Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

As used in these notes, the term "financial statements" refers to the consolidated financial statements. This includes the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of shareholders' equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows, unless otherwise noted.

Our Consolidated Financial Statements include all of our wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

The Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report have been prepared in conformity with GAAP. We make estimates and assumptions that affect assets, liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in short-term, highly liquid investments. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Our trade accounts receivable and lease receivables are recorded net of an allowance for uncollectible accounts and revenue adjustments. The allowance is based on historical experience and an aging analysis, as well as any known trends or uncertainties related to customer billing and account collectability. The adequacy of our allowance is reviewed at least quarterly. Receivables are reserved when it is probable that amounts related to the receivable will not be collected. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer's inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific reserve is recorded against amounts due to reduce the net receivable to the amount reasonably expected to be collected. Bad debt expense is included in other general expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Inventory

Our inventories consist of tractors and trailing equipment owned by our equipment leasing company to be sold or leased to independent contractors, as well as parts, tires, supplies, and fuel. These inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market using specific identification or average cost.

Investments in Marketable Equity Securities

Our marketable securities have maturities ranging from 4 months to 84 months, but our intent is to hold them for less than one year. They are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value in current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Any unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income on our consolidated balance sheets, unless we determine that an unrealized loss is other-than-temporary. If we determine that an unrealized loss is other-than-temporary, we recognize the loss in earnings. Cost basis is determined using the specific identification method.

Fair Value

Fair value focuses on the estimated price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability, which is referred to as the exit price. Inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value fall into three broad levels (Levels 1, 2, and 3) as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, for the asset or liability or prices for similar assets and liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs reflecting the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. All marketable securities were valued based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active (Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). We measure our marketable securities on a recurring, monthly basis.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives and residual values. Generally, the estimated useful lives are as follows:



	2017
Tractors	2 - 10 years
Trailing equipment	2 - 20 years
Other transportation equipment	4 - 5 years
Buildings and improvements	5 - 25 years
Other property	3 - 10 years

Salvage values, when applicable, generally don't exceed 25% of original cost for tractors and trailing equipment and reflect any agreements with tractor suppliers for residual or trade-in values for certain new equipment. We capitalize tires placed in service on new revenue equipment as a part of the equipment cost. Replacement tires and costs for recapping tires are expensed at the time the tires are placed in service. Gains and losses on the sale or other disposition of equipment are based on the difference between the proceeds received and the net book value of the assets disposed. Gains and losses are recognized at the time of the sale or disposition and are classified in operating supplies and expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Assets Held for Sale

Assets held for sale consist of revenue equipment and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Asset Impairment

Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are subject to an annual impairment test. Interim impairment tests are performed when impairment indicators are present. Intangible assets with definite lives are reviewed for impairment on a quarterly basis. Other long-lived assets require an impairment review when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We base our evaluation of other long-lived assets on the presence of impairment indicators such as the future economic benefit of the assets, any historical or future profitability measurements, and other external market conditions or factors.

We perform annual goodwill impairment tests for each of our reporting units containing goodwill during the fourth quarter of each year. Beginning in 2017, we changed our annual goodwill impairment testing date from December 31 to October 31 to better align the testing date with our financial planning process and alleviate resource constraints. We would not expect a materially different outcome in any given year as a result of testing on October 31 as compared to December 31. Both the previous and the current testing dates are in the fourth quarter of the year, and our 2017 test using the new date took place less than twelve months after the previous annual test. Therefore, this change was not a material change in the application of an accounting principle.

The carrying amount of a reporting unit's goodwill is considered not recoverable and an impairment loss is recorded if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, as determined based on a combination of an income approach and a market approach. See Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for more information on our goodwill and other intangible assets.

The carrying amount of tangible long-lived assets held and used is considered not recoverable if the carrying amount exceeds the undiscounted sum of cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying amount is not recoverable, the impairment loss is measured as the excess of the asset's carrying amount over its fair value.

Assets held for sale are evaluated for impairment when they are placed in held for sale status and in subsequent reporting periods. The carrying amount of assets held for sale is not recoverable if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value less estimated costs to sell the asset. An impairment loss is recorded for the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over the fair value less estimated costs to sell.

Revenue Recognition

Through December 31, 2017, we recorded transportation revenue at the time of delivery. Beginning in 2018, with the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, we will recognize revenue during the delivery period based on relative transit time in each reporting period, with expenses recognized as incurred. Accordingly, a portion of the total revenue that will be billed to the customer once a load is delivered will be recognized in each reporting period based on the percentage of the freight pickup and delivery service that has been completed at the end of the reporting period. See section (q) within this Note titled "Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted" for more information.

When we use third-party carriers, we generally record revenues on the gross basis at amounts charged to our customers because we are the primary obligor, we are a principal in the transaction, we invoice our customers and retain all credit risks, and we maintain discretion over pricing. Additionally, we are responsible for selection of third-party transportation providers to the extent used to satisfy customer freight requirements.

We record revenues net of pass-through taxes in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, we had one customer who accounted for slightly more than 10% of our consolidated revenues. The revenues from this customer totaled $460 million and crossed all of our reportable segments.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. We record valuation allowances for deferred tax assets to the extent we believe these assets are not more likely than not to be realized through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, or tax-planning strategies. We record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits when the benefits of tax positions taken on a tax return are not more likely than not to be sustained upon audit. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are classified as interest expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Earnings Per Share

We compute basic earnings per share by dividing net earnings available to common stockholders by the actual weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if holders of unvested restricted and performance share units or options exercised or converted their holdings into common stock. Awards that would have an antidilutive impact are excluded from the calculation.

As disclosed in Note 2, IPO, our IPO of shares of Class B Common Stock was effective in April 2017. In connection with the offering, we subsequently sold additional shares of common stock.

Share-based Compensation

We have share-based compensation plans covering certain employees, including officers and directors. We account for share-based compensation using the fair value recognition provisions of current accounting standards for share-based payments. We grant restricted share units, restricted shares, performance share units, performance shares, and nonqualified stock options. We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods within each award.

Claim Accruals

Claims Accruals

We are self-insured for loss of and damage to our owned and leased revenue equipment. We purchase insurance coverage for a portion of expenses related to employee injuries, vehicular collisions, accidents, and cargo damage. Certain insurance arrangements include a level of self-insurance (deductible) coverage applicable to each claim. We have excess policies to limit our exposure to catastrophic claim costs. The amounts of self-insurance change from time to time based on measurement dates, policy expiration dates, and claim type.

Our claims accrual policy for all self-insured claims is to recognize a liability at the time of the incident based on our analysis of the nature and severity of the claims and analyses provided by third-party claims administrators, as well as legal, economic, and regulatory factors. The ultimate cost of a claim develops over time as additional information regarding the nature, timing, and extent of damages claimed becomes available. Accordingly, we use an actuarial method to develop current claim information to derive an estimate of our ultimate claim liability. This process involves the use of loss-development factors based on our historical claims experience and includes a contractual premium adjustment factor, if applicable. In doing so, the recorded liability considers future claims growth and provides an allowance for incurred-but-not-reported claims. We do not discount our estimated losses.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which is codified as ASC 606. This guidance outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. As amended, the new revenue recognition standard is effective for us beginning with the reporting period ending March 31, 2018. We chose to use the modified retrospective approach for adoption, which requires us to record the cumulative effect of the transition through retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Retained earnings will increase by approximately $8 million upon adoption. The primary change related to the new standard is that we will be required to recognize revenue from our transportation contracts over time as control transfers to the customer, which is determined based on the progress toward completion. Prior to the adoption of this standard, we recognized revenue at delivery. The impact of this change is expected to be immaterial to our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in future periods. The "contract" as defined by the new standard is the individual order level for the majority of our transportation agreements. These orders are very short-term in nature. For our warehousing contracts and our supply chain management contracts, we are electing to use the right-to-invoice practical expedient, as this provides the best reflection of the value customers receive from our services.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments–Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This update was issued to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments regarding certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure. These provisions are effective for us beginning with the reporting period ending March 31, 2018, but we do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize in the consolidated balance sheets assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with current accounting principles, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, unlike current accounting principles, which require only capital leases to be recognized in the consolidated balance sheets, the new ASU will require both types of leases to be recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The modified retrospective approach includes a number of optional practical expedients that companies may elect to apply. These practical expedients relate to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the effective date, and the ability to use hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or to purchase the underlying asset. The transition guidance also provides specific guidance for sale and leaseback transactions, build-to-suit leases, leveraged leases, and amounts previously recognized in accordance with the business combinations guidance for leases. The new standard is effective for us beginning with the reporting period ending March 31, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We expect an increase in our assets and liabilities from the recognition of operating leases on the consolidated balance sheets and are in the process of evaluating other potential impacts that the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires companies to use a forward-looking, expected loss model to estimate credit losses on various types of financial assets and net investments in leases. It also requires additional disclosure related to credit quality of trade and other receivables, including information related to management’s estimate of credit allowances. This guidance is effective for us beginning with the reporting period ending March 31, 2020. We currently cannot reasonably estimate the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. Entities must apply the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented but may apply it prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The provisions of this update are effective for us beginning with the reporting period ending March 31, 2018. Several of the changes to the presentation of items identified in the guidance could impact our classification on our cash flow statements, but the impact will be dependent on circumstances after adoption.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-4, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment testing process. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount. Under the new standard, a goodwill impairment loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of a reporting unit over its fair value. The provisions of this update would have been effective for our goodwill impairment test in 2020, but we early-adopted this standard in the fourth quarter of 2017 for our annual goodwill impairment test. The change had no impact on the outcome of the impairment test.