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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company currently has one active stock plan, which became effective in 2017 upon the completion of the Combination. This plan replaced the HomeAdvisor 2013 Incentive plan, which governed equity awards prior to the Combination. The 2017 plan covers stock options, stock appreciation rights and RSU awards, including those that are linked to the achievement of the Company's stock price, known as market-based awards ("MSUs") and those that are linked to the achievement of a performance target, known as performance-based awards ("PSUs"), denominated in shares of ANGI Homeservices common stock, as well as provides for the future grant of these and other equity awards. The 2017 plan authorizes the Company to grant awards to its employees, officers, directors and consultants. At December 31, 2019, there are 19.6 million shares available for grant under the 2017 plan.
The 2017 plan has a stated term of ten years, and provides that the exercise price of stock options and stock appreciation rights granted will not be less than the market price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The plan does not specify grant dates or vesting schedules for awards, as those determinations have been delegated to the Compensation Committee of ANGI Homeservices Board of Directors (the "Committee"). Each grant agreement reflects the grant date and vesting schedule for that particular grant as determined by the Committee. Stock options and stock appreciation rights granted subsequent to the Combination through December 31, 2019 generally vest in equal annual installments over a four-year period from the grant date. RSU awards granted subsequent to the Combination through December 31, 2019 generally vest either in two 50% installments over a three and four-year period or in equal annual installments over a four-year period, in each case, from the grant date. MSU awards granted subsequent to the Combination generally vest in five installments over a two-year period from the grant date. PSU awards granted subsequent to the Combination generally cliff vest in either a three or five-year period from the grant date.
Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated and combined statement of operations includes expense related to: (i) the Company's stock options, stock appreciation rights and RSUs; (ii) equity instruments denominated in shares of its subsidiaries; and (iii) IAC denominated stock options and PSUs held by ANGI Homeservices employees. The amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized is net of estimated forfeitures. The forfeiture rate is estimated at the grant date based on historical experience and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from the estimated rate. The expense ultimately recorded is for the awards that vest. At December 31, 2019, there is $108.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to all equity-based awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.3 years.
The total income tax benefit recognized in the accompanying consolidated and combined statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 related to all stock-based compensation is $28.8 million, $49.5 million and $71.1 million, respectively.
The aggregate income tax benefit recognized related to the exercise of stock options and stock appreciation rights for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is $27.9 million, $40.2 million and $47.3 million, respectively. There may be some delay in the timing of the realization of the cash benefit of the income tax deductions related to stock-based compensation because it will be dependent upon the amount and timing of future taxable income and the timing of estimated income tax payments.
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights
Stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding at December 31, 2019 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:
 
December 31, 2019
 
Shares
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price
 
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Term (In Years)
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
 
(Shares and intrinsic value in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2019
33,158

 
$
3.42

 
 
 
 
Granted

 

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(9,009
)
 
2.06

 
 
 
 
Forfeited
(158
)
 
8.16

 
 
 
 
Expired
(7
)
 
23.21

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2019
23,984

 
$
3.89

 
6.4
 
$
114,687

Exercisable
15,208

 
$
3.52

 
6.1
 
$
78,854


The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between ANGI Homeservices closing stock price on the last trading day of 2019 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money awards that would have been
exercised had all award holders exercised their awards on December 31, 2019. The total intrinsic value of awards exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is $107.5 million, $151.2 million and $100.7 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the information about stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019:
 
 
Awards Outstanding
 
Awards Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices
 
Outstanding
at
December 31,
2019
 
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in Years
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Exercisable
at
December 31,
2019
 
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in Years
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
 
(Shares in thousands)
$0.01 to $3.00
 
9,562

 
5.5

 
$
1.84

 
7,904

 
5.3

 
$
1.67

$3.01 to $6.00
 
12,997

 
7.1

 
4.53

 
6,347

 
7.1

 
4.53

$6.01 to $9.00
 
149

 
5.1

 
7.93

 
141

 
5

 
7.89

$9.01 to $12.00
 
771

 
7.3

 
10.64

 
436

 
6.8

 
10.51

$12.01 to $15.00
 
369

 
6.5

 
12.94

 
244

 
5.9

 
13.04

$15.01 to $18.00
 

 

 

 

 

 

$18.01 to $21.00
 
115

 
3.2

 
19.88

 
115

 
3.2

 
19.88

$21.01 to $24.00
 
21

 
3.6

 
22.02

 
21

 
3.6

 
22.02

 
 
23,984

 
6.4

 
$
3.89

 
15,208

 
6.1

 
$
3.52


There were no stock options or stock appreciation rights granted by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Approximately 0.9 million stock options and stock appreciation rights were granted by the Company subsequent to the Combination through December 31, 2017. Approximately 4.7 million stock appreciation rights were granted by the Company for the period prior to the Combination in 2017.
The fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model incorporates various assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term. Prior to the Combination, expected stock price volatilities were estimated based on historical stock price volatilities of a group of peer companies. Subsequent to the Combination, expected stock price volatilities were estimated based on the average of IAC's historical volatility, as a result of the Company representing a large percentage of the overall value of IAC, and the historical stock price volatilities of the aforementioned group of peer companies. The risk-free interest rates are based on U.S. Treasuries with comparable terms as the awards, in effect at the grant date. Prior to the Combination, expected term was based on the mid-point of the first and last windows for exercise. Subsequent to the Combination, expected term is based on the historical exercise pattern of IAC's employees for comparable awards, a ten-year contractual life with vesting in four equal annual installments, because the Company did not have sufficient data to estimate an expected term for these awards. No dividends have been assumed. The following are the weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model:
 
 
 
Year Ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
Expected volatility
 
 
50
%
Risk-free interest rate
 
 
2.0
%
Expected term
 
 
5.5 years

Dividend yield
 
 
%

The per share weighted average grant date fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights granted by the Company subsequent to the Combination through December 31, 2017 is $4.30. The per share weighted average grant date fair value of stock appreciation rights granted by the Company for the period prior to the Combination in 2017 is $8.24.
In connection with the Combination, the previously issued HomeAdvisor (US) stock appreciation rights were converted into ANGI Homeservices' equity awards resulting in a modification charge of $217.7 million of which $29.0 million, $56.9 million and $93.4 million were recognized as stock-based compensation expense in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and the remaining charge will be recognized over the remaining vesting period of the modified awards.
In connection with the chief executive officer transition during the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company accelerated $3.9 million of expense into 2018 from 2019.
During the second quarter of 2017, the Company modified certain HomeAdvisor (US) stock appreciation rights and recognized a modification charge of $6.6 million.
Cash received from stock option exercises was $0.6 million, $4.7 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the period subsequent to the Combination through December 31, 2017, respectively. For periods prior to the Combination, no cash was received from the exercise of stock appreciation rights because they were net settled in shares of IAC’s common stock.
The Company currently settles all equity awards on a net basis. In connection with the Combination, previously issued stock appreciation rights related to the common stock of HomeAdvisor (US) were converted into ANGI stock appreciation rights that are settleable, at the Company's option, on a net basis with ANGI remitting withholding taxes on behalf of the employee or on a gross basis with the Company issuing a sufficient number of Class A shares to cover the withholding taxes. In addition, at IAC's option, these awards can be settled in either Class A shares of ANGI or shares of IAC common stock. If settled in IAC common stock, ANGI reimburses IAC in either cash or through the issuance of Class A shares to IAC. Assuming all of the stock appreciation rights outstanding on December 31, 2019 were net settled on that date, ANGI would have issued 6.8 million Class A shares (either to award holders or to IAC as reimbursement) and ANGI would have remitted $57.3 million in cash for withholding taxes (assuming a 50% withholding rate). Assuming all other ANGI equity awards outstanding on December 31, 2019, were net settled on that date, including stock options, RSUs and subsidiary denominated equity described below, ANGI would have issued 5.1 million shares and would have remitted $43.4 million in cash for withholding taxes (assuming a 50% withholding rate).
Restricted Stock Units, Market-based Stock Units and Performance-based Stock Units

RSUs, MSUs and PSUs are awards in the form of phantom shares or units denominated in a hypothetical equivalent number of shares of ANGI Homeservices common stock and with the value of each RSU and PSU equal to the fair value of ANGI Homeservices common stock at the date of grant. The value of each MSU is estimated using a lattice model that incorporates a Monte Carlo simulation of ANGI's stock price. Each RSU, MSU and PSU grant is subject to service-based vesting, where a specific period of continued employment must pass before an award vests. MSUs also include market-based vesting, tied to the stock price of ANGI before an award vests and PSUs include performance-based vesting, where certain performance targets set at the time of grant must be achieved before an award vests. For RSU grants, the expense is measured at the grant date as the fair value of ANGI Homeservices common stock and expensed as stock-based compensation over the vesting term. For MSU grants, the expense is measured using a lattice model and expensed as stock-based compensation over the requisite service period. For PSU grants, the expense is measured at the grant date as the fair value of ANGI Homeservices common stock and expensed as stock-based compensation over the vesting term if the performance targets are considered probable of being achieved.

Unvested RSUs, MSUs and PSUs outstanding at December 31, 2019 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

 
RSUs
 
MSUs
 
PSUs
 
Number of Shares
 
Weighted Average
 Grant Date
 Fair Value
 
Number of Shares (a)
 
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Number of Shares (a)
 
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
(Shares in thousands)
Unvested at January 1, 2019
4,611

 
$
16.77

 

 
$

 

 
$

Granted
2,666

 
13.16

 
3,979

 
3.67

 
923

 
15.93

Vested
(1,259
)
 
15.39

 
(472
)
 
4.03

 

 

Forfeited
(358
)
 
9.14

 
(4
)
 
4.03

 
(42
)
 
16.89

Unvested at December 31, 2019
5,660

 
$
15.29

 
3,503

 
$
3.62

 
881

 
$
15.89


___________________________
(a) 
Included in the table are MSUs and PSUs which vests in varying amounts depending upon certain market or performance conditions. The MSUs and PSUs in the table above includes these awards at their maximum potential payout.

In 2019, the Company granted certain MSUs that are liability-classified stock-settled awards with a market condition. The fair value of these awards is subject to remeasurement each reporting period until settlement of the award. The total expense related to these awards will ultimately be equal to the number of shares vested based on the fair value of ANGI Homeservices' common stock on the settlement date.

The weighted average fair value of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 based on market prices of ANGI Homeservices’ common stock on the grant date was $13.16, $18.08 and $12.58, respectively. The weighted average fair value of MSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2019 based on the lattice model was $3.67. The weighted average fair value of PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2019 based on market prices of ANGI Homeservices’ common stock on the grant date was $15.93. There were no MSUs or PSUs granted or outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The total fair value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $16.1 million, $19.5 million and $19.2 million, respectively. The total fair value of MSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2019, was $3.2 million.

Equity Instruments Denominated in the Shares of Certain Subsidiaries

ANGI Homeservices has granted stock appreciation rights denominated in the equity of certain non-publicly traded subsidiaries to employees and management of those subsidiaries. These equity awards vest over a period of years, which is typically four years. The value of the stock appreciation rights is tied to the value of the common stock of these subsidiaries, which is determined by the Company using a variety of valuation techniques including a combination of market based and discounted cash flow valuation methodologies. Accordingly, these interests only have value to the extent the relevant business appreciates in value above the initial value utilized to determine the exercise price. These interests can have significant value in the event of significant appreciation. The fair value of these interests is generally determined by negotiation or arbitration when settled, which will occur at various dates through 2026 and are ultimately settled in IAC common stock or ANGI Homeservices Class A common stock, at IAC's election. These equity awards are settled on a net basis, with the award holder entitled to receive a payment in shares equal to the intrinsic value of the award at exercise less an amount equal to the required cash tax withholding payment. The expense associated with these equity awards is initially measured at fair value, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, at the grant date and is expensed as stock-based compensation over the vesting term.

The plans under which these awards are granted establish specific settlement dates or liquidity events for which the valuation of the relevant subsidiary is determined for purposes of settlement of the awards.
IAC Denominated Stock Options
There were no IAC stock options granted by IAC under its equity incentive plans to employees of ANGI Homeservices during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. At December 31, 2019, approximately 0.1 million IAC options remain outstanding to employees of ANGI Homeservices. The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. IAC stock options are granted with exercise prices at least equal to the fair value on the date of grant, vest ratably in annual installments over a four-year period and expire ten years from the date of grant.
IAC Denominated Performance Stock Units ("PSUs")
There were no IAC PSUs granted by IAC to employees of ANGI Homeservices during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, approximately 0.1 million IAC PSUs were granted by IAC to employees of ANGI Homeservices. PSUs are awards in the form of phantom shares or units, denominated in a hypothetical equivalent number of shares of IAC common stock and with the value of each PSU equal to the fair value of IAC common stock at the date of grant. Each PSU grant is subject to service-based vesting, where a specific period of continued employment must pass before an award vests and certain performance targets, set at the time of grant, must be achieved before an award vests. At December 31, 2019, these awards did not vest because the performance conditions were not achieved.