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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to _____

Commission File: 001-39183

Velocity Financial, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	46-0659719
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 295 Westlake Village, California	91362
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (818) 532-3700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	VEL	The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $100.7 million, based on a closing price of $11.53.

As of March 1, 2024, the registrant had 32,965,081 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Certain portions of our Definitive Proxy Statement pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Location of Exhibit Index

The index of exhibits is contained in Part IV of this Form 10-K on page 41.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I		1
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	8
Item 1C	Cybersecurity	8
Item 2.	Properties	8
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	8
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	8
PART II		9
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	9
Item 6.	[Reserved]	9
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	10
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	37
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	38
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	38
Item 9B.	Other Information	39
PART III		40
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	40
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	40
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	40
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	40
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	40
PART IV		41
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	41
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	42
	Signatures	98

Velocity Financial, Inc.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “Velocity” and similar references refer to Velocity Financial, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. All statements (other than statements of historical facts) in this Annual Report regarding the prospects of the industry and our prospects, plans, financial position and business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “will,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” and “continue” or the negatives of these terms or variations of them or similar terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot provide any assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to our future. The following factors are among those that may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements:

•the continued impact of the coronavirus, COVID-19, or an outbreak of another highly infectious or contagious disease;

•conditions in the real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally;

•failure of a third-party servicer or the failure of our own internal servicing system to effectively service our portfolio of mortgage loans;

•the high degree of risk involved in loans to small businesses, self-employed borrowers, properties in transition, and certain portions of our investment real estate portfolio;

•additional or increased risks if we change our business model or create new or modified real estate lending products;

•possibility of receiving inaccurate and/or incomplete information from potential borrowers, guarantors and loan sellers;

•deficiencies in appraisal quality in the mortgage loan origination process;

•competition in the market for loan origination and acquisition opportunities;

•risks associated with our underwriting guidelines and our ability to change our underwriting guidelines;

•loss of our key personnel or our inability to hire and retain qualified account executives;

•any inability to manage future growth effectively or failure to develop, enhance and implement strategies to adapt to changing conditions in the real estate and capital markets;

•risks associated with our ability to successfully identify, acquire, and integrate companies and assets;

•operational risks, including the risk of cyberattacks, or disruption in the availability and/or functionality of our technology infrastructure and systems;

•any inability of our borrowers to generate net income from operating the property that secures our loans;

•the interest margin, cost structure, and return on equity of our existing and future securitizations;

•costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure or liquidation of the underlying property;

•lender liability claims, requirements that we repurchase mortgage loans or indemnify investors, or allegations of violations of predatory lending laws;

•economic downturns or natural disasters in geographies where our assets are concentrated;

•environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title;

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•inadequate insurance on collateral underlying mortgage loans and real estate securities;

•use of incorrect, misleading or incomplete information in our analytical models and data;

•failure to realize a price upon disposal of portfolio assets that are recorded at fair value;

•any inability to successfully complete additional securitization transactions on attractive terms or at all;

•the termination of one or more of our warehouse repurchase facilities;

•interest rate fluctuations or mismatches between our loans and our borrowings;

•legal or regulatory developments related to mortgage-related assets, securitizations or state licensing and operational requirements;

•our ability to maintain our exclusion under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended;

•fiscal policies or inaction at the U.S. federal government level, which may lead to federal government shutdowns or negative impacts on the U.S. economy;

•cyber-attacks and our ability to comply with laws, regulations and market standards regarding the privacy, use, and security of customer information;

•the influence of certain of our large stockholders over us; and

•adverse legislative or regulatory changes.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of future performance, taking into account the information currently available to us. These statements are only predictions based upon our current expectations and projections about future events. Our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements may differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Other sections of this Annual Report may include additional factors that could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make in this Annual Report. Before investing in us, investors should be aware that the occurrence of certain events, some of which are described in this Annual Report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and could adversely affect your investment.

In addition, forward-looking statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.

Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, which are inherently uncertain. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Channels for Disclosure of Information

Investors and others should note that we may announce material information to the public through filings with the SEC, our website (www.velfinance.com), press releases, public conference calls and public webcasts. We use these channels to communicate with the public about us, our products, our services and other matters. We expect to use our website as a main form of communication of significant news. We encourage you to visit our website for additional information. The information on our website and disclosed through other channels is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any other filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

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Available Information

The following documents and reports are available on our public website (www.velfinance.com):

•Earnings Releases and Other Public Announcements;

•Annual reports on Form 10-K;

•Quarterly reports on Form 10-Q;

•Current reports on Form 8-K;

•Code of Business Conduct and Ethics;

•Reportable waivers, if any, from our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by our executive officers;

•Board of Directors Corporate Governance Guidelines;

•Charter of Governance Committee of the Board of Directors;

•Charter of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors;

•Charter of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors;

•ESG Policy; and

•Any amendments to the above-mentioned documents and reports.

The above documents that are submitted to the SEC will become available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable following such submission. In addition, you may also obtain a printed copy of any of the above documents or reports by sending a request to Investor Relations, to our corporate headquarters, or by calling 818-532-3708.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Our Company

We are a vertically integrated real estate finance company founded in 2004. We originate, securitize, and manage a nationwide portfolio of loans secured by real estate to earn attractive risk adjusted spreads for our shareholders. We primarily originate investor loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental properties, as well as loans for multi-family, mixed use and commercial properties. We originate loans nationwide across our extensive network of independent mortgage brokers and direct borrower relationships, which we have built and refined over the 19 years since our inception. Our objective is to be the preferred and one of the most recognized brands in our core market.

We operate in a large and highly fragmented market with substantial demand for financing and limited supply of institutional financing alternatives. We have developed the highly-specialized skill set required to effectively compete in this market, which we believe has afforded us a durable business model capable of generating attractive risk-adjusted returns for our stockholders throughout various business cycles. We offer competitive pricing to our borrowers by pursuing low-cost financing strategies and by driving front-end process efficiencies through customized technology designed to control the cost of originating a loan. Furthermore, by originating loans through our efficient and scalable network of approved mortgage brokers, we are able to maintain a wide geographical presence and nimble operating infrastructure capable of reacting quickly to changing market environments.

We believe there is a substantial and durable market opportunity for investor real estate loans across 1-4 unit residential rental and small commercial properties, and that our institutionalized approach to serving these fragmented market segments underpins our long-term business strategy. Our growth to date has validated the need for scaled lenders with dedication to individual investors who own ten or fewer properties, a base which we believe represents the vast majority of activity across our core market. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, from 1965 through 2023, the U.S. home rentership rate (the inverse of the home ownership rate) has averaged approximately 35%. According to an estimate published by Zillow in September 2023, the value of the U.S. residential housing sector is over $52 trillion. Ownership of residential properties for rent has historically been concentrated among smaller investors. According to data published by the Urban Institute in April and September 2023, an estimated 95% of investors own properties with one to four units and an estimated 98% of investors own 10 or fewer units, while institutional ownership comprises less than 4% of the market.

Our primary growth strategy is predicated on organically continuing to serve and build loyalty within our network of mortgage brokers, while also expanding our network with new mortgage brokers through targeted marketing and improved brand awareness. We believe our reputation and 19-year history within our core market position us well to capture future growth opportunities. We continue to opportunistically pursue inorganic growth strategies such as acquiring portfolios of loans that meet our investment criteria and acquisitions of businesses that align with our strategic vision.

We make loans for business purposes only, which we believe limits our exposure to the regulatory constraints of consumer lending. We do not make consumer loans or lend on raw land.

On January 16, 2020, we converted from a limited liability company to a corporation incorporated under the law of the State of Delaware by filing a certificate of conversion with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and changed our name from Velocity Financial, LLC to Velocity Financial, Inc. On January 22, 2020, we completed the initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (our “common stock”). Shares of our common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VEL.”

On December 28, 2021, the Company acquired an 80% ownership interest in Century Health & Housing Capital, LLC (“Century”). Century is a licensed Ginnie Mae issuer/servicer that provides government-insured Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage financing for multifamily housing, senior housing and long-term care/assisted living facilities. Century originates loans through its borrower-direct origination channel and services the loans through its in-house servicing platform, which enables the formation of long-term relationships with its clients and drives strong portfolio retention. Century earns origination fees and servicing fees from the mortgage servicing rights on its servicing portfolio. Century is a consolidated subsidiary of the Company as of completion of the acquisition. In addition, as a servicer of Ginnie Mae loans, Century is required to maintain a minimum net worth, and Century is in compliance with this requirement as of December 31, 2023.

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Market Uncertainties

Our operational and financial performance will depend on certain market developments, including any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or other highly contagious or infectious disease, the Russia/Ukraine war, the Gaza-Israel conflict, a global recession, heightened stress in residential or commercial real estate, securitization markets, corporate debt markets, and macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can all potentially impact our business performance.

Our Competitive Advantages

We believe that the following competitive advantages enhance our ability to execute our business strategy and position us well for future growth:

Established Franchise with Strong Brand Recognition

We believe our reputation and deep history within the real estate lending community position us as a preferred lender for mortgage brokers. We have been originating and acquiring loans in our core market since our inception in 2004, making us a recognizable brand with a proven ability to execute. Additionally, we have successfully executed thirty-one securitizations of our investor real estate loans, issuing $6.4 billion in principal amount of securities between 2011 and the year ended December 31, 2023. We have a keen understanding of this securitization market, including complicated structural issues, investor expectations and rating agency requirements. We executed our twenty-sixth through thirty-first securitizations in 2023. We believe this demonstrates that we have a strong reputation with investors in the securitization market, which enables us to maintain efficient access to debt capital that ultimately improves our ability to offer competitive pricing to our borrowers.

Customized Technology and Proprietary Data Analytics

We have invested in and customized automated systems to support our use of data analytics which drives our lending process. We believe the investor real estate lending market requires a highly-specialized skill set and infrastructure. To effectively compete and execute on a sustainable long-term business strategy, lenders must control the cost to originate and manage loans without sacrificing credit quality. We believe our investment in technology and use of data analytics helps us achieve these critical objectives and positions our business for sustainable, long-term growth.

We apply the same asset-driven underwriting process to all of the loans in our portfolio, regardless of whether we originate or acquire these loans. Our credit and underwriting philosophy encompasses individual borrower and property due diligence, taking into consideration several factors. Our access to 19 years of proprietary data allows us to perform analytics that inform our lending decisions efficiently and effectively, which we believe is a strong competitive advantage.

Large In-Place Portfolio with Attractive, Long-Term Financing

We believe our in-place portfolio provides a significant and stable income stream for us to invest in future earnings growth. Our loans are structured to provide interest rate protection. The majority of our loans are fixed-rate loans and a smaller portion of our loans are floating after an initial fixed-rate period, subject to a floor equal to the starting fixed rate. The loans are mainly financed with long-term fixed-rate debt, resulting in a spread that could increase over time, but not decrease. As a result, our in-place portfolio generally benefits from rising interest rates. We generated $124.3 million in portfolio related net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a 3.34% net interest margin during the year.

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Our In-House Asset Management Results in Successful Loss Mitigation

Direct management of individual loans is critical to avoiding or minimizing credit losses and we work with our third-party primary servicers with whom we have developed strong relationships to emphasize disciplined loan monitoring and early contact with delinquent borrowers to resolve delinquencies. We have a dedicated asset management team that, augmented with primary servicing from our loan servicers, focuses exclusively on resolving delinquent loans. Our hands-on approach enables us to generally preserve the value of our assets and helps us to minimize losses. We believe this expertise, combined with our outsourced servicing relationships, gives us a distinct competitive advantage.

Our Experienced Management Team

Led by co-founder and Chief Executive Officer Christopher Farrar, our management team averages more than 25 years of experience in the financial services and real estate lending industries, including extensive experience in commercial and residential lending, structured finance and capital markets. We have successfully navigated both positive and negative economic cycles and retained our core team of experienced professionals in appraisal, underwriting, processing and production, while bolstering our finance and asset management team with professionals possessing extensive experience in financial reporting and real estate management. We believe our in-depth knowledge of our core market provides a distinct competitive advantage.

Our Growth Strategy

The market for investor real estate loans is large and highly fragmented. We have built a dedicated and scalable national lending platform focused specifically on serving this market and believe our capabilities position us well to maintain our reputation as a preferred lender in this market. Our organic growth strategy is predicated on further penetrating our existing network of mortgage brokers and expanding our network with new mortgage brokers. A key element of our implementation of this strategy is the growth and development of our team of account executives, as well as targeted marketing initiatives. We will continue to supplement the extension of our broker network with the development of new products to support the evolving needs of borrowers in our core market.

We continue to opportunistically pursue inorganic growth strategies such as acquiring portfolios of loans that meet our investment criteria and acquisitions of businesses that align with our strategic vision.

Further Penetrate Our Existing Mortgage Broker Network

We strive to be the preferred lender within our network of approved mortgage brokers. We have developed a strong reputation in the market for high quality execution and timely closing, which we believe are the most important qualities our mortgage brokers value in selecting a lender. There is significant opportunity for us to further penetrate the approximately 3,086 mortgage brokers with whom we have done business over the last five years. Approximately 88% of loan originators originated five or fewer loans with us during the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe this presents a compelling opportunity for us to capture incremental volume from our existing broker network.

Expand Our Network with New Mortgage Brokers

We believe that our targeted sales effort, combined with consistent high-quality execution, positions us well to continue adding to the network of mortgage brokers that rely on us to serve their borrower clients.

Despite the adverse macroeconomic conditions caused by inflation and rising interest rates, we funded 2,930 loans sourced by 1,046 different mortgage brokers during the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe that represents a small portion of the mortgage originators in the United States, which consisted of approximately 885,933 state-licensed mortgage originators as of June 30, 2023, according to the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System. The size of the mortgage broker market presents an attractive opportunity for us to capture significant growth with very small increases in the share of mortgage brokers that recognize our platform capabilities and utilize us as a preferred lender in our core market.

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Develop New Products

Our primary product is a 30-year fixed-rate amortizing term loan. These loans comprised 90.0% of our loan originations during the year ended December 31, 2023. This product is used by borrowers to finance stabilized long-term real estate investments. We believe this product has strong receptivity in our market, as evidenced by our success in growing loan originations over time. Since our inception, we have continued to expand our product offering in response to developing market opportunities and the evolving financing needs of our broker network. For example, in 2013, in response to the increased demand for rental properties, we moved aggressively into the market for 1-4 unit residential rental loans, which comprised 54.9% of our held for investment loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023.

In March 2017, we began originating short-term, interest-only loans to be used for acquiring, repositioning or improving the quality of 1-4 unit residential investment properties. This product typically serves as an interim solution for borrowers and/or properties that do not meet the investment criteria of our primary 30-year product. The short-term, interest-only loan allows borrowers to address any qualifying issues with their credit and/or the underlying property before bridging into a longer-term loan. In June 2018, we added a second short-term, interest-only loan product which allows borrower draws for rehabbing residential rental property. In 2023, we issued our first securitization of these newly originated, short-term loans. In December 2021, we added a new HUD multi-family and healthcare loan product offering with our acquisition of a majority interest in Century.

Opportunistically Acquire Portfolios of Loan and Acquire Strategically-Aligned Businesses

We continually assess opportunities to acquire portfolios of loans that meet our investment criteria. Our management team has developed relationships with many financial institutions and intermediaries that have been active investor real estate loan originators or investors. We believe that our experience, reputation, and ability to effectively manage these loans makes us an attractive buyer for this asset class, and we are regularly asked to review pools of loans available for purchase. In our experience, portfolio acquisition opportunities have generally been more attractive and plentiful during market conditions when origination opportunities are less favorable. Accordingly, we believe our acquisition strategy not only augments our origination business, but also provides a counter-cyclical benefit to our overall business.

Our Portfolio

Loans Held for Investment

Our typical investor real estate loan is secured by a first lien on the underlying property with the added protection of a personal guarantee and, based on the loans in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023, has an average balance of approximately $389,000. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio of loans held for investment totaled $4.1 billion of unpaid principal balance, or UPB, on properties in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Of the 10,424 loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023, 99.1% of the portfolio, as measured by UPB, was attributable to our loan origination business, while the remaining 0.9% of the portfolio, or 56 loans, totaling $35.2 million in UPB, was related to acquisitions. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we originated 2,955 and 4,135 loans to be held for investment totaling $1.1 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, 86.1% of our loans held for investment, as measured by UPB, were fully-amortizing over 30 years. The principal amount of a fully-amortizing loan is repaid ratably over the term of the loan, as compared to a balloon loan where all, or a substantial portion of, the original loan amount is due in a single payment at the maturity date. We believe that fully-amortizing loans face a lower risk of default than balloon loans, as the final payment due under the balloon loan may require the borrower to refinance or sell the property.

We target investor real estate loans with loan-to-value ratios, or LTVs, between 60% and 75% at origination as we believe that borrower equity of 25% to 40% provides significant protection against credit losses. As of December 31, 2023, our loans held for investment had a weighted average LTV at origination of 67.7%. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, borrowers personally guaranteed 100.0% of the loans in our held for investment portfolio and had a weighted average credit score at origination of 718, excluding the 1.4% of loans for which a credit score is not available.

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The following charts illustrate the composition of our loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023:

(*) Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

(1)Portfolio stratifications based on unpaid principal balance for loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023.

(2)Represents LTV at origination for population of loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023. In instances where LTV at origination is not available for an acquired loan, the LTV reflects our best estimate of value at time of acquisition.

(3)The approximately 2% portion of our loans held for investment with an LTV greater than 75% consists primarily of acquired loans.

We typically do not lend on any property located in a city with a population less than 25,000 and outside a 25-mile radius of a city with a population in excess of 100,000. We generally prefer to lend in larger metropolitan statistical areas.

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Our Financing Strategy

We typically finance our new loan originations using warehouse facilities. Once we have originated between approximately $175 million and $300 million in new loans, we securitize the loans through a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, structure and issue the bonds to third parties through individual trust vehicles. All our securitizations are issued as private placements pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and utilize a REMIC structure except for the 2022 MC1 and 2023-RTL1 transactions which were issued as bonds treated as debt for tax purposes. The REMIC transactions can create significant U.S. GAAP versus tax differences. The U.S. GAAP treatment considers each REMIC as a variable interest entity that is required to be consolidated in our financial statements, accounting for the securitization as a secured borrowing. Under IRS rules, the REMICs require sale treatment where we are required to either recognize taxable income or loss to the extent the fair market value of the REMICs is greater than or less than our cost basis, the payment of which creates either a deferred tax asset or a deferred tax liability. We are the sole beneficial interest holder of each of the trusts, through our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Proceeds from the issuance of the securities are then used to pay down the balances on our warehouse facilities. As of December 31, 2023, we had successfully executed thirty-one securitizations of our investor real estate loans, issuing $6.4 billion in principal amount of securities. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information about our warehouse repurchase facilities and securitizations.

In March 2022, we entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement (“the 2022 Term Loan”). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. In August 2023, we completed our first securitization collateralized by our short-term loan product with $81.6 million in securities issued.

Depending on market conditions, we may increase leverage on our investments with an amount of debt we deem prudent, subject to applicable risk retention rules. Our decision to use leverage to finance our assets will be based on our assessment of a variety of factors, including, among others, the anticipated liquidity and price volatility of the assets in our investment portfolio, the potential for losses and extension risk in our portfolio, the availability of credit at favorable prices, the credit quality of our assets and the outlook for our borrowing costs relative to the interest income earned on our assets and, where applicable, regulatory requirements with respect to securitizations.

Going forward, our financing sources may include borrowings in the form of additional bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), additional warehouse repurchase facilities, structured financing arrangements, future securitizations and public and private equity and debt issuances, in addition to transaction or asset-specific funding arrangements. We intend to use leverage primarily to finance our portfolio and not for speculating on changes in the level of interest rates. We are not required to employ specific debt levels, and we believe the appropriate leverage for the particular assets we may finance depends on the factors discussed above.

We expect to continue financing our loan portfolio with equity and our financing arrangements, including warehouse lines for short-term financing and securitizations for long-term financing. We believe using securitizations to finance our investor real estate loans fits well with our strategy of holding interest-earning assets over the long-term to earn a spread. This type of financing structure more closely matches the asset duration with the duration of the financing.

Competition

The business of financing investor real estate loans is competitive. We compete with specialty finance companies, regional and community banks and thrifts, public and private entities, institutional investors, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, investment banking firms, and other financial institutions, and we expect that additional competitors may be organized or otherwise enter our core market in the future. We believe we compete favorably through diversified borrower access driven by our extensive network of mortgage brokers and by emphasizing a high level of real estate and financial expertise, customer service, and flexibility in structuring transactions, as well as by attracting and retaining experienced managerial and marketing personnel. However, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face. Some of our competitors may be better positioned to market their services and financing programs because of their ability to offer more favorable rates and terms and other services. Such rates may be impacted by the competitor’s size, cost of funds, and access to funding sources that are not available to us.

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Government Regulation

Certain states in which we conduct business require approval, registration or licensing. Typically, the mortgage broker that originates the loan that we make, fund or acquire is licensed or exempt from licensing in the state where the loan is made. We also hold a Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, Title II approval from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, which permits us to make certain government-insured loans. With the acquisition of Century, we are now a licensed Ginnie Mae (GNMA) issuer/servicer that provides government-insured Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage financing for multifamily housing, senior housing and long-term care/assisted living facilities. As a licensed Ginnie Mae issuer/servicer, we are subject to GNMA's regulations.

We may be required to obtain licenses to originate investor real estate loans in the various additional jurisdictions in which we conduct our business or to acquire investor real estate loans. If we are required to obtain additional licenses to originate or acquire investor real estate loans, the process may be costly and could take several months. There is no assurance that we will obtain the licenses required or that we will not experience significant delays in seeking these licenses. Furthermore, we may be subject to various reporting and other requirements to maintain these licenses, and there is no assurance that we may satisfy those requirements. Our failure to maintain or obtain licenses may restrict our investment options and could harm our business.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 253 employees, an increase of 30% from the prior year. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. The increase in our employees was a result of growing the business.

A driving force in our ability to generate revenue comes from the work of our Account Executives, or AEs. Our AEs generate business for us through their relationships with third-party brokers. Our ability to retain and attract AEs is essential to the growth of our business. A significant number of our employees are AEs, representing 27% of our workforce at year-end.

Our employment strategy is to create a culture that allows us to attract and retain the very best talent in our industry, provide competitive pay and benefits, and to ensure a healthy work environment comprised of an employee base that is considerate, collaborative, productive and driven. We are committed to building a great place to work for all of our employees. We provide an hourly wage or salary to our employees as well as the potential for discretionary bonuses. AEs are also eligible to receive additional quarterly bonuses based partially on the AEs revenue-generating results during the quarter.

While we have not adopted any diversity quotas, 68% of our employees are men and 32% are women.

We are committed to the health, safety, and wellness of our employees. In response to the pandemic, we implemented precautionary policies and significant operational changes to protect and support our employees, including remote working. As of December 31, 2023, substantially all our employees have been able, and continue, to work remotely.

We and our employees are also committed to improving the communities in which we work and live. Through our charitable donations and Velocity Volunteers, we pick local charitable causes and projects to support and encourage our employees to donate their time and needed materials.

Our Corporate Information and History

Velocity Financial, Inc. is a corporation incorporated under the law of the State of Delaware.

On January 22, 2020, we completed the initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (our “common stock”). Shares of our common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VEL.”

Our corporate office is located at 30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 295, Westlake Village, California 91362, and the telephone number of our office is (818) 532-3700. Our internet address is www.velfinance.com. Our internet website and the information contained therein or connected to or linked from our internet web site are not incorporated information and do not constitute a part of this Annual Report or any amendment thereto.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Intentionally omitted pursuant to smaller reporting company reduced disclosure requirements.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

The Company has processes in place for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our processes include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Engaging cyber security consultants, auditors, and other third parties to assess and enhance our cybersecurity practices;

•Providing periodic training and testing, including phishing tests, to help our employees understand cybersecurity risks and their responsibility in mitigating those risks; and

•Employing a variety of preventative and detective tools designed to monitor and block suspicious activity.

Our Chief Information Officer (the "CIO") is primarily responsible for this cybersecurity component, reporting directly to the Chief Executive Officer, who periodically reports to our Board of Directors. To date, risks from cybersecurity threats or incidents have not materially affected our company. However, the sophistication of and risks from cybersecurity threats and incidents continue to increase, and the preventative actions that we have taken and continue to take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity threats and incidents and protect our systems and information may not successfully protect against all cybersecurity threats and incidents.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters are located in leased space at 30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 295, Westlake Village, CA 91362.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various judicial, regulatory or administrative claims, proceedings and investigations. These proceedings and actions may include, among other things, allegations of violation of banking and other applicable regulations, competition law, labor laws and consumer protection laws, as well as claims or litigation relating to intellectual property, securities, breach of contract and tort. We intend to defend ourselves vigorously against any pending or future judicial, regulatory or administrative claims or proceedings. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, our management does not believe that the final disposition of any currently pending or threatened matter will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

8

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol VEL.

As of February 16, 2024, there were approximately 1,560 beneficial holders of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have not declared or paid cash dividends to date on our common stock and we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, limitations in our debt instruments and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

There were no unregistered equity securities sales nor were there any repurchases of common stock, which have not been previously disclosed in a quarterly report on Form 10-Q or a current report on Form 8-K during the period covered by this report.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, as described above under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements” that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Business

We are a vertically integrated real estate finance company founded in 2004. We primarily originate and manage investor loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental and commercial properties, which we refer to collectively as investor real estate loans.

Our primary source of revenue is interest income earned on our loan portfolio. Our typical loan is secured by a first lien on the underlying property with a personal guarantee and, based on all loans in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023, has an average balance of approximately $389,000. As of December 31, 2023, our loan portfolio totaled $4.1 billion of UPB on properties in 45 states and the District of Columbia. The total portfolio had a weighted average loan-to-value ratio, or LTV at origination, of 67.8%, and was concentrated in 1-4 unit residential rental loans, which we refer to as investor 1-4 loans, representing 55.0% of the UPB. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the yield on our total portfolio was 8.34%.

We fund our portfolio primarily through a combination of committed and uncommitted secured warehouse facilities, securitized debt, corporate debt and equity. The securitized debt market is our primary source of long-term, non-recourse financing. We have successfully executed 31 securitized debt offerings, issuing $6.4 billion in principal amount of securities from May 2011 through December 2023.

One of our core profitably measurements is our portfolio related net interest margin, which measures the difference between interest income earned on our loan portfolio and interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt, relative to the amount of loans outstanding over the period. Our portfolio-related debt consists of our warehouse facilities and securitized debt and excludes our corporate debt. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our portfolio related net interest margin was 3.34%. We generate profits to the extent that our portfolio related net interest income exceeds our interest expense on corporate debt, provision for loan losses and operating expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated pre-tax and net income of $71.1 million and $52.3 million, respectively, and earned a pre-tax return on equity and return on equity of 17.5% and 12.8%, respectively.

Items Affecting Comparability of Results

Due to a number of factors, our historical financial results may not be comparable, either from period to period, or to our financial results in future periods. We have summarized the key factors affecting the comparability of our financial results below.

Fair Value Option Accounting

We made an election to apply the fair value option ("FVO") accounting to all our originated mortgage loans on a go-forward basis beginning October 1, 2022. The fair value option loans will be presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. We will not record a CECL loan loss reserve on fair value option loans.

The FVO accounting for our securitized debt is on a case-by-case basis effective January 1, 2023. The fair value option securitized debt is presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet.

Income Taxes

Our REMIC transactions can create significant U.S. GAAP versus tax differences. The U.S. GAAP treatment considers each REMIC as a variable interest entity that is required to be consolidated in our financial statements, accounting for the securitization as a secured borrowing. Under IRS rules, the REMICs require sale treatment, and we are required to either recognize taxable income or loss to the extent the fair market value of the REMICs is greater than or less than our cost basis, the payment of which creates either a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability.

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We will continue to recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of our existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the statements of operations in the period that included the enactment date, as applicable.

Interest Expense on Corporate Debt

In March 2022, we entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement (“the 2022 Term Loan”). A portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to the $175.0 million syndicated corporate debt ("2021 Term Loan"). We incurred $29.5 million and $16.6 million of interest expense related to our corporate debt during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. $29.5 million of interest expense in 2022 included a one-time debt issuance cost write-off of $7.7 million and prepayment penalties of $5.3 million.

Recent Developments

Securitized Debt

In January 2024, we completed the securitization of $221.1 million of investor real estate loans, as measured by UPB.

In February 2024, the Company issued $75 million principal amount of five-year Senior Secured Notes. The Notes bear interest at 9.875% and mature on February 15, 2029.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company began utilizing forward starting interest rate derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges to manage the exposure to interest rate volatility associated with future issuances of fixed-rate debt. The gains or losses on forward starting interest rate derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

Continued Market Uncertainties

Our operational and financial performance will depend on certain market developments, including any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia/Ukraine war, the Israel-Gaza Conflict, a global recession, heightened stress in the real estate and corporate debt markets, recent bank failures, and macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can all affect each of these factors and potentially impact our business performance.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Significant Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States and follow general practices within the financial services industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant accounting policies we follow are summarized in “Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical to reported financial results if (1) the accounting estimates require management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain, and (2) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations, or liquidity. Our critical accounting estimates are summarized below.

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Allowance for Loan Losses

For our loans held for investment where we have not elected fair value option ("FVO") accounting, we calculate an allowance for loan losses. Under the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology, the allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. We identified the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics of the loans in its loan portfolio (pool):

•Residential 1– 4 Unit – Purchase (loans to purchase 1– 4 unit residential rental properties);

•Residential 1– 4 Unit – Refinance (refinance loans on 1– 4 unit residential rental properties);

•Commercial – Purchase (loans to purchase traditional commercial properties);

•Commercial – Refinance (refinance loans on traditional commercial properties);

•Short Term 1– 4 Unit – Purchase (short-term loans to purchase 1– 4 unit residential rental properties); and

•Short Term 1– 4 Unit – Refinance (short-term refinance loans on 1– 4 unit residential rental properties).

We determined the collectability of our loans by evaluating certain risk characteristics. The segmentation of our loan portfolio was determined based on analyses of our loan portfolio performance over the past nine years. Based on analyses of the loan portfolio’s historical performance, we concluded that loan purpose and product types are the most significant risk factors in determining our expectation of future loan losses. Loan purpose considers whether a borrower is acquiring the property or refinancing an existing property. Our historical experience shows that refinance loans have higher loss rates than loans for property acquisitions. Product type includes residential 1-4 unit property and traditional commercial property. Our historical experience shows that traditional commercial property loans have higher loss rates than residential 1-4 unit property. Short Term loans have a maturity of one to two years from origination. Long term loans have a maturity of up to 30 years from origination.

We estimate the allowance for loan losses using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to historical performance, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable macroeconomic forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are considered for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values and changes in the competitive or regulatory environment.

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We use an open pool loss rate methodology to model expected credit losses. To determine the loss rates using the open pool method, we start with our historical database of losses, segmenting the loans by loan purpose, product type and repayment period. A third-party model applying the open pool method is used to estimate an annual average loss rate by dividing the respective pool's quarterly historical losses by the pool's respective prior quarters’ ending unamortized loan cost balance and deriving an annual average loss rate from the historical quarterly loss rates. The model then adjusts the annual average loss rates based upon macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period, followed by a straight-line reversion to the historical loss rates. The adjusted annual average loss rates are applied to the forecasted pool balance within each segment. The forecasted balances in the loan pool segments are calculated based on a principal amortization using contractual maturity, factoring in further principal reductions from estimated prepayments. Estimated prepayments, or Constant Prepayment Rates ("CPRs") are developed from multiple loan characteristic considerations, such as property types, FICO scores, loan purpose, and prepayment penalty terms, which is the most significant driver of prepayment activity. The prepayment penalty terms differ between the short-term and long-term loans, and we have developed a CPR curve for our short-term loans (2-year or less) and one for our long-term loans (30-year). Data from 2012-2023 is used to develop prepayment rates for our long-term loans. Because of the prepayment penalty structure in our long-term loans, prepayments during the active penalty term are historically low and begin to ramp up after the prepayment penalty term. The active prepayment penalty term is considered for existing and new loans over the reasonable and supportable forecast period in determining estimated prepayments. We back-test the CPR curves on a quarterly basis and adjust the CPR curves as appropriate. The reasonable and supportable period is meant to represent the period in which we believe the forecasted macroeconomic variables can be reasonably estimated. Significant variables or assumptions incorporated in the macroeconomic forecasts include U.S. unemployment, U.S. real gross domestic product (GDP), treasury yields, and U.S. real estate housing prices. We consider multiple scenarios from different macroeconomic forecasts and use different forecast and revision periods for estimating lifetime expected credit losses.

We have determined that once a loan becomes nonperforming (90 or more days past due), it no longer shares the same risk characteristics of the other loans within its segment of homogeneous loans (pool). We pull these loans out of the segments and evaluate the loans individually using the practical expedient to determine the credit exposure. Nonperforming loans are considered collateral dependent. Using the practical expedient, the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated selling costs, is compared to the carrying value of the loan in the determination of a credit loss.

The allowance for loan losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when we believe the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate by management to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. While we use available information to estimate our required allowance for loan losses, future additions to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary based on changes in estimates resulting from economic and other conditions.

We made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for loan losses for accrued interest receivables. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction of interest income and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost of loans and it is presented as accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair Value Option Accounting

We made an election to apply the fair value option accounting to all our originated mortgage loans on a go-forward basis beginning October 1, 2022. We will consider applying FVO accounting to acquired loans on a case-by-case basis. The fair value option loans will be presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. We will not record a CECL loan loss reserve on fair value option loans.

In accordance with ASC 820, we utilize a third-party loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of our nonperforming mortgage loans. We use an in-house loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of our performing mortgage loans. We use a discounted cash flow methodology, that forecasts contractual cash flows, adjusting for projected prepayments and defaults, followed by discounting these cash flows back to a present value, using a reasonable discount rate.

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The FVO accounting for our securitized debt is on a case-by-case basis effective January 1, 2023. The fair value option securitized debt is presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Our deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We determine whether a deferred tax asset is realizable based on facts and circumstances, including our current and projected future tax position, the historical level of our taxable income, and estimates of our future taxable income. In most cases, the realization of deferred tax assets is based on our future profitability. If we were to experience either reduced profitability or operating losses in a future period, the realization of our deferred tax assets may no longer be considered more likely than not and, accordingly, we could be required to record a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by charging earnings.

How We Assess Our Business Performance

Net income is the primary metric by which we assess our business performance. Accordingly, we closely monitor the primary drivers of net income which consist of the following:

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income and is monitored on both an absolute basis and relative to provisions for loan losses and operating expenses. We generate net interest income to the extent that the rate at which we lend in our portfolio exceeds the cost of financing our portfolio, which we primarily achieve through long-term securitized debt. Accordingly, we closely monitor the financing markets and maintain consistent dialogue with investors and financial institutions as we evaluate our financing sources and cost of funds.

To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor: (1) the yields on our loans, (2) the costs of our funding sources, (3) our net interest spread and (4) our net interest margin. Net interest spread measures the difference between the rates earned on our loans and the rates paid on our funding sources. Net interest margin measures the difference between our annualized interest income and annualized interest expense, or net interest income, as a percentage of average loans outstanding over the specified time period.

Periodic changes in net interest income are primarily driven by: (1) origination volume and changes in average outstanding loan balances and (2) interest rates and changes in interest earned on our portfolio or paid on our debt. Historically, origination volume and portfolio size have been the largest contributors to the growth in our net interest income. We measure net interest income before and after interest expense related to our corporate debt and before and after our provisions for loan losses.

Credit Losses

We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process and life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. We closely monitor the credit performance of our loan portfolio, including delinquency rates and expected and actual credit losses, as a key factor in assessing our overall business performance.

Operating Expenses

We incur operating expenses from compensation and benefits related to our employee base, rent and other occupancy costs associated with our leased facilities, our third-party primary loan servicing vendors, professional fees to the extent we utilize third-party legal, consulting and advisory firms, and costs associated with the resolution and disposition of real estate owned, among other items. We monitor and strive to prudently manage operating expenses and to balance current period profitability with investment in the continued development of our platform. Because volume and portfolio size determine the magnitude of the impact of each of the above factors on our earnings, we also closely monitor origination volume along with all key terms of new loan originations, such as interest rates, loan-to-value ratios, estimated credit losses and expected duration.

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Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe there are a number of factors that impact our business, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Our results of operations depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the credit performance of our loan portfolio and the efficiency of our operating platform. These measures are affected by a number of factors, including the demand for investor real estate loans, the competitiveness of the market for originating or acquiring investor real estate loans, the cost of financing our portfolio, operating costs, the availability of funding sources and the underlying performance of the collateral supporting our loans. While we have been successful at managing these elements in the past, there are certain circumstances beyond our control, including any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas wars, an expected recession, and macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can all affect each of these factors and potentially impact our business performance.

Origination Volume

Portfolio related net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income. We grew our portfolio related net interest income by $11.7 million or 10.4% from $112.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $124.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The growth in net interest income is largely attributable to new loan originations which we have achieved by executing our principal strategies of expanding our broker network and further penetrating our network of existing brokers. We anticipate that our future performance will continue to depend on growing our origination/acquisition volume and believe that the large and highly fragmented nature of our core market provides meaningful opportunity to achieve this. We intend to grow our portfolio by continuing to serve and build loyalty within our existing network of brokers while expanding our network with new brokers through targeted marketing and improved brand awareness.

Our future performance could be impacted to the extent that our origination volumes decline as we rely on new loans to offset maturities and prepayments in our existing portfolio. To augment our core origination business, we continually assess opportunities to acquire portfolios of loans that meet our investment criteria. In our experience, portfolio acquisition opportunities have generally been more attractive and plentiful during market conditions when origination opportunities are less favorable. Accordingly, we believe our acquisition strategy not only expands our core business, but also provides a counter-cyclical benefit.

Competition

The investor real estate loan market is highly competitive which could affect our profitability and growth. We believe we compete favorably through diversified borrower access driven by our extensive network of mortgage brokers and by emphasizing a high level of real estate and financial expertise, customer service, and flexibility in structuring transactions, as well as by attracting and retaining experienced managerial and marketing personnel. However, some of our competitors may be better positioned to market their services and financing programs because of their ability to offer more favorable rates and terms and other services.

Availability and Cost of Funding

Our primary funding sources have historically included cash from operations, warehouse facilities, term securitized debt, corporate debt, and equity. We believe we have an established brand in the term securitized debt market and that this market will continue to support our portfolio growth with long-term financing. Changes in macroeconomic conditions can adversely impact our ability to issue securitized debt and, thereby, limit our options for long-term financing. In consideration of this potential risk, we have entered into a credit facility for longer-term financing that will provide us with capital resources to fund loan growth in the event we are not able to issue securitized debt.

One of our seven warehouse repurchase and revolving loan facilities has interest payment obligations tied to the one-month American Interbank Offered Rate, ("AMERIBOR"). Six of our warehouse repurchase and revolving loan facilities have interest payment obligations tied to the Secured Overnight Offering Rate ("SOFR").

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Loan Performance

We underwrite and structure our loans to minimize potential losses. We believe our fully amortizing loan structures and avoidance of large balloon payments for long term loans, coupled with meaningful borrower equity in properties, limit the probability of losses and that our proven in-house asset management capability allows us to minimize potential losses in situations where there is insufficient equity in the property. Our income is highly dependent upon borrowers making their payments and resolving delinquent loans as favorably as possible. Macroeconomic conditions can, however, impact credit trends in our core market and have an adverse impact on financial results.

Macroeconomic Conditions

The investor real estate loan market may be impacted by a wide range of macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, residential and commercial real estate prices, home ownership and unemployment rates, and availability of credit, among others. We believe our prudent underwriting, conservative loan structures and interest rate protections, and proven in-house asset management capability leave us well positioned to manage changing macroeconomic conditions.

Operating Efficiency

We generate positive operating leverage to the extent that our revenue grows at a faster rate than our expenses. We believe our platform is highly scalable and that we can generate positive operating leverage in future periods, primarily due to the technology and other investments we have made in our platform to date and our focus on a scalable, cost-effective mortgage broker network to generate new loan originations.

Portfolio and Asset Quality

Key Portfolio Statistics

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
	($ in thousands)
Total loans (UPB)	$	4,072,890		$	3,512,486		$	2,587,221
Loan count		10,477			8,893			6,964
Average loan balance	$	389		$	395		$	372
Weighted average loan-to-value		67.8	%		68.2	%		67.7	%
Weighted average coupon		8.88	%		7.95	%		7.76	%
Nonperforming loans (UPB) (A)	$	394,562		$	292,789		$	273,100
Nonperforming loans (% of total) (A)		9.69	%		8.34	%		17.11	%

(A) Reflects the UPB of loans 90 days or more past due or placed on nonaccrual status. Includes $42.2 million, $39.6 million, and $53.8 million of COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans 90 days or more past due as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Total Loans. Total loans reflects the aggregate UPB at the end of the period. It excludes deferred origination costs, acquisition discounts, fair value adjustments and allowance for loan losses.

Loan Count. Loan count reflects the number of loans at the end of the period. It includes all loans with an outstanding principal balance.

Average Loan Balance. Average loan balance reflects the average UPB at the end of the period (i.e., total loans divided by loan count).

Weighted Average Coupon. Weighted average coupon reflects the weighted average loan rate at the end of the period.

Weighted Average Loan-to-Value. Loan-to-value, or LTV, reflects the ratio of the original loan amount to the appraised value of the underlying property at the time of origination. In instances where the LTV at origination is not available for an acquired loan, the LTV reflects our best estimate of value at the time of acquisition. Weighted average LTV is calculated for the population of loans outstanding at the end of each specified period using the original loan amounts and appraised LTVs at the time of origination of each loan. LTV is a key statistic because requiring the borrower to invest more equity in the collateral minimizes our exposure for future credit losses.

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Nonperforming Loans. Loans that are 90 or more days past due, except for certain loans in our COVID-19 forbearance program, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest are considered nonperforming loans. The dollar amount of nonperforming loans presented in the table above reflects the UPB of all loans that meet this definition.

Originations and Acquisitions

The following table presents new loan originations and acquisitions and includes average loan size, weighted average coupon and weighted average loan-to-value for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands)	Loan Count		Loan Balance		Average Loan Size		Weighted Average Coupon			Weighted Average LTV
Year Ended December 31, 2023:
Loan originations — held for investment		2,955	$	1,079,811	$	365		11.1	%		66.4	%
Loan originations — held for sale		10		38,036		3,804		7.9	%		48.2	%
Total loans originated		2,965	$	1,117,847
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Loan originations — held for investment		4,133	$	1,730,526	$	419		7.9	%		69.2	%
Loan originations — held for sale		2		31,327		15,663		5.0	%		64.7	%
Total loan originations		4,135	$	1,761,853		426		7.9	%		68.0	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		14		14,455		1,032		8.8	%		62.0	%
Total loans originated and acquired		4,149	$	1,776,308
Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Loan originations — held for investment		3,105	$	1,326,275	$	427		6.9	%		69.6	%
Loan originations — held for sale		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations		3,105	$	1,326,275		427		6.9	%		69.6	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		26		11,300		435		7.0	%		61.4	%
Total loans originated and acquired		3,131	$	1,337,575

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we originated $1.1 billion of loans, which was a decrease of $644.0 million, or 36.6% from $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The 2022 originations increased by $435.6 million, or 32.8% from $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Loans Held for Investment

Our total portfolio of loans held for investment consists of both loans held for investment carried at amortized cost, which are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as loans held for investment, net, and loans held for investment at fair value, which are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as loans held for investment, at fair value. The following tables show the various components of loans held for investment as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
(in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Unpaid principal balance	$	4,055,936		$	3,512,486		$	2,499,798
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		54,677			7,463			27
Deferred loan origination costs		28,351			33,429			33,360
Total loans held for investment, gross		4,138,964			3,553,378			2,533,185
Allowance for credit losses		(4,769	)		(4,893	)		(4,262	)
Loans held for investment, net	$	4,134,195		$	3,548,485		$	2,528,923

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The following table illustrates the contractual maturities for our loans held for investment in aggregate UPB and as a percentage of our total held for investment loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
	2023					2022					2021
($ in thousands)	UPB		%			UPB		%			UPB		%
Loans due in less than one year	$	151,670		3.8	%	$	146,916		4.2	%	$	96,502		3.9	%
Loans due in one to five years		54,345		1.3			31,777		0.9			5,023		0.2
Loans due in more than five years		3,849,921		94.9			3,333,793		94.9			2,398,273		96.0
Total loans held for investment	$	4,055,936		100.0	%	$	3,512,486		100.0	%	$	2,499,798		100.0	%

Allowance for Loan Losses

Our allowance for loan losses decreased to $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023, from $4.9 million as of December 31, 2022. The decrease in allowance is primarily due to loan paydowns and payoffs decreasing our portfolio of loans held for investment carried at amortized cost.

Our allowance increased to $4.9 million as of December 31, 2022, from $4.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase in allowance was primarily due to the increase in our loans held for investment carried at amortized cost from $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2021 to $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2022.

Our allowance for loan losses is based on an analysis of historical loan loss data from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2023, adjusted for macroeconomic forecasts. We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process, life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. Additionally, we believe borrower equity of 25% to 40% provides significant protection against credit losses should a loan become impaired. The various scenarios, the weighting of scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss, is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

To estimate the allowance for loan losses in our portfolio of loans held for investment carried at amortized cost, we follow a detailed internal process, considering a number of different factors including, but not limited to, our ongoing analyses of loans, historical loss rates, relevant environmental factors, relevant market research, trends in delinquencies, effects and changes in credit concentrations, and ongoing evaluation of fair values.

The following table illustrates the activity in our allowance for loan losses over the periods indicated:

	December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,893		$	4,262		$	5,845
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,915			1,152			(292	)
Charge-offs		(2,039	)		(521	)		(1,291	)
Ending balance	$	4,769		$	4,893		$	4,262
Total loans held for investment (UPB), excluding FVO (1)	$	2,804,541		$	3,243,854		$	2,498,466
Allowance for credit losses / loans held for investment, excluding FVO		0.17	%		0.15	%		0.17	%

(1)Reflects the UPB of loans held for investment excluding loans held for investment at fair value (FVO).

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Credit Quality – Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following table provides delinquency information on our loans held for investment and loans held for investment at fair value by UPB as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands)	December 31, 2023 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		December 31, 2022 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		December 31, 2021 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance
Performing/Accruing:
Current	$	3,354,197	82.7	%	$	116,060	$	2,969,989	84.6	%	$	120,884	$	2,068,023	82.7	%	$	188,466
30-59 days past due		231,590	5.7			11,993		186,051	5.3			33,668		127,046	5.1			36,579
60-89 days past due		75,587	1.9			4,336		63,657	1.8			6,902		31,629	1.3			8,262
90+ days past due		—	—			—		—	—			—		—	—			—
Total performing loans		3,661,374	90.3			132,389		3,219,697	91.7			161,454		2,226,698	89.1			233,307
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual:
<90 days past due		17,746	0.4			1,562		17,852	0.5			1,116		19,533	0.8			5,325
90+ days past due		24,398	0.6			—		32,566	0.9			1,681		35,787	1.4			8,510
Bankruptcy		35,993	0.9			3,705		22,435	0.6			7,272		20,038	0.8			6,242
In foreclosure		316,425	7.8			36,915		219,936	6.3			29,482		197,742	7.9			39,045
Total nonperforming    loans		394,562	9.7			42,182		292,789	8.3			39,551		273,100	10.9			59,122
Total loans held for    investment	$	4,055,936	100.0	%	$	174,571	$	3,512,486	100.0	%	$	201,005	$	2,499,798	100.0	%	$	292,429

(A)Balance includes $174.6 million UPB of loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023, $201.0 million as of December 31, 2022, and $292.4 million as of December 31, 2021 in our COVID-19 forbearance program.

Other than loans while they were in the COVID-19 forbearance program, loans that are 90+ days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest are considered nonperforming loans. Nonperforming loans were $394.6 million, or 9.7% of our held for investment loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023, compared to $292.8 million, or 8.3% as of December 31, 2022, and $273.1 million, or 10.9% of the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. The increase in total nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 is due to an increase in the size of our portfolio and management’s decision to move loans into foreclosure early in the delinquency process. The increase in total nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to a larger loan portfolio offset by loan resolutions from our Special Servicing department.

Resolutions of non-performing loans

Historically, most loans that become nonperforming resolve prior to converting to REO. This is due to low LTVs at origination and our active management of the portfolio. The following tables summarize the resolution activities of loans that were nonperforming or became nonperforming during the periods indicated. We resolved $206.1 million, $142.2 million, and $201.9 million of long-term and short-term nonperforming loans during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We also resolved $19.3 million, $16.2 million, and $10.7 million of long-term and short-term nonperforming loans transferred to REO during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. From these resolution activities, we realized net gains of $5.5 million, $10.8 million, and $7.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. This is largely the result of collecting default interest and prepayment penalties in excess of the contractual interest due and collected.

The table below includes nonperforming loan resolutions for our long-term loans and REOs.

Long-Term Loans	December 31, 2023					December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Resolved — paid in full	$	67,769	$	3,181		$	50,441	$	5,073		$	62,703	$	4,106
Resolved — paid current		101,224		925			46,062		449			45,654		650
Resolved — REO sold		13,335		57			10,204		1,602			10,151		226
Total resolutions	$	182,328	$	4,163		$	106,707	$	7,124		$	118,508	$	4,982
Recovery rate on resolved    nonperforming UPB				102.3	%				106.7	%				104.2	%

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The table below includes resolutions for our short-term nonperforming loans and REOs, and also includes loans that were granted a COVID-19 forbearance in 2020. The short-term loans, or loans with a maturity of two-year or less, do not require prepayment fees and usually result in a lower gain when paid in full, as compared to long term loans.

Short-Term Loans	December 31, 2023					December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Resolved — paid in full	$	18,301	$	741		$	36,516	$	2,100		$	43,613	$	2,312
Resolved — paid current		18,775		111			9,192		61			49,942		195
Resolved — REO sold		5,919		506			5,966		1,474			534		22
Total resolutions	$	42,995	$	1,358		$	51,674	$	3,635		$	94,089	$	2,529
Recovery rate on resolved    nonperforming UPB				103.2	%				107.0	%				102.7	%

Our recovery rates were elevated in 2022 because of the positive resolution of loans impacted by the COVID pandemic.

Real Estate Owned (REO)

REO includes real estate we acquire through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. REO assets are initially recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, on the date of foreclosure. Adjustments that reduce the carrying value of the loan to the fair value of the real estate at the time of foreclosure are recognized as charge-offs in the allowance for loan losses. Positive adjustments at the time of foreclosure are recognized in other operating income. After foreclosure, we periodically obtain new valuations and any subsequent changes to fair value, less estimated costs to sell, are reflected as valuation adjustments, included in "real estate owned, net" in the consolidated statements of income.

As of December 31, 2023, our REO included 71 properties with a carrying value of $44.3 million compared to 27 properties with a carrying value of $13.3 million as of December 31, 2022.

Charge-offs, Gain/(Loss) on REO

Our actual charge-offs have been minimal as a percentage of nonperforming loans held for investment. The valuation impact to our P&L from loans becoming REO or in REO is a combination of 1) loan charge-offs, 2) gain on transfer to REO included in "gain on disposition of loans" in the consolidated statements of income, 3) net gain/(loss) on sale of REO, and 4) net valuation adjustments on REO. The table below shows our actual charge-offs; gain on transfer of nonperforming loans to REO; gain on disposition of REO; and net valuation adjustments on REO; for the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)	$	328,105		$	266,129		$	307,562
Charge-offs		(2,039	)		(521	)		(1,291	)
Charge-offs / Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)		0.62	%		0.20	%		0.42	%
Gain on transfer to REO		7,412			3,408			1,117
Gain on sale of REO		568			2,939			409
REO valuations, net		(3,903	)		(364	)		(1,759	)
Total gain/(loss) on REO		2,038			5,462			(1,524	)

(1)Reflects the monthly average of nonperforming loans held for investment during the period.

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Concentrations – Loans Held for Investment

As of December 31, 2023, our held for investment loan portfolio was concentrated in investor 1-4 loans, representing 54.9% of the UPB and mixed-use properties represented 11.7% of the UPB. No other property type represented more than 10.0% of our held for investment loan portfolio. By geography, the principal balance of our loans held for investment were concentrated 21.9% in California, 18.3% in New York, 13.4% in Florida, and 7.3% in New Jersey.

Property Type	December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
Investor 1-4		6,478	$	2,224,795		54.9	%
Mixed use		1,147		474,913		11.7
Retail		715		343,992		8.5
Multifamily		578		316,326		7.8
Warehouse		394		265,032		6.5
Office		513		221,270		5.5
Other (1)		599		209,608		5.1
Total loans held for investment		10,424	$	4,055,936		100.0	%

(1)All other properties individually comprise less than 5.0% of the total unpaid principal balance.

Geography (State)	December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
California		1,345	$	889,681		21.9	%
New York		1,352		744,091		18.3
Florida		1,385		543,546		13.4
New Jersey	901			295,038		7.3
Other (1)		5,441		1,583,580		39.1
Total loans held for investment		10,424	$	4,055,936		100.0	%

(1)All other states individually comprise less than 5.0% of the total unpaid principal balance.

Key Performance Metrics

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Average loans	$	3,725,197		$	3,092,198		$	2,125,847
Portfolio yield		8.34	%		7.77	%		8.56	%
Average debt — portfolio related		3,341,411			2,750,822			1,814,048
Average debt — total company		3,556,411			2,956,801			1,968,938
Cost of funds — portfolio related		5.58	%		4.64	%		4.71	%
Cost of funds — total company		5.71	%		5.32	%		5.38	%
Net interest margin — portfolio related		3.34	%		3.64	%		4.54	%
Net interest margin — total company		2.89	%		2.69	%		3.57	%
Charge-offs/Average loans held for investment, excluding FVO loans		0.07	%		0.02	%		0.06	%
Pre-tax return on equity		17.46	%		12.23	%		15.58	%
Return on equity		12.84	%		8.93	%		11.45	%

Average Loans

Average loans reflects the daily average of total outstanding loans, including both loans held for investment and loans held for sale, as measured by UPB, over the specified time period.

Portfolio Yield

Portfolio yield is an annualized measure of the total interest income earned on our loan portfolio as a percentage of average loans over the given period. Interest income includes interest earned on performing loans,

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cash interest received on nonperforming loans, default interest and prepayment fees. Portfolio yield was higher in 2023 primarily due to higher interest rates for new originations in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Average Debt — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio-related debt consists of borrowings related directly to financing our loan portfolio, which includes our warehouse repurchase facilities and securitized debt. Total company debt consists of portfolio-related debt and corporate debt. The measures presented here reflects the monthly average of all portfolio-related and total company debt, as measured by outstanding principal balance, over the specified time period.

Cost of Funds — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio related cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average portfolio-related debt outstanding over the given period. Total company cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt outstanding over the given period. Interest expense includes the amortization of expenses incurred in connection with our portfolio related financing activities and corporate debt. Through the issuance of long-term securitized debt, we have been able to fix a significant portion of our borrowing costs over time. The strong credit performance on our securitized debt has allowed us to issue debt at attractive rates. Our portfolio related cost of funds increased to 5.58% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 4.64% and 4.71% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net Interest Margin — Portfolio Related and Total Company

Portfolio related net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period. Total company net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period.

Over the periods shown below, our portfolio related net interest margin decreased to 3.34% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the 3.64% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and decreased from 4.54% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decreases were primarily due to higher debt cost caused by an overall increase in interest rates.

Our total company net interest margin of 2.89% for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased from 2.69% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and decreased from 3.57% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in total company net interest margin from the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to the lower interest expense on our corporate debt. The decrease in total company net interest margin from the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to higher interest rates.

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The following tables show the average outstanding balance of our loan portfolio and portfolio-related debt, together with interest income and the corresponding yield earned on our portfolio, and interest expense and the corresponding rate paid on our portfolio-related debt for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023							2022							2021
			Interest		Average					Interest		Average					Interest		Average
	Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /
($ in thousands)	Balance		Expense		Rate			Balance		Expense		Rate			Balance		Expense		Rate
Loan portfolio:
Loans held for sale	$	8,615						$	49,194						$	15,794
Loans held for investment		3,716,582							3,043,003							2,110,053
Total loans	$	3,725,197	$	310,775		8.34	%	$	3,092,198	$	240,343		7.77	%	$	2,125,847	$	181,968		8.56	%
Debt:
Warehouse and repurchase facilities	$	227,911		21,726		9.53	%	$	292,490		17,454		5.97	%	$	183,663		9,706		5.28	%
Securitized debt		3,113,500		164,742		5.29	%		2,458,332		110,269		4.49	%		1,630,385		75,680		4.64	%
Total debt - portfolio related		3,341,411		186,468		5.58	%		2,750,822		127,723		4.64	%		1,814,048		85,386		4.71	%
Corporate debt		215,000		16,556		7.70	%		205,979		29,472		14.31	%		154,890		20,609		13.31	%
Total debt	$	3,556,411	$	203,024		5.71	%	$	2,956,801	$	157,195		5.32	%	$	1,968,938	$	105,995		5.38	%
Net interest spread -    portfolio related (1)						2.76	%						3.13	%						3.85	%
Net interest margin -    portfolio related						3.34	%						3.64	%						4.54	%
Net interest spread -    total company (2)						2.63	%						2.46	%						3.18	%
Net interest margin -    total company						2.89	%						2.69	%						3.57	%

(1)Net interest spread — portfolio related is the difference between the rate earned on our loan portfolio and the interest rates paid on our portfolio-related debt.

(2)Net interest spread — total company is the difference between the rate earned on our loan portfolio and the interest rates paid on our total debt.

Charge-Offs

The charge-offs ratio reflects charge-offs as a percentage of average loans held for investment carried at amortized cost over the specific time period. We do not record charge-offs on FVO loans which are carried at estimated fair value. We also do not record charge-offs on our loans held for sale which are carried either at fair value, or carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value.

Pre-Tax Return on Equity and Return on Equity

Pre-tax return on equity and return on equity reflect income before income taxes, and net income including net income attributable to noncontrolling interest, respectively, as a percentage of the monthly average total stockholders’ equity including noncontrolling interest over the specified period. Pre-tax return on equity and return on equity increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022 and 2021 due to the increase in income before income taxes and net income as further explained below.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Income before income taxes (A)	$	71,127		$	44,552		$	39,793
Net income (B)		52,293			32,519			29,224
Monthly average balance:
Stockholders' / Members' equity (C)		407,305			364,282			255,331
Pre-tax return on equity (A)/(C)		17.5	%		12.2	%		15.6	%
Return on equity (B)/(C)		12.8	%		8.9	%		11.4	%

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Components of Results of Operations

Interest Income

We accrue interest on the UPB of our loans in accordance with the individual terms and conditions of each loan, discontinuing interest and reversing previously accrued interest once a loan becomes 90 days or more past due (nonaccrual status). When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction to interest income and accrued interest receivable. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash payments are received or when the loan has returned to accrual status. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are first applied to interest due, then principal. Interest accrual resumes once a borrower has made all principal and interest payments due, bringing the loan back to current status.

Interest income on loans held for investment is comprised of interest income on loans and prepayment fees less the amortization of deferred net costs related to the origination of loans. Interest income on loans held for sale is comprised of interest income earned on loans prior to their sale. The net fees and costs associated with loans held for sale carried at the lower of cost or fair value, are deferred as part of the carrying value of the loan and recognized as a gain or loss on the sale of the loan. The fees and costs associated with loans held for sale carried at fair value are recognized and expensed as incurred

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related

Portfolio related interest expense is incurred on the debt we incur to fund our loan origination and portfolio activities and consists of our warehouse repurchase facilities and securitized debt. Portfolio related interest expense also includes the amortization of expenses incurred as a result of issuing the debt, which are amortized using the level yield method. Key drivers of interest expense include the debt amounts outstanding, interest rates, and the mix of our securitized debt and warehouse liabilities.

Net Interest Income — Portfolio Related

Portfolio related net interest income represents the difference between interest income and portfolio related interest expense.

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt

Interest expense on corporate debt primarily consists of interest expense paid with respect to the 2021 Term Loan and the 2022 Term Loan, as reflected on our consolidated balance sheets, and the related amortization of deferred debt issuance costs.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between portfolio related net interest income and interest expense on corporate debt.

Provision for Loan Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments replacing the incurred loss accounting approach with the current expected credit loss (CECL) approach. Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses is calculated using a third-party model with our historical loss rates by segment, loans position as of the balance sheet date, and assumptions from us. We do not record provision for loan losses on loans held for sale, or loans carried at fair value.

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Other Operating Income

Gain on Disposition of Loans. When we sell a loan held for sale, we record a gain or loss that reflects the difference between the proceeds received for the sale of the loans and their respective carrying values. The gain or loss that we ultimately realize on the sale of our loans held for sale is primarily determined by the terms of the originated loans, current market interest rates and the sales price of the loans. In addition, when we transfer a loan to REO, we record the REO at its fair value, less estimated costs to sell, at the time of the transfer. The difference between the fair value of the real estate and the carrying value of the loan is recorded as a gain or a loan charge-off.

Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Fair Value Loans. We have elected to apply the fair value option accounting to all our originated mortgage loans on a go-forward basis beginning October 1, 2022. We have elected to account for certain purchased distressed loans at fair value using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). We regularly estimate the fair value of these loans. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of fair value loans are reported as unrealized gain/(loss) on fair value loans, a component of other operating income within the consolidated statements of income.

Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Mortgage Servicing Rights. The Company has elected to record its mortgage servicing rights using the fair value measurement method. Changes in fair value are reported as unrealized gains/(losses) on mortgage servicing rights.

Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Fair Value Securitized Debt. We have elected to apply the fair value option accounting to securitized debt issued effective January 1, 2023 when the underlying collateral is also carried at fair value. We regularly estimate the fair value of securitized debt. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of fair value securitized debt are reported as unrealized gain/(loss) on fair value securitized debt, a component of other operating income within the consolidated statements of income.

Origination Fee Income. Fee income related to our loan origination activities.

Interest Income on cash balance. Interest income on bank balances.

Other Income. Other income primarily consists of servicing fee income and other miscellaneous income. Century earns servicing fees for servicing mortgage loans for others.

Operating Expenses

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Costs related to employee compensation, commissions and related employee benefits, such as health, retirement, and payroll taxes.

Origination Expenses. Costs related to our loan origination activities.

Securitization Expenses. Costs related to issuance of our securitized debt.

Loan Servicing. Costs related to our third-party servicers.

Professional Fees. Costs related to professional services, such as external audits, legal fees, tax, compliance and outside consultants.

Rent and Occupancy. Costs related to occupying our locations, including rent, maintenance and property taxes.

Real Estate Owned, Net. Costs related to our real estate owned, net, including gains/(losses) on disposition of REO, maintenance of REO properties, and taxes and insurance.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses consist of general and administrative costs such as, travel and entertainment, marketing, data processing, insurance and office equipment.

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Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consists of the current and deferred U.S. federal and state income taxes we expect to pay, currently and in future years, with respect to the net income for the year. The amount of the provision is derived by adjusting our reported net income with various permanent differences. The tax-adjusted net income amount is then multiplied by the applicable federal and state income tax rates to arrive at the provision for income taxes.

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Interest income	$	310,775	$	240,343	$	181,968
Interest expense - portfolio related		186,468		127,723		85,386
Net interest income - portfolio related		124,307		112,620		96,582
Interest expense - corporate debt		16,556		29,472		20,609
Net interest income		107,751		83,148		75,973
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,915		1,152		(292	)
Net interest income after provision for loan    losses		105,836		81,996		76,265
Other operating income		65,910		24,321		9,798
Total operating expenses		100,619		61,765		46,269
Income before income taxes		71,127		44,552		39,794
Income tax expense		18,834		12,033		10,569
Net income		52,293		32,519		29,225
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		20		308		—
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.		52,273		32,211		29,225
Less undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities		753		491		8,589
Less deemed dividends on preferred stock		—		—		—
Net income allocated to common shareholders	$	51,520	$	31,720	$	20,636
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	1.60	$	0.99	$	0.90
Diluted	$	1.52	$	0.94	$	0.86
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		32,206		31,913		22,813
Diluted		34,484		34,131		33,982

26

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net Interest Income — Portfolio Related

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Interest income	$	310,775	$	240,343	$	70,432		29.3	%
Interest expense - portfolio related		186,468		127,723		58,745		46.0	%
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	124,307	$	112,620	$	11,687		10.4	%

Portfolio related net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income. Our portfolio related net interest income increased to $124.3 million from $112.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Interest Income. Interest income increased by $70.4 million, or 29.3%, to $310.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $240.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to higher portfolio balances and an increase in the average yield. The average yield increased to 8.34% from 7.77%. Average loans increased $633.0 million, or 20.5%, from $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $3.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in average yield is attributable to the overall higher interest rate environment in 2023.

The following table distinguishes between the change in interest income attributable to change in volume and the change in interest income attributable to change in rate. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in average loan balance ($633.0 million) by the previous period’s average yield (7.77%). Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average yield (0.57%) by the current period’s average loan balance ($3.7 billion).

	Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income		Average Yield
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	3,725,197	$	310,775		8.34	%
Year Ended December 31, 2022		3,092,198		240,343		7.77	%
Volume variance		632,999		49,200
Rate variance				21,232		0.57	%
Total interest income variance			$	70,432

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related. Portfolio related interest expense consists of interest incurred on our warehouse facilities and securitized debt, which increased by $58.7 million, or 46.0%, to $186.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in portfolio related interest expense in 2023 was primarily attributable to a higher loan portfolio being financed and increased interest rates.

The following table presents information regarding the increase in portfolio related interest expense and distinguishes between the dollar amount of change in interest expense attributable to changes in the average outstanding debt balance (volume) versus changes in cost of funds (rate) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense		Cost of Funds
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	3,341,411	$	186,468		5.58	%
Year Ended December 31, 2022		2,750,822		127,723		4.64	%
Volume variance		590,589		27,422
Rate variance				31,323		0.94	%
Total interest expense variance			$	58,745

(1) Includes securitized debt and warehouse repurchase agreements.

27

Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses

Net interest income after provision for loan losses increased 29.1% over the prior year driven by higher net interest income.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		$ Change			% Change
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	124,307	$	112,620	$	11,687			10.4		%
Interest expense - corporate debt		16,556		29,472		(12,916	)		(43.8	)	%
Net interest income		107,751		83,148		24,603			29.6		%
Provision for loan losses		1,915		1,152		763			66.2		%
Net interest income after provision    for loan losses	$	105,836	$	81,996	$	23,840			29.1		%

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt. Corporate debt interest expense decreased by $12.9 million from $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to the $12.8 million prepayment fee and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs associate with the payoff of our previous corporate debt in March 2022. The corporate debt balance was $215.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

Provision for Loan Losses. Our provision for loan losses increased by approximately $0.8 million from the provision of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to a provision of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to the increase in charge-offs.

Other Operating Income

The table below presents the various components of other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The $41.6 million net increase is primarily due to the election of fair value option accounting on new loan originations beginning October 1,2022, and the fair value option accounting on most securitized debt issued effective January 1, 2023.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			$ Change			% Change
Gain on disposition of loans	$	8,238		$	7,107		$	1,131			15.9	%
Unrealized gain on fair value loans		47,850			8,265			39,585			478.9	%
Unrealized (loss)/gain on mortgage servicing rights		(660	)		2,086			(2,746	)		(131.6	)%
Unrealized loss on fair value securitized debt		(9,002	)		—			(9,002	)		—
Origination fee income		12,450			5,225	(1)		7,225			138.3	%
Interest income on cash balance		5,194			—			5,194			—
Other income		1,840			1,638	(1)		202			12.3	%
Total other operating income	$	65,910		$	24,321		$	41,589			171.0	%

(1)$5.2 million of origination income originally included in other income for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been reclassified and separately presented as "origination income" under other operating income to conform to current period presentation.

28

Operating Expenses

The table below presents the various components of operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Total operating expenses increased by 62.9%, or $38.9 million to $100.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 from $61.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven mainly by the FVO election for loans and securitizations. Under FVO accounting, direct compensation related to the origination of loans and securitization issuance costs are expensed as incurred. Under amortized cost accounting, these costs are deferred and amortized as yield adjustments for these products.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022				$ Change			% Change
Compensation and employee benefits	$	48,344	$	30,458			$	17,886			58.7	%
Origination expenses		518		3,985		(1)		(3,467	)		(87.0	)%
Securitization expenses		12,923		—				12,923			—
Loan servicing		17,631		12,298				5,333			43.4	%
Professional fees		4,599		4,179				420			10.1	%
Rent and occupancy		1,927		1,748				179			10.2	%
Real estate owned, net		6,153		(70	)			6,223			(8,890.0	)%
Other operating expenses		8,524		9,166		(1)		(642	)		(7.0	)%
Total operating expenses	$	100,619	$	61,764			$	38,855			62.9	%

(1)Certain accounts included in other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 have been reclassified to origination expenses to conform to current period presentation.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Compensation and employee benefits increased from $30.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $48.3 million during year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly driven by the FVO accounting on all new loan originations beginning October 1, 2022, as all origination costs on FVO loans are expensed as incurred as opposed to being deferred and amortized prior to October 1, 2022 and to a lesser extent an increase in employees.

Origination Expenses. Origination expenses decreased from $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $3.5 million is primarily due to more effective loan origination cost management and our ability to transfer origination costs such as appraisal fees to borrowers.

Securitization Expenses. Securitization expenses are $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Securitization expenses are due to the election of fair value option accounting on securitized debt issued in 2023. Securitization expenses on FVO securitized debt are expensed as incurred as opposed to being deferred and amortized for securitized debt carried at amortized cost.

Loan Servicing. Loan servicing expenses increased from $12.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $17.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The $5.3 million increase during the year ended December 31, 2023 is mainly due to the increase in our total loan portfolio.

Professional Fees. Professional fees remained relatively consistent from $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Rent and Occupancy. Rent and occupancy expenses remained relatively consistent between $1.9 million and $1.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net Expenses of Real Estate Owned. Net expenses of real estate owned increased from an income of $70 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2022 to an expense of $6.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The $6.2 million increase is mainly due to the increase in valuation adjustments taken.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses decreased from $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to a decrease in marketing and advertising expense.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $18.8 million and $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our annual consolidated effective tax rates were 25.2% and 27.2% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.

29

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

Net Interest Income — Portfolio Related

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
Interest income	$	240,343	$	181,968	$	58,375		32.1	%
Interest expense - portfolio related		127,723		85,386		42,337		49.6	%
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	112,620	$	96,582	$	16,038		16.6	%

Interest Income. Interest income increased by $58.4 million, or 32.1%, to $240.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $182.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher portfolio balances offset by a decrease in the average yield. The average yield decreased to 7.77% from 8.56%. Average loans increased $966.4 million, or 45.4%, from $2.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in average yield is attributable to higher collection of delinquent and default interest in 2021.

The following table distinguishes between the change in interest income attributable to change in volume and the change in interest income attributable to change in rate. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in average loan balance (i.e., $966.4 million) by the previous period’s average yield (i.e., 8.56%). Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average yield (i.e., 0.79%) by the current period’s average loan balance (i.e., $3.1 billion).

	Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income			Average Yield
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	3,092,198	$	240,343			7.77	%
Year Ended December 31, 2021		2,125,847		181,968			8.56	%
Volume variance		966,351		82,718
Rate variance				(24,343	)		(0.79	)%
Total interest income variance			$	58,375

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related. Portfolio related interest expense consists of interest incurred on our warehouse facilities and securitizations, which increased by $42.3 million, or 49.4%, to $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $85.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 . The increase in portfolio related interest expense in 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in loan portfolio.

The following table presents information regarding the increase in portfolio related interest expense and distinguishes between the dollar amount of change in interest expense attributable to changes in the average outstanding debt balance (volume) versus changes in cost of funds (rate) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense			Cost of Funds
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	2,750,822	$	127,723			4.64	%
Year Ended December 31, 2021		1,814,048		85,386			4.71	%
Volume variance		936,774		44,093
Rate variance				(1,756	)		(0.06	)%
Total interest expense variance			$	42,337

(1) Includes securitizations and warehouse repurchase agreements.

30

Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses

Net interest income after provision for loan losses increased 7.5% over the prior year driven by higher net interest income.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021			$ Change		% Change
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	112,620	$	96,582		$	16,038		16.6		%
Interest expense - corporate debt		29,472		20,609			8,863		43.0		%
Net interest income		83,148		75,973			7,175		9.4		%
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,152		(292	)		1,444		(494.5	)	%
Net interest income after provision    for loan losses	$	81,996	$	76,265		$	5,731		7.5		%

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt. Corporate debt interest expense increased by $8.9 million from $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to the fees associated with paying off our 2021 term loan early. The corporate debt balance was $215.0 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to $170.8 million as of December 31, 2021, as a result of 2022 Term Loan agreement we entered into in March 2022.

Provision for (reversal of) Loan Losses. Our provision for loan losses increased by approximately $1.4 million from the reversal of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to a provision of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to an increase in general reserve resulting from the increased non-FVO loan portfolio.

Other Operating Income

The table below presents the various components of other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The $14.5 million net increase is primarily due to the unrealized gains related to loans originated after September 30, 2022 and the 2022 election of fair value option for our Century mortgage servicing rights.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021			$ Change			% Change
Gain on disposition of loans	$	7,107		$	7,892		$	(785	)		(9.9	%)
Unrealized gain on fair value loans		8,265			29			8,236			28400.0	%
Unrealized gain on mortgage servicing rights		2,086			—			2,086			0.0	%
Origination fee income		5,225	(1)		1,610	(1)		3,615			224.5	%
Other income		1,637	(1)		267	(1)		1,370			513.1	%
Total other operating income	$	24,320		$	9,798		$	14,522			148.2	%

(1)$5.2 million and $1.6 million of origination income originally included in other income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, have been reclassified and presented as "origination income" under other operating income to conform to current period presentation.

31

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses increased by 33.5%, or $15.5 million to $61.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $46.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was driven by higher origination activity as well as the fair value election for loans originated in the fourth quarter.

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022				2021			$ Change			% Change
Compensation and employee benefits	$	30,458			$	19,190		$	11,268			58.7	%
Origination expenses		3,985		(1)		2,174	(1)		1,811			83.3	%
Loan servicing		12,298				8,282			4,016			48.5	%
Professional fees		4,179				3,781			398			10.5	%
Rent and occupancy		1,748				1,769			(21	)		(1.2	)%
Real estate owned, net		(70	)			3,150			(3,220	)		(102.2	)%
Other operating expenses		9,166		(1)		7,924	(1)		1,242			15.7	%
Total operating expenses	$	61,764			$	46,270		$	15,494			33.5	%

(1)Certain accounts included in other operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 have been reclassified to origination expenses to conform to current period presentation.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Compensation and employee benefits increased from $19.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $30.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was attributable to higher commission expense driven by the increase in loan originations and not deferring compensations costs attributable to loan origination activities on FVO loans starting on October 1, 2022.

Origination Expenses. Origination expenses increased from $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $1.8 million is primarily due to an increase in appraisal costs on higher origination volume after a pandemic-impacted 2021.

Loan Servicing. Loan servicing expenses increased from $8.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $12.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The $4.0 million increase during the year ended 2022 is mainly due to the increase in our loan portfolio.

Professional Fees. Professional fees increased from $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Rent and Occupancy. Rent and occupancy expenses remained relatively consistent at approximately $1.7 million to $1.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Net Expenses of Real Estate Owned. Net expenses of real estate owned decreased from $3.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to income of $70 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2022. The $3.2 million decrease is mainly due to a higher gain on sale of REOs resolved by our special servicing team.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses slightly increased from $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 mainly due to an increase in marketing activity via trade shows after a pandemic-impacted 2021.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our consolidated effective tax rate as a percentage of pre-tax income for 2022 was 27.2%, compared to 26.6% for 2021. The 2021 effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% principally because of state taxes.

32

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain financial information for each completed fiscal quarter since the quarter ended March 31, 2022. The quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the information presented. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full fiscal year.

The following tables set for our unaudited quarterly results for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2023			September 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			September 30, 2022			June 30, 2022			March 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
	(unaudited)
Interest income	$	86,269		$	79,088		$	74,897		$	70,521		$	65,632		$	63,419		$	59,243		$	52,049
Interest expense - portfolio related		51,405			47,583			45,451			42,029			40,854			34,561			28,752			23,556
Net interest income - portfolio related		34,864			31,505			29,446			28,492			24,778			28,858			30,491			28,493
Net interest margin - portfolio related		3.52	%		3.34	%		3.24	%		3.23	%		2.84	%		3.59	%		4.10	%		4.25	%
Interest expense - corporate debt		4,140			4,138			4,139			4,139			4,139			4,011			4,182			17,140
Net interest income		30,724			27,367			25,307			24,353			20,639			24,847			26,309			11,353
Net interest margin - total company		3.10	%		2.90	%		2.78	%		2.76	%		2.36	%		3.09	%		3.54	%		1.69	%
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		827			154			298			636			(437	)		580			279			730
Net interest income after provision    for loan losses		29,897			27,213			25,009			23,717			21,076			24,267			26,030			10,623
Other operating income		21,670			17,360			14,037			12,843			11,420			3,027			3,592			6,281
Operating expenses		29,260			27,334			22,222			21,803			20,804			13,245			14,832			12,883
Income before income taxes		22,307			17,239			16,824			14,757			11,692			14,049			14,790			4,021
Less income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest		(189	)		83			39			87			(235	)		307			126			110
Income tax expense		5,141			5,070			4,602			4,021			3,465			3,759			4,019			790
Net income	$	17,355		$	12,086		$	12,183		$	10,649		$	8,462		$	9,983		$	10,645		$	3,121

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Liquidity

We fund our lending activities primarily through borrowings under our warehouse repurchase facilities, securitized debt, other corporate-level debt, equity and debt securities, and net cash provided by operating activities to manage our business. We use cash to originate and acquire investor real estate loans, repay principal and interest on our borrowings, fund our operations and meet other general business needs.

Our total liquidity plus available warehouse capacity was $617.4 million as of December 31, 2023 comprised of $40.7 million in cash, $22.5 million of available borrowings for unencumbered loans and $554.2 million of available warehouse capacity.

As of December 31, 2022, our total liquidity plus available warehouse capacity was $559.3 million, comprised of $45.2 million in cash, $14.0 million of available borrowings for unencumbered loans and $500.1 million of available warehouse capacity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used approximately $129 thousand of net cash and cash equivalents from operations, investing and financing activities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated approximately $14.5 million of net cash and cash equivalents from operations, investing and financing activities.

33

Warehouse Facilities

As of December 31, 2023, we had six non-mark-to-market warehouse facilities and one modified mark-to-market warehouse facility to support our loan origination and acquisition facilities. One agreement is a two-year warehouse repurchase facility, three agreements are one-year warehouse repurchase facilities and three agreements are three-year warehouse facilities. The borrowings are collateralized by primarily performing loans, one of the warehouse facilities bear interest at one-month AMERIBOR and six warehouse facilities at SOFR, all at margins that range from 1.60% to 4.50%. We also had a short term repurchase agreement with a maximum borrowing capacity of $30.5 million. Borrowing under these facilities was $336.4 million with $554.2 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2022, we had five non-mark-to-market warehouse facilities and one modified mark-to-market warehouse facility to support our loan origination and acquisition facilities. One agreement is a two-year warehouse repurchase facility, three agreements are one-year warehouse repurchase facilities and two agreements are three-year warehouse facilities. The borrowings are collateralized by primarily performing loans, two of the warehouse facilities bear interest at one-month LIBOR and four warehouse facility at SOFR, all at margins that range from 2.75% to 4.50%. We also had a short term repurchase agreement with a maximum borrowing capacity of $18.8 million. Borrowing under these facilities was $331.7 million with $500.1 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities as of December 31, 2022.

All warehouse facilities fund less than 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans we own requiring us to use working capital to fund the remaining portion. We may need to use additional working capital if loans become delinquent, because the amount permitted to be financed by the facilities may change based on the delinquency performance of the pledged collateral.

All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse facilities are segregated into pledged accounts with the loan servicer. All principal amounts in excess of the interest due are applied to reduce the outstanding borrowings under the warehouse facilities, which then allows us to draw additional funds on a revolving basis under the facilities. The revolving warehouse facilities also contain customary covenants, including but not limited to financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum net worth, a maximum debt-to-net worth ratio and a ratio of a minimum earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization to interest expense. If we fail to meet any of the covenants or otherwise default under the facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate their facility and require immediate repayment, which may require us to sell our loans at less than optimal terms. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with these covenants.

Securitized Debt

From May 2011 through December 2023, we have completed 31 transactions, issuing $6.4 billion in principal amount of securities to third parties. All borrower payments are segregated into remittance accounts at the primary servicer and remitted to the trustee of each trust monthly. We are the sole beneficial interest holder of the applicable trusts, which are variable interest entities included in our consolidated financial statements. The transactions are accounted for as a secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. Tables summarizing the investor real estate loans securitized, securities issued, securities retained by the Company at the time of the securitization, and as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the stated maturity for each securitized debt, the outstanding bond balances, and the weighted average rate on the securities for the Trusts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are included in Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. The securities are callable by us when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 10%—30%, of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity date of the securities issued will likely be earlier than their respective stated maturity date.

Our intent is to use the proceeds from the issuance of new securities primarily to repay our warehouse borrowings and originate new investor real estate loans in accordance with our underwriting guidelines, as well as for general corporate purposes. Our financing sources may include borrowings in the form of additional bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving credit facilities), repurchase agreements, warehouse repurchase facilities and other sources of private financing. We also plan to continue using securitized debt as long-term financing for our portfolio, and we do not plan to structure any securitized debt as sales or utilize off-balance-sheet vehicles. We believe any financing of assets and/or securitized debt we may undertake will be sufficient to fund our working capital requirements.

34

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities as of the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	48,835		$	48,674		$	57,622
Investing activities		(584,732	)		(908,238	)		(656,483	)
Financing activities		535,768			874,016			626,172
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted    cash	$	(129	)	$	14,452		$	27,311

Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities primarily includes net income adjusted for (1) non-cash items including depreciation, provision for loan loss, discount accretion, and valuation changes, (2) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities, (3) gain on disposition of loans.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash provided by operating activities of $48.8 million consisted mainly of $52.3 million in net income, and $25.8 million proceeds from sales of loans held for sale, offset by $38.2 million of valuation gains.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash provided by operating activities of $48.7 million consisted mainly of $32.5 million in net income, and $32.2 million proceeds from sales of loans held for sale.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our net cash provided by operating activities of $57.6 million consisted mainly of $29.2 million in net income, and $20.2 million add-back of noncash debt issuance discounts and costs amortization.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash used in investing activities of $584.7 million consisted mainly of $1.1 billion in cash used to originate held for investment loans, offset by $459.7 million in cash received in payments on held for investment loans.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash used in investing activities of $908.2 million consisted mainly of $1.7 billion in cash used to originate held for investment loans, offset by $541.7 million in cash received in payments on held for investment loans and loans at fair value and by $292.5 million of proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our net cash used in investing activities of $656.5 million consisted mainly of $1.3 billion in cash used to originate held for investment loans, offset by $568.8 million in cash received in payments on held for investment loans and by $135.8 million of proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash provided by financing activities of $535.8 million consisted mainly of $1.2 billion in borrowings from our warehouse and repurchase facilities and $1.0 billion in securitizations issued, respectively. The cash generated was offset by payments we made of $1.2 billion and $438.8 million on our warehouse and repurchase facilities and securitizations issued, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash provided by financing activities of $874.0 million consisted mainly of $1.7 billion in borrowings from our warehouse and repurchase facilities and $1.4 billion in securitizations issued, respectively. The cash generated was offset by payments we made of $1.7 billion and $543.6 million on our warehouse and repurchase facilities and securitizations issued, respectively.

35

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our net cash provided by financing activities of $626.2 million consisted mainly of $1.2 billion in borrowings from our warehouse and repurchase facilities and $977.7 million in securitizations issued, respectively. The cash generated was offset by payments we made of $989.4 million and $643.5 million on our warehouse and repurchase facilities and securitizations issued, respectively.

April 2020 Preferred Stocks and Warrants

On April 5, 2020, we sold 45,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants to purchase 3,013,125 shares of our common stock in a private placement to two of our largest stockholders. On October 8, 2021, we exercised our option to convert all of the 45,000 outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into 11,688,310 shares of our common stock.

The Warrants are exercisable at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, by the holders until April 5, 2025 at an exercise price of $2.96 per share of common stock with respect to 2,008,750 of the Warrants, and at an exercise price of $4.94 per share of common stock with respect to 1,004,374 of the Warrants.

At-The-Market Equity Offering Program

On September 3, 2021, we entered into separate Equity Distribution Agreements with counterparties to establish an at-the-market equity offering program (“ATM Program”) where we may issue and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock. Our ATM Program allows for aggregate gross sales of our common stock of up to $50,000,000 provided that the number of shares sold under the ATM Program does not exceed 5,000,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 29,343 shares of common stock were sold under our ATM Program for net proceeds of $348.6 thousand.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

On February 5, 2021, we entered into a five-year $175.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement (“2021 Term Loan”). The 2021 Term Loan had an interest rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus 8.00% with a 1.00% LIBOR floor and was paid off in March 2022.

On March 15, 2022, we entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement ("the 2022 Term Loan"). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. Interest on the 2022 Term Loan is paid every six months. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to the 2021 Term Loan. The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of the 2022 Term Loan was $215.0 million.

Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC is the borrower of the 2022 Term Loan, which is secured by substantially all of the borrower’s non-warehoused assets, with a guarantee from Velocity Financial, Inc., formerly Velocity Financial LLC, that is secured by the equity interests of the borrower. The syndicated corporate debt agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including financial maintenance covenants and limitations on dividends by the borrower.

As of December 31, 2023, we maintained warehouse facilities to finance our investor real estate loans and had approximately $336.4 million in outstanding borrowings with $554.2 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities.

36

The following table illustrates our contractual obligations existing as of December 31, 2023:

	January 1, 2024 -		January 1, 2025 -
($ in thousands)	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2026		Thereafter		Total
Warehouse and repurchase    facilities	$	336,351	$	—	$	—	$	336,351	(1)
Notes payable (corporate    debt)		—		—		215,000		215,000
Leases payments under    noncancelable operating    leases		1,289		838		1,127		3,254
Total	$	337,640	$	838	$	216,127	$	554,605

(1)Amount represents gross warehouse borrowing. Balance of $336.4 million in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 is net of $1.6 million debt issuance costs.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

At no time have we maintained any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities referred to as structured finance, or special-purpose or variable interest entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have never guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or intent to provide funding to any such entities.

New Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 240): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosure and disaggregated information in the Income Tax Rate reconciliation using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, with additional qualitative explanations of individually significant reconciling items. The updated guidance also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictional categories (federal (national), state, and foreign). The accounting update is effective for January 1, 2025 for the Company. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Intentionally omitted pursuant to smaller reporting company reduced disclosure requirements.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplemental Data.

Our consolidated financial statements and the notes related to the financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firms' reports thereon, are included in Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules and are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

37

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the Company. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and includes those policies and procedures that:

•Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree or compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2023.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by RSM US LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report, which appears herein in Item 8.
 

38

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

(a) None.

(b) None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

39

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Information with respect to this item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Information with respect to this item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Information with respect to this item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Information with respect to this item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Information with respect to this item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

40

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:

(1)Financial Statements

The financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

(2)Financial Statement Schedules

Financial statement schedules have been omitted in this Annual Report because they are not applicable, not required under the instructions or the information requested is set forth in the financial statements or related notes thereto.

(3)List of Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
3.1	Certificate of Conversion	8-K	001-39183	3.1	1/22/2020
3.2	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3	5/23/2022
3.3	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3.2	3/25/2022
4.1	Form of Stock Certificate for Common Stock	S-1	333-234250	4.1	10/18/2019
4.2	Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock	8-K	001-39183	4.1	4/07/2020
4.3	Description of the Registrant’s Securities	10-K	001-39183	4.3	4/07/2020
10.1	Stockholders Agreement dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.1	4/07/2020
10.2	Registration Rights Agreement dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.2	4/07/2020
10.3	Registration Rights Agreement dated as of April 7, 2020	8-K	333-234250	10.1	4/07/2020
10.4	Securities Purchase Agreement among Velocity Financial, Inc. and the Purchasers Party thereto dated April 5, 2020	8-K	001-39183	10.1	4/06/2020
10.5	Velocity Financial, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan*	DEF 14A	001-39183	AII	4/8/2022
10.6	Amended and Restated Velocity Financial, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	DEF 14A	001-39183	AI	4/8/2022
10.7	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.6	1/6/2020
10.8	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Director Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.7	1/6/2020
10.9	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Executive Officer Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.8	1/6/2020
10.10	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Director Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.9	1/6/2020
10.11	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Standard Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.10	1/6/2020
10.12	Form of Restricted Stock Grant and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.11	1/6/2020

41

10.13	Velocity Financial 2022 Annual Incentive Program for Messrs. Farrar, Szczepaniak and Taylor*	8-K	001-39183	-	2/15/2022
10.14	Form of Equity Distribution Agreement, dated September 3, 2021	8-K	001-39183	1.1	9/7/2021
10.15	Form of Officer and Director Indemnity Agreement	S-1/A	333-234250	10.37	11/6/2019
10.16	Form of Performance Stock Unit Grant and Agreement*	-	-	-	-
10.17	Note Purchase Agreement Dated as of March 15, 2022, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as collateral agent, and the respective purchasers of the Notes.	8-K	001-39183	10.1	3/16/2022
10.18	Security Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2022, among Velocity Financial, Inc., Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as collateral agent.	8-K	001-39183	10.2	3/16/2022
10.19	Velocity Financial, Inc. Incentive Compensation Clawback Policy*	8-K	001-39183	99	2/7/2024
21.1	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1	Consent of RSM US LLP
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
101	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the year December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 and (v) the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

+ This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

42

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2023

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (RSM US LLP: PCAOB ID No. 49)	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021	F-9
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021	F-10
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021	F-11
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021	F-12
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-14

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Velocity Financial, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Velocity Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 15, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of Matter

As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has elected to change its method of accounting to record certain of its securitized debt issued after January 1, 2023 at fair value. The 2023 financial statements reflect the accounting method change. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Valuation of allowance for loan losses – management’s assessment of forecasted economic scenarios

As described in Notes 2 and 6 to the financial statements, the Company’s allowance for loan losses totaled $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The allowance for loan losses is calculated under the expected credit loss model and is an estimate of life-of-loan losses for the Company’s loans held for investment.
 

F-2

The allowance for loan losses consists of an asset-specific component for estimating loan losses for individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans and a collective pooled component for estimating loan losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics. The allowance for the collective pooled component is derived from an estimate of expected loan losses primarily using an expected loss methodology that incorporates certain risk characteristics that are derived from internally developed and third-party models using the open pool method.

To determine the loss rates for the open pool method, the Company starts with its historical database of losses, segmenting the loans by loan purpose, product type and repayment period to estimate annual average loss rates. The model then adjusts each segment’s annual average loss rates for macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period, followed by a straight-line reversion to the historical loss rates. The adjusted annual average loss rates are then applied to an individual loan in each segment and considers the principal amortization using contractual maturity, factoring in further principal reductions from estimated prepayments.

Significant variables or assumptions incorporated in the macroeconomic forecasts include U.S. unemployment, treasury yields, U.S. real gross domestic product, and U.S. real estate housing prices. Management considered multiple scenarios from different macroeconomic forecasts and selected one forecast scenario with a reasonable and supportable forecast period of eight quarters as of December 31, 2023.

The estimation of the allowance for loan losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics involves many inputs and assumptions. These inputs and assumptions include, among others, the selection, evaluation and measurement of the reasonable and supportable forecast scenarios discussed above, which requires management to apply judgment and that is subject to change as forecasted economic events evolve.

We identified the determination and evaluation of the forecasted economic component of the allowance for loan losses as a critical audit matter because auditing the underlying assumptions and evaluation of the forecasts used in the allowance for loan losses involved a degree of complexity and auditor judgment.
Our audit procedures related to management’s evaluation and establishment of the forecasted economic scenarios in the allowance for loan losses included the following, among others:

•We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the evaluation and establishment of the forecasted economic scenarios component of the allowance for loan losses and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness, including controls related to the assessment and review of the forecasted economic scenarios and management’s review and approval of the allowance for loan losses calculation.

•We tested management’s process and significant judgments in the evaluation and establishment of the forecasted economic scenarios component of the allowance for loan losses which included:

oEvaluating management’s considerations and data utilized as a basis for the selection of forecasted economic scenarios.

oEvaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments related to the selection of forecasted scenarios.

oAgreeing management’s calculated adjustments for forecasted economic scenarios to the allowance for loan losses calculation.

Accounting for loans held for investment at fair value – significant assumptions used in the valuation model that are unobservable inputs

As described in Notes 2, 6 and 28 to the financial statements, the Company has elected the fair value option to measure all loans held for investment originated or acquired on or after October 1, 2022, at fair value. As of December 31, 2023, loans held for investment, at fair value, were $1.3 billion.

F-3

The Company used an in-house loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its performing loans. Management determines the fair value of these loans using a discounted cash flow model that estimates future cash flows of these loans using key loan metrics and significant unobservable inputs. The significant assumptions used in the valuation model include those related to discount rate, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate and loss severity rate. The Company utilized a third-party valuation model that used unobservable inputs to estimate the fair value of nonperforming loans, and significant unobservable inputs used in the third-party model include interest rates, market yield requirements, probability of default, loss given default, voluntary prepayment speed and loss timing.

We have identified the fair value of loans held for investment as a critical audit matter because of the unobservable inputs management uses to estimate fair value and the fact that the assumptions noted above could result in a significant change in the loans’ fair value measurement. Auditing the significant assumptions involved a degree of complexity, a high degree of auditor judgment and increased audit effort through the use of auditor-employed valuation specialists.
 

Our audit procedures related to testing management’s evaluation and establishment of significant assumptions included the following, among others:

•Testing the effectiveness of internal controls over the fair value of loans held for investment, including management’s controls over the evaluation of the reasonableness of unobservable inputs used in the valuation.

•Testing the completeness and accuracy of the source information derived from the Company’s loan data, which is used in the valuation.

•Evaluating the related assumptions for reasonableness with the assistance of the auditor-employed valuation specialists, including assessing the reasonableness of the assumptions or corroborating with external sources of data points supporting significant unobservable inputs.

/s/ RSM US LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2021.

Los Angeles, California

March 15, 2024

F-4

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Velocity Financial, Inc.

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Velocity Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated March 15, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ RSM US LLP

F-5

Los Angeles, California

March 15, 2024

F-6

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)

	December 31,
	2023			2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	40,566		$	45,248
Restricted cash		21,361			16,808
Loans held for sale, at fair value		17,590			—
Loans held for investment, net		2,828,123			3,272,390
Loans held for investment, at fair value		1,306,072			276,095
Total loans, net		4,151,785			3,548,485
Accrued interest receivables		27,028			20,463
Receivables due from servicers		85,077			65,644
Other receivables		8,763			1,075
Real estate owned, net		44,268			13,325
Property and equipment, net		2,785			3,356
Deferred tax asset		2,339			5,033
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value		8,578			9,238
Goodwill		6,775			6,775
Other assets		5,248			13,525
Total assets	$	4,404,573		$	3,748,975
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	121,969		$	91,525
Secured financing, net		211,083			209,846
Securitized debt, net		2,418,811			2,736,290
Securitized debt, at fair value		877,417			—
Warehouse and repurchase facilities, net		334,755			330,814
Derivative liability		3,665			—
Total liabilities		3,967,700			3,368,475
Commitments and contingencies
EQUITY
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 32,987,248 and 32,523,516 shares issued, 32,865,836 and 32,489,869 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)		331			326
Additional paid-in capital		306,736			300,310
Retained earnings		128,906			76,633
Treasury stock, at cost (121,412 and 33,647 common shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)		(1,319	)		(458	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,210	)		—
Total Velocity Financial Inc. stockholders' equity		433,444			376,811
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary		3,429			3,689
Total equity		436,873			380,500
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,404,573		$	3,748,975

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-7

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)

December 31, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)

The following table presents the assets and liabilities of our consolidated variable interest entities:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
ASSETS
Restricted cash	$	11,428	$	2,968
Loans held for investment, net		3,720,506		3,108,316
Accrued interest and other receivables		104,663		77,191
Real estate owned, net		36,133		10,380
Other assets		9		15
Total assets	$	3,872,739	$	3,198,870
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	74,153	$	50,169
Securitized debt		3,296,228		2,736,290
Total liabilities	$	3,370,381	$	2,786,459

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-8

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Interest income	$	310,775		$	240,343		$	181,968
Interest expense — portfolio related		186,468			127,723			85,386
Net interest income — portfolio related		124,307			112,620			96,582
Interest expense — corporate debt		16,556			29,472			20,609
Net interest income		107,751			83,148			75,973
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,915			1,152			(292	)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		105,836			81,996			76,265
Other operating income
Gain on disposition of loans		8,238			7,107			7,892
Unrealized gain on fair value loans		47,850			8,265			29
Unrealized (loss) gain on mortgage servicing rights		(660	)		2,086			—
Unrealized loss on fair value securitized debt		(9,002	)		—			—
Origination fee income		12,450			5,225			1,610
Interest income on cash balance		5,194			—			—
Other income		1,840			1,637			267
Total other operating income		65,910			24,320			9,798
Operating expenses
Compensation and employee benefits		48,344			30,458			19,190
Origination expenses		518			3,985			2,174
Securitization expenses		12,923			—			—
Loan servicing		17,631			12,298			8,282
Professional fees		4,599			4,179			3,781
Rent and occupancy		1,927			1,748			1,769
Real estate owned, net		6,153			(70	)		3,150
Other operating expenses		8,524			9,166			7,924
Total operating expenses		100,619			61,764			46,270
Income before income taxes		71,127			44,552			39,793
Income tax expense		18,834			12,033			10,569
Net income		52,293			32,519			29,224
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		20			308			—
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	52,273		$	32,211		$	29,224
Less undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities		753			491			8,589
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders	$	51,520		$	31,720		$	20,635
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	1.60		$	0.99		$	0.90
Diluted	$	1.52		$	0.94		$	0.86
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		32,206			31,913			22,813
Diluted		34,484			34,131			33,982

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-9

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	52,273	$	32,211	$	29,224
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges		1,160		—		—
Reclassification of derivative gain to income		50		—		—
Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax		1,210		—		—
Total comprehensive income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	51,063	$	32,211	$	29,224

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-10

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

($ In thousands)

	Common Stock								Treasury Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Shares			Amount			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax			Total Stockholders' Equity			Non-Controlling Interest			Total Equity
Balance – December 31, 2020		20,087,494	$	201	$	204,190	$	15,198		—		$	—		$	—		$	219,589		$	—		$	219,589
Issuance of common stock		11,699,037		122		90,022		—		—			—			—			90,144			—			90,144
Restricted stock awarded and earned stock compensation		506,511		—		1,132		—		—			—			—			1,132			—			1,132
Stock-based compensation - Options		—		—		1,020		—		—			—			—			1,020			—			1,020
Net income		—		—		—		29,224		—			—			—			29,224			—			29,224
Recognition of non-controlling interest		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			3,381			3,381
Balance – December 31, 2021		32,293,042	$	323	$	296,364	$	44,422		—		$	—		$	—		$	341,109		$	3,381		$	344,490
Issuance of common stock		74,009		1		606		—		—			—			—			607			—			607
Purchase of treasury stock at cost		—		—		—		—		(33,647	)		(458	)		—			(458	)		—			(458	)
Restricted stock awarded and stock-based compensation expenses		156,465		2		3,340		—		—			—			—			3,342			—			3,342
Net income		—		—		—		32,211		—			—			—			32,211			308			32,519
Balance – December 31, 2022		32,523,516	$	326	$	300,310	$	76,633		(33,647	)	$	(458	)	$	—		$	376,811		$	3,689		$	380,500
Issuance of common stock		233,966		3		2,443		—		—			—			—			2,446			—			2,446
Purchase of treasury stock at cost		—		—		—		—		(87,765	)		(861	)		—			(861	)		—			(861	)
Restricted stock awarded and stock-based compensation expenses		229,766		2		3,983		—		—			—			—			3,985			—			3,985
Distribution to non-controlling interest		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			(280	)		(280	)
Net income		—		—		—		52,273		—			—			—			52,273			20			52,293
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—			—			(1,210	)		(1,210	)		—			(1,210	)
Balance – December 31, 2023		32,987,248	$	331	$	306,736	$	128,906		(121,412	)	$	(1,319	)	$	(1,210	)	$	433,444		$	3,429		$	436,873

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-11

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	52,293		$	32,519		$	29,224
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		752			796			1,119
Amortization of right-of-use assets		1,545			1,320			1,292
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		1,915			1,152			(292	)
Origination of loans held for sale		(38,036	)		(31,255	)		—
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale		25,817			32,156			—
Purchase of held for sale loans		—			—			(1,500	)
Repayments on loans held for sale		—			—			2,673
Net accretion of discount on purchased loans and deferred loan origination costs		4,813			7,009			6,519
Provision for (reversal of) uncollectible borrower advances		721			(175	)		(80	)
Gain on disposition of loans		(826	)		(3,699	)		(6,776	)
Real estate acquired through foreclosure in excess of recorded investment		(7,412	)		(3,408	)		(1,117	)
Amortization of debt issuance discount and costs		18,624			28,294			20,224
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			3			18
Change in valuation of real estate owned		3,903			364			1,759
Change in valuation of fair value loans		(47,850	)		(8,265	)		(29	)
Change in valuation of held for sale loans		—			—			(17	)
Change in valuation of mortgage servicing rights		660			(2,086	)		—
Change in valuation of fair value securitized debt		9,002			—			—
Gain on sale of real estate owned		(568	)		(2,939	)		(409	)
Stock-based compensation		4,128			3,343			2,159
Deferred tax expense (benefit)		2,694			11,571			(9,950	)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest and other receivables		(13,393	)		(7,421	)		(3,287	)
Other assets		8,361			(8,043	)		(360	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		21,692			(2,562	)		16,452
Net cash provided by operating activities		48,835			48,674			57,622
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of loans held for investment		(13,823	)		(18,231	)		(20,586	)
Origination of loans held for investment		(1,079,811	)		(1,739,572	)		(1,344,027	)
Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment		21,485			292,472			135,787
Payments of loans held for investment and loans at fair value		459,681			541,676			568,837
Proceeds from sale of real estate owned		21,747			22,497			9,637
Purchase of real estate owned		—			(2,250	)		—
Capitalized real estate owned improvements		—			—			(194	)
Change in advances		(3,039	)		(5,414	)		(5,429	)
Change in impounds and deposits		9,208			910			9,202
Purchase of property and equipment		(180	)		(326	)		(135	)
Proceeds from sale of investments		—			—			1,180
Acquisition of Century, net of cash acquired		—			—			(10,755	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(584,732	)		(908,238	)		(656,483	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Warehouse and repurchase facilities advances		1,192,999			1,687,005			1,215,971
Warehouse and repurchase facilities repayments		(1,191,642	)		(1,658,065	)		(989,374	)
Proceeds from secured financing		—			215,000			175,000
Repayment of secured financing		—			(170,844	)		(82,156	)
Proceeds of securitized debt, net		975,072			1,369,985			977,678
Repayment of securitized debt		(438,763	)		(543,620	)		(643,500	)
Debt issuance costs		(3,062	)		(25,594	)		(27,024	)
Issuance of common stock		2,305			607			137
Deferred stock issuance costs		—			—			(560	)
Purchase of treasury stock		(861	)		(458	)		—
Distribution to non-controlling interest		(280	)		—			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		535,768			874,016			626,172
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(129	)		14,452			27,311
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year		62,056			47,604			20,293
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year	$	61,927		$	62,056		$	47,604

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-12

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for interest	$	180,364	$	118,711	$	85,019
Cash paid during the year for income taxes		7,648		23,039		9,645
Noncash transactions from investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans held for investment to loans held for sale		42,029		279,233		205,671
Transfer of loans held for investment to real estate owned		48,614		10,031		11,466
Capitalized interest on loans held for investment		2,395		1,399		2,046
Transfer of loans held for sale to held for investment		16,246		77,190		11,137
Discount on issuance of securitized debt		1,636		23,398		2,051
Recognition of new leases in exchange for lease obligations		1,689		—		—
Preferred stock conversion to common stock		—		—		90,000
Business combination:
Investment securities		—		—		1,181
Fair value of tangible asset acquired		—		—		688
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		7,152
Other receivables		—		—		154
Goodwill		—		—		6,775
Liabilities assumed		—		—		1,814

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-13

VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

Note 1 — Organization and Description of Business

Velocity Financial, LLC (VF or the Company) was a Delaware limited liability company (LLC) formed on July 9, 2012, for the purpose of acquiring all membership units in Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC (VCC). On January 16, 2020, Velocity Financial, LLC converted from a Delaware limited liability company to a Delaware corporation and changed its name to Velocity Financial, Inc. Upon completion of the conversion, the Velocity Financial, LLC’s Class A equity units of 97,513,533 and Class D equity units of 60,193,989 were converted to 11,749,994 shares of Velocity Financial, Inc. common stock. On January 22, 2020, the Company completed its initial public offering of 7,250,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $13.00 per share. On January 28, 2020, the Company completed the sale of an additional 1,087,500 shares of its common stock, representing the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $13.00 per share. The Company’s stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VEL”.

VCC, a California LLC formed on June 2, 2004, is a mortgage lender that originates and acquires small balance investor real estate loans, providing capital to the investor real estate loan market. The Company is licensed as a California Finance Lender and, as such, is required to maintain a minimum net worth of $250 thousand. The Company does not believe there is any potential risk of not being able to meet this regulatory requirement. The Company uses its equity capital and borrowed funds to originate and invest in investor real estate loans and seeks to generate income based on the difference between the yield on its investor real estate loan portfolio and the cost of its borrowings. The Company does not engage in any other significant line of business or offer any other products or services, nor does it originate or acquire investments outside of the United States of America.

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is the sole beneficial owner of the Velocity Commercial Capital Loan Trusts, from the 2017-2 Trust through and including the 2023-4 Trust, all of which are New York common law trusts, with the exception of the VCC 2022-MC1 Trust, VCC 2023-1R Trust, and VCC 2023-RTL1 Trust which are Delaware statutory trusts. The Trusts are bankruptcy remote, variable interest entities (VIE) formed for the purpose of providing secured borrowings to the Company and are consolidated with the accounts of the Company.

On December 28, 2021, the Company acquired an 80% ownership interest in Century Health & Housing Capital, LLC (“Century”). Century is a licensed Ginnie Mae issuer/servicer that provides government-insured Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage financing for multifamily housing, senior housing and long-term care/assisted living facilities. Century originates loans through its borrower-direct origination channel and services the loans through its in-house servicing platform, which enables the formation of long-term relationships with its clients and drives strong portfolio retention. Century is a consolidated subsidiary of the Company as of completion of the acquisition. In addition, as a servicer of Ginnie Mae loans, Century is required to maintain a minimum net worth, and Century is in compliance with this requirement as of December 31, 2023.

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting and in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of consolidated income and expenses during the reporting period.

F-14

Principles of Consolidation

The principles of consolidation require management to determine and reassess the requirement to consolidate VIEs each reporting period, and therefore, the determination may change based on new facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. This could result in a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements in subsequent reporting periods.

The Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, and remainder interests of the Trusts as management determined that VCC is the primary beneficiary of these entities. The Company’s ongoing asset management responsibilities provide the Company with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and the remainder interests provide the Company with the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses, limited to its investment in the remainder interest of the Trusts.

The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, include only those assets, liabilities, and results of operations related to the business of the Company, its subsidiaries, and VIEs.

Business Combination

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The Company, with the assistance of outside specialists as necessary, use estimates and assumptions to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable. The Company may refine these estimates during the measurement period which may be up to one year from the acquisition date. As a result, during the measurement period, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported net income.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consisted of the required specified reserves by the 2020-2 and 2022-MC1 Trust agreements to pay the notes on each payment date if collections on mortgage loans are insufficient to make payments on the notes, funds in the 2023-RTL 1 Trust escrow account, and cash held by the Company for potential future advances due certain borrowers.

Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Sale

Except for loans originated in accordance with the guidelines of Ginnie Mae's program, which loans are originated with the intent to sell, originated loans, and purchased loans are classified as held-for-investment when management has the intent and ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity. Loans held for investment originated prior to October 1, 2022, are carried at amortized cost, which is the outstanding principal balance, adjusted for net deferred loan origination costs and fees and allowance for loan losses. Loans originated or acquired after September 30, 2022, are carried at fair value.

Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance (UPB) at their respective stated interest rates. Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due. Loans are considered past due when contractually required principal or interest payments have not been made on the due dates. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction of interest income and accrued interest receivable. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received or when the loan has been placed back in accrual status. Loans are restored to accrual status when (1) the loan becomes current and none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or (2) if the loan has been formally restructured in a manner that reasonably assures repayment and performance according to its modified terms. Under these terms, the Company requires that the borrower continues to make the full restructured principal and interest payments for six consecutive months before restoring the loan to accrual status.

F-15

The deferred loans under the Company’s forbearance program are considered current at the time of deferral, and the Company continues to accrue interest on these loans. Deferred loans that subsequently went 90 days past due after the deferral date were placed on nonaccrual status with any accrued interest income reversed through earnings. The Company evaluates the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the unamortized cost and accrued interest, and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status.

For originated loans prior to October 1, 2022, carried at amortized cost, net deferred loan origination costs are amortized to interest income using the level yield method. Loan origination fees and costs on loans originated or acquired after September 30, 2022, are expensed as incurred.

Loans are classified as held for sale when management has the intent to sell them. Loans held for sale originated prior to October 1, 2022, are carried at lower of cost or estimated fair value. Loans held for sale originated or acquired effective October 1, 2022, are carried at estimated fair value. The Century loans are considered as held for sale until they meet the sale criteria describe in the following paragraphs, which is generally when they are delivered to GNMA in exchange for GNMA securities. Century will continue to service the loans for Ginnie Mae.

On occasion, as part of the Company’s management strategy of the loans held in its portfolio, the Company will transfer loans from held for investment to held for sale. Upon transfer of any loans that were held at amortized cost, any associated allowance for loan loss is charged off and the carrying value of the loan is adjusted to the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The net deferred fees and costs associated with loans held for sale are deferred (not accreted or amortized to interest income) until the related loans are sold.

The Company recognizes transfers of loans as sales when it surrenders control over the loans. Control over transferred loans is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the loans have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred loans, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred loans through either (a) an agreement that entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return the specific loans. Gains or losses on the sale of these loans are included in “Gain on disposition of loans” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Interest income on loans held for sale is recognized over the life of the loans using their contractual interest rates. Income recognition is suspended, and the unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income when loans become 90 days delinquent, or when, in management’s opinion, a full recovery of interest and principal becomes doubtful. Income recognition is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company retains the servicing rights of the Ginnie Mae insured loans that are sold in the secondary market by Century. Servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sale of loans.

Under the fair value measurement method, the Company measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports changes in fair value of servicing assets in earnings in the period in which the changes occur and are included as a component of non-interest income or expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of servicing rights is subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Loans serviced for others are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned.

F-16

Allowance for Loan Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments replacing the incurred loss accounting approach with the current expected credit loss approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost, which as of the adoption date consisted entirely of its held for investment loan portfolio. Under the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology, the allowance for credit losses is measured using two components. A component that measures expected credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist and a component that measures expected credit losses on an individual loan basis. For the collective pool component, the Company identified the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics of the loans in its loan portfolio (pool):

•Residential 1– 4 Unit – Purchase (loans to purchase 1– 4 unit residential rental properties);

•Residential 1– 4 Unit – Refinance (refinance loans on 1– 4 unit residential rental properties);

•Commercial – Purchase (loans to purchase traditional commercial properties);

•Commercial – Refinance (refinance loans on traditional commercial properties);

•Short Term 1– 4 Unit – Purchase (short-term loans to purchase 1– 4 unit residential rental properties); and

•Short Term 1– 4 Unit – Refinance (short-term refinance loans on 1– 4 unit residential rental properties).

The Company determines the collectability of its loans in the collective pools by evaluating certain risk characteristics. The segmentation of its loan portfolio was determined based on analyses of its loan portfolio performance over the past nine years. Based on analyses of the loan portfolio’s historical performance, the Company concluded that loan purpose and product types are the most significant risk factors in determining its expectation of future loan losses. Loan purpose considers whether a borrower is acquiring the property or refinancing an existing property. The historical experience shows that refinance loans have higher loss rates than loans for property acquisitions. Product type includes residential 1-4 unit property and traditional commercial property. The historical experience shows that traditional commercial property loans have higher loss rates than residential 1-4 unit property. Short term loans have a maturity of one to 2 years from origination. Long term loans have a maturity of up to 30 years from origination.

The Company estimates the allowance for loan losses using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to historical performance, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable macroeconomic forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are considered for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values and changes in the competitive or regulatory environment.

F-17

The Company uses an open pool loss rate methodology to model expected credit losses. To determine the loss rates for the open pool method, the Company starts with its historical database of losses, segmenting the loans by loan purpose, product type and repayment period. A third-party model applying the open pool method is used to estimate annual average loss rates by dividing the respective pool's quarterly historical losses by the pool's respective prior quarter’s ending unamortized loan cost balance and deriving an annual average loss rate from the historical quarterly loss rates. The model then adjusts the annual average loss rates based upon macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period, followed by a straight-line reversion to the historical loss rates. The adjusted annual average loss rates are applied to the forecasted pool balance within each segment. The forecasted balances in the loan pool segments are calculated based on a principal amortization using contractual maturity, factoring in further principal reductions from estimated prepayments. Estimated prepayments, or Constant Prepayment Rates ("CPRs") are developed from multiple loan characteristic considerations, such as property types, FICO scores, loan purpose, and prepayment penalty terms, which is the most significant driver of prepayment activity. The prepayment penalty terms differ between the short-term and long-term loans, and the Company has developed a CPR curve for its short-term loans (2-year or less) and one for its long-term loans (30-year). Data from 2012-2023 is used to develop prepayment rates for the Company’s long-term loans. Because of the prepayment penalty structure in the Company’s long-term loans, prepayments during the active penalty term are historically low and begin to ramp up after the prepayment penalty term. The active prepayment penalty term is considered for existing and new loans over the reasonable and supportable forecast period in determining estimated prepayments. The Company back-tests the CPR curves on a quarterly basis and adjusts the CPR curves as appropriate. The reasonable and supportable period is meant to represent the period in which the Company believes the forecasted macroeconomic variables can be reasonably estimated. Significant variables or assumptions incorporated in the macroeconomic forecasts include U.S. unemployment, treasury yields, U.S. real gross domestic product (GDP), and U.S. real estate housing prices. The Company considers multiple scenarios from different macroeconomic forecasts and uses different forecast and revision periods for estimating lifetime expected credit losses.

For the December 31, 2021, CECL estimate, the Company considered a COVID-19 severe stress scenario with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. The various scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

For the December 31, 2022, CECL estimate, the Company considered a severe stress scenario with an eight-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a two-quarter straight-line reversion period. The various scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

For the December 31, 2023, CECL estimate, the Company considered a severe stress scenario with an eight-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a two-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that applying the severe stress scenario was appropriate given the continued inflation in the United States, the wars between Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas, continued disruption in the supply chain, and concerns of a recession.

The Company has determined that once a loan becomes nonperforming (90 or more days past due), it no longer shares the same risk characteristics of the other loans within its segment of homogeneous loans (pool). The Company pulls these loans out of the segments and evaluates the loans individually using the practical expedient to determine the credit exposure. Nonperforming loans are considered collateral dependent by the Company. Using the practical expedient, the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated selling costs, is compared to the carrying value of the loan in the determination of a credit loss. The allowance for loan losses for individually assessed or evaluated loans is the difference between the fair value of the collateral underlying the loans at the reporting date, adjusted for estimated selling costs, and the amortized cost basis.

The allowance for loan losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when the Company believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate by management to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. While management uses available information to estimate its required allowance for loan losses, future additions to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in estimates resulting from economic and other conditions.

F-18

The Company has made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction of interest income and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost of loans and it is presented as accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Effective October 1, 2022, the Company elected to apply FVO accounting to its newly originated loans. Loans carried at fair value do not require a separate allowance for loan loss since any loan impairment will be reflected in the fair value of the loan. All loans originated or acquired prior to October 1, 2022, are carried at amortized cost and are subject to a CECL reserve.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures: ASU 2022-02 “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” eliminates the Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) accounting model for creditors that have already adopted ASC 326. In lieu of the TDR accounting model, loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in ASC Subtopic 310-20 “Investments-Debt Securities” will apply to all loan modifications, including those made for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. This standard also enhances disclosure requirements related to certain loan modifications. Additionally, this standard introduces new requirements to disclose gross write-off information in the vintage disclosures of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2023.

Accrued Interest and Other Receivables

Accrued interest and other receivables represent accrued and uncollected interest on loans in accrual status; principal and interest payments received, but unremitted by the servicer; and receivables from borrowers for escrow and other advances, net of an allowance for uncollectible borrower advances.

Real Estate Owned, Net (REO)

Properties acquired through foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or from third parties that meet all of the following criteria are classified as real estate owned: (i) management has the intent to sell the property; (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, or management intends on making necessary repairs to render the property saleable, subject only to terms that are usual and customary; and (iii) it is unlikely that any significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn.

Real estate owned is initially recorded at the property’s estimated fair value, based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, at the acquisition date, establishing a new cost basis. If the recorded loan balance at the time of transfer exceeds the estimated fair value of the property less estimated costs to sell, the charge is recorded to the allowance for loan losses. If the estimated fair value of the property less estimated costs to sell exceeds the recorded loan balance at the time of transfer, the write-up is first recorded as a recapture to the allowance for loan losses to the extent of any previous charge and then to gain on the REO. Any subsequent write-downs in the fair value of the REO after the transfer date are charged to real estate owned, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income and recognized through a valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in the fair value of the REO less selling costs reduce the valuation allowance, but not below zero, and are credited to real estate owned, net.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation, computed principally by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the specific assets, which range from three to seven years. Software is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the specific assets, which range from three to ten years using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lives of the respective leases or the service lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

F-19

Goodwill

Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date less any noncontrolling interest. Goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized but tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed.

Off Balance Sheet Credit Exposure

The Company has no off-balance-sheet assets or liabilities with credit exposure.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method a deferred tax asset or liability is measured based on the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets ("DTA") if it is determined to be more likely than not, that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTA will or will not be realized. The Company's ultimate realization of the DTA is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the nature and amount of historical and projected future taxable income, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and available tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The amount of deferred taxes recognized could be impacted by changes to any of these variables.

The Company determines whether its tax positions are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authorities, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the positions in question. Income tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An income tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense for stock options, and restricted stock awards is based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant. The fair value of stock options and options under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the Company’s market price on the date of grant. Under the Company’s ESPP, employees may purchase shares of common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the stock on the first or the last trading day of each offering period. The Company records compensation expenses related to the discount given to participating employees. Compensation expense for performance stock units is measured using the fair value at the date of grant and recorded over each vesting period and may be adjusted over the vesting period based on interim estimates of performance against the pre-set objectives. Compensation expense for all stock-based awards is recognized in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally defined as the vesting period. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur, and the income tax effects of awards are recognized in the consolidated statements of income when awards vest or are settled.

F-20

Earnings per Share

Earnings per share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares adjusted for the dilutive effect of stock-based awards.

Treasury shares

The Company separately presents treasury shares, which represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. Treasury shares are carried at cost.

Fair Value Option Accounting

The Company has elected to apply fair value option ("FVO") accounting to originated mortgage loans on a go-forward basis beginning October 1, 2022. The fair value option loans are presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. Interest income on FVO loans is recorded on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of income under the heading interest income. The Company will not record a CECL loan loss reserve on fair value option loans.

The Company has elected to apply FVO accounting to securitized debt issued effective January 1, 2023, when the underlying collateral is also carried at fair value. The FVO securitized debt is presented on a separate line item in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reflects interest expense on the fair value option securitized debt as interest expense - portfolio related in the consolidated statements of income and presents the other fair value changes of the FVO securitized debt separately in the consolidated financial statements.

Derivative Instruments and Hedge Accounting

The Company issues fixed rate debt at regular intervals during the year through the securitization of its fixed rate mortgage assets. The Company is subject to interest rate risk on its forecasted debt issuances as these fixed rate debt issuances are priced at then-current market rates. The Company’s risk management objective is to hedge the risk of variability in its interest payment cash flows attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") between the time the fixed rate mortgages are originated and the fixed rate debt is issued. To accomplish this hedging strategy, the Company may from time to time enter into derivative instruments such as forward starting payer interest rate swaps or interest rate payer swaptions designated as cash flow hedges that are designed to be highly correlated to the underlying terms of the forecasted debt instruments. To qualify for hedge accounting, the Company formally documents its hedging relationships at inception, including the identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction at the time the derivative contract is executed. The Company also formally assesses effectiveness both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis.

The Company's policy is to present all derivative balances on a gross basis, without regard to counterparty master netting agreements or similar arrangements. The fair value of the derivative instruments is recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated balance sheets as an asset or liability with the related gains or losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). Beginning in the period in which the forecasted debt issuance occurs and the related derivative instruments are terminated, the gains or losses accumulated in AOCI are then reclassified into interest expense as a yield adjustment over the term of the related debt. If the Company determines it is not probable that the forecasted transaction will occur, gains and losses are reclassified immediately to earnings. The related cash flows are recognized on the cash flows from operating activities section on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company uses hedge accounting based on the exposure being hedged as cash flow hedges in operations.

Other Comprehensive Income

Other comprehensive income ("OCI") is reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. OCI is comprised of net income and the effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges, net of tax, less amounts reclassified into earnings.

Accumulated other comprehensive income represents the cumulative balance of OCI, net of tax, as of the end of the reporting period and relates to unrealized gains or losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax.

F-21

Note 3 — Current Accounting Developments

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 240): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosure and disaggregated information in the Income Tax Rate reconciliation using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, with additional qualitative explanations of individually significant reconciling items. The updated guidance also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictional categories (federal (national), state, and foreign). The accounting update is effective January 1, 2025, for the Company. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standard

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." The amendments in this ASU eliminate the recognition and measurement guidance for troubled debt restructuring by Creditors and require enhanced disclosures for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 4 — Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company is required to hold cash for certain Trusts and potential future advances due certain borrowers. In accordance with various mortgage servicing and related agreements, Century maintains escrow accounts for mortgage insurance premium, tax and insurance, working capital, sinking fund and other mortgage related escrows. The total escrow balances payable amounted to $79.7 million and $68.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	40,566	$	45,248	$	35,965
Restricted cash		21,361		16,808		11,639
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted    cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	61,927	$	62,056	$	47,604

Note 5 — Loans Held for Sale at Fair Value

The following table summarizes loans held for sale at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31,
Loans held for sale, at fair value	2023		2022
Unpaid principal balance	$	16,954	$	—
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans held for sale		636		—
Ending balance	$	17,590	$	—

F-22

Note 6 — Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following tables summarize loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
	Loans held for			Loans held for		Total loans
	investment,			investment, at		held for
	net			fair value		investment
Unpaid principal balance	$	2,804,541		$	1,251,395	$	4,055,936
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		—			54,677		54,677
Deferred loan origination costs		28,351			—		28,351
		2,832,892			1,306,072		4,138,964
Allowance for loan losses		(4,769	)		—		(4,769	)
Total loans held for investment, net	$	2,828,123		$	1,306,072	$	4,134,195

	December 31, 2022
	Loans held for			Loans held for		Total loans
	investment,			investment, at		held for
	net			fair value		investment
Unpaid principal balance	$	3,243,854		$	268,632	$	3,512,486
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		—			7,463		7,463
Deferred loan origination costs		33,429			—		33,429
		3,277,283			276,095		3,553,378
Allowance for loan losses		(4,893	)		—		(4,893	)
Total loans held for investment, net	$	3,272,390		$	276,095	$	3,548,485

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, $201.0 million, $292.4 million, and $394.7 million, respectively, in UPB of loans held for investment have participated in the COVID-19 forbearance program and the Company granted a 90-days forbearance period on these loans. The following tables summarize the activity, the UPB, and amortized cost basis of the loans in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
	UPB			%	Amortized Cost			%
Beginning balance	$	201,005			$	203,346
Foreclosures		(833	)			(830	)
Repayments		(25,601	)			(26,001	)
Ending balance	$	174,571			$	176,515
Performing/Accruing	$	132,389		75.8%	$	133,771		75.8%
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual	$	42,182		24.2%	$	42,744		24.2%

	December 31, 2022
	UPB			%	Amortized Cost			%
Beginning balance	$	292,429			$	295,990
Foreclosures		(3,593	)			(3,620	)
Repayments		(87,831	)			(89,024	)
Ending balance	$	201,005			$	203,346
Performing/Accruing	$	161,455		80.3%	$	163,346		80.3%
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual	$	39,550		19.7%	$	40,000		19.7%

Since April 1, 2020, the inception of the COVID-19 forbearance program, the Company has modified $411.7 million in UPB of loans, which includes capitalized interest of $13.6 million. As of December 31, 2023, $241.7 million in UPB of modified loans has been paid down, which includes $4.8 million of capitalized interest received.

Approximately 75.8% and 80.3% of the COVID forbearance loans in UPB were performing, and 24.2% and 19.7% were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

F-23

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the gross unpaid principal balance of loans held for investment pledged as collateral for the Company’s warehouse facility agreements, and securitized debt issued were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022
The 2013 repurchase agreement	$	132,505	$	170,185
The 2021 repurchase agreement		103,787		101,024
The Bank credit agreement		39,619		39,087
The 2021 term repurchase agreement		41,628		104,594
The July 2021 term repurchase agreement		30,923		3,859
The 2023 repurchase agreement		29,501		—
Total pledged loans	$	377,963	$	418,749
2016-1 Trust	$	—	$	39,720
2017-2 Trust		50,554		67,048
2018-1 Trust		37,810		48,139
2018-2 Trust		85,122		104,791
2019-1 Trust		87,677		104,249
2019-2 Trust		73,166		91,025
2019-3 Trust		64,403		75,618
2020-1 Trust		116,843		144,913
2020-2 Trust		69,085		81,259
2021-1 Trust		182,184		208,875
2021-2 Trust		148,989		172,144
2021-3 Trust		159,565		178,861
2021-4 Trust		245,945		275,741
2022-1 Trust		245,372		262,526
2022-2 Trust		222,333		245,339
2022-MC1 Trust		73,840		97,246
2022-3 Trust		278,268		299,638
2022-4 Trust		298,758		326,627
2022-5 Trust		223,112		251,288
2023-1 Trust		217,220		—
2023-2 Trust		214,221		—
2023-3 Trust		255,699		—
2023-RTL1 Trust		79,465		—
2023-4 Trust		227,940		—
Total	$	3,657,571	$	3,075,047

(a)Nonaccrual Loans

The following tables present the amortized cost basis, or recorded investment, of the Company’s loans held for investment, excluding loans carried at fair value, that were nonperforming and on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

	December 31, 2023
	Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	28,221	$	27,037	$	1,184	$	156
Commercial - Refinance		86,890		84,575		2,315		444
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		36,253		36,253		—		—
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		137,925		134,579		3,346		245
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		6,402		6,403		—		—
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		29,663		27,059		2,604		129
Total	$	325,354	$	315,906	$	9,449	$	974

F-24

	December 31, 2022
	Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	22,571	$	22,437	$	134	$	28
Commercial - Refinance		87,133		82,330		4,803		517
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		27,984		27,516		468		118
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		113,909		111,742		2,167		175
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		8,140		8,140		—		—
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		35,602		30,612		4,990		258
Total	$	295,339	$	282,777	$	12,562	$	1,096
Troubled debt restructuring included in nonaccrual loans:	$	165	$	—	$	—	$	25

The Company has made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. The Company has also made the accounting policy election to write off accrued interest receivables by reversing interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status, or 90 days or more past due, other than the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans. Any future payments received for these loans will be recognized on a cash basis.

The Company continues to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the amount of accrued interest receivable written off by reversing interest income by portfolio segment loans that have been placed on nonaccrual for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023					2022
	Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal			Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal
Commercial - Purchase	$	631,925	$	(788	)	$	701,408	$	(640	)
Commercial - Refinance		799,816		(2,084	)		907,097		(1,343	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		511,080		(1,239	)		588,433		(596	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		808,149		(2,918	)		939,305		(1,602	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		41,111		(174	)		69,884		(189	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		40,811		(459	)		71,157		(502	)
Total	$	2,832,892	$	(7,662	)	$	3,277,284	$	(4,872	)

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash basis interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was $30.6 million and $27.3 million, respectively. Other than loans in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program, no accrued interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The average recorded investment of individually evaluated loans, computed using month-end balances, was $331.4 million and $269.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

F-25

(b)Allowance for Loan Losses

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
						Residential			Residential			Short Term			Short Term
	Commercial		Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase		Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	639	$	2,031		$	542		$	1,272		$	21		$	388		$	4,893
Provision for loan losses		296		6			180			(5	)		388			1,050			1,915
Charge-offs, net		—		(232	)		(137	)		(11	)		(386	)		(1,273	)		(2,039	)
Ending balance	$	935	$	1,805		$	585		$	1,256		$	23		$	165		$	4,769
Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	156	$	444		$	—		$	245		$	—		$	129		$	974
Loans collectively evaluated	$	779	$	1,361		$	585		$	1,011		$	23		$	36		$	3,795
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	28,221	$	86,890		$	36,253		$	137,925		$	6,402		$	29,663		$	325,354
Loans collectively evaluated	$	603,704	$	712,926		$	474,827		$	670,224		$	34,709		$	11,148		$	2,507,538

	December 31, 2022
							Residential			Residential			Short Term			Short Term
	Commercial			Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance - January 1, 2022	$	385		$	2,144		$	400		$	948		$	43		$	342		$	4,262
Provision for loan losses		401			(88	)		149			429			(22	)		283			1,152
Charge-offs, net		(147	)		(25	)		(7	)		(105	)		—			(237	)		(521	)
Ending balance	$	639		$	2,031		$	542		$	1,272		$	21		$	388		$	4,893
Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	28		$	517		$	118		$	175		$	—		$	258		$	1,096
Loans collectively evaluated	$	611		$	1,514		$	424		$	1,097		$	21		$	130		$	3,797
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	22,571		$	87,133		$	27,984		$	113,909		$	8,140		$	35,602		$	295,339
Loans collectively evaluated	$	678,837		$	819,964		$	560,449		$	825,396		$	61,744		$	35,555		$	2,981,945

(c)Credit Quality Indicator

A credit quality indicator is a statistic used by the Company to monitor and assess the credit quality of loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value. The Company monitors its charge-off rate in relation to its nonperforming loans as its credit quality indicator. The charge-offs over the average nonperforming loans were 0.62%, 0.20%, and 0.42% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

F-26

Other credit quality indicators include aging status and accrual status. Nonperforming loans are loans that are 90 or more days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest. The following tables present the aging status of the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment portfolio, which include $176.5 million and $203.3 million loans in the Company’s COVID-19 forbearance program as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands):

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
December 31, 2023	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	2,329	$	668	$	25,224	$	28,221	$	—	$	28,221
Commercial - Refinance		4,716		2,405		79,769		86,890				86,890
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		544		—		35,709		36,253		—		36,253
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		2,988		1,923		133,014		137,925		—		137,925
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		6,402		6,402		—		6,402
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		55		—		29,608		29,663		—		29,663
Total loans individually evaluated	$	10,632	$	4,996	$	309,726	$	325,354	$	—	$	325,354
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	21,342	$	8,352	$	—	$	29,694	$	574,010	$	603,704
Commercial - Refinance		47,430		14,002		—		61,432		651,494		712,926
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		29,236		6,850		—		36,086		438,741		474,827
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		52,510		20,828		—		73,338		596,886		670,224
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		1,169		658		—		1,827		32,882		34,709
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		2,978		213		—		3,191		7,957		11,148
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	154,665	$	50,903	$	—	$	205,568	$	2,301,970	$	2,507,538
Ending balance	$	165,297	$	55,899	$	309,726	$	530,922	$	2,301,970	$	2,832,892

(1)Includes loans in bankruptcy and foreclosure less than 90 days past due.

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
December 31, 2022	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	865	$	—	$	21,706	$	22,571	$	—	$	22,571
Commercial - Refinance		4,415		5,943		76,619		86,977		156		87,133
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		590		592		26,802		27,984		—		27,984
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		1,715		2,728		109,466		113,909		—		113,909
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		176		—		7,964		8,140		—		8,140
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		657		—		34,945		35,602		—		35,602
Total loans individually evaluated	$	8,418	$	9,263	$	277,502	$	295,183	$	156	$	295,339
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	24,899	$	5,096	$	—	$	29,995	$	648,842	$	678,837
Commercial - Refinance		41,711		20,561		—		62,272		757,692		819,964
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		22,840		13,948		—		36,788		523,661		560,449
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		64,925		23,224		—		88,149		737,247		825,396
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		21,273		294		—		21,567		40,177		61,744
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		5,550		1,191		—		6,741		28,814		35,555
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	181,198	$	64,314	$	—	$	245,512	$	2,736,433	$	2,981,945
Ending balance	$	189,616	$	73,577	$	277,502	$	540,695	$	2,736,589	$	3,277,284

(1)Includes loans in bankruptcy and foreclosure less than 90 days past due.

F-27

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis of loans held for investment in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
December 31, 2023	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	—	$	—	$	2,803	$	2,803	$	—	$	2,803
Commercial - Refinance		349		—		17,054		17,403		—		17,403
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		523		523		—		523
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		467		779		12,910		14,156		—		14,156
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		—		—		—		—
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		—		—		7,860		7,860		—		7,860
Total loans individually evaluated	$	816	$	779	$	41,150	$	42,745	$	—	$	42,745
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	1,016	$	1,959	$	—	$	2,975	$	16,608	$	19,583
Commercial - Refinance		8,102		1,433		—		9,535		47,257		56,792
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		1,615		227		—		1,842		8,808		10,650
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		1,423		789		—		2,212		21,462		23,674
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		—		—		23,071		23,071
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	12,156	$	4,408	$	—	$	16,564	$	117,206	$	133,770
Ending balance	$	12,972	$	5,187	$	41,150	$	59,309	$	117,206	$	176,515

(1)Includes loans in bankruptcy and foreclosure less than 90 days past due.

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
December 31, 2022	past due		past due		past due(1)		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	—	$	—	$	2,880	$	2,880	$	—	$	2,880
Commercial - Refinance		767		186		16,194		17,147		—		17,147
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		1,116		1,116		—		1,116
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		—		—		10,039		10,039		—		10,039
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		279		279		—		279
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		180		—		8,359		8,539		—		8,539
Total loans individually evaluated	$	947	$	186	$	38,867	$	40,000	$	—	$	40,000
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	1,682	$	656	$	—	$	2,338	$	22,323	$	24,661
Commercial - Refinance		5,874		3,786		—		9,660		62,699		72,359
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		2,346		1,036		—		3,382		7,277		10,659
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		4,118		1,539		—		5,657		30,178		35,835
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		19,832		—		—		19,832		—		19,832
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	33,852	$	7,017	$	—	$	40,869	$	122,477	$	163,346
Ending balance	$	34,799	$	7,203	$	38,867	$	80,869	$	122,477	$	203,346

(1)Includes loans in bankruptcy and foreclosure less than 90 days past due.

F-28

In addition to the aging status, the Company also evaluates credit quality by accrual status. The following tables present the amortized cost in loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, based on accrual status and by loan origination year as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2023:	2022		2021		2020		2019		Pre-2019		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	248,153	$	226,467	$	31,692	$	43,829	$	53,563	$	603,704
Nonperforming		9,600		6,104		567		4,773		7,177		28,221
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	257,753	$	232,571	$	32,259	$	48,602	$	60,740	$	631,925
Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	233,052	$	188,723	$	47,883	$	92,819	$	150,449	$	712,926
Nonperforming		20,462		14,168		4,207		14,167		33,886		86,890
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	253,514	$	202,891	$	52,090	$	106,986	$	184,335	$	799,816
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	208,456	$	198,110	$	9,581	$	24,429	$	34,251	$	474,827
Nonperforming		17,287		10,740		701		1,421		6,104		36,253
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	225,743	$	208,850	$	10,282	$	25,850	$	40,355	$	511,080
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	277,980	$	237,159	$	19,752	$	61,136	$	74,197	$	670,224
Nonperforming		43,272		36,344		7,835		28,252		22,222		137,925
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	321,252	$	273,503	$	27,587	$	89,388	$	96,419	$	808,149
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	11,458	$	180	$	18,510	$	4,561	$	—	$	34,709
Nonperforming		5,533		165		704		—		—		6,402
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	16,991	$	345	$	19,214	$	4,561	$	—	$	41,111
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	11,148	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,148
Nonperforming		4,313		153		7,435		13,612		4,150		29,663
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	15,461	$	153	$	7,435	$	13,612	$	4,150	$	40,811
Total Portfolio	$	1,090,714	$	918,313	$	148,867	$	288,999	$	385,999	$	2,832,892
Gross charge-offs - quarter-ended December 31, 2023	$	744	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	744
Gross charge-offs - year-ended December 31, 2023	$	1,120	$	473	$	—	$	446	$	—	$	2,039

F-29

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2022:	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Pre-2018		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	273,950	$	249,100	$	36,064	$	56,322	$	33,193	$	30,208	$	678,837
Nonperforming		1,274		6,959		1,579		5,809		3,205		3,745		22,571
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	275,224	$	256,059	$	37,643	$	62,131	$	36,398	$	33,953	$	701,408
Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	263,754	$	210,898	$	55,795	$	103,633	$	93,161	$	92,723	$	819,964
Nonperforming		9,012		11,801		3,855		23,423		20,408		18,634		87,133
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	272,766	$	222,699	$	59,650	$	127,056	$	113,569	$	111,357	$	907,097
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	249,625	$	227,235	$	10,710	$	31,685	$	18,891	$	22,303	$	560,449
Nonperforming		7,281		10,107		2,165		2,313		1,553		4,565		27,984
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	256,906	$	237,342	$	12,875	$	33,998	$	20,444	$	26,868	$	588,433
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	338,959	$	285,195	$	24,703	$	84,208	$	39,870	$	52,461	$	825,396
Nonperforming		21,391		25,023		6,907		27,746		15,834		17,008		113,909
Total Residential 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	360,350	$	310,218	$	31,610	$	111,954	$	55,704	$	69,469	$	939,305
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	40,967	$	944	$	15,659	$	4,174	$	—	$	—	$	61,744
Nonperforming		1,287		5,212		995		542		104		—		8,140
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Purchase	$	42,254	$	6,156	$	16,654	$	4,716	$	104	$	—	$	69,884
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	35,555	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	35,555
Nonperforming		786		1,221		10,545		18,245		4,805		—		35,602
Total Short Term 1-4    Unit - Refinance	$	36,341	$	1,221	$	10,545	$	18,245	$	4,805	$	—	$	71,157
Total Portfolio	$	1,243,841	$	1,033,695	$	168,977	$	358,100	$	231,024	$	241,647	$	3,277,284

F-30

(d)Nonaccrual Loans - Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following table presents the aggregate fair value of loans held for investment at fair value that are 90 days or more past due and/or in nonaccrual status, and the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance as of December 31, 2023, by loan segments (in thousands):

	Fair Value						Unpaid Principal Balance						Difference
	Current–89 days		90+days past due				Current–89 days		90+days past due				90+days past due
December 31, 2023	past due		or nonaccrual		Total		past due		or nonaccrual		Total		or nonaccrual
Commercial - Purchase	$	204,282	$	4,651	$	208,933	$	188,924	$	5,635	$	194,559	$	(984	)
Commercial - Refinance		230,034		7,399		237,433		210,716		8,962		219,678		(1,563	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		238,215		12,886		251,101		231,494		15,428		246,922		(2,542	)
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		472,615		29,335		501,950		448,780		35,119		483,899		(5,784	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Purchase		46,312		1,769		48,081		45,695		2,143		47,838		(374	)
Short Term 1-4 Unit - Refinance		54,041		4,533		58,574		53,008		5,491		58,499		(958	)
Ending balance	$	1,245,499	$	60,573	$	1,306,072	$	1,178,617	$	72,778	$	1,251,395	$	(12,205	)

F-31

Note 7 — Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The following tables present the Company’s loans (UPB) collateralized by real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

December 31, 2023
Description	Interest Rate	Final Maturity Date	Unpaid Principal Balance (1)(2)		Nonaccrual Unpaid Principal Balance
1-4 unit residential (3)
Under $1.0 million	4.0% - 15.0%	January 1, 2054	$	1,674,434	$	185,391
$1.0 million and over	4.0% - 13.2%	January 1, 2054		567,314		80,976
				2,241,748		266,367
Traditional commercial (4)
Under $1.0 million	4.0% - 14.0%	January 1, 2054		1,322,387		86,755
$1.0 million and over	4.0% - 13.3%	January 1, 2054		508,755		41,440
				1,831,142		128,195
Total at December 31, 2023			$	4,072,890	$	394,562

December 31, 2022
Description	Interest Rate	Final Maturity Date	Unpaid Principal Balance (1)(2)		Nonaccrual Unpaid Principal Balance
1-4 unit residential (3)
Under $1.0 million	4.0% - 13.5%	January 1, 2053	$	1,374,726	$	127,125
$1.0 million and over	4.0% - 11.5%	January 1, 2053		476,813		57,508
				1,851,539		184,633
Traditional commercial (4)
Under $1.0 million	4.0% - 13.7%	January 1, 2053		1,196,378		69,763
$1.0 million and over	4.0% - 11.7%	January 1, 2053		464,569		38,393
				1,660,947		108,156
Total at December 31, 2022			$	3,512,486	$	292,789

(1)The aggregate cost of the Company’s loan portfolio for Federal income tax purposes were $4,156,554 and $3,553,379 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $188.5 million and $168.4 million, respectively, of the total UPB were interest-only loans with interest payable monthly and the principal payable at maturity.

(3)The principal and interest on the 1-4 unit residential mortgage loans is payable monthly over the life of the loan to maturity. These loans generally contain a 3% prepayment penalty provision if the loan is prepaid within the first 3 years.

(4)The principal and interest on the traditional commercial mortgage loans is payable monthly over the life of the loan to maturity. These loans generally contain a 5% prepayment penalty provision if the loan is prepaid within the first 3 years.

The following table presents the reconciliation of the UPB of mortgage loans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,512,486		$	2,587,220		$	1,944,804
Addition during period:
New mortgage loans		1,117,846			1,761,853			1,326,275
Acquisition		13,075			17,657			22,437
Capitalized Interest		2,395			1,604			2,045
Deduction during period:
Collection of principal		(474,406	)		(525,986	)		(568,081	)
Collection of capitalized interest		(570	)		(2,155	)		(2,163	)
Foreclosures		(52,208	)		(10,031	)		(11,603	)
Mortgages sold		(45,728	)		(317,676	)		(126,494	)
Balance at end of period	$	4,072,890		$	3,512,486		$	2,587,220

F-32

Note 8 — Receivables Due from Servicers

The following tables summarize receivables due from servicers as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
	Securitized debt		Warehouse and repurchase facilities and other		Total
Loan principal payments due from servicers	$	41,289	$	136	$	41,425
Other loan servicing receivables		13,122		3,249		16,371
Loan servicing receivables		54,411		3,385		57,796
Corporate and escrow advances receivable		25,736		1,545		27,281
Total receivables due from servicers	$	80,147	$	4,930	$	85,077

	December 31, 2022
	Securitized debt		Warehouse and repurchase facilities and other		Total
Loan principal payments due from servicers	$	24,400	$	664	$	25,064
Other loan servicing receivables		13,095		2,521		15,616
Loan servicing receivables		37,495		3,185		40,680
Corporate and escrow advances receivable		21,995		2,969		24,964
Total receivables due from servicers	$	59,490	$	6,154	$	65,644

Note 9 — Property and Equipment, Net

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Furniture	$	930		$	927
Computer equipment		986			986
Office equipment		409			409
Leasehold improvements		609			578
Capitalized software		6,784			6,671
Building		685			685
		10,403			10,256
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(7,618	)		(6,900	)
Ending balance	$	2,785		$	3,356

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, depreciation and amortization expense was $0.8 million, $0.8 million, and $1.1 million, respectively.

The Company engaged a third-party consulting firm to assist in the building and implementation of a data warehouse and loan origination systems. The data warehouse was placed into service in 2017 and the loan origination system was placed into service in 2018. The total capitalized costs for the data warehouse and loan origination systems (LOS) were $5.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Total accumulated depreciation and amortization included accumulated amortization on the data warehouse and the LOS of $4.4 million and $4.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The estimated aggregate amortization expense related to capitalized software for each of the next five years is $0.4 million for 2024, 2025, 2026, $0.2 million for 2027, and $0.1 million for 2028.

F-33

Note 10 — Real Estate Owned, Net

The Company’s real estate owned activities were as follows during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	13,325		$	17,557		$	15,767
Additions		56,025			13,439			12,583
Capitalized improvements		—			—			194
Sales		(21,179	)		(19,558	)		(9,228	)
Other adjustments		—			2,250			—
Valuation adjustments		(3,903	)		(363	)		(1,759	)
Ending balance	$	44,268		$	13,325		$	17,557

The following table summarizes information about real estate operating income and expenses, realized gains and losses on sales of real estate, and unrealized gains and losses resulting from adjustments to valuation allowances for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Operating income	$	—		$	275		$	451
Operating expenses		(2,818	)		(2,781	)		(2,251	)
Valuation adjustments		(3,903	)		(363	)		(1,759	)
Net gain on sales of real estate		568			2,939			409
Total	$	(6,153	)	$	70		$	(3,150	)

Net gain on sales of real estate represents the difference between the net proceeds from the liquidation of the underlying properties and their respective carrying values. The following table provides additional information about the number of properties sold and the gross gains and losses recognized in real estate owned, net, in the consolidated statements of income, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except properties sold):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023					2022					2021
	Properties		Gain			Properties		Gain			Properties		Gain
	sold		(loss)			sold		(loss)			sold		(loss)
Sales resulting in gains		24	$	1,442			31	$	3,401			23	$	972
Sales resulting in losses		19		(874	)		12		(462	)		14		(563	)
Total		43	$	568			43	$	2,939			37	$	409

Note 11 — Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not included in the consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans serviced for others by Century amounted to $490.9 million and $491.9 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Company has elected to record its mortgage servicing rights using the fair value measurement method. Significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of servicing rights as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 include: 1) Weighted average discount rate of 8.0%, 8.1%, and 8.0%, respectively; 2) Weighted average constant prepayment rate of 6.5%, 6.3%, and 3.2%, respectively.

The following table presents the Company's mortgage servicing rights for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022		2021
Balance at the beginning of year	$	9,238		$	7,152	$	—
Mortgage servicing rights acquired		—			—		7,152
Additions		250			—		—
Fair value adjustments		(910	)		2,086		—
Balance at end of year	$	8,578		$	9,238	$	7,152

F-34

Note 12 — Derivative Instruments

In September 2023, the Company began utilizing forward starting interest rate swap derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges to manage the exposure to interest rate volatility related to its forecasted issuances of fixed-rate debt through its securitization process. The Company’s risk management objective is to hedge the risk of variability in its interest payment cash flows attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") between the time the fixed rate mortgages are originated and the fixed rate debt is issued. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed four years.

The gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are reported as a component of AOCI. Beginning in the period in which the forecasted debt is issued and the related derivative instruments are terminated, the accumulated gains or losses associated with the terminated derivatives are then reclassified into interest expense as a yield adjustment over the term of the related debt. For the year ended December 31, 2023, $50 thousand gain on terminated derivative instruments was reclassified from AOCI to interest expense. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.2 million in after-tax net unrealized loss associated with cash flow hedging instruments recorded in AOCI. As of December 31, 2023, the Company expects to reclassify an estimated $0.3 million of after-tax net unrealized losses on derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months.

The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on a gross basis, as well as its classification on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023:

		December 31, 2023
(in thousands)				Fair Value (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:	Balance Sheet Location	Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
Cash flow hedges:
Forward starting payer interest rate swaps	Derivative liability	$	166,000	$	—	$	(3,665	)

(1)Fair value reported is exclusive of collateral held and pledged. As of December 31, 2023, collateral held related to derivative exposure between the Company and its derivative counterparty was $4.2 million and is recorded in Other Receivables.

The counterparty to the financial derivatives that the Company enters into is a major institution. The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by the counterparty. This credit risk is generally limited to the unrealized gains in such contracts, less collateral held, should the counterparty fail to perform as contracted.

Note 13 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table presents the changes in the component of accumulated other comprehensive loss balances for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

	December 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—	$	—
Net unrealized loss on cash flow hedges arising during the period, net of tax		1,160		—		—
Reclassification of derivative instruments to income		50		—		—
Ending balance	$	1,210	$	—	$	—

The following table presents the component of other comprehensive loss and the related tax effect for the year ended December 31, 2023:

F-35

	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Before-Tax		Tax Effect		Net-of-Tax
Cash flow hedges:
Forward starting payer interest rate swaps:
Net unrealized loss arising during the period	$	1,568	$	408	$	1,160
Reclassification to income		69		19		50
Other comprehensive loss	$	1,637	$	427	$	1,210

Note 14 — Goodwill

FASB ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, requires a company to perform an impairment test on goodwill annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstance indicate that the asset might be impaired, by comparing the fair value of such goodwill to its recorded or carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge must be recorded in an amount equal to the excess. The goodwill was recorded as part of the purchase accounting of Century on December 28, 2021, Management has assessed goodwill and concluded that no impairment existed as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table presents the activity for goodwill (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance at the beginning of year	$	6,775	$	6,775
Goodwill acquired		—		—
Balance at end of year	$	6,775	$	6,775

Note 15 — Other Assets

Other assets were comprised of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Prepaid expenses	$	2,026		$	1,843
Deposits		190			176
Deferred costs		500			501
Income tax receivable		—			8,301
Operating leases - right of use assets, net		2,544			2,424
Appraisal fees for loans in process		(172	)		(58	)
Other assets		160			338
Total other assets	$	5,248		$	13,525

Note 16 — Leases

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and all subsequent related ASUs using the alternative transition method effective January 1, 2019. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients that permits the Company to not reassess prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. The Company also elected all the new standard’s available transition practical expedients, including the short-term lease recognition exemption that includes not recognizing right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases, and the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all leases.

The Company determines if a contract arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company primarily enters into operating lease contracts for office space and certain equipment. As part of the property lease agreements, the Company may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those options. The ROU lease asset also includes any lease payments made and lease incentives. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company does not possess any leases that have variable lease payments or residual value guarantees.

F-36

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rates to determine the present value of its lease liabilities. The weighted average borrowing rate was 7.72%, 5.88%, and 5.86% as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company’s leases have remaining terms ranging from 2 years to 5 years, and the weighted average remaining lease term was 4.3 years as of December 31, 2023. Short-term leases (initial term of less than 12 months) are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, operating lease ROU assets included in other assets was $2.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively. Operating lease liabilities included in accounts payable and accrued expenses remained at $2.7 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Operating lease expense is a component of “Rent and occupancy” expense on the consolidated statements of income. Operating lease expense was $1.9 million, $1.7 million, and $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and included short-term leases that were immaterial.

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,602	$	1,632	$	1,626
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	1,689	$	26	$	256

The following table presents maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
	Operating Leases
2024	$	1,289
2025		513
2026		325
2027		277
2028		233
Thereafter		617
Total lease payments		3,254
Less: Imputed interest		(553	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	2,701

Note 17 — Securitized Debt and Securitized Debt at Fair Value

The following tables summarize securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Securitized debt, net			Securitized debt at fair value		Total securitized debt
Securitized debt	$	2,458,439		$	876,704	$	3,335,143
Valuation adjustments on FVO securitized debt		—			713		713
Deferred issuance costs and discounts		(39,628	)		—		(39,628	)
Total securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value	$	2,418,811		$	877,417	$	3,296,228

F-37

	December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Securitized debt, net			Securitized debt at fair value		Total securitized debt
Unpaid principal balance	$	2,788,908		$	—	$	2,788,908
Valuation adjustments on FVO securitized debt		—			—		—
Deferred issuance costs and discounts		(52,618	)		—		(52,618	)
Total securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value	$	2,736,290		$	—	$	2,736,290

The difference between the aggregate fair value and aggregate UPB of securitized debt at fair value as of December 31, 2023, was $0.7 million.

The following table presents the effective interest rate of securitized debt and securitized debt at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
Securitized debt:	2023			2022
Interest expense	$	164,742		$	110,268
Average outstanding unpaid principal balance		3,113,500			2,458,332
Effective interest rate (1)		5.29	%		4.49	%

(1)Represents annualized interest expense divided by average gross outstanding balance and includes average rate (4.79%) and debt issuance cost amortization (0.50%) and average rate (3.78%) and debt issuance cost amortization (0.71%) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

F-38

As of December 31, 2023, the Company is the sole beneficial interest holder of twenty-four Trusts, which are variable interest entities included in the consolidated financial statements. The transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. The securities are subject to redemption by the Company when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 10%–30% of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity dates of the securities issued could be earlier than their respective stated maturity dates. The following table summarizes securities issued, ownership retained by the Company at the time of the securitization, and as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the stated maturity for each outstanding securitized debt (in thousands):

			Securities Retained as of
Trusts	Securities Issued		Issuance Date		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Stated Maturity Date
2016-1 Trust	$	319,809	$	38,792	$	—	$	17,541	April 2046
2017-2 Trust		245,601		12,927		2,416		2,697	October 2047
2018-1 Trust		176,816		9,308		1,602		2,065	April 2048
2018-2 Trust		307,988		16,210		3,614		4,352	October 2048
2019-1 Trust		235,580		12,399		—		4,178	March 2049
2019-2 Trust		207,020		10,901		—		4,007	July 2049
2019-3 Trust		154,419		8,127		—		3,281	October 2049
2020-1 Trust		248,700		13,159		—		6,746	February 2050
2020-2 Trust		96,352		32,118		12,847		12,847	June 2050
2021-1 Trust		251,301		13,227		—		10,120	May 2051
2021-2 Trust		194,918		10,260		—		—	August 2051
2021-3 Trust		204,205		—		—		—	October 2051
2021-4 Trust		319,116		—		—		—	December 2051
2022-1 Trust		273,594		5,015		4,206		4,718	February 2052
2022-2 Trust		241,388		11,202		10,971		11,170	March 2052
2022-MC1 Trust		84,967		40,911		45,026		44,038	May 2047
2022-3 Trust		296,323		18,914		15,489		18,587	May 2052
2022-4 Trust		308,357		25,190		13,414		25,027	July 2052
2022-5 Trust		188,754		65,459		12,649		65,141	October 2052
2023-1 Trust		198,715		41,593		4,043		—	December 2052
2023-1R Trust		64,833		66,228		66,228		—	October 2025
2023-2 Trust		202,210		24,229		23,948		—	April 2053
2023-RTL1 Trust		81,608		4,296		4,296		—	July 2028
2023-3 Trust		234,741		28,718		28,480		—	July 2053
2023-4 Trust		202,890		26,623		26,482		—	November 2053
Total	$	5,340,205	$	535,806	$	275,711	$	236,515

F-39

The following table summarizes outstanding bond balances for each securitized debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022
2016-1 Trust	$	—	$	22,369
2017-2 Trust		45,869		59,183
2018-1 Trust		33,505		43,596
2018-2 Trust		76,871		93,792
2019-1 Trust		76,391		91,167
2019-2 Trust		66,340		82,508
2019-3 Trust		58,089		67,899
2020-1 Trust		106,976		136,643
2020-2 Trust		45,180		60,445
2021-1 Trust		171,748		196,969
2021-2 Trust		143,797		170,072
2021-3 Trust		158,043		178,038
2021-4 Trust		244,919		273,489
2022-1 Trust		236,358		256,667
2022-2 Trust		210,217		233,045
2022-MC1 Trust		31,508		54,528
2022-3 Trust		257,047		280,066
2022-4 Trust		274,419		301,856
2022-5 Trust		162,925		186,577
2023-1 Trust		177,250		—
2023-1R Trust		58,237		—
2023-2 Trust		188,805		—
2023-RTL1 Trust		81,608		—
2023-3 Trust		227,228		—
2023-4 Trust		201,813		—
Total outstanding bond balance	$	3,335,143	$	2,788,909

F-40

Prior to 2023, the securities and certificates were typically issued at a discount to par, which was recorded as a contra liability to the securities issued. Securitized debt accounted for under the FVO accounting has no discounts or premiums. Discounts or premiums on securitized debt carried at amortized cost are amortized as an adjustment of yield over the stated term of the related securitized debt adjusted for prepayments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, unamortized discounts or premiums associated with the securities carried at amortized costs are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022
2016-1 Trust	$	—	$	(150	)
2017-2 Trust		6		8
2018-1 Trust		3		6
2018-2 Trust		8		11
2019-1 Trust		6		9
2019-2 Trust		4		6
2019-3 Trust		3		4
2020-1 Trust		2		3
2020-2 Trust		294		786
2021-Trust		11		15
2021-2 Trust		127		162
2021-3 Trust		473		660
2021-4 Trust		474		642
2022-1 Trust		2,622		3,546
2022-2 Trust		2,784		3,665
2022-MC1 Trust		189		388
2022-3 Trust		4,552		6,161
2022-4 Trust		3,689		4,878
2022-5 Trust		544		727
2023-1R Trust		967		—
Total unamortized discounts (premiums)	$	16,758	$	21,527

Other than securitized debt carried at fair value, professional and other capitalized issuance costs associated with the securitized debt are recorded as a contra liability to the securities issued. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, capitalized issuance costs associated with the Trusts are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022
2016-1 Trust	$	—	$	8
2017-2 Trust		392		535
2018-1 Trust		185		303
2018-2 Trust		627		908
2019-1 Trust		432		687
2019-2 Trust		597		866
2019-3 Trust		471		675
2020-1 Trust		927		1,351
2020-2 Trust		115		369
2021-1 Trust		1,392		1,978
2021-2 Trust		1,347		1,924
2021-3 Trust		1,563		2,178
2021-4 Trust		2,382		3,177
2022-1 Trust		2,252		3,045
2022-2 Trust		2,188		2,880
2022-MC1 Trust		426		877
2022-3 Trust		2,721		3,679
2022-4 Trust		2,498		3,303
2022-5 Trust		1,760		2,349
2023-1R Trust		595		—
Total capitalized issuance costs	$	22,870	$	31,092

F-41

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average rate on the sold securities and certificates for the Trusts are as follows:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
2016-1 Trust		9.07	%		8.59	%
2017-2 Trust		3.97			3.92
2018-1 Trust		4.03			4.05
2018-2 Trust		4.48			4.46
2019-1 Trust		4.07			4.06
2019-2 Trust		3.42			3.46
2019-3 Trust		3.29			3.25
2020-1 Trust		2.85			2.89
2020-2 Trust		4.61			4.60
2021-1 Trust		1.76			1.73
2021-2 Trust		2.02			2.02
2021-3 Trust		2.46			2.44
2021-4 Trust		3.22			3.20
2022-1 Trust		3.93			3.93
2022-2 Trust		5.07			5.07
2022-MC1 Trust		6.90			6.91
2022-3 Trust		5.70			5.67
2022-4 Trust		6.24			6.23
2022-5 Trust		7.06			7.10
2023-1 Trust		7.02			—
2023-1R Trust		7.68			—
2023-2 Trust		7.19			—
2023-RTL1 Trust		8.24			—
2023-3 Trust		7.82			—
2023-4 Trust		8.38			—

F-42

Note 18 — Other Debt

The secured financing and warehouse facilities are utilized to finance the origination and purchase of commercial real estate mortgage loans. Warehouse facilities are designated to fund mortgage loans that are purchased and originated within specified underwriting guidelines. These lines of credit typically fund less than 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans originated and purchased, requiring the use of working capital to fund the remaining portion.

(a)Secured Financing, Net (Corporate Debt)

On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into a five-year $215.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement (“the 2022 Term Loan”). The 2022 Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.125% and matures on March 15, 2027. Interest on the 2022 Term Loan is paid every six months. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to the 2021 Term Loan. The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2022 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of the 2022 Term Loan was $215.0 million. The balance in the consolidated balance sheets is net of debt issuance costs of $3.9 million and $5.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The 2022 Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company not otherwise pledged under a securitized debt or warehouse facility and contains certain reporting and financial covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants, the lenders have the right to demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

(b)Warehouse Repurchase and Revolving Loan Facilities, Net

On January 4, 2011, Century entered into a Master Participation and Facility Agreement with a bank (“the September 2022 Term Repurchase Agreement”). The Facility Agreement has a current extended maturity date of July 31, 2024, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by performing loans, with a maximum capacity of $60.0 million, and bears interest at one-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.60% with a 0.25% floor. The effective interest rate were 6.2% and 5.6% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On August 8, 2016, Century entered a Promissory Note Revolving Credit Line with a bank (“Revolving Credit Line”). The Revolving Credit Line matured on July 31, 2023, and was a short-term unsecured borrowing line, with a maximum capacity of $3.0 million, and bore interest at SOFR plus 2.00% with a 0.25% floor. There were no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

On May 17, 2013, the Company entered into a Repurchase Agreement (“the 2013 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2013 Repurchase Agreement is a modified mark-to-market agreement and has a current maturity date of September 26, 2024, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of performing loans, with a maximum capacity of $300.0 million, and bears interest at SOFR plus 3.50%. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility. The effective interest rates were 9.8% and 5.7%, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On September 12, 2018, the Company entered into a three-year non-mark to market secured revolving loan facility agreement (“the Bank Credit Agreement”) with a bank. The Bank Credit Agreement has a current extended maturity date of November 10, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SFOR plus 3.61%, with a floor of 4.25%. The maximum loan amount under this facility is $50.0 million. The effective interest rates were 9.2% and 5.8% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On January 29, 2021, the Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Repurchase Agreement has a current extended maturity date of May 15, 2024, and was a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of loans, with a maximum capacity of $200.0 million, and bears interest at SOFR plus a margin of 3.00% during the availability period and 4.00% during the amortization period. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility. The effective interest rates were 10.0% and 6.4% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

F-43

On April 16, 2021, The Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Term Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of April 16, 2026, with a borrowing period through April 14, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SOFR plus a margin of 3.10%. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million. The effective interest rates were 8.3% and 5.6% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On July 29, 2021, the Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Term Repurchase Agreement (“the July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of July 29, 2024, with an option to extend the term to July 29, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at one-month American Interbank Offered Rate ("AMERIBOR") with a 0.5% floor plus 4.50% per annum. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million. The effective interest rates were 14.2% and 10.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On October 7, 2022, the Company entered into a $10.2 million short-term repurchase agreement ("the October 2022 Repurchase Agreement) that bore interest at SOFR plus 1.58%. The repurchase agreement was paid off in April 2023.

On October 12, 2023, the Company entered into a $9.5 million short-term repurchase agreement, and bore interest at 7.0%. On December 14, 2023, the Company entered into two $10.0 million short-term repurchase agreements, one agreement bore interest at 7.6%, and the other agreement bore interest at 7.5%.

On December 27, 2023, the Company entered into a loan facility agreement (“the 2023 Repurchase Agreement”) with a bank. The 2023 Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of December 27, 2026. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at SFOR plus 3.00%. The maximum loan amount under this facility is $50.0 million. The effective interest rate was 8.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Certain of the Company’s loans are pledged as security under the warehouse repurchase facilities and the revolving loan facility, which contain covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants or otherwise default under the facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate the facilities and demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The following table summarizes the maximum borrowing capacity and current gross balances outstanding for the Company’s warehouse facilities and loan agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023				2022
	Period end balance (1)		Maximum borrowing capacity		Period end balance (1)		Maximum borrowing capacity
The 2021 term repurchase agreement	$	30,460	$	100,000	$	74,334	$	100,000
The 2021 repurchase agreement		88,817		200,000		79,504		200,000
The July 2021 term repurchase agreement		22,516		100,000		2,185		100,000
The 2013 repurchase agreement		111,086		300,000		136,165		300,000
The bank credit agreement		31,950		50,000		29,495		50,000
The October 2022 repurchase agreement		29,522		30,530		10,057		18,818
The 2023 repurchase agreement		22,000		50,000		—		—
The September 2022 term repurchase agreement		—		60,000		—		60,000
Revolving credit line		—		—		—		3,000
Total	$	336,351	$	890,530	$	331,740	$	831,818

(1)Warehouse repurchase facilities amounts in the consolidated balance sheet are net of debt issuance costs amounting to $1.6 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

F-44

The following table provides an overview of the activity and effective interest rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 ($ in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Warehouse and repurchase facilities:
Average outstanding balance	$	227,911		$	299,060		$	183,663
Highest outstanding balance at any month-end		336,351			426,959			336,775
Effective interest rate (1)		9.53	%		5.84	%		5.28	%

(1)Represents interest expense divided by average gross outstanding balance and includes average rate of 8.76%, 5.22%, and 4.23%, and debt issue cost amortization of 0.77%, 0.62%, 1.05%, as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of interest expense that includes debt issuance cost amortization, interest, amortization of discount, and deal cost amortization for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Warehouse and repurchase facilities	$	21,726	$	17,454	$	9,706
Securitized debt		164,742		110,269		75,680
Interest expense — portfolio related		186,468		127,723		85,386
Interest expense — corporate debt		16,556		29,472		20,609
Total interest expense	$	203,024	$	157,195	$	105,995

Note 19 — Income Taxes

The Company elected to be treated as a corporation, for tax purposes, effective January 1, 2018. The following table details the Company’s income tax expense (benefit) (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022			2021
Current tax expense (benefit):
Federal	$	13,631	$	(90	)	$	15,042
State		2,509		552			5,477
Total current tax expense	$	16,140	$	462		$	20,519
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Federal	$	1,654	$	8,553		$	(7,362	)
State		1,040		3,018			(2,588	)
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)	$	2,694	$	11,571		$	(9,950	)
Total income tax expense	$	18,834	$	12,033		$	10,569

The following table contains a reconciliation of the Company’s provision for income taxes at the federal statutory tax rate to the provision for income taxes at the effective tax rate as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

	December 31,
	2023				2022				2021
Federal income tax provision at statutory rate		21.0		%		21.0		%		21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		6.2				6.3				5.6
Permanent items		0.6				0.2				0.1
Federal true-ups		0.1				—				—
Tax credits		(0.3	)			(0.3	)			(0.2	)
Change in unrecognized tax benefit		(2.3	)			—				—
Other		(0.1	)			—				0.1
Effective tax rate		25.2		%		27.2		%		26.6		%

The changes in state income taxes and unrecognized tax benefit in the reconciliation are primarily due to changes in state apportionment and the related valuation impacts on taxes payable as well as the deferred tax asset in the prior year.

F-45

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss	$	—		$	8,451
Mark-to-market on loans		—			355
Lease liability		780			783
Stock compensation		1,779			1,485
Accrued vacation		386			283
Intangibles		3			5
REO		160			—
Deferred state taxes		374			696
Research and experimental expenditures capitalization		1,721			—
MSR Valuation Allowance		53			—
Derivative - OCI		427			—
ERC Refund		1,038			—
Other		—			154
Gross deferred tax assets		6,721			12,212
Deferred tax liabilities:
REMIC book-tax basis difference		(2,522	)		(4,941	)
Mark-to-market on loans		(36	)
Right-of-use assets		(735	)		(717	)
Deferred origination costs		(63	)		(138	)
Property and equipment		(332	)		(595	)
REO		—			(30	)
MSR valuation		—			(758	)
Other		(694	)		—
Gross deferred tax liabilities		(4,382	)		(7,179	)
Total net deferred tax asset	$	2,339		$	5,033

The Company’s main temporary difference is due to the difference between the U.S. income tax and U.S. GAAP treatment with respect to its REMIC securities. For tax purposes, the issuances are considered taxable sales; whereas, for U.S. GAAP purposes, the REMIC issuances are considered financings.

Federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of $5.7 million are utilized to offset current U.S. federal taxable income in 2023. State NOL carryforwards totaling $2.5 million are utilized to offset taxable income in 2023. There are no additional NOL carryforwards after 2023.

The Company had no valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Based on the Company’s estimates of taxable income over the years in which the items giving rise to the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal, state, and local jurisdictions, where applicable. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. tax examinations for years before 2020 and is no longer subject to state tax examinations for years before 2019.

The Company periodically reviews its income tax positions based on tax laws and regulations and financial reporting considerations, and records adjustments as appropriate. This review takes into consideration the status of current taxing authorities' examinations of the Company's tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions, if any, and the overall tax environment.

F-46

The Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits in the amount of $0.4 million and $1.9 million recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. If recognized, $0.3 million of the unrecognized tax benefit would affect the 2023 annual effective tax rate. Interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits is reported by the Company as a component of tax expense, and the Company recorded interest and penalties in its consolidated statements of income in the amount of $0.5 million, $0.1 million, and $0.1million as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were $32.9 thousand and $0.6 million, respectively.

There are no positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within 12 months of the reporting date.

Detailed below is a reconciliation of the Company's gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	1,940		$	1,911		$	1,860
Changes related to current year tax positions		93			68			49
Changes related to prior year tax positions		25			19			2
Decreases due to lapsed statutes of limitations		(1,668	)		(58	)		—
Ending balance	$	390		$	1,940		$	1,911

Note 20 — Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s Amended and Restated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, or the 2020 Plan, authorizes grants of stock‑based compensation instruments to purchase or issue up to 2,770,000 shares of Company common stock.

(a)Stock Options

In connection with its IPO in January 2020, the Company granted stock options to non-employee directors and certain employees, including named executive officers, to purchase approximately 782,500 shares of common stock with an exercise price per share equal to the initial public offering price of $13.00. On December 24, 2020, the Company granted stock options to a non-employee director to purchase 12,500 shares of common stock with an exercise price per share equal to the grant date market price of $6.28. On September 8, 2023, the Company granted stock options to an employee to purchase 5,464 shares of common stock with an exercise price per share equal to the grant date market price of $11.68. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 37,500 shares were exercised at the exercise price per share of $13.00. Cash received from option exercised for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.5 million. No stock options were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options in determining the stock-based compensation expense. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant. The expected dividend yield was zero as the Company is not expected to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Expected volatility is based on the estimated average maximum volatility provided by a third-party investment bank due to the lack of historical volatilities of the Company’s common stock.

The following table presents the assumptions used in the option pricing model at the grant date for options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023:

Assumptions:	December 31, 2023
Expected volatility		28.00	%
Expected dividends		—
Risk-free interest rate		1.50	%
Expected forfeited rate		—

F-47

The tables below summarize stock option activity during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31, 2023
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at beginning of year		785,000		$	12.89
Granted		5,464			11.68
Exercised		(37,500	)		13.00
Forfeited		—			—
Options outstanding at end of year		752,964		$	12.88	6.1 years	$	3,269
Options exercisable at end of year		747,500		$	12.89	6.1 years	$	3,239
Options expected to vest (1)		5,464		$	11.68	9.7 years	$	30

	December 31, 2022
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at beginning of year		785,000	$	12.89
Granted		—		—
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited		—		—
Options outstanding at end of year		785,000	$	12.89	7.1 years	$	42
Options exercisable at end of year		523,333	$	12.89	7.1 years	$	28
Options expected to vest (1)		261,667	$	12.89	7.1 years	$	14

(1)The number of options expected to vest reflects no expected forfeiture.

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of underlying stock exceeds the “in-the-money” option exercise price.

Stock options vest ratably over a service period of three years from the date of the grant. Compensation expense related to stock options is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is recognized over the vesting period using the straight-line method. Unvested stock options outstanding were 5,464 and 261,667 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, at a weighted average exercise price per share of $11.68 and $12.89, respectively. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was $22.4 thousand, and the weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized is 2.69 years as of December 31, 2023.

(b)Restricted Stock Awards

In January 2021, the Company issued 480,000 shares of restricted stock awards to certain employees, including named executive officers, at no cost to employees. In May 2021, the Company issued 26,511 shares of restricted stock awards to certain non-employee directors.

In February 2022, the Company issued 125,250 shares of restricted stock awards to certain employees, including named executive officers at no cost to employees. In May 2022, the Company issued 31,215 shares of restricted stock awards to certain non-employee directors.

In January 2023, the Company issued 198,137 shares of restricted stock awards to certain employees, including named executive officers, at no cost to employees. In May 2023, the Company issued 31,629 shares of restricted stock awards to certain non-employee directors.

The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the fair market value of the Company's common shares on the grant date. The estimated fair value of restricted stock awards is amortized as an expense over the three-year requisite service period. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occurred rather than estimating service-based forfeitures over the requisite service period. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards was $3.7 million, and the weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized is 1.73 years as of December 31, 2023.

F-48

The table below summarizes restricted stock award activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Employee					Non-Employee Director					Total
December 31, 2023	Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2022		445,250		$	8.61		48,889		$	9.72		494,139		$	8.72
Granted		198,137			10.00		31,629			9.01		229,766			9.86
Vested		(234,250	)		8.42		(19,242	)		9.87		(253,492	)		8.53
Forfeited		—			—		—			—		—			—
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		409,137		$	9.39		61,276		$	9.31		470,413		$	9.38

	Employee					Non-Employee Director					Total
December 31, 2022	Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021		480,000		$	7.04		26,511		$	10.75		506,511		$	7.23
Granted		125,250			12.63		31,215			9.13		156,465			11.93
Vested		(160,000	)		7.04		(8,837	)		10.75		(168,837	)		7.23
Forfeited		—			—		—			—		—			—
Nonvested at December 31, 2022		445,250		$	8.61		48,889		$	9.72		494,139		$	8.72

(c)Performance Stock Units

In February 2022, the Company began granting performance stock units ("PSUs") to certain employees, including named executive officers under the 2020 Plan. PSUs will vest based on the achievement of predetermined performance goals over performance periods determined by the Compensation Committee. PSUs are subject to forfeiture until predetermined performance conditions have been achieved. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for PSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award when it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. Compensation expense for PSUs with financial performance measures is measured using the fair value at the date of grant and recorded over each vesting period, and may be adjusted over the vesting period based on interim estimates of performance against the pre-set objectives. In February 2022, the Company granted 102,750 PSUs and in January 2023, the Company granted 153,637 PSUs. The granted PSUs represent 100% of the original target award amounts vesting eligibility is based on performance and service conditions of distinct three-year service periods for each award. Accordingly, the number of shares issued at the end of any performance period could range between 0% and 200% of the original target award amount.

F-49

A summary of the PSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 under the 2020 Omnibus Plan is presented below:

	December 31,
	2023				2022
	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)		Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Outstanding at beginning of year, nonvested		102,750	$	12.63		—	$	—
Granted		153,637		10.00		102,750		12.63
Vested		—		—		—		—
Forfeited		—		—		—		—
Outstanding at end of year, nonvested		256,387	$	11.05		102,750	$	12.63

(d)Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")

In July 2022, the Company initiated an ESPP which allows permitted eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations. The purchase price of the shares under the ESPP equals 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on either the first or last day of each six-month offering period. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 241,132 shares have been issued under the ESPP with 167,123 shares issued in 2023 and 74,009 shares issued in 2022.

Compensation expense for the ESPP is calculated as of the beginning of the offering period as the fair value of the employees’ purchase rights utilizing the Black-Scholes option valuation model and is recognized as a compensation expense over the offering period. The table below presents the fair value assumptions used for the period indicated:

	December 31,
Assumptions:	2023			2022
Risk-free interest rate		5.45	%		2.50	%
Expected term (in years)		0.5			0.5
Expected volatility		51.31	%		49.93	%
Dividend yield		—			—
Grant date fair value per share	$	11.78		$	11.31

The Company recognized a total of $3.9 million and $3.1 million compensation expense related to the outstanding stock options, unvested restricted stock awards, ESPP, and unvested performance-based stock unit awards granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such amount is included in “Compensation and employee benefits” on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The total amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, restricted stock awards, and performance-based stock unit awards were $3.8 million and $3.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Treasury share purchases represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company purchased treasury shares of 87,765 and 33,647 at an average price of $9.81 per share and $13.61 per share, respectively.

Note 21 — Earnings Per Share

The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock and resulted in the issuance of common stock that shared in earnings.

F-50

The following table presents the basic and diluted income per share calculations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Basic EPS:
Net income	$	52,273	$	32,211	$	29,224
Less: earnings attributable to participating securities		753		491		8,589
Net earnings attributable to common shareholders	$	51,520	$	31,720	$	20,635
Weighted average common shares outstanding		32,206		31,913		22,813
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.60	$	0.99	$	0.90
Diluted EPS:
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	52,273	$	31,720	$	20,635
Weighted average common shares outstanding		32,206		31,913		22,813
Add dilutive effects for assumed conversion of Series A preferred stock		—		—		8,989
Add dilutive effects for warrants		2,020		2,025		1,974
Add dilutive effects for stock options		14		5		3
Add dilutive effects of unvested restricted stock awards		173		188		203
Add dilutive effects of unvested performance-based stock units		71		—		—
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding		34,484		34,131		33,982
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.52	$	0.94	$	0.86

The following table sets forth the number of shares excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive (in-thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Stock options		5		773		773
Shares equivalents excluded from EPS		5		773		773

Note 22 — Warrants

On April 7, 2020, the Company issued and sold in a private placement warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase additional shares of the Company’s common stock to funds affiliated with TruArc Partners (TruArc), formerly Snow Phipps, and a fund affiliated with Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (TOBI). TruArc and TOBI are considered affiliates and, therefore, are related parties to the Company. The awards were treated as equity awards at the date of issuance.

The Warrants are exercisable at the warrant holder’s option at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, until April 7, 2025 at an exercise price of $2.96 per share of common stock, with respect to 2,008,749 of the Warrants, and at an exercise price of $4.94 per share of common stock, with respect to 1,004,375 of the Warrants. The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants are subject to customary antidilution adjustments and certain issuances of common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock) at a price (or having a conversion or exercise price) that is less than the then current exercise price. The Company is not required to affect an exercise of Warrants, if after giving effect to the issuance of common stock upon exercise of such Warrants such warrant holder together with its affiliates would beneficially own 49% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

F-51

Note 23 — Concentration of Risk

The Company originates and purchases loans secured by a broad spectrum of commercial property throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, geographic and property type concentrations of loans, by unpaid principal balance, were as follows:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Geographic concentration:
California		22.0	%		22.8	%
New York		18.3			19.9
Florida		13.4			13.3
New Jersey		7.3			7.5
Other states (individually less than 5.0%)		39.0			36.5
		100.0	%		100.0	%

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Property type concentration:
Investor 1-4		55.0	%		52.7	%
Mixed use		11.7			12.6
Retail		8.4			8.7
Multifamily		7.8			8.6
Warehouse		6.5			5.7
Office		5.4			6.4
Other (individually less than 5.0%)		5.2			5.3
		100.0	%		100.0	%

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held $44.3 million and $13.3 million, respectively, of real estate owned, net, with geographic concentrations as follows:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Geographic concentration:
Texas		25.9	%		14.1	%
California		17.5			—
New York		17.0			5.7
Florida		11.4			16.1
Georgia		5.9			—
New Jersey		5.8			11.2
Massachusetts		4.8			21.3
Maryland		1.0			16.8
Other states (individually less than 5.0%)		10.7			14.8
		100.0	%		100.0	%

Note 24 — Commitments and Contingencies

(a)Repurchase Liability

When the Company sells loans, it is required to make normal and customary representations and warranties about the loans to the purchaser. The loan sale agreements generally require the Company to repurchase loans if the Company breaches a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a loan shortly after its sale.

F-52

The Company records a repurchase liability relating to representations and warranties and early payment defaults. The method used to estimate the liability for repurchase is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually update the estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties and early payment default requires considerable management judgment.

The Company regularly evaluates the adequacy of repurchase reserves based on trends in repurchase, actual loss experience, estimated future loss exposure and other relevant factors including economic conditions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of repurchase liability was $66 thousand and $124 thousand, respectively, and it is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

(b)Legal Proceedings

The Company is a party to various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. The Company, after consultation with legal counsel, believes the disposition of all pending litigation will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

(c)Employee Retention Credit

Under the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) signed into law on March 27, 2020 and the subsequent extension of the CARES Act, the Company, with the guidance from a third-party specialist, determined it was eligible for a refundable employee retention credit (“ERC”) subject to certain criteria.

The Company applied for ERC for the first three quarters’ wages paid in calendar year 2021. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company received approximately $4.2 million of ERC. Due to the subjectivity of the credit, the Company elected to account for the ERC as a gain analogizing to ASC 450-30, Gain Contingencies. Accordingly, the $4.2 million ERC, net of the third-party specialist fees of $0.6 million, are deferred until the uncertainty surrounding them is resolved. The net amount is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023.

Note 25 — Retirement Plan

The Company maintains a qualified 401(k) retirement plan in accordance with the Internal Revenue Service code. Employees meeting certain eligibility requirements as detailed in the plan document may participate by deferring eligible compensation into the plan. The plan allows for discretionary employer matching contribution. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company expensed $1.0 million, $794 thousand, and $579 thousand, respectively. These amounts are included in "compensation and employee benefits" on the consolidated statements of income.

Note 26 — Other Operating Expenses

The following table presents the components of other operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Travel, marketing and business development	$	872	$	1,421	$	661
Data processing and telecommunications		3,175		3,022		2,476
Office expenses		1,180		1,161		1,396
Insurance, taxes, and licenses (1)		1,851		2,300		2,420
Other (1)		1,446		1,262		971
Total other operating expenses	$	8,524	$	9,166	$	7,924

(1)Certain accounts have been reclassified to origination expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 to conform to current period presentation.

F-53

Note 27 — Related Party Transactions

On April 7, 2020, the Company issued and sold in a private placement 45,000 newly issued shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred”), at a price per share of $1,000, plus warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 3,013,125 shares of the Company’s common stock to funds affiliated with Snow Phipps and a fund affiliated with Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (TOBI). Snow Phipps and TOBI are considered affiliates and, therefore, are related parties to the Company. On October 8, 2021, the Company exercised its option to convert all of its 45,000 outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into 11,688,310 shares of its common stock. The Company's related parties have not exercised any warrants as of December 31, 2023.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company sells held for sale loans to various financial institutions through a market bidding process. As a result of this process, the Company may sell held for sale loans to an affiliate. The Company sold $188.4 million and $0.1 million in UPB of loans to an affiliate during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No loans were sold to any affiliate during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Note 28 — Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Determination

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value including a three-level valuation hierarchy, and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date reflecting assumptions that a market participant would use when pricing an asset or liability. The hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:

•Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

•Level 2 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.

•Level 3 - Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs. Given the nature of some of the Company’s assets and liabilities, clearly determinable market-based valuation inputs are often not available; therefore, these assets and liabilities are valued using internal estimates. As subjectivity exists with respect to the valuation estimates used, the fair values disclosed may not equal prices that can ultimately be realized if the assets are sold or the liabilities are settled with third parties.

Below is a description of the valuation methods for the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value for disclosure purposes. While management believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the measurement date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and restricted cash are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities and interest rates that approximate market, a Level 1 measurement.

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Loans Held for Investment, Net, and Loans Held for Investment, at Fair Value

The Company uses a third-party loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its nonperforming mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s nonperforming mortgage loans are interest rates, market yield requirements, the probability of default, loss given default, voluntary prepayment speed and loss timing. The Company uses an in-house loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its performing mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s performing mortgage loans are discount rate, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate, and loss severity rate. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement.

Collateral Dependent or Loans Individually Evaluated

Nonaccrual loans held for investment are evaluated individually and are adjusted to the fair value of the collateral when the fair value of the collateral is below the carrying value of the loan. To the extent such a loan is collateral dependent, the Company determines the allowance for credit losses based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, a Level 3 measurement.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, with fair value adjustments recorded on a nonrecurring basis. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of loans held for sale, a Level 3 measurement.

Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value

The Company has elected to account for certain loans originated with the intent to sell at fair value (the FVO Loans held for sale) using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). The FVO loans held for sale are measured based a discounted cash flow model, or on the fair value of securities backed by similar mortgage loans, adjusted for certain factors to approximate the fair value, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk, and current commitments to purchase loans, a Level 2 measurement. Management identified all of these loans to be accounted for at estimated fair value at the instrument level. Changes in fair value are reflected in income as they occur.

Real Estate Owned, Net (REO)

Real estate owned, net is initially recorded at the property’s estimated fair value, based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, at the acquisition date, a Level 3 measurement. From time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments are made to real estate owned, net based on the current updated appraised value of the property, or management’s judgment and estimation of value based on recent market trends or negotiated sales prices with potential buyers.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company determined the fair values based on a third-party valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income, a Level 3 measurement.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value using readily observable market inputs and the overall fair value measurement is classified as Level 2.

Secured Financing, Net (Corporate Debt)

The Company determined the fair values estimate of the secured financing using the estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement.

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Warehouse Repurchase Facilities, Net

Warehouse repurchase facilities are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities of one-year or less and interest rates that approximate market plus a spread, a Level 2 measurement.

Securitized Debt, Net and Securitized Debt, at Fair Value

Due to the fair value option accounting election on securitized debt in the first quarter of 2023, the Company changed the valuation technique to estimate the fair value of securitized debt. Prior to the first quarter of 2023, the fair value estimate of securitized debt was based on a third-party valuation model that calculate estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement. Starting the first quarter of 2023, the Company obtains the fair value estimates at instrument level from a third-party broker dealer based on trader input on benchmark securities, bond structure and collateral characteristics and performance and pricing factors such as yield, spread, average life, prepayment speeds, default rate and severity, a Level 2 measurement. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to securitized debt’s fair value measurement.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable

The carrying amounts of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet financial instruments.

Receivables Due From Servicers

The carrying amounts of receivables due from servicers approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

Fair Value Disclosures

The following tables present information on assets measured and recorded at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by level, in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	Fair value measurements using						Total at
December 31, 2023	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	8,475	$	8,475
Real estate owned, net		—		—		44,268		44,268
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		52,743		44,268
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for sale, at fair value		—		17,590		—		17,590
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		1,306,072		1,306,072
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		8,578		8,578
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		17,590		1,314,650		1,332,240
Total assets	$	—	$	17,590	$	1,367,393	$	1,376,508
Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Securitized debt, at fair value	$	—	$	877,417	$	—	$	877,417
Derivative liabilities		—		3,665		—		3,665
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		881,082		—		881,082
Total liabilities	$	—	$	881,082	$	—	$	881,082

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	Fair value measurements using						Total at
December 31, 2022	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	11,466	$	11,466
Real estate owned, net		—		—		13,325		13,325
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		24,791		24,791
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		276,095		276,095
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		9,238		9,238
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		—		285,333		285,333
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	310,124	$	310,124

The following table presents gain (losses) recognized on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis for the years indicated (in thousands):

	December 31,
Gain (loss) on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis	2023			2022			2021
Loans held for sale, net	$	—		$	—		$	17
Real estate held for sale, net		(3,903	)		(363	)		(1,759	)
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net		122			310			1,262
Total net loss	$	(3,781	)	$	(53	)	$	(480	)

The following tables present the primary valuation techniques and unobservable inputs related to Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
Nonrecurring:
Individually evaluated loans    requiring allowance, net	$	8,475	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Real estate owned, net		44,268	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Recurring:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	1,306,072	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.3%	9.3%
				Prepayment rate	0.7% to 50.0%	5.8%
				Default rate	0.0% to 1.7%	0.7%
				Loss severity rate	0.0% to 14.8%	2.1%
Mortgage servicing rights		8,578	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.0%	8.0%
				Prepayment rate	5.3% to 16.0%	6.5%

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	December 31, 2022
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
Nonrecurring:
Individually evaluated loans    requiring allowance, net	$	11,466	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Real estate owned, net		13,325	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Recurring:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	276,095	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.35% to 9.35%	8.9%
				Prepayment rate	1.0% to 30.0%	15.1%
				Default rate	0.12% to 6.99%	0.6%
				Loss severity rate	0.0% to 18.45%	3.5%
Mortgage servicing rights		9,238	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.0% to 12.0%	8.1%
				Prepayment rate	5.6% to 16.8%	6.3%

The following is a roll-forward of loans held for investment that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the years indicated (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	276,095		$	1,359		$	1,539
Originations		1,079,811			267,278			—
Loans liquidated		(73,623	)		(765	)		(163	)
Principal paydowns		(9,940	)		(261	)		(46	)
Total unrealized gain included in net income		47,214			7,436			29
Loans transferred to held for sale		(25,783	)		—			—
REO transfer		(777	)		—			—
Loans repurchased		13,075			1,048			—
Ending balance	$	1,306,072		$	276,095		$	1,359

The following is a roll-forward of loans held for sale that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the years indicated (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	—		$	—		$	—
Originations		38,036			31,328			—
Loans liquidated		(46,843	)		(31,328	)		—
Principal paydowns		(22	)		—			—
Total unrealized gain included in net income		636			—			—
Loans transferred from held for investment		25,783			—			—
Ending balance	$	17,590		$	—		$	—

The following is a roll-forward of mortgage servicing rights that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the years indicated (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	9,238		$	7,152	$	—
Additions		—			—		7,152
Total unrealized (loss) gain included in net income		(660	)		2,086		—
Ending balance	$	8,578		$	9,238	$	7,152

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The Company estimates the fair value of certain financial instruments on a quarterly basis. These instruments are recorded at fair value through the use of a valuation allowance only if they are individually evaluated. As described above, these adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value include loans held for investment at fair value, loans held for sale at fair value, mortgage servicing rights, derivative instruments, and securitized debt at fair value. Financial assets measured at the lower of cost or estimated fair value include certain individually evaluated loans held for investment and REO, which were measured using unobservable inputs, including appraisals and broker price opinions on the values of the underlying collateral. Individually evaluated loans requiring an allowance were carried at approximately $8.5 million and $11.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, net of specific allowance for loan losses of approximately $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

A financial instrument is cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity on potentially favorable terms. The methods and assumptions used in estimating the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are described above.

The following tables present carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments as of the dates indicated. The estimated fair value of loans held for sale, at fair value; loans held for investment, at fair value; mortgage servicing rights; securitized debt, at fair value; are also presented in Notes 5, 6, 11, and 17, respectively.

	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Carrying								Estimated
Asset category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Cash	$	40,566	$	40,566	$	—	$	—	$	40,566
Restricted cash		21,361		21,361		—		—		21,361
Loans held for sale, at fair value		17,590		—		17,590		—		17,590
Loans held for investment, net		2,828,123		—		—		2,672,705		2,672,705
Loans held for investment, at fair value		1,306,072		—		—		1,306,072		1,306,072
Accrued interest receivables		27,028		27,028		—		—		27,028
Mortgage servicing rights		8,578		—		—		8,578		8,578
Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	211,083	$	—	$	—	$	212,625	$	212,625
Warehouse and repurchase facilities, net		334,755		—		334,755		—		334,755
Securitized debt, net		2,418,811		—		2,155,718		—		2,155,718
Securitized debt, at fair value		877,417		—		877,417		—		877,417
Accrued interest payable		20,473		20,473		—		—		20,473
Derivative liability		3,665		3,665		—		—		3,665

F-59

	December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Carrying								Estimated
Asset category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Cash	$	45,248	$	45,248	$	—	$	—	$	45,248
Restricted cash		16,808		16,808		—		—		16,808
Loans held for sale, net		—		—		—		—		—
Loans held for investment, net		3,272,390		—		—		3,201,850		3,201,850
Loans held for investment, at fair value		276,095		—		—		276,095		276,095
Accrued interest receivable		20,463		20,463		—		—		20,463
Mortgage servicing rights		9,238		—		—		9,238		9,238
Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	209,846	$	—	$	—	$	211,854	$	211,854
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		330,814		—		330,814		—		330,814
Securitizations, net		2,736,290		—		—		2,522,010		2,522,010
Accrued interest payable		16,369		16,369		—		—		16,369

Note 29 — Select Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following tables set forth the Company's unaudited quarterly results for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2023			September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022			September 30, 2022		June 30, 2022		March 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
Interest income	$	86,269		$	79,088	$	74,897	$	70,521	$	65,632		$	63,419	$	59,243	$	52,049
Interest expense - portfolio related		51,405			47,583		45,451		42,029		40,854			34,561		28,752		23,556
Net interest income - portfolio related		34,864			31,505		29,446		28,492		24,778			28,858		30,491		28,493
Interest expense - corporate debt		4,140			4,138		4,139		4,139		4,139			4,011		4,182		17,140
Net interest income		30,724			27,367		25,307		24,353		20,639			24,847		26,309		11,353
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses		827			154		298		636		(437	)		580		279		730
Net interest income after provision    for loan losses		29,897			27,213		25,009		23,717		21,076			24,267		26,030		10,623
Other operating income (1)		21,670			17,360		14,037		12,843		11,420			3,027		3,592		6,281
Operating expenses (1)		29,260			27,334		22,222		21,803		20,804			13,245		14,832		12,883
Income before income taxes		22,307			17,239		16,824		14,757		11,692			14,049		14,790		4,021
Income tax expense		5,141			5,070		4,602		4,021		3,465			3,759		4,019		790
Net income		17,166			12,169		12,222		10,736		8,227			10,290		10,771		3,231
Less (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest		(189	)		83		39		87		(235	)		307		126		110
Net income attributable to Velocity Financial, Inc.	$	17,355		$	12,086	$	12,183	$	10,649	$	8,462		$	9,983	$	10,645	$	3,121

(1)Certain accounts included in other operating expenses prior to June 30, 2023 have been reclassified to other operating income effective June 30, 2023.

Note 30 — Subsequent Events

The Company completed the securitization of $221.1 million of investor real estate loans on January 16, 2024, which will be accounted for as secured borrowings during the quarter ending March 31, 2024.

In February 2024, the Company issued $75 million principal amount of five-year Senior Secured Notes. The Notes bear interest at 9.875% and mature on February 15, 2029.

The Company has evaluated events that have occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023, and has concluded there are no other subsequent events that would require recognition in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.
Date: March 15, 2024	By:	/s/ Christopher D. Farrar
	Name:	Christopher D. Farrar
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Christopher D. Farrar	Chief Executive Officer and Director	March 15, 2024
Christopher D. Farrar	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Mark R. Szczepaniak	Chief Financial Officer	March 15, 2024
Mark R. Szczepaniak	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Fiona L. Tam	Chief Accounting Officer	March 15, 2024
Fiona L. Tam	(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Alan H. Mantel	Chair of the Board of Directors	March 15, 2024
Alan H. Mantel
/s/ Michael W. Chiao	Director	March 15, 2024
Michael W. Chiao
/s/ John P. Pitstick	Director	March 15, 2024
John P. Pitstick
/s/ John A. Pless	Director	March 15, 2024
John A. Pless
/s/ Joy L. Schaefer	Director	March 15, 2024
Joy L. Schaefer
/s/ Dorika M. Beckett	Director	March 15, 2024
Dorika M. Beckett
/s/ Omar Maasarani	Director	March 15, 2024
Omar Maasarani

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