UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to _____

Commission File Number: 001-39183

Velocity Financial, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	46-0659719
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 295 Westlake Village, California	91362
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (818) 532-3700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	VEL	The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 1, 2024, the registrant had 32,985,794 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	2
	Consolidated Statements of Income	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	53
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	53
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	54
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	54
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	54
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	54
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	54
Item 5.	Other Information	54
Item 6.	Exhibits	55
SIGNATURES		57

i

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

($ in thousands, except par value amounts)

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	34,829		$	40,566
Restricted cash		24,216			21,361
Loans held for sale, at fair value		—			17,590
Loans held for investment, net		2,727,518			2,828,123
Loans held for investment, at fair value		1,649,540			1,306,072
Total loans, net		4,377,058			4,151,785
Accrued interest receivables		29,374			27,028
Receivables due from servicers		87,523			85,077
Other receivables		2,113			8,763
Real estate owned, net		46,280			44,268
Property and equipment, net		2,013			2,785
Deferred tax asset		1,580			2,339
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value		9,022			8,578
Derivative assets		1,967			—
Goodwill		6,775			6,775
Other assets		5,468			5,248
Total assets	$	4,628,218		$	4,404,573
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	123,988		$	121,969
Secured financing, net		283,813			211,083
Securitized debt, net		2,329,906			2,418,811
Securitized debt, at fair value		1,073,843			877,417
Warehouse and repurchase facilities, net		360,216			334,755
Derivative liability		—			3,665
Total liabilities		4,171,766			3,967,700
Commitments and contingencies
EQUITY
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 33,186,464 and 32,987,248 shares issued, 32,985,794 and 32,865,836 shares outstanding as of March31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		334			331
Additional paid-in capital		308,259			306,736
Retained earnings		146,157			128,906
Treasury stock, at cost (200,670 and 121,412 common shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		(2,603	)		(1,319	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		794			(1,210	)
Total Velocity Financial, Inc. stockholders' equity		452,941			433,444
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary		3,511			3,429
Total equity		456,452			436,873
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,628,218		$	4,404,573

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)

($ in thousands)

The following table represents the assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities as follows:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Restricted cash	$	11,037	$	11,428
Loans held for investment, net		3,825,664		3,720,506
Accrued interest and other receivables		107,949		104,663
Real estate owned, net		38,308		36,133
Deferred tax asset		203		—
Other assets		4		9
Total assets	$	3,983,165	$	3,872,739
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	76,846	$	74,153
Securitized debt		3,403,749		3,296,228
Total liabilities	$	3,480,595	$	3,370,381

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Interest income	$	90,529		$	70,521
Interest expense — portfolio related		55,675			42,029
Net interest income — portfolio related		34,854			28,492
Interest expense — corporate debt		5,380			4,139
Net interest income		29,474			24,353
Provision for loan losses		1,002			636
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		28,472			23,717
Other operating income
Gain on disposition of loans		1,699			1,913
Unrealized gain on fair value loans		18,925			7,354
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights		444			(95	)
Unrealized loss on fair value securitized debt		(2,318	)		(170	)
Origination fee income		4,986			2,411
Interest income on cash balance		1,631			948
Other income		408			481
Total other operating income		25,775			12,842
Operating expenses
Compensation and employee benefits		15,357			10,008
Origination expenses (income)		646			(50	)
Securitization expenses		2,874			2,584
Loan servicing		4,824			3,828
Professional fees		2,115			955
Rent and occupancy		498			446
Real estate owned, net		2,455			1,829
Other operating expenses		2,242			2,202
Total operating expenses		31,011			21,802
Income before income taxes		23,236			14,757
Income tax expense		5,903			4,021
Net income		17,333			10,736
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		82			87
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	17,251		$	10,649
Less undistributed earnings attributable to unvested restricted stock awards		217			160
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders	$	17,034		$	10,489
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	0.52		$	0.33
Diluted	$	0.49		$	0.31
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		32,541			32,098
Diluted		35,439			34,052

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

($ in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	17,251	$	10,649
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedges arising during the period		1,891		—
Reclassification adjustments included in net income		113		—
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax		2,004		—
Total comprehensive income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	19,255	$	10,649

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

($ in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock								Treasury Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Shares			Amount			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of tax			Total Stockholders' Equity			Noncontrolling Interest			Total Equity
Balance – December 31, 2022		32,523,516	$	326	$	300,310	$	76,633		(33,647	)	$	(458	)	$	—		$	376,811		$	3,689		$	380,500
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost		—		—		—		—		(85,574	)		(836	)		—			(836	)		—			(836	)
Restricted stock awarded and stock-based compensation expenses		198,137		2		998		—		—			—			—			1,000			—			1,000
Distribution to non-controlling interest		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			(160	)		(160	)
Net income		—		—		—		10,649		—			—			—			10,649			87			10,736
Balance – March 31, 2023		32,721,653	$	328	$	301,308	$	87,282		(119,221	)	$	(1,294	)	$	—		$	387,624		$	3,616		$	391,240
Balance – December 31, 2023		32,987,248	$	331	$	306,736	$	128,906		(121,412	)	$	(1,319	)	$	(1,210	)	$	433,444		$	3,429		$	436,873
Issuance of common stock		9,537		3		152		—		—			—			—			155			—			155
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost		—		—		—		—		(79,258	)		(1,284	)		—			(1,284	)		—			(1,284	)
Restricted stock awarded and stock-based compensation expenses		189,679		—		1,371		—		—			—			—			1,371			—			1,371
Net income		—		—		—		17,251		—			—			—			17,251			82			17,333
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—			—			2,004			2,004			—			2,004
Balance – March 31, 2024		33,186,464	$	334	$	308,259	$	146,157		(200,670	)	$	(2,603	)	$	794		$	452,941		$	3,511		$	456,452

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

($ in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	17,333		$	10,736
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		182			195
Amortization of right-of-use assets		344			310
Provision for loan losses		1,002			636
Reversal of loan repurchase reserve		—			39
Origination of loans held for sale		—			(19,088	)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale		—			1,735
Net accretion of discount on purchased loans and amortization of deferred loan origination costs		1,082			1,172
Reversal of uncollectible borrower advances		(4	)		(15	)
Gain on disposition of loans		(539	)		(680	)
Real estate acquired through foreclosure in excess of recorded investment		(1,160	)		(1,233	)
Amortization of debt issuance discount and costs		3,284			5,279
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		(9	)		—
Change in valuation of real estate owned		1,722			1,178
Change in valuation of fair value loans		(18,925	)		(7,354	)
Change in valuation of mortgage servicing rights		(444	)		95
Change in valuation of fair value securitized debt		2,318			170
Gain on sale of real estate owned		(286	)		(121	)
Stock-based compensation		1,371			1,000
Deferred tax expense		480			2,490
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest and other receivables		456			(2,458	)
Other assets		(286	)		946
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		2,660			(6,960	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		10,581			(11,928	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of loans held for investment		(11,591	)		—
Origination of loans held for investment		(378,671	)		(197,888	)
Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment		15,072			21,489
Payoffs of loans held for investment		158,549			99,780
Proceeds from sale of real estate owned		5,741			2,121
Change in advances		(1,503	)		2,596
Change in impounds and deposits		(640	)		372
Purchase of property and equipment		(41	)		(48	)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		640			—
Net cash used in investing activities		(212,444	)		(71,578	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Warehouse repurchase facilities advances		329,011			246,792
Warehouse repurchase facilities repayments		(303,686	)		(279,579	)
Proceeds from secured financing		74,311			—
Proceeds of securitized debt, net		229,368			197,487
Repayment of securitized debt		(126,568	)		(86,221	)
Debt issuance costs		(2,326	)		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stocks, net		155			—
Purchase of treasury stock		(1,284	)		(836	)
Distribution to non-controlling interest		—			(160	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		198,981			77,483
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(2,882	)		(6,023	)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		61,927			62,056
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	59,045		$	56,033

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

($ in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(Unaudited)
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for interest	$	58,917	$	44,181
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net		17		264
Noncash transactions from investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans held for investment to held for sale		—		25,075
Transfer of loans held for investment to real estate owned		8,029		10,397
Transfer of accrued interest to loans held for investment		219		878
Transfer of loans held for sale to held for investment		2,481		4,218
Recognition of new leases in exchange for lease obligations		—		377

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

8

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1 — Organization and Description of Business

Velocity Financial, LLC (VF or the Company) was a Delaware limited liability company formed on July 9, 2012 for the purpose of acquiring all membership units in Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC (VCC). On January 16, 2020, Velocity Financial, LLC converted from a Delaware limited liability company to a Delaware corporation and changed its name to Velocity Financial, Inc. Upon completion of the conversion, Velocity Financial, LLC’s Class A equity units of 97,513,533 and Class D equity units of 60,193,989 were converted to 11,749,994 shares of Velocity Financial, Inc. common stock. On January 22, 2020, the Company completed its initial public offering of 7,250,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $13.00 per share. On January 28, 2020, the Company completed the sale of an additional 1,087,500 shares of its common stock, representing the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $13.00 per share. The Company’s stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VEL”.

VCC, a California LLC formed on June 2, 2004, is a mortgage lender that originates and acquires residential and commercial investor real estate loans, providing capital to the investor real estate loan market. The Company is licensed as a California Finance Lender and, as such, is required to maintain a minimum net worth of $250 thousand. The Company does not believe there is any potential risk of not being able to meet this regulatory requirement. The Company uses its equity capital and borrowed funds to originate and invest in investor real estate loans and seeks to generate income based primarily on the difference between the yield on its investor real estate loan portfolio and the cost of its borrowings. The Company may also sell loans from time to time. The Company does not originate or acquire investments outside of the United States of America.

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is the sole beneficial owner of the Velocity Commercial Capital Loan Trusts, from the 2017-2 Trust through and including the 2024-1 Trust, all of which are New York common law trusts, with the exception of the VCC 2022-MC1 Trust, VCC 2023-1R Trust, and VCC 2023-RTL1 Trust which are Delaware statutory trusts. The Trusts are bankruptcy remote, variable interest entities (VIE) formed for the purpose of providing secured borrowings to the Company and are consolidated with the accounts of the Company.

On December 28, 2021, the Company acquired an 80% ownership interest in Century Health & Housing Capital, LLC (“Century”). Century is a licensed “Ginnie Mae” issuer/servicer that provides government-insured Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage financing for multifamily housing, senior housing and long-term care/assisted living facilities. Century originates loans through its borrower-direct origination channel and services the loans through its in-house servicing platform, which enables the formation of long-term relationships with its clients and drives strong portfolio retention. Century is a consolidated subsidiary of the Company as of completion of the acquisition. In addition, as a servicer of Ginnie Mae loans, Century is required to maintain a minimum net worth, and Century is in compliance with this requirement as of March 31, 2024.

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 have been prepared on a basis that is substantially consistent with the accounting principles applied to the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The information furnished in these interim statements reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for each respective period presented. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations in the interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other quarter for the full year. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

(a)Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of consolidated income and expenses during the reporting period.

(b)Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of its audited consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

9

There have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as described in its 2023 Annual Report.

Certain amounts previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

(c)Principles of Consolidation

The principles of consolidation require management to determine and reassess the requirement to consolidate VIEs each reporting period, and therefore, the determination may change based on new facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. This could result in a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements in subsequent reporting periods.

The Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, and remainder interests of the Trusts as management determined that VCC is the primary beneficiary of these entities. The Company’s ongoing asset management responsibilities provide the Company with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and the remainder interests provide the Company with the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses, limited to its investment in the remainder interest of the Trusts.

The consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include only those assets, liabilities, and results of operations related to the business of the Company, its subsidiaries, and VIEs.

(d)Fair Value Option Accounting

The Company has elected to apply fair value option ("FVO") accounting to originated mortgage loans effective October 1, 2022. The fair value option loans are presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. Interest income on FVO loans is recorded on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of income under the heading interest income. The Company will not record a CECL loan loss reserve on fair value option loans.

The Company has elected to apply fair value option ("FVO") accounting to securitized debt issued effective January 1, 2023 when the underlying collateral is also carried at fair value. The FVO securitized debt is presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reflects interest expense on the fair value option securitized debt as “interest” in the consolidated statements of income and presents the other fair value changes of the FVO securitized debt separately in the consolidated financial statements.

(e)Derivative Instruments and Hedge Accounting

The Company issues fixed rate debt at regular intervals during the year through the securitization of its fixed rate mortgage assets. The Company is subject to interest rate risk on its forecasted debt issuances as these fixed rate debt issuances are priced at then-current market rates. The Company’s risk management objective is to hedge the risk of variability in its interest payment cash flows attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") between the time the fixed rate mortgages are originated and the fixed rate debt is issued. To accomplish this hedging strategy, the Company may from time to time enter into derivative instruments such as forward starting payer interest rate swaps or interest rate payer swaptions designated as cash flow hedges that are designed to be highly correlated to the underlying terms of the forecasted debt instruments. To qualify for hedge accounting, the Company formally documents its hedging relationships at inception, including the identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction at the time the derivative contract is executed. The Company also formally assesses effectiveness both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis.

The Company's policy is to present all derivative balances on a gross basis, without regard to counterparty master netting agreements or similar arrangements. The fair value of the derivative instruments is recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated balance sheets as an asset or liability with the related gains or losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). Beginning in the period in which the forecasted debt issuance occurs and the related derivative instruments are terminated, the gains or losses accumulated in AOCI are then reclassified into interest expense over the term of the related debt. If the Company determines it is not probable that the forecasted transaction will occur, gains and losses are reclassified immediately to earnings. The related cash flows are recognized on the cash flows from operating activities section on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company uses hedge accounting based on the exposure being hedged as cash flow hedges in operations.

(f)Other Comprehensive Income

Other comprehensive income ("OCI") is reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. OCI is comprised of net income and the effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges, net of tax, less amounts reclassified into earnings.

Accumulated other comprehensive income represents the cumulative balance of OCI, net of tax, as of the end of the reporting period and relates to unrealized gains or losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax.

10

Note 3 — Current Accounting Developments

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires more detailed disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, related to the Company’s reportable segment. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Although the Company has only one reportable segment, the Company is currently assessing the impact of this ASU on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 240): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosure and disaggregated information in the Income Tax Rate reconciliation using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, with additional qualitative explanations of individually significant reconciling items. The updated guidance also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictional categories (federal (national), state, and foreign). The accounting update is effective January 1, 2025, for the Company. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Codification Improvements

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, “Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements,” which amends the Codification to remove references to various concepts statements and impacts a variety of topics in the Codification. The amendments apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance, but in most instances the references removed are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. Generally, the amendments in ASU 2024-02 are not intended to result in significant accounting changes for most entities. The accounting update is effective January 1, 2025, for the Company. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 4 — Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company is required to hold cash for potential future advances due to certain borrowers. In accordance with various mortgage servicing and related agreements, Century maintains escrow accounts for mortgage insurance premium, tax and insurance, working capital, sinking fund and other mortgage related escrows. The total escrow balances payable amounted to $86.7 million and $72.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets of the Company.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	34,829	$	39,397
Restricted cash		24,216		16,636
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows	$	59,045	$	56,033

Note 5 — Loans Held for Sale at Fair Value

The following table summarizes loans held for sale at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Loans held for sale, at fair value:	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Unpaid principal balance	$	—	$	16,954
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans held for sale		—		636
Ending balance	$	—	$	17,590

11

Note 6 — Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following tables summarize loans held for investment as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	Loans held for investment, net			Loans held for investment, at fair value		Total loans held for investment
Unpaid principal balance	$	2,705,612		$	1,575,921	$	4,281,533
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		—			73,619		73,619
Deferred loan origination costs		27,173			—		27,173
		2,732,785			1,649,540		4,382,325
Allowance for loan losses		(5,267	)		—		(5,267	)
Total loans held for investment and loans held for investment at    fair value, net	$	2,727,518		$	1,649,540	$	4,377,058

	December 31, 2023
	Loans held for investment, net			Loans held for investment, at fair value		Total loans held for investment
Unpaid principal balance	$	2,804,541		$	1,251,395	$	4,055,936
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		—			54,677		54,677
Deferred loan origination costs		28,351			—		28,351
		2,832,892			1,306,072		4,138,964
Allowance for loan losses		(4,769	)		—		(4,769	)
Total loans held for investment and loans held for investment at    fair value, net	$	2,828,123		$	1,306,072	$	4,134,195

The following tables summarize the Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”) and amortized cost basis of loans in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	UPB			%	Amortized Cost			%
Beginning balance	$	174,571			$	176,515
Foreclosures		(1,633	)			(1,677	)
Repayments		(7,797	)			(7,855	)
Ending balance	$	165,141			$	166,983
Performing/Accruing	$	120,077		72.7%	$	121,370		72.7%
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual	$	45,064		27.3%	$	45,613		27.3%

	December 31, 2023
	UPB			%	Amortized Cost			%
Beginning balance	$	201,005			$	203,346
Foreclosures		(833	)			(830	)
Repayments		(25,601	)			(26,001	)
Ending balance	$	174,571			$	176,515
Performing/Accruing	$	132,389		75.8%	$	133,771		75.8%
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual	$	42,182		24.2%	$	42,744		24.2%

Since April 1, 2020, the inception of the COVID-19 forbearance program, the Company has modified $411.8 million in UPB of loans, which includes capitalized interest of $13.6 million. As of March 31, 2024, $249.5 million in UPB of modified loans has been paid down, which includes $5.8 million of capitalized interest received. The Company has not forgiven any capitalized interest.

Approximately 72.7% and 75.8% of the COVID forbearance loans in UPB were performing, and 27.3% and 24.2% were on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

12

As of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the gross unpaid principal balances of loans held for investment pledged as collateral for the Company’s warehouse facilities and securitized debt issued were as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
The 2013 repurchase agreement	$	128,294	$	132,505
The 2021 repurchase agreement		119,362		103,787
The Bank credit agreement		62,222		39,619
The 2021 term repurchase agreement		60,510		41,628
The July 2021 term repurchase agreement		39,805		30,923
The 2023 repurchase agreement		68,281		29,501
Total pledged loans	$	478,474	$	377,963
2017-2 Trust	$	46,500	$	50,554
2018-1 Trust		35,474		37,810
2018-2 Trust		80,183		85,122
2019-1 Trust		82,526		87,677
2019-2 Trust		67,536		73,166
2019-3 Trust		62,325		64,403
2020-1 Trust		110,147		116,843
2020-2 Trust		66,331		69,085
2021-1 Trust		175,819		182,184
2021-2 Trust		145,314		148,989
2021-3 Trust		155,463		159,565
2021-4 Trust		239,094		245,945
2022-1 Trust		242,899		245,372
2022-2 Trust		218,411		222,333
2022-MC1 Trust		64,654		73,840
2022-3 Trust		273,486		278,268
2022-4 Trust		291,804		298,758
2022-5 Trust		216,322		223,112
2023-1 Trust		211,047		217,220
2023-2 Trust		203,676		214,221
2023-3 Trust		249,396		255,699
2023-RTL1 Trust		77,761		79,465
2023-4 Trust		217,925		227,940
2024-1 Trust		218,810		—
Total	$	3,752,903	$	3,657,571

(a)Nonaccrual Loans

The following tables present the amortized cost basis, or recorded investment, of the Company’s loans held for investment, excluding loans carried at fair value, that were nonperforming and on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were no loans accruing interest that were greater than 90 days past due as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	March 31, 2024
	Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated
	($ in thousands)
Commercial - Purchase	$	28,127	$	26,843	$	1,284	$	130
Commercial - Refinance		97,571		93,511		4,060		642
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		38,090		36,962		1,128		185
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		130,052		124,779		5,273		253
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		5,584		5,584		—		—
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		28,140		25,536		2,604		221
Total	$	327,564	$	313,215	$	14,349	$	1,431

13

	December 31, 2023
	Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated
	($ in thousands)
Commercial - Purchase	$	28,221	$	27,037	$	1,184	$	156
Commercial - Refinance		86,890		84,575		2,315		444
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		36,253		36,253		—		—
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		137,925		134,579		3,346		245
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		6,402		6,403		—		—
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		29,663		27,059		2,604		129
Total	$	325,354	$	315,906	$	9,449	$	974

The Company has made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. The Company has also made the accounting policy election to write off accrued interest receivables by reversing interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status, or 90 days or more past due. Any future payments received for these loans will be recognized on a cash basis.

The Company continues to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024					2023
	Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal			Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal
Commercial - Purchase	$	613,661	$	(136	)	$	681,051	$	(132	)
Commercial - Refinance		779,302		(545	)		879,978		(517	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		495,611		(264	)		574,320		(297	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		774,982		(305	)		912,313		(717	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		33,254		(30	)		62,392		(24	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		35,975		(31	)		64,271		(96	)
Total	$	2,732,785	$	(1,311	)	$	3,174,325	$	(1,783	)

The cash basis interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was $7.3 million and $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No accrued interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The average recorded investment of individually evaluated loans, computed using month-end balances, was $325.0 million and $302.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified in troubled debt restructuring as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.

14

(b)Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
							Residential			Residential			Short Term			Short Term
	Commercial			Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance - January 1, 2024	$	935		$	1,805		$	585		$	1,256		$	23		$	165	$	4,769
Provision for loan losses		(74	)		91			684			120			93			88		1,002
Charge-offs		—			(2	)		(296	)		(107	)		(99	)		—		(504	)
Ending balance	$	861		$	1,894		$	973		$	1,269		$	17		$	253	$	5,267
Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	130		$	642		$	185		$	253		$	—		$	221	$	1,431
Loans collectively evaluated	$	731		$	1,252		$	788		$	1,016		$	17		$	32	$	3,836
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	28,127		$	97,571		$	38,090		$	130,052		$	5,584		$	28,140	$	327,564
Loans collectively evaluated	$	585,534		$	681,731		$	457,521		$	644,930		$	27,670		$	7,835	$	2,405,221

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
						Residential			Residential			Short Term			Short Term
	Commercial		Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase		Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance - January 1, 2023	$	639	$	2,031		$	542		$	1,272		$	21		$	388		$	4,893
Provision for loan losses		157		108			(48	)		102			66			251			636
Charge-offs		—		(79	)		(26	)		(11	)		(63	)		(305	)		(484	)
Ending balance	$	796	$	2,060		$	468		$	1,363		$	24		$	334		$	5,045
Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	138	$	416		$	—		$	204		$	—		$	238		$	996
Loans collectively evaluated	$	659	$	1,644		$	467		$	1,159		$	24		$	96		$	4,049
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	19,422	$	87,439		$	34,171		$	124,390		$	8,447		$	35,845		$	309,714
Loans collectively evaluated	$	661,629	$	792,539		$	540,149		$	787,923		$	53,945		$	28,426		$	2,864,611

(c)Credit Quality Indicator

A credit quality indicator is a statistic used by the Company to monitor and assess the credit quality of loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value. The Company monitors its charge-off rate in relation to its nonperforming loans as a credit quality indicator. Nonperforming loans are loans that are 90 or more days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. The annualized charge-off rates were 0.63% and 0.65% of average nonperforming loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

15

Other credit quality indicators include aging status and accrual status. The following table presents the aging status of the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment portfolio, which include $167.0 million and $176.5 million loans in the Company’s COVID-19 forbearance program, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (in thousands):

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
March 31, 2024	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	1,273	$	724	$	26,130	$	28,127	$	—	$	28,127
Commercial - Refinance		5,407		1,127		91,037		97,571				97,571
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		1,229		579		36,282		38,090		—		38,090
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		3,292		3,381		123,379		130,052		—		130,052
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		5,584		5,584		—		5,584
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		—		—		28,140		28,140		—		28,140
Total loans individually evaluated	$	11,201	$	5,811	$	310,552	$	327,564	$	—	$	327,564
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	23,807	$	9,331	$	—	$	33,138	$	552,396	$	585,534
Commercial - Refinance		38,035		12,592		—		50,627		631,104		681,731
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		21,406		10,807		—		32,213		425,308		457,521
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		59,779		21,041		—		80,820		564,110		644,930
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		15,797		1,144		—		16,941		10,729		27,670
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		520		690		—		1,210		6,625		7,835
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	159,344	$	55,605	$	—	$	214,949	$	2,190,272	$	2,405,221
Ending balance	$	170,545	$	61,416	$	310,552	$	542,513	$	2,190,272	$	2,732,785

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
December 31, 2023	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	2,329	$	668	$	25,224	$	28,221	$	—	$	28,221
Commercial - Refinance		4,716		2,405		79,769		86,890		—		86,890
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		544		—		35,709		36,253		—		36,253
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		2,988		1,923		133,014		137,925		—		137,925
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		6,402		6,402		—		6,402
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		55		—		29,608		29,663		—		29,663
Total loans individually evaluated	$	10,632	$	4,996	$	309,726	$	325,354	$	—	$	325,354
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	21,342	$	8,352	$	—	$	29,694	$	574,010	$	603,704
Commercial - Refinance		47,430		14,002		—		61,432		651,494		712,926
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		29,236		6,850		—		36,086		438,741		474,827
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		52,510		20,828		—		73,338		596,886		670,224
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		1,169		658		—		1,827		32,882		34,709
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		2,978		213		—		3,191		7,957		11,148
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	154,665	$	50,903	$	—	$	205,568	$	2,301,970	$	2,507,538
Ending balance	$	165,297	$	55,899	$	309,726	$	530,922	$	2,301,970	$	2,832,892

(1)Includes loans in bankruptcy and foreclosure less than 90 days past due.

16

In addition to the aging status, the Company also evaluates credit quality by accrual status. The following tables present the amortized cost in loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, based on accrual status and by loan origination year as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands).

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
March 31, 2024:	2022		2021		2020		Pre-2020		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	243,606	$	222,524	$	29,363	$	90,041	$	585,534
Nonperforming		10,924		5,743		1,681		9,779		28,127
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	254,530	$	228,267	$	31,044	$	99,820	$	613,661
Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	225,875	$	179,412	$	47,595	$	228,849	$	681,731
Nonperforming		25,820		18,262		4,199		49,290		97,571
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	251,695	$	197,674	$	51,794	$	278,139	$	779,302
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	200,471	$	194,441	$	8,544	$	54,065	$	457,521
Nonperforming		16,754		10,772		1,616		8,948		38,090
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	217,225	$	205,213	$	10,160	$	63,013	$	495,611
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	265,199	$	234,380	$	18,147	$	127,204	$	644,930
Nonperforming		44,635		32,601		7,872		44,944		130,052
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	309,834	$	266,981	$	26,019	$	172,148	$	774,982
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	8,516	$	180	$	14,413	$	4,561	$	27,670
Nonperforming		4,714		166		704		—		5,584
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	13,230	$	346	$	15,117	$	4,561	$	33,254
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	7,835	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	7,835
Nonperforming		5,048		153		5,954		16,985		28,140
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	12,883	$	153	$	5,954	$	16,985	$	35,975
Total Portfolio	$	1,059,397	$	898,634	$	140,088	$	634,666	$	2,732,785
Gross charge-offs - quarter-ended March 31, 2024	$	456	$	34	$	—	$	13	$	503
Gross charge-offs - year-to-date March 31, 2024	$	456	$	34	$	—	$	13	$	503

17

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2023	2022		2021		2020		2019		Pre-2019		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	248,153	$	226,467	$	31,692	$	43,829	$	53,563	$	603,704
Nonperforming		9,600		6,104		567		4,773		7,177		28,221
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	257,753	$	232,571	$	32,259	$	48,602	$	60,740	$	631,925
Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	233,052	$	188,723	$	47,883	$	92,819	$	150,449	$	712,926
Nonperforming		20,462		14,168		4,207		14,167		33,886		86,890
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	253,514	$	202,891	$	52,090	$	106,986	$	184,335	$	799,816
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	208,456	$	198,110	$	9,581	$	24,429	$	34,251	$	474,827
Nonperforming		17,287		10,740		701		1,421		6,104		36,253
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	225,743	$	208,850	$	10,282	$	25,850	$	40,355	$	511,080
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	277,980	$	237,159	$	19,752	$	61,136	$	74,197	$	670,224
Nonperforming		43,272		36,344		7,835		28,252		22,222		137,925
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	321,252	$	273,503	$	27,587	$	89,388	$	96,419	$	808,149
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	11,458	$	180	$	18,510	$	4,561	$	—	$	34,709
Nonperforming		5,533		165		704		—		—		6,402
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	16,991	$	345	$	19,214	$	4,561	$	—	$	41,111
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	11,148	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,148
Nonperforming		4,313		153		7,435		13,612		4,150		29,663
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	15,461	$	153	$	7,435	$	13,612	$	4,150	$	40,811
Total Portfolio	$	1,090,714	$	918,313	$	148,867	$	288,999	$	385,999	$	2,832,892
Gross charge-offs - quarter-ended December 31, 2023	$	744	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	744
Gross charge-offs - year-ended December 31, 2023	$	1,120	$	473	$	—	$	446	$	—	$	2,039

18

(d)Nonaccrual Loans - Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following tables present the aggregate fair value of loans held for investment at fair value that are 90 days or more past due and/or in nonaccrual status, and the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by loan segments (in thousands):

	Fair Value						Unpaid Principal Balance						Difference
	Current–89 days		90+days past due				Current–89 days		90+days past due				90+days past due
March 31, 2024	past due		or nonaccrual		Total		past due		or nonaccrual		Total		or nonaccrual
Commercial - Purchase	$	271,532	$	6,428	$	277,960	$	249,586	$	7,840	$	257,426	$	(1,412	)
Commercial - Refinance		323,638		10,737		334,375		295,590		13,093		308,683		(2,356	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		282,270		15,206		297,476		272,156		18,350		290,506		(3,144	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		559,417		48,748		608,165		527,354		59,453		586,807		(10,705	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		59,361		1,247		60,608		59,256		1,417		60,673		(170	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		64,149		6,807		70,956		63,525		8,301		71,826		(1,494	)
Ending balance	$	1,560,367	$	89,173	$	1,649,540	$	1,467,467	$	108,454	$	1,575,921	$	(19,281	)

	Fair Value						Unpaid Principal Balance						Difference
	Current–89 days		90+days past due				Current–89 days		90+days past due				90+days past due
December 31, 2023	past due		or nonaccrual		Total		past due		or nonaccrual		Total		or nonaccrual
Commercial - Purchase	$	204,282	$	4,651	$	208,933	$	188,924	$	5,635	$	194,559	$	(984	)
Commercial - Refinance		230,034		7,399		237,433		210,716		8,962		219,678		(1,563	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		238,215		12,886		251,101		231,494		15,428		246,922		(2,542	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		472,615		29,335		501,950		448,780		35,119		483,899		(5,784	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		46,312		1,769		48,081		45,695		2,143		47,838		(374	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		54,041		4,533		58,574		53,008		5,491		58,499		(958	)
Ending balance	$	1,245,499	$	60,573	$	1,306,072	$	1,178,617	$	72,778	$	1,251,395	$	(12,205	)

Note 7 — Receivables Due From Servicers

The following tables summarize receivables due from servicers as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	Securitized debt		Warehouse and repurchase facilities and other		Total
Loan principal payments due from servicers	$	41,871	$	180	$	42,051
Other loan servicing receivables		13,087		3,596		16,683
Loan servicing receivables		54,958		3,776		58,734
Corporate and escrow advances receivable		26,863		1,926		28,789
Total receivables due from servicers	$	81,821	$	5,702	$	87,523

	December 31, 2023
	Securitized debt		Warehouse and repurchase facilities and other		Total
Loan principal payments due from servicers	$	41,289	$	136	$	41,425
Other loan servicing receivables		13,122		3,249		16,371
Loan servicing receivables		54,411		3,385		57,796
Corporate and escrow advances receivable		25,736		1,545		27,281
Total receivables due from servicers	$	80,147	$	4,930	$	85,077

Note 8 — Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage loans serviced are related to the Century business and not included in the consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans serviced for others amounted to $485.9 million and $487.7 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company has elected to record its mortgage servicing rights using the fair value measurement method. Significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of servicing rights as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include: 1) Weighted average discount rates of 8.0%. 2) Weighted average conditional prepayment rates of 6.0% and 6.5%.

19

The following table presents the Company's mortgage servicing rights activity during the period of March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance at the beginning of year	$	8,578	$	9,238
Additions		—		15
Fair value adjustments		444		(110	)
Balance at end of period	$	9,022	$	9,143

Note 9 — Goodwill

The following table presents the activity for goodwill as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Balance at the beginning of period	$	6,775	$	6,775
Goodwill acquired		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	6,775	$	6,775

Note 10 — Securitized Debt and Securitized Debt at Fair Value

As of March 31, 2024, the Company is the sole beneficial interest holder of twenty-five trusts, which are variable interest entities included in the consolidated financial statements. The securitization transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. The securities are subject to redemption by the Company when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 10%–30% of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity dates of the securities issued could be earlier than their respective stated maturity dates, ranging from October 2047 through January 2054.

The following tables summarize securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
(in thousands)	Securitized debt, net			Securitized debt at fair value			Total securitized debt
Securitized debt	$	2,367,132		$	1,073,793		$	3,440,925
Valuation adjustments on FVO securitized debt		—			11,320			11,320
Valuation at issuance on FVO securitized debt		—			(11,270	)		(11,270	)
Deferred issuance costs and discounts		(37,226	)		—			(37,226	)
Total securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value	$	2,329,906		$	1,073,843		$	3,403,749

	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Securitized debt, net			Securitized debt at fair value			Total securitized debt
Securitized debt	$	2,458,439		$	876,704		$	3,335,143
Valuation adjustments on FVO securitized debt		—			9,002			9,002
Valuation at issuance on FVO securitized debt		—			(8,289	)		(8,289	)
Deferred issuance costs and discounts		(39,628	)		—			(39,628	)
Total securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value	$	2,418,811		$	877,417		$	3,296,228

The following table presents the effective interest rate of securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
Securitized debt:	2024			2023
Interest expense	$	49,283		$	37,196
Average outstanding unpaid principal balance		3,486,173			2,926,153
Effective interest rate (1)		5.65	%		5.08	%

(1)Effective interest rate represents annualized interest expense divided by average gross outstanding balance, which includes average rates of 5.38% and 4.44%, and debt issuance cost amortization of 0.27% and 0.64% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

20

Note 11 — Other Debt

Secured financings and warehouse facilities are utilized to finance the origination and purchase of commercial real estate mortgage loans. Warehouse facilities are designated to fund mortgage loans that are purchased and originated within specified underwriting guidelines. Most of these lines of credit fund less than 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans originated and purchased, requiring the use of working capital to fund the remaining portion.

(a)Secured Financing, Net (Corporate Debt)

On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, the (“the 2022 Term Loan”). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. Interest on the 2022 Term Loan is paid every six months. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to a term loan previously entered into during 2021 (the "2021 Term Loan"). The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of the 2022 Term Loan was $215.0 million.

On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into a five-year $75.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, the (“the 2024 Term Loan”). The 2024 Term Loan bears interest at 9.875% and matures on February 15, 2029. Interest on the 2024 Term Loan is paid every six months. As of March 31, 2024, the balance of the 2024 Term Loan was $75.0 million.

The total balance of the 2022 Term Loan and the 2024 Term Loan ("Corporate Debt") in the consolidated balance sheets is net of debt issuance costs and discount of $6.2 million as of March 31, 2024. The Corporate Debt is secured by substantially all assets of the Company not otherwise pledged under a securitized debt or warehouse facility and contains certain reporting and financial covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants, the lenders have the right to demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of March 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

(b)Warehouse Repurchase and Revolving Loan Facilities, Net

On January 4, 2011, Century entered into a Master Participation and Facility Agreement with a bank (“the September 2022 Term Repurchase Agreement”). The Facility Agreement has a current extended maturity date of July 31, 2024, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by performing loans, with a maximum capacity of $60.0 million, and bears interest at one-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.60% with a 0.25% floor. There was no outstanding balance as of March 31, 2024 and the effective interest rates was 6.2% as of December 31, 2023.

On May 17, 2013, the Company entered into a Repurchase Agreement (“the 2013 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2013 Repurchase Agreement is a modified mark-to-market agreement and has a current maturity date of September 26, 2024, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of performing loans, with a maximum capacity of $300.0 million, and bears interest at SOFR plus 3.25%. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility. The effective interest rates were 9.5% and 9.8% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

On September 12, 2018, the Company entered into a three-year non-mark-to-market secured revolving loan facility agreement (“the Bank Credit Agreement”) with a bank. The Bank Credit Agreement has a current extended maturity date of November 10, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SOFR plus 3.61%, with a floor of 4.25%. The maximum capacity under this facility is $50.0 million. The effective interest rates were 9.4% and 9.2% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

On January 29, 2021, the Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Repurchase Agreement has a current extended maturity date of May 15, 2024, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of loans, with a maximum capacity of $200.0 million, and bears interest at SOFR plus a margin of 3.00% during the availability period and 4.00% during the amortization period. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility. The effective interest rates were 10.3% and 10.0% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

On April 16, 2021, the Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Term Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of April 16, 2026, with a borrowing period through April 14, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SOFR plus a margin of 3.10%. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million. The effective interest rates were 8.7% and 8.3% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

21

On July 29, 2021, the Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Term Repurchase Agreement (“the July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of July 29, 2024, with an option to extend the term to July 29, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at one-month American Interbank Offered Rate ("AMERIBOR") with a 0.5% floor plus 4.50% per annum. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million. The effective interest rates were 10.8% and 14.2% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

On October 12, 2023, the Company entered into a $9.5 million short-term repurchase agreement (“the October 2023 Repurchase Agreement”), and bore interest at 7.0%. On December 14, 2023, the Company entered into two $10.0 million short-term repurchase agreements, one agreement bore interest at 7.6%, and the other agreement bore interest at 7.5%. These repurchase agreements were paid off in February 2024.

On December 27, 2023, the Company entered into a loan facility agreement (“the 2023 Repurchase Agreement”) with a bank. The 2023 Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of December 27, 2026. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SOFR plus 3.00%. The maximum loan amount under this facility is $75.0 million. The effective interest rates were 9.2% and 8.6% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Certain loans are pledged as security under the warehouse repurchase facilities and the revolving loan facility, which contain covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants or otherwise default under the facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate the facilities and demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The following table summarizes the maximum borrowing capacity and current gross balances outstanding of the Company’s warehouse facilities and loan agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Period end balance (1)		Maximum borrowing capacity		Period end balance (1)		Maximum borrowing capacity
The 2021 term repurchase agreement	$	41,845	$	100,000	$	30,460	$	100,000
The 2021 repurchase agreement		93,303		200,000		88,817		200,000
The July 2021 term repurchase agreement		27,979		100,000		22,516		100,000
The 2013 repurchase agreement		102,967		300,000		111,086		300,000
The bank credit agreement		46,583		50,000		31,950		50,000
The October 2023 repurchase agreement		—		—		29,522		30,530
The 2023 repurchase agreement		49,000		75,000		22,000		50,000
The September 2022 term repurchase agreement		—		60,000		—		60,000
Total	$	361,677	$	885,000	$	336,351	$	890,530

(1)Warehouse repurchase facilities amounts in the consolidated balance sheets are net of debt issuance costs amounting to $1.5 million and $1.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table provides an overview of the activity and effective interest rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Warehouse and repurchase facilities:
Average outstanding balance	$	267,559		$	225,497
Highest outstanding balance at any month-end		361,677			298,954
Effective interest rate (1)		9.56	%		8.57	%

(1)Effective interest rate represents annualized interest expense divided by average gross outstanding balance. The rate includes average rate of 8.83% and 8.07%, and debt issuance cost amortization of 0.72% and 0.50%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of interest expense that includes interest, amortization of discount, and deal cost amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Warehouse and repurchase facilities	$	6,392	$	4,833
Securitized debt		49,283		37,196
Interest expense — portfolio related		55,675		42,029
Interest expense — corporate debt		5,380		4,139
Total interest expense	$	61,055	$	46,168

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Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies

(a)Repurchase Liability

When the Company sells loans, it is required to make normal and customary representations and warranties about the loans to the purchaser. The loan sale agreements generally require the Company to repurchase loans if the Company breaches a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a loan shortly after its sale.

The Company records a repurchase liability relating to representations and warranties and early payment defaults. The method used to estimate the liability for repurchase is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually updates the estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties and early payment default requires considerable management judgment. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of repurchase liability was $66 thousand, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

(b)Legal Proceedings

The Company is a party to various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. The Company, after consultation with legal counsel, believes the disposition of all pending litigation will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

(c)Employee Retention Credit

Under the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) signed into law on March 27, 2020 and the subsequent extension of the CARES Act, the Company, with the guidance from a third-party specialist, determined it was eligible for a refundable employee retention credit (“ERC”) subject to certain criteria.

The Company applied for ERC for the first three quarters’ wages paid in calendar year 2021. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company received approximately $4.2 million of ERC. Due to the subjectivity of the credit, the Company elected to account for the ERC as a gain analogizing to ASC 450-30, Gain Contingencies. Accordingly, the $4.2 million ERC, net of the third-party specialist fees of $0.6 million, is deferred until the uncertainty surrounding ERC is resolved. The net amount is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024.

Note 13 — Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s Amended and Restated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, or the 2020 Plan, authorizes grants of stock‑based compensation instruments including but not limited to non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards and performance stock units ("PSUs") to certain employees and non-employee directors of the Company, to purchase or issue up to 2,770,000 shares of Company common stock.

Stock Options

Stock options granted generally vest ratably over three years and are exercisable for a period up to ten years from the date of the grant. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options in determining the stock-based compensation expense. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant. The expected dividend yield is zero as the Company is not expected to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock.

The table below summarizes stock option activity during the period ended March 31, 2024:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2)
Options outstanding at December 31, 2023		752,964	$	12.88
Granted		100		15.86
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited		—		—
Options outstanding at March 31, 2024		753,064	$	12.88	5.8 years	$	3,857
Options exercisable at March 31, 2024		747,500	$	12.89	5.8 years	$	3,822
Options expected to vest (1)		5,564	$	12.89	9.5 years	$	35

(1)The number of options expected to vest reflects no expected forfeiture.

(2)The aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of underlying stock exceeds the “in-the-money” option exercise price.

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Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs)

The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the fair market value of the Company's common shares on the grant date. The estimated fair value of restricted stock awards is amortized as an expense over the three-year requisite service period. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occurred rather than estimating service-based forfeitures over the requisite service period.

The table below summarizes RSA activity during the period ended March 31, 2024:

	Employee					Non-Employee Director				Total
March 31, 2024	Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Awards				Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		409,137		$	9.39		61,276	$	9.31		470,413		$	9.38
Granted		189,679			15.86		—		—		189,679			15.86
Vested		(248,796	)		8.61		—		—		(248,796	)		8.61
Forfeited		—			—		—		—		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2024		350,020		$	13.45		61,276	$	9.31		411,296		$	12.83

Performance Stock Units

In February 2022, the Company began granting performance stock units ("PSUs") to certain employees, including named executive officers under the 2020 Plan. PSUs are linked to the average core net income annual growth over the three-year period from the year of grant. Settlement of vested PSUs will be made on the date that the Compensation Committee certifies the average core net income annual growth for the three-year period. PSUs are subject to forfeiture until predetermined performance conditions have been achieved. The number of shares issued at the end of any performance period could range between 0% and 200% of the original target award amount. Compensation expense related to PSUs is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is recognized over the vesting period using an estimate of the probability of achieving the performance target. Adjustments to compensation expense are made each year based on changes in estimate of the number of PSUs that are probable of vesting.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for the number of PSUs considered probable of vesting based on the attainment of the performance targets.

The table below summarizes PSU activity during the period ended March 31, 2024:

March 31, 2024	Shares (1)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Outstanding at December 31, 2023, nonvested		256,387	$	11.05
Granted		157,994		15.86
Vested		—		—
Forfeited		—		—
Outstanding at March 31, 2024, nonvested		414,381	$	12.88

(1)The number of PSUs are presented at 100% of the specified target shares.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")

In July 2022, the Company initiated an ESPP which allows permitted eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations. The purchase price of the shares under the ESPP equals 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on either the first or last day of each six-month offering period. Compensation expense for the ESPP is calculated as of the beginning of the offering period as the fair value of the employees’ purchase rights utilizing the Black-Scholes option valuation model and is recognized as a compensation expense over the offering period.

The Company recognized a total of $1.3 million and $1.0 million compensation expense related to the outstanding stock options, unvested restricted stock awards, ESPP, and unvested performance-based stock unit awards granted to employees for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Such amount is included in “Compensation and employee benefits” on the consolidated statements of income. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards, ESPP, and performance-based stock unit awards totaled $9.6 million and $6.4 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Treasury share purchases represent shares surrendered to the Company approximately equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations and other estimated tax obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. During the quarters ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased 79,258 and 85,574 treasury shares at an average price of $16.20 and $9.78 per share, respectively.

24

Note 14 — Earnings Per Share

The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock and resulted in the issuance of common stock that shared in earnings.

The following table presents the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Basic EPS:
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	17,251	$	10,649
Less: earnings attributable to participating securities		217		160
Net earnings attributable to common shareholders	$	17,034	$	10,489
Weighted average common shares outstanding		32,541		32,098
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.52	$	0.33
Diluted EPS:
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	17,251	$	10,649
Weighted average common shares outstanding		32,541		32,098
Add dilutive effects for warrants		2,344		1,871
Add dilutive effects for stock options		157		5
Add dilutive effects of unvested restricted stock awards		151		66
Add dilutive effects of unvested performance-based stock units		246		12
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding		35,439		34,052
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.49	$	0.31

The following table sets forth the number of shares excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Stock options		108		773
Unvested restricted stock awards		190		282
Unvested performance-based stock units		—		154
Share equivalents excluded from EPS		298		1,209

Note 15 — Warrants

On April 7, 2020, the Company issued and sold in a private placement warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase additional shares of the Company’s common stock to funds affiliated with TruArc Partners (TruArc), formerly Snow Phipps, and a fund affiliated with Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (TOBI). TruArc and TOBI are considered affiliates and, therefore, are related parties to the Company.

The Warrants are exercisable at the warrant holder’s option at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, until April 7, 2025 at an exercise price of $2.96 per share of common stock, with respect to 2,008,749 of the Warrants, and at an exercise price of $4.94 per share of common stock, with respect to 1,004,375 of the Warrants. The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants are subject to customary antidilution adjustments and certain issuances of common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock) at a price (or having a conversion or exercise price) that is less than the then current exercise price. The Company is not required to affect an exercise of Warrants, if after giving effect to the issuance of common stock upon exercise of such Warrants such warrant holder together with its affiliates would beneficially own 49% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

25

Note 16 — Derivative Instruments

In September 2023, the Company began utilizing forward starting interest rate swap derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges to manage the exposure to interest rate volatility related to its forecasted issuances of fixed-rate debt through its securitization process. The Company’s risk management objective is to hedge the risk of variability in its interest payment cash flows attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") between the time the fixed rate mortgages are originated and the fixed rate debt is issued. As of March 31, 2024, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed four years.

The gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are reported as a component of AOCI. Beginning in the period in which the forecasted debt is issued and the related derivative instruments are terminated, the accumulated gains or losses associated with the terminated derivatives are then reclassified into interest expense as a yield adjustment over the term of the related debt. For the quarter ended March 31, 2024, $113 thousand after-tax net loss on terminated derivative instruments was reclassified from AOCI to interest expense. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $0.8 million in after-tax net unrealized gain associated with cash flow hedging instruments recorded in AOCI. As of March 31, 2024, the Company expects to reclassify an estimated $0.3 million of after-tax net unrealized loss on derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months.

The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on a gross basis, as well as its classification on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December, 31, 2023:

		March 31, 2024
(in thousands)				Fair Value (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:	Balance Sheet Location	Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
Cash flow hedges:
Forward starting payer interest rate swaps	Derivative asset	$	226,000	$	1,967	$	—

		December 31, 2023
(in thousands)				Fair Value (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:	Balance Sheet Location	Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
Cash flow hedges:
Forward starting payer interest rate swaps	Derivative liability	$	166,000	$	—	$	(3,665	)

(1)Fair value reported is exclusive of collateral held and pledged. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, collateral held related to derivative exposure between the Company and its derivative counterparty were $0.5 million and $4.2 million, respectively, and is recorded in other receivables.

The counterparty to the financial derivatives that the Company enters into is a major institution. The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by the counterparty. This credit risk is generally limited to the unrealized gains in such contracts, less collateral held, should the counterparty fail to perform as contracted.

Note 17 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss

The following table presents the changes in the component of accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss balances for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023
Beginning balance	$	1,210		$	—
Net unrealized (gain) on cash flow hedges arising during the period, net of tax		(1,891	)		—
Reclassification adjustments included in net income		(113	)		—
Ending balance	$	(794	)	$	—

The following table presents the component of other comprehensive (income) and the related tax effect for the quarter ended March 31, 2024:

	March 31, 2024
(in thousands)	Before-Tax			Tax Effect		Net-of-Tax
Cash flow hedges:
Forward starting payer interest rate swaps:
Net unrealized (gain) arising during the period	$	(2,627	)	$	736	$	(1,891	)
Reclassification adjustments included in net income		(155	)		42		(113	)
Other comprehensive income	$	(2,782	)	$	778	$	(2,004	)

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Note 18 — Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Determination

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value including a three-level valuation hierarchy, and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date reflecting assumptions that a market participant would use when pricing an asset or liability. The hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:

oLevel 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

oLevel 2 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.

oLevel 3 - Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs. Given the nature of some of the Company’s assets and liabilities, clearly determinable market-based valuation inputs are often not available; therefore, these assets and liabilities are valued using internal estimates. As subjectivity exists with respect to the valuation estimates used, the fair values disclosed may not equal prices that can ultimately be realized if the assets are sold or the liabilities are settled with third parties.

Below is a description of the valuation methods for the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value for disclosure purposes. While management believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the measurement date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and restricted cash are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities and interest rates that approximate market, a Level 1 measurement.

Loans Held for Investment, Net, and Loans Held for Investment, at Fair Value

The Company uses a third-party loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its nonperforming mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s nonperforming mortgage loans are interest rates, market yield requirements, the probability of default, loss given default, voluntary prepayment speed and loss timing. The Company uses an in-house loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its performing mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s performing mortgage loans are discount rate, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate, and loss severity rate. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement.

Collateral Dependent or Loans Individually Evaluated

Nonaccrual loans held for investment are evaluated individually and are adjusted to the fair value of the collateral when the fair value of the collateral is below the carrying value of the loan. To the extent a loan is collateral dependent, the Company determines the allowance for credit losses based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, a Level 3 measurement.

Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value

The Company has elected to account for certain loans originated with the intent to sell at fair value using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). The FVO loans held for sale are measured based a discounted cash flow model, or on the fair value of securities backed by similar mortgage loans, adjusted for certain factors to approximate the fair value, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk, and current commitments to purchase loans, a Level 2 measurement. Management identified all of these loans to be accounted for at estimated fair value at the instrument level. Changes in fair value are reflected in income as they occur.

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Real Estate Owned, Net (REO)

Real estate owned, net is initially recorded at the property’s estimated fair value, based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, at the acquisition date, a Level 3 measurement. From time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments are made to real estate owned, net based on the current updated appraised value of the property, or management’s judgment and estimation of value based on recent market trends or negotiated sales prices with potential buyers.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company determined the fair values based on a third-party valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income, a Level 3 measurement.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value using readily observable market inputs and the overall fair value measurement is classified as Level 2.

Secured Financing, Net (Corporate Debt)

The Company determined the fair values estimate of the secured financing using the estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement.

Warehouse Repurchase Facilities, Net

Warehouse repurchase facilities are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities of one-year or less and interest rates that approximate market plus a spread, a Level 2 measurement.

Securitized Debt, Net, and Securitized Debt, at Fair Value

The Company obtains the fair value estimates at instrument level from a third-party broker dealer based on trader input on benchmark securities. The fair values take into consideration input factors such as bond structure and collateral characteristics and performance and pricing factors such as yield, spread, average life, prepayment speeds, default rate, and severity. The fair values are considered a Level 2 measurement. Significant changes in any of the input factors in isolation could result in a significant change to securitized debt’s fair value measurement.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable

The carrying amounts of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet financial instruments.

Receivables Due From Servicers

The carrying amounts of receivables due from servicers approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

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Fair Value Disclosures

The following tables present information on assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, by level, in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	Fair value measurements using						Total at
March 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	12,918	$	12,918
Real estate owned, net		—		—		46,280		46,280
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		59,198		59,198
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		1,649,540		1,649,540
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		9,022		9,022
Derivative assets		—		1,967		—		1,967
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		1,967		1,658,562		1,660,529
Total assets	$	—	$	1,967	$	1,717,760	$	1,719,727
Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Securitized debt, at fair value	$	—	$	1,073,843	$	—	$	1,073,843
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		1,073,843		—		1,073,843
Total liabilities	$	—	$	1,073,843	$	—	$	1,073,843

	Fair value measurements using						Total at
December 31, 2023	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	8,475	$	8,475
Real estate owned, net		—		—		44,268		44,268
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		52,743		52,743
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for sale, at fair value		—		17,590		—		17,590
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		1,306,072		1,306,072
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		8,578		8,578
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		17,590		1,314,650		1,332,240
Total assets	$	—	$	17,590	$	1,367,393	$	1,384,983
Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Securitized debt, at fair value	$	—	$	877,417	$	—	$	877,417
Derivative liabilities		—		3,665		—		3,665
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		881,082		—		881,082
Total liabilities	$	—	$	881,082	$	—	$	881,082

The following table presents gains (losses) recognized on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
Gain (loss) on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis	2024			2023
Real estate owned, net	$	(1,722	)	$	(1,178	)
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net		(457	)		101
Total net loss	$	(2,179	)	$	(1,077	)

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The following table presents the primary valuation techniques and unobservable inputs related to Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average (1)
Nonrecurring:
Individually evaluated    loans requiring specific    allowance, net	$	12,918	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Real estate owned, net		46,280	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Recurring:
Loans held for investment,    at fair value	$	1,649,540	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.1%	9.1%
				Prepayment rate	1.3% to 50.0%	6.6%
				Default rate	0.1% to 1.8%	0.8%
				Loss severity rate	0.0% to 11.8%	0.5%
Mortgage servicing rights		9,022	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.0%	8.0%
				Prepayment rate	5.3% to 15.4%	6.0%

(1)Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net is weighted by collateral value; real estate owned, net is weighted by selling price; loans held for investment at fair value and mortgage servicing rights are weighted by UPB.

The following table presents the primary valuation techniques and unobservable inputs related to Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average (1)
Nonrecurring:
Individually evaluated    loans requiring specific    allowance, net	$	8,475	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Real estate owned, net		44,268	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Recurring:
Loans held for investment,    at fair value	$	1,306,072	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.3%	9.3%
				Prepayment rate	0.7% to 50.0%	5.8%
				Default rate	0.0% to 1.7%	0.7%
				Loss severity rate	0.0% to 14.8%	2.1%
Mortgage servicing rights		8,578	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.0%	8.0%
				Prepayment rate	5.3% to 16.0%	6.5%

(1)Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net is weighted by collateral value; real estate owned, net is weighted by selling price; loans held for investment at fair value and mortgage servicing rights are weighted by UPB.

The following is a roll-forward of loans held for investment that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Beginning balance	$	1,306,072		$	276,095
Originations		378,671			197,888
Loans liquidated		(61,753	)		(8,020	)
Acquisition		11,591			—
REO Transfer		(925	)		—
Principal paydowns		(6,069	)		(1,032	)
Total unrealized gain included in net income		19,472			6,658
Loans transferred from (to) held for sale		2,481			(20,857	)
Ending balance	$	1,649,540		$	450,732

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The following is a roll-forward of loans held for sale that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Beginning balance	$	17,590		$	—
Originations		—			19,088
Loans liquidated		(14,533	)		(22,560	)
Principal paydowns		(29	)		—
Total unrealized (loss) gain included in net income		(547	)		696
Loans transferred (to) from held for investment		(2,481	)		20,857
Ending balance	$	—		$	18,081

The following is a roll-forward of mortgage servicing rights that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	8,578	$	9,238
Additions		—		15
Total unrealized gain (loss) included in net income		444		(110	)
Ending balance	$	9,022	$	9,143

The Company estimates the fair value of certain financial instruments on a quarterly basis. These instruments are recorded at fair value through the use of a valuation allowance only if they are individually evaluated. As described above, these adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value include loans held for investment at fair value, loans held for sale at fair value, mortgage servicing rights, derivative instruments, and securitized debt at fair value. Financial assets measured at the lower of cost or estimated fair value include certain individually evaluated loans held for investment and REO, which are measured using unobservable inputs, including appraisals and broker price opinions on the values of the underlying collateral. Individually evaluated loans requiring an allowance are carried at approximately $12.9 million and $8.5 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, net of specific allowance for credit losses of approximately $1.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

A financial instrument is cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity on potentially favorable terms. The methods and assumptions used in estimating the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are described above.

The following tables present carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024
	Carrying								Estimated
Asset category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Cash	$	34,829	$	34,829	$	—	$	—	$	34,829
Restricted cash		24,216		24,216		—		—		24,216
Loans held for investment, net		2,727,518		—		—		2,587,648		2,587,648
Loans held for investment, at fair value		1,649,540		—		—		1,649,540		1,649,540
Accrued interest receivables		29,374		29,374		—		—		29,374
Mortgage servicing rights		9,022		—		—		9,022		9,022
Derivative assets		1,967		—		1,967		—		1,967
Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	283,813	$	—	$	—	$	287,752	$	287,752
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		360,216		—		360,216		—		360,216
Securitized debt, net		2,329,906		—		2,089,608		—		2,089,608
Securitized debt, at fair value		1,073,843		—		1,073,843		—		1,073,843
Accrued interest payable		19,172		19,172		—		—		19,172

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	December 31, 2023
	Carrying								Estimated
Asset category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Cash	$	40,566	$	40,566	$	—	$	—	$	40,566
Restricted cash		21,361		21,361		—		—		21,361
Loans held for sale, at fair value		17,590		—		17,590		—		17,590
Loans held for investment, net		2,828,123		—		—		2,672,705		2,672,705
Loans held for investment, at fair value		1,306,072		—		—		1,306,072		1,306,072
Accrued interest receivable		27,028		27,028		—		—		27,028
Mortgage servicing rights		8,578		—		—		8,578		8,578
Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	211,083	$	—	$	—	$	212,625	$	212,625
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		334,755		—		334,755		—		334,755
Securitized debt, net		2,418,811		—		2,155,718		—		2,155,718
Securitized debt, at fair value		877,417				877,417		—		877,417
Accrued interest payable		20,473		20,473		—		—		20,473
Derivative liability		3,665		—		3,665		—		3,665

Note 19 — Subsequent Events

The Company completed the securitization of $295.1 million of investor real estate loans on April 11, 2024, which will be accounted for as secured borrowings during the quarter ending June 30, 2024.

Century, a consolidating subsidiary of the Company, purchased a servicing loan portfolio with a total UPB of $227.6 million for $3.6 million on April 30, 2024.

The Company has evaluated events that have occurred subsequent to March 31, 2024 through the issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements and has concluded there are no other subsequent events that would require recognition or disclosure in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as the unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”).

In addition, the statements and assumptions in this Quarterly Report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. In particular, statements about our plans, strategies and prospects as well as estimates of industry growth for the next quarter and beyond are forward-looking statements. For important information regarding these forward-looking statements, please see the discussion below under the caption "Forward-Looking Statements.”

References to “the Company,” “Velocity,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Velocity Financial, Inc. and include all of its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise.

Business

We are a vertically integrated real estate finance company founded in 2004. We primarily originate and manage investor loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental and commercial properties, which we refer to collectively as investor real estate loans. We originate loans nationwide across our extensive network of independent mortgage brokers which we have built and refined over the 19 years since our inception. Our objective is to be the preferred and one of the most recognized brands in our core market, particularly within our network of mortgage brokers.

We operate in a large and highly fragmented market with substantial demand for financing and limited supply of institutional financing alternatives. We have developed the highly-specialized skill set required to effectively compete in this market, which we believe has afforded us a durable business model capable of generating attractive risk-adjusted returns for our stockholders throughout various business cycles. We offer competitive pricing to our borrowers by pursuing low-cost financing strategies and by driving front-end process efficiencies through customized technology designed to control the cost of originating a loan. Furthermore, by originating loans through our efficient and scalable network of approved mortgage brokers, we are able to maintain a wide geographical presence and nimble operating infrastructure capable of reacting quickly to changing market environments.

Our primary source of revenue is interest income earned on our loan portfolio. Our typical loan is secured by a first lien on the underlying property with a personal guarantee and, based on all loans in our portfolio as of March 31, 2024, has an average balance of approximately $388.8 thousand. As of March 31, 2024, our loan portfolio totaled $4.3 billion of UPB on properties in 46 states and the District of Columbia. The total portfolio had a weighted average loan-to-value ratio, or LTV at origination, of 67.6%, of which the 1-4 unit residential rental loans, which we refer to as investor 1-4 loans, represented 54.6% of the UPB. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the annualized yield on our total portfolio was 8.71%.

We fund our portfolio primarily through a combination of committed and uncommitted secured warehouse facilities, securitized debt, corporate debt, and equity. The securitized debt market is our primary source of long-term financing. We have successfully executed thirty securitized debt transactions, resulting in a total of over $6.6 billion in gross debt proceeds from May 2011 through March 2024. We may also continue to sell loans from time to time for cash in lieu of holding the loans in our loan portfolio.

One of our core profitably measurements is our portfolio related net interest margin, which measures the difference between interest income earned on our loan portfolio and interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt, relative to the amount of loans outstanding over the period. Our portfolio-related debt consists of our warehouse facilities and securitized debt and excludes our corporate debt. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our annualized portfolio related net interest margin decreased to 3.35% from 3.52% for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. We generate profits to the extent that our portfolio related net interest income exceeds our interest expense on corporate debt, provision for loan losses and operating expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, including net income attributable to noncontrolling interest, we generated pre-tax and net income of $23.2 million and $17.3 million, respectively.

On December 28, 2021, the Company acquired an 80% ownership interest in Century Health & Housing Capital, LLC (“Century”). Century is a licensed Ginnie Mae issuer/servicer that provides government-insured Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage financing for multifamily housing, senior housing and long-term care/assisted living facilities. Century originates loans through its borrower-direct origination channel and services the loans through its in-house servicing platform, which enables the formation of long-term relationships with its clients and drives strong portfolio retention. Century earns origination fees and servicing fees from the mortgage servicing rights on its servicing portfolio.

Items Affecting Comparability of Results

Due to a number of factors, our historical financial results may not be comparable, either from period to period, or to our financial results in future periods. We have summarized the key factors affecting the comparability of our financial results below.

In February 2024, the Company issued $75.0 million principal amount of five-year Senior Secured Notes. The Notes bear interest at 9.875% and mature on February 15, 2029.

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Recent Developments

Securitized Debt

In April 2024, we completed the securitization of $295.1 million of investor real estate loans, as measured by UPB.

Continued Market Uncertainties

Our operational and financial performance will depend on certain market developments, including any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia/Ukraine war, the Israel-Gaza Conflict, a global recession, heightened stress in the real estate and corporate debt markets, and macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can all affect each of these factors and potentially impact our business performance.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires certain judgments and assumptions, based on information available at the time of preparation of the consolidated financial statements, in determining accounting estimates used in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The following discussion addresses the accounting policies that we believe apply to us based on the nature of our operations. Our most critical accounting policies involve decisions and assessments that could affect our reported assets and liabilities, as well as our reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all the decisions and assessments used to prepare our financial statements are based upon reasonable assumptions given the information available at that time.

These polices and estimates relate to the allowance for loan losses, fair value option accounting, and deferred income tax assets and liabilities. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC.

How We Assess Our Business Performance

Net income is the primary metric by which we assess our business performance. Accordingly, we closely monitor the primary drivers of net income which consist of the following:

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income and is monitored on both an absolute basis and relative to provisions for loan losses and operating expenses. We generate net interest income to the extent that the rate at which we lend in our portfolio exceeds the cost of financing our portfolio, which we primarily achieve through long-term securitized debt. Accordingly, we closely monitor the financing markets and maintain consistent dialogue with investors and financial institutions as we evaluate our financing sources and cost of funds.

To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor: (1) the yields on our loans, (2) the costs of our funding sources, (3) our net interest spread and (4) our net interest margin. Net interest spread measures the difference between the rates earned on our loans and the rates paid on our funding sources. Net interest margin measures the difference between our annualized interest income and annualized interest expense, or net interest income, as a percentage of average loans outstanding over the specified time period.

Periodic changes in net interest income are primarily driven by: (1) origination volume and changes in average outstanding loan balances and (2) interest rates and changes in interest earned on our portfolio or paid on our debt. Historically, origination volume and portfolio size have been the largest contributors to the growth in our net interest income. We measure net interest income before and after interest expense related to our corporate debt and before and after our provisions for loan losses.

Credit Losses

We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process and life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. We closely monitor the credit performance of our loan portfolio, including delinquency rates and expected and actual credit losses, as a key factor in assessing our overall business performance.

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Operating Expenses

We incur operating expenses from compensation and benefits related to our employee base, rent and other occupancy costs associated with our leased facilities, our third-party primary loan servicing vendors, professional fees to the extent we utilize third-party legal, consulting and advisory firms, and costs associated with the resolution and disposition of real estate owned, among other items. We monitor and strive to prudently manage operating expenses and to balance current period profitability with investment in the continued development of our platform. Because volume and portfolio size determine the magnitude of the impact of each of the above factors on our earnings, we also closely monitor origination volume along with all key terms of new loan originations, such as interest rates, loan-to-value ratios, estimated credit losses and expected duration.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the credit performance of our loan portfolio and the efficiency of our operating platform. These measures are affected by a number of factors, including the demand for investor real estate loans, the competitiveness of the market for originating or acquiring investor real estate loans, the cost of financing our portfolio, operating costs, the availability of funding sources and the underlying performance of the collateral supporting our loans. While we have been successful at managing these elements in the past, there are certain circumstances beyond our control, including any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas wars, an expected recession, and macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can all affect each of these factors and potentially impact our business performance.

Competition

The investor real estate loan market is highly competitive which could affect our profitability and growth. We believe we compete favorably through diversified borrower access driven by our extensive network of mortgage brokers and by emphasizing a high level of real estate and financial expertise, customer service, and flexibility in structuring transactions, as well as by attracting and retaining experienced managerial and marketing personnel. However, some of our competitors may be better positioned to market their services and financing programs because of their ability to offer more favorable rates and terms and other services.

Availability and Cost of Funding

Our primary funding sources have historically included cash from operations, warehouse facilities, term securitized debt, corporate debt, and equity. We believe we have an established brand in the term securitized debt market and that this market will continue to support our portfolio growth with long-term financing. Changes in macroeconomic conditions can adversely impact our ability to issue securitized debt and, thereby, limit our options for long-term financing. In consideration of this potential risk, we have entered into a credit facility for longer-term financing that will provide us with capital resources to fund loan growth in the event we are not able to issue securitized debt.

One of our seven warehouse repurchase facilities have interest payment obligations tied to the one-month American Interbank Offered Rate, ("AMERIBOR"). Six of our warehouse repurchase and revolving loan facilities have interest payment obligations tied to the Secured Overnight Offering Rate ("SOFR").

Loan Performance

We underwrite and structure our loans to minimize potential losses. We believe our fully amortizing loan structures and avoidance of large balloon payments, coupled with meaningful borrower equity in properties, limit the probability of losses and that our proven in-house asset management capability allows us to minimize potential losses in situations where there is insufficient equity in the property. Our income is highly dependent upon borrowers making their payments and resolving delinquent loans as favorably as possible. Macroeconomic conditions can, however, impact credit trends in our core market and have an adverse impact on financial results.

Macroeconomic Conditions

The investor real estate loan market may be impacted by a wide range of macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, residential and commercial real estate prices, home ownership and unemployment rates, and availability of credit, among others. We believe our prudent underwriting, conservative loan structures and interest rate protections, and proven in-house asset management capability leave us well positioned to manage changing macroeconomic conditions.

35

Portfolio and Asset Quality

Key Portfolio Statistics

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			March 31, 2023
	($ in thousands)
Total loans	$	4,281,533		$	4,072,890		$	3,596,176
Loan count		11,013			10,477			9,147
Average loan balance	$	389		$	389		$	393
Weighted average loan-to-value		67.6	%		67.8	%		68.1	%
Weighted average coupon		9.1	%		8.9	%		8.2	%
Nonperforming loans (UPB) (A)	$	432,560		$	394,562		$	309,937
Nonperforming loans (% of total) (A)		10.1	%		9.7	%		8.6	%

(A) Reflects the UPB of loans 90 days or more past due or placed on nonaccrual status. Includes $45.1 million, $42.2 million, and $38.7 million of COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans 90 days or more past due or placed on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively.

Total Loans. Total loans reflects the aggregate UPB at the end of the period. It excludes deferred origination costs, acquisition discounts, fair value adjustments and allowance for credit losses.

Loan Count. Loan count reflects the number of loans at the end of the period. It includes all loans with an outstanding principal balance.

Average Loan Balance. Average loan balance reflects the average UPB at the end of the period (i.e., total loans divided by loan count).

Weighted Average Coupon. Weighted average coupon reflects the weighted average loan rate at the end of the period.

Weighted Average Loan-to-Value. Loan-to-value, or LTV, reflects the ratio of the original loan amount to the appraised value of the underlying property at the time of origination. In instances where the LTV at origination is not available for an acquired loan, the LTV reflects our best estimate of value at the time of acquisition. Weighted average LTV is calculated for the population of loans outstanding at the end of each specified period using the original loan amounts and appraised LTVs at the time of origination of each loan. LTV is a key statistic because requiring the borrower to invest more equity in the collateral minimizes our exposure for future credit losses.

Nonperforming Loans. Loans that are 90 or more days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest, except for certain loans in our COVID-19 forbearance program, are considered nonperforming loans. The dollar amount of nonperforming loans presented in the table above reflects the UPB of all loans that meet this definition.

Originations and Acquisitions

The following table presents new loan originations and acquisitions and includes average loan size, weighted average coupon and weighted average loan-to-value for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands)	Loan Count		Loan Balance		Average Loan Size		Weighted Average Coupon			Weighted Average LTV
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024:
Loan originations — held for investment		958	$	378,671	$	395		11.06	%		63.8	%
Loan originations — held for sale		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations		958	$	378,671	$	395		11.06	%		63.8	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		31		12,270		396		11.48	%		59.2	%
Total loans originated		989	$	390,941	$	395		11.07	%		63.7	%
Three Months Ended December 31, 2023:
Loan originations — held for investment		883	$	351,644	$	398		11.19	%		65.3	%
Loan originations — held for sale		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations		883	$	351,644	$	398		11.19	%		65.3	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loans originated		883	$	351,644	$	398		11.19	%		65.3	%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023:
Loan originations — held for investment		587	$	197,888	$	337		11.08	%		66.6	%
Loan originations — held for sale		2		19,088		9,544		5.34	%		47.5	%
Total loan originations		589	$	216,976	$	368		10.58	%		65.0	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loans originated and acquired		589	$	216,976	$	368		10.58	%		65.0	%

36

During the first quarter of 2024, we originated $378.7 million of loans, which is an increase of $27.1 million from $351.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and an increase of $161.7 million from $217.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

Our total portfolio of loans held for investment consists of both loans held for investment at amortized cost, which are presented in the consolidated balance sheet as loans held for investment, net, and loans held for investment at fair value, which are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as loans held for investment at fair value. The following tables show the various components of loans held for investment as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Unpaid principal balance	$	4,281,533		$	4,055,936
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		73,619			54,677
Deferred loan origination costs		27,173			28,351
Total loans held for investment, gross		4,382,325			4,138,964
Allowance for credit losses		(5,267	)		(4,769	)
Loans held for investment, net	$	4,377,058		$	4,134,195

The following table illustrates the contractual maturities for our loans held for investment in aggregate UPB and as a percentage of our total held for investment loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023					March 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	UPB		%			UPB		%			UPB		%
Loans due in less than one year	$	156,441		3.7	%	$	151,670		3.8	%	$	150,013		4.2	%
Loans due in one to five years		66,298		1.5			54,345		1.3			28,862		0.8
Loans due in more than five years		4,058,794		94.8			3,849,921		94.9			3,399,916		95.0
Total loans held for investment	$	4,281,533		100.0	%	$	4,055,936		100.0	%	$	3,578,791		100.0	%

Allowance for Loan Losses

For the March 31, 2024 estimate, we considered a severe stress scenario with a seven-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a three-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that applying the severe stress scenario was appropriate given the continued inflation in the United States, the increase in unemployment, concerns of a recession, and the continued geopolitical instability with a wider Middle East conflict, and the wars between Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas.

For the December 31, 2023 CECL estimate, we considered a severe stress scenario with an eight-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a two-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that applying the severe stress scenario was appropriate given the continued inflation in the United States, the wars between Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas, continued disruption in the supply chain, and concerns of a recession.

Our allowance for loan losses as of March 31, 2024 was $5.3 million compared to $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and $5.0 million as of March 31, 2023. The slight increase in allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2023 and from March 31, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in the individually-assessed component of the reserve. Our overall loan loss reserve for the periods was within our expected range of 0.15% to 0.20% of loans held for investment, excluding FVO loans. We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process, life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. Additionally, we believe borrower equity of 25% to 40% provides significant protection against credit losses. The various scenarios, the weighting of scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss, is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

To estimate the allowance for loan losses in our portfolio of loans held for investment carried at amortized cost, we follow a detailed internal review process, considering a number of different factors including, but not limited to, our ongoing analyses of loans, historical loss rates, relevant environmental factors, relevant market research, trends in delinquencies, effects and changes in credit concentrations, and ongoing evaluation of fair values.

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The following table illustrates the activity in our allowance for loan losses over the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			March 31, 2023
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,769		$	4,685		$	4,893
Provision for loan losses		1,002			828			636
Charge-offs		(504	)		(744	)		(484	)
Ending balance	$	5,267		$	4,769		$	5,045
Total loans held for investment (UPB), excluding FVO (1)	$	2,705,612		$	2,804,541		$	3,142,181
Allowance for credit losses / loans held for investment, excluding FVO		0.19	%		0.17	%		0.16	%

(1)Reflects the UPB of loans held for investment excluding loans held for investment at fair value (FVO).

Credit Quality – Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following table provides delinquency information on our loans held for investment and loans held for investment at fair value by UPB as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		December 31, 2023 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		March 31, 2023 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance
Performing/Accruing:
Current	$	3,517,715	82.2	%	$	94,404	$	3,354,197	82.7	%	$	116,060	$	3,049,110	85.2	%	$	132,688
30-59 days past due		239,493	5.6			21,886		231,590	5.7			11,993		141,253	3.9			13,529
60-89 days past due		91,765	2.1			3,787		75,587	1.9			4,336		78,491	2.2			10,157
Total Performing Loans		3,848,973	89.9			120,077		3,661,374	90.3			132,389		3,268,854	91.3			156,374
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual:
<90 days past due		20,473	0.5			909		17,746	0.4			1,562		23,544	0.7			1,480
90+ days past due		27,919	0.7			1,587		24,398	0.6			—		40,947	1.1			2,344
Bankruptcy		45,471	1.1			4,046		35,993	0.9			3,705		15,132	0.4			6,014
In foreclosure		338,697	7.9			38,522		316,425	7.8			36,915		230,314	6.5			28,902
Total nonperforming loans		432,560	10.1			45,064		394,562	9.7			42,182		309,937	8.7			38,740
Total loans held for investment	$	4,281,533	100.0	%	$	165,141	$	4,055,936	100.0	%	$	174,571	$	3,578,791	100.0	%	$	195,114

(A)Balance includes $164.1 million UPB of loans held for investment as of March 31, 2024, $174.6 million as of December 31, 2023, and $195.1 million as of March 31, 2023 in our COVID-19 forbearance program.

Other than loans in the COVID-19 forbearance program, loans that are 90+ days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest are considered nonperforming loans. Nonperforming loans were $432.6 million, or 10.1% of our held for investment loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024, compared to $394.6 million, or 9.7% as of December 31, 2023, and $309.9 million, or 8.7% of the held for investment loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023. The increase in total nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2023 is due to an increase in the size of our portfolio and management’s decision to move loans into foreclosure early in the delinquency process.

Historically, most loans that become nonperforming resolve prior to converting to REO. This is due to low LTVs at origination and our active management of the portfolio. The following tables summarize the resolution activities of loans that became nonperforming prior to the beginning of the periods indicated or became nonperforming and subsequently resolved during the periods indicated. We resolved $49.5 million of long-term and short-term non-performing loans during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, which was lower compared to $68.7 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 and higher compared to $36.9 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. From these resolution activities, including the REO resolutions, we realized net gains of $1.3 million, $1.5 million, and $1.3 million during the quarters ended March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively. This is largely the result of collecting default interest and prepayment penalties in excess of the contractual principal and interest due on loans.

The table below includes resolutions for our long-term nonperforming loans and REO's.

	Three Months Ended
Long-Term Loans	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023					March 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Resolved — paid in full	$	16,563	$	798		$	22,342	$	826		$	11,274	$	632
Resolved — paid current		27,494		164			36,026		206			18,477		233
Resolved — REO sold		3,888		224			1,588		140			570		137
Total resolutions	$	47,945	$	1,186		$	59,956	$	1,172		$	30,321	$	1,002
Recovery rate on resolved    nonperforming UPB				102.5	%				102.0	%				103.3	%

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The table below includes resolutions for our short-term nonperforming loans and REO's, and also includes loans that were granted a COVID-19 forbearance in 2020. The short-term loans, or loans with a maturity of two-year or less, do not require prepayment fees and usually result in a lower gain when paid in full, as compared to long term loans.

	Three Months Ended
Short-Term Loans	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023					March 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Resolved — paid in full	$	2,496	$	—		$	2,770	$	37		$	5,560	$	348
Resolved — paid current		2,927		25			7,560		13			1,633		9
Resolved — REO sold		1,161		62			604		316			1,209		(21	)
Total resolutions	$	6,584	$	87		$	10,934	$	366		$	8,402	$	336
Recovery rate on resolved    nonperforming UPB				101.3	%				103.3	%				104.0	%

Real Estate Owned (REO)

REO includes real estate we acquire through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. REO assets are initially recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, on the date of foreclosure. Adjustments that reduce the carrying value of the loan to the fair value of the real estate at the time of foreclosure are recognized as charge-offs in the allowance for loans losses. Positive adjustments at the time of foreclosure are recognized in other operating income. After foreclosure, we periodically obtain new valuations and any subsequent changes to fair value, less estimated costs to sell, are reflected as valuation adjustments, included in "real estate owned, net" in the consolidated statements of income.

As of March 31, 2024, our REO included 76 properties with a carrying value of $46.3 million compared to 71 properties with a carrying value of $44.3 million as of December 31, 2023.

Charge-offs, Gain/(Loss) on REO

Our actual charge-offs have been minimal as a percentage of nonperforming loans held for investment. The valuation impact to our P&L from loans becoming REO or in REO is a combination of 1) loan charge-offs, 2) gain on transfer to REO included in "gain on disposition of loans" in the consolidated statements of income, 3) net gain/(loss) on sale of REO, and 4) net valuation adjustments on REO. The table below shows our actual charge-offs; gain on transfer of nonperforming loans to REO; gain on disposition of REO; and net valuation adjustments on REO; for the periods indicated.

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023				March 31, 2023
Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)		321,442				332,971				298,703
Charge-offs		504				744				484
Charge-offs / Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)		0.63	%	(2)		0.89	%	(2)		0.65	%	(2)
Gain on transfer to REO		1,160				1,403				1,233
Gain on sale of REO		286				456				121
REO valuations, net		(1,722	)			(1,417	)			(1,178	)
Total gain(loss) on REO		(276	)			442				177

(1)Reflects the monthly average of nonperforming loans held for investment, excluding FVO loans, during the period.

(2)Reflects annualized charge-offs to average nonperforming loans for the period.

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Concentrations – Loans Held for Investment

As of March 31, 2024, our held for investment loan portfolio was concentrated in investor 1-4 loans, representing 54.6% of the UPB. Mixed used properties represented 11.5% of the UPB. No other property type represented more than 10.0% of our held for investment loan portfolio. Geographically, the principal balance of our loans held for investment were concentrated 21.6% in California, 17.8% in New York, 13.2% in Florida, and 7.4% in New Jersey.

Property Type	March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
Investor 1-4		6,851	$	2,336,678		54.6	%
Mixed use		1,189		492,452		11.5
Retail		751		363,747		8.5
Multifamily		596		323,363		7.6
Warehouse		421		276,325		6.4
Office		552		230,598		5.4
Other(1)		653		258,370		6.0
Total loans held for investment		11,013	$	4,281,533		100.0	%

(1)All other properties individually comprise less than 5.0% of the total unpaid principal balance.

Geography (State)	March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
California		1,398	$	926,190		21.6	%
New York		1,388		761,878		17.8
Florida		1,439		565,798		13.2
New Jersey		934		315,089		7.4
Other(1)		5,854		1,712,578		40.0
Total loans held for investment		11,013	$	4,281,533		100.0	%

(1)All other states individually comprise less than 5.0% of the total unpaid principal balance.

Key Performance Metrics

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024 (1)			December 31, 2023 (1)			March 31, 2023 (1)
Average loans	$	4,159,412		$	3,964,560		$	3,525,028
Portfolio yield		8.71	%		8.70	%		8.00	%
Average debt — portfolio related		3,753,732			3,575,733			3,151,650
Average debt — total company		4,015,283			3,790,733			3,366,650
Cost of funds — portfolio related		5.93	%		5.75	%		5.33	%
Cost of funds — total company		6.08	%		5.86	%		5.49	%
Net interest margin — portfolio related		3.35	%		3.52	%		3.23	%
Net interest margin — total company		2.83	%		3.10	%		2.76	%
Charge-offs/Average loans held for investment, excluding FVO loans		0.07	%		0.10	%		0.06	%
Pre-tax return on equity		20.77	%		20.66	%		15.26	%
Return on equity		15.49	%		15.90	%		11.10	%

(1)Percentages are annualized.

Average Loans

Average loans reflects the daily average of total outstanding loans, including both loans held for investment and loans held for sale, as measured by UPB, over the specified time period.

Portfolio Yield

Portfolio yield is an annualized measure of the total interest income earned on our loan portfolio as a percentage of average loans over the given period. Interest income includes interest earned on performing loans, cash interest received on nonperforming loans, default interest and prepayment fees. The fluctuations in our portfolio yield over the periods shown was primarily driven by loans placed on non-accrual status during the periods.

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Average Debt — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio-related debt consists of borrowings related directly to financing our loan portfolio, which includes our warehouse facilities and securitized debt. Total company debt consists of portfolio-related debt and corporate debt. The measures presented here reflect the monthly average of all portfolio-related and total company debt, as measured by outstanding principal balance, over the specified time period.

Cost of Funds — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio related cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average portfolio-related debt outstanding over the given period. Total company cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt outstanding over the given period. Interest expense includes the amortization of expenses incurred in connection with our portfolio related financing activities and corporate debt. Through the issuance of long-term securitized debt, we have been able to fix a significant portion of our borrowing costs over time. The strong credit performance on our securitized debt has allowed us to issue debt at attractive rates.

Our portfolio related cost of funds increased to 5.93% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 5.75% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and increased from 5.33% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of rising interest rates.

Net Interest Margin — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio related net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period. Total company net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period.

Over the periods shown below, our portfolio related net interest margin decreased to 3.35% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 3.52% for the three months ended December 31, 2023, and increased from 3.23% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease from December 31, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in corporate debt interest expense from the $75.0 million notes (the 2024 Term Loan) the Company issued in February of 2024. The increase from March 31, 2023 was primarily due to higher average yield on our loan portfolio.

Our total company net interest margin of 2.83% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased compared to 3.10% for the three months ended December 31, 2023, and increased from 2.76% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in total company net interest margin during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from the three months ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to higher corporate debt interest expense. The increase from the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to higher average yield on our loan portfolio, offset by the higher corporate debt interest expense.

41

The following tables show the average outstanding balance of our loan portfolio and portfolio-related debt, together with interest income and the corresponding yield earned on our portfolio, and interest expense and the corresponding rate paid on our portfolio-related debt for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024							December 31, 2023							March 31, 2023
			Interest		Average					Interest		Average					Interest		Average
	Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /
($ in thousands)	Balance		Expense		Rate (1)			Balance		Expense		Rate (1)			Balance		Expense		Rate (1)
Loan portfolio:
Loans held for sale	$	9,661						$	14,918						$	12,895
Loans held for investment		4,149,750							3,949,642							3,512,133
Total loans	$	4,159,412	$	90,529		8.71	%	$	3,964,560	$	86,268		8.70	%	$	3,525,028	$	70,521		8.00	%
Debt:
Warehouse facilities	$	267,559	$	6,392		9.56	%	$	255,266	$	6,040		9.46	%	$	225,497	$	4,833		8.57	%
Securitized debt		3,486,173		49,283		5.65	%		3,320,467		45,366		5.47	%		2,926,153		37,196		5.08	%
Total debt - portfolio related		3,753,732		55,675		5.93	%		3,575,733		51,406		5.75	%		3,151,650		42,029		5.33	%
Corporate debt		261,552		5,380		8.23	%		215,000		4,138		7.70	%		215,000		4,139		7.70	%
Total debt	$	4,015,284	$	61,055		6.08	%	$	3,790,733	$	55,544		5.86	%	$	3,366,650	$	46,168		5.49	%
Net interest spread -    portfolio related (2)						2.77	%						2.95	%						2.67	%
Net interest margin -    portfolio related						3.35	%						3.52	%						3.23	%
Net interest spread -    total company (3)						2.62	%						2.84	%						2.52	%
Net interest margin -    total company						2.83	%						3.10	%						2.76	%

(1)Annualized.

(2)Net interest spread — portfolio related is the difference between the rate earned on our loan portfolio and the interest rates paid on our portfolio-related debt.

(3)Net interest spread — total company is the difference between the rate earned on our loan portfolio and the interest rates paid on our total debt.

Charge-Offs

Our annualized charge-off rate over average loans held for investment carried at amortized cost for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased to 0.07% as compared to 0.10% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and was relatively flat as compared to 0.06% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The charge-offs rate reflects year-to-date annualized charge-offs as a percentage of average loans held for investment for the respective quarters. We do not record charge-offs on FVO loans which are carried at estimated fair value. We do not record charge-offs on our loans held for sale which are carried either at fair value, or at the lower of cost or estimated fair value.

Pre-Tax Return on Equity and Return on Equity

Pre-tax return on equity and return on equity reflect income before income taxes and net income including income attributable to noncontrolling interest, respectively, as a percentage of the monthly average total stockholders’ equity including noncontrolling interest over the specified period. Pre-tax return on equity and return on equity remained the same during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 compared to the quarter ended December 31, 2023, and higher compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2023 due to the increase in income before income taxes and net income.

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			March 31, 2023
Income before income taxes (A)	$	23,236		$	22,307		$	14,757
Net income (B)		17,333			17,167			10,736
Monthly average balance:
Stockholders' equity (C)		447,613			431,884			386,935
Pre-tax return on equity (A)/(C) (1)		20.8	%		20.7	%		15.3	%
Return on equity (B)/(C) (1)		15.5	%		15.9	%		11.1	%

(1)Annualized.

42

Components of Results of Operations

Interest Income

We accrue interest on the UPB of our loans in accordance with the individual terms and conditions of each loan, discontinuing interest and reversing previously accrued interest once a loan becomes 90 days or more past due (nonaccrual status). When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction to interest income and accrued interest receivable. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash payments are received or when the loan has returned to accrual status. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are first applied to interest due, then principal. Interest accrual resumes once a borrower has made all principal and interest payments due, bringing the loan back to current status.

Interest income on loans held for investment is comprised of interest income on loans and prepayment fees less the amortization of deferred net costs related to the origination of loans. Interest income on loans held for sale is comprised of interest income earned on loans prior to their sale. The net fees and costs associated with loans held for sale carried at the lower of cost or fair value, are deferred as part of the carrying value of the loan and recognized as a gain or loss on the sale of the loan. The fees and costs associated with loans held for sale carried at fair value are recognized and expensed as incurred.

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related

Portfolio related interest expense is incurred on the debt we incur to fund our loan origination and portfolio activities and consists of our warehouse facilities and securitized debt. Portfolio related interest expense also includes the amortization of expenses incurred as a result of issuing the debt, which are amortized using the level yield method. Key drivers of interest expense include the debt amounts outstanding, interest rates, and the mix of our securitized debt and warehouse liabilities.

Net Interest Income — Portfolio Related

Portfolio related net interest income represents the difference between interest income and portfolio related interest expense.

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt

Interest expense on corporate debt primarily consists of interest expense paid with respect to the 2022 Term Loan and the 2024 Term Loan, as reflected on our consolidated balance sheets, and the related amortization of deferred debt issuance costs.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between portfolio related net interest income and interest expense on corporate debt.

Provision for Loan Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments replacing the incurred loss accounting approach with the current expected credit loss (CECL) approach. Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses is calculated using a third-party model with our historical loss rates by segment, loans position as of the balance sheet date, and assumptions from us. We do not record provision for loan losses on loans held for sale, or loans carried at fair value.

Other Operating Income

Gain on Disposition of Loans. When we sell a loan held for sale, we record a gain or loss that reflects the difference between the proceeds received for the sale of the loans and their respective carrying values. The gain or loss that we ultimately realize on the sale of our loans held for sale is primarily determined by the terms of the originated loans, current market interest rates and the sales price of the loans. In addition, when we transfer a loan to REO, we record the REO at its fair value, less estimated costs to sell, at the time of the transfer. The difference between the fair value of the real estate and the carrying value of the loan is recorded as a gain or a loan charge-off.

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Loans. We have elected to apply the fair value option accounting to all our originated mortgage loans on a go-forward basis beginning October 1, 2022. We have elected to account for certain purchased distressed loans at fair value using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). We regularly estimate the fair value of these loans. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of fair value loans are reported as unrealized gain (loss) on fair value loans, a component of other operating income within the consolidated statements of income.

43

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Mortgage Servicing Rights. The Company has elected to record its mortgage servicing rights using the fair value measurement method. Changes in fair value are reported as unrealized gains (losses) on mortgage servicing rights.

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Securitized Debt. We have elected to apply the fair value option accounting to securitized debt issued effective January 1, 2023 when the underlying collateral is also carried at fair value. We regularly estimate the fair value of securitized debt. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of fair value securitized debt are reported as unrealized gain (loss) on fair value securitized debt, a component of other operating income within the consolidated statements of income.

Origination Fee Income. Fee income related to our loan origination activities.

Interest Income on Cash Balance. Interest income on bank balances.

Other Income. Other income primarily consists of servicing fee income and other miscellaneous income. Century earns servicing fees for servicing mortgage loans for others.

Operating Expenses

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Costs related to employee compensation, commissions and related employee benefits, such as health, retirement, and payroll taxes.

Origination Expenses. Costs related to our loan origination activities.

Securitization Expenses. Costs related to issuance of our securitized debt.

Loan Servicing. Costs related to our third-party servicers.

Professional Fees. Costs related to professional services, such as external audits, legal fees, tax, compliance and outside consultants.

Rent and Occupancy. Costs related to occupying our locations, including rent, maintenance and property taxes.

Real Estate Owned, Net. Costs related to our real estate owned, net, including gains (losses) on disposition of REO, maintenance of REO properties, and taxes and insurance.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses consist of general and administrative costs such as, travel and entertainment, marketing, data processing, insurance and office equipment.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consists of the current and deferred U.S. federal and state income taxes we expect to pay, currently and in future years, with respect to the net income for the year. The amount of the provision is derived by adjusting our reported net income with various permanent differences. The tax-adjusted net income amount is then multiplied by the applicable federal and state income tax rates to arrive at the provision for income taxes.

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023
Interest income	$	90,529	$	70,521
Interest expense - portfolio related		55,675		42,029
Net interest income - portfolio related		34,854		28,492
Interest expense - corporate debt		5,380		4,139
Net interest income		29,474		24,353
Provision for loan losses		1,002		636
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		28,472		23,717
Other operating income		25,775		12,842
Total operating expenses		31,011		21,802
Income before income taxes		23,236		14,757
Income tax expense		5,903		4,021
Net income		17,333		10,736
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		82		87
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	17,251	$	10,649

44

Net Interest Income — Portfolio Related

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		$ Change
Interest income	$	90,529	$	70,521	$	20,008
Interest expense - portfolio related		55,675		42,029		13,646
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	34,854	$	28,492	$	6,362

Portfolio related net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income. Our portfolio related net interest income increased to $34.9 million from $28.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Interest Income. Interest income increased by $20.0 million to $90.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $70.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to higher portfolio balances and an increase in the average loan yield, which increased from 8.00% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 8.71% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The following tables distinguish between the change in interest income attributable to change in volume and the change in interest income attributable to a change in rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in average loan balance (i.e., $634.4 million) by the previous period’s average yield (i.e., 8.00%). The effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average yield (i.e., 0.70%) by the current period’s average loan balance (i.e., $4.2 billion).

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income		Average Yield (1)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024	$	4,159,412	$	90,529		8.71	%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		3,525,028		70,521		8.00	%
Volume variance		634,383		12,691
Rate variance				7,316		0.71	%
Total interest income variance			$	20,007
(1) Annualized.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income		Average Yield (1)
Three months ended March 31, 2024	$	4,159,412	$	90,529		8.71	%
Three months ended December 31, 2023		3,964,560		86,268		8.70	%
Volume variance		194,851		4,240
Rate variance				20		0.01	%
Total interest income variance			$	4,260
(1) Annualized.

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related. Portfolio related interest expense, which consists of interest incurred on our warehouse facilities and securitized debt, increased from $42.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $55.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily attributable to a higher loan portfolio being financed and increased interest rates.

The following tables present the information regarding the portfolio related interest expense and distinguishes between the change in interest expense attributable to changes in the average outstanding debt balance (volume) versus changes in cost of funds (rate) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense		Cost of Funds (2)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024	$	3,753,732	$	55,675		5.93	%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		3,151,650		42,029		5.33	%
Volume variance		602,082		8,029
Rate variance				5,616		0.60	%
Total interest expense variance			$	13,645

(1)Includes securitized debt and warehouse agreements.

(2)Annualized.

45

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense		Cost of Funds (2)
Three months ended March 31, 2024	$	3,753,732	$	55,675		5.93	%
Three months ended December 31, 2023		3,575,733		51,405		5.75	%
Volume variance		177,999		2,559
Rate variance				1,711		0.18	%
Total interest expense variance			$	4,270

(1)Includes securitized debt and warehouse agreements.

(2)Annualized.

Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		$ Change
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	34,854	$	28,492	$	6,362
Interest expense - corporate debt		5,380		4,139		1,241
Net interest income		29,474		24,353		5,121
Provision for loan losses		1,002		636		366
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	$	28,472	$	23,717	$	4,755

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt. Corporate debt interest expense increased to $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to the issuance of $75.0 million of additional secured debt in February 2024.

Provision for Loan Losses. Our provision for loan losses increased to $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in reserves for nonperforming loans.

Other Operating Income

The $12.9 million increase in total other operating income during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was mainly due to the unrealized gains from new originations.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024	2023		$ Change
Gain on disposition of loans	$1,699	$1,913		$(214)
Unrealized gain on fair value loans	18,925	7,354		11,571
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights	444	(95)	(1)	539
Unrealized loss on fair value securitized debt	(2,318)	(170)		(2,148)
Origination fee income	4,986	2,411	(1)	2,575
Interest income on cash balance	1,631	948	(1)	683
Other income	408	481	(1)	(73)
Total other operating income	$25,775	$12,842		$12,933

(1)Account balance included in other income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 has been reclassified as separate line items to conform to current period presentation.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses are presented in the following table. Changes in operating expenses comparing to the same period prior year are discussed below.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024	2023		$ Change
Compensation and employee benefits	$15,357	$10,008		$5,349
Origination expenses (income)	646	(50)	(1)	696
Securitization expenses	2,874	2,584		290
Loan servicing	4,824	3,828		996
Professional fees	2,115	955		1,160
Rent and occupancy	498	446		52
Real estate owned, net	2,455	1,829		626
Other operating expenses	2,242	2,202		40
Total operating expenses	$31,011	$21,802		$9,209

46

(1)$0.3 million of origination income originally included in origination expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 has been reclassified to origination income under other operating income to conform to current period presentation.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Compensation and employee benefits increased by $5.3 million to $15.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $10.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was mainly driven by the increase in headcount and higher commissions expense over the last twelve months.

Origination Expenses. Origination expenses increased to $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to an income of $50.0 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in origination expenses was due to an increase in loan originations as compared to prior year.

Securitization Expenses. Securitization expenses of $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 remained relatively consistent as compared to the $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Loan Servicing. Loan servicing expenses increased from $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to the increase in our total loan portfolio from prior year.

Professional Fees. Professional fees increased to $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in general legal expenses.

Rent and Occupancy. Rent and occupancy expenses remained consistent at $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and three months ended March 31, 2023.

Net Expenses of Real Estate Owned. Net expenses of real estate owned increased from $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, mainly due to an increase in valuation adjustments taken on underlying collateral values.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses remained consistent at $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $5.9 million and $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our annual consolidated effective tax rates were 28.4% and 27.9% for the years 2024 and 2023 respectively.

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain financial information for each completed fiscal quarter since the quarter ended June 30, 2022. The quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the information presented. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full fiscal year.

The following table sets forth our unaudited quarterly results for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			September 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			September 30, 2022			June 30, 2022
($ in thousands)	(unaudited)
Interest income	$	90,529		$	86,269		$	79,088		$	74,897		$	70,521		$	65,632		$	63,419		$	59,243
Interest expense - portfolio related		55,675			51,405			47,583			45,451			42,029			40,854			34,561			28,752
Net interest income - portfolio related		34,854			34,864			31,505			29,446			28,492			24,778			28,858			30,491
Net interest margin - portfolio related		3.35	%		3.52	%		3.34	%		3.24	%		3.23	%		2.84	%		3.59	%		4.10	%
Interest expense - corporate debt		5,380			4,140			4,138			4,139			4,139			4,139			4,011			4,182
Net interest income		29,474			30,724			27,367			25,307			24,353			20,639			24,847			26,309
Net interest margin - total company		2.83	%		3.10	%		2.90	%		2.78	%		2.76	%		2.36	%		3.09	%		3.54	%
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,002			827			154			298			636			(437	)		580			279
Net interest income after provision    for loan losses		28,472			29,897			27,213			25,009			23,717			21,076			24,267			26,030
Other operating income		25,775			21,670			17,360			14,037			12,842			11,420			3,027			3,592
Operating expenses		31,011			29,260			27,334			22,222			21,802			20,804			13,245			14,832
Income before income taxes		23,236			22,307			17,239			16,824			14,757			11,692			14,049			14,790
Less income attributable to noncontrolling interest		82			(189	)		83			39			87			(235	)		307			126
Income tax expense		5,903			5,141			5,070			4,602			4,021			3,465			3,759			4,019
Net income	$	17,251		$	17,355		$	12,086		$	12,183		$	10,649		$	8,462		$	9,983		$	10,645

47

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Liquidity

We fund our lending activities primarily through borrowings under our warehouse repurchase facilities, securitized debt, other corporate-level debt, equity and debt securities, and net cash provided by operating activities to manage our business. We use cash to originate and acquire investor real estate loans, repay principal and interest on our borrowings, fund our operations and meet other general business needs.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Our total liquidity plus available warehouse capacity was $601.9 million as of March 31, 2024, comprised of $34.8 million in cash, $43.7 million of available borrowings for unencumbered loans, and $523.3 million of available warehouse capacity.

We had cash of $34.8 million and $39.4 million, excluding restricted cash of $24.2 million and $16.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table summarizes the net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities as of the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	10,581		$	(11,928	)
Investing activities		(212,444	)		(71,578	)
Financing activities		198,981			77,483
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(2,882	)	$	(6,023	)

Cash flows from operating activities primarily includes net income adjusted for (1) cash used for origination and purchase of held for sale loans and the related cash proceeds from the sales of such loans, (2) non-cash items including depreciation, provision for loan loss, discount accretion, and valuation changes, and (3) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash provided by operating activities consisted mainly of $17.3 million in net income, $3.3 million in amortization of debt issuance discount and costs, $2.3 million in change in valuation of fair value securitized debt, partially offset by $18.9 million in change in valuation of fair value loans.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash used in investing activities consisted mainly of $378.7 million in cash used to originate held for investment loans, partially offset by $158.5 million in cash received in payoffs of loans held for investment.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash provided by financing activities consisted mainly of $329.0 million in borrowings from our warehouse and repurchase facilities and $229.4 million in proceeds from issuance of securitized debt. The cash generated was offset by repayments of $303.7 million on our warehouse and repurchase facilities and repayments of $126.6 million on securitized debt.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we used approximately $2.9 million of net cash and cash equivalents on operating, investing and financing activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we used approximately $6.0 million of net cash and cash equivalents on operating, investing and financing activities.

Warehouse Facilities

As of March 31, 2024, we had six non-mark-to-market warehouse facilities and one modified mark-to-market warehouse facility to support our loan origination and acquisition facilities. One agreement is a two-year warehouse repurchase facility, three agreements are one-year warehouse repurchase facilities and three agreements are three-year warehouse facilities. The borrowings are collateralized by primarily performing loans, one of the warehouse facilities bear interest at one-month AMERIBOR and six warehouse facilities at SOFR, all at margins that range from 1.60% to 4.50%. Borrowing under these facilities was $361.7 million with $523.3 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities as of March 31, 2024.

Six warehouse facilities fund less than 100% and one warehouse facility funds at 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans we own requiring us to use working capital to fund the remaining portion. We may need to use additional working capital if loans become delinquent, because the amount permitted to be financed by the facilities may change based on the delinquency performance of the pledged collateral.

48

All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse facilities are segregated into pledged accounts with the loan servicer. All principal amounts in excess of the interest due are applied to reduce the outstanding borrowings under the warehouse facilities. The warehouse facilities also contain customary covenants, including financial covenants that require us to maintain minimum liquidity, a minimum net worth, a maximum debt-to-net worth ratio and a ratio of a minimum earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of interest expense. If we fail to meet any of the covenants or otherwise default under the facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate their facility and require immediate repayment, which may require us to sell our loans at less than optimal terms. As of March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants.

Securitized debt

From May 2011 through March 2024, we have completed thirty-two securitized debts, issuing $6.6 billion in principal amount of securities to third parties. All borrower payments are segregated into remittance accounts at the primary servicer and remitted to the trustee of each trust monthly. We are the sole beneficial interest holder of the applicable trusts, which are variable interest entities included in our consolidated financial statements. The transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. The following table summarizes the securities issued, securities retained by us at the time of the securitization, and as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the stated maturity for each securitized debt. The securities are callable by us when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 10%—30%, of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity date of the securities issued will likely be earlier than their respective stated maturity date.

($ in thousands)			Securities Retained as of
Trusts	Securities Issued		Issuance Date		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		Stated Maturity Date
2017-2 Trust	$	245,601	$	12,927	$	2,416	$	2,416	October 2047
2018-1 Trust		176,816		9,308		1,602		1,602	April 2048
2018-2 Trust		307,988		16,210		3,483		3,614	October 2048
2019-1 Trust		235,580		12,399		—		—	March 2049
2019-2 Trust		207,020		10,901		—		—	July 2049
2019-3 Trust		154,419		8,127		—		—	October 2049
2020-1 Trust		248,700		13,159		—		—	February 2050
2020-2 Trust		96,352		32,118		12,847		12,847	June 2050
2021-1 Trust		251,301		13,227		—		—	May 2051
2021-2 Trust		194,918		10,260		—		—	August 2051
2021-3 Trust		204,205		—		—		—	October 2051
2021-4 Trust		319,116		—		—		—	December 2051
2022-1 Trust		273,594		5,015		4,155		4,206	February 2052
2022-2 Trust		241,388		11,202		10,558		10,971	March 2052
2022-MC1 Trust		84,967		40,911		45,447		45,026	May 2047
2022-3 Trust		296,323		18,914		15,489		15,489	May 2052
2022-4 Trust		308,357		25,190		13,414		13,414	July 2052
2022-5 Trust		188,754		65,459		12,649		12,649	October 2052
2023-1 Trust		198,715		41,593		4,043		4,043	December 2052
2023-1R Trust		64,833		66,228		66,228		66,228	October 2025
2023-2 Trust		202,210		24,229		23,943		23,948	April 2053
2023-RTL1 Trust		81,608		4,296		4,296		4,296	July 2028
2023-3 Trust		234,741		28,718		28,481		28,480	July 2053
2023-4 Trust		202,890		26,623		3,995		26,482	November 2053
2024-1 Trust		209,862		11,278		11,229		—	January 2054
Total	$	5,230,258	$	508,292	$	264,275	$	275,711

49

The following table summarizes outstanding bond balances for each securitized debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

($ in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
2017-2 Trust	$	41,610	$	45,869
2018-1 Trust		31,981		33,505
2018-2 Trust		74,490		76,871
2019-1 Trust		70,253		76,391
2019-2 Trust		62,467		66,340
2019-3 Trust		54,912		58,089
2020-1 Trust		101,991		106,976
2020-2 Trust		42,088		45,180
2021-1 Trust		165,657		171,748
2021-2 Trust		141,057		143,797
2021-3 Trust		153,438		158,043
2021-4 Trust		237,277		244,919
2022-1 Trust		233,429		236,358
2022-2 Trust		205,358		210,217
2022-MC1 Trust		27,519		31,508
2022-3 Trust		251,143		257,047
2022-4 Trust		263,336		274,419
2022-5 Trust		154,783		162,925
2023-1 Trust		169,107		177,250
2023-1R Trust		54,342		58,237
2023-2 Trust		178,713		188,805
2023-RTL1 Trust		81,608		81,608
2023-3 Trust		220,689		227,228
2023-4 Trust		215,821		201,813
2024-1 Trust		207,855		—
	$	3,440,924	$	3,335,143

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted average rates on the securities and certificates for the Trusts are as follows:

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
2017-2 Trust		4.06	%		3.97	%
2018-1 Trust		4.09	%		4.03	%
2018-2 Trust		4.51	%		4.48	%
2019-1 Trust		4.06	%		4.07	%
2019-2 Trust		3.44	%		3.42	%
2019-3 Trust		3.30	%		3.29	%
2020-1 Trust		2.89	%		2.85	%
2020-2 Trust		4.57	%		4.61	%
2021-1 Trust		1.77	%		1.76	%
2021-2 Trust		2.03	%		2.02	%
2021-3 Trust		2.46	%		2.46	%
2021-4 Trust		3.25	%		3.22	%
2022-1 Trust		3.94	%		3.93	%
2022-2 Trust		5.07	%		5.07	%
2022-MC1 Trust		6.92	%		6.90	%
2022-3 Trust		5.71	%		5.70	%
2022-4 Trust		6.22	%		6.24	%
2022-5 Trust		7.01	%		7.06	%
2023-1 Trust		7.04	%		7.02	%
2023-1R Trust		7.63	%		7.68	%
2023-2 Trust		7.22	%		7.19	%
2023-RTL1 Trust		8.24	%		8.24	%
2023-3 Trust		7.87	%		7.82	%
2023-4 Trust		8.32	%		8.38	%
2024-1 Trust		7.91	%		—

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Our intent is to use the proceeds from the issuance of new securities primarily to repay our warehouse borrowings and originate new investor real estate loans in accordance with our underwriting guidelines, as well as for general corporate purposes. Our financing sources may include borrowings in the form of additional bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving credit facilities), agreements, warehouse facilities and other sources of private financing. We also plan to continue using securitized debt as long-term financing for our portfolio, and we do not plan to structure any securitized debt as sales or utilize off-balance-sheet vehicles. We believe any financing of assets and/or securitized debt we may undertake will be sufficient to fund our working capital requirements.

Secured Financing (Corporate Debt)

On March 15, 2022, we entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, (“the 2022 Term Loan”). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to a term loan previously entered into during 2021. The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes.

On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into a five-year $75.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, ("the 2024 Term Loan"). The 2024 Term Loan bears interest at 9.875% and matures on February 15, 2029. Interest on the 2024 Term Loan is paid every six months.

At-The-Market Equity Offering Program

On September 3, 2021, we entered into separate Equity Distribution Agreements with counterparties to establish an at-the-market equity offering program (“ATM Program”) where we may issue and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock. Our ATM Program allows for aggregate gross sales of our common stock of up to $50,000,000 provided that the number of shares sold under the ATM Program does not exceed 5,000,000. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, 9,537 shares of common stock were sold under our ATM Program for net proceeds of $154.1 thousand.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

On March 15, 2022, we entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, the (“the 2022 Term Loan”). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. Interest on the 2022 Term Loan is paid every six months.

On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into a five-year $75.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, ("the 2024 Term Loan"). The 2024 Term Loan bears interest at 9.875% and matures on February 15, 2029. Interest on the 2024 Term Loan is paid every six months.

As of March 31, 2024, we maintained warehouse facilities to finance our investor real estate loans and had approximately $361.7 million in outstanding borrowings with $523.3 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

At no time have we maintained any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities referred to as structured finance, or special-purpose or variable interest entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have never guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or intent to provide funding to any such entities.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. All statements (other than statements of historical facts) in this Quarterly Report regarding the prospects of the industry and our prospects, plans, financial position and business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “will,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negatives of these terms or variations of them or similar terminology. Forward-looking statements may contain expectations regarding our operations, including our loan originations, our ability to resolve non-performing loans and avoid losses on non-performing loans and the disposition of REOs and other results, and may include statements of future performance, plans and objectives. Forward looking statements also include statements pertaining to our strategies for future funding and development of our business and products, including the future results of our at-the-market equity offering program. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we cannot provide any assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to our operations, results of operations and future financial performance. It is possible that the actual results may differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results indicated in these forward-looking statements. Information regarding important factors that could cause actual results to differ, perhaps materially, from those in our forward-looking statements is contained in this Quarterly Report and other documents we file. You should read and interpret any forward-looking statement together with these documents, including the following:

•the description of our business contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 15, 2024

•the discussion of our analysis of financial condition and results of operations contained in this Quarterly Report under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”

•the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report

•cautionary statements we make in our public documents, reports and announcements

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which that statement is made. We will not update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which the statement is made, except as required by applicable law.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Our primary market risk is interest rate volatility. Because we fund a portion of our investments with borrowings, fluctuations in interest rates will impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the fair value of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair values. To manage our exposure to interest rate risk, we may utilize financial instruments, including forward starting payer interest rate swaps, and interest rate swaption structure. The use of these types of instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates may carry additional risks, such as counterparty credit risk and the legal enforceability of hedge agreements.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the our management, including the our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report and has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of such date, were effective to accomplish their objectives at a reasonable assurance level. Management concluded that the consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

During the period to which this report relates, there have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, such controls.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various judicial, regulatory or administrative claims, proceedings and investigations. These proceedings and actions may include, among other things, allegations of violation of banking and other applicable regulations, competition law, labor laws and consumer protection laws, as well as claims or litigation relating to intellectual property, securities, breach of contract and tort. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, our management does not believe that the final disposition of any currently pending or threatened matter will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Intentionally omitted pursuant to smaller reporting company reduced disclosure requirements.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table provides the information with respect to purchases made by us of shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)(2)		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 2024		62,721	$	16.02		—	$	—
February 2024		10,789		16.01		—		—
March 2024		5,748		18.49		—		—
Total		79,258	$	16.20		—	$	—

(1)Shares purchased during the period were transferred to the Company from employees in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards during the period.

(2)The Company currently does not have a common stock repurchase program.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies

None of our officers or directors had any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c ) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” in effect at any time during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits below are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
3.1	Certificate of Conversion	8-K	001-39183	3.1	1/22/2020
3.2	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3	5/23/2022
3.3	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3.2	3/25/2022
4.1	Form of Stock Certificate for Common Stock	S-1	333-234250	4.1	10/18/2019
4.2	Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock	8-K	001-39183	4.1	4/7/2020
4.3	Description of the Registrant’s Securities	10-K	001-39183	4.3	4/7/2020
10.1	Stockholders Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.1	4/7/2020
10.2	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.2	4/7/2020
10.3	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2020	8-K	333-234250	10.1	4/7/2020
10.4	Securities Purchase Agreement among Velocity Financial, Inc. and the Purchasers Party thereto dated April 5, 2020	8-K	001-39183	10.1	4/6/2020
10.5	Velocity Financial, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan*	DEF 14A	001-39183	AII	4/8/2022
10.6	Amended and Restated Velocity Financial, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	DEF 14A	001-39183	AI	4/8/2022
10.7	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.6	1/6/2020
10.8	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Director Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.7	1/6/2020
10.9	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Executive Officer Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.8	1/6/2020
10.10	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Director Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.9	1/6/2020
10.11	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Standard Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.10	1/6/2020
10.12	Form of Restricted Stock Grant and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.11	1/6/2020
10.13	Velocity Financial 2023 Annual Cash Incentive and Performance Stock Units Programs for Messrs. Farrar, Szczepaniak and Taylor*	8-K	001-39183	-	1/17/2023
10.14	Form of Equity Distribution Agreement, dated September 3, 2021	8-K	001-39183	1.1	9/7/2021
10.15	Form of Officer and Director Indemnity Agreement*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.37	11/6/2019
10.16	Form of Performance Stock Unit Grant and Agreement*	-	-	-	-
10.17	Note Purchase Agreement dated as of March 15, 2022, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as collateral agent, and the respective purchasers of the Notes.	8-K	001-39183	10.1	3/16/2022
10.18	Security Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2022, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as collateral agent.	8-K	001-39183	10.2	3/16/2022
10.19	Velocity Financial, Inc. Incentive Compensation Clawback Policy*	8-K	001-39183	99	2/7/2024
10.20	Form of Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2024, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC,	8-K	001-39183	10.1	2/6/2024

55

	U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as Collateral Agent and the respective purchasers of the Notes.
10.21	Security Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2024, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association.	8-K	001-39183	10.2	2/6/2024
10.22	Equal Priority Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2024, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association as the 2027 Notes Collateral Agent and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association as the 2029 Notes Collateral Agent.	8-K	001-39183	10.3	2/6/2024
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
101	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 and (v) the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema with Embedded Linkbases Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

+ This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act

56

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.
Date: May 2, 2024	By:	/s/ Christopher D. Farrar
		Christopher D. Farrar
		Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 2, 2024	By:	/s/ Mark R. Szczepaniak
		Mark R. Szczepaniak
		Chief Financial Officer

57