”) effective March 30, 2023. The Sixth Amendment, among other things, increased the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility), with the first, second and third quarters of 2023 increasing to 4.50:1.00. In the fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio declines to 4.25:1.00 and 4.00:1.00, respectively. In all subsequent quarters, the Maximum Consolidated Senior Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 3.00:1.00 and the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 4.00:1.00. Also, the Sixth Amendment reduced the minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) to 1.10:1.00 through the first quarter of 2024 and in all subsequent quarters the ratio will be fixed at 1.25:1.00. The Sixth Amendment reduced the maximum borrowings allowed under the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility from $100 million to $75 million and the sublimit available for letters of credit was reduced from $30 million to $20 million. In addition, the Sixth Amendment replaced LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the alternative rate that may be used by the Company for calculating interest owed under the 2020 Credit Facility with the margin now fixed at 4.5%. In conjunction with the Sixth Amendment, we made a $75 million prepayment that was applied to the final payment due upon maturity in March 2025 of approximately $200.4 million. The $75 million prepayment was almost entirely funded with the net proceeds from the Private Placement and the sales of our interest rate swap. Debt issuance costs associated with the Sixth Amendment totaled $1.7 million and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the 2020 Credit Facility to Interest expense, net.

The 2020 Credit Facility, as amended, allows us to incur junior secured or unsecured debt in an amount no less than $50 million, subject to certain conditions, including the requirement that 50% of the aggregate amount of such incurred debt (net of certain costs, fees and other amounts) must be applied to prepay the 2020 Credit Facility and compliance with certain leverage ratio-based covenant exceptions. Quarterly principal payments are required on the 2020 Term Loan aggregating approximately $5.0 million per quarter through March 31, 2024 and $10.0 million in each of the three quarters thereafter, with the remaining and final payment due on the maturity date in March 2025.

At March 31, 2024, we had an outstanding balance under the 2020 Term Loan of $230.4 million at an average interest rate of 9.9%, and $3 million of letters of credit outstanding with an interest rate of 4.5%. The Company's interest rates under our 2020 Term Loan for the three months ended March 31, 2023 benefited from a hedge instrument that was in place, specifically a fixed rate swap, which was sold in March 2023 (see Note 10). We were in compliance with all covenants of the 2020 Credit Facility at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including the current Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio calculation that considers our debt to include Preferred Stock.

We use letters of credit, performance and bid bonds in the course of our business. At March 31, 2024, we had $9.7 million letters of credit, bank guarantees, and performance and bid bonds outstanding (collectively, "Guarantees"), comprised of the $2.7 million of letters of credit under the 2020 Credit Facility described above (the "Letters of Credit") and $7.0 million of bank guarantees and performance and bid bonds (collectively, the "Other Guarantees") under various uncommitted facilities. At December 31, 2023, we had $7.9 million of Guarantees, comprised of $2.7 million of Letters of Credit and $5.2 million of Other Guarantees.

We are exposed to financial market risk related to foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates. These exposures are actively monitored by management. To manage the volatility related to the exposure to changes in interest rates, we may enter into a derivative financial instrument. Management's objective has been to reduce, where it is deemed appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. Our policies and practices are to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

As a result of exposure to interest rate movements, during March 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap arrangement, which effectively converted our $400 million term loan with its variable interest rate based upon one-month LIBOR to an aggregate fixed rate of 0.904%, plus a leverage-based margin as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility. On July 22, 2022, we sold $30 million of the notional amount of our interest rate swap back to our counterparty for $1.5 million, reducing the notional amount of this swap to $370 million. On August 16, 2022, we sold another $30 million of the notional amount of our interest rate swap back to our counterparty for $1.6 million, reducing the notional amount to $340 million, which approximated the term loan debt then outstanding. The gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the $60 million notional amount sold of $3.1 million is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense, the amortization of which totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On March 24, 2023, the Company received $9.4 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.0 million for the sale of $170 million of its $340 million notional amount interest rate swap back to its

42

counterparty, reducing the notional amount to $170 million. On March 27, 2023, the Company received $9.8 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.4 million for the sale of the remaining $170 million of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the term loan debt prepaid on the date of the final sale of our swap totaled $7.3 million and was released into earnings immediately as Other expense, net. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to our remaining term loan debt balance totaled $12.0 million and is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense beginning in the second quarter of 2023, the amortization of which was $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives have been to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, we have used an interest rate swap as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the life of an agreement without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, such a derivative was used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the outstanding borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facility and the Company accounted for this derivative as an effective hedge until the final portion of the swap was sold on March 27, 2023. Any ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative would be recognized directly in earnings. However, we recorded no hedge ineffectiveness over the life of our swap. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded $7.3 million of Other expense, net due to the sale of our swap.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities has been from cash collections from our customers. We expect cash flows from operating activities to be affected by increases and decreases in sales volumes and timing of collections, and by purchases and shipments of inventory. Our primary uses of cash for operating activities have been for personnel costs and investment in our research and development and in our sales and marketing, and general and administrative departments.

Our operating activities provided cash of $13.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily resulting from lower accounts receivable and other operating assets, and certain non-cash expenses such as amortization of intangible assets and stock-based compensation. These amounts were partially offset by our net loss and lower accounts payable, accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities, lower deferred revenue, higher inventory and certain non-cash items such as deferred income taxes. Higher product revenue in our IP Optical Networks segment and lower operating expenses company-wide due to our various cost saving initiatives, including lower employee and facilities expenses, continue to positively affect our operating cash flow.

Cash provided by operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $11.1 million, primarily resulting from lower accounts receivable and other operating assets, higher accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities, higher deferred revenue, and certain non-cash expenses such as amortization of intangible assets and stock-based compensation. These amounts were partially offset by our net loss and lower accounts payable, higher inventory and certain non-cash items such as deferred income taxes and the gain on sale of our interest rate swap.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our investing activities used $2.7 million and $2.4 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to purchase property and equipment and software licenses.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our financing activities used $5.8 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to $5.0 million of principal payments on our term debt and $0.8 million for the payment of tax withholding related to the net share settlements of restricted stock awards upon vesting. In addition, we had $15.0 million of borrowings and $15.0 million of principal payments under our 2020 Revolving Credit Facility.

Our financing activities used $30.1 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to $80.0 million of principal payments, including a $75.0 million prepayment in connection with the Sixth Amendment to the 2020

43

Credit Facility, $1.6 million of debt issuance costs also paid in connection with the Sixth Amendment, and $1.9 million for the payment of tax withholding obligations related to the net share settlements of restricted stock awards upon vesting. In addition, we received $53.4 million of proceeds from the issuance of the Preferred Stock and Warrants in the Private Placement.

The rate at which we consume cash is dependent on the cash needs of our future operations, including our contractual obligations at March 31, 2024, primarily comprised of our debt principal and interest obligations as described above, and our operating lease and purchase obligations. Our operating lease obligations totaled $61.2 million at March 31, 2024, with payments aggregating $13.9 million in the remainder of 2024, $10.8 million in 2025, $9.0 million in 2026 and $27.5 million thereafter. Estimated payments for purchase obligations for the full year 2024 aggregate approximately $101 million. We anticipate devoting substantial capital resources to continue our R&D efforts, to maintain our sales, support and marketing, and for other general corporate activities. We believe that our financial resources, along with managing discretionary expenses, will allow us to manage the ongoing impact of inflation on our business operations. Looking ahead, we have developed contingency plans to reduce costs further if the situation deteriorates.

However, we do not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity to repay the $200.4 million due on March 3, 2025, the maturity date of our 2020 Credit Facility. In response to these conditions, management's plans include refinancing the 2020 Credit Facility. We have entered into a binding commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter") to refinance the 2020 Credit Facility. See Note 20 - Subsequent Event to our condensed consolidated financial statements. The refinance contemplated by the Commitment Letter is expected to close no later than June 30, 2024. However, because the credit facility contemplated by the Commitment Letter has not yet been finalized, it cannot be deemed to be within our control. As a result, such plans cannot be deemed probable and do not alleviate the substantial doubt raised about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases the disclosure requirements around rate reconciliation information and certain types of income taxes companies are required to pay. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for us beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, including enhancement of the disclosures of significant segment expenses and interim disclosure requirements, to enable investors to better understand an entity's overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for us annually beginning in 2024 and on an interim basis beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”), which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU was issued in response to and to align GAAP with the SEC's August 2018 final rule that updates and simplifies disclosure requirements. The effective date for us for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure requirement becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On February 1, 2023, the FASB staff noted that they believe that the Pillar 2 tax, established by the OECD and intended to apply for tax years beginning in 2024, would be an alternative minimum tax and therefore deferred tax assets would not need to be recognized related to this parallel taxing system. On February 2, 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. Under an additional transitional safe harbor released July 17, 2023, the undertaxed profits rule top-up tax will not be applied by any constituent entity's jurisdiction of residence with respect to income earned by a company's ultimate parent entity in its jurisdiction of residence, if the ultimate parent entity's jurisdiction has a corporate tax rate of at least 20%. This transition safe harbor will apply to fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2025 and ending before December 31, 2026. We are closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on our tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules. Based upon preliminary calculations for calendar year 2024, we anticipate that we will meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and any remaining top-up tax should be immaterial.

44

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

45

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

We are subject to legal proceedings and claims that have not been fully resolved and that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Our material legal proceedings as described in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Note 19, "Commitments and Contingencies," under the heading "Litigation."

The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against the Company in a reporting period for amounts above management's expectations, our financial condition and operating results for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected. We settled certain matters during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that did not individually or in the aggregate have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties, which may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations, and you should carefully consider them. There have been no material changes in the three months ended March 31, 2024 to the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to the shares of common stock repurchased by us for the periods indicated:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1, 2024 to January 31, 2024	194,201	$	2.84	—	$	—
February 1, 2024 to February 29, 2024	2,735	$	3.24	—	$	—
March 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024	100,397	$	2.83	—	$	—
Total	297,333	$	2.84	—	$	—

(1) Upon vesting of restricted stock awards, certain of our employees surrender to us a portion of the newly vested shares of common stock to satisfy the tax withholding obligations that arise in connection with such vesting. During the first quarter of 2024, 297,333 shares of restricted stock were returned to us by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising in connection with vesting of restricted stock.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of the Company's directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933). During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not adopt, terminate or modify a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.

46

Item 6.    Exhibits

Exhibit No.		Description
2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 14, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Ribbon Communications Israel Ltd., Eclipse Communications Ltd., ECI Telecom Group Ltd. and ECI Holding (Hungary) Korlátolt Felelősségű Társág (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 14, 2019 with the SEC).
2.2		Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, among Ribbon Communications Inc., Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., Ribbon Communications International Limited and American Virtual Cloud Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 7, 2020 with the SEC).
3.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K12B, filed October 30, 2017 with the SEC).
3.2		Certificate of Amendment of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 28, 2017 with the SEC).
3.3		Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 30, 2023 with the SEC).
3.4		Certificate of Amendment of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 4, 2023 with the SEC).
3.5		Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 8, 2018 with the SEC).
4.1		Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 30, 2023 with the SEC).
31.1	*	Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	*	Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	#	Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	#	Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	*	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104	*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

_______________________________________

*    Filed herewith.

#    Furnished herewith.

47

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: May 15, 2024	RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.
By:	/s/ Miguel A Lopez
	Miguel A. Lopez Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

48

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Bruce McClelland, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ribbon Communications Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2024

/s/ Bruce McClelland

Bruce McClelland
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Miguel A. Lopez, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ribbon Communications Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2024

/s/ Miguel A. Lopez

Miguel A. Lopez
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ribbon Communications Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended March 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Bruce McClelland, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1)the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 15, 2024

/s/ Bruce McClelland

Bruce McClelland
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ribbon Communications Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended March 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Miguel A. Lopez, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1)the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 15, 2024

/s/ Miguel A. Lopez

Miguel A. Lopez
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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	Mar. 31, 2024	May 10, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
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Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
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Entity File Number	001-38267
Entity Registrant Name	RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	82-1669692
Entity Address, Address Line One	6500 Chase Oaks Boulevard, Suite 100,
Entity Address, City or Town	Plano
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	75023
City Area Code	978
Local Phone Number	614-8100
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001
Trading Symbol	RBBN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		173,909,887
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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 30,931	$ 26,630
Accounts receivable, net	212,498	268,421
Inventory	80,758	77,521
Other current assets	44,943	46,146
Total current assets	369,130	418,718
Property and equipment, net	40,758	41,820
Intangible assets, net	224,880	238,087
Goodwill	300,892	300,892
Deferred income taxes	72,438	69,761
Operating lease right-of-use assets	37,110	39,783
Other assets	33,252	35,092
Total assets	1,078,460	1,144,153
Current liabilities:
Current portion of term debt	228,168	35,102
Accounts payable	66,847	85,164
Accrued expenses and other	84,491	91,687
Operating lease liabilities	14,213	15,739
Deferred revenue	110,596	113,381
Total current liabilities	504,315	341,073
Long-term debt, net of current	0	197,482
Warrant liability	5,927	5,295
Preferred stock liability, $0.01 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized, 55,000 shares issued and outstanding ($56,650 liquidation preference)	56,204	53,337
Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768	38,711
Deferred revenue, net of current	14,019	19,218
Deferred income taxes	5,616	5,616
Other long-term liabilities	30,953	30,658
Total liabilities	653,802	691,390
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 240,000,000 shares authorized; 172,714,429 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024; 172,083,667 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023	17	17
Additional paid-in capital	1,962,602	1,958,909
Accumulated deficit	(1,550,311)	(1,519,950)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	12,350	13,787
Total stockholders' equity	424,658	452,763
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 1,078,460	$ 1,144,153

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	55,000	55,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	55,000	55,000
Preferred stock, liquidation preference, value	$ 56,650	$ 56,650
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	240,000,000	240,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	172,714,429	172,083,667
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	172,714,429	172,083,667

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 179,664	$ 186,159
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	87,709	104,757
Gross profit	91,955	81,402
Operating expenses:
Research and development	45,763	51,304
Sales and marketing	34,716	35,399
General and administrative	15,191	14,045
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	6,706	7,264
Acquisition-, disposal- and integration-related	0	1,642
Restructuring and related	3,065	6,937
Total operating expenses	105,441	116,591
Loss from operations	(13,486)	(35,189)
Interest expense, net	(5,987)	(6,422)
Other (expense) income, net	(7,513)	4,772
Loss before income taxes	(26,986)	(36,839)
Income tax provision	(3,375)	(1,466)
Net loss	$ (30,361)	$ (38,305)
Loss per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.18)	$ (0.23)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.18)	$ (0.23)
Weighted average shares used to compute loss per share:
Basic (in shares)	172,428	168,541
Diluted (in shares)	172,428	168,541
Product
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 87,610	$ 93,318
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	45,794	62,063
Service
Revenue:
Total revenue	92,054	92,841
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	35,364	35,305
Amortization of acquired technology
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	$ 6,551	$ 7,389

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (30,361)	$ (38,305)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized loss on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization into earnings	(1,321)	(5,900)
Reclassification of gain to other income (expense), net upon sale of interest rate swap	0	(5,099)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(116)	(151)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(1,437)	(11,150)
Comprehensive loss, net of tax	$ (31,798)	$ (49,455)

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common stock	Additional paid-in capital	Accumulated deficit	Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		168,324,995
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 518,427	$ 17	$ 1,941,569	$ (1,453,744)	$ 30,585
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		573
Exercise of stock options	1		1
Vesting of restricted stock awards and units (in shares)		1,020,277
Vesting of performance-based stock units (in shares)		381,071
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations (in shares)		(496,937)
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations	(1,893)		(1,893)
Stock-based compensation expense	5,848		5,848
Other comprehensive loss	(11,150)				(11,150)
Net loss	(38,305)			(38,305)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		169,229,979
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 472,928	$ 17	1,945,525	(1,492,049)	19,435
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	172,083,667	172,083,667
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 452,763	$ 17	1,958,909	(1,519,950)	13,787
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		8,624
Exercise of stock options	17		17
Vesting of restricted stock awards and units (in shares)		888,189
Vesting of performance-based stock units (in shares)		31,282
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations (in shares)		(297,333)
Shares of restricted stock returned to the Company under net share settlements to satisfy tax withholding obligations	(846)		(846)
Stock-based compensation expense	4,522		4,522
Other comprehensive loss	(1,437)				(1,437)
Net loss	$ (30,361)			(30,361)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024	172,714,429	172,714,429
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 424,658	$ 17	$ 1,962,602	$ (1,550,311)	$ 12,350

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (30,361)	$ (38,305)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash flows provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	3,394	3,510
Amortization of intangible assets	13,257	14,653
Amortization of debt issuance costs	716	1,065
Amortization of accumulated other comprehensive gain related to interest rate swap	(1,756)	0
Stock-based compensation	4,522	5,848
Deferred income taxes	(2,620)	(6,048)
Gain on sale of swap	0	(7,301)
Change in fair value of warrant liability	632	0
Change in fair value of preferred stock liability	1,512	0
Dividends accrued on preferred stock liability	1,355	0
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses	1,144	(2,185)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	55,384	19,742
Inventory	(4,379)	(2,917)
Other operating assets	7,923	15,031
Accounts payable	(17,837)	(10,405)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities	(11,800)	11,521
Deferred revenue	(7,986)	6,924
Net cash provided by operating activities	13,100	11,133
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(2,513)	(2,413)
Purchases of software licenses	(150)	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,663)	(2,413)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings under revolving line of credit	15,000	0
Principal payments on revolving line of credit	(15,000)	0
Principal payments of term debt	(5,014)	(80,015)
Payment of debt issuance costs	0	(1,562)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock and warrant liabilities	0	53,350
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	17	1
Payment of tax obligations related to vested stock awards and units	(846)	(1,893)
Net cash used in financing activities	(5,843)	(30,119)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(293)	171
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	4,301	(21,228)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	26,630	67,262
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	30,931	46,034
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	6,322	4,757
Income taxes paid	3,138	1,517
Income tax refunds received	474	289
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:
Capital expenditures incurred, but not yet paid	1,889	1,579
Inventory transfers to property and equipment	507	656
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities:
Fair value of vested restricted and performance-based stock grants	$ 2,610	$ 5,332

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Ribbon Communications Inc. ("Ribbon" or the "Company") is a leading global provider of communications technology to service providers and enterprises. The Company provides a broad range of software and high-performance hardware products, network solutions, and services that enable the secure delivery of data and voice communications, and high-bandwidth networking and connectivity for residential consumers and for small, medium, and large enterprises and industry verticals such as finance, education, government, utilities, and transportation. Ribbon's mission is to create a recognized global technology leader providing cloud-centric solutions that enable the secure exchange of information, with unparalleled scale, performance, and elasticity. The Company is headquartered in Plano, Texas, and has a global presence with research and development, or sales and support locations in over thirty countries around the world.

Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, necessary for their fair presentation with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or any future interim period. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as amended (the "Annual Report"), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.

Operating Segments

The Company's chief operating decision maker (the "CODM") is its president and chief executive officer. The CODM assesses the Company's performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks segment ("IP Optical Networks").

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company's significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report. There were no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ribbon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, inventory valuations, assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and the Preferred Stock and Warrants, intangible asset and goodwill valuations, including impairments, warranty accruals, legal contingencies and recoverability of Ribbon's net deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowances. Ribbon regularly assesses these estimates and records changes in estimates in the period in which they become known. Ribbon bases its

estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company's IP Optical Networks segment maintains customer receivables factoring agreements with a number of financial institutions. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company may transfer receivables to the financial institutions, on a non-recourse basis, provided that the financial institutions approve the receivables in advance. The Company maintains credit insurance policies from major insurance providers or obtains letters of credit from the customers for a majority of its factored trade receivables. The Company accounts for the factoring of its financial assets as a sale of the assets and records the factoring fees, when incurred, as a component of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, and the proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Factoring of accounts receivable and associated fees for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Accounts receivable sold	20,992	21,061
Less factoring fees	(391)	(455)
Net cash proceeds	20,601	20,606

Going Concern Assessment and Management Plans

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company's 2020 Credit Facility (as defined in Note 9) requires quarterly payments of $10.0 million each in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2024, with the remaining balance of $200.4 million due on March 3, 2025. The Company does not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity to repay the $200.4 million due on March 3, 2025. In response to these conditions, management's plans include refinancing the 2020 Credit Facility. The Company has entered into a binding commitment letter to refinance the 2020 Credit Facility. See Note 20 - Subsequent Event. The refinance contemplated by the binding commitment letter is expected to close no later than June 30, 2024. However, because the credit facility contemplated by the commitment letter has not yet been finalized, it cannot be deemed to be within the Company's control. As a result, such plans cannot be deemed probable and do not alleviate the substantial doubt raised about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases the disclosure requirements around rate reconciliation information and certain types of income taxes companies are required to pay. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, including enhancement of the

disclosures of significant segment expenses and interim disclosure requirements, to enable investors to better understand an entity's overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for the Company annually beginning in 2024 and on an interim basis beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”), which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU was issued in response to, and to align GAAP with, the SEC's August 2018 final rule that updates and simplifies disclosure requirements. The effective date for the Company for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure requirement becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On February 1, 2023, the FASB staff noted that they believe that the Pillar 2 tax, established by the OECD and intended to apply for tax years beginning in 2024, would be an alternative minimum tax and therefore deferred tax assets would not need to be recognized related to this parallel taxing system. On February 2, 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. Under an additional transitional safe harbor released July 17, 2023, the undertaxed profits rule top-up tax will not be applied by any constituent entity's jurisdiction of residence with respect to income earned by a company's ultimate parent entity in its jurisdiction of residence, if the ultimate parent entity's jurisdiction has a corporate tax rate of at least 20%. This transition safe harbor will apply to fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2025 and ending before December 31, 2026. The Company is closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on its tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules. Based upon preliminary calculations for calendar year 2024, the Company anticipates that it will meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and any remaining top-up tax should be immaterial.

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EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports net income, diluted net earnings per share is determined by using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.

The shares used to compute loss per share were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	172,428	168,541
Potential dilutive common shares	—	—
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	172,428	168,541

Options to purchase the Company's common stock and unvested restricted and performance-based stock units aggregating 12.1 million and 11.9 million shares were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because their effect would have been antidilutive.

On March 28, 2023, the Company issued 55,000 shares of newly designated Series A Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Stock") to investors in a private placement offering at a price of $970 per share, along with 4.9 million warrants (the "Warrants") to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Private Placement"), at the exercise price of $3.77 per share. The proceeds from the Private Placement were approximately $53.4 million, including approximately $10 million from existing related party stockholders (See Note 11).

As of March 31, 2024, the potential number of dilutive shares from the Warrants totaled 4.9 million shares. However, there

was no impact on weighted average shares outstanding from these Warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as the average share price of the Company's common stock was below the exercise price of $3.77 per share and their effect would have been antidilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the potential effect from the Warrants on weighted average shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share was de minimis.

Dividends payable on the Preferred Stock are not an adjustment to net income (loss) used for the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share as these dividends are included in the fair value adjustment of the Preferred Stock which is reflected in Other (expense) income, net.

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INVENTORY

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

INVENTORY

INVENTORY

Inventory at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
On-hand final assemblies and finished goods inventories	$	98,290	$	93,077
Deferred cost of goods sold	1,927		3,269
	100,217		96,346
Less noncurrent portion (included in Other assets)	(19,459)		(18,825)
Current portion	$	80,758	$	77,521

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INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

The Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

March 31, 2024	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	245,163	$	95,217
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		141,423		126,717
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,927		73
Software licenses	3.00	5,486		2,613		2,873
	9.50	$	619,006	$	394,126	$	224,880

December 31, 2023	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	239,066	$	101,314
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		134,743		133,397
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,901		99
Software licenses	3.00	5,436		2,159		3,277
	9.51	$	618,956	$	380,869	$	238,087

Estimated future amortization expense for the Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	37,557
2025	44,105
2026	39,056
2027	33,939
2028	23,400
2029	18,379
Thereafter	28,444
	$	224,880

There were no changes to the carrying value of the Company's goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The components of goodwill at both March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Goodwill	$	392,302	$	191,996	$	584,298
Accumulated impairment losses	(167,406)		(116,000)		(283,406)
	$	224,896	$	75,996	$	300,892

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FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

The carrying amounts of the Company's cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under a revolving credit facility in the condensed consolidated balance sheets approximates fair value due to the immediate or short-term nature of these financial instruments. Ribbon's term debt balance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of $230.4 million and $235.4 million, respectively, had a fair value of approximately $231.5 million and $235.1 million, respectively. Our Preferred Stock and Warrants liabilities had a combined fair value of $62.1 million as of March 31, 2024, including cumulative dividends on the Preferred Stock of $5.3 million.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The three-tier fair value hierarchy is based on the level of independent, objective evidence surrounding the inputs used to measure fair value. A financial instrument's categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1. Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company had no assets or liabilities fair valued using Level 1 input at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Level 2. Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets). At December 31, 2023, the Company determined the fair value of its defined benefit plans' assets using Level 2 input. There were no significant changes to the Company's defined benefit plans' assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that required the calculation of their fair value as of March 31, 2024.

Level 3. Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's Preferred Stock and Warrants were determined using Level 3 input.

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ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER

ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER

Accrued expenses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Employee compensation and related costs	$	29,505	$	33,682
Professional fees	19,148		19,702
Taxes payable	3,653		8,383
Other	32,185		29,920
	$	84,491	$	91,687

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WARRANTY ACCRUALS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Guarantees and Product Warranties [Abstract]

WARRANTY ACCRUALS

WARRANTY ACCRUALS

The changes in the Company's accrual balance in the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance at January 1, 2024	$	12,243
Current period provisions	1,347
Settlements	(1,334)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	12,256

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RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES

RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES

The Company recorded restructuring and related expense aggregating $3.1 million and $6.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Restructuring and related expense includes restructuring expense (primarily severance and related costs), estimated future variable lease costs for vacated properties with no intent or ability of sublease, and accelerated rent amortization expense.

For restructuring events that involve lease assets and liabilities, the Company applies lease reassessment and modification guidance and evaluates the right-of-use assets for potential impairment. If the Company plans to exit all or distinct portions of a facility and does not have the ability or intent to sublease, the Company will accelerate the amortization of each of those lease components through the vacate date. The accelerated amortization is recorded as a component of Restructuring and related expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Related variable lease expenses will continue to be expensed as incurred through the vacate date, at which time the Company will reassess the liability balance to ensure it appropriately reflects the remaining liability associated with the premises and record a liability for the estimated future variable lease costs.

Accelerated amortization of lease assets is recognized from the date that the Company commences the plan to fully or partially vacate a facility, for which there is no intent or ability to enter into a sublease, through the final vacate date. Accelerated amortization of lease assets that are included as a component of restructuring and related expense are excluded from the restructuring accrual activity tables below, as the liability for lease payments for these facilities is included as a component of current and noncurrent Operating lease liabilities in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (see Note 16). The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the Company's facilities consolidation initiatives.

Restructuring and related expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Severance and related costs	$	1,616	$	5,708
Variable and other facilities-related costs	1,449		$	1,006
Accelerated amortization of lease assets due to cease-use	—		$	223
	$	3,065	$	6,937

2023 Restructuring Plan

On February 22, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2023 Restructuring Plan") to streamline the Company's operations in order to support the Company's investment in critical growth areas. The 2023 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a workforce reduction. Any potential positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements.

In connection with the 2023 Restructuring Plan, the Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.6 million and $5.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisting entirely of severance related costs. A summary of the 2023 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense		Cash payments		Net transfer to operating lease accounts		Balance at March 31, 2024
Severance	$	671	$	1,616	$	(1,284)	$	—	$	1,003

2022 Restructuring Plan

On February 14, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2022 Restructuring Plan") to streamline the Company's operations in order to support the Company's investment in critical growth areas. The 2022 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a consolidation of facilities and a workforce reduction. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements.

The Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.4 million and $1.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, in connection with the 2022 Restructuring Plan. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was comprised of $1.4 million for facilities-related costs. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was comprised of $1.0 million for variable and other facilities-related costs and $0.2 million for accelerated amortization of lease assets no longer being used with no ability or intent to sublease. A summary of the 2022 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense	Cash payments	Balance at March 31, 2024
Variable and other facilities-related costs	$	468	1,449	(1,495)	$	422

Balance Sheet Classification

The current portions of accrued restructuring were $1.4 million and $1.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included as components of Accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring are included as components of Other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring were $1.0 million and $1.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

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DEBT

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

DEBT

DEBT

2020 Credit Facility

On March 3, 2020, the Company entered into a Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement (as amended, the "2020 Credit Facility"), by and among the Company, as a guarantor, Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., as the borrower ("Borrower"), Citizens Bank, N.A. ("Citizens"), Santander Bank, N.A., and others as lenders ("Lenders"). The proceeds from the Credit Agreement were used, in part, to pay off in full all obligations of the Company under the 2019 Credit Facility.

The 2020 Credit Facility originally provided for $500 million of commitments from the Lenders to the Borrower, comprised of $400 million in term loans (the "2020 Term Loan Facility") and a $100 million facility available for revolving loans (the "2020 Revolving Credit Facility"). Under the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility, a $30 million sublimit was originally available for letters of credit and a $20 million sublimit remains available for swingline loans.

The indebtedness and other obligations under the 2020 Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis by the Company, Edgewater Networks, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and GENBAND Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (together, the "Guarantors"). The 2020 Credit Facility is secured by first-priority liens on substantially all of the assets of the Borrower and the Guarantors, including substantially all of the assets of the Company.

The 2020 Credit Facility requires compliance with certain financial covenants, including a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (each as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility, and each tested on a quarterly basis).

On August 18, 2020, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility in which $75 million of the 2020 Term Loan Facility was assigned from Citizens to a new lender and designated as the Term B Loan. The remaining $325 million of the 2020 Term Loan Facility was deemed the Term A Loan.

The Term A Loan and the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility mature in March 2025 and originally bore interest at the Borrower's option at either the LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 3.50% per year, or the base rate plus 0.50%, or the prime rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 2.50% per year (the "Applicable Margin"). The Applicable Margin varied depending on the Company's Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility).

The Term B Loan was scheduled to mature in March 2026 and bore interest, at the Borrower's option, at either the LIBOR rate plus a margin of 7.50% per year, or the base rate (the highest of the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the First Amendment) plus 0.50%, or the prime rate.

On December 1, 2020, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility to obtain consent for an equity exchange with AVCT in connection with the sale of our Kandy Communications business, as well as to amend certain other provisions of the 2020 Credit Facility.

On March 3, 2021, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility which provided for an incremental term loan facility in the principal amount of $74.6 million, the proceeds of which were used to consummate an open market purchase of all outstanding amounts under the Term B Loan, resulting in the assignment and immediate cancellation of the Term B Loan, such that the outstanding amount under the Term A Loan and incremental term loan facility were combined and held by the Lenders (the "2020 Term Loan") with the same terms as the Term A Loan. The Company wrote off $2.5 million of capitalized debt issuance costs in connection with the Third Amendment.

On March 10, 2022, the Company entered into the Fourth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility to increase the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) and in conjunction the Company made a $15.0 million prepayment that was applied to the final payment due on the maturity date.

On June 30, 2022, the Company entered into the Fifth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility (the "Fifth Amendment") to increase the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) for 2022, with the fourth quarter of 2022 increased to 4.75:1.00, the first and second quarters of 2023 declining to 3.25:1.00, and in all subsequent quarters the ratio was to be fixed at 3.00:1.00. Also, the Fifth Amendment reduced the minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) in 2022, with the fourth quarter of 2022 reduced to 1.10:1.00 and in all subsequent quarters the ratio was to be fixed at 1.25:1.00. In addition, the Fifth Amendment increased the maximum rate at which loans were to bear interest if the Company's Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio for any quarter was greater than 4.50:1.00. Specifically, loans incurred would bear interest, at the Borrower’s option, at either LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 4.50% per year, or the base rate plus 0.50%, or the prime rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 3.50% per year. The Fifth Amendment also allows the Company to incur junior secured or unsecured debt in an amount no less than $50 million, subject to certain conditions, including the requirement that 50% of the aggregate amount of such incurred debt (net of certain costs, fees and other amounts) must be applied to prepay the 2020 Credit Facility, and compliance with certain leverage ratio-based covenant exceptions. In connection with the Fifth Amendment, the Company made a $10.0 million voluntary prepayment that was applied to the final payment due on the maturity date. Subsequent to the Fifth Amendment, the Company is required to make quarterly principal payments on the 2020 Term Loan aggregating approximately $5.0 million per quarter through March 31, 2024 and $10.0 million in each of the three quarters thereafter, with the remaining and final payment due on the maturity date in March 2025.

On March 24, 2023, the Company entered into the Sixth Amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility (the “Sixth Amendment”) effective March 30, 2023. The Sixth Amendment, among other things, increased the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility), with the first, second and third quarters of 2023 increasing to 4.50:1.00. In the fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio declines to 4.25:1.00 and 4.00:1.00, respectively. In all subsequent quarters, the Maximum Consolidated Senior Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 3.00:1.00 and the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio will be fixed at 4.00:1.00. Also, the Sixth Amendment reduced the minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility) to 1.10:1.00 through the first quarter of 2024 and in all subsequent quarters the ratio will be fixed at 1.25:1.00. The Sixth Amendment reduced the maximum borrowings allowed under the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility from $100 million to $75 million and the sublimit available for letters of credit was reduced from $30 million to $20 million. In addition, the Sixth Amendment replaced LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the alternative rate that may be used by the Company for calculating interest owed under the 2020 Credit Facility with the margin now fixed at 4.5%. In conjunction with the Sixth Amendment, the Company made a $75 million prepayment that was applied to the final payment due upon maturity in March 2025 of approximately $200.4 million. The $75 million prepayment was almost entirely funded with the net proceeds from the Private Placement and the sales of our interest rate swap. Debt issuance costs associated with the Sixth Amendment totaled $1.7 million and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the 2020 Credit Facility to Interest expense, net.

The Company's interest rates under the 2020 Term Loan for the three months ended March 31, 2023 benefited from a hedge instrument that was in place, specifically a fixed rate swap, which was sold in March 2023 (see Note 10). As a result of the fixed rate swap sold in March 2023, the ongoing interest rate is based upon U.S. dollar SOFR plus a fixed margin of 4.5%. The Company was in compliance with all covenants of the 2020 Credit Facility at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including the current Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio calculation that considers the Company's debt to include Preferred Stock.

The Company had the following outstanding borrowings, unamortized debt issuance costs, letters of credit, interest rates, and remaining borrowing capacity under the 2020 Credit Facility as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Current portion of Term Debt	$	228,168		$	35,102
Long-term Debt, net of Current:
Long-term Debt, net of Current (Face Amount)	$	—		$	200,293
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Contra-Liability	—			(2,811)
Long-term Debt, net of Current	$	—		$	197,482
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	$	230,381		$	235,395
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs:
Other Assets	$	439		$	557
Current Portion of Term Debt - Contra Liability	2,213			—
Long-Term Debt - Contra Liability	—			2,811
Total Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	$	2,652		$	3,368
Letters of Credit Outstanding	$	2,711		$	2,711
Remaining Borrowing Capacity	$	72,289		$	72,289
Average Interest Rates:
Term Loan	9.9		%	10.0		%
Letters of Credit	4.5		%	4.5		%

The Company's debt maturities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	30,087
2025	200,294
	$	230,381

Letters of Credit and Other Guarantees

The Company uses letters of credit and performance and bid bonds in the course of its business. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $9.7 million of letters of credit, bank guarantees, and performance and bid bonds outstanding (collectively, "Guarantees"), comprised of the $2.7 million of letters of credit under the 2020 Credit Facility described above (the "Letters of Credit") and $7.0 million of bank guarantees and performance and bid bonds (collectively, the "Other Guarantees") under various uncommitted facilities. At December 31, 2023, the Company had Guarantees aggregating $7.9 million, comprised of the $2.7 million of Letters of Credit noted above and $5.2 million of Other Guarantees.

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DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

The Company is exposed to financial market risk related to foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates. These exposures are actively monitored by management. To manage the volatility related to the exposure to changes in interest rates, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments. Management's objective has been to reduce, where it is deemed appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. Ribbon's policies and practices are to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. Ribbon does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company records derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a specific risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge, or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting.

Cash Flow Hedge of Interest Rate Risk

The 2020 Term Loan Facility had outstanding balances of $230.4 million and $235.4 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The 2020 Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facility have variable interest rates based on LIBOR or SOFR (see Note 9). As a result of exposure to interest rate movements, during March 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate swap arrangement, which effectively converted its $400 million term loan with its variable interest rate based upon one-month LIBOR to an aggregate fixed rate of 0.904%, plus a leverage-based margin as defined in the 2020 Credit Facility.

On July 22, 2022, the Company sold $30 million of the notional amount of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty for $1.5 million, reducing the notional amount of this swap to $370 million. On August 16, 2022 the Company sold another $30 million of the notional amount of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty for $1.6 million, reducing the notional amount to $340 million, which approximated the current level of our term loan debt then outstanding. The gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the $60 million notional amount sold of $3.1 million is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense, the amortization of which totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

On March 24, 2023, the Company received $9.4 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.0 million for the sale of $170 million of its $340 million notional amount interest rate swap back to its counterparty, reducing the notional amount to $170 million. On March 27, 2023, the Company received $9.8 million, consisting of $0.4 million of interest and $9.4 million for the sale of the remaining $170 million of its interest rate swap back to its counterparty. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to the term loan debt prepaid on the date of the final sale of our swap totaled $7.3 million and was released into earnings immediately as Other expense, net. The portion of the gain in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income related to our remaining term loan debt balance was $12.0 million and is being released into earnings on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the 2020 Credit Facility as a decrease to interest expense, the amortization of which totaled $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives have been to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company has used an interest rate swap as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the related agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, such a derivative was used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the outstanding borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facility and the Company has accounted for this derivative as an effective hedge until the final portion of the swap was sold on March 27, 2023. Any ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative was recognized directly in earnings.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the Company's derivative are reclassified to interest expense as interest is accrued on the Company’s variable-rate debt. The impact of the Company’s derivative financial instrument on its condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on swap, net of tax	$	—	$	(2,715)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other expense, net upon sale of swap, net of tax	—		(5,099)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense	(1,321)		(3,185)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization	$	(1,321)	$	(10,999)

The Company had no derivative assets or liabilities at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

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PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS

PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS

On March 28, 2023, the Company issued 55,000 shares of Preferred Stock to investors in the Private Placement at a price of $970 per share, along with 4,858,090 Warrants with an exercise price of $3.77 per share.

The Company accounts for the Preferred Stock and Warrants as liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of their specific terms in accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The fair value option was elected for the Preferred Stock, as the Company considers fair value to best reflect its expected future economic value. These liabilities are remeasured to fair value at each reporting date using the same valuation methodology applied upon issuance using current input assumptions.

The value of the Preferred Stock is calculated using the Black-Derman-Toy (BDT) stochastic yield lattice model to capture the optimal timing of repayment, increasing dividend rate and other features and the value of the Warrants is calculated using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model.

Changes in the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants are reported as Other expense, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company determined the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants using Level 3 input. The key assumptions into the models utilized were as follows as of March 31, 2024:

	Preferred Stock (BDT)
Face value per share	$1,000
Interest payments per year	4
Dividend rate - year 1 (paid in-kind)	9.25%
Dividend rate - year 2 (paid in-kind or in cash at the Company's choice)	9.75%
Dividend rate - thereafter (paid in cash)	12.00%
Yield volatility	25.0%
Time to maturity (in years)	1.5

	Warrants (Black-Scholes)
Stock price	$3.20
Strike price	$3.77
Risk-free rate	4.35%
Volatility	59.2%
Dividend yield	0.0%
Time to expiration (years)	3.0

The changes in the Company's Preferred Stock and Warrant liabilities the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Preferred stock liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	53,337
Payable in-kind dividends	1,355
Fair value change	1,512
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	56,204

	Warrant liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	5,295
Fair value change	632
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	5,927

The Preferred Stock is subordinate to Company indebtedness and senior to the Company’s common stock or other equity. Holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends that accrue quarterly through the September 30, 2025 maturity date. Dividends are payable in-kind during the first year at a rate of 9.25%. At the Company’s option, the dividends are payable in-kind or in cash during the second year at a rate of 9.75%. Dividends thereafter are payable in cash at a rate of 12.00%. The proceeds from the Preferred Stock issuance were approximately $53.4 million, including $10.0 million from existing related party stockholders. Offering costs paid by the Company of approximately $3.5 million were recorded in Other expense, net in the year ended December 31, 2023. The net proceeds from the Private Placement were used for the repayment of debt. The Preferred Stock is redeemable on or after the first and second anniversaries of the closing date at a rate of 103% and 102%, respectively.

The Warrants, which expire March 30, 2027, are immediately exercisable and upon an event such as a merger, consolidation, asset sale or similar change of control, may be exercised and the holders may vote the underlying shares of common stock. In connection with the Private Placement, the Company provided the investors with certain registration rights relating to the Preferred Stock, the Warrants and the shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Warrants, that required the Company to file a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC within 30 days following the closing date of the Private Placement. The registration requirement was completed on May 19, 2023.

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REVENUE RECOGNITION

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUE RECOGNITION

REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company derives revenue from two primary sources: products and services. Product revenue includes the Company's hardware and software that function together to deliver the products' essential functionality. Software and hardware are also sold on a standalone basis. Services include customer support (software updates, upgrades and technical support), consulting, design services, installation services and training. Generally, contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, consisting of products and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance

obligations separately if they are considered distinct.

When an arrangement contains more than one performance obligation, the Company will allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company utilizes the observable price of goods and services when they are sold separately to similar customers in order to estimate standalone selling price.

The Company's software licenses typically provide a perpetual right to use the Company's software. The Company also sells term-based software licenses that expire and Software-as-a-Service ("SaaS")-based software which are referred to as subscription arrangements. The Company does not customize its software nor are installation services required, as the customer has a right to utilize internal resources or a third-party service company. The software and hardware are delivered before related services are provided and are functional without professional services or customer support. The Company has concluded that its software licenses are functional intellectual property that are distinct, as the user can benefit from the software on its own. Product revenue is typically recognized upon transfer of control or when the software is made available for download, as this is the point the user of the software can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the functional intellectual property. The Company begins to recognize software revenue related to the renewal of subscription software licenses at the start of the subscription period.

The Company offers warranties on its products. Certain of the Company's warranties are considered to be assurance-type in nature, ensuring the product is functioning as intended. Assurance-type warranties do not represent separate performance obligations. The Company also sells separately-priced maintenance service contracts which qualify as service-type warranties and represent separate performance obligations. The Company does not allow and has no history of accepting product returns.

Services revenue includes revenue from customer support and other professional services. Customer support includes software updates on a when-and-if-available basis, telephone support, integrated web-based support and bug fixes or patches. The Company sells its customer support contracts at a percentage of list or net product price. Customer support revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the customer support agreement, which is typically one year.

The Company's professional services include consulting, technical support, resident engineer services, design services and installation services. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The method to measure progress toward completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the input method to measure progress for its contracts because it believes such method best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer, which occurs as the Company incurs costs for the contracts. However, in some instances, the Company uses the output method because it best depicts the transfer of asset to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. When the measure of progress is based upon expended labor, progress toward completion is measured as the ratio of labor time expended to date versus the total estimated labor time required to complete the performance obligation. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred or as labor is expended. Costs to fulfill these obligations include internal labor as well as subcontractor costs.

Customer training includes courses offered by the Company. The related revenue is typically recognized as the training services are performed.

The Company's typical performance obligations include the following:

Performance Obligation	When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied	When Payment is Typically Due
Software and Product Revenue
Software licenses (perpetual or term)	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing except for term licenses, which may be paid for over time
Software licenses (subscription)	Upon activation of hosted site (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Hardware	When control of the hardware passes to the customer; typically, upon delivery (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Software upgrades	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Customer Support Revenue
Customer support	Ratably over the course of the support contract (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Professional Services
Other professional services (excluding training services)	As work is performed (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing (upon completion of services)
Training	When the class is taught (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of services being performed

Significant Judgments

The Company's contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to the customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment.

Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price ("SSP") for each distinct performance obligation. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue is a contract liability representing amounts collected from or invoiced to customers in excess of revenue recognized. This results primarily from the billing of annual customer support agreements where the revenue is recognized over the term of the agreement. The value of deferred revenue will increase or decrease based on the timing of recognition of revenue.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers based on the nature of the products and services and the geographic regions in which each customer is domiciled. The Company's revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was disaggregated as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2024	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	26,607	$	32,847	$	11,660	$	71,114
Europe, Middle East and Africa	41,689		17,696		7,698		67,083
Asia Pacific	16,633		10,241		2,927		29,801
Other	2,681		7,597		1,388		11,666
	$	87,610	$	68,381	$	23,673	$	179,664

Three months ended March 31, 2023	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	38,067	$	33,073	$	10,853	$	81,993
Europe, Middle East and Africa	27,435		20,127		6,575		54,137
Asia Pacific	25,615		9,372		3,144		38,131
Other	2,201		8,016		1,681		11,898
	$	93,318	$	70,588	$	22,253	$	186,159

The Company's product revenue from indirect sales through its channel partner program and from its direct sales program for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Indirect sales through channel partner program	$	45,675	$	35,914
Direct sales	41,935		57,404
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue from sales to enterprise customers and from sales to service provider customers for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Sales to enterprise customers	$	37,870	$	27,412
Sales to service provider customers	49,740		65,906
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue and service revenue components by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	31,513	$	42,839
IP Optical Networks	56,097		50,479
Total product revenue	$	87,610	$	93,318
Service revenue:
Maintenance:
Cloud and Edge	$	53,196	$	54,810
IP Optical Networks	15,185		15,778
Total maintenance revenue	68,381		70,588
Professional services:
Cloud and Edge	16,960		16,831
IP Optical Networks	6,713		5,422
Total professional services revenue	23,673		22,253
Total service revenue	$	92,054	$	92,841

Revenue Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable; unbilled receivables, which are contract assets; and customer advances and deposits, which are contract liabilities, in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Completion of services and billing may occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. The Company may receive advances or deposits from its customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities that are classified as deferred revenue. These assets and liabilities are reported in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis as of the end of each reporting period. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the three months ended March 31, 2024 were not materially impacted by any factors other than billing and revenue recognition. Nearly all of the Company's deferred revenue balance is related to services revenue, primarily customer support contracts. Unbilled receivables stem primarily from engagements where services have been performed; however, billing cannot occur until services are completed.

In some arrangements, the Company allows customers to pay for term-based software licenses and products over the term of the software license. The Company also sells SaaS-based software under subscription arrangements, with payment terms over the term of the SaaS agreement. Amounts recognized as revenue in excess of amounts billed are recorded as unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables that are anticipated to be invoiced in the next twelve months are included in Accounts receivable on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The changes in the Company's accounts receivable, unbilled receivables and deferred revenue balances for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Accounts receivable		Unbilled accounts receivable		Deferred revenue (current)		Deferred revenue (long-term)
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	186,938	$	81,483	$	113,381	$	19,218
Increase (decrease), net	(43,634)		(12,289)		(2,785)		(5,199)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	143,304	$	69,194	$	110,596	$	14,019

The Company recognized approximately $51 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2023 and approximately $48 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2023 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2022. Of the Company's deferred revenue reported as long-term in its condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2024, the Company expects that approximately $7 million will be recognized as revenue in 2025, approximately $4 million will be recognized as revenue in 2026 and approximately $3 million will be recognized as revenue in 2027 and beyond.

All freight-related customer invoicing is recorded as revenue, while the shipping and handling costs that occur after control of the promised goods or services transfer to the customer are reported as fulfillment costs, a component of Cost of revenue - product in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Commissions Cost

Sales commissions earned by the Company's employees are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs have been deferred on our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized over the expected life of the customer contract, which is generally five years. At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.0 million of deferred sales commissions capitalized.

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OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has two reportable segments, which are intended to align with the manner in which the business is managed: Cloud and Edge, and IP Optical Networks.

The Cloud and Edge segment provides secure and reliable software and hardware products, solutions and services for enabling Voice over Internet Protocol ("VoIP") communications, Voice over Long-Term Evolution ("VoLTE") and Voice Over 5G ("VoNR") communications, and Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") within service provider and enterprise networks and from the cloud. The Cloud and Edge products are increasingly software-centric and cloud-native for deployment on private, public or hybrid cloud infrastructures, in data centers, on enterprise premises and within service provider networks. Ribbon's Cloud and Edge product portfolio consists primarily of its Session Border Controller ("SBC") products and its Network Transformation products.

The IP Optical Networks segment provides high-performance, secure solutions for IP networking and optical transport, supporting wireless networks including 5G, metro and edge aggregation, core networking, data center interconnect, legacy transformation and transport solutions for wholesale carriers. This portfolio is offered to service provider, enterprise and industry verticals with critical transport network infrastructures including utilities, government, defense, transportation, and education and research.

The Company has not provided segment asset information as such information is not provided to the CODM and accordingly, asset information is not used in assessing segment performance. Segment revenue and expenses included in the tables below represent direct revenue and expense attributable to each segment. Please see Note 4 for information regarding the allocation of goodwill between segments.

The CODM utilizes revenue and adjusted gross profit to measure and assess each segment's performance. The Company calculates adjusted gross profit by excluding from cost of revenue: amortization of acquired technology, stock-based compensation, and may also exclude other items in future periods that the Company believes are not part of the Company's core business. Adjusted gross profit is not a financial measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies, and should not be considered a substitute for gross profit or other results reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See below for a reconciliation of adjusted gross profit to gross profit which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

The tables below provide revenue, adjusted gross profit and depreciation expense by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	101,669	$	114,480
IP Optical Networks	77,995		71,679
Revenue	$	179,664	$	186,159

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment adjusted gross profit:
Cloud and Edge	$	67,119	$	69,975
IP Optical Networks	31,965		19,500
Total segment adjusted gross profit	99,084		89,475
Stock-based compensation expense	(578)		(684)
Amortization of acquired technology	(6,551)		(7,389)
Gross profit	$	91,955	$	81,402

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment depreciation expense:
Cloud and Edge	$	2,333	$	2,499
IP Optical Networks	1,061		1,011
Depreciation expense	$	3,394	$	3,510

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MAJOR CUSTOMERS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

MAJOR CUSTOMERS

MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The following customer contributed 10% or more of the Company's revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Verizon Communications Inc.	*	11%
* Less than 10% of total revenue.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company's accounts receivable balance. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral on accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts and such losses have historically been within management's expectations.

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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company grants stock-based compensation to employees, officers and non-employee directors, as well as consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries under its Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan which provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), performance-based stock awards,

restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and other stock- or cash-based awards.

Executive Equity Arrangements

Inducement Awards

In connection with his appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer of Ribbon on March 16, 2020, the Company awarded Bruce McClelland sign-on equity grants, comprised of RSUs and a PSU grant with both market and service conditions. As of March 31, 2024, the Company estimates that the market conditions surrounding the PSUs granted will not be met by the expiration date of September 1, 2024.

Performance-Based Stock Grants

In addition to granting RSAs and RSUs to its executives and certain of its employees, the Company also grants PSUs to certain of its executives and certain other employees. Vesting periods for RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs granted range from one to three years. PSUs granted consist of 60% that have both performance and service conditions (the "Performance PSUs") and 40% that have both market and service conditions (the "Market PSUs"). Each Performance PSU is comprised of three consecutive fiscal year performance periods beginning in the year of grant, with one-third of the Performance PSUs attributable to each fiscal year performance period. The Market PSUs have one three-year performance period, beginning January 1 in the year of grant and ending on December 31, three years thereafter. The number of shares of common stock underlying the PSUs that can be earned will not exceed 200% of the Performance or Market PSUs. Shares subject to PSUs that fail to be earned will be forfeited.

Restricted Stock Units

The activity related to the Company's RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	7,091,368	$	3.18
Granted	29,366	$	2.89
Vested	(888,189)	$	5.05
Forfeited	(200,229)	$	3.26
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	6,032,316	$	2.90

The total grant date fair value of shares of restricted stock underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $4.5 million.

Performance-Based Stock Units

The activity related to the Company's PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	6,297,931	$	2.07
Granted	—	$	—
Vested	(31,282)	$	6.40
Forfeited	(280,304)	$	9.40
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	5,986,345	$	1.70

The total grant date fair value of shares of restricted stock underlying PSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.2 million.

Stock-Based Compensation

The condensed consolidated statements of operations include stock-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product cost of revenue	$	106	$	149
Service cost of revenue	472		535
Research and development	1,068		1,262
Sales and marketing	1,157		2,129
General and administrative	1,719		1,773
	$	4,522	$	5,848

At March 31, 2024, there was $13.4 million, net of expected forfeitures, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and PSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately one year.

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LEASES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

LEASES

LEASES

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities and has historically had finance leases for certain equipment. Operating leases are reported separately in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Assets acquired under finance leases, if any, are included in Property and equipment, net, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is determined to contain a lease component if the arrangement provides the Company with a right to control the use of an identified asset. Lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components. In such instances for all classes of underlying assets, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather, accounts for the entire arrangement under leasing guidance. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially measured based on the present value of the future minimum fixed lease payments (i.e., fixed payments in the lease contract) over the lease term at the commencement date. As the Company's existing leases do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum fixed lease payments. The Company calculates its incremental borrowing rate to reflect the interest rate that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term and considers its historical borrowing activities and market data from entities with comparable credit ratings in this determination. The measurement of the right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made prior to the commencement date (excluding any lease incentives) and initial direct costs incurred. The Company assessed its right-of-use assets for impairment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and determined no impairment has occurred.

Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and the Company incorporates such options in the lease term when it has the unilateral right to make such an election and it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In making this determination, the Company considers its prior renewal and termination history and planned usage of the assets under lease, incorporating expected market conditions.

For operating leases, lease expense for minimum fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease

term. The expense for finance leases includes both interest and amortization expense components, with the interest component calculated based on the effective interest method and the amortization component calculated based on straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset over the lease term. Lease contracts may contain variable lease costs, such as common area maintenance, utilities and tax reimbursements that vary over the term of the contract. Variable lease costs are not included in minimum fixed lease payments and as a result, are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company expenses all variable lease costs as incurred.

Certain leased facilities are being partially or fully vacated as part of the 2022 Restructuring Plan and for some of those facilities, the Company has no plans to enter into sublease agreements. Accordingly, the Company accelerated the amortization of those lease assets through the planned cease-use date of each facility, resulting in additional amortization expense $0.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. No such accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company did not record estimated future variable lease costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

All incremental accelerated amortization and accruals for estimated future variable costs are included in Restructuring and related expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had accruals of $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for all future anticipated variable lease costs related to these facilities. The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the Facilities Initiative.

The Company leases its corporate offices and other facilities under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2033.

The Company's right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Classification	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	37,110	$	39,783
Liabilities:
Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities	$	14,213	$	15,739
Non-Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768		38,711
Total Operating lease liabilities		$	50,981	$	54,450

The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Operating lease cost*	$	4,199	$	4,760
Short-term lease cost	3,441		3,427
Variable lease costs (costs excluded from minimum fixed lease payments)**	855		802
Sublease income	(260)		(430)
Net lease cost	$	8,235	$	8,559

* No accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. Operating lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $0.2 million of accelerated amortization for certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

** No variable lease costs were accrued in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 for future estimated variable expenses related to certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

Cash flows related to the Company's leases in both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities and classified as operating cash flows and each totaled $4.8 million.

Other information related to the Company's leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	5.45		5.50
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.04	%	6.34	%

Future minimum fixed lease payments under noncancelable leases at March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating
	leases
Remainder of 2024	$	13,873
2025	10,799
2026	9,018
2027	7,857
2028	6,452
2029	13,161
Total lease payments	61,160
Less: interest	(10,179)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,981

LEASES

LEASES

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities and has historically had finance leases for certain equipment. Operating leases are reported separately in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Assets acquired under finance leases, if any, are included in Property and equipment, net, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is determined to contain a lease component if the arrangement provides the Company with a right to control the use of an identified asset. Lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components. In such instances for all classes of underlying assets, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather, accounts for the entire arrangement under leasing guidance. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially measured based on the present value of the future minimum fixed lease payments (i.e., fixed payments in the lease contract) over the lease term at the commencement date. As the Company's existing leases do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum fixed lease payments. The Company calculates its incremental borrowing rate to reflect the interest rate that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term and considers its historical borrowing activities and market data from entities with comparable credit ratings in this determination. The measurement of the right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made prior to the commencement date (excluding any lease incentives) and initial direct costs incurred. The Company assessed its right-of-use assets for impairment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and determined no impairment has occurred.

Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and the Company incorporates such options in the lease term when it has the unilateral right to make such an election and it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In making this determination, the Company considers its prior renewal and termination history and planned usage of the assets under lease, incorporating expected market conditions.

For operating leases, lease expense for minimum fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease

term. The expense for finance leases includes both interest and amortization expense components, with the interest component calculated based on the effective interest method and the amortization component calculated based on straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset over the lease term. Lease contracts may contain variable lease costs, such as common area maintenance, utilities and tax reimbursements that vary over the term of the contract. Variable lease costs are not included in minimum fixed lease payments and as a result, are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company expenses all variable lease costs as incurred.

Certain leased facilities are being partially or fully vacated as part of the 2022 Restructuring Plan and for some of those facilities, the Company has no plans to enter into sublease agreements. Accordingly, the Company accelerated the amortization of those lease assets through the planned cease-use date of each facility, resulting in additional amortization expense $0.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. No such accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company did not record estimated future variable lease costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

All incremental accelerated amortization and accruals for estimated future variable costs are included in Restructuring and related expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had accruals of $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for all future anticipated variable lease costs related to these facilities. The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the Facilities Initiative.

The Company leases its corporate offices and other facilities under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2033.

The Company's right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Classification	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	37,110	$	39,783
Liabilities:
Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities	$	14,213	$	15,739
Non-Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768		38,711
Total Operating lease liabilities		$	50,981	$	54,450

The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Operating lease cost*	$	4,199	$	4,760
Short-term lease cost	3,441		3,427
Variable lease costs (costs excluded from minimum fixed lease payments)**	855		802
Sublease income	(260)		(430)
Net lease cost	$	8,235	$	8,559

* No accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. Operating lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $0.2 million of accelerated amortization for certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

** No variable lease costs were accrued in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 for future estimated variable expenses related to certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

Cash flows related to the Company's leases in both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities and classified as operating cash flows and each totaled $4.8 million.

Other information related to the Company's leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	5.45		5.50
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.04	%	6.34	%

Future minimum fixed lease payments under noncancelable leases at March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating
	leases
Remainder of 2024	$	13,873
2025	10,799
2026	9,018
2027	7,857
2028	6,452
2029	13,161
Total lease payments	61,160
Less: interest	(10,179)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,981

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INCOME TAXES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded income tax provisions of $3.4 million and $1.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts reflect the Company's estimates of the effective rates expected to be applicable for the respective full years, adjusted for any discrete events, which are recorded in the period in which they occur. These estimates are reevaluated each quarter based on the Company's estimated tax expense for the full fiscal year. The estimated effective tax rate includes the impact of valuation allowances in various jurisdictions. The Company intends to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the respective allowances.

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RELATED PARTIES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

RELATED PARTIES

RELATED PARTIES

The Company recognized revenue from its largest stockholder of $1.5 million and $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, as discussed in Note 11, certain related party stockholders participated in the Private Placement.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Liabilities for Royalty Payments to the IIA

Prior to the Company's acquisition of ECI Telecom Group Ltd. ("ECI"), ECI had received research and development grants from the Office of the Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economics (the "IIA"). The Company assumed ECI's contract with the IIA, which requires the Company to pay royalties to the IIA on proceeds from the sale of products which the

Israeli government has supported by way of research and development grants. The royalties for grants prior to 2017 were calculated at the rates of 1.3% to 5.0% of the aggregated proceeds from the sale of such products developed at certain of the Company's R&D centers, up to an amount not exceeding 100% of such grants plus interest at LIBOR. Effective for grants approved in 2017 and subsequently, interest was calculated at the higher of LIBOR plus 1.5% to 2.75%. At March 31, 2024, the Company's maximum possible future royalties commitment, including $1.8 million of unpaid royalties accrued, was $20.6 million, including interest of $1.1 million, based on estimates of future product sales, grants received from the IIA not yet repaid, and management's estimation of products still to be sold.

Litigation

The Company is often a party to disputes and legal proceedings that it considers routine and incidental to its business, including those described below. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the allegations made in the pending cases and intends to vigorously defend these lawsuits; however, the Company is unable currently to forecast the ultimate outcome of these or similar matters. Since it is difficult to predict the outcome of legal proceedings, it is possible that the ultimate outcomes could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Accordingly, with respect to these proceedings, the Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of possible loss.

Miller Complaint. On November 8, 2018, Ron Miller, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed a Class Action Complaint (the "Miller Complaint") in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the "Massachusetts District Court") against the Company and three of its former officers (collectively, the "Defendants"), claiming to represent a class of purchasers of Sonus common stock during the period from January 8, 2015 through March 24, 2015 and alleging violations of the federal securities laws. Similar to a previous complaint entitled Sousa et al. vs. Sonus Networks, Inc. et al., which was dismissed with prejudice by an order dated June 6, 2017, the Miller Complaint claims that the Defendants made misleading forward-looking statements concerning Sonus' expected fiscal first quarter of 2015 financial performance, which statements were also the subject of an August 7, 2018 Securities and Exchange Commission Cease and Desist Order, whose findings the Company neither admitted nor denied. The Miller plaintiffs are seeking monetary damages.

After the Miller Complaint was filed, several parties filed and briefed motions seeking to be selected by the Massachusetts District Court to serve as a Lead Plaintiff in the action. On June 21, 2019, the Massachusetts District Court appointed a group as Lead Plaintiffs and the Lead Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on July 19, 2019. On August 30, 2019, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Miller Complaint and, on October 4, 2019, the Lead Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss. There was an oral argument on the motion to dismiss on February 12, 2020, and on October 20, 2022 the court denied the motion to dismiss. In June 2023, the Defendants agreed to a settlement in principle with the named plaintiffs, and final approval of the settlement was provided by the court on April 24, 2024. The settlement provided a release of all claims asserted in the litigation to all Defendants, who continue to deny liability. The $4.5 million settlement amount was funded by the provider of the Company's Directors and Officers liability insurance policy.

Charter Complaint. On September 19, 2022, Charter Communications Operating, LLC (“Charter”) filed two complaints against two of our subsidiaries (Sonus Networks, Inc. and Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc.) alleging breach of contract with respect to indemnification obligations purportedly owed to Charter in connection with Charter’s legal dispute with Sprint Communications Company L.P., which was settled by Charter in March 2022. One complaint was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in New York County; the second complaint was filed by Charter as well as co-plaintiffs Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC and Bright House Networks, LLC, in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County. In both complaints, Charter is seeking monetary damages. The Company filed its answer to the first complaint file in New York on December 7, 2022 and to the second complaint filed in Delaware on January 9, 2023. Discovery is on-going and the court in the Delaware complaint has set a preliminary trial date of January 2025.

WideOpenWest Complaint. On August 9, 2023, WideOpenWest, Inc. and WideOpenWest Finance, LLC (collectively, “WOW”) filed a complaint against Ribbon alleging breach of contract with respect to indemnification obligations purportedly owed to WOW in connection with WOW’s legal dispute with Sprint Communications Company L.P., which was settled by WOW in the second quarter of 2023. The complaint was filed in the 429th Judicial District of the District Court of the State of Texas, in Collin County, Texas and has since been transferred to the 493rd Judicial District Court in Collin County. In the

complaint, WOW is seeking monetary damages. The Company filed its answer to the complaint on October 5, 2023. Discovery is on-going and the court has set a preliminary trial date of December 2024.

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SUBSEQUENT EVENT

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENT

SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On May 15, 2024, the Company entered into a binding commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter") with HPS Investment Partners, LLC ("HPS") and WhiteHorse Capital Management, LLC ("WhiteHorse" and, together with HPS, the "Lenders"), pursuant to which the Lenders have committed to provide the Company with a $385 million senior secured credit facility (the "Refinancing Facility") comprised of (i) a $350 million term loan and (ii) a $35 million revolving credit facility. The funds from the Refinancing Facility will be used to (a) repay 100% of the amounts outstanding under the 2020 Credit Facility (b) redeem in full the Company's outstanding Series A preferred stock and (c) pay fees and expenses related to the Refinancing Facility. Any excess proceeds will be used by the Company for working capital.

The funding of the Refinancing Facility is subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The Company expects the Refinancing Facility to close and fund no later than June 30, 2024.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (30,361)	$ (38,305)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, necessary for their fair presentation with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or any future interim period. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as amended (the "Annual Report"), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.

Operating Segments

Operating Segments

The Company's chief operating decision maker (the "CODM") is its president and chief executive officer. The CODM assesses the Company's performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks segment ("IP Optical Networks").

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ribbon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates and Judgments

Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, inventory valuations, assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and the Preferred Stock and Warrants, intangible asset and goodwill valuations, including impairments, warranty accruals, legal contingencies and recoverability of Ribbon's net deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowances. Ribbon regularly assesses these estimates and records changes in estimates in the period in which they become known. Ribbon bases its

estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company's IP Optical Networks segment maintains customer receivables factoring agreements with a number of financial institutions. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company may transfer receivables to the financial institutions, on a non-recourse basis, provided that the financial institutions approve the receivables in advance. The Company maintains credit insurance policies from major insurance providers or obtains letters of credit from the customers for a majority of its factored trade receivables. The Company accounts for the factoring of its financial assets as a sale of the assets and records the factoring fees, when incurred, as a component of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, and the proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases the disclosure requirements around rate reconciliation information and certain types of income taxes companies are required to pay. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, including enhancement of the

disclosures of significant segment expenses and interim disclosure requirements, to enable investors to better understand an entity's overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for the Company annually beginning in 2024 and on an interim basis beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”), which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU was issued in response to, and to align GAAP with, the SEC's August 2018 final rule that updates and simplifies disclosure requirements. The effective date for the Company for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure requirement becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On February 1, 2023, the FASB staff noted that they believe that the Pillar 2 tax, established by the OECD and intended to apply for tax years beginning in 2024, would be an alternative minimum tax and therefore deferred tax assets would not need to be recognized related to this parallel taxing system. On February 2, 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. Under an additional transitional safe harbor released July 17, 2023, the undertaxed profits rule top-up tax will not be applied by any constituent entity's jurisdiction of residence with respect to income earned by a company's ultimate parent entity in its jurisdiction of residence, if the ultimate parent entity's jurisdiction has a corporate tax rate of at least 20%. This transition safe harbor will apply to fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2025 and ending before December 31, 2026. The Company is closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on its tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules. Based upon preliminary calculations for calendar year 2024, the Company anticipates that it will meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and any remaining top-up tax should be immaterial.

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Information Regarding Factoring of Accounts Receivable and Associated Fees

Factoring of accounts receivable and associated fees for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Accounts receivable sold	20,992	21,061
Less factoring fees	(391)	(455)
Net cash proceeds	20,601	20,606

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EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Calculations of Shares Used to Compute Loss Per Share

The shares used to compute loss per share were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	172,428	168,541
Potential dilutive common shares	—	—
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	172,428	168,541

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INVENTORY (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory

Inventory at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
On-hand final assemblies and finished goods inventories	$	98,290	$	93,077
Deferred cost of goods sold	1,927		3,269
	100,217		96,346
Less noncurrent portion (included in Other assets)	(19,459)		(18,825)
Current portion	$	80,758	$	77,521

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INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Intangible Assets

The Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

March 31, 2024	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	245,163	$	95,217
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		141,423		126,717
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,927		73
Software licenses	3.00	5,486		2,613		2,873
	9.50	$	619,006	$	394,126	$	224,880

December 31, 2023	Weighted average amortization period (years)	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Developed technology	7.84	$	340,380	$	239,066	$	101,314
Customer relationships	11.86	268,140		134,743		133,397
Trade names	3.88	5,000		4,901		99
Software licenses	3.00	5,436		2,159		3,277
	9.51	$	618,956	$	380,869	$	238,087

Schedule of Estimated Future Amortization Expense for Intangible Assets

Estimated future amortization expense for the Company's intangible assets at March 31, 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	37,557
2025	44,105
2026	39,056
2027	33,939
2028	23,400
2029	18,379
Thereafter	28,444
	$	224,880

Schedule of Goodwill

There were no changes to the carrying value of the Company's goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The components of goodwill at both March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Cloud and Edge		IP Optical Networks		Total
Goodwill	$	392,302	$	191,996	$	584,298
Accumulated impairment losses	(167,406)		(116,000)		(283,406)
	$	224,896	$	75,996	$	300,892

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ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Employee compensation and related costs	$	29,505	$	33,682
Professional fees	19,148		19,702
Taxes payable	3,653		8,383
Other	32,185		29,920
	$	84,491	$	91,687

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WARRANTY ACCRUALS (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Guarantees and Product Warranties [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Accrual Balance

The changes in the Company's accrual balance in the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance at January 1, 2024	$	12,243
Current period provisions	1,347
Settlements	(1,334)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	12,256

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RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Schedule of Restructuring Accrual Activity

Restructuring and related expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Severance and related costs	$	1,616	$	5,708
Variable and other facilities-related costs	1,449		$	1,006
Accelerated amortization of lease assets due to cease-use	—		$	223
	$	3,065	$	6,937

A summary of the 2023 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense		Cash payments		Net transfer to operating lease accounts		Balance at March 31, 2024
Severance	$	671	$	1,616	$	(1,284)	$	—	$	1,003

A summary of the 2022 Restructuring Plan accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at January 1, 2024		Initiatives charged to expense	Cash payments	Balance at March 31, 2024
Variable and other facilities-related costs	$	468	1,449	(1,495)	$	422

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DEBT (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Long Term Debt

The Company had the following outstanding borrowings, unamortized debt issuance costs, letters of credit, interest rates, and remaining borrowing capacity under the 2020 Credit Facility as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Current portion of Term Debt	$	228,168		$	35,102
Long-term Debt, net of Current:
Long-term Debt, net of Current (Face Amount)	$	—		$	200,293
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Contra-Liability	—			(2,811)
Long-term Debt, net of Current	$	—		$	197,482
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	$	230,381		$	235,395
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs:
Other Assets	$	439		$	557
Current Portion of Term Debt - Contra Liability	2,213			—
Long-Term Debt - Contra Liability	—			2,811
Total Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	$	2,652		$	3,368
Letters of Credit Outstanding	$	2,711		$	2,711
Remaining Borrowing Capacity	$	72,289		$	72,289
Average Interest Rates:
Term Loan	9.9		%	10.0		%
Letters of Credit	4.5		%	4.5		%

Schedule of Debt Maturities

The Company's debt maturities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Years ending December 31,
Remainder of 2024	$	30,087
2025	200,294
	$	230,381

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DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Impact of Derivative Financial Instrument on Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations

The impact of the Company’s derivative financial instrument on its condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on swap, net of tax	$	—	$	(2,715)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other expense, net upon sale of swap, net of tax	—		(5,099)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense	(1,321)		(3,185)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization	$	(1,321)	$	(10,999)

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PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule Of Fair Value Of Preferred Stock And Warrants

The Company determined the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants using Level 3 input. The key assumptions into the models utilized were as follows as of March 31, 2024:

	Preferred Stock (BDT)
Face value per share	$1,000
Interest payments per year	4
Dividend rate - year 1 (paid in-kind)	9.25%
Dividend rate - year 2 (paid in-kind or in cash at the Company's choice)	9.75%
Dividend rate - thereafter (paid in cash)	12.00%
Yield volatility	25.0%
Time to maturity (in years)	1.5

	Warrants (Black-Scholes)
Stock price	$3.20
Strike price	$3.77
Risk-free rate	4.35%
Volatility	59.2%
Dividend yield	0.0%
Time to expiration (years)	3.0

The changes in the Company's Preferred Stock and Warrant liabilities the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Preferred stock liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	53,337
Payable in-kind dividends	1,355
Fair value change	1,512
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	56,204

	Warrant liability
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	5,295
Fair value change	632
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	5,927

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REVENUE RECOGNITION (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Timing of Performance Obligation

The Company's typical performance obligations include the following:

Performance Obligation	When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied	When Payment is Typically Due
Software and Product Revenue
Software licenses (perpetual or term)	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing except for term licenses, which may be paid for over time
Software licenses (subscription)	Upon activation of hosted site (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Hardware	When control of the hardware passes to the customer; typically, upon delivery (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Software upgrades	Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Customer Support Revenue
Customer support	Ratably over the course of the support contract (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing
Professional Services
Other professional services (excluding training services)	As work is performed (over time)	Generally, within 30 days of invoicing (upon completion of services)
Training	When the class is taught (point in time)	Generally, within 30 days of services being performed

Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company's revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was disaggregated as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2024	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	26,607	$	32,847	$	11,660	$	71,114
Europe, Middle East and Africa	41,689		17,696		7,698		67,083
Asia Pacific	16,633		10,241		2,927		29,801
Other	2,681		7,597		1,388		11,666
	$	87,610	$	68,381	$	23,673	$	179,664

Three months ended March 31, 2023	Product revenue		Service revenue (maintenance)		Service revenue (professional services)		Total revenue
United States	$	38,067	$	33,073	$	10,853	$	81,993
Europe, Middle East and Africa	27,435		20,127		6,575		54,137
Asia Pacific	25,615		9,372		3,144		38,131
Other	2,201		8,016		1,681		11,898
	$	93,318	$	70,588	$	22,253	$	186,159

The Company's product revenue from indirect sales through its channel partner program and from its direct sales program for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Indirect sales through channel partner program	$	45,675	$	35,914
Direct sales	41,935		57,404
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue from sales to enterprise customers and from sales to service provider customers for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Sales to enterprise customers	$	37,870	$	27,412
Sales to service provider customers	49,740		65,906
	$	87,610	$	93,318

The Company's product revenue and service revenue components by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	31,513	$	42,839
IP Optical Networks	56,097		50,479
Total product revenue	$	87,610	$	93,318
Service revenue:
Maintenance:
Cloud and Edge	$	53,196	$	54,810
IP Optical Networks	15,185		15,778
Total maintenance revenue	68,381		70,588
Professional services:
Cloud and Edge	16,960		16,831
IP Optical Networks	6,713		5,422
Total professional services revenue	23,673		22,253
Total service revenue	$	92,054	$	92,841

Schedule of Customer Assets and Liabilities

The changes in the Company's accounts receivable, unbilled receivables and deferred revenue balances for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Accounts receivable		Unbilled accounts receivable		Deferred revenue (current)		Deferred revenue (long-term)
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	186,938	$	81,483	$	113,381	$	19,218
Increase (decrease), net	(43,634)		(12,289)		(2,785)		(5,199)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	143,304	$	69,194	$	110,596	$	14,019

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OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information

The tables below provide revenue, adjusted gross profit and depreciation expense by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment revenue:
Cloud and Edge	$	101,669	$	114,480
IP Optical Networks	77,995		71,679
Revenue	$	179,664	$	186,159

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment adjusted gross profit:
Cloud and Edge	$	67,119	$	69,975
IP Optical Networks	31,965		19,500
Total segment adjusted gross profit	99,084		89,475
Stock-based compensation expense	(578)		(684)
Amortization of acquired technology	(6,551)		(7,389)
Gross profit	$	91,955	$	81,402

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Segment depreciation expense:
Cloud and Edge	$	2,333	$	2,499
IP Optical Networks	1,061		1,011
Depreciation expense	$	3,394	$	3,510

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MAJOR CUSTOMERS (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

Schedule of Customer Contributing 10% or More of the Revenue

The following customer contributed 10% or more of the Company's revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024	March 31, 2023
Verizon Communications Inc.	*	11%
* Less than 10% of total revenue.

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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Activity Related to Unvested Restricted Stock Grants

The activity related to the Company's RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	7,091,368	$	3.18
Granted	29,366	$	2.89
Vested	(888,189)	$	5.05
Forfeited	(200,229)	$	3.26
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	6,032,316	$	2.90

Schedule of Activity Related to Performance Stock Awards

The activity related to the Company's PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 2024	6,297,931	$	2.07
Granted	—	$	—
Vested	(31,282)	$	6.40
Forfeited	(280,304)	$	9.40
Unvested balance at March 31, 2024	5,986,345	$	1.70

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expenses Which Are Included in Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations

The condensed consolidated statements of operations include stock-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Product cost of revenue	$	106	$	149
Service cost of revenue	472		535
Research and development	1,068		1,262
Sales and marketing	1,157		2,129
General and administrative	1,719		1,773
	$	4,522	$	5,848

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LEASES (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Right-of-use Lease Assets and Lease Liabilities

The Company's right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Classification	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	37,110	$	39,783
Liabilities:
Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities	$	14,213	$	15,739
Non-Current Operating	Operating lease liabilities, net of current	36,768		38,711
Total Operating lease liabilities		$	50,981	$	54,450

Schedule of Components of Lease Expense

The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended
	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Operating lease cost*	$	4,199	$	4,760
Short-term lease cost	3,441		3,427
Variable lease costs (costs excluded from minimum fixed lease payments)**	855		802
Sublease income	(260)		(430)
Net lease cost	$	8,235	$	8,559

* No accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2024. Operating lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $0.2 million of accelerated amortization for certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

** No variable lease costs were accrued in the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 for future estimated variable expenses related to certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

Other information related to the Company's leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	5.45		5.50
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.04	%	6.34	%

Schedule of Future Minimum Fixed Lease Payments Under Noncancelable Operating Leases

Future minimum fixed lease payments under noncancelable leases at March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating
	leases
Remainder of 2024	$	13,873
2025	10,799
2026	9,018
2027	7,857
2028	6,452
2029	13,161
Total lease payments	61,160
Less: interest	(10,179)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,981

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) country segment
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Number of countries (over) | country	30
Number of operating segments | segment	2
2020 Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Repayments of principal in first year	$ 10.0
Repayments of principal in year two	$ 200.4

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION - Factoring of Accounts Receivable and Associated Fees (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Accounts receivable sold	$ 20,992	$ 21,061
Less factoring fees	(391)	(455)
Net cash proceeds	$ 20,601	$ 20,606

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EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE - Calculations of Shares Used to Compute Loss Per Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Reconciliation of weighted average shares outstanding from basic to diluted
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic (in shares)	172,428	168,541
Potential dilutive common shares (in shares)	0	0
Weighted average shares outstanding—diluted (in shares)	172,428	168,541

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EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 28, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Preferred Stock | Private Placement
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Common stock issued in equity offering (in shares)	55,000
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 970
Warrant | Series A Preferred Stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock entitled from warrants (in shares)	4,900,000
Warrant | Private Placement
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.77
Number of shares of common stock entitled from warrants (in shares)	4,858,090
Warrant | Private Placement | Series A Preferred Stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	$ 53.4
Warrant | Private Placement | Series A Preferred Stock | Beneficial Owner
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	$ 10.0
Warrant | Private Placement | Common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)	$ 3.77
Options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities not included in computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)		12,100,000	11,900,000
Warrant
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities not included in computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)		4,900,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)		$ 3.77

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INVENTORY (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
On-hand final assemblies and finished goods inventories	$ 98,290	$ 93,077
Deferred cost of goods sold	1,927	3,269
Gross inventory	100,217	96,346
Less noncurrent portion (included in Other assets)	(19,459)	(18,825)
Current portion	$ 80,758	$ 77,521

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INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL - Schedule of Intangible Assets and Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Intangible Assets And Goodwill
Weighted average amortization period (years)	9 years 6 months	9 years 6 months 3 days
Cost	$ 619,006	$ 618,956
Accumulated amortization	394,126	380,869
Net carrying value	224,880	$ 238,087
Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets
Remainder of 2024	37,557
2025	44,105
2026	39,056
2027	33,939
2028	23,400
2029	18,379
Thereafter	28,444
Total	$ 224,880
Developed technology
Intangible Assets And Goodwill
Weighted average amortization period (years)	7 years 10 months 2 days	7 years 10 months 2 days
Cost	$ 340,380	$ 340,380
Accumulated amortization	245,163	239,066
Net carrying value	$ 95,217	$ 101,314
Customer relationships
Intangible Assets And Goodwill
Weighted average amortization period (years)	11 years 10 months 9 days	11 years 10 months 9 days
Cost	$ 268,140	$ 268,140
Accumulated amortization	141,423	134,743
Net carrying value	$ 126,717	$ 133,397
Trade names
Intangible Assets And Goodwill
Weighted average amortization period (years)	3 years 10 months 17 days	3 years 10 months 17 days
Cost	$ 5,000	$ 5,000
Accumulated amortization	4,927	4,901
Net carrying value	$ 73	$ 99
Software licenses
Intangible Assets And Goodwill
Weighted average amortization period (years)	3 years	3 years
Cost	$ 5,486	$ 5,436
Accumulated amortization	2,613	2,159
Net carrying value	$ 2,873	$ 3,277

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INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL - Schedule of Components of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 584,298		$ 584,298
Accumulated impairment losses	(283,406)		(283,406)
Goodwill	300,892	$ 300,892	300,892
Cloud and Edge
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	392,302		392,302
Accumulated impairment losses	(167,406)		(167,406)
Goodwill	224,896		224,896
IP Optical Networks
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	191,996		191,996
Accumulated impairment losses	(116,000)		(116,000)
Goodwill	$ 75,996		$ 75,996

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FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	$ 230,381	$ 235,395
Fair value of debt	231,500	235,100
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Payable in-kind dividends	5,300
Preferred Stock and Warrant Liabilities
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	62,100
Preferred Stock
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Payable in-kind dividends	1,355
Term Loan Facility | 2020 Credit Facility
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	$ 230,400	$ 235,400

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ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Employee compensation and related costs	$ 29,505	$ 33,682
Professional fees	19,148	19,702
Taxes payable	3,653	8,383
Other	32,185	29,920
Total accrued expenses	$ 84,491	$ 91,687

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WARRANTY ACCRUALS - Changes in Accrual Balance (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Movement in Standard Product Warranty Accrual [Roll Forward]
Balance at January 1, 2024	$ 12,243
Current period provisions	1,347
Settlements	(1,334)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$ 12,256

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RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and related	$ 3,065	$ 6,937
Restructuring reserve current	1,400		$ 1,100
Restructuring reserve noncurrent	1,000		$ 1,100
2023 Restructuring Initiative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and related	1,600	5,700
2022 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and related	1,400	1,200
2022 Restructuring Plan | Variable and other facilities-related costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and related	$ 1,449	1,000
2022 Restructuring Plan | Accelerated Amortization Of Lease Assets
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and related		$ 200

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RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES - Components of Restructuring Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Severance and related costs	$ 1,616	$ 5,708
Variable and other facilities-related costs	1,449	1,006
Accelerated amortization of lease assets due to cease-use	0	223
Restructuring and related expense	$ 3,065	$ 6,937

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RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES - Restructuring Accrual Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Initiatives charged to expense	$ 3,065	$ 6,937
2023 Restructuring Initiative
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Initiatives charged to expense	1,600	5,700
2022 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Initiatives charged to expense	1,400	1,200
Severance | 2023 Restructuring Initiative
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	671
Initiatives charged to expense	1,616
Cash payments	(1,284)
Net transfer to operating lease accounts	0
Balance at the end of the period	1,003
Variable and other facilities-related costs | 2022 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	468
Initiatives charged to expense	1,449	$ 1,000
Cash payments	(1,495)
Balance at the end of the period	$ 422

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DEBT - Credit Facilities (Details)						3 Months Ended
	Mar. 24, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 10, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 03, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 18, 2020 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 03, 2020 USD ($)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Principal payments on revolving line of credit						$ 15,000,000	$ 0
Letters of credit outstanding						$ 9,700,000		$ 7,900,000
Letters of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Debt interest rate						4.50%		4.50%
Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Minimum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		0.50%
Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Maximum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		3.50%
2020 Term Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Quarterly principal payment amount				$ 74,600,000
Write off of capitalized debt issuance costs						$ 2,500,000
Repayment of debt per quarter through March 31, 2024		$ 5,000,000
Repayment of debt for three quarters, thereafter		10,000,000
Repayment of debt, final payment	$ 200,400,000
2020 Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender									$ 500,000,000
Principal payments on revolving line of credit		10,000,000	$ 15,000,000
Accordion feature		$ 50,000,000
Percent of aggregate amount applied for repayment		50.00%
2020 Credit Facility | Debt Instrument, Period Four
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio		1.10
2020 Credit Facility | Debt Instrument, Period Five
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio		1.25
2020 Credit Facility | Debt Instrument, Period Six
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	1.10
2020 Credit Facility | Debt Instrument, Period Seven
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	1.25
2020 Credit Facility | Maximum | Debt Instrument, Period One
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	4.50	4.75
2020 Credit Facility | Maximum | Debt Instrument, Period Two
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	4.25	3.25
2020 Credit Facility | Maximum | Debt Instrument, Period Three
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	4.00	3.00
2020 Credit Facility | Maximum | Debt Instrument, Period Four
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	3.00
2020 Credit Facility | Maximum | Debt Instrument, Period Five
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Consolidated net leverage ratio	4.00	4.50
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender									400,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender	$ 75,000,000								100,000,000
Repayments of debt	75,000,000
Debt issuance costs, gross	1,700,000
2020 Credit Facility | Letters of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender	$ 20,000,000								30,000,000
Debt interest rate	4.50%
Letters of credit outstanding						$ 2,700,000		$ 2,700,000
2020 Credit Facility | Letters of Credit | SOFR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate						4.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Swingline Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender									$ 20,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender					$ 75,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | LIBOR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					7.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Minimum | LIBOR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		1.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Maximum | LIBOR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		4.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Maximum | Base Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					0.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term B Loan | Maximum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		0.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Commitments from lender					$ 325,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan | Base Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					0.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan | Minimum | LIBOR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					1.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan | Minimum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					0.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan | Maximum | LIBOR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					3.50%
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility, Term A Loan | Maximum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate					2.50%

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DEBT - Schedule of Long Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 24, 2023
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Current portion of Term Debt	$ 228,168	$ 35,102
Long-term Debt, net of Current (Face Amount)	0	200,293
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Contra-Liability	0	(2,811)
Long-term Debt, net of Current	0	197,482
Total Face Amount of Borrowings	230,381	235,395
Other Assets	439	557
Current Portion of Term Debt - Contra Liability	2,213	0
Long-Term Debt - Contra Liability	0	2,811
Total Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	2,652	3,368
2020 Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Remaining Borrowing Capacity	$ 72,289	$ 72,289
Term Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Average Interest Rates	9.90%	10.00%
Letters of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Outstanding balance	$ 2,711	$ 2,711
Average Interest Rates	4.50%	4.50%
Letters of Credit | 2020 Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Average Interest Rates			4.50%

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DEBT - Schedule of Debt Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Remainder of 2024	$ 30,087
2025	200,294
Total Debt	$ 230,381	$ 235,395

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DEBT - Letters of Credit and Other Guarantees (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding	$ 9.7	$ 7.9
Letters of Credit | 2020 Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding	2.7	2.7
Various Uncommitted Facilities
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding	$ 7.0	$ 5.2

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DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)					1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 27, 2023	Mar. 24, 2023	Aug. 16, 2022	Jul. 22, 2022	Aug. 16, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2020
Derivative [Line Items]
Debt balance						$ 230,381,000		$ 235,395,000
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative instrument sold	$ 170,000,000	$ 170,000,000	$ 30,000,000	$ 30,000,000	$ 60,000,000
Proceeds from sale	9,800,000	9,400,000	1,600,000	1,500,000
Notional amount		170,000,000	$ 340,000,000	$ 370,000,000	340,000,000
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	7,300,000				$ 3,100,000
Amortization of derivative instrument						200,000	$ 300,000
Proceeds from sale of derivative, gross	9,400,000	9,000,000
Proceeds from derivative interest	400,000	$ 400,000
Interest Rate Swap | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Derivative [Line Items]
Interest rate derivative						0
2020 Credit Facility | Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$ 12,000,000
Amortization of derivative instrument						1,600,000
Term Loan Facility | 2020 Credit Facility
Derivative [Line Items]
Debt balance						$ 230,400,000		$ 235,400,000
Principal amount									$ 400,000,000
Fixed rate						0.904%

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DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES - Impact of Derivative Financial Instrument on Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on swap, net of tax	$ 0	$ (2,715)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of reclassifications and amortization	(1,321)	(10,999)
Other Income
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense	0	(5,099)
Interest Expense
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense	$ (1,321)	$ (3,185)

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PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 28, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Series A Preferred Stock
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	$ 53.4
Offering expenses paid		$ 3.5
Preferred stock, redemption, percentage year one	103.00%
Preferred stock, redemption, percentage year two	102.00%
Series A Preferred Stock | Beneficial Owner
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	$ 10.0
Series A Preferred Stock | Dividends Payable in Kind Year One
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend percentage	9.25%
Series A Preferred Stock | Dividends Payable in Kind Year Two
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend percentage	9.75%
Series A Preferred Stock | Dividends Payable In Cash Thereafter
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend percentage	12.00%
Preferred Stock | Private Placement
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Stock issued in equity offering (in shares)	55,000
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 970
Warrant | Series A Preferred Stock
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock entitled from warrants (in shares)	4,900,000
Warrant | Private Placement
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.77
Number of shares of common stock entitled from warrants (in shares)	4,858,090

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PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS - Key Inputs (Details) - Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3	Mar. 31, 2024 $ / shares
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Time to maturity (in years)	3 years
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Yield volatility | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.592
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Stock price | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	3.20
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Strike price | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	3.77
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Risk-free rate | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.0435
Black Scholes Pricing Model | Dividend yield | Warrant
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.000
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Face value per share	$ 1,000
Time to maturity (in years)	1 year 6 months
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy | Interest payments per year
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	4
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy | Dividend rate - year 1 (paid in-kind)
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.0925
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy | Dividend rate - year 2 (paid in-kind or in cash at the Company's choice)
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.0975
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy | Dividend rate - thereafter (paid in cash)
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.1200
Series A Preferred Stock | Black-Derman-Toy | Yield volatility
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.250

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PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS - Warrant and Preferred Stock Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Preferred stock liability
Change in fair value of preferred stock liability	$ 1,512	$ 0
Warrant liability
Fair value change	632	$ 0
Preferred Stock
Preferred stock liability
Beginning balance	53,337
Payable in-kind dividends	1,355
Change in fair value of preferred stock liability	1,512
Ending balance	56,204
Warrant
Warrant liability
Beginning balance	5,295
Fair value change	632
Ending balance	$ 5,927

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REVENUE RECOGNITION - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue agreement term	1 year
Revenue recognized	$ 51.0	$ 48.0
Customer contract expected life (in years)	5 years
Deferred sales commissions capitalized	$ 3.0		$ 3.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-04-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue to be recognized	$ 7.0
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue to be recognized	$ 4.0
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue to be recognized	$ 3.0
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year

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REVENUE RECOGNITION - Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 179,664	$ 186,159
Cloud and Edge
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	101,669	114,480
IP Optical Networks
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	77,995	71,679
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	71,114	81,993
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	67,083	54,137
Asia Pacific
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	29,801	38,131
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	11,666	11,898
Product revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	87,610	93,318
Product revenue | Cloud and Edge
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	31,513	42,839
Product revenue | IP Optical Networks
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	56,097	50,479
Product revenue | Sales to enterprise customers
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	37,870	27,412
Product revenue | Sales to service provider customers
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	49,740	65,906
Product revenue | Indirect sales through channel partner program
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	45,675	35,914
Product revenue | Direct sales
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	41,935	57,404
Product revenue | United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	26,607	38,067
Product revenue | Europe, Middle East and Africa
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	41,689	27,435
Product revenue | Asia Pacific
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	16,633	25,615
Product revenue | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,681	2,201
Service
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	92,054	92,841
Service revenue (maintenance)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	68,381	70,588
Service revenue (maintenance) | Cloud and Edge
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	53,196	54,810
Service revenue (maintenance) | IP Optical Networks
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	15,185	15,778
Service revenue (maintenance) | United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	32,847	33,073
Service revenue (maintenance) | Europe, Middle East and Africa
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	17,696	20,127
Service revenue (maintenance) | Asia Pacific
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	10,241	9,372
Service revenue (maintenance) | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	7,597	8,016
Service revenue (professional services)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	23,673	22,253
Service revenue (professional services) | Cloud and Edge
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	16,960	16,831
Service revenue (professional services) | IP Optical Networks
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	6,713	5,422
Service revenue (professional services) | United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	11,660	10,853
Service revenue (professional services) | Europe, Middle East and Africa
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	7,698	6,575
Service revenue (professional services) | Asia Pacific
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,927	3,144
Service revenue (professional services) | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 1,388	$ 1,681

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REVENUE RECOGNITION - Schedule of Customer Assets & Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Accounts receivable
Beginning balance	$ 186,938
Increase (decrease), net	(43,634)
Ending balance	143,304
Unbilled accounts receivable
Beginning balance	81,483
Increase (decrease), net	(12,289)
Ending balance	69,194
Deferred revenue (current)
Beginning balance	113,381
Increase (decrease), net	(2,785)
Ending balance	110,596
Deferred revenue (long-term)
Beginning balance	19,218
Increase (decrease), net	(5,199)
Ending balance	$ 14,019

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OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments | segment	2
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 179,664	$ 186,159
Total segment adjusted gross profit	99,084	89,475
Stock-based compensation expense	(578)	(684)
Amortization of acquired technology	(6,551)	(7,389)
Gross profit	91,955	81,402
Segment depreciation expense:
Depreciation expense	3,394	3,510
Cloud and Edge
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenue	101,669	114,480
Total segment adjusted gross profit	67,119	69,975
Segment depreciation expense:
Depreciation expense	2,333	2,499
IP Optical Networks
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenue	77,995	71,679
Total segment adjusted gross profit	31,965	19,500
Segment depreciation expense:
Depreciation expense	$ 1,061	$ 1,011

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MAJOR CUSTOMERS (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Verizon Communications Inc. | Revenue | Customer
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%

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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) performance_period	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Stock-based compensation
Fair value of vested restricted and performance-based stock grants	$ 2,610	$ 5,332
Fair value of the assumed awards attributable to future stock-based compensation expense	$ 13,400
Expected period for unrecognized expense	1 year
Performance Shares, Performance Based
Stock-based compensation
Granted percentage	60.00%
Number of performance periods | performance_period	3
Performance Shares, Market Based
Stock-based compensation
Performance period (in years)	3 years
Granted percentage	40.00%
Number of performance periods | performance_period	1
Percent of performance metrics achieved	200.00%
RSAs and RSUs
Stock-based compensation
Fair value of vested restricted and performance-based stock grants	$ 4,500
PSUs
Stock-based compensation
Fair value of vested restricted and performance-based stock grants	$ 200
Minimum | RSAs, RSUs and PSUs
Stock-based compensation
Performance period (in years)	1 year
Maximum | RSAs, RSUs and PSUs
Stock-based compensation
Performance period (in years)	3 years

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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS - Restricted Stock Awards and Units and Performance-Based Stock Units (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares
RSUs
Shares
Unvested balance at the beginning of the period (in shares) | shares	7,091,368
Granted (in shares) | shares	29,366
Vested (in shares) | shares	(888,189)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(200,229)
Unvested balance at the end of the period (in shares) | shares	6,032,316
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.18
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	2.89
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	5.05
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.26
Unvested balance at end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.90
PSUs
Shares
Unvested balance at the beginning of the period (in shares) | shares	6,297,931
Granted (in shares) | shares	0
Vested (in shares) | shares	(31,282)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(280,304)
Unvested balance at the end of the period (in shares) | shares	5,986,345
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.07
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	6.40
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	9.40
Unvested balance at end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 1.70

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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS - Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	$ 4,522	$ 5,848
Product cost of revenue
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	106	149
Service cost of revenue
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	472	535
Research and development
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	1,068	1,262
Sales and marketing
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	1,157	2,129
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,719	$ 1,773

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LEASES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Additional amortization expense	$ 0	$ 223,000
Variable lease cost accrued	0	0
Operating lease, payments	4,800,000	4,800,000
Facility Closing
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Accrual for future anticipated variable lease costs	1,400,000		$ 1,500,000
Facility Closing | 2022 Restructuring Plan
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Additional amortization expense	$ 0	$ 200,000

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LEASES - Right of Use Lease Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	$ 37,110	$ 39,783
Liabilities:
Current Operating	14,213	15,739
Non-Current Operating	36,768	38,711
Total Operating lease liabilities	$ 50,981	$ 54,450

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LEASES - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease, cost	$ 4,199,000	$ 4,760,000
Short-term lease cost	3,441,000	3,427,000
Variable lease costs (costs excluded from minimum fixed lease payments)	855,000	802,000
Sublease income	(260,000)	(430,000)
Net lease cost	8,235,000	$ 8,559,000
Operating Lease, Lease Income, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other (expense) income, net
Accelerated amortization	0	$ 200,000
Variable lease cost accrued	$ 0	$ 0

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LEASES - Other Information (Details)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	5 years 5 months 12 days	5 years 6 months
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.04%	6.34%

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LEASES - Future Minimum Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating leases
Remainder of 2024	$ 13,873
2025	10,799
2026	9,018
2027	7,857
2028	6,452
2029	13,161
Total lease payments	61,160
Less: interest	(10,179)
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 50,981	$ 54,450

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INCOME TAXES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax provisions	$ (3,375)	$ (1,466)

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RELATED PARTIES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 179,664	$ 186,159
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 1,500	$ 800

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Details) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Sep. 19, 2022 complaint subsidiary	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Oct. 18, 2023 USD ($)	Nov. 08, 2018 executive	Dec. 31, 2017
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Sale of stock grant interest (as a percent)					100.00%
Maximum future royalty commitment		$ 1.8
Maximum future royalty commitment		20.6
Maximum future royalty commitment, interest		$ 1.1
Litigation liability amount			$ 4.5
Miller Complaint
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of former officers | executive				3
Charter Complaints
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, claims filed, number | complaint	2
Loss contingency, number of defendants | subsidiary	2
Minimum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Royalties rates					1.30%
Minimum | LIBOR
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		1.50%
Maximum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Royalties rates					5.00%
Maximum | LIBOR
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		2.75%

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SUBSEQUENT EVENT (Details) - USD ($)	May 14, 2024	Mar. 24, 2023	Mar. 03, 2020
2020 Credit Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 500,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Term Loan Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			400,000,000
2020 Credit Facility | Revolving Credit Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 75,000,000	$ 100,000,000
Subsequent Event | 2024 Credit Agreement
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 385,000,000
Subsequent Event | 2024 Credit Agreement | Term Loan Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	350,000,000
Subsequent Event | 2024 Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 35,000,000
Subsequent Event | 2020 Credit Facility
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Percentage of debt repaid or redeemed	100.00%