40-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 40-F

☐ Registration statement pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

or

☒ Annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended: October 31, 2023

Commission File Number: 001-40805

VersaBank

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Canada	6029	Not Applicable
(Province or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

140 Fullarton Street, Suite 2002

London, Ontario N6A 5P2

Canada

(519) 645-1919

(Address and telephone number of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.

122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor

New York, NY 10168

(800) 221-0102

(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code)

of agent for service in the United States)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class:	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered:
Common Shares, no par value	VBNK	The Nasdaq Global Select Market
Common Shares, no par value	VBNK	Toronto Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this form:

☒ Annual Information Form ☒ Audited Annual Financial Statements

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the registrant’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 25,964,424 common shares

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 ☐

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PRINCIPAL DOCUMENTS

The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 40-F:

A.         Annual Information Form

For the Registrant’s Annual Information Form for the year ended October 31, 2023, see Exhibit 99.1 of this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

B.         Audited Annual Financial Statements

For the Registrant’s Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended October 31, 2023, including the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms with respect thereto, see Exhibit 99.2 of this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

C.          Management’s Discussion and Analysis

For the Registrant’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the year ended October 31, 2023 (“MD&A”), see Exhibit 99.3 of this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

A.         Certifications

The required disclosure is included in Exhibits 99.6 and 99.7 of this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

B.         Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that all material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, on a timely basis so that appropriate decisions can be made regarding public disclosure.

As at October 31, 2023, an evaluation was carried out by management related to the effectiveness of the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer identified a material weakness in the design of the Bank’s internal controls that prevented the identification of a single discrete misclassification in the statement of cash flows in each of the three interim unaudited financial statements within the year ended October 31, 2023, which has been corrected herein. More specifically, the Bank’s internal control structure did not include a control mechanism that effectively examined the securities portfolio in light of the requirements of IAS 7, Statement of Cash Flows. This matter had no impact on our annual audited financial statements as of October 31, 2023 and 2022.

C.         Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Bank.

At October 31, 2023, an evaluation was carried out by management related to the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and financial statement compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of October 31, 2023 as discussed above. These evaluations were conducted in accordance with the standards of the 2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and the requirements of National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings of the Canadian Securities Administrators.

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A Disclosure Committee, consisting of members of senior management, assists the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer in their responsibilities related to evaluating the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control systems and processes. Management’s evaluation of controls can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that all internal control issues that may result in material misstatement, if any, have been detected.

Other than the items described above there were no changes in the Bank’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended October 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal controls over financial reporting.

D.         Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report on Form 40-F does not include an attestation report on the internal control over financial reporting of the Registrant’s independent registered public accounting firm due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for “emerging growth companies”.

E.         Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the year ended October 31, 2023, there were no changes to the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

The Registrant’s Board of Directors has determined that Paul G. Oliver, Peter M. Irwin and Richard H. L. Jankura are serving on its audit committee and are “independent” (as defined by Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules) and that Paul G. Oliver, Peter M. Irwin and Richard H. L. Jankura are “audit committee financial experts” (as that term is defined in paragraph 8(b) of General Instruction B to Form 40-F). For a description of Paul G. Oliver’s, Peter M. Irwin’s and Richard H. L. Jankura’s relevant experience in financial matters, see the biographical descriptions for Paul G. Oliver, Peter M. Irwin and Richard H. L. Jankura’s under “Audit Committee” in the Registrant’s Annual Information Form for the year ended October 31, 2023, which is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

The SEC has indicated that the designation of each of Paul G. Oliver, Peter M. Irwin and Richard H. L. Jankura as audit committee financial experts does not make them an “expert” for any purpose, impose any duties, obligations or liability on them that are greater than those imposed on members of the audit committee and board of directors who do not carry this designation or affect the duties, obligations or liability of any other member of the audit committee.

CODE OF ETHICS

The Registrant has adopted a code of ethics (the “Code of Conduct,” as the term is defined in paragraph 9(b) of General Instruction B to Form 40-F), which is applicable to all of its directors, managers, officers and employees (including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing functions). The full text of the Code of Conduct is available on the Registrant’s website at https://www.versabank.com/codes-and-commitments.

In the past fiscal year, the Registrant has not granted any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from any provision of its Code of Conduct.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The required disclosure is included under the heading “Auditor Fees” and “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in the Registrant’s Annual Information Form for the year ended October 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 40-F, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Effective December 20, 2022, we changed our auditor from KPMG LLP, Toronto, ON, Canada, Auditor Firm ID:85 to Ernst and Young, LLP , London, ON, Canada, Auditor Firm ID:1263

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OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

The disclosure provided under the heading “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements” on page 28 of our MD&A, set forth in Exhibit 99.3, is incorporated by reference herein.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The disclosure provided under the heading “Contractual Obligations” on page 29 of our MD&A, set forth in Exhibit 99.3, is incorporated by reference herein.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE

The Registrant has a separately designated standing audit committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act. The Registrant’s Audit Committee members consist of Paul G. Oliver, Peter M. Irwin and Richard H.L. Jankura. See “Directors and Officers” and “Audit Committee” in the Registrant’s Annual Information Form for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, which is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

DIFFERENCES IN NASDAQ AND CANADIAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REQUIREMENTS

The Registrant is a foreign private issuer and its common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”).

Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) permits a foreign private issuer to follow its home country practice in lieu of the requirements of the Rule 5600 Series, the requirement to distribute annual and interim reports set forth in Rule 5250(d), and the Direct Registration Program requirement set forth in Rules 5210(c) and 5255; provided, however, that such a company shall comply with the Notification of Material Noncompliance requirement (Rule 5625), the Voting Rights requirement (Rule 5640), have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3), and ensure that such audit committee’s members meet the independence requirement in Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii).

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(b)(1), which requires companies to have a majority of the board of directors comprised of Independent Directors as defined in Rule 5605(a)(2). In lieu of following Rule 5605(b)(1), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires companies that its Independent Directors must have regularly scheduled meetings at which only Independent Directors are present (“executive meetings”). In lieu of following Rule 5605(b)(2), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(d)(1), which requires companies to adopt a formal written compensation committee charter and have a compensation committee review and reassess the adequacy of the charter on an annual basis. In lieu of following Rule 5605(d)(1), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(d)(2), which requires companies to have a compensation committee comprised of at least two members, with each member being Independent Director as defined under Rule 5605(a)(2). In lieu of following Rule 5605(d)(2), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(e)(1), which requires independent director involvement in the selection of director nominees, by having a Nominations Committee comprised solely of independent directors. In lieu of following Rule 5605(e)(1), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5605(e)(2), which requires companies to adopt a formal written charter or board resolution, as applicable, addressing the director nomination process and such related matters as may be required under the federal securities laws. In lieu of following Rule 5605(e)(2), the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Registrant does not follow Rule 5610, which requires companies to adopt a code of conduct applicable to all directors, officers and employees, which shall be publicly available and comply with the definition of a “code of ethics” set out in Section 406(c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and any regulations promulgated thereunder by the SEC. In lieu of following Rule 5610, the Registrant follows the rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

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The Registrant does not follow Rule 5620(c) (shareholder quorum) but instead follows its home country practice, as described below:

● Shareholder Meeting Quorum Requirements: The Nasdaq minimum quorum requirement under Rule 5620(c) for a shareholder meeting is 33-1/3% of the outstanding shares of common stock. In addition, a registrant listed on Nasdaq is required to state its quorum requirement in its by-laws. The Registrant’s quorum requirement is set forth in its by-laws. A quorum for a meeting of shareholders of the Registrant is two shareholders or proxyholders that hold or represent, as applicable, not less than 25 percent of the issued and outstanding shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.

The foregoing is consistent with the laws, customs and practices in Canada.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 40-F are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Please see “Caution Regarding Forward Looking Information” in the Annual Information Form of the Registrant for the year ended October 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 40-F for a discussion of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual results to vary from those forward-looking statements.

UNDERTAKING

The Registrant undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the Commission staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the Commission staff, information relating to: the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises; or transactions in said securities.

DISCLOSURE PURSUANT TO SECTION 13(r) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

In accordance with section 13(r) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are required to disclose certain Iran-related activities. We maintain a robust economic sanctions compliance program which monitors compliance with economic sanctions requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate and we believe we have been in compliance with relevant economic sanctions legislation throughout fiscal 2023.

CONSENT TO SERVICE OF PROCESS

The Registrant has previously filed a Form F-X in connection with the class of securities in relation to which the obligation to file this report arises. Any change to the name or address of the Registrant’s agent for service shall be communicated promptly to the SEC by amendment to Form F-X referencing the file number of the Registrant.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

VERSABANK
By:	/s/ David R. Taylor
Name:	David R. Taylor
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: December 13, 2023

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Exhibit
97.1	Compensation Recoupment Policy.
99.1	Annual Information Form for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023.
99.2	Consolidated Financial Statement Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022.
99.3	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operations and Financial Condition for the Year Ended October 31, 2023.
99.4	Consent of Ernst and Young LLP.
99.5	Consent of KPMG LLP.
99.6	Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 dated December 13, 2023.
99.7	Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 dated December 13, 2023.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL, and included in exhibit 101).

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EX-97.1

Exhibit 97.1

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY

BOARD APPROVED:         December 12, 2023

POLICY OBJECTIVE

This VersaBank Compensation Recoupment Policy (the “Policy”) has been adopted by VersaBank (the “Company”) effective December 1, 2023. This Policy provides for the recoupment of certain executive compensation in the event of an accounting restatement resulting from material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements under U.S. federal securities laws in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth herein. This Policy is intended to comply with the requirements of Section 10D of the Exchange Act as defined below and Section 5608 of the Nasdaq Listing Rules (the “Listing Rule”).

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Policy, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below.

“Committee” means the Conduct Review, Governance & HR Committee of the Board of Directors (“the Board”) or any successor committee thereof. If there is no Conduct Review, Governance & HR Committee of the Board, references herein to the “Committee” shall refer to the Company’s committee of independent directors that is responsible for executive compensation decisions, or in the absence of such a compensation committee, the independent members of the Board.

“Covered Compensation” means any Incentive-based Compensation “received” by a Covered Executive during the applicable Recoupment Period; provided that:

i. such Incentive-based Compensation was received by such Covered Executive (A) on or after the Effective Date, (B) after he or she commenced service as an Executive Officer and (C) while the Company had a class of securities publicly listed on a United States national securities exchange; and

ii. such Covered Executive served as an Executive Officer at any time during the performance period applicable to such Incentive-based Compensation.

For purposes of this Policy, Incentive-based          Compensation is “received” by a Covered Executive during the fiscal period in which the Financial Reporting Measure applicable to such Incentive-based Compensation (or portion thereof) is attained, even if the payment or grant of such Incentive-based Compensation is made thereafter.

“Covered Executive” means any current or former Executive Officer.

“Effective Date” means October 2, 2023.

“Exchange Act” means the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 1

“Executive Officer” means, with respect to the Company, (i) its president, (ii) its principal financial officer, (iii) its principal accounting officer (or if there is no such accounting officer, its controller), (iv) any vice-president in charge of a principal business unit, division or function such as sales, administration or finance, (v) any other officer who performs a policy-making function for the Company (including any officer of the Company’s parent(s) or subsidiaries if they perform policy-making functions for the Company) and (vi) any other person who performs similar policy-making functions for the Company. Policy-making function is not intended to include policy-making functions that are not significant. The determination as to an individual’s status as an Executive Officer shall be made by the Committee and such determination shall be final, conclusive and binding on such individual and all other interested persons.

“Financial Reporting Measure” means any (i) measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, (ii) stock price measure or (iii) total shareholder return measure and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from any measure referenced in clause (i), (ii) or (iii) above. For the avoidance of doubt, any such measure does not need to be presented within the Company’s financial statements or included in a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to constitute a Financial Reporting Measure.

“Financial Restatement” means a restatement of the Company’s financial statements due to the Company’s material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under U.S. federal securities laws that is required in order to correct:

i. an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements; or

ii. an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were (A) corrected in the current period or (B) left uncorrected in the current period.

For purposes of this Policy, a Financial Restatement shall not be deemed to occur in the event of a revision of the Company’s financial statements due to an out-of-period adjustment (i.e., when the error is immaterial to the previously issued financial statements and the correction of the error is also immaterial to the current period) or a retrospective (1) application of a change in accounting principles; (2) revision to reportable segment information due to a change in the structure of the Company’s internal organization; (3) reclassification due to a discontinued operation; (4) application of a change in reporting entity, such as from a reorganization of entities under common control; or (5) revision for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends or other changes in capital structure; or (6) adjustment to provisional amounts in connection with a prior business combination.

“Incentive-based Compensation” means any compensation including, for the avoidance of doubt, any cash or equity or equity-based compensation, whether deferred or current that is granted, earned and/or vested based wholly or in part upon the achievement of a Financial Reporting Measure. For purposes of this Policy, “Incentive-based Compensation” shall also be deemed to include any amounts which were determined based on or were otherwise calculated by reference to Incentive-based Compensation including, without limitation, any amounts under any long-term disability, life insurance or supplemental retirement or severance plan or agreement or any notional account that is based on Incentive-based Compensation, as well as any earnings accrued thereon.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 2

“Nasdaq” means the NASDAQ Global Select Market, or any successor thereof.

“Recoupment Period” means the three (3) fiscal years completed immediately preceding the date of any applicable Recoupment Trigger Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Recoupment Period additionally includes any transition period that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year within or immediately following those three (3) completed fiscal years, provided that a transition period between the last day of the Company’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year that comprises a period of nine (9) to twelve (12) months would be deemed a completed fiscal year.

“Recoupment Trigger Date” means the earlier of (i) the date that the Board or a committee thereof or the officer(s) of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement, and (ii) the date on which a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare a Financial Restatement.

POLICY DETAILS, MEASURES AND LIMITS

Recoupment of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

In the event of a Financial Restatement, if the amount of any Covered Compensation received by a Covered Executive (the “Awarded Compensation”) exceeds the amount of such Covered Compensation that would have otherwise been received by such Covered Executive if calculated based on the Financial Restatement (the “Adjusted Compensation”), the Company shall reasonably promptly recover from such Covered Executive an amount equal to the excess of the Awarded Compensation over the Adjusted Compensation, each calculated on a pre-tax basis (such excess amount, the “Erroneously Awarded Compensation”).

If (i) the Financial Reporting Measure applicable to the relevant Covered Compensation is stock price or total shareholder return or any measure derived wholly or in part from either of such measures and (ii) the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the Financial Restatement, then the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation shall be determined on a pre-tax basis based on the Company’s reasonable estimate of the effect of the Financial Restatement on the Company’s stock price or total shareholder return or the derivative measure thereof upon which such Covered Compensation was received.

For the avoidance of doubt, the Company’s obligation to recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not dependent on (i) if or when the restated financial statements are filed or (ii) any fault of any Covered Executive for the accounting errors or other actions leading to a Financial Restatement.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 3

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Sections ‎2(a) through ‎(c) hereof, the Company shall not be required to recover any Erroneously Awarded Compensation if both (x) the conditions set forth in either of the following clauses (i), (ii), or (iii) are satisfied and (y) the Board’s committee of independent directors responsible for executive compensation decisions or, in the absence of such a committee, a majority of the independent directors serving on the Board has determined that recovery of the Erroneously Awarded Compensation would be impracticable:

i. the direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing the recovery of the Erroneously Awarded Compensation under this Policy would exceed the amount of such Erroneously Awarded Compensation to be recovered; provided that, before concluding that it would be impracticable to recover any amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Section ‎2(d), the Company shall have first made a reasonable attempt to recover such Erroneously Awarded Compensation, document such reasonable attempt(s) to make such recovery and provide that documentation to the Nasdaq;

ii. recovery of the Erroneously Awarded Compensation would violate Canadian law to the extent such law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022 provided that, before concluding that it would be impracticable to recover any amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Section 2(d), the Company shall have first obtained an opinion of home country counsel of Canada, that is acceptable to the Nasdaq, that recovery would result in such a violation, and the Company must provide such opinion to the Nasdaq; or

iii. recovery of the Erroneously Awarded Compensation would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of Sections 401(a)(13) or 411(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).

The Company shall not indemnify any Covered Executive, directly or indirectly, for any losses that such Covered Executive may incur in connection with the recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Policy, including through the payment of insurance premiums or gross-up payments.

The Committee shall determine, in its sole discretion, the manner and timing in which any Erroneously Awarded Compensation shall be recovered from a Covered Executive in accordance with applicable law, including, without limitation, by (i) requiring reimbursement of Covered Compensation previously paid in cash; (ii) seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, sale, transfer or other disposition of any equity or equity-based awards; (iii) offsetting the Erroneously Awarded Compensation amount from any compensation otherwise owed by the Company or any of its affiliates to the Covered Executive; (iv) cancelling outstanding vested or unvested equity or equity-based awards; and/or (v) taking any other remedial and recovery action permitted by applicable law. For the avoidance of doubt, except as set forth in Section 2(d), in no event may the Company accept an amount that is less than the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation; provided that, to the extent necessary to avoid any adverse tax consequences to the Covered Executive pursuant to Section 409A of the Code, any offsets against amounts under any nonqualified deferred compensation plans as defined under Section 409A of the Code shall be made in compliance with Section 409A of the Code.

Administration

This Policy shall be administered by the Committee. All decisions of the Committee shall be final, conclusive and binding upon the Company and the Covered Executives, their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators and any other legal representative. The Committee shall have full power and authority to (i) administer and interpret this Policy; (ii) correct any defect, supply any omission and reconcile any inconsistency in this Policy; and (iii) make any other determination and take any other action that the Committee deems necessary or desirable for the administration of this Policy and to comply with applicable law, including Section 10D of the Exchange Act, and applicable stock market or exchange rules and regulations. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, to the extent permitted by Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Listing Rule, the Board may, in its sole discretion, at any time and from time to time, administer this Policy in the same manner as the Committee.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 4

Amendment/Termination

Subject to Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Listing Rule, this Policy may be amended or terminated by the Committee at any time. To the extent that any applicable law, or stock market or exchange rules or regulations require recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation in circumstances in addition to those specified herein, nothing in this Policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the fullest extent required by such applicable law, stock market or exchange rules and regulations. Unless otherwise required by applicable law, this Policy shall no longer be effective from and after the date that the Company no longer has a class of securities publicly listed on a United States national securities exchange.

Interpretation

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, this Policy is intended to comply with the requirements of Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Listing Rule and any applicable regulations, administrative interpretations or stock market or exchange rules and regulations adopted in connection therewith. The provisions of this Policy shall be interpreted in a manner that satisfies such requirements and this Policy shall be operated accordingly. If any provision of this Policy would otherwise frustrate or conflict with this intent, the provision shall be interpreted and deemed amended so as to avoid such conflict.

Other Compensation Clawback/Recoupment Rights

Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies, rights or requirements with respect to the clawback or recoupment of any compensation that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any other recoupment or clawback policy of the Company or any of its affiliates that may be in effect from time to time, any provisions in any employment agreement, offer letter, equity plan, equity award agreement or similar plan or agreement, and any other legal remedies available to the Company, as well as applicable law, stock market or exchange rules, listing standards or regulations; provided, however, that any amounts recouped or clawed back under any other policy that would be recoupable under this Policy shall count toward any required clawback or recoupment under this Policy and vice versa.

Exempt Compensation

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the Company has no obligation under this Policy to seek recoupment of amounts paid to a Covered Executive which are granted, vested or earned based solely upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of nonfinancial events. Such exempt compensation includes, without limitation, base salary, time-vesting awards, compensation awarded on the basis of the achievement of metrics that are not Financial Reporting Measures or compensation awarded solely at the discretion of the Committee or the Board, provided that such amounts are in no way contingent on, and were not in any way granted on the basis of, the achievement of any Financial Reporting Measure performance goal.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 5

Miscellaneous

Any applicable award agreement or other document setting forth the terms and conditions of any compensation covered by this Policy shall be deemed to include the restrictions imposed herein and incorporate this Policy by reference and, in the event of any inconsistency, the terms of this Policy will govern. For the avoidance of doubt, this Policy applies to all compensation that is received on or after the Effective Date, regardless of the date on which the award agreement or other document setting forth the terms and conditions of the Covered Executive’s compensation became effective, including, without limitation, compensation received under the Company’s incentive compensation plans and any successor plans thereto.

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Covered Executives and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives.

All issues concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Policy and all related documents, including, without limitation, any employment agreement, offer letter, equity award agreement or similar agreement, shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Canada, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law rules or provisions (whether of Canada or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdiction other than Canada.

If any provision of this Policy is determined to be unenforceable or invalid under any applicable law, such provision will be applied to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law and shall automatically be deemed amended in a manner consistent with its objectives to the extent necessary to conform to any limitations required under applicable law.

REPORTING

On an annual basis, the Chief Human Resources Officer (“CHRO”) will submit a report to the Conduct Review, Governance & Human Resources Committee, confirming that this policy has been observed and detailing any instances in which this policy was applied.

ACCOUNTABILITY, DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND OWNERSHIP

The CHRO is responsible for monitoring compliance and ensuring that the reporting requirements are completed as required under this policy.

The Conduct Review, Governance & Human Resources Committee has oversight of this policy.

POLICY EXCEPTIONS

In the event of non-compliance with this policy, the CHRO will report the non-compliance to the President & CEO and provide an action plan to remedy the non-compliance.

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 6

REVIEW CYCLE

At a minimum, all policies must be reviewed on a periodic basis as scheduled in the Policy Template and Approval Policy. Any changes to the policy will be recommended by the CHRO to the Conduct Review, Governance & Human Resources Committee. The Conduct Review, Governance & Human Resources Committee will subsequently submit their recommendations to the Board for official policy amendment and approval.

HISTORIC BOARD APPROVALS OF POLICY

COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY                                                                          PAGE 7

EX-99.1

Exhibit 99.1

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023

DECEMBER 13, 2023

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

All information is as of October 31, 2023, and all dollar amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise stated.
Unless otherwise stated, year references refer to the fiscal year ending in the referenced year.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	4
NON-GAAP AND OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES	5
Other Financial Measures	5
CORPORATE STRUCTURE	5
Incorporation	5
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS	6
Three Year History	6
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS	8
General Summary	8
Digital Banking	8
Lending	8
Funding	9
Capital	9
Credit Quality	10
DRT Cyber Inc.	10
Specialized Skills and Knowledge / Competitive Conditions	10
New Services	11
Supervision and Regulation	11
Employees and Principal Properties	12
Risk Factors	12
DIVIDENDS	12
Common Shares	12
Preferred Shares	12
Series 1 Preferred Shares	12
Series 3 Preferred Shares	13
Dividend Summary	13
CAPITAL STRUCTURE	13
Common Shares	13
Preferred Shares	14
Series 1 Preferred Shares	15
Series 2 Preferred Shares	16
Series 3 Preferred Shares	16
Series 4 Preferred Shares	16
Constraints	17
MARKET FOR SECURITIES	17
Trading Price and Volume	17
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS	19
Directors	19
Executive Officers	20
INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS	21

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TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR	21
EXPERTS	21
AUDIT COMMITTEE	21
Audit Committee Mandate	21
Composition of the Audit Committee	21
Relevant Education and Experience	21
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures	22
Auditor Fees	22
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	23
APPENDIX A: AUDIT COMMITTEE MANDATE	24

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CAUTION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Information Form, and the documents incorporated by reference in this Annual Information Form, contain forward-looking information within the meaning of the applicable securities legislation that are based on expectations, estimates and projections as at the date of this Annual Information Form or the dates of the documents incorporated by reference in this Annual Information Form, as applicable. This forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, statements and information concerning: future growth and potential achievements of VersaBank; statements relating to the business, future activities of, and developments related to VersaBank after the date of this Annual Information Form; the payment of dividends on common shares and preferred shares; and other events or conditions that may occur in the future.

Any statements that involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, are accompanied by phrases such as “expects”, “is expected”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “budget”, “scheduled”, “forecasts”, “estimates”, “believes”, “aims”, “endeavours”, “projects”, “continue”, “predicts”, “potential”, “intends”, or the negative of these terms or variations of such words and phrases or stating that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might”, “will”, or “should” be taken to occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking information and are intended to identify forward-looking information.

This forward-looking information is based on the beliefs of VersaBank’s management, as well as on assumptions, which such management believes to be reasonable based on information currently available at the time such statements were made. However, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking information will prove to be accurate. Such assumptions and factors include, among other things, the strength of the economies in Canada and the United States in general and the strength of local economies within Canada and the United States in which VersaBank conducts operations; foreign exchange currency rates, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (the “Pandemic”); the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policy, including changes in interest rate policies of the Bank of Canada and other central banks; changing global commodity prices; the effects of competition in the markets in which VersaBank operates; capital market fluctuations; the timely development and introduction of new products in receptive markets; the impact of inflationary trends; changes in laws and regulations pertaining to financial services; changes in tax laws; technological changes; unexpected judicial or regulatory proceedings; unexpected change in consumer spending and saving habits; the impact of wars and conflicts; and VersaBank’s anticipation of and success in managing the risks resulting from the foregoing. The foregoing list of important factors is not exhaustive. When relying on forward-looking statements to make decisions, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events.

By its nature, forward-looking information is based on assumptions and involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of VersaBank to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking information. Forward-looking information is subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results to differ from those expressed or implied by forward-looking information, including, without limitation: general business, economic, competitive, political, regulatory and social uncertainties; risks related to factors beyond the control of VersaBank; risks related to the business of VersaBank; risks related to political developments and policy shifts; risks related to amendments to laws; risks related to the Pandemic; or risks related to the market value of VersaBank securities. Additional risks and uncertainties regarding VersaBank are described in its Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the year ended October 31, 2023 (the “2023 MD&A”), which is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca and EDGAR at www.sec.gov/edgar.

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Some of the important risks and uncertainties that could affect forward-looking information are described further in this Annual Information Form, the 2023 MD&A, and in other documents incorporated by reference in this Annual Information Form. Although VersaBank has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results that are not anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that forward-looking information will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such information. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. This forward-looking information is made as of the date of this Annual Information Form, and other than as required by applicable securities laws, VersaBank assumes no obligation to update or revise such forward-looking information to reflect new events or circumstances.

NON-GAAP AND OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES

Non-GAAP and other financial measures are not standardized financial measures under financial reporting framework used to prepare the financial statements of VersaBank to which these measures relate. These measures may not be comparable to similar financial measures disclosed by other issuers. VersaBank uses these financial measures to assess its performance and as such believes these financial measures are useful in providing readers with a better understanding of how management assesses VersaBank’s performance.

For additional disclosure regarding these financial measures and financial ratios and, where applicable, a reconciliation to the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with IFRS please refer to the “Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures” section in the 2023 MD&A which information is incorporated by reference herein. The 2023 MD&A, is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.

OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES

Net Interest Margin are calculated as net interest income divided by average total assets. Net interest margin does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

CORPORATE STRUCTURE

INCORPORATION

VersaBank (or the “Bank”) is a Schedule I bank governed by the Bank Act (Canada) (the “Bank Act”). VersaBank was originally incorporated as a trust company, Pacific & Western Trust Corporation (“PW Trust”), under The Business Corporations Act (Saskatchewan) in 1979. In 2002, PW Trust was granted a Schedule I bank license and continued under the Bank Act as Pacific & Western Bank of Canada (“PW Bank”). PW Bank completed an initial public offering in 2013 and changed its name to “VersaBank” in 2016. With the approval of the Minister of Finance (Canada) (the “Minister”), VersaBank merged with its parent holding company, PWC Capital Inc., pursuant to letters patent of amalgamation under the Bank Act, in 2017 (the “Amalgamation”). VersaBank is a reporting issuer with securities regulators in Canada and the United States of America (the “U.S.”). VersaBank’s common shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the Nasdaq under the symbol VBNK, and its series 1 preferred shares trade on the TSX under the symbol VBNK.PR.A.

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VersaBank’s head and registered office is Suite 2002–140 Fullarton Street, London, Ontario N6A 5P2.

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS

THREE YEAR HISTORY

The following summary highlights select financial metrics and developments for the Bank’s three most recent fiscal year periods:

In 2021, the Bank generated annual interest income of $89.5 million, net interest income (“NII”) of $60.2 million, and net interest margin (“NIM”) of 2.76% on an average lending asset balance of $1.88 billion. As part of the Bank’s continuing expansion of its cybersecurity services, it acquired, through DRT Cyber Inc. (“DRTC”), 2021945 Ontario Inc., operating as Digital Boundary Group (“DBG”), an information technology security assurance service firm. The accretive contribution from this acquisition was reflected in the Bank’s non-interest income of $5.2 million, which in conjunction with the increase in the Bank’s lending activities resulted in the Bank generating record net income of $22.4 million. During the year and following the year end, VersaBank declared quarterly common share dividends of $0.025 per share. Total assets at the end of fiscal 2021 were $2.42 billion.

In 2021, the Bank completed a number of share and other regulatory capital transactions. On October 7, 2021, the Bank returned to treasury and cancelled 7,477 common shares with a value of $39,000 or $5.24 per common share. The cancelled shares represent predecessor share classes that had not been deposited and exchanged for VersaBank common shares in connection with the Amalgamation.

On September 21, 2021, the Bank completed a treasury offering of 5,500,000 common shares at a price of USD $10.00 per share, or CAD $12.80 per share for gross proceeds of USD $55.0 million. On September 29, 2021, the underwriters of the aforementioned offering exercised their full over-allotment option to purchase an additional 825,000 shares (15% of the 5,500,000 common shares issued via the base offering referenced above) at a price of USD $10.00 per share, or CAD $12.68 per share for gross proceeds of USD $8.3 million (collectively, the “Common Share Offering”). Total net cash proceeds from the Common Share Offering were CAD $73.2 million. However, the Bank’s share capital increased by CAD $75.1 million as a function of the Common Share Offering and tax effected issue costs in the amount of CAD $5.4 million. The Bank’s issue costs are subject to current and future tax deductions and as such the Bank has recognized a deferred tax asset corresponding to same.

On April 30, 2021, the Bank redeemed all of its 1,681,320 outstanding, Non-Cumulative Series 3 preferred shares, non-viability contingent capital (“NVCC”) using cash on hand. The amount paid on redemption for each share was $10.00, and in aggregate $16.8 million. The initial capitalized transaction costs in the amount of $1.1 million were applied against retained earnings.

Also, on April 30, 2021, the Bank completed a private placement of NVCC-compliant fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes (“Notes”) in the principal amount of USD $75.0 million, equivalent to CAD $92.1 million as at April 30, 2021.

¹ This is a non-GAAP measure.  See definition in “Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures”.

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On April 7, 2021, the Bank announced that it had received an investment-grade credit rating of “A” for the Bank overall and “A-” for the issue of the Notes up to U.S. $100 million from Egan-Jones Ratings Company, a U.S. Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”) and U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) recognized Credit Rating Provider.

In 2022, the Bank generated annual interest income of $126.8 million, NII of $76.7 million, and NIM of 2.70% on an average lending asset balance of $2.55 billion. The increase in the Bank’s lending activities resulted in the Bank generating net income of $22.7 million. During the year and following the year end, VersaBank declared quarterly common share dividends of $0.025 per share. Total assets at the end of fiscal 2022 were $3.27 billion.

On February 7, 2022, the Bank granted options to employees under its Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”). As of October 31, 2023, there were 874,393 options outstanding under the LTIP.

On March 31, 2022, VersaBank entered into an agreement with its first Point-of-Sale Finance partner in the U.S. VersaBank’s Point-of-Sale Financing business operates via its Receivable Purchase Program, which purchases loan and lease receivables from finance companies across a wide variety of sectors, including commercial equipment, consumer healthcare, vehicles, and home improvement. The U.S. Point-of-Sale business represents a significant additional opportunity to grow the Bank’s loan portfolio over the long-term. VersaBank established its U.S. subsidiary, VersaFinance US Corp. to facilitate operations of the U.S. Receivable Purchase Program.

On June 14, 2022, the Bank announced its intention to acquire Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) registered, Stearns Bank Holdingford N.A., through its subsidiary, VersaHoldings US Corp. for an estimated purchase price of USD $13.5 million, subject to adjustment. The acquisition is expected to add approximately USD $60 million in total assets to VersaBank and will provide access to U.S. deposits to fuel the growth of its Receivable Purchase Program business. On December 7, 2022, the Bank submitted its application to the Federal Reserve Board and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to acquire Stearns Bank Holdingford N.A. The Bank continues to advance the process seeking approval of the proposed acquisition of OCC-chartered U.S. bank, Stearns Bank Holdingford N.A., and expects a decision from U.S. regulators during the first calendar quarter of 2024. If favourable, the Bank will proceed toward completion of the acquisition as soon as possible, subject to Canadian regulatory (OSFI) approval.

On August 5, 2022, the Bank received approval from the TSX to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) for its common shares on both the TSX and Nasdaq exchanges. Pursuant to the NCIB, VersaBank may purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float. VersaBank’s directors and management believe that the market price of VersaBank’s common shares does not reflect the value of the business and the future prospects of same, and further, reflects a material discount to book value and as such the purchase of common shares for cancellation at such time is a prudent corporate measure and represents an attractive investment for the Bank.

In 2023, the Bank generated annual interest income of $229.3 million, NII of $100.1 million, and NIM of 2.68% on an average lending asset balance of $3.42 billion. The increase in the Bank’s lending activities resulted in the Bank generating net income of $42.2 million. During the year and following the year end, VersaBank declared quarterly common share dividends of $0.025 per share. Total assets at the end of fiscal 2023 were $4.20 billion.

On August 16, 2023, the NCIB expired. At the time of expiry, the Bank had repurchased 1,516,658 shares under the NCIB.

² A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the credit rating agency.

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On September 15, 2023, 40,000 options, which were granted to the Bank’s President & Chief Executive Officer on October 31, 2013, under a legacy plan, were exercised for $7.00 per share.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

GENERAL SUMMARY

VersaBank is a Canadian Schedule I (federally regulated) chartered bank with a difference. VersaBank became the world’s first fully digital financial institution when it adopted its highly efficient business-to-business model in 1993 using its proprietary state-of-the-art financial technology to profitably address underserved segments of the Canadian banking market in the pursuit of superior net interest margins while mitigating risk. VersaBank obtains its deposits and provides the majority of its loans and leases electronically, with innovative deposit and lending solutions for financial intermediaries that allow them to excel in their core businesses. In addition, leveraging its internally developed IT security software and capabilities, VersaBank established wholly-owned, subsidiary, DRTC, to pursue significant large-market opportunities in cybersecurity and develop innovative solutions to address the rapidly growing volume of cyber threats challenging financial institutions, multi-national corporations, and government entities on a daily basis.

The Bank has two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. The two operating segments are strategic business operations providing distinct products and services to different markets and are separately managed due to the distinct nature of each business. The following summarizes the operations of each of the reportable segments:

Digital Banking: The Bank employs a branchless business-to-business (partner-based) model using its proprietary financial technology to address underserved segments in the Canadian and U.S. banking markets. VersaBank obtains its deposits and provides the majority of its loans and leases electronically via innovative deposit and lending solutions for financial intermediaries.

DRTC (cybersecurity services and banking and financial technology development): Leveraging its internally developed IT security software and capabilities, VersaBank established a wholly owned subsidiary, DRTC, to pursue significant large-market opportunities in cybersecurity and to develop innovative solutions to address the rapidly growing volume of cyber threats challenging financial institutions, multi-national corporations, and government entities.

Digital Banking

Lending

Point-of-Sale Financing (previously referred to as eCommerce)

VersaBank provides financing to its network of origination partners, who offer point-of-sale loans and leases to consumers and commercial clients in various markets throughout Canada and the U.S. through its Receivable Purchase Program. This business continues to indicate strong potential for growth and enhanced profitability, and further, has been structured such that the risk profile remains within the Bank’s risk appetite as a function primarily of the cash reserves retained from the Bank’s origination partners. Accordingly, VersaBank continues to allocate considerable resources to the development of innovative enhancements to maintain its competitive advantage and increase the rate of growth of this portfolio. Point-of-Sale Financing assets, at October 31, 2023, were $2.9 billion.

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Commercial Lending

Commercial loans are originated through a well-established network of mortgage brokers and syndication partners and through direct contact with VersaBank’s clients. These loans are well-secured by real estate assets primarily located in Ontario and, to a lesser extent, other Canadian provinces. VersaBank is continuing to approach this business with caution and is winding down the non-core portion of this portfolio. Commercial loans, at October 31, 2023, were $953 million.

Funding

VersaBank has established three core low-cost diversified funding (deposit) channels that provide it with a significant cost of funds advantage: personal deposits, commercial deposits, and cash reserves retained from VersaBank’s Point-of-Sale Financing origination partners that are classified as other liabilities. Personal deposits, consisting predominately of guaranteed investment certificates, are sourced primarily through a well-established and diversified deposit broker network that the Bank continues to grow and expand across Canada. Commercial deposits are sourced primarily through a customized banking solution made available to insolvency professionals in Canada. VersaBank developed innovative software that integrates banking services through a proprietary application programming interface (“API”) with market-leading software platforms used to administer insolvency and restructuring proceedings.

Capital

As at October 31, 2023, VersaBank’s common equity tier 1 ratio was 11.33% versus 12.00% as at October 31, 2022, which reflects the Bank’s significant growth in assets in fiscal 2023 as described previously. VersaBank, like most small-scale Canadian banks, uses the Standardized Approach to calculate its risk-weighted assets. VersaBank’s lending operations focus on transactions with lower-than-average risk (as demonstrated by its long history of low provision for credit losses). VersaBank believes that the Standardized Approach does not accurately reflect the intrinsic risk in its lending portfolio and, consequently, VersaBank’s leverage ratio is one of the most conservative in the industry, being more than twice the average leverage ratio of the major Canadian Schedule I banks, which use the Advanced Internal Ratings Based Approach to calculate their risk-weighted assets.

On August 5, 2022, the Bank received approval from the TSX to proceed with an NCIB for its common shares on both the TSX and Nasdaq exchanges. Pursuant to the NCIB, VersaBank was able to purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float at the time of approval. VersaBank’s directors and management believed that the market price of VersaBank’s common shares did not reflect the value of the business and the future prospects of same, and further, reflected a material discount to book value and as such the purchase of common shares for cancellation at such time was a prudent corporate measure and represents an attractive investment for the Bank. The Bank was eligible to make purchases commencing on August 17, 2022 and the NCIB was terminated on August 16, 2023. The purchases were made by VersaBank through the facilities of the TSX and alternate trading systems and in accordance with the rules of the TSX or such alternate trading systems, as applicable, the prices that VersaBank paid for the Common Shares was at the market price of such shares at the time of acquisition. VersaBank made no purchases of Common Shares other than open market purchases. All shares purchased under the NCIB were cancelled. For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank purchased and cancelled 1,321,358 (2022 - 195,300) Common Shares for $13.3 million (2022 - $1.9 million), reducing the Bank’s Common Share value by $11.4 million (2022 - $1.7 million) and retained earnings by $1.9 million (2022 - $238,000).

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Credit Quality

VersaBank’s business strategy involves taking lower credit risk but achieving higher NIM by providing innovative, technology-based solutions and superior service in niche markets that are not well-served by the larger financial institutions. VersaBank consistently leads the Canadian lending industry with very low credit losses.

DRT Cyber Inc.

The Bank, through its wholly owned subsidiary, DRTC, offers leading in-depth cybersecurity protocols, banking and financial technology development, software and supporting systems for the purpose of mitigating exposure to the myriad of cybersecurity risks that businesses, governments, and other organizations face in the normal course of their operations. Early in its planning phase, the Bank recognized an opportunity to leverage its excess capacity and scale its operations to address large-market opportunities in the cybersecurity space, and further develop innovative solutions to address the rapidly growing volume of cyber threats challenging, not only financial institutions, but also multi-national corporations and government entities on a daily basis. DRTC is headquartered in Washington D.C. and services clients globally. DRTC’s VersaVault® product is the world’s first digital bank vault built for clients holding digital assets, providing impenetrable world class security, privacy of secured keys and client-centric access flexibility. On November 30, 2020, DRTC acquired DBG. With offices in London, Ontario, and Dallas, Texas, DBG provides corporate and government clients with a suite of IT security assurance services, that range from external network, web and mobile app penetration testing through to physical social engineering engagements along with supervisory control and data acquisition (“SCADA”) system assessments, as well as various aspects of training. As a division of DRTC, DBG has and will continue to strengthen our Business Development Partner Network and propel the growth and expansion of DRTC’s existing business.

SPECIALIZED SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE / COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

The Canadian financial services industry is highly developed and competitive. While many of Canada’s financial institutions carry on full-service banking businesses, VersaBank is highly specialized and has a relatively narrow but focused product offering. Further, the Bank believes that its products are ideally suited to the niche markets that it has chosen to operate in and, accordingly, its products are in high demand.

VersaBank competes with a variety of Canadian financial institutions, both large and small, in the various markets in which it participates. VersaBank utilizes custom and in-house designed software that provides a significant advantage in speed of delivery, versatility, and efficiency. VersaBank’s highly skilled team of software experts and lending professionals consistently provide innovative financing and deposit solutions via a digital platform with the capability to quickly and efficiently respond to changes in the marketplace. VersaBank also has in place a well-developed credit adjudication function that has resulted in it consistently achieving industry leading credit performance.

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NEW SERVICES

VersaBank did not start offering any new services in 2023.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

VersaBank’s activities are governed by the Bank Act. In accordance with the Bank Act, banks may engage in and carry on the business of banking and such business generally as it pertains to the business of banking. The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (Canada) (“OSFI” or the “Superintendent”) is responsible for the administration of the Bank Act. The Superintendent issues guidelines regarding disclosure of a bank's financial information. The Superintendent is required to make an annual examination of each bank and to monitor each bank’s financial condition.

The Bank is also subject to regulation under the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada Act (the “FCAC Act”). The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (the “Agency”), among other things, enforces consumer-related provisions of the federal statutes that govern financial institutions. The Commissioner of the Agency must report to the Minister on all matters connected with the administration of the FCAC Act and consumer provisions of other federal statutes. The Bank is also subject to provincial and territorial laws of general application.

The Bank is a member institution of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (“CDIC”). Subject to limits, CDIC insures certain deposits held at its member institutions.

Banks, in Canada, have broad powers to invest in the securities of other corporations and entities, but the Bank Act imposes limits upon substantial investments. Under the Bank Act, a bank has a substantial investment in a body corporate when (i) the voting shares beneficially owned by the bank and by entities controlled by the bank carry voting rights in excess of 10% of all of the voting rights in the body corporate or (ii) the total of the shares of the body corporate that are beneficially owned by the bank and entities controlled by the bank represent more than 25% of the total shareholders’ equity of the body corporate. A Canadian chartered bank is permitted to have a substantial investment in entities whose activities are consistent with those of certain prescribed permitted substantial investments. In general, a bank will be permitted to acquire and hold a substantial investment in an entity that carries on a financial service activity which the bank could have carried on itself, whether that entity is regulated or not. Further, a bank may invest in entities that carry on commercial activities that are related to the promotion, sale, delivery or distribution of a financial product or service, or that relate to certain information services. A bank may also invest in entities that invest in real property, act as mutual funds or mutual fund distributors or that service financial institutions, and a bank may have downstream holding companies to hold these investments. In certain cases, the approval of the Superintendent is required prior to making the investment. Banks may, by way of temporary investment, acquire control of, or acquire or increase a substantial investment in, an entity for a two-year period. This time period may be extended upon application to the Superintendent. In prescribed circumstances, Banks may also invest in reliance upon the Specialized Financing Entity rules set out in the Bank Act and in the Specialized Financing (Banks) Regulations. Other than for authorized types of insurance, banks may offer insurance products only through duly authorized subsidiaries and not through their branch systems. Banks are prohibited from engaging in direct automobile leasing.

The Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (the “Act”) is applicable to the Bank’s business in Canada. The Act implements specific measures designed to detect and deter money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities. Further, the Act sets out obligations related to deterring and detecting money laundering and terrorist financing from a global perspective, in order to minimize the possibility that the Bank could become a party to these activities. The Bank has enterprise-wide anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing policies and procedures which assist in reducing the risk of facilitating money laundering and terrorist financing activities.

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EMPLOYEES AND PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES

At October 31, 2023, VersaBank had 119 full-time equivalent employees. VersaBank is a digital, branchless bank with a business-to-business model. Its head office is in London, Ontario, and it has two digital technology facilities, one located at the London International Airport and the other located on the University of Saskatchewan’s campus in Innovation Place.

RISK FACTORS

The risks faced by VersaBank are described under the headings “Enterprise Risk Management” and “Factors that May Affect Future Results” in VersaBank’s 2023 MD&A, which is incorporated herein by reference. Additional risks are described in VersaBank’s Management Proxy Circular dated April 19, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference. Both documents are available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.

DIVIDENDS

COMMON SHARES

Holders of Common Shares of VersaBank (“Common Shares”) are entitled to receive, as and when declared by the Board, dividends. VersaBank’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared the initial quarterly cash dividend on Common Shares at its meeting on November 28, 2017.

During fiscal 2021, 2022 and 2023, VersaBank maintained its quarterly dividend at $0.025 per share. Prior to this the Bank increased its quarterly dividend paid on Common Shares in each year since the Bank declared and paid its first quarterly dividends in fiscal 2018. VersaBank expects to continue paying quarterly cash dividends at a rate of $0.025 per share on the last day of January, April, July, and October in each year; however, the declaration of a dividend, and the amount thereof, is at the discretion of the Board. Although it is management’s intention that dividends be paid on Common Shares, holders of Common Shares should not assume that dividends will be paid in the future.

PREFERRED SHARES

Series 1 Preferred Shares

For the five-year period commencing on November 1, 2019, holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares of VersaBank (“Series 1 Preferred Shares”) are entitled to receive, as and when declared by the Board, fixed non-cumulative preferential cash dividends at the rate of $0.6772 per share per annum, or $0.1693 per share per quarter. Such dividends are paid quarterly on the last day of January, April, July, and October in each year.

The Series 1 Preferred Shares were listed and posted for trading on the TSX on October 30, 2014. The initial dividend payment on the Series 1 Preferred Shares was made by VersaBank on January 31, 2015, in the amount of $0.176 per share. Thereafter, until the five-year rate reset on October 31, 2019, VersaBank paid quarterly cash dividends to holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares at a rate of $0.175 per share.

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Additional information regarding the Series 1 Preferred Shares is described within the Short Form Prospectus dated October 22, 2014 (the “Series 1 Prospectus”), which is incorporated herein by reference. The Series 1 Prospectus is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.

Series 3 Preferred Shares

The Series 3 Preferred Shares were redeemed on April 30, 2021.

Holders of Series 3 Preferred Shares of VersaBank (“Series 3 Preferred Shares”) were entitled to receive, as and when declared by the Board, fixed non-cumulative preferential cash dividends at the rate of $0.70 per share per annum, or $0.175 per share per quarter. Such dividends were paid quarterly on the last day of January, April, July, and October in each year.

The Series 3 Preferred Shares were listed and posted for trading on the TSX on February 19, 2015. The initial dividend payment on the Series 3 Preferred Shares was made by VersaBank on July 31, 2015, in the amount of $0.2992 per Series 3 Preferred Share. Thereafter, VersaBank has paid quarterly cash dividends to holders of Series 3 Preferred Shares at a rate of $0.175 per share.

Additional information regarding the Series 3 Preferred Shares is described within the Short Form Prospectus dated February 19, 2015 (the “Series 3 Prospectus”), which is incorporated herein by reference. The Series 3 Prospectus is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.

DIVIDEND SUMMARY

The following dividends were declared for each of the three most recently completed financial years:

Share Class	F2023	F2022	F2021
Common Shares	$2,610,374	$2,739,656	$2,270,296
Series 1 Preferred Shares	$989,701	$989,701	$989,701
Series 3 Preferred Shares	$0	$0	$588,462

CAPITAL STRUCTURE

VersaBank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares and an unlimited number of non-voting preferred shares of VersaBank, issuable in series ("Preferred Shares"). Below is a summary of VersaBank’s share capital. This summary is qualified in its entirety by VersaBank’s by-laws and the actual terms and conditions of such shares.

COMMON SHARES

VersaBank commenced trading on the TSX on August 27, 2013, under the ticker symbol PWB. On May 17, 2016, the Bank’s common shares began trading on the TSX under the ticker symbol VB. VersaBank completed an initial public offering in the U.S. and commenced trading on the Nasdaq on September 24, 2021, under the symbol VBNK. There were 25,964,424 Common Shares outstanding as at October 31, 2023. On January 25, 2022, the Bank’s common shares began trading on the TSX under the ticker symbol VBNK, replacing the previous ticker symbol VB. On August 17, 2022, VersaBank commenced an NCIB to purchase up to 1.7 million common shares for cancellation for an aggregate amount not to exceed $17.8 million during the period of August 17, 2022, through August 16, 2023. The NCIB expired on August 16, 2023.

³ Amounts rounded to nearest dollar.

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Holders of Common Shares are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders, except for meetings at which only holders of another specified class or series of shares of VersaBank are entitled to vote separately as a class or series.

Holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the Board, subject to the preference of the Preferred Shares.

In the event of the dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of VersaBank, subject to the prior rights of the holders of Preferred Shares, and after payment of all outstanding debts, the holders of Common Shares will be entitled to receive the remaining property and assets of VersaBank.

PREFERRED SHARES

Preferred Shares may be issued, at any time or from time to time, in one or more series with such rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions as the Board may determine, subject to the Bank Act, VersaBank’s by-laws and any required regulatory approval.

Except with respect to amendments to the rights, privileges, restrictions, or conditions of the Preferred Shares, as required by law or as specified in the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attached from time to time to any series of Preferred Shares, the holders of the Preferred Shares as a class shall not be entitled as such to receive notice of, to attend or to vote at any meeting of the shareholders of VersaBank.

Each series of Preferred Shares ranks on a parity basis with every other series of Preferred Shares with respect to dividends and return of capital. The Preferred Shares are entitled to a preference over the Common Shares, and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares, with respect to priority in payment of dividends and in the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of VersaBank.

Preferred Shares of any series may also be given such other preferences not inconsistent with the rights, privileges, restrictions, and conditions attached to the Preferred Shares as a class over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares as may be determined by the Board in the case of such series of Preferred Shares.

VersaBank’s Board has authorized the issuance of an unlimited number of Series 1 Preferred Shares, an unlimited number of non-cumulative floating rate Series 2 Preferred Shares (“Series 2 Preferred Shares”), an unlimited number of Series 3 Preferred Shares, and an unlimited number of non-cumulative floating rate Series 4 Preferred Shares (“Series 4 Preferred Shares”).

The following is a summary of the rights, privileges, restrictions, and conditions of, or attaching to, each of the four series of Preferred Shares.

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Series 1 Preferred Shares

There were 1,461,460 Series 1 Preferred Shares outstanding as at October 31, 2023.

During the initial five-year period ending October 31, 2019, holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares were entitled to receive preferential, non-cumulative, cash dividends, as and when declared by the Board, payable quarterly on the last day of January, April, July, and October in each year, at 7.00% per annum. Thereafter, the dividend rate resets every five years at a level of 543 basis points over the then 5-year Government of Canada bond yield. On November 1, 2019, in accordance with the Series 1 Prospectus, the dividend rate reset to 6.772% per annum.

The Series 1 Preferred Shares were not redeemable prior to October 31, 2019. On October 31, 2019, VersaBank did not, in accordance with its option, redeem any of the outstanding Series 1 Preferred Shares for cash. VersaBank may, at its option, redeem for cash all, or any part, of the then outstanding Series 1 Preferred Shares on October 31 every five years after October 31, 2019, at a price equal to $10.00 per share together with all declared and unpaid dividends to the date fixed for redemption. All such redemptions are subject to the provisions of applicable securities law, the rules of the TSX and the Bank Act, and to the prior consent of the Superintendent.

Holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares will have/had the right to elect to convert, subject to certain conditions, any or all of their Series 1 Preferred Shares into an equal number of Series 2 Preferred Shares on October 31, 2019, and on October 31 every five years thereafter (each such date being a “Series 1 Conversion Date”). Holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares are not entitled to convert their shares into Series 2 Preferred Shares if VersaBank determines that there would remain outstanding, on a Series 1 Conversion Date, less than 200,000 Series 2 Preferred Shares. In addition, if VersaBank determines that there would remain outstanding, on a Series 1 Conversion Date, less than 200,000 Series 1 Preferred Shares, then all, but not part, of the remaining outstanding Series 1 Preferred Shares will automatically be converted into an equal number of Series 2 Preferred Shares on the applicable Series 1 Conversion Date. As of October 31, 2020, none of the Series 1 Preferred Shares had been converted to Series 2 Preferred Shares.

Upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event, as set out in the OSFI Guideline for Capital Adequacy Requirements (“CAR”), Chapter 2 – Definition of Capital (the “CAR Guideline”), effective November 1, 2018, as such term may be amended or superseded by OSFI from time to time, each Series 1 Preferred Share will be automatically converted, without the consent of the holders, into newly issued, fully-paid Common Shares, the number of which is determined by the conversion formula outlined in the Series 1 Preferred Shares terms and conditions (a “Series 1 Contingent Conversion”).

Subject to the provisions of applicable securities law, the rules of the TSX and the Bank Act, as applicable, and to the prior consent of the Superintendent, VersaBank may purchase for cancellation at any time all, or from time to time any part, of the Series 1 Preferred Shares then outstanding by private contract or in the open market or by tender at the lowest price or prices at which in the opinion of the Board such shares are obtainable.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of VersaBank, provided that a Series 1 Contingent Conversion has not occurred, the holders of the Series 1 Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive $10.00 per Series 1 Preferred Share held by them, plus any dividends declared and unpaid to the date of distribution, before any amounts are paid or assets are distributed to holders of Common Shares, or any other shares ranking junior to the Series 1 Preferred Shares. After payment of those amounts, the holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares will not be entitled to share in any further distribution of the property or assets of VersaBank. If a Series 1 Contingent Conversion has occurred, all Series 1 Preferred Shares will have been converted into Common Shares which will rank on parity with all other Common Shares.

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Holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or to attend or to vote at any meeting of shareholders of VersaBank unless and until the first time at which the Board has not declared the dividend in full on the Series 1 Preferred Shares in any quarter. In that event, the holders of the Series 1 Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive notice of and to attend only a meeting of shareholders at which directors are to be elected and will have one vote for each Series 1 Preferred Share held. Such voting rights will cease on payment in full by VersaBank of the first dividend on the Series 1 Preferred Shares to which the holders are entitled subsequent to the time the voting rights first arose until such time as VersaBank may again fail to declare the dividend in full on the Series 1 Preferred Shares in any quarter, in which event the voting rights will become effective again and so on from time to time. In connection with any action taken by VersaBank which requires the approval of the holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares voting as a series or as part of the class, each such share will entitle the holder thereof to one vote.

Series 2 Preferred Shares

The Series 2 Preferred Shares are part of VersaBank’s authorized share capital, but no shares in this series have been issued as at October 31, 2023. If issued, holders of Series 2 Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive quarterly floating dividends, as and when declared by the Board, equal to the 90-day Government of Canada Treasury Bill rate plus 543 basis points. Additional information regarding the Series 2 Preferred Shares, including voting rights, provisions for exchange, conversion, exercise, redemption and retraction, dividend rights, and rights upon dissolution or winding-up is described within the Series 1 Prospectus.

Series 3 Preferred Shares

The Series 3 Preferred Shares were redeemed on April 30, 2021. There were nil Series 3 Preferred Shares outstanding as at October 31, 2023.

During the initial six-year period ending April 30, 2021, holders of Series 3 Preferred Shares were entitled to receive preferential, non-cumulative, cash dividends, as and when declared by the Board, payable quarterly on the last day of January, April, July, and October in each year, at 7.00% per annum. Thereafter, the dividend rate will reset every five years at a level of 569 basis points over the then 5-year Government of Canada bond yield.

The Series 3 Preferred Shares were redeemed by VersaBank, at its option, for cash on April 30, 2021, at a price equal to $10.00 per share together with all declared and unpaid dividends to the date fixed for redemption. The redemption was subject to the provisions of applicable securities law, the rules of the TSX and the Bank Act, and to the prior consent of the Superintendent.

Series 4 Preferred Shares

The Series 4 Preferred Shares are part of VersaBank’s authorized share capital, but no shares in this series have been issued as at October 31, 2023. If issued, holders of Series 4 Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive quarterly floating dividends, as and when declared by the Board, equal to the 90-day Government of Canada Treasury Bill rate plus 569 basis points. Additional information regarding the Series 4 Preferred Shares, including voting rights, provisions for exchange, conversion, exercise, redemption and retraction, dividend rights, and rights upon dissolution or winding-up is described within the Series 3 Prospectus.

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CONSTRAINTS

The Bank Act contains restrictions on the issue, transfer, acquisition, and beneficial ownership of all shares of a chartered bank. For example, if a bank has equity of $12 billion or more, no person shall be a major shareholder of the bank, which includes a shareholder which owns, directly or indirectly, more than 20% of its outstanding voting shares of any class or more than 30% of its outstanding non-voting shares of any class. VersaBank does not meet this equity threshold and thus this restriction does not currently apply to VersaBank.

Further, no person shall have a significant interest in any class of shares of a bank unless the person first receives the approval of the Minister. Ownership, directly or indirectly, of more than 10% of any class of shares of a bank constitutes a significant interest. As of October 31, 2023, 340268 Ontario Limited owned approximately 32.78% of the Common Shares of the Bank. Approval from the Minister for 340268 Ontario Limited to have a significant interest in the common shares of VersaBank was obtained in conjunction with the closing of the Amalgamation.

VersaBank monitors the above constraints on shareholdings through various means including completion of Declaration of Ownership Forms for shareholder certificate transfer requests. If any person contravenes the above constraints on shareholdings, neither such person, nor any entity controlled by the particular person, may exercise any voting rights until the shares to which the constraint relates are disposed of. Additionally, the terms and conditions of the Series 1 Preferred Shares, the Series 2 Preferred Shares, the Series 3 Preferred Shares, and the Series 4 Preferred Shares include specific mechanics by which VersaBank is permitted to facilitate a sale of shares on behalf of such persons that are prohibited from taking delivery of shares issued upon a conversion.

The Bank Act prohibits the registration of a transfer or issue of any shares of VersaBank to, and the exercise, in person or by proxy, of any voting rights attached to any share of VersaBank that is beneficially owned by, His Majesty in right of Canada or of a province or any agent or agency of His Majesty in either of those rights, or to the government of a foreign country or any political subdivision, agent or agency of any of them.

Under the Bank Act, VersaBank is prohibited from redeeming or purchasing any of its shares or its subordinated debt, unless the consent of the Superintendent has been obtained. In addition, the Bank Act prohibits VersaBank from purchasing or redeeming any shares or paying any dividends if there are reasonable grounds for believing that VersaBank is, or the payment would cause VersaBank to be, in contravention of the Bank Act requirement to maintain, in relation to VersaBank's operations, adequate capital and appropriate forms of liquidity and to comply with any regulations or directions of the Superintendent in relation thereto.

MARKET FOR SECURITIES

TRADING PRICE AND VOLUME

The following VersaBank securities are listed and posted for trading on the TSX with the respective trading symbols indicated:

Common Shares	-	VBNK
Series 1 Preferred Shares	-	VBNK.PR.A

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The following chart provides a summary of trading on the TSX in CAD:

COMMON SHARES				SERIES 1 PREFERRED SHARES
Month	High	Low	Trading Volume	High	Low	Trading Volume
Oct 2023	$10.74	$9.96	51,638	$9.65	$9.35	21,802
Sep 2023	$11.55	$10.31	76,568	$9.45	$9.30	9,961
Aug 2023	$11.61	$10.59	83,504	$9.60	$9.41	4,731
Jul 2023	$11.66	$9.80	126,406	$9.6	$9.41	18,564
Jun 2023	$10.56	$9.35	74,263	$9.70	$9.40	24,320
May 2023	$9.95	$8.60	150,002	$9.76	$9.53	11,092
Apr 2023	$10.38	$9.72	74,764	$9.75	$9.65	13,830
Mar 2023	$10.50	$9.52	163,095	$9.90	$9.35	33,495
Feb 2023	$10.62	$9.90	53,316	$9.82	$9.75	6,360
Jan 2023	$10.60	$9.84	76,434	$10.10	$9.70	14,617
Dec 2022	$10.43	$8.90	85,453	$9.85	$9.42	7,950
Nov 2022	$9.98	$8.91	189,322	$9.78	$9.25	10,000

VersaBank’s common shares are listed and posted for trading on the Nasdaq under the trading symbol VBNK.

The following chart provides a summary of trading on the Nasdaq in USD:

COMMON SHARES
Month	High	Low	Trading Volume
Oct 2023	$7.93	$7.24	169,540
Sep 2023	$8.64	$7.69	88,974
Aug 2023	$9.02	$7.98	149,493
Jul 2023	$8.96	$7.30	200,386
Jun 2023	$8.01	$6.95	638,291
May 2023	$7.37	$7.02	175,161
Apr 2023	$7.74	$7.32	189,834
Mar 2023	$7.64	$7.00	709,977
Feb 2023	$7.90	$7.41	1,626,219
Jan 2023	$7.98	$7.45	198,989
Dec 2022	$7.68	$6.62	1,133,912
Nov 2022	$7.38	$6.59	308,303

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DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

DIRECTORS

The names, municipalities of residence, positions held with VersaBank, and principal occupations of its directors, as of December 13, 2023, are as follows:

Name	Office Held and Time as Director	Principal Occupation
The Honourable Thomas A. Hockin, P.C. Rancho Mirage, California, USA	Chair Director since August 21, 2014	Retired, former Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund
David R. Taylor Ilderton, Ontario	President and Chief Executive Officer Director since January 18, 1993	President and Chief Executive Officer of VersaBank
Gabrielle Bochynek(3) Stratford, Ontario	Director since April 24, 2019	Principal, Human Resources & Labour Relations, The Osborne Group
Robbert-Jan Brabander (2)(4) Richmond Hill, Ontario	Director since November 4, 2009	Managing Director of Bells & Whistles Communications, Inc. and former Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer of General Motors of Canada Limited
David A. Bratton (3) London, Ontario	Director since September 23, 1993	Retired, former President of Bratton Consulting Inc.
Peter M. Irwin (1)(2) Toronto, Ontario	Director since January 1, 2021	Retired, former Managing Director at CIBC World Markets Inc.
Richard H. L. Jankura(1)(2) London, Ontario	Director since May 6, 2022	Retired, former Chief Financial Officer of Jones Healthcare Group
Arthur R. Linton (4) Kitchener, Ontario	Director since April 22, 2020	Independent Corporate Director and Lawyer
Susan T. McGovern (3)(4) Aurora, Ontario	Vice-Chair Director since May 6, 2011	Executive Advisor in the Ontario Ministry of Finance
Paul G. Oliver (1) Markham, Ontario	Director since June 2, 2005	Retired, former senior partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

(1)	Member of the Audit Committee
(2)	Member of the Risk Oversight Committee
(3)	Member of the Conduct Review, Governance & HR Committee
(4)	Member of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Directors are elected annually and hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders.

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EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The names, municipalities of residence, positions held with VersaBank, and principal occupations of its executive officers, as of December 13, 2023, are as follows:

Name	Office Held	Principal Occupation
David R. Taylor Ilderton, Ontario	President and Chief Executive Officer	President and Chief Executive Officer of VersaBank
Tammie Ashton London, Ontario	Chief Risk Officer	Chief Risk Officer of VersaBank
John Asma London, Ontario	Chief Financial Officer	Chief Financial Officer of VersaBank
Shawn Clarke Ilderton, Ontario	Chief Operating Officer	Chief Operating Officer of VersaBank
Garry Clement Osgoode, Ontario	Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer	Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer of VersaBank
Michael R. Dixon London, Ontario	SVP, Point-of-Sale Financing	SVP, Point-of-Sale Financing of VersaBank
Brent T. Hodge London, Ontario	SVP, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary, and Chief Compliance Officer	SVP, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary, and Chief Compliance Officer of VersaBank
Joanne Johnston Saskatoon, Saskatchewan	Chief Internal Auditor	Chief Internal Auditor of VersaBank
Nick Kristo London, Ontario	Chief Credit Officer	Chief Credit Officer of VersaBank
Wooi Koay London, Ontario	Chief Information Officer	Chief Information Officer of VersaBank
Tel Matrundola Thornhill, Ontario	Executive Vice President	Executive Vice President of VersaBank
Rick Smyth Port Stanley, Ontario	SVP, Commercial Lending	SVP, Commercial Lending of VersaBank
Jonathan Taylor Salt Spring Island, British Columbia	Chief Human Resources Officer	Chief Human Resources Officer of VersaBank

At December 13, 2023, there were 25,964,424 issued and outstanding Common Shares. The directors and executive officers of VersaBank as a group beneficially own, directly or indirectly, or have control or direction over 1,682,310 Common Shares, representing approximately 6.48% of the total number of Common Shares outstanding.

At December 13, 2023, there were 1,461,460 issued and outstanding Series 1 Preferred Shares of VersaBank. The directors and executive officers of VersaBank as a group beneficially own, directly or indirectly, or have control or direction over 7,435 Series 1 Preferred Shares of VersaBank, representing approximately 0.51% of the total number of Series 1 Preferred Shares outstanding.

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INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS

To the knowledge of VersaBank, there are no material interests, direct or indirect, of any director or executive officer of VersaBank, any shareholder that beneficially owns, or controls or directs (directly or indirectly), more than 10% of any class or series of VersaBank’s outstanding voting securities, or any associate or affiliate of any of the foregoing persons, in any transaction within the last three financial years ended October 31, 2023.

TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

VersaBank’s current registrar and transfer agent is Odyssey Trust Company (“Odyssey”), 1230 – 300 5^th Avenue SW, Calgary, AB T2P 3C4. Odyssey replaced Computershare Investor Services Inc., the Bank’s previous transfer agent, effective July 31, 2023.

EXPERTS

Ernst & Young LLP are the current auditors of VersaBank. Ernst & Young LLP replaced KPMG LLP, the Bank’s previous auditors on December 14, 2022. Ernst & Young LLP have confirmed with respect to VersaBank that they are independent within the meaning of the relevant rules and related interpretations prescribed by the relevant professional bodies in Canada and any applicable legislation or regulations and also that they are independent accountants with respect to VersaBank under all relevant U.S. professional and regulatory standards.

AUDIT COMMITTEE

AUDIT COMMITTEE MANDATE

The Mandate of the Audit Committee is attached to this Annual Information Form as Appendix A.

COMPOSITION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE

The members of the Audit Committee are:

(1) Paul G. Oliver (Chair)

(2) Peter M. Irwin

(3) Richard H. L. Jankura

Each member of the Audit Committee is both independent and financially literate, as such terms are defined in Canadian securities legislation.

RELEVANT EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE

Mr. Oliver is a retired senior partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in the Financial Services Industry Practice. His practice focused on assurance, financial reporting, and business advisory services, covering a broad range of organizations, with a focus in the regulated financial services industry. Mr. Oliver was admitted to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1968. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario in 2003, after having been admitted to membership in 1971. Mr. Oliver is also a Certified Director of the Institute of Corporate Directors.

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Mr. Irwin is a retired Canadian financial services executive with over 30 years of industry experience in a variety of roles, including investment banking, capital markets, corporate development, merchant banking, and private equity. A Managing Director at CIBC World Markets Inc. prior to his retirement in January 2017, he has worked with a wide range of corporate and government issuers and investors in the Canadian and international financial markets in many different areas. Mr. Irwin earned an Honours B.A. in Business Administration from the Ivey School of Business, Western University, in 1980.

Mr. Jankura is a retired senior finance and accounting executive who has over 30 years of knowledge and expertise within a diverse range of industries. He is a Chartered Professional Accountant and prior to his retirement served as the Chief Financial Officer of Jones Healthcare Group and Discovery Air Inc., where he was responsible for building the finance, treasury, and reporting infrastructure for the organization. Mr. Jankura has also held several senior roles in the banking and venture capital industries, which included responsibility for risk management oversight. He has served as a member of a number of for-profit and not-for-profit boards, including that of a federally regulated trust company. Mr. Jankura earned an Honours Bachelor of Business Administration from Wilfred Laurier University.

PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

The Board has approved an Audit Services Policy which provides that the Audit Committee shall pre-approve non-audit services and audit and non-audit related fees to be provided by the external auditor on a case-by-case basis.

AUDITOR FEES

Audit Fees

Audit fees paid to Ernst & Young LLP during the year ended October 31, 2023, for VersaBank were $750,000. Audit fees paid to KPMG LLP during the year ended October 31, 2022, were $934,000. Audit fees were for professional services rendered by Ernst & Young LLP and KPMG LLP for the audit of VersaBank’s annual financial statements and services provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

Audit-Related Fees

Audit-related fees paid to Ernst & Young LLP during the year ended October 31, 2023, for VersaBank were $15,000. Audit-related fees paid to KPMG LLP during the year ended October 31, 2022, for VersaBank were $20,000. Audit-related fees were for assurance and services reasonably related to the performance of the audit of the consolidated financial statements.

Tax-Related Fees

Fees paid to Ernst & Young LLP for tax related services during the year ended October 31, 2023, for VersaBank were $154,000. Fees paid to KPMG LLP for tax related services during the year ended October 31, 2022, for VersaBank were $170,660. Tax fees were for tax compliance, tax advice and tax-planning professional services.

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Ernst & Young LLP and KPMG LLP fees are exclusive of any information technology infrastructure costs and administrative support charges and applicable taxes. No other fees were paid to Ernst & Young LLP during the years ended October 31, 2023 or KPMG LLP during the years ended October 31, 2023.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional information regarding VersaBank may be found on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca, EDGAR at www.sec.gov/edgar, or at www.versabank.com.

Information, including directors’ and officers’ remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of VersaBank’s securities, and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans will be contained in the Management Proxy Circular for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders being held on or about April 17, 2024. Additional financial information is provided in VersaBank’s consolidated financial statements and MD&A for the year ended October 31, 2023.

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APPENDIX A: AUDIT COMMITTEE MANDATE

Purpose

The Audit Committee is responsible for assisting the Bank’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) in its oversight of (i) the integrity of the Bank’s financial statements, public documents, and other financial filings; (ii) the qualifications, performance and independence of the external auditors; (iii) the performance of the Bank’s Chief Financial Officer and internal audit function; and (iv) internal controls that are appropriately designed and operate effectively.

Organization of the Audit Committee

The Audit Committee shall be comprised of not less than three directors, one of whom shall serve as the Chair of the Committee. Each member of the Audit Committee must be independent, financially literate, and unaffiliated directors .

Meetings of the Audit Committee

In order for the Committee to transact business, a majority of the members of the Committee must be present. The Committee shall meet at least once each quarter and shall schedule a sufficient number of meetings (whether in person or by teleconference) to carry out its mandate.

There shall be an in-camera session at each quarterly Committee meeting with only independent directors present.

Committee members are expected to devote the appropriate amount of time necessary to review meeting materials such that they are able to engage in informed discussion and make informed decisions.

Reporting to the Board

The Committee shall present a verbal summary report of matters discussed at each of its meetings at the next following meeting of the Board of Directors with respect to its activities with such recommendations as are deemed desirable in the circumstances. In addition, the Committee may call a meeting of the Board of Directors to consider any matter that is of concern to the Committee.

Resources and Authority

The Audit Committee has the authority to engage and compensate any outside advisor that is determined to be necessary to permit them to carry out these duties, provided such compensation does not exceed $10,000 in any fiscal year. Should the compensation of an outside advisor exceed $10,000 in any fiscal year the prior approval of the Board will be required.

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Duties and Responsibilities of the Audit Committee

The members of the Audit Committee are charged with the following duties:

1. Financial Statements, Public Documents & Other Financial Filings

a)	Review such documents as needed to comply with regulatory requirements relevant to the Audit Committee, and report to the Board of Directors where approval of the documents by the Board is required.
b)	Review new accounting policies and amendments to existing accounting policies before recommending them to the Board of Directors for approval.
c)	Approve the interim quarterly financial statements and MD&A.
d)	Concur with the annual financial statements and the annual MD&A before recommending them to the Board of Directors for approval.
e)	Review the interim and annual earnings press releases before public disclosure.
f)	Review the Annual Information Form before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.
g)	Review the Monthly Reporting Package for the most recent quarter for which interim quarterly financial statements for the Bank are being issued.
h)	Review quarterly, management’s assessment of the appropriateness of the expected credit loss allowance.
i)	Review such investments and transactions that could adversely affect the well-being of the Bank as the auditor or auditors or any officer may bring to the attention of the Committee.

2. Disclosure

a) Concur with the Mandate of the Disclosure Committee before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.

b) Review and approve the Corporate Disclosure Policy and all amendments thereto before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.

c) Review the Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

3. Internal Audit

a) Review and concur in the appointment, replacement or dismissal of the Chief Internal Auditor.

b) Concur with the Mandate of the Internal Audit Function before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.

c) Annually approve a comprehensive risk-based audit plan as submitted by the Chief Internal Auditor.

d) Ensure there are no unjustified restrictions or limitations on the Internal Audit function.

e) Review all internal audit reports as submitted by the Chief Internal Auditor.

f) Receive updates from the Chief Internal Auditor on the status of management’s implementation of the recommendations within the internal audit reports.

g) Meet with the Chief Internal Auditor and with management to discuss the effectiveness of the internal control procedures established.

h) Annually, review the Mandate of the Internal Audit Function and evaluate the effectiveness of the Chief Internal Auditor and contribute to his or her Annual Performance Appraisal.

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i) Meet with the Chief Internal Auditor in camera at the conclusion of each regularly scheduled meeting of the Committee.

4. External Audit

a) Concur with the external auditors to be nominated for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit, review or attest services before recommending them to the Board of Directors.

b) Meet with the external auditor to review the Audit Planning Memorandum and annually approve the Audit Planning Memorandum.

c) Concur with the compensation of the external auditor before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.

d) Pre-approve services and expenditures to the external auditor, in accordance with the Audit Services Policy.

e) Oversee the work of the external auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an auditor’s report or performing other audit, review or attest services, including the resolution of disagreements between management and the external auditor regarding financial reporting.

f) Meet with the external auditor or auditors to discuss the annual financial statements and the returns and transactions referred to in this Mandate.

g) Annually review all amounts paid to the external auditor and other accounting firms in the previous year.

h) Identify, evaluate by performing annual assessments and periodic comprehensive assessments and, where appropriate, recommend to the shareholder(s), replacement of the external auditor.

i) Annually report to the Board on the effectiveness of the external auditor.

j) Concur with hiring policies regarding partners, employees and former partners and employees of the present and former external auditor before recommending them to the Board of Directors for approval.

k) Concur with the hiring of a partner, employee or former partner or employee of the present or former external auditor before recommending it to the Board of Directors for approval.

l) Meet with the external auditor in-camera at the conclusion of each regularly scheduled meeting of the Committee.

5. Capital Management 

a) Review, at least annually, the Bank’s policies and procedures with respect to capital management and receive management reports regarding adherence to same.

b) Review and recommend to the Board for approval the annual ICAAP document of the Bank.

c) Annually, prepare and submit to the Board of Directors an Annual Report which includes a statement from the Chief Internal Auditor that the Capital Management policy is being complied with.

6. Complaints and Confidential Reporting

a) Establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters.

26

b) Establish procedures for the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or audit matters.

7. Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing

a) Oversee the Bank’s Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing (“AML/ATF”) program and monitors its effectiveness on a regular basis.

b) Be satisfied that the Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer (“CAMLO”) has the necessary resources to carry out CAMLO responsibilities.

c) Review and recommend to the Board for approval, the Bank’s AML/ATF Policy, and all changes to the Policy.

d) At least annually, conduct a review of the AML/ATF Policy and associated procedures.

e) Receive information from the Bank’s CAMLO on the inherent money laundering (“ML”) and terrorist-financing (“TF”) risks associated with the Bank’s activities at least once every three years.

f) Receive information from the CAMLO on self-assessments of the ML and TF risk controls implemented by the Bank at least annually.

g) Receive a report from the CAMLO at least annually on ML/TF risks Bank-wide.

h) Receive an annual report from the CAMLO on compliance with the Bank’s AML/ATF policy.

i) Receive a quarterly AML Risk Rating Report Summary from the CAMLO.

j) Receive reports from the CAMLO as to transactions reported to FINTRAC or submitted to any law enforcement agency.

k) Receive information from the CAMLO on significant changes to AML/ATF legislative requirements.

l) The Committee shall have unfettered access to the CAMLO.

m) Receive results of the Chief Internal Auditor’s independent effectiveness testing of the Bank’s AML/ATF program at least once every two years.

n) Report to the Board of Directors on information and reports received from the CAMLO and the Chief Internal Auditor.

o) Annually, review the mandate of the CAMLO and evaluate the effectiveness of the CAMLO and contribute to his or her Annual Performance Appraisal.

p) Meet with the CAMLO in-camera at least bi-annually.

8. Internal Controls

a) Require management to implement and maintain appropriate internal control procedures.

b) Review, evaluate and approve the internal control policies and procedures at least annually, and receive management reports regarding adherence to same to ensure internal controls are appropriately designed and operate effectively.

9. Other Duties

a) Annually, evaluate the effectiveness of the Chief Financial Officer and contribute to his or her Annual Performance Appraisal.

b) Regarding matters falling under the Mandate of the Audit Committee, be aware of increased reputational risk to the Bank which can potentially impact the Bank’s image in the community or lower public confidence in it, resulting in the loss of business, legal action or increased regulatory oversight.

27

c) Review regulatory reviews regarding matters falling under the Mandate of the Audit Committee and the status of management’s responses to any noted issues.

d) On an annual basis review the policies relating to matters falling under the Mandate of the Audit Committee and report to the Board of Directors.

e) Institute and oversee special investigations as needed.

f) Perform other activities related to the Mandate as requested by the Board of Directors.

g) Confirm annually to the Board of Directors that all responsibilities outlined in the Mandate have been carried out.

h) Taking into account the recommendation of the Conduct Review, Governance, and Human Resources Committee, elect and approve the Chair of the Audit Committee.

ⁱ A director is independent if he or she meets the independence criteria as set out in the Bank’s Director Independence Policy, including the subsection entitled “Additional Considerations for Audit Committee Members”.

ⁱⁱ Financially literate means the ability to read and understand a set of financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that are generally comparable to the breadth and complexity of accounting issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the financial statements.

ⁱⁱⁱ If the death, disability or resignation of a member has resulted in a vacancy of the Committee that the Board is required to fill, a Committee member appointed to fill such vacancy is exempt from the requirement for a period ending on the later of the next annual meeting and the date that is six months from the day the vacancy was created, so long as the Board has determined that a reliance on this exemption will not materially adversely affect the ability of the Committee to act independently and to satisfy its other requirements.

28

EX-99.2

Exhibit 99.2

Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of VersaBank

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of VersaBank (the Bank) as of October 31, 2023, the related consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income, statement of changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended October 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank as at October 31, 2023, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the year ended October 31, 2023, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Bank is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

We have served as the Bank’s auditor since 2023.

London, Canada

December 12, 2023

1

KPMG LLP

Bay Adelaide Centre

333 Bay Street, Suite 4600

Toronto, ON M5H 2S5

Canada
Tel 416-777-8500
Fax 416-777-8818

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

VersaBank:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of VersaBank (the Bank) as of October 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank as of October 31, 2022, its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Bank is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

We have served as the Bank’s auditor since 2002 and its predecessor trust company since 1989.

Toronto, Canada

December 6, 2022

KPMG LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee.
KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP.

2

VERSABANK

Consolidated Balance Sheets

As at October 31, 2023 and 2022

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Assets
Cash (note 4)	$	132,242	$	88,581
Securities (note 5)		167,940		141,564
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses (note 6)		3,850,404		2,992,678
Other assets (note 10)		51,024		43,175
	$	4,201,610	$	3,265,998
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Deposits (note 11)	$	3,533,366	$	2,657,540
Subordinated notes payable (note 12)		106,850		104,951
Other liabilities (note 13)		184,236		152,832
		3,824,452		2,915,323
Shareholders' equity:
Share capital (note 14)		228,471		239,629
Contributed surplus		2,513		1,612
Retained earnings		146,043		109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income		131		99
		377,158		350,675
	$	4,201,610	$	3,265,998

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

On behalf of the Board:

David R. Taylor                   President and Chief Executive Officer	Hon. Thomas A. Hockin Chair of the Board

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Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

(thousands of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
	2023		2022
Interest income:
Loans	$	215,686	$	123,190
Other		13,648		3,627
		229,334		126,817
Interest expense:
Deposits and other		123,491		44,600
Subordinated notes		5,792		5,551
		129,283		50,151
Net interest income		100,051		76,666
Non-interest income		8,584		5,726
Total revenue		108,635		82,392
Provision for credit losses (note 6(b))		609		451
		108,026		81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits		31,428		26,796
General and administrative		15,051		18,732
Premises and equipment		3,902		3,865
		50,381		49,393
Income before income taxes		57,645		32,548
Income tax provision (note 16)		15,483		9,890
Net income	$	42,162	$	22,658
Other comprehensive income:
Items that may subsequently be reclassified to net income:
Foreign exchange gain on translation of foreign operations		32		103
Comprehensive income	$	42,194	$	22,761
Basic and diluted income per common share (note 17)	$	1.57	$	0.79

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Common shares (note 14):
Balance, beginning of the year	$	225,982		$	227,674
Options exercised during the year		280			-
Purchased and cancelled during the year		(11,438	)		(1,692	)
Balance, end of the year	$	214,824		$	225,982
Preferred shares (note 14):
Series 1 preferred shares
Balance, beginning and end of the year	$	13,647		$	13,647
Total share capital	$	228,471		$	239,629
Contributed surplus:
Balance, beginning of the year	$	1,612		$	145
Stock-based compensation (note 15)		901			1,467
Balance, end of the year	$	2,513		$	1,612
Retained earnings:
Balance, beginning of the year	$	109,335		$	90,644
Adjustment for purchased and cancelled common shares		(1,854	)		(238	)
Net income		42,162			22,658
Dividends paid on common and preferred shares		(3,600	)		(3,729	)
Balance, end of the year	$	146,043		$	109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes:
Balance, beginning of the year	$	99		$	(4	)
Other comprehensive income		32			103
Balance, end of the year	$	131		$	99
Total shareholders' equity	$	377,158		$	350,675

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Cash provided by (used in):
Operations:
Net income	$	42,162		$	22,658
Adjustments to determine net cash flows:
Items not involving cash:
Provision for credit losses		609			451
Stock-based compensation		901			1,467
Income tax provision		15,483			9,890
Interest income		(229,334	)		(126,817	)
Interest expense		129,283			50,151
Amortization		1,783			1,938
Accretion of discount on securities		(155	)		(533	)
Foreign exchange rate change on assets and liabilities		10,507			9,488
Interest received		220,775			116,014
Interest paid		(93,786	)		(35,958	)
Income taxes paid		(15,951	)		(6,275	)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Loans		(850,394	)		(880,477	)
Deposits		840,563			790,365
Change in other assets and liabilities		22,271			14,984
		94,717			(32,654	)
Investing:
Purchase of securities (note 27)		(27,778	)		(141,031	)
Purchase of property and equipment		(362	)		(581	)
		(28,140	)		(141,612	)
Financing:
Issuance of common shares		280			-
Purchase and cancellation of common shares		(13,292	)		(1,930	)
Dividends paid		(3,600	)		(3,729	)
Repayment of lease obligations		(700	)		(642	)
		(17,312	)		(6,301	)
Change in cash		49,265			(180,567	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(5,604	)		(2,375	)
Cash, beginning of year		88,581			271,523
Cash, end of year	$	132,242		$	88,581

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

1. Reporting entity:

VersaBank (the “Bank”) operates as a Schedule I bank under the Bank Act (Canada) and is regulated by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (“OSFI”). The Bank, whose shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Stock Exchange, provides commercial lending and banking services to select niche markets in Canada and the United States as well as cybersecurity services through the operations of its wholly owned subsidiary DRT Cyber Inc., (“DRTC”). The Bank is incorporated and domiciled in Canada, and maintains its registered office at Suite 2002, 140 Fullarton Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5P2.

2. Basis of preparation:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the Bank Act (Canada). OSFI has instructed that the financial statements are to be prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”).  The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements, including the accounting requirements of OSFI, are summarized below.

a) Statement of compliance:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

b) Date authorized for issuance:

These Consolidated Financial Statements were approved and authorized for issue by the Board of Directors of the Bank on December 12, 2023.

c) Basis of measurement:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination which are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition (see note 26), derivatives (see note 18), and the investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. (see note 10) which is also measured at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

d) Functional and presentation currency:

These Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in Canadian dollars which is the Bank’s functional currency. Functional currency is also determined for each of the Bank’s subsidiaries and items included in the financial statements of the subsidiaries are measured using their functional currency (see note 3m – Foreign currency translation).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

2. Basis of preparation – continued:

e) Use of estimates and judgments:

In preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements, management has exercised judgment and developed estimates in applying accounting policies and generating reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and income and expenses during the reporting periods. Areas where judgement was applied include assessing significant increases in credit risk on financial assets since initial recognition and in the selection of relevant forward-looking information as described in note 3e – Financial instruments. Estimates are applied in the determination of the allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets, the fair value of stock options granted, the fair value of derivatives, the impairment test applied to intangible assets and goodwill, and the measurement of deferred income taxes. It is reasonably possible, on the basis of existing knowledge, that actual results may vary from that expected in the development of these estimates. This could result in material adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and/or liabilities affected in the future.

Estimates and their underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are applied prospectively once they are known.

3. Significant accounting policies:

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements were applied consistently to all years and are summarized below:

a) Principles of consolidation:

The Bank holds 100% of the common shares of DRT Cyber Inc., VersaHoldings US Corp. and VersaJet Inc. DRT Cyber Inc. holds 100% of the common shares of Digital Boundary Group Canada Inc. and Digital Boundary Group Inc. (“Digital Boundary Group”). VersaHoldings US Corp. holds 100% of the common shares of VersaFinance US Corp. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of these subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

b) Segment reporting:

The Bank’s management has established two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. Details of the Bank’s segment reporting are set out in note 25.

8

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

c) Business combinations

The Bank expects to apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations in its accounting for the proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. as described in note 26 – Acquisitions using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured at the fair value of the consideration, including contingent consideration if applicable, at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is a financial instrument and, as such, is remeasured each period thereafter with the adjustment recorded to acquisition-related fair value changes in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as an expense in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. The acquired identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including, if applicable, any amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, over the net of the recognized amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

d) Revenue recognition:

Interest income on cash, securities and loans is recognized in net interest income using the effective interest rate method over the expected life of the instrument. Interest income earned but not yet collected on cash, securities and loans is included in the respective cash, securities and loans categories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Interest income is recognized on impaired loans and is accrued using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for purposes of measuring the impairment loss. Loan fees integral to the yield on the loan are amortized to interest income using the effective interest rate method; otherwise, the fees are recorded in non-interest income.

The Bank’s non-interest income stream is substantially derived from the operations of DRTC and its wholly owned subsidiaries. DRTC generates professional services revenue primarily from fees charged for IT security assurance services, supervisory control and data acquisition system assessments, as well as IT security training. Revenue is recognized when service is rendered and performance obligations have been satisfied and no material uncertainties remain as to the collection of receivables.

e) Financial instruments:

Classification and measurement

Under IFRS 9, all financial assets, with the exception of equity and derivatives, must be classified at initial recognition as a function of the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the business model under which the financial asset is managed. These financial assets are initially measured at fair value, and are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value

9

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when the business model under which they are managed has changed. Any reclassifications are applied prospectively from the reclassification date. All financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost unless elected otherwise.

Debt instruments

Financial assets that are debt instruments are categorized into one of the following measurement categories:

• amortized cost;

• fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”);

• fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”).

The characterization of a debt instrument’s cashflows is determined through a solely payment of principal and interest (“SPPI”) test. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a debt instrument are in fact solely payments of principal and interest and are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. In the context of the SPPI test, “Principal” is defined as the fair value of the debt instrument at origination or initial recognition, which may change over the life of the instrument as a function of a number of variables including principal repayments, prepayments, or amortization of a premium/discount. In the context of the SPPI test “Interest” is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk. The rationale for the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that include structural features that are incongruent with a basic lending arrangement, such as conversion options, are classified as, and measured at FVTPL.

The Bank’s loans are categorized and measured as amortized cost. Debt instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a hold to collect basis are measured at amortized cost. These financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value plus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for credit losses. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cashflows through the expected life of the instrument to the gross carrying amount of the instrument. Amortized cost is calculated as a function of the effective interest rate, taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition, transaction costs and fees. Amortization of these costs is included in interest income in the consolidated statement of income.

The Bank’s securities are measured at fair value and categorized as FVOCI.

10

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

Equity instruments

Equity instruments are measured at fair value and categorized as FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made at initial recognition to categorize as FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Amounts recognized in OCI are not to be subsequently reclassed to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends. Dividends received are recorded in non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from accumulated OCI to retained earnings.

The Bank has categorized its investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. as FVOCI and it is carried at fair value.

Allowance for expected credit losses

The Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”) that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. The Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the ECL methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments, classified either as amortized cost or as FVOCI, and on all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

Expected credit losses represent unbiased and probability-weighted estimates that are modeled as a function of a range of possible outcomes as well as the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information (“FLI”) (see Forward-looking information below).

The Bank’s ECL or impairment model estimates 12 months of expected credit losses for performing loans that have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk, (“SICR”) since initial recognition. Additionally, the ECL model estimates lifetime expected credit losses on performing loans that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition. Further, individual allowances are estimated for loans that are determined to be credit impaired.

Loans or other financial instruments that have not experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 1, while loans or other financial instruments that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 2, and loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired are designated as stage 3. Subsequent to the initial stage

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

designation, the Bank’s loans or other financial instruments may transfer between stages due to these loans or financial instruments experiencing a significant change in credit risk

Assessment of significant increase in credit risk

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether or not there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition. The determination of a SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited, to changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition.

With regards to delinquency and monitoring, there is a rebuttable presumption that the credit risk of a loan or other financial instrument has increased since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days delinquent. The Bank chose to use 60 days delinquency as an appropriate indicator of increased credit risk as it serves as a stable early warning indicator that the cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument under consideration may be uncertain and may not be realized by the Bank under the contractual repayment terms.

Expected credit loss model - Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive. The ECL calculation is a function of the credit risk parameters; probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default associated with each loan, sensitized to future market and macroeconomic conditions through the incorporation of FLI derived from multiple economic forecast scenarios, including baseline, upside, and downside scenarios.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accoun

ting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

For clarity:

• The probability of default (“PD”) for a loan or a financial instrument is an estimate of the likelihood of default of that instrument over a given time horizon;

• The loss given default (“LGD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default of that instrument occurs at a given time or over a given period; and,

• The exposure at default (“EAD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the Bank’s exposure derived from that instrument at a future default date.

The Bank’s ECL model develops contractual cashflow profiles for loans as a function of a number of underlying assumptions and a broad range of input variables. The expected cashflow schedules are subsequently derived from the contractual cashflow schedules, adjusted for incremental default amounts, forgone interest, and recovery amounts. The finalized contractual and expected cashflow schedules are subsequently discounted at the effective interest rate to determine the expected cash shortfall or expected credit losses for each individual loan or financial instrument.

Individual allowances are estimated for loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired and that have been designated as stage 3. A loan or other financial instrument is classified as credit impaired when the Bank becomes aware that, before taking into consideration collateral or credit enhancements, all of, or a portion of the contractual cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument may be impacted and as a result may not be realized by the Bank under the repayment schedule set out in the contractual terms associated with the loan or other financial instrument. Loans or other financial instruments for which interest or principal is contractually past due 90 days are automatically recognized as stage 3, however in estimating expected credit losses for stage 3 loans or other financial instruments, management takes into consideration whether the loan or other financial instrument is fully secured or is in the process of collection and whether collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of the loan or other financial instrument.  The ECL model requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and are reflected in the Bank’s stage 3 grouping.

13

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

Forward-looking information

IFRS 9 requires consideration of past events, current market conditions and reasonable, supportable information about future economic conditions that is available without undue cost and effort in the estimation of the expected credit losses for loans or other financial instruments. More specifically, under IFRS 9 expected credit losses represent an unbiased, probability-weighted estimate of the present value of cash shortfalls (i.e., the weighted average of credit losses, with the respective risks of a default occurring in a given time period used as the weights). Additionally, IFRS 9 stipulates that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. The estimation and application of forward-looking information in an attempt to capture the impact of future economic conditions requires judgement.

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider, for the purpose of computing forward-looking risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing forward-looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios comprised of baseline, upside, and downside scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios. The weighted average of the individual, sensitized PD and LGD values that comprise each individual term structure forecast is subsequently computed to define unbiased PD and LGD term structure forecasts, which in turn are applied as inputs to the Bank’s internal ECL model in the estimation of expected credit losses for the Bank’s loans. Macroeconomic indicator data derived from the baseline, upside and downside scenarios referenced above is also utilized in the development of credit risk parameter proxy datasets and applied to the Bank’s consumer loan and small and medium enterprise (“SME”) loan portfolios.

14

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

e) Financial instruments – continued:

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the price of oil, and the S&P/TSX Index. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Modified financial instruments

If the terms of a financial instrument are modified or an existing financial instrument is replaced with a new one, an assessment is made to determine if the financial instrument should be derecognized.

Where the modification does not result in derecognition, the date of origination continues to be used to determine SICR. Where modification results in derecognition, the modified financial instrument is considered to be a new instrument.

Fair value of financial instruments

Estimates of fair value are developed using a variety of valuation methods and assumptions. The Bank follows a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs used to measure fair value for its financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), models using inputs other than quoted prices but with observable market data (Level 2), or models using inputs that are not based on observable market data (Level 3).

Valuation models may require the use of inputs, transaction values derived from models and input assumptions sourced from pricing services. Valuation inputs are either observable or unobservable. The Bank makes use of external, readily observable market inputs when available and may include certain prices and rates for shorter-dated Canadian yield curves and banker’s acceptances. Unobservable inputs may include credit spreads, probability of default and recovery rates.

15

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

f) Property and equipment:

Property and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Amortization on property and equipment is calculated primarily using the straight-line method over the useful life of the equipment which typically ranges between 5 and 20 years.

Property and equipment is subject to an impairment review if there are events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Amortization expense and impairment write-downs are included in premises and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

g) Goodwill and intangible assets:

Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the value allocated to the tangible and intangible assets, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or a change in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing if the carrying value of cash generating units (“CGUs”) which comprise the CGU segment, including goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the value in use. Impairment losses recognized in respect of the CGUs are first allocated to the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the CGUs. Any goodwill impairment is recorded in profit or loss in the reporting year in which the impairment is identified. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.

Intangible assets acquired in a business acquisition are recorded at their fair value. In subsequent reporting periods, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the intangible asset. At each reporting date, the carrying value of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment.  If such an indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment, if any. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash flows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets or CGU’s. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing fair value less cost to sell the estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the assets. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

g) Goodwill and intangible assets – continued:

When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment losses been recognized for the asset in prior years.

The Bank develops proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology. Any research or early-stage scoping activities are expensed as incurred in the period. The Bank recognizes internally generated intangible assets on the development of proprietary technology when it has determined that there is technical feasibility and resources available to complete a product, demonstrated an existence of an established market for the product as well as support to generate future revenues or derive future economic benefits from the product. As these intangible assets are not yet available for use, the Bank tested these assets for impairment annually by comparing the carrying amount with the recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is determined by fair value less cost to sell method.

h) Income taxes:

Current income taxes are calculated based on taxable income for the reporting period. Taxable income differs from accounting income because of differences in the inclusion and deductibility of certain components of income which are established by taxation authorities. Current income taxes are measured at the amount expected to be recovered or paid using statutory tax rates at the reporting period end.

The Bank follows the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between financial statement carrying values and the respective tax base of those assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted or substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years when temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements to the extent that it is probable that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income to enable the benefit of the deferred income tax asset to be realized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed for recoverability at the end of each reporting period.

Current and deferred income taxes are recorded in income for the period, except to the extent that the tax arose from a transaction that is recorded either in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity, in which case the income tax on the transaction will also be recorded either in Other Comprehensive

17

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

h) Income taxes – continued:

Income or Equity. Accordingly, current and deferred income taxes are presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements as a component of income, or as a component of Other Comprehensive Income.

i) Employee benefits:

i) Short-term benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are recognized as employees render their services and are measured on an undiscounted basis.

A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid under a short-term cash bonus plan if the Bank has an obligation to make such payments as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

ii) Share-based payment transactions:

Equity-settled stock options

Employee stock options are measured using the Black-Scholes pricing model which is used to estimate the fair value of the options at the date of grant. Inputs to the Black-Scholes model include the closing share price on the grant date, the exercise price, the expected option life, the expected dividend yield, the expected volatility and the risk-free interest rate. Once the expected option life is determined, it is used in formulating the estimates of expected volatility and the risk-free rate. Expected future volatility is estimated using a historical volatility look-back period that is consistent with the expected life of the option.

The fair value of options which vest immediately are recognized in full as of the grant date, whereas the fair value of options which vest over time are recognized over the vesting period using the graded method which incorporates management’s estimates of the options which are not expected to vest. The effect of a change in the estimated number of options expected to vest is a change in estimate and the cumulative effect of the change is recognized prospectively once the estimate is revised. The fair value of stock options granted is recorded in salaries and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in Contributed Surplus in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When options are exercised, the consideration received and the estimated fair value previously recorded in Contributed Surplus is recorded as Share Capital. The Bank’s stock option plan is described in note 15.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

j) Share capital:

The Bank’s share capital consists of common shares and preferred shares. Costs directly incurred with raising new share capital are charged against equity. Other costs are expensed as incurred.

k) Contributed surplus:

Contributed surplus consists of the fair value of stock options granted since inception, less amounts reversed for exercised stock options. If granted options vest and then subsequently expire or are forfeited, no reversal of contributed surplus is recognized.

l) Leases:

At inception of a contract, the Bank assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease arrangement based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Bank recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease obligation at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured based on the initial amount of the lease obligation adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset and/or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The assets are depreciated to the earlier of the end of useful life of the right-of-use asset or the lease term using the straight-line method as this methodology most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the associated future economic benefits. The lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend if there is reasonable certainty that the Bank will exercise that option. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease obligation.

The lease obligation is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Bank’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Bank changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease obligation is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or the remeasured amount is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The Bank elects to apply the practical expedient to account for leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months of the date of initial application as short-term leases.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

m) Foreign currency translation:

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies of the Bank and its subsidiaries at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Foreign currency differences are recognized in profit and loss. Investments classified as fair value through other comprehensive income denominated in a foreign currency are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. All resulting changes are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of Digital Boundary Group Inc., a US operation of the Bank, has a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar, and is translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. The income and expenses of this operation are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the date of transaction and the foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. All other US operations are recognized as having functional currency based on the Canadian dollar.

n) Derivative instruments:

Derivatives are measured at FVTPL except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship.

Derivatives are reported as other assets when they have a positive fair value and as other liabilities when they have a negative fair value. Derivatives may be embedded in other financial instruments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are valued as separate derivatives when: the economic characteristics and risks associated are not clearly and closely related to those of the host contract; the terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if it was a stand-alone, independent instrument; and the combined contract is not held for trading or designated at fair value through profit or loss. For financial statement disclosure purposes, embedded derivatives are combined with the host contract.

Hedge accounting

The Bank has elected, as permitted, to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into for asset liability management purposes. When hedge accounting criteria are met, derivative contracts are accounted for as described below.

To meet the criteria for hedge accounting, the Bank documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, how hedge effectiveness is assessed, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Bank also formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis,

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

n) Derivative instruments - continued:

whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items.

There are three main types of hedges: (i) fair value hedges, (ii) cash flow hedges and (iii) net investment hedges.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Bank formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge.

The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the Bank will assess whether the hedging relationship meets the hedge effectiveness requirements (including an analysis of sources of hedge ineffectiveness and how the hedge effectiveness is assessed). In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a hedging relationship must be expected to be highly effective on a prospective basis and it needs to be demonstrated that it was also highly effective in the previous designated period (i.e., three month). A hedge is considered to be highly effective if the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk are expected to be offset by the hedging instrument in a range of between 80% to 125%.

The Bank has only fair value hedges outstanding. In a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to hedge risk is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item (basis adjustment) and is also recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Bank utilizes fair value hedges primarily to convert fixed rate financial assets to floating rate financial assets. The primary financial instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships are loans. If the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, or the designation is revoked, hedge accounting is discontinued. Any basis adjustment up to that point made to a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income as part of the recalculated effective interest rate of the item over its remaining term. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

In fair value hedges, ineffectiveness arises to the extent that the change in fair value of the hedging items differs from the change in fair value of the hedge risk in the hedged item. Any hedge ineffectiveness is measured and recorded in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Derivative contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked-to-market and the resulting net gains or losses are recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

3. Significant accounting policies – continued:

o) Future accounting standard pronouncements:

The following accounting standards amendments issued by the IASB will be effective for the Bank’s fiscal year beginning on November 1, 2024 (the Bank’s fiscal 2025 year end):

i) Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback - In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16 to specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognise any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments must be applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. Earlier application is permitted and that fact must be disclosed.

ii) Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current - In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

• What is meant by a right to defer settlement;

• That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period;

• That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right; and,

• That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments must be applied retrospectively.

The amendments noted above are not expected to have a material impact on the Bank’s financial results.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

4. Cash:

Cash is comprised of deposits with regulated financial institutions.

5. Securities:

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank held securities totalling $167.9 million (2022 - $141.6 million), comprised of a Government of Canada Treasury Bill and a series of Government of Canada Bonds.  The Government of Canada Treasury Bill was purchased for $134.8 million with a face value totaling $135.0 million, resulting in a weighted average yield of 4.93% on the instrument, and maturing on November 9, 2023. The series of Government of Canada Bonds were purchased for $32.9 million with a face value of $33.0 million, resulting in a yield of 3.87% of which $30.0 million matures on November 1, 2023 and $2.9 million matures on May 1, 2025.

6. Loans, net of allowance for credit losses:

The Bank organizes its lending portfolio into the following four broad asset categories: Point-of-Sale Loans and Leases, Commercial Real Estate Mortgages, Commercial Real Estate Loans, and Public Sector and Other Financing. These categories have been established in the Bank’s proprietary, internally developed asset management system and have been designed to catalogue individual lending assets as a function primarily of their key risk drivers, the nature of the underlying collateral, and the applicable market segment.

The Point-of-Sale Loans and Leases (“POS Financing”) asset category is comprised of point-of-sale loan and lease receivables acquired from the Bank’s network of origination and servicing partners as well as warehouse loans that provide bridge financing to the Bank’s origination and servicing partners for the purpose of accumulating and seasoning practical volumes of individual loans and leases prior to the Bank purchasing the cashflow receivables derived from same.

The Commercial Real Estate Mortgages (“CRE Mortgages”) asset category is comprised primarily of Residential Construction, Term, Insured and Land Mortgages. All of these loans are business-to-business loans with the underlying credit risk exposure being primarily consumer in nature given that the vast majority of the loans are related to properties that are designated primarily for residential use. The portfolio benefits from diversity in its underlying security in the form of a broad range of such collateral properties.

The Commercial Real Estate Loans (“CRE Loans”) asset category is comprised primarily of condominium corporation financing loans.

The Public Sector and Other Financing (“PSOF”) asset category is comprised primarily of public sector loans and leases, a small balance of corporate loans and leases and single family residential conventional and insured mortgages.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

a) Portfolio analysis:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,879,320		$	2,220,894
Commercial real estate mortgages		889,069			710,369
Commercial real estate loans		8,793			13,165
Public sector and other financing		55,054			35,452
		3,832,236			2,979,880
Allowance for credit losses		(2,513	)		(1,904	)
Accrued interest		20,681			14,702
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses	$	3,850,404		$	2,992,678

The following table provides a summary of loan amounts, ECL allowance amounts, and expected loss (“EL”) rates by lending asset category:

	As at October 31, 2023												As at October 31, 2022
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total			Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,873,078		$	6,242		$	-		$	2,879,320		$	2,215,388		$	5,227		$	279		$	2,220,894
ECL allowance		100			-			-			100			545			-			-			545
EL %		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%
Commercial real estate mortgages	$	717,755		$	155,993		$	15,321		$	889,069		$	599,113		$	111,256		$	-		$	710,369
ECL allowance		1,699			523			-			2,222			1,150			137			-			1,287
EL %		0.24	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.25	%		0.19	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.18	%
Commercial real estate loans	$	8,793		$	-		$	-		$	8,793		$	13,165		$	-		$	-		$	13,165
ECL allowance		42			-			-			42			54			-			-			54
EL %		0.48	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.48	%		0.41	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.41	%
Public sector and other financing	$	49,293		$	5,761		$	-		$	55,054		$	35,273		$	179		$	-		$	35,452
ECL allowance		104			45			-			149			17			1			-			18
EL %		0.21	%		0.78	%		0.00	%		0.27	%		0.05	%		0.56	%		0.00	%		0.05	%
Total loans	$	3,648,919		$	167,996		$	15,321		$	3,832,236		$	2,862,939		$	116,662		$	279		$	2,979,880
Total ECL allowance		1,945			568			-			2,513			1,766			138			-			1,904
Total EL %		0.05	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.07	%		0.06	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.06	%

The Bank’s maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of its financial assets. The Bank holds security against the majority of its loans in the form of either mortgage interests over property, other registered securities over assets, guarantees and cash reserves (holdbacks) on loan and lease receivables included in the POS Financing portfolio (note 13).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

Allowance for credit losses

As set out previously, the Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. Under IFRS 9 the Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the expected credit loss methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on both performing loans, and non-performing, or impaired loans even if no actual loss event has occurred.

The expected credit loss methodology requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s Stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s Stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and is reflected in Stage 3 grouping.

Assessment of significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”)

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition.

SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited to, changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists. Notwithstanding the above, the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk will require experienced credit judgement.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition as well as changes in Canadian and US macroeconomic trends attributable to changes in monetary policy, inflation, employment rates, consumer behaviour and geo-political risks.

Expected credit loss model - Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

Forward-looking information

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider for the purpose of computing forward-looking credit risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing internal, forward-looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses, as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below). Currently the Bank utilizes upside, downside and baseline forecast macroeconomic scenarios, and assigns discrete weights to each for use in the estimation of its reported ECL. The Bank has also applied expert credit judgement, where appropriate, to reflect, amongst other items, uncertainty in the Canadian and US macroeconomic environments.

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the S&P/TSX Index and the price of oil. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Key assumptions driving the baseline macroeconomic forecast trends included: elevated inflation persisting until late 2024 and high interest rates remaining through at least the mid-point of 2024 continue to apply pressure to household finances and slow consumption generally; real GDP growth decelerates through the end of 2023 and into early 2024 attributable to high interest rates and slowing job growth which also combine to curb consumer spending over the same timeframe; current geo-political risks do not escalate materially and have a limited impact on global commodity prices and

26

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

supply chains; and, while COVID 19 infections return, public health restrictions do not and the virus is assumed to have very little impact on the Canadian and US economies.

Management developed ECL estimates using credit risk parameter term structure forecasts sensitized to individual baseline, upside and downside forecast macroeconomic scenarios, each weighted at 100%, and subsequently computed the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023 in order to assess the alignment of the Bank’s reported ECL with the Bank’s credit risk profile, and further, to assess the scope, depth and ultimate effectiveness of the credit risk mitigation strategies that the Bank has applied to its lending portfolios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below).

Expected credit loss sensitivity:

The following table presents the sensitivity of the Bank’s estimated ECL to a range of individual macroeconomic scenarios, that in isolation may not reflect the Bank’s actual expected ECL exposure, as well as the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Reported		100%			100%			100%
	ECL
			Upside			Baseline			Downside
Allowance for expected credit losses	$	2,513	$	1,409		$	1,939		$	2,975
Variance from reported ECL				(1,104	)		(575	)		462
Variance from reported ECL (%)				(44	%)		(23	%)		18	%

27

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

b) Allowance for credit losses:

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Bank’s ECL allowance by lending asset category for the year ended October 31, 2023:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	545		$	-		$	-		$	545
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		160			(160	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(340	)		340			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(265	)		(180	)		-			(445	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(445	)		-			-			(445	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	100		$	-		$	-		$	100
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-		$	1,287
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		279			(279	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(581	)		581			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			(13	)		13			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		668			113			(13	)		768
Loan originations		604			4			-			608
Derecognitions and maturities		(421	)		(20	)		-			(441	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		549			386			-			935
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	1,699		$	523		$	-		$	2,222
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	54		$	-		$	-		$	54
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(12	)		-			-			(12	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	42		$	-		$	-		$	42
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	17		$	1		$	-		$	18
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(8	)		8			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		12			13			-			25
Loan originations		83			23			-			106
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		87			44			-			131
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	104		$	45		$	-		$	149
Total balance at end of period	$	1,945		$	568		$	-		$	2,513

28

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

b) Allowance for credit losses (continued):

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Bank’s ECL allowance by lending asset category for the year ended October 31, 2022:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3		Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	275		$	-		$	-	$	275
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		91			(91	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(186	)		186			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		365			(95	)		-		270
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		270			-			-		270
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	545		$	-		$	-	$	545
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	980		$	134		$	-	$	1,114
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		75			(75	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(129	)		129			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		74			(29	)		-		45
Loan originations		286			-			-		286
Derecognitions and maturities		(136	)		(22	)		-		(158	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		170			3			-		173
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-	$	1,287
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	45		$	-		$	-	$	45
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		9			-			-		9
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		9			-			-		9
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	54		$	-		$	-	$	54
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	16		$	3		$	-	$	19
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		2			(2	)		-		-
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		(1	)		-			-		(1	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		1			(2	)		-		(1	)
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	17		$	1		$	-	$	18
Total balance at end of period	$	1,766		$	138		$	-	$	1,904

29

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

6. Loans – continued:

c) Maturities and yields:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			Total			Total
Total loans	$	811,219		$	101,786		$	355,277		$	224,579		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	3,832,236		$	2,979,880
Average effective yield		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%		6.84	%		5.85	%

Average effective yields are based on book values and contractual interest rates, adjusted for the amortization of any deferred income and expenses.

d) Impaired loans:

At October 31, 2023, the Bank held one impaired loan totalling $15.3 million ( October 31, 2022 - $279,000). The impaired loan is well secured with collateral of approximately $20.0 million and is expected to be recovered fully.

7. Property and equipment:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Cost	$	17,827		$	17,465
Accumulated amortization		(11,291	)		(10,597	)
	$	6,536		$	6,868

None of the Bank’s property and equipment is subject to title restrictions, nor is any pledged as security for any of the Bank’s liabilities. Total amortization expense recorded for property and equipment for the year ended October 31, 2023, totalled $694,000 (2022 - $788,000). See note 10.

30

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

8. Goodwill:

Goodwill relates to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group and for the purpose of conducting an annual test for impairment, the Bank’s CGU relates specifically to the operations of Digital Boundary Group.  The Bank considered the fair value less carrying value calculation in assessing impairment. The key assumptions underlying the impairment test included: 5-years of projected cash flow, a discount rate of 13.7% (2022 – 12.4%), an average yearly earnings growth rate of 14% (2022 - 12%) and a terminal growth rate of 2.0% (2022 - 2.0%).

The Bank did not recognize an impairment charge on the goodwill as the recoverable amount of the CGU exceeded the carrying value of the goodwill. Sensitivity analysis performed by management suggested that if the average annual growth rate were to decrease by 6% over each year of the five-year planning horizon the carrying amount would be approximately equal to the recoverable amount of the CGU. See note 10.

9. Intangible assets:

As at October 31, 2023, total intangible assets were $2.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $3.2 million) related to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group. The intangible assets related to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group were $3.9 million and at October 31, 2023, had accumulated amortization of $1.1 million and is being amortized over 10 years. The amortization expense for these intangible assets totaled $394,000 (2022 - $456,000). See note 10.

31

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

10. Other assets:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable	$	3,858	$	3,774
Prepaid expenses and other (note 10a)		22,130		16,391
Property and equipment (note 7)		6,536		6,868
Right-of-use assets (note 10b)		3,427		4,122
Deferred income tax asset (note 16)		4,058		2,128
Interest rate swap (note 18)		1,517		-
Investment (note 10c)		953		953
Goodwill (note 8)		5,754		5,754
Intangible assets (note 9)		2,791		3,185
	$	51,024	$	43,175

a) The Bank, internally through its DRTC segment has developed proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology products.  Costs associated with the development of these products and services have been capitalized in accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets. As at October 31, 2023, capitalized costs were $8.1 million ( October 31, 2022 - $6.2 million). Amortization of these costs has not yet commenced as the products and services associated with same remain in the development stage. The Bank conducted an annual test for impairment on the assets that are not yet ready for use.  The Bank considered the fair value less carrying value calculation in assessing impairment. The key assumptions underlying the impairment test included: 10-years of projected cash flow, a discount rate of 13.8%, an average yearly earnings growth rate of 22% and a terminal growth rate of 1.0%. The Bank did not recognize an impairment charge on these intangible assets as the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying value of same.

b) The right-of-use assets relate to the Bank’s office facility leases. Capitalized leases of $3.4 million at October 31, 2023 is stated net of accumulated amortization of $2.5 million.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the amortization expense for the right-of-use assets totaled $695,000 (2022 - $695,000).

c) The Bank has an 11% investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. (“Stablecorp”). The Bank has made an irrevocable election to designate this investment at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) at initial recognition and any future changes in the fair value of the investment will be recognized in other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income will not be reclassified to profit and loss at a later date.

11. Deposits:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
Maturity period	Demand/			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over		Accrued		2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years		Interest		Total			Total
Total deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-	$	62,164	$	3,533,366		$	2,657,540
Average effective interest rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%						4.18	%		2.74	%

Average effective interest rates are based on book values and contractual interest rates.

32

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

12. Subordinated notes payable:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Issued March 2019, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of $5.0 million, $500,000 is held by related party (note 22), fixed effective interest rate of 10.41%, maturing March 2029.	$	4,919	$	4,908
Issued April 2021, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of US $75.0 million, fixed effective interest rate of 5.38%, maturing May 2031.		101,931		100,043
	$	106,850	$	104,951

13. Other liabilities:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts payable and other	$	9,681	$	7,662
Current income tax liability		7,466		5,797
Deferred income tax liability (note 16)		731		786
Lease obligations		3,771		4,471
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow (note 6)		8,818		8,006
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables (note 6)		153,769		126,110
	$	184,236	$	152,832

Lease obligations reflect the Bank’s liabilities for right-of-use assets which capture the Bank’s multiple leased premises. The portion of the Bank’s leasing obligations that were not captured as part of the right-of-use assets continue to be expensed in premises and equipment. The Bank had total cash outflows for these leases of $1.1 million in 2023.

The current leasing arrangements associated with these lease obligations expire between October 2025 and December 2045 with options to renew the leases after the initial lease period. Lease payments are adjusted every three to five years to reflect market rates.

The future lease payments for these non-cancellable lease contracts are $735,000 within one year, $2.4 million within five years and $662,000 thereafter.

33

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

14. Share capital:

a) Authorized:

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of voting common shares with no par value.

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Series 1 preferred shares with a par value of $10.00. 

b) Issued and outstanding:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Common shares:
Balance, beginning of the year		27,245,782		$	225,982			27,441,082		$	227,674
Options exercised during the year		40,000			280			-			-
Purchased and cancelled during the year		(1,321,358	)		(11,438	)		(195,300	)		(1,692	)
Outstanding, end of year		25,964,424		$	214,824			27,245,782		$	225,982
Series 1 preferred shares:
Outstanding, beginning and end of year		1,461,460		$	13,647			1,461,460		$	13,647
Total share capital				$	228,471					$	239,629

Common shares

On August 5, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) for its common shares. On September 21, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Nasdaq to proceed with a NCIB for its common shares. Pursuant to the NCIB, VersaBank was authorized to purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float.

The Bank was eligible to make purchases commencing on August 17, 2022 and the NCIB was terminated on August 16, 2023. The purchases were made by VersaBank through the facilities of the TSX and alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq in accordance with the rules of the TSX and such alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq, as applicable, and the prices that VersaBank paid for the Common Shares was at the market price of such shares at the time of acquisition. VersaBank made no purchases of Common Shares other than open market purchases. All shares purchased under the NCIB were cancelled.

34

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

14. Share capital - continued:

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank purchased and cancelled 1,321,358 (2022 - 195,300) Common Shares for $13.3 million (2022 - $1.9 million), reducing the Bank’s Common Share value by $11.4 million (2022 - $1.7 million) and retained earnings by $1.9 million (2022 - $238,000). In the same period, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options there were exercised in the current year.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank declared and paid dividends of $2.6 million or $0.10 per common share.

Series 1 Preferred shares

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Series 1 preferred shares with a par value of $10.00. These preferred shares are Basel III-compliant, non-cumulative five year rate reset preferred shares which include non-viability contingent capital (“NVCC”) provisions which would require the preferred shares to be converted to common shares upon a trigger event (as defined by OSFI).

The holders of the Series 1 preferred shares are entitled to receive a non-cumulative fixed dividend in the amount of $0.6772 annually per share, payable quarterly, as and when declared by the Board of Directors for the period ending October 31, 2024. The dividend represents an annual yield of 6.772% based on the stated issue price per share. Thereafter, the dividend rate will reset every five years at a level of 543 basis points over the then five year Government of Canada bond yield.

The Bank maintains the right to redeem, subject to the approval of OSFI, up to all of the outstanding Series 1 preferred shares on October 31, 2024 and on October 31 every five years thereafter at a price of $10.00 per share. Should the Bank choose not to exercise its right to redeem the Series 1 preferred shares, holders of these shares will have the right to convert their shares into an equal number of non-cumulative, floating rate Series 2 preferred shares. Holders of Series 2 preferred shares will be entitled to receive quarterly floating dividends, as and when declared by the Board of Directors, equal to the 90-day Government of Canada Treasury bill rate plus 543 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of a trigger event (as defined by OSFI), each Series 1 or 2 preferred share will be automatically converted, without the consent of the holders, into common shares of the Bank. Conversion to common shares will be determined by dividing the preferred share conversion value ($10.00 per share plus any declared but unpaid dividends) by the common share value (the greater of (i) the floor price of $0.75 and (ii) the current market value price calculated as the volume weighted average trading price for the ten consecutive trading days ending on the day immediately prior to the date of the conversion).

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank declared and paid dividends of $988,000 or $0.68 per preferred share.

35

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

15. Stock-based compensation:

Equity-settled stock options

The Bank has a stock option plan for its employees and officers. Options are granted at an exercise price set at the closing market price of the Bank’s common shares on the day preceding the date on which the option is granted and are exercisable within five years of issue. Options are usually granted with graded vesting terms. One third vests on the first anniversary of the grant date, one third vests on the second anniversary of the grant date, and one third vests on the third anniversary of the grant date.

	2023					2022
				Weighted					Weighted
	Number of			average		Number of			average
	options			exercise price		options			exercise price
Outstanding, beginning of period		965,766		$	15.53		40,000		$	7.00
Granted		1,500			15.90		971,707			15.90
Exercised		(40,000	)		7.00		-			-
Forfeited/cancelled		(52,873	)		15.90		(45,941	)		15.90
Expired		-			-		-			-
Outstanding, end of period		874,393		$	15.90		965,766		$	15.53

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank recognized stock-based compensation expense of $901,000 (2022 - $1.5 million) related to the estimated fair value of options granted. The fair value of the 1,500 stock options granted over the course of the current fiscal year was estimated at the grant dates using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the following input assumptions: risk-free rate of 3.33% (2022 - 1.39%), expected option life of 3.5 years (2022 - 3.5 years) , expected volatility of 30.0% (2022 - 29.5%), expected annual dividends of 1.1% (2022 - 0.6%) and a forfeiture rate of 2.0% (2022 - 2.0%). The weighted average of the fair value of the stock options granted in the year was estimated at $0.96 per share.  During the current year, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options there were exercised in the current year.

36

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

16. Income taxes:

Income taxes, including both the current and deferred portions, vary from the amounts that would be computed by applying the aggregated statutory federal tax rates and provincial tax rates of 27% (2022 - 27%) to income before income taxes. Income taxes have been computed as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Income before income taxes	$	57,645		$	32,548
Income tax rate		27	%		27	%
Expected income tax provision		15,564			8,788
Tax rate differential		(569	)		172
Unrecognized deferred tax asset		136			411
Other permanent differences		352			519
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

Income taxes is comprised of the following:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Current income taxes	$	17,468		$	9,199
Deferred income taxes		(1,985	)		691
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

37

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

16. Income taxes – continued:

The components of the recognized deferred income tax assets (liabilities) and related changes, as recognized in net income, equity or accumulated comprehensive income, are as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2022			income			2023
Allowance for credit losses	$	508		$	158		$	666
Loss carry forwards		-			1,625			1,625
Share issue and financing costs		909			(463	)		446
Deposit commissions		(1,227	)		(596	)		(1,823	)
Intangibles assets		(786	)		188			(598	)
Deferred loan fees		658			160			818
Other		1,280			913			2,193
Net deferred income tax assets	$	1,342		$	1,985		$	3,327

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2021			income			2022
Allowance for credit losses	$	388		$	120		$	508
Loss carry forwards		338			(338	)		-
Share issue and financing costs		1,373			(464	)		909
Deposit commissions		(981	)		(246	)		(1,227	)
Intangibles assets		(898	)		112			(786	)
Deferred loan fees		757			(99	)		658
Other		1,056			224			1,280
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,033		$	(691	)	$	1,342

The net deferred taxes are comprised of:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets	$	4,058		$	2,128
Deferred tax liabilities		(731	)		(786	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	3,327		$	1,342

A deferred tax asset in the amount of $1.8 million (2022 - $692,000) has been recognized in the financial statements which utilization is dependent on future taxable earnings in the tax jurisdiction to which it

38

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

16. Income taxes – continued:

relates. The Bank has forecasted earnings in this tax jurisdiction which will allow for the use of these deferred tax assets.

The Bank is subject to Part VI.1 tax which is a 40% tax on dividends paid on taxable preferred shares under the Income Tax Act (Canada). The Part VI.1 tax of $396,000 (2022 - $396,000) and related tax recovery is recorded through profit and loss.

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had US income tax losses which can be carried forward to reduce taxable income in future years in the amount of $1.2 million (2022 - $1.5 million). These loss carry forwards of the Bank have no expiry date. The deferred tax asset of $360,000 (2022 - $nil) relating to the US income tax losses has been recognized in these statements as it is probable the Bank will have earnings which will allow for the use of these losses.

In addition, the Bank has approximately $9.5 million (2022 - $9.5 million) of capital loss carry forwards which may be applied against future capital gains and for which the deferred tax asset of $1.3 million (2022 - $nil) has been recognized.

A deferred tax liability on taxable temporary differences of approximately $3.5 million (2022 - $3.9 million) relating to the Bank’s investment in its subsidiaries was not recognized as the Bank is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

17. Per share amounts:

Basic and diluted income per common share

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Net income	$	42,162		$	22,658
Preferred share dividends paid		(988	)		(988	)
Net income available to common shareholders		41,174			21,670
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		26,273,739			27,425,479
Basic and diluted income per common share:	$	1.57		$	0.79

The Series 1 NVCC preferred shares are contingently issuable shares and do not have a dilutive impact. The outstanding employee stock options are dilutive but are de minimis and therefore have no impact on the Bank’s income per share amounts.

39

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

18. Derivative instruments:

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had an outstanding contract established for asset liability management purposes to swap between fixed and floating interest rates with a notional amount totaling $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil), of which $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil) qualified for hedge accounting. The Bank enters into interest rate swap contracts for its own account exclusively and does not act as an intermediary in this market. The maturity date of the amortizing interest rate swap is March 1, 2034. At October 31, 2023, fair value of $1.5 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil) relating to this contract was included in other assets and the offsetting amount included in the carrying values of the assets to which they relate. Approved counterparties are limited to major Canadian chartered banks. The carrying amount of the hedged item recognized in the loans was $19.8 million. The accumulated amount of fair value hedge adjustments on the hedged item included in the carrying amount of the hedged item is $955,000.

19. Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments:

Risk management involves the identification, ongoing assessment, managing and monitoring of material risks that could adversely affect the Bank. The Bank is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risks.

Senior management is responsible for establishing the framework for identifying risks and developing appropriate risk management policies and procedures. The Bank’s Board of Directors, either directly or indirectly through its committees, reviews and approves corporate policies, including specific reporting procedures. This enables them to monitor ongoing compliance with policies, delegate limits and review management’s assessment of risk in its material risk taking activities. The Bank’s Chief Internal Auditor provides a periodic review of policies and procedures to ensure that they are appropriate, effective and being followed and that adequate controls are in place in order to mitigate risk to acceptable levels. The Chief Internal Auditor reports directly to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. In addition, the Bank has an ongoing risk and compliance management program with the Chief Compliance Officer, who reports directly to the Board of Directors, and the Chief Risk Officer, who reports directly to the Risk Oversight Committee.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a borrower, guarantor, or counterparty’s inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations. The Bank is exposed to credit risk primarily as a result of its lending activities but also, from time to time, as a result of investing in securities and derivative transactions. The Bank manages its credit risk derived from lending activity using policies that have been recommended by the Chief Credit Officer and reviewed by the Chief Risk Officer prior to submission the to the Risk Oversight Committee, who then recommends the policies to the Board of Directors for approval. These policies consist of approval procedures and limits on loan amounts, portfolio concentration, geographic concentration, industry concentration, asset category, loans to any one entity and associated groups, a risk rating policy that provides for risk rating each asset in its total asset portfolio, and early recognition of problem accounts with an action plan for each account. The Risk Oversight Committee reviews these policies on an ongoing basis.

40

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 an

d 2022

19. Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments – continued:

The Bank manages credit risk associated with securities included in its Treasury portfolio by applying policies that have been recommended by the Chief Credit Officer to the Risk Oversight Committee, which then recommends the policies to the Board of Directors for approval. These policies consist of approval procedures and restrictions in the selection of security dealers, restrictions in the nature of securities selected, and in setting securities portfolio concentration limits. The Risk Oversight Committee reviews these policies on an ongoing basis.

The Risk Oversight Committee, comprised entirely of independent directors, performs the following functions related to credit risk:

● Recommends policies governing management of credit risks to the Board of Directors for approval and reviews credit risk policies on an ongoing basis to ensure they are prudent and appropriate given possible changes in market conditions and corporate strategy.

● Concurs with credits exceeding the levels delegated to management, prior to commitment.

● Reviews, on a regular basis, watchlist accounts, impaired loans and accounts that have gone into arrears and expected credit loss analysis on a quarterly basis.

The Bank assigns a risk rating to each lending asset comprising its lending portfolio. A risk rating is assigned as a function of each new credit application, annual review or an amendment to a facility. The risk rating considers the credit risk attributes of the lending asset, structure, individual borrower circumstances as well as local, regional and global macroeconomic and market conditions. The Bank aggregates its risk rating assignments into the following three broad categories:

i) Satisfactory – The borrower and lending asset valuation are of acceptable credit quality.

ii) Watchlist – The borrower or the lending asset valuation exhibits potential credit weakness or a downward trend which, if not mitigated, will potentially weaken the Bank’s position. The lending asset requires close supervision.

iii) Classified – The collection of the structural payment and/or the full repayment of the lending asset is uncertain.

As of October 31, 2023, 99% of the Bank’s lending assets were categorized Satisfactory.

See note 6 for additional information relating to credit risk associated with loans.

There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing credit risk during the year.

41

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

19. Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments – continued:

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet the demand for cash to fund obligations as they come due. The Bank is exposed to liquidity risk as a result of timing differences in the cash flows of its lending activities, security investment activities and deposit taking activities. The Bank has established policies to ensure that its cash outflows and inflows are closely matched and that its sources of deposits are diversified between funding sources and over a wide geographic area.

The Risk Oversight Committee recommends policies governing management of liquidity risk to the Board for approval and reviews liquidity policies on an ongoing basis. It receives and reviews quarterly securities portfolio reports and liquidity risk reports from management relating to its liquidity position. Additionally, an Asset Liability Committee, consisting of members of senior management, monitors liquidity risk, reviews compliance with policies and discusses strategies in this area.

See note 20 for information relating to liquidity risk associated with the Bank’s asset and liability gaps in maturities. There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing liquidity risk during the year.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk of a negative impact on the balance sheet and/or income statement resulting from changes or volatility in market factors such as foreign exchange risk, interest rates, or market prices. The Risk Oversight Committee is charged with recommending policies that govern market risk to the Bank’s Board of Directors for approval and with reviewing the policies on an ongoing basis.

Foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk or currency risk is the risk that transacting in any currency apart from the Bank’s base currency can result in gains or losses due to currency fluctuations resulting in the possibility that a foreign denominated transaction’s value may decrease due to changes in the relative value of the currency pair. Any appreciation/depreciation in the foreign currency versus the local currency will give rise to foreign exchange risk. The Bank actively manages any material foreign exchange risk exposure derived from the Bank’s normal course business activities through, where possible, the establishment of a natural foreign currency hedge or, if necessary, through foreign exchange contracts established with high quality counterparties in order to mitigate the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on the Bank’s financial results and position.

42

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

19. Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments – continued:

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that a movement in interest rates could negatively impact spread, net interest income and the economic value of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity. The Bank manages interest rate risk by employing a number of methods including income simulation analysis and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration analysis. Management prepares regular reports to the Board to allow for ongoing monitoring of the Bank’s interest rate risk position. The Asset Liability Committee reviews the results of these analyses on a monthly basis and monitors compliance with limits set by corporate policy.

The management of interest rate risk also includes stress testing the Bank’s financial assets and liabilities to various standard and non-standard interest rate scenarios. Standard scenarios that are considered include a 100 basis point (bps) parallel upward and downward shift in all yield curves applicable to the Bank.

The results of an analysis of the Bank’s sensitivity to an increase or decrease in market interest rates, assuming no asymmetrical movement in yield curves and a static balance sheet are set out below:

Interest rate position

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Increase 100 bps			Decrease 100 bps			Increase 100 bps		Decrease 100 bps
Increase (decrease):
Impact of projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$	4,046		$	(4,059	)	$	4,304	$	(4,261	)
Duration difference between assets and liabilities (months)		(2.0	)					1.4

There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing interest rate risk during the year.

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank maintained one outstanding contract established for asset liability management purposes to hedge fair value exposure attributed to interest rate risk (note 18 – Derivative instruments) with a notional amount totalling $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil). The Bank also continues to use on-balance sheet strategies to manage its interest rate risk.

43

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

20. Interest rate risk and liquidity risk:

The Bank is exposed to interest rate risk as a consequence of any mismatch, or gap, between assets and liabilities scheduled to mature or reset on particular dates. The gaps, which existed at October 31, 2023 are set out below:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Floating			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			Non-interest
	rate			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			rate sensitive			Total
Assets
Cash	$	132,242					$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	132,242
Effective rate		4.90	%
Securities		-			164,930			-			3,010			-			-			-			167,940
Effective rate					4.72	%					4.76	%
Loans		811,219			101,786			355,277			224,579			1,682,029			657,346			18,168			3,850,404
Effective rate		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%
Other		-			-			-			-			-			-			51,024			51,024
Effective rate
Total Assets	$	943,461		$	266,716		$	355,277		$	227,589		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	69,192		$	4,201,610
Liabilities
Deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-		$	62,164		$	3,533,366
Effective rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%
Subordinated notes		-			-			-			-			-			106,850			-			106,850
Effective rate																	5.61	%
Other		162,587			-			-			-			-			-			21,649			184,236
Effective rate		4.05	%
Equity		-			-			-			13,647			-			-			363,511			377,158
Effective rate											6.77	%
Total liabilities and equity	$	717,940		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	446,852		$	618,569		$	106,850		$	447,324		$	4,201,610
Interest rate swap	$	20,785		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(20,785	)	$	-		$	-
October 31, 2023 gap	$	246,306		$	(136,284	)	$	(1,105,798	)	$	(219,263	)	$	1,063,460		$	529,711		$	(378,132	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	246,306		$	110,022		$	(995,776	)	$	(1,215,039	)	$	(151,579	)	$	378,132		$	-		$	-
October 31, 2022 gap	$	116,936		$	(47,087	)	$	(383,153	)	$	(291,346	)	$	623,906		$	307,416		$	(326,672	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	116,936		$	69,849		$	(313,304	)	$	(604,650	)	$	19,256		$	326,672		$	-		$	-

44

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

21. Fair value of financial instruments:

The amounts set out in the table below represent the fair value of the Bank’s financial instruments:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023										2022
	Carrying Value		Fair value Level 1		Fair Value Level 2		Fair Value Level 3		Total Fair Value		Carrying Value		Total Fair Value
Assets
Cash	$	132,242	$	132,242	$	-	$	-	$	132,242	$	88,581	$	88,581
Securities		167,940		167,940		-		-		167,940		141,564		141,564
Loans		3,850,404		-		-		3,837,599		3,837,599		2,992,678		2,963,676
Derivatives		1,517		-		1,517		-		1,517		-		-
Other financial assets		953		-		-		953		953		953		953
Liabilities
Deposits	$	3,533,366	$	-	$	-	$	3,436,491	$	3,436,491	$	2,657,540	$	2,561,421
Subordinated notes payable		106,850		-		109,033		-		109,033		104,951		107,368
Other financial liabilities		176,039		-		-		176,039		176,039		146,249		146,249

Fair values are based on management’s best estimates of market conditions and valuation policies at a certain point in time. The estimates are subjective and involve particular assumptions and matters of judgment and as such, may not be reflective of future fair values. The Bank’s loans and deposits lack an available market as they are not typically exchanged. Therefore, they have been valued as described below and are not necessarily representative of amounts realizable upon immediate settlement.

The fair value amounts have been determined using the following valuation methods and assumptions:

• For securities, the combined carrying value and accrued interest approximates fair value.

• The fair value of loans is based on net discounted cash flows using market interest rates and applicable credit spreads for borrowers.

• The fair value of deposits is determined based on discounted cash flows using market interest rates.

• The fair value of subordinated notes payable is determined based on discounted cash flows using current market interest rates.

• The investment in Stablecorp which is measured at fair value at each reporting period with changes in value reflected in the Bank’s other comprehensive income. The estimated fair value of the Stablecorp investment is classified as Level 3 fair value hierarchy as the determination of fair value, did not use inputs that were based on observable market data given that the entity is privately-held.

• The fair value of derivatives is based on net discounted cash flows using market interest rates and applicable credit spreads for the counterparty.

• The fair value of other financial assets is approximately equal to their carrying value due primarily to the short-term nature of the instruments.

45

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

21. Fair value of financial instruments – continued:

• The fair value of other financial liabilities is approximately equal to their carrying value due to the short-term nature of the instruments except for lease obligations. However, the fair value of the Bank’s lease obligations is approximately equal to their carrying value given that there has been no movement in the market interest rates associated with these leases.

• Cash and derivatives are designated as FVTPL.

• Loans, deposits and subordinated notes payable are designated as amortized cost.  

• Securities and other financial assets are designated as FVOCI.

22. Related party transactions:

The Bank’s Board of Directors and Senior Executive Officers represent key management personnel and the Bank has issued loans and advances to some of these individuals. At October 31, 2023, amounts due from key management personnel totaled $1.5 million (2022 - $1.3 million) and an amount due from a corporation controlled by key management personnel totaled $3.9 million (2022 - $3.9 million). The interest rates charged on loans and advances to related parties are based on mutually agreed upon terms. Interest income earned on related party loans for the year ended October 31, 2023 totaled $115,000 (2022 - $95,000). There were no specific provisions for credit losses associated with loans issued to key management personnel (2022 - $nil), and all loans issued to key management personnel were current as at October 31, 2023 and 2022.

In March 2019, the Bank issued a $500,000 subordinated note payable to key management personnel which bears an interest rate of 10% and matures in March 2029 (note 12).

Total compensation expense recognized for key management personnel for the year ended October 31, 2023, was $6.9 million (2022 - $6.4 million), of which $1.7 million (2022 - $1.1 million) was paid to a corporation controlled by key management personnel. As at October 31, 2023, there were 109,050 stock options issued and outstanding to key management personnel.

46

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

23. Commitments and contingencies:

a) Credit commitments:

The amount of credit related commitments represents the maximum amount of additional credit that the Bank could be obliged to extend. Under certain circumstances, the Bank may cancel loan commitments at its option. Letters of credit amounts are not necessarily indicative of the associated credit risk exposure as many of these arrangements are contracted for a limited period of usually less than one year and will expire or terminate without being drawn upon.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Loan commitments	$	405,426	$	382,851
Letters of credit		75,963		60,273
	$	481,389	$	443,124

b) Pledged assets:

In the ordinary course of business, assets are pledged against the off-balance sheet letters of credit in the amount of $11.3 million (2022 - $11.1 million).

c) Other commitments:

During the current year the Bank committed to acquire capital assets in the amount of approximately $17.5 million in fiscal 2024.

24. Capital management:

a) Overview:

The Bank’s policy is to maintain a strong capital base so as to retain investor, creditor and market confidence as well as to support the future growth and development of the business. The impact of the level of capital held on shareholders’ return is an important consideration and the Bank recognizes the need to maintain a balance between the higher returns that may be possible with greater leverage and the advantages and security that may be afforded by a more robust capital position. OSFI sets and monitors capital requirements for the Bank. Capital is managed in accordance with policies and plans that are regularly reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors and that take into account, amongst other items, forecasted capital requirements and current and anticipated financial market conditions.

The goal is to maintain adequate regulatory capital for the Bank to be considered well capitalized, protect consumer deposits and provide capacity to support organic growth as well as to capitalize on strategic opportunities that do not otherwise require accessing the public capital markets, all while providing a satisfactory return to shareholders. The Bank’s regulatory capital is comprised of share capital, retained earnings and unrealized gains and losses on fair value through other comprehensive income securities (Common Equity Tier 1 capital), preferred shares (Additional Tier 1 capital) and subordinated notes (Tier 2 capital). The Bank monitors its capital adequacy and related capital ratios on a daily basis and has policies setting internal targets and thresholds for its capital ratios. These capital ratios consist of the leverage ratio and risk-based capital ratios.

47

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

24. Capital management – continued:

a) Overview - continued

The Bank makes use of the Standardized Approach for credit risk as prescribed by OSFI, and therefore, may include eligible ECL allowance amounts in its Tier 2 capital, up to a maximum of 1.25% of its credit risk-weighted assets calculated under the Standardized Approach.

b) Risk-based capital ratios:

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has published the Basel III rules on capital adequacy and liquidity (“Basel III”). OSFI requires that all Canadian banks must comply with the Basel III standards on an “all-in” basis for the purpose of determining their risk-based capital ratios. Required minimum regulatory capital ratios are a 7.0% Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio (“CET1”), an 8.5% Tier 1 capital ratio and a 10.5% Total capital ratio, all of which include a 2.50% capital conservation buffer.

OSFI also requires banks to measure capital adequacy in accordance with guidelines for determining risk adjusted capital and risk-weighted assets including off-balance sheet credit instruments as specified in the Basel III regulations. Based on the deemed credit risk for each type of asset, both on and off balance sheet assets of the Bank are assigned a weighting ranging between 0% to 150% to determine the Bank’s risk weighted equivalent assets and its risk-based capital ratios.

48

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

24. Capital management – continued:

The Bank’s risk-based capital ratios are calculated as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital
Directly issued qualifying common share capital	$	214,824		$	225,982
Contributed surplus		2,513			1,612
Retained earnings		146,043			109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income		131			99
CET1 before regulatory adjustments		363,511			337,028
Regulatory adjustments applied to CET1		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Common Equity Tier 1 capital	$	350,812		$	325,657
Additional Tier 1 capital
Directly issued qualifying Additional Tier 1 instruments	$	13,647		$	13,647
Total Tier 1 capital	$	364,459		$	339,304
Tier 2 capital
Directly issued Tier 2 capital instruments	$	109,033		$	107,367
Tier 2 capital before regulatory adjustments		109,033			107,367
Eligible stage 1 and stage 2 allowance		2,513			1,904
Total Tier 2 capital	$	111,546		$	109,271
Total regulatory capital	$	476,005		$	448,575
Total risk-weighted assets	$	3,095,092		$	2,714,902
Capital ratios
CET1 capital ratio		11.33	%		12.00	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		11.78	%		12.50	%
Total capital ratio		15.38	%		16.52	%

As at October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with all minimum capital ratios prescribed by OSFI.

49

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

24. Capital management – continued:

c) Leverage ratio

The leverage ratio, which is prescribed under the Basel III Accord, is a supplementary measure to the risk-based capital requirements and is defined as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to the Bank’s total exposures. The Basel III minimum leverage ratio is 3.0%. The Bank’s leverage ratio is calculated as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
On-balance sheet assets	$	4,201,610		$	3,265,998
Asset amounts adjusted in determining the Basel III Tier 1 capital		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Total on-balance sheet exposures		4,188,911			3,254,627
Total off-balance sheet exposure at gross notional amount	$	481,389		$	443,124
Adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amount		(281,705	)		(251,101	)
Total off-balance sheet exposures		199,684			192,023
Tier 1 capital		364,459			339,304
Total exposures		4,388,595			3,446,650
Leverage ratio		8.30	%		9.84	%

As at October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with the leverage ratio prescribed by OSFI.

25. Operating segments:

The Bank has established two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. The two operating segments are strategic business operations providing distinct products and services to different markets and are separately managed as a function of the distinction in the nature of each business. The following summarizes the operations of each of the reportable segments:

Digital Banking – The Bank employs a business-to-business model using its proprietary financial technology to address underserved segments in the Canadian and US banking markets. VersaBank obtains its deposits and provides the majority of its loans and leases electronically via innovative deposit and lending solutions for financial intermediaries.

DRTC (cybersecurity services and banking and financial technology development) - Leveraging its internally developed IT security software and capabilities, VersaBank established a wholly-owned subsidiary, DRTC, to pursue significant large-market opportunities in cybersecurity and to develop innovative solutions to address the rapidly growing volume of cyber threats challenging financial institutions, multi-national corporations and government entities.

50

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

25. Operating segments - continued:

The basis for the determination of the reportable segments is a function primarily of the systematic, consistent process employed by our chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, and the Chief Financial Officer in reviewing and interpreting the operations and performance of each segment. The accounting policies applied to these segments are consistent with those employed in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, as disclosed in note 3b - Segment reporting.

Performance is measured based on segment net income, as included in the Bank’s internal management reporting. Management has determined that this measure is the most relevant in evaluating segment results and in the allocation of resources.

Following is information regarding the results of each reportable operating segment as at and for the year ended October 31, 2023 and 2022:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
for the year ended	October 31, 2023										October 31, 2022
	Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated		Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated
	Banking					Adjustments					Banking					Adjustments
Net interest income	$	100,051	$	-		$	-		$	100,051	$	76,666	$	-		$	-		$	76,666
Non-interest income		540		9,698			(1,654	)		8,584		52		5,839			(165	)		5,726
Total revenue		100,591		9,698			(1,654	)		108,635		76,718		5,839			(165	)		82,392
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		609		-			-			609		451		-			-			451
		99,982		9,698			(1,654	)		108,026		76,267		5,839			(165	)		81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits		25,382		6,046			-			31,428		22,303		4,493			-			26,796
General and administrative		15,140		1,565			(1,654	)		15,051		17,614		1,283			(165	)		18,732
Premises and equipment		2,462		1,440			-			3,902		2,475		1,390			-			3,865
		42,984		9,051			(1,654	)		50,381		42,392		7,166			(165	)		49,393
Income (loss) before income taxes		56,998		647			-			57,645		33,875		(1,327	)		-			32,548
Income tax provision		15,867		(384	)		-			15,483		9,744		146			-			9,890
Net income (loss)	$	41,131	$	1,031		$	-		$	42,162	$	24,131	$	(1,473	)	$	-		$	22,658
Total assets	$	4,190,876	$	26,443		$	(15,709	)	$	4,201,610	$	3,267,479	$	22,345		$	(23,826	)	$	3,265,998
Total liabilities	$	3,818,412	$	28,788		$	(22,748	)	$	3,824,452	$	2,912,249	$	25,755		$	(22,681	)	$	2,915,323

26. Acquisitions:

Proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A.

On June 10, 2022, VersaBank signed a definitive agreement to acquire Minnesota-based Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. (“SBH”), a privately held, wholly owned subsidiary of Stearns Financial Services Inc. (“SFSI”) based in St. Cloud, Minnesota, for an estimated USD $13.5 million (CAD $18.4 million), subject to adjustment at closing. SBH is a fully operational OCC (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)-chartered national bank, focused on small business lending, which is expected to add approximately USD $60 million in total assets to VersaBank’s balance sheet, subject to any adjustments at closing. The acquisition is intended to provide VersaBank with access to US deposits to expand the growth of its receivable purchase program business, which VersaBank launched in the US in the previous year. Subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval by both the OCC and OSFI, the transaction is anticipated to close early in the coming calendar year.

USD $60 million in total assets to VersaBank’s balance sheet, subject to any adjustments at closing.  The acquisition is intended to provide VersaBank with access to US deposits to expand the growth of its receivable purchase program business, which VersaBank launched in the US in the previous year.  Subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval by the OCC, the Federal Reserve and OSFI, the transaction is anticipated to close during the first calendar quarter of 2024.

51

VERSABANK

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022

27. Comparative information:

The financial statements have been reclassified, where applicable, to conform to the presentation used in the current year. The changes do not affect prior year earnings.

Cash flows related to investments in securities for the current and comparative periods were incorrectly reclassified from investing activity to operating activity in each of the three unaudited interim reporting periods during the year ended October 31, 2023. This classification was corrected for the annual audited financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2023. This matter had no impact on the annual audited financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022.

52

EX-99.3

Exhibit 99.3

Management’s Discussion and Analysis

This management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of operations and financial condition for the year ended October 31, 2023, dated December 12, 2023, should be read in conjunction with VersaBank’s Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended October 31, 2023, which have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and is available on VersaBank’s website at www.versabank.com, SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml. All currency amounts in this document are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	2
About VersaBank	3
Strategy	3
Overview of Performance	4
Selected Financial Highlights	6
Business Outlook	7
Financial Review - Earnings	11
Financial Review – Balance Sheet	15
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	28
Related Party Transactions	29
Results of Operating Segments	30
Capital Management and Capital Resources	31
Summary of Quarterly Results	35
Fourth Quarter Review	36
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	37
Enterprise Risk Management	47
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures	60

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

1

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

VersaBank’s public communications often include written or oral forward-looking statements. Statements of this type are included in this document and may be included in other filings and with Canadian securities regulators or the US Securities and Exchange Commission, or in other communications. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of, and are intended to be forward-looking statements under, the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. The statements in this management’s discussion and analysis that relate to the future are forward-looking statements. By their very nature, forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific, many of which are out of VersaBank’s control. Risks exist that predictions, forecasts, projections and other forward-looking statements will not be achieved. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as a number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the plans, objectives, expectations, estimates and intentions expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the strength of the Canadian and US economy in general and the strength of the local economies within Canada and the US in which VersaBank conducts operations; the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policy, including changes in interest rate policies of the Bank of Canada and the US Federal Reserve; global commodity prices; the effects of competition in the markets in which VersaBank operates; inflation; capital market fluctuations; the timely development and introduction of new products in receptive markets; the impact of changes in the laws and regulations pertaining to financial services; changes in tax laws; technological changes; unexpected judicial or regulatory proceedings; unexpected changes in consumer spending and savings habits; the impact of wars or conflicts and the impact of both on global supply chains and markets; the impact of outbreaks of disease or illness that affect local, national or international economies; the possible effects on our business of terrorist activities; natural disasters and disruptions to public infrastructure, such as transportation, communications, power or water supply; and VersaBank’s anticipation of and success in managing the risks implicated by the foregoing.

The foregoing list of important factors is not exhaustive. When relying on forward-looking statements to make decisions, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events. The forward-looking information contained in the management’s discussion and analysis is presented to assist VersaBank shareholders and others in understanding VersaBank’s financial position and may not be appropriate for any other purposes. Except as required by securities law, VersaBank does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this management’s discussion and analysis or made from time to time by VersaBank or on its behalf.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

2

About VersaBank

VersaBank (the “Bank”) adopted an electronic branchless model in 1993, becoming the world’s first branchless financial institution and obtains its deposits and the majority of its loans and leases digitally. It holds a Canadian Schedule 1 chartered bank licence and is regulated by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”). In addition to its core Digital Banking operations, VersaBank has established cybersecurity services and banking and financial technology development operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, DRT Cyber Inc. (“DRTC”). VersaBank’s Common Shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange and Nasdaq under the symbol VBNK. Its Series 1 Preferred Shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol VBNK.PR.A.

VersaBank is focused on increasing earnings by concentrating on underserved markets that support more attractive pricing for its products, leveraging existing distribution channels to deliver its financial products to these chosen markets and expanding its diverse deposit gathering network that provides efficient access to a range of low-cost deposit sources in order to maintain a low cost of funds.

The underlying drivers of VersaBank’s performance trends for the current and comparative periods are set out in the following sections of this MD&A.

Strategy

VersaBank’s strategy is to utilize proprietary software and established non-branch financial product distribution channels to deliver innovative commercial and consumer lending and deposit products to select clients operating in underserved markets in Canada and the United States (“US”).  VersaBank is also leveraging its proprietary technology in cybersecurity and innovative solutions that address the growing volume of cyber threats challenging financial institutions, multi-national and smaller corporations and government entities on a daily basis.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

3

Overview of Performance

* See definition in “Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures”.

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Loans increased 29% to $3.85 billion, driven primarily by strong growth in both the Bank’s Point-of-Sale loan and lease (“POS Financing”) portfolio, which increased 30%, as well as strong growth in its commercial lending portfolio, which increased 24%;

Total revenue increased 32% to $108.6 million, composed of net interest income of $100.1 million and non-interest income of $8.6 million, the latter derived primarily from the Bank’s technology and cybersecurity business, attributable primarily to the operations of DRT Cyber Inc., (“DRTC”), which includes the gross margin generated by its cybersecurity component Digital Boundary Group’s cybersecurity services business (numbers may not add due to rounding);

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

4

Net interest margin (“NIM”) was 2.68% and NIM on loans decreased 23 bps to 2.85% due to elevated rates on term deposits experienced periodically over the course of the year, offset partially by higher yields earned on the Bank’s lending assets;

Provision for credit losses (“PCL”) was $609,000 compared with $451,000 last year, with the increase being attributable primarily to higher lending asset balances, as well as changes in the forward-looking information used by VersaBank in its credit risk models offset partially by changes in the Bank’s lending asset mix;

Provision for credit losses as a percentage of average loans was essentially unchanged from last year at 0.02% which remains among the lowest of the publicly traded Canadian Schedule I (federally licensed) Banks;

Non-interest expenses increased 2% to $50.4 million, due primarily to higher salary and benefits amounts resulting from higher staffing levels to support expanded business activity and higher professional fees attributable to the continuing regulatory approval process associated with the Bank’s potential acquisition of a US bank, offset partially by lower capital tax expense and lower insurance premiums related to the Bank’s Nasdaq listing;

Net income increased 86% to a record $42.2 million, driven primarily by the 32% increase in revenue;

Earnings per share (“EPS”) increased 99% to a record $1.57, due primarily to the 86% increase in net income, as well as the impact of a lower number of common shares outstanding in the current year as a result of the purchase and cancellation of common shares under the Bank’s Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”);

Return on average common equity increased 78% to 11.75% driven by strong earnings and lower number common shares outstanding; and,

Efficiency ratio for the Digital Banking operations (excluding DRTC) improved to 43% from 55% last year as a function of strong revenue growth of 31% and effective cost control which mitigated non-interest expense growth to only 1% compared to the same period last year.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

5

Selected Financial Highlights

(unaudited)
	October 31			October 31			October 31
($CDN thousands except per share amounts)	2023			2022			2021
Results of operations
Interest income	$	229,334		$	126,817		$	89,488
Net interest income		100,051			76,666			60,157
Non-interest income		8,584			5,726			5,200
Total revenue		108,635			82,392			65,357
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		609			451			(438	)
Non-interest expenses		50,381			49,393			35,006
Digital banking		42,984			42,392			31,046
DRTC		9,051			7,166			4,111
Net income		42,162			22,658			22,380
Income per common share:
Basic	$	1.57		$	0.79		$	0.96
Diluted	$	1.57		$	0.79		$	0.96
Dividends paid on preferred shares	$	988		$	988		$	1,578
Dividends paid on common shares	$	2,612		$	2,741		$	2,268
Yield*		6.14	%		4.47	%		4.11	%
Cost of funds*		3.46	%		1.77	%		1.35	%
Net interest margin*		2.68	%		2.70	%		2.76	%
Net interest margin on loans*		2.85	%		3.08	%		3.35	%
Return on average common equity*		11.75	%		6.61	%		8.45	%
Book value per common share*	$	14.00		$	12.37		$	11.61
Efficiency ratio*		46	%		60	%		54	%
Efficiency ratio - Digital banking*		43	%		55	%		52	%
Return on average total assets*		1.10	%		0.76	%		0.95	%
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses as a % of average loans*		0.02	%		0.02	%		(0.02	%)
	as at
Balance Sheet Summary
Cash	$	132,242		$	88,581		$	271,523
Securities		167,940			141,564			-
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		3,850,404			2,992,678			2,103,050
Average loans		3,421,541			2,547,864			1,878,980
Total assets		4,201,610			3,265,998			2,415,086
Deposits		3,533,366			2,657,540			1,853,204
Subordinated notes payable		106,850			104,951			95,272
Shareholders' equity		377,158			350,675			332,106
Capital ratios**
Risk-weighted assets	$	3,095,092		$	2,714,902		$	2,013,544
Common Equity Tier 1 capital		350,812			325,657			305,708
Total regulatory capital		476,005			448,575			418,718
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio		11.33	%		12.00	%		15.18	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		11.78	%		12.50	%		15.86	%
Total capital ratio		15.38	%		16.52	%		20.80	%
Leverage ratio		8.30	%		9.84	%		12.60	%

* See definition in "Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures".

** Capital management and leverage measures are in accordance with OSFI's Capital Adequacy Requirements and Basel III Accord.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

6

Business Outlook

VersaBank is active in underserved banking markets in Canada and the US in which its innovative, value- added, business-to-business (B2B) digital banking products command more attractive pricing for its lending products, and further, continues to develop and expand its diverse deposit gathering network that provides efficient access to a range of low-cost deposit sources. In addition, VersaBank remains highly committed to, and focused on, further developing and enhancing its technology advantage, a key component of its value proposition that not only provides efficient access to VersaBank’s chosen underserved lending and deposit markets, but also delivers superior financial products and better customer service to its clients.

Management is closely monitoring geo-political, economic and financial market risk precipitated by Israel’s recent conflict with Hamas and the continued conflict in Ukraine, as well as the condition of the US banking sector and the potential impact on VersaBank’s business. At this time, management has not identified any material direct or indirect risk exposure to VersaBank resulting from these geo-political risks or the uncertainty in the US banking sector but will continue to assess the relevant data and information as it becomes available.

While VersaBank does not provide guidance on specific performance metrics, the commentary provided below discusses aspects of VersaBank’s business and certain anticipated trends related to same that, in management’s view, could potentially impact future performance.

Potential acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford

The Bank continues to advance the process seeking approval of its proposed acquisition of OCC-chartered US bank, Stearns Bank Holdingford N.A., and expects a decision with respect to approval of its application from US regulators during the first calendar quarter of 2024. If favourable, the Bank will proceed toward completion of the acquisition as soon as possible, subject to Canadian regulatory (OSFI) approval.

Lending Assets

Canadian Point-of-Sale Financing: Consumer spending and business investment in Canada are expected to slow modestly over the course of fiscal 2024 due primarily to the impact of higher interest rates, inflationary pressures (albeit moderated from those recently) and a softening labour market. This modest economic slowdown is not expected to devolve into a recession and is anticipated to be reasonably short lived, with only modest layoffs and a moderate increase in unemployment. It remains management’s view that any impact of a slower Canadian economy on the POS Financing portfolio in fiscal 2024 will be substantially mitigated by the positive impact of continued onboarding of new origination partners and the continued expansion of business with existing partners over the course of the year. As a result, management expects solid growth in the Canadian POS Financing portfolio over the course of fiscal 2024;

US Receivable Purchase Program (“RPP”): Despite higher interest rates and continuing inflationary pressures in the US, the US labour market remains resilient, which, combined with the broad expectation that the Federal Reserve’s tightening cycle has come to an end will continue to support consumer spending. Management views the current trajectory of the US economy to be favourable in the context of continued, stable demand for durable goods as a function of enduring consumption. Management believes that the anticipated US macroeconomic and industry trends described above will continue to support healthy growth in the Bank’s RPP portfolio over the course of fiscal 2024, which would be expected to include meaningful contribution from the Bank’s US subsidiary should VersaBank receive regulatory approval for, and complete the proposed acquisition; and,

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

7

Commercial Real Estate (Business-to-Business Loans with Credit Risk Exposure Predominantly Related to Residential Properties): Notwithstanding the effective risk mitigation strategies that are employed in managing the Bank’s Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) portfolios, including working with well-established, well-capitalized partners and maintaining modest loan-to-value ratios on individual transactions, management continues to take a cautionary stance with respect to its broader CRE portfolios due to volatility in CRE asset valuations and the potential impact of higher for longer interest rates on borrowers’ ability to service debt. While management will continue to focus on the multi-family residential sector in fiscal 2024 it is anticipated that Bank’s CRE portfolio asset mix will meaningfully pivot into lower risk weighted insured assets that will drive moderate portfolio growth in the coming year.

Credit Quality

VersaBank lends to underserved markets that support more attractive pricing for its lending products but typically exhibit a lower-than-average risk profile generally as a function of the lower inherent risk associated with the underlying collateral assets and/or the structure of VersaBank’s offered financing arrangements;

Based on available forward-looking macroeconomic and industry data (as described above), as well as the Bank’s historical credit experience, current underwriting governance, and general expectations for credit performance, management anticipates that credit risk in its portfolio may continue to increase modestly in fiscal 2024 as a function primarily of a potentially higher for longer interest rate environment in both Canada and the US, the ability of consumers and businesses to service debt in such an environment as well as the impact on asset valuations. Notwithstanding the above, the anticipated economic slowdown attributable primarily to higher rates, continued inflation pressures and a softer labour market is expected to be short lived and potentially result in only modest layoffs and a moderate increase in unemployment which should in turn only have a modest dampening effect on consumer spending. Further, management expects that the lower risk profile of VersaBank’s unique business to business lending portfolio, which is a function of VersaBank’s prudent underwriting practices, structured lending products and focus on underserved financing markets within which it has a wealth of experience, will contribute to mitigating any escalation in forward credit risk in the Bank’s lending portfolio; and,

VersaBank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider, for the purpose of computing forward-looking credit risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These credit risk modeling systems are used in conjunction with VersaBank’s internally developed expected credit loss (“ECL”) models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing internal, forward looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

8

Funding and Liquidity

Management expects that commercial deposits raised via VersaBank’s Trustee Integrated Banking (“TIB”) program will continue to grow throughout fiscal 2024 as a function of higher volumes of consumer and commercial bankruptcy and proposal restructuring proceedings, attributable primarily to the impact of a higher interest rate environment. In addition, VersaBank continues to pursue a number of initiatives to grow and expand its well-established, diverse deposit broker network through which it sources personal deposits, consisting primarily of guaranteed investment certificates. The Bank’s current deposit channels remain an efficient, reliable and diversified source of funding, providing access to ample reasonably priced deposits in volumes that comfortably support the Bank’s liquidity requirements. Substantially all of the Bank’s deposit volumes raised through these channels are eligible for CDIC insurance;

Management believes that VersaBank has one of the lowest liquidity risk profiles among North American banks attributable to the quality, stability and stickiness of its deposit base.  All of VersaBank’s deposits are sourced through existing, third-party distribution channels, specifically wealth management firms that distribute the Bank’s term deposit products and Trustee in Bankruptcy firms that invest in the Bank’s demand and term deposit products. The Bank does not accept deposits directly from individuals and does not offer high interest-bearing demand deposit products that are accessible to the public via the internet; and,

Management anticipates that liquidity levels will remain reasonably consistent throughout fiscal 2024 as the Bank continues to fund anticipated balance sheet growth across each of its lines of business. Further, management will continue to deploy cash into low risk, government securities with the objective of earning a more favourable yield on its available liquidity; and,

Earnings and Capital

Earnings growth in fiscal 2024 is expected to be a function primarily of anticipated organic balance sheet growth from Digital Banking operations, specifically attributable to the Bank’s POS Financing and RPP businesses in Canada and the US, respectively, as well as incremental earnings contributions from DRTC;

Net interest income growth for fiscal 2024 is expected to be a function primarily of growth in VersaBank’s POS Financing and RPP businesses in Canada and the US respectively, disciplined liquidity management and the expectation that growth in the TIB program in fiscal 2024 and further expansion of the Bank’s diverse deposit broker network will have a favourable impact on cost of funds;

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

9

Non-interest income growth for fiscal 2024 is expected to be a function primarily of DRTC revenue growth derived from its suite of cybersecurity services;

VersaBank’s capital ratios remain comfortably in excess of the Bank’s targets and regulatory minimums and expectations. Management is of the view that VersaBank’s current capital levels are sufficient to accommodate balance sheet growth contemplated for fiscal 2024. Notwithstanding the above, management will continue to closely monitor the capital markets to identify opportunities for VersaBank to raise additional regulatory capital on attractive terms in order to position VersaBank to support a potentially more robust growth profile in the future;

Management does not anticipate increasing VersaBank’s dividends over the course of fiscal 2024 to ensure that it continues to have adequate regulatory capital available to support contemplated balance sheet growth, as well as specific business development initiatives for earnings growth currently contemplated over the same timeframe and remain in compliance with its established regulatory capital ratio targets and thresholds; and,

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, VersaBank received approval from the TSX and Nasdaq to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid, (“NCIB”) to purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float. For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank purchased and cancelled 1,321,358 Common Shares reducing the Bank’s Common Shares value by $11.4 million and retained earnings by $1.9 million. The NCIB was terminated in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Management does not currently anticipate seeking approval to pursue a NCIB over the course of fiscal 2024.

There is potential that VersaBank may not realize or achieve the anticipated performance trends set out above as a function of a number of factors and variables including, but not limited to, the strength of the Canadian and US economies in general and the strength of the local economies in which VersaBank conducts operations; the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policy, including changes in the interest rate policies of the Bank of Canada and the US Federal Reserve; global commodity prices; the effects of competition in the markets in which VersaBank operates; inflation; capital market fluctuations; the timely development and introduction of new products in receptive markets; the ability of VersaBank to grow its business and execute its strategy in the US market; the impact of changes in the laws and regulations regulating financial services; the impact of wars or conflicts including Israel’s war with Hamas and the crisis in Ukraine; volatility in the US banking sector; and the impact of potential new variants of COVID-19 or a new pandemic-causing virus on the global economy. Please see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 2 of this MD&A.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

10

Financial Review - Earnings

Total Revenue

Total revenue, consisting of net interest income and non-interest income, increased 32% to $108.6 million compared to last year.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
For the year ended:	2023		2022		Change
Interest income
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	146,501	$	78,231		87	%
Commercial real estate mortgages		67,203		43,571		54	%
Commercial real estate loans		650		730		(11	%)
Public sector and other financing		1,332		658		102	%
Other		13,648		3,627		276	%
Interest income	$	229,334	$	126,817		81	%
Interest expense
Deposit and other	$	123,491	$	44,600		177	%
Subordinated notes		5,792		5,551		4	%
Interest expense	$	129,283	$	50,151		158	%
Net interest income	$	100,051	$	76,666		31	%
Non-interest income	$	8,584	$	5,726		50	%
Total revenue	$	108,635	$	82,392		32	%

Net Interest Income

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Net interest income increased 31% to $100.1 million due primarily to:

Higher interest income attributable to strong lending asset growth and higher yields consistent with the higher interest rate environment.

Offset partially by:

Higher interest expense attributable to higher deposit balances and higher cost of funds consistent with the higher interest rate environment.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

11

Net Interest Margin

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31			October 31
For the year ended:	2023			2022			Change
Interest income	$	229,334		$	126,817			81	%
Interest expense		129,283			50,151			158	%
Net interest income		100,051			76,666			31	%
Average assets	$	3,733,804		$	2,840,542			31	%
Yield*		6.14	%		4.47	%		37	%
Cost of funds*		3.46	%		1.77	%		95	%
Net interest margin*		2.68	%		2.70	%		(1	%)
Average gross loans	$	3,406,058		$	2,538,094			34	%
Net interest margin on loans*		2.85	%		3.08	%		(7	%)

* See definition in "Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures" section below.

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Net interest margin decreased 2 bps to 2.68% as a function primarily of:

Higher cost of funds due to elevated rates on term deposits experienced periodically over the course of the year.

Offset partially by:

Higher yields earned on the Bank’s lending and treasury assets, generally as a function of the higher interest rate environment compared to last year.

Non-Interest Income

Non-interest income is composed of revenue generated by DRTC which includes the gross profit of Digital Boundary Group, (“DBG”), as well as income derived from miscellaneous transaction fees not directly attributable to lending assets.

Non-interest income for the year ended October 31, 2023 increased 50% to $8.6 million from $5.7 million last year and was composed substantially of the consolidated gross profit of DBG in the amount of $7.8 million realized on service revenues of $10.6 million, which were up 38% and 9% year-over-year respectively. The increases were a function primarily of higher client engagements and continued improvements in operational efficiency achieved at DBG over the course of the current year.

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

12

Provision for Credit Losses

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31			October 31
For the year ended:	2023			2022
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses by lending asset:
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	(445	)	$	270
Commercial real estate mortgages		935			173
Commercial real estate loans		(12	)		9
Public sector and other financing		131			(1	)
Total provision for (recovery of) credit losses	$	609		$	451

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Provision for credit losses were $609,000 compared with a provision for credit losses of $451,000 last year. The increase was due primarily to:

Higher lending asset balances in the current year; and,

Changes in the forward-looking information used by the Bank in its credit risk models.

Offset partially by:

A recovery of credit losses on the Bank’s POS Financing portfolio attributable to management recalibrating the portfolio’s static, legacy loss rate floor to align more closely with empirical loss rate data and general credit performance; and,

Changes in the Bank’s lending asset mix.

Non-Interest Expenses

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31			October 31
For the year ended:	2023			2022			Change
Salaries and benefits	$	31,428		$	26,796			17	%
General and administrative		15,051			18,732			(20	%)
Premises and equipment		3,902			3,865			1	%
Total non-interest expenses	$	50,381		$	49,393			2	%
Efficiency Ratio*		46.38	%		59.95	%		(23	%)

* See definition in "Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures".

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

13

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Non-interest expenses increased 2% to $50.4 million, due primarily to:

Higher salary and benefits expense attributable to higher staffing levels to support expanded business activity across VersaBank and compensation adjustments; and,

Higher costs attributable to the continuing regulatory approval process associated with VersaBank’s potential acquisition of a US bank which management anticipates will conclude prior to the end of the first calendar quarter of 2024.

Offset partially by:

Lower capital tax expense attributable to a shift in the provincial allocation of the Bank’s loan and deposit originations; and,

Lower insurance premiums relative to the premiums paid during the comparative period attributable to VersaBank’s listing on the Nasdaq in September 2021.

Tax Provision

The Bank’s effective tax rate for the current year was approximately 27% compared with approximately 30% in the prior year. The decrease in the Bank’s effective tax rate in the current year was attributable primarily to the impact of deferred tax assets recognized in the current period associated with tax loss carryforwards which are anticipated to be applied to future taxable earnings, lower non-deductible expenses associated with employee stock options, which were issued as part of the Bank’s employee retention program in early fiscal 2022. Provision for income taxes for fiscal 2023 was $15.5 million compared with $9.9 million last year.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of net income for the period and other comprehensive income which consists of unrealized gains and losses on fair value through other comprehensive income associated with the foreign exchange gain or loss on translation of foreign operations. Comprehensive income for the year was $42.2 million compared to $22.8 million last year.

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Financial Review – Balance Sheet

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
Total assets	$	4,201,610	$	3,265,998		29	%
Cash and securities		300,182		230,145		30	%
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		3,850,404		2,992,678		29	%
Deposits		3,533,366		2,657,540		33	%

Total Assets

Total assets increased 29% to $4.20 billion at October 31, 2023, attributable primarily to strong growth in VersaBank’s POS Financing portfolio, which was up 30% year-over-year, as well as its CRE portfolios, which were up 24% year-over-year.

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Cash and securities

Cash and securities, which are held primarily for liquidity purposes, at October 31, 2023, were $300.2 million, or 7% of total assets, compared with $230.1 million, or 7% of total assets a year ago.

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank held securities totalling $167.9 million (2022 - $141.6 million), comprised of a Government of Canada Treasury Bill and a series of Government of Canada Bonds, substantially all maturing in November 2023.  

Loans

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31			October 31
	2023			2022			Change
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,879,320		$	2,220,894			30	%
Commercial real estate mortgages		889,069			710,369			25	%
Commercial real estate loans		8,793			13,165			(33	%)
Public sector and other financing		55,054			35,452			55	%
		3,832,236			2,979,880			29	%
Allowance for credit losses		(2,513	)		(1,904	)
Accrued interest		20,681			14,702
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses	$	3,850,404		$	2,992,678			29	%

VersaBank organizes its lending portfolio into the following four broad asset categories: Point-of-Sale Loans & Leases, Commercial Real Estate Mortgages, Commercial Real Estate Loans, and Public Sector and Other Financing. These categories have been established in VersaBank’s proprietary, internally developed asset management system and have been designed to catalogue individual lending assets as a function primarily of their key risk drivers, the nature of the underlying collateral, and the applicable market segment.

The Point-of-Sale Loans and Leases (“POS Financing”) asset category is comprised of Point-of-Sale Loan and Lease Receivables acquired from VersaBank’s network of origination and servicing partners in Canada and the US as well as Warehouse Loans that provide bridge financing to VersaBank’s origination and servicing partners for the purpose of accumulating and seasoning practical volumes of individual loans and leases prior to VersaBank purchasing the cashflow receivables derived from same.

The Commercial Real Estate Mortgages (“CRE Mortgages”) asset category is comprised primarily of Residential Construction, Term, Insured and Land Mortgages. All of these loans are business-to-business loans with the underlying credit risk exposure being primarily consumer in nature given that the vast majority (approximately 91% as at October 31, 2023) of the loans are related to properties that are designated primarily for residential use. The portfolio benefits from diversity in its underlying security in the form of a broad range of such collateral properties.

The Commercial Real Estate Loans (“CRE Loans”) asset category is comprised primarily of Condominium Corporation Financing loans.

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The Public Sector and Other Financing (“PSOF”) asset category is comprised primarily of Public Sector Loans and Leases, a small balance of Corporate Loans and Leases and Single Family Residential Conventional and Insured Mortgages. VersaBank has de-emphasized Corporate lending and continues to monitor the public sector space in anticipation of more robust demand for Federal, Provincial and Municipal infrastructure and other project financings.

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Loans increased 29% to $3.85 billion as a function primarily of:

Higher POS Financing balances, which increased 30% year-over-year as a function primarily of consistent strong demand for home improvement/HVAC receivable financing; and,

Higher commercial lending balances attributable primarily to increased loan origination in select markets that were in line with the Bank’s conservative loan origination strategy in light of the evolving, challenging macroeconomic environment.

Residential Mortgage Exposures

In accordance with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) Guideline B-20 – Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures, additional information is provided regarding the Bank’s residential mortgage exposure. For the purposes of the Guideline, a residential mortgage is defined as a loan to an individual that is secured by residential property (one-to-four-unit dwellings) and includes home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”). This differs from the classification of residential mortgages used by the Bank which also includes multi-family residential mortgages.

Under OSFI’s definition, the Bank’s exposure to residential mortgages at October 31, 2023 was $4.2 million compared to $4.0 million a year ago. The Bank did not have any HELOCs outstanding at October 31, 2023, or a year ago.

Credit Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

VersaBank closely monitors its lending portfolio, the portfolio’s underlying borrowers, as well as its origination partners to ensure that management maintains effective visibility on credit trends that could provide an early warning indication of the emergence of any elevated risk in VersaBank’s lending portfolio.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses (or ECL allowance) that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. Under IFRS 9 the Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the expected credit loss methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on both performing loans, and non-performing, or impaired loans even if no actual loss event has occurred.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
ECL allowance by lending asset:
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	100	$	545		(82	%)
Commercial real estate mortgages		2,222		1,287		73	%
Commercial real estate loans		42		54		(22	%)
Public sector and other financing		149		18		728	%
Total ECL allowance	$	2,513	$	1,904		32	%

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
ECL allowance by stage:
ECL allowance stage 1	$	1,945	$	1,766		10	%
ECL allowance stage 2		568		138		312	%
ECL allowance stage 3		-		-
Total ECL allowance	$	2,513	$	1,904		32	%

The Bank’s ECL allowance at October 31, 2023 was $2.5 million compared with $1.9 million a year ago. The year-over-year trend was a function primarily of:

Higher lending asset balances; and,

Changes in the forward-looking information used by VersaBank in its credit risk models.

Offset partially by:

A recovery of credit losses on the Bank’s POS Financing portfolio attributable to management recalibrating the portfolio’s static, legacy loss rate floor to align more closely with empirical loss rate data and general credit performance; and,

Changes in VersaBank’s lending asset portfolio mix.

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Assessment of significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”)

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition.

SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited to, changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists. Notwithstanding the above, the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk will require experienced credit judgement.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition as well as changes in Canadian and US macroeconomic trends attributable to changes in monetary policy, inflation, employment rates, consumer behaviour and geo-political risks.

Expected credit loss model – Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows due to the Bank and the cash flows the Bank expects to receive.

Forward-looking information

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop probability of default (“PD”), and loss given default (“LGD”), term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider for the purpose of computing forward-looking credit risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing internal, forward looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses, as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below). Currently the Bank utilizes upside, downside and baseline forecast macroeconomic scenarios, and assigns discrete weights to each for use in the estimation of its reported ECL. The Bank has also applied expert credit judgement, where appropriate, to reflect, amongst other items, uncertainty in the Canadian and US macroeconomic environments.

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The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the S&P/TSX Index and the price of oil. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Key assumptions driving the baseline macroeconomic forecast trends included: elevated inflation persisting until late 2024 and high interest rates remaining through at least the mid-point of 2024 continue to apply pressure to household finances and slow consumption generally; real GDP growth decelerates through the end of 2023 and into early 2024 attributable to high interest rates and slowing job growth which also combine to curb consumer spending over the same timeframe; current geo-political risks do not escalate materially and have a limited impact on global commodity prices and supply chains; and, while COVID 19 infections return, public health restrictions do not and the virus is assumed to have very little impact on the Canadian and US economies attributable to robust vaccination programs.

Management developed ECL estimates using credit risk parameter term structure forecasts sensitized to individual baseline, upside and downside forecast macroeconomic scenarios, each weighted at 100%, and subsequently computed the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023 in order to assess the alignment of the Bank’s reported ECL with the Bank’s credit risk profile, and further, to assess the scope, depth and ultimate effectiveness of the credit risk mitigation strategies that the Bank has applied to its lending portfolios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below).

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A summary of the key forecast macroeconomic indicator data trends utilized by VersaBank for the purpose of sensitizing lending asset credit risk parameter term structure forecasts to forward looking information, which in turn are used in the estimation of VersaBank’s reported ECL, as well as in the assessment of same are presented in the charts below.

Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Sensitivity

The following table presents the sensitivity of the Bank’s estimated ECL to a range of individual forecast macroeconomic scenarios, that in isolation may not reflect the Bank’s actual expected ECL exposure, as well as the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Reported		100%			100%			100%
	ECL
			Upside			Baseline			Downside
Allowance for expected credit losses	$	2,513	$	1,409		$	1,939		$	2,975
Variance from reported ECL				(1,104	)		(575	)		462
Variance from reported ECL (%)				(44	%)		(23	%)		18	%

The uncertainty associated with interest rates, inflation and unemployment trends given the expectation of an economic slowdown in both Canada and the US as well as elevated geo-political risk may result in VersaBank’s estimated ECL amounts exhibiting some future volatility which in turn may result in the Bank recognizing higher provisions for credit losses in the future.

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Considering the analysis set out above and based on management’s review of the loan and credit data comprising VersaBank’s lending portfolio, combined with management’s interpretation of the available forecast macroeconomic and industry data, management is of the view that its reported ECL allowance represents a reasonable proxy for potential, future losses.

Deposits

VersaBank has established three core funding channels: personal deposits, commercial deposits, and cash reserves retained from VersaBank’s POS Financing origination partners that are classified as other liabilities, which are discussed in the Other Assets and Liabilities section below.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
Commercial deposits	$	619,014	$	598,413		3	%
Personal deposits		2,914,352		2,059,127		42	%
Total deposits	$	3,533,366	$	2,657,540		33	%

Personal deposits, consisting principally of guaranteed investment certificates (term deposits), are sourced primarily through a well-established and well-diversified deposit broker network that the Bank continues to grow and expand across Canada.

Commercial deposits are sourced primarily via specialized operating accounts made available to insolvency professionals (“Trustees”) in the Canadian insolvency industry. The Bank developed customized banking software for use by Trustees that integrates banking services with the market-leading software platform used in the administration of consumer bankruptcy and proposal restructuring proceedings.

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Deposits increased 33% to $3.5 billion due primarily to:

Higher personal deposits attributable to VersaBank increasing activity in its broker market network to fund balance sheet growth; and,

Higher commercial deposits attributable to an increase in the volume of consumer and commercial bankruptcy and proposal restructuring proceedings in the current year.

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The table below presents a summary of the Bank’s deposit portfolio by maturity, excluding accrued interest at October 31, 2023, as well as for 2022:

					2023
	Within 3		3 months to		1 year to		2 years to		Over
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	months		1 year		2 years		5 years		5 years		Total
Commercial deposits	$	619,014	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	619,014
Personal deposits		339,339		1,461,075		433,205		618,569		-		2,852,188
	$	958,353	$	1,461,075	$	433,205	$	618,569	$	-	$	3,471,202

					2022
	Within 3		3 months to		1 year to		2 years to		Over
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	months		1 year		2 years		5 years		5 years		Total
Commercial deposits	$	598,413	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	598,413
Personal deposits		184,686		904,664		529,806		412,739		331		2,032,226
	$	783,099	$	904,664	$	529,806	$	412,739	$	331	$	2,630,639

Subordinated Notes Payable

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022
Issued March 2019, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of $5.0 million, fixed effective interest rate of 10.41%, maturing March 2029.	$	4,919	$	4,908
Issued April 2021, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of US $75.0 million, fixed effective interest rate of 5.38%, maturing May 2031.		101,931		100,043
	$	106,850	$	104,951

Subordinated notes payable, net of issue costs, were $106.9 million at October 31, 2023, compared to $105.0 million a year ago. The year-over-year trend was a function primarily of changes in the USD/CAD foreign exchange spot rate over the same period.

$500,000 of the Bank’s $5.0 million subordinated notes payable, issued in March 2019, are held by a related party (see note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on related party transactions and balances).

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Other Assets and Liabilities

Other Assets

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
Accounts receivable	$	3,858	$	3,774		2	%
Prepaid expenses and other		22,130		16,391		35	%
Property and equipment		6,536		6,868		(5	%)
Right-of-use assets		3,427		4,122		(17	%)
Deferred income tax asset		4,058		2,128		91	%
Interest rate swap		1,517		-
Investment		953		953		0	%
Goodwill		5,754		5,754		0	%
Intangible assets		2,791		3,185		(12	%)
Total other assets	$	51,024	$	43,175		18	%

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Other assets increased 18% to $51.0 million due primarily to:

Higher prepaid expenses and other attributable primarily to the capitalization of various costs relating to business development initiatives and normal course timing of general corporate prepaid expenses;

Positive fair value on the interest rate swap entered into by the Bank in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 for asset and liability management purposes attributable to the increase in forward rates over the course of the year;

Higher deferred tax asset attributable primarily to the Bank recognizing deferred tax assets associated with future tax loss carryforwards which are anticipated to be applied to future taxable earnings; and,

Higher accounts receivable attributable primarily to the normal course timing of general corporate receivables.

Offset partially by:

Lower property and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets attributable to amortization.

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Goodwill and intangible assets

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank carried $5.8 million in Goodwill, unchanged from last year. The goodwill relates to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group. The intangible assets related to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group were $3.9 million and at October 31, 2023 had accumulated amortization of $1.1 million (2022 - $755,000) and are being amortized over 10 years. Amortization expense for the year associated with these assets totaled $394,000 (2022 - $456,000).

The Bank, internally through its DRTC segment has developed proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology products. Costs associated with the development of these products have been capitalized in accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets. Amortization of these costs has not yet commenced as the products associated with same remain in the development stage and are reflected in prepaid expenses and other. At October 31, 2023, the Bank had $8.1 million (2022 - $6.2 million) in capitalized cost.

Other Liabilities

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31		October 31
	2023		2022		Change
Accounts payable and other	$	9,681	$	7,662		26	%
Current income tax liability		7,466		5,797		29	%
Deferred income tax liability		731		786		(7	%)
Lease obligations		3,771		4,471		(16	%)
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow		8,818		8,006		10	%
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables		153,769		126,110		22	%
Total other liabilities	$	184,236	$	152,832		21	%

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Other liabilities increased 21% to $184.2 million, due primarily to:

Higher cash reserve balances attributable to higher POS Financing portfolio balances;

Higher accounts payable attributable primarily to the normal course timing of general corporate payables;

Higher income tax payable amounts attributable primarily to increase in taxable earnings and timing of normal course payment of current year tax instalments; and,

Higher cash collateral and amounts held in escrow due to portfolio growth;

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Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity at October 31, 2023 increased to $377.2 million from $350.7 million a year ago. The increase was due primarily to:

Higher retained earnings attributable to net income earned over the course of the year; and,

Higher contributed surplus attributable to the fair value of the stock-based compensation.

Offset partially by:

The purchase and cancellation of common shares pursuant to the Bank’s NCIB; and,

Payment of dividends.

The summary of the Banks’ issued and outstanding share capital is as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Common shares:
Balance, beginning of the year		27,245,782		$	225,982			27,441,082		$	227,674
Options exercised during the year		40,000			280			-			-
Purchased and cancelled during the year		(1,321,358	)		(11,438	)		(195,300	)		(1,692	)
Outstanding, end of year		25,964,424		$	214,824			27,245,782		$	225,982
Series 1 preferred shares:
Outstanding, beginning and
end of year		1,461,460		$	13,647			1,461,460		$	13,647
Total share capital				$	228,471					$	239,629

On August 5, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) for its common shares. On September 21, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Nasdaq to proceed with a NCIB for its common shares. Pursuant to the NCIB, VersaBank was authorized to purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float. VersaBank’s directors and management believed that the market price of VersaBank’s common shares did not reflect the value of the business and the future prospects of same, and further, reflected a material discount to book value and as such the purchase of common shares for cancellation at such time was a prudent corporate measure and represented an attractive investment for the Bank.

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The Bank was eligible to make purchases commencing on August 17, 2022 and the NCIB was terminated on August 16, 2023. The purchases were made by VersaBank through the facilities of the TSX and alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq in accordance with the rules of the TSX and such alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq, as applicable, and the prices that VersaBank paid for the Common Shares was at the market price of such shares at the time of acquisition. VersaBank made no purchases of Common Shares other than open market purchases. All shares purchased under the NCIB were cancelled.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank purchased and cancelled 1,321,358 (2022 - 195,300) Common Shares for $13.3 million (2022 - $1.9 million), reducing the Bank’s Common Share value by $11.4 million (2022 - $1.7 million) and retained earnings by $1.9 million (2022 - $238,000). In the same period, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options that were exercised in the current year.

The Bank’s book value per common share at October 31, 2023, was $14.00 compared to $12.37 a year ago. The year-over-year trend was a function primarily of higher retained earnings attributable to net income earned in the current period and the purchase and cancellation of common shares pursuant to the Bank’s NCIB, offset partially by the payment of dividends.

See note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information relating to share capital.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Bank has a stock option plan for its employees and officers. Options are granted at an exercise price set at the closing market price of the Bank’s common shares on the day preceding the date on which the option is granted and are exercisable within five years of issue. Options are usually granted with graded vesting terms. One third vests on the first anniversary of the grant date, one third vests on the second anniversary of the grant date and one third vests on the third anniversary of the grant date.

	2023					2022
				Weighted					Weighted
	Number of			average		Number of			average
	options			exercise price		options			exercise price
Outstanding, beginning of period		965,766		$	15.53		40,000		$	7.00
Granted		1,500			15.90		971,707			15.90
Exercised		(40,000	)		7.00		-			-
Forfeited/cancelled		(52,873	)		15.90		(45,941	)		15.90
Expired		-			-		-			-
Outstanding, end of period		874,393		$	15.90		965,766		$	15.53

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For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank recognized stock-based compensation expense of $901,000 (2022 - $1.5 million) related to the estimated fair value of options granted. The fair value of the 1,500 stock options granted over the course of the current fiscal year was estimated at the grant dates using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the following input assumptions: risk-free rate of 3.33%, expected option life of 3.5 years, expected volatility of 30.0%, expected annual dividends of 1.1% and a forfeiture rate of 2.0%. The weighted average of the fair value of the stock options granted in the year was estimated at $0.96 per share. During the current year, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options there were exercised in the current year.

Updated Share Information

As at December 12, 2023, there were no changes since October 31, 2023, in the number of common shares, Series 1 preferred shares, and common share options outstanding.

Derivative instruments

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had an outstanding contract established for asset liability management purposes to swap between fixed and floating interest rates with a notional amount totaling $20.8 million (October 31, 2022 - $nil), of which $20.8 million (October 31, 2022 - $nil) qualified for hedge accounting. The Bank enters into interest rate swap contracts for its own account exclusively and does not act as an intermediary in this market. The maturity date of the amortizing interest rate swap is March 1, 2034. At October 31, 2023, fair value of $1.5 million (October 31, 2022 - $nil) relating to this contract was included in other assets and the offsetting amount included in the carrying values of the assets to which they relate. Approved counterparties are limited to major Canadian chartered banks. The carrying amount of the hedged item recognized in the loans was $19.8 million. The accumulated amount of fair value hedge adjustments on the hedged item included in the carrying amount of the hedged item is $955,000.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As at October 31, 2023, VersaBank did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements other than loan commitments and letters of credit attributable to normal course business activities. See note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

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Commitments and Contingencies

The amount of credit related commitments represents the maximum amount of additional credit that the Bank could be obliged to extend. Under certain circumstances, the Bank may cancel loan commitments at its option. Letters of credit amounts are not necessarily indicative of the associated credit risk exposure as many of these secured arrangements are contracted for a limited period of time and will expire or terminate without being drawn upon.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	2023		2022
Loan commitments	$	405,426	$	382,851
Letters of credit		75,963		60,273
	$	481,389	$	443,124

Contractual Obligations

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had the following scheduled principal repayments of financial liabilities.

	2023
			Less than						Over
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Total		1 Year		1-2 Years		2-5 Years		5 Years
Deposits	$	3,533,366	$	2,481,592	$	433,205	$	618,569	$	-
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables		153,769		153,769		-		-		-
Subordinated notes payable		106,850		-		-		-		106,850
Accounts payable		9,681		9,681		-		-		-
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow		8,818		8,818		-		-		-
Current income tax liability		7,466		7,466		-		-		-
Lease obligations		3,771		735		725		1,648		662
Deferred income tax liability		731		170		97		291		173
	$	3,824,452	$	2,662,231	$	434,027	$	620,508	$	107,685

Other Commitments

During the current year the Bank committed to acquire capital assets in the amount of approximately $17.5 million.

Related Party Transactions

The Bank’s Board of Directors and Senior Executive Officers represent key management personnel. See note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on transactions entered into with, and the compensation of key management personnel.

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Results of Operating Segments

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
for the year ended	October 31, 2023										October 31, 2022
	Digital Banking		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated		Digital Banking		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated
						Adjustments										Adjustments
Net interest income	$	100,051	$	-		$	-		$	100,051	$	76,666	$	-		$	-		$	76,666
Non-interest income		540		9,698			(1,654	)		8,584		52		5,839			(165	)		5,726
Total revenue		100,591		9,698			(1,654	)		108,635		76,718		5,839			(165	)		82,392
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		609		-			-			609		451		-			-			451
		99,982		9,698			(1,654	)		108,026		76,267		5,839			(165	)		81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits		25,382		6,046			-			31,428		22,303		4,493			-			26,796
General and administrative		15,140		1,565			(1,654	)		15,051		17,614		1,283			(165	)		18,732
Premises and equipment		2,462		1,440			-			3,902		2,475		1,390			-			3,865
		42,984		9,051			(1,654	)		50,381		42,392		7,166			(165	)		49,393
Income (loss) before income taxes		56,998		647			-			57,645		33,875		(1,327	)		-			32,548
Income tax provision		15,867		(384	)		-			15,483		9,744		146			-			9,890
Net income (loss)	$	41,131	$	1,031		$	-		$	42,162	$	24,131	$	(1,473	)	$	-		$	22,658
Total assets	$	4,190,876	$	26,443		$	(15,709	)	$	4,201,610	$	3,267,479	$	22,345		$	(23,826	)	$	3,265,998
Total liabilities	$	3,818,412	$	28,788		$	(22,748	)	$	3,824,452	$	2,912,249	$	25,755		$	(22,681	)	$	2,915,323

Digital Banking Operations

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

Digital Banking Operations net income increased 70% year-over-year as a function of higher revenue offset partially by higher non-interest expense. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by strong loan growth, as well as the redeployment of available cash into higher yielding, low risk securities, and a favourable fair value interest rate swap adjustment, offset partially by higher interest expense attributable to higher deposit balances and higher cost of funds. The slight increase in non-interest expense was due primarily to higher salary and benefits expense attributable to higher staffing levels to support expanded business activity and higher professional fees attributable to the continuing regulatory approval process associated with the Bank’s acquisition of a US bank, offset partially by lower capital tax expense and lower insurance premiums relative to the premiums paid during the comparative period.

DRTC (Cybersecurity Services and Banking and Financial Technology Development)

FY 2023 vs FY 2022

DRTC net income improved to $1.0 million compared with a net loss of $1.5 million last year. The year-over-year improvement was driven primarily by higher revenue and gross profit from DBG and intercorporate cybersecurity services provided to Digital Banking offset by the increase in non-interest expenses attributable to higher salary and benefits expense due to higher staffing levels established to support expanded business activity. The favourable trend in the current year also reflects the impact of the recognition of a deferred tax asset in the second quarter of fiscal 2023 associated with DRTC’s non-capital loss carryforwards which are anticipated to be applied to future taxable earnings.

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The segment’s non-interest income was substantially derived from the operations of DBG. DBG services revenue and gross profit were up 9% and 38% year-over-year to $10.6 million and $7.8 million respectively. These strong year-over-year trends were a function primarily of higher demand for DBG’s services resulting in higher client engagement.

Capital Management and Capital Resources

Capital Management

The Bank’s policy is to maintain a strong capital base to maintain investor, creditor and market confidence, as well as to support future growth and development of the business. The impact of the level of capital on shareholders’ return is an important consideration and the Bank recognizes the need to maintain a balance between the higher returns that may be possible with greater leverage and the advantages and security afforded by a more robust capital position.

The Bank operates as a Schedule 1 bank under the Bank Act (Canada) and is regulated by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (“OSFI”). Capital is managed in accordance with policies and plans that are regularly reviewed and approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors. The Bank’s objective, in this context, is to maintain adequate regulatory capital for the Bank to be considered well capitalized, protect consumer deposits and provide capacity to support organic growth as well as to capitalize on strategic opportunities that do not otherwise require accessing the public capital markets, all the while providing a satisfactory return to shareholders. Regulatory capital is comprised of the qualifying amount of subordinated notes, share capital, retained earnings and net after-tax unrealized gains and losses on fair value through other comprehensive income securities. Consistent with capital adequacy guidelines issued by OSFI, the Bank has implemented an internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP) with the objective of ensuring that capital levels remain adequate in relation to current and future risks.

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The table below presents the Bank’s regulatory capital position, risk-weighted assets and regulatory capital and leverage ratios for the current and comparative periods.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31			October 31
	2023			2022			Change
Common Equity Tier 1 capital	$	350,812		$	325,657			8	%
Total Tier 1 capital	$	364,459		$	339,304			7	%
Total Tier 2 capital	$	111,546		$	109,271			2	%
Total regulatory capital	$	476,005		$	448,575			6	%
Total risk-weighted assets	$	3,095,092		$	2,714,902			14	%
Capital ratios
CET1 capital ratio		11.33	%		12.00	%		(6	%)
Tier 1 capital ratio		11.78	%		12.50	%		(6	%)
Total capital ratio		15.38	%		16.52	%		(7	%)
Leverage ratio		8.30	%		9.84	%		(16	%)

OSFI requires banks to measure capital adequacy in accordance with its guidelines for determining risk-adjusted capital and risk-weighted assets including off-balance sheet credit instruments. The Bank currently uses the Standardized Approach to calculate risk-weighted assets for both credit and operational risk. Under the Standardized Approach for credit risk, each asset type is assigned a risk weight ranging between 0% and 150% to determine the risk-weighted equivalent, or risk-weighted asset amounts for use in calculating the Bank’s risk-based capital ratios. Off-balance sheet assets, such as undrawn credit commitments, are included in the calculation of risk-weighted assets, and further, both the credit risk equivalent and the risk-weighted calculations are prescribed by OSFI. The Standardized Approach, as defined by Basel III, may require the Bank to carry more capital for certain credit exposures compared to requirements under the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based (“AIRB”) methodology. As a result, regulatory capital ratios of banks that utilize the Standardized Approach may not be directly comparable with the large Canadian banks and other international banks that utilize the AIRB methodology.

As at October 31, 2023, and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with all minimum capital ratios prescribed by OSFI.

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The tables below present the Bank’s risk-weighted assets as at October 31, 2023, as well as for 2022, organized by asset type and risk weight assignment respectively:

As at October 31, 2023	Notional/drawn amount by asset type
											Risk
			Loans				Off -balance				Weighted
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Cash		& securities		Other		sheet items		Total		Balance
Corporate	$	-	$	917,854	$	-	$	-	$	917,854	$	709,486
Sovereign		-		171,934		-		-		171,934		799
Bank		132,242		17,730		-		-		149,972		33,327
Retail residential mortgages		-		82,333		-		-		82,333		19,256
Other retail		-		2,828,493		-		-		2,828,493		2,003,581
Other items		-		-		51,024		75,963		126,987		65,957
Undrawn commitments		-		-		-		405,426		405,426		130,003
Operational risk ¹		-		-		-		-		-		132,683
Total	$	132,242	$	4,018,344	$	51,024	$	481,389	$	4,682,999	$	3,095,092

As at October 31, 2022	Notional/drawn amount by asset type
											Risk
			Loans				Off -balance				Weighted
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Cash		& securities		Other		sheet items		Total		Balance
Corporate	$	-	$	957,174	$	-	$	-	$	957,174	$	931,860
Sovereign		-		148,346		-		-		148,346		1,356
Bank		88,581		17,692		-		-		106,273		21,255
Retail residential mortgages		-		6,378		-		-		6,378		1,403
Other retail		-		2,004,652		-		-		2,004,652		1,410,294
Other items		-		-		43,175		60,273		103,448		60,928
Undrawn commitments		-		-		-		382,851		382,851		161,598
Operational risk ¹		-		-		-		-		-		126,208
Total	$	88,581	$	3,134,242	$	43,175	$	443,124	$	3,709,122	$	2,714,902

 ^¹ The charge for operational risk is determined using the Basic Indicator Approach as prescribed by OSFI.

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As at October 31, 2023	Notional/drawn amount by risk weight
															Risk
															Weighted
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	0%		20-25%		30-35%		40-75%		80-100%		110-150%		Total		Balance
Corporate	$	-	$	-	$	158,418	$	203,992	$	446,725	$	108,719	$	917,854	$	709,486
Sovereign		167,940		3,994		-		-		-		-		171,934		799
Bank		-		132,242		17,730		-		-		-		149,972		33,327
Retail residential mortgages		-		74,037		8,296		-		-		-		82,333		19,256
Other retail		-		-		-		2,816,511		11,981		-		2,828,492		2,003,581
Other items		15,900		713		-		4,310		105,315		750		126,988		65,957
Undrawn commitments		-		-		-		-		405,426		-		405,426		130,003
Operational risk ¹		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		132,683
Total	$	183,840	$	210,986	$	184,444	$	3,024,813	$	969,447	$	109,469	$	4,682,999	$	3,095,092

As at October 31, 2022	Notional/drawn amount by risk weight
															Risk
															Weighted
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	0%		20-25%		30-35%		40-75%		80-100%		110-150%		Total		Balance
Corporate	$	25,314	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	931,860	$	-	$	957,174	$	931,860
Sovereign		141,564		6,782		-		-		-		-		148,346		1,356
Bank		-		106,273		-		-		-		-		106,273		21,255
Retail residential mortgages		2,367		-		4,011		-		-		-		6,378		1,403
Other retail		116,880		11,100		-		1,874,396		2,276		-		2,004,652		1,410,294
Other items		12,151		716		-		-		90,581		-		103,448		60,928
Undrawn commitments		-		-		-		-		382,851		-		382,851		161,598
Operational risk ¹		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		126,208
Total	$	298,276	$	124,871	$	4,011	$	1,874,396	$	1,407,568	$	-	$	3,709,122	$	2,714,902

¹ The charge for operational risk is determined using the Basic Indicator Approach as prescribed by OSFI.

Further, OSFI requires that all Canadian banks must comply with the Basel III standards on an “all-in” basis for purposes of determining their risk-based capital ratios. Required minimum regulatory capital ratios are a 7.0% Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio, an 8.5% Tier 1 capital ratio and a 10.5% total capital ratio, all of which include a 2.5% capital conservation buffer.

As the Bank makes use of the Standardized Approach for credit risk as prescribed by OSFI, it may include eligible ECL allowance amounts in its Tier 2 capital, up to a maximum of 1.25% of its credit risk-weighted assets calculated under the Standardized Approach.

The year-over-year trends exhibited by VersaBank’s reported regulatory capital levels, regulatory capital ratios and leverage ratios were a function primarily of retained earnings growth, the purchase and cancellation of common shares through the Bank’s NCIB and changes to the Bank’s risk-weighted asset balances and composition.

Leverage Ratio

The leverage ratio is a supplementary measure that is prescribed under the Basel III Accord and is defined as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to total exposures. OSFI requires all financial institutions to maintain a leverage ratio of 3% or greater at all times.

At October 31, 2023, the Bank exceeded all of the minimum Basel III regulatory capital requirements set out above.

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Liquidity

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended October 31, 2023, shows cash provided by operations of $94.7 million compared to cash used in operations of $32.7 million a year ago. The current year trend was a function primarily of inflows from operations and deposits raised exceeding the timing of cash outflows to fund loans. The comparative period trend was a function primarily of cash outflows to fund loans exceeding cash inflows from deposits raised. Based on factors such as liquidity requirements and opportunities for investment in loans and securities, the Bank may manage the amount of deposits it raises and loans it funds in ways that result in the balances of these items giving rise to either negative or positive cash flow from operations. The Bank will continue to fund its operations and meet contractual obligations as they become due using cash on hand and by closely managing its flow of deposits.

Capital Resources

The operations of the Bank are not dependent upon significant investments in capital assets to generate revenue. At October 31, 2023, the Bank had commitments for capital expenditures in the amount of approximately $17.5 million for the year.

Summary of Quarterly Results

(thousands of Canadian dollars
except per share amounts)	2023												2022
	Q4			Q3			Q2			Q1			Q4			Q3			Q2			Q1
Results of operations:
Interest income	$	66,089		$	60,089		$	53,595		$	49,561		$	42,072		$	34,177		$	25,848		$	24,720
Yield on assets (%)		6.40	%		6.19	%		6.05	%		5.78	%		5.26	%		4.70	%		4.15	%		4.06	%
Interest expense		39,850			35,160			28,986			25,287			19,595			14,115			8,606			7,835
Cost of funds (%)		3.86	%		3.62	%		3.27	%		2.95	%		2.45	%		1.94	%		1.38	%		1.29	%
Net interest income		26,239			24,929			24,609			24,274			22,477			20,062			17,242			16,885
Net interest margin (%)		2.54	%		2.57	%		2.78	%		2.83	%		2.81	%		2.76	%		2.77	%		2.77	%
Net interest margin on loans (%)		2.69	%		2.69	%		2.99	%		3.03	%		3.03	%		3.07	%		3.11	%		3.23	%
Non-interest income		2,934			1,930			2,076			1,644			1,775			1,177			1,393			1,381
Total revenue		29,173			26,859			26,685			25,918			24,252			21,239			18,635			18,266
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(184	)		171			237			385			205			166			78			2
Non-interest expenses		12,441			12,879			12,726			12,335			13,774			13,216			11,767			10,636
Efficiency ratio		43	%		48	%		48	%		48	%		57	%		62	%		63	%		58	%
Efficiency ratio - Digital Banking		45	%		43	%		43	%		42	%		51	%		57	%		58	%		56	%
Tax provision		4,437			3,806			3,459			3,781			3,844			2,137			1,847			2,062
Net income	$	12,479		$	10,003		$	10,263		$	9,417		$	6,429		$	5,720		$	4,943		$	5,566
Income per share
Basic	$	0.47		$	0.38		$	0.38		$	0.34		$	0.23		$	0.20		$	0.17		$	0.19
Diluted	$	0.47		$	0.38		$	0.38		$	0.34		$	0.23		$	0.20		$	0.17		$	0.19
Return on average common equity		13.58	%		11.15	%		12.07	%		10.79	%		7.32	%		6.57	%		5.92	%		6.58	%
Return on average total assets		1.19	%		1.00	%		1.13	%		1.07	%		0.77	%		0.75	%		0.75	%		0.87	%

The financial results for each of the last eight quarters are summarized above. Key drivers of the quarter- over-quarter performance trends for the current reporting period were:

Lending asset growth attributable to strong growth in both the POS Financing and commercial lending portfolios;

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Modestly lower NIM attributable primarily to higher cost of funds offset partially by higher yields earned on the Bank’s lending and treasury assets;

Recovery of credit losses attributable primarily to management recalibrating the POS Financing portfolio’s static, legacy loss rate floor to align more closely with empirical loss rate data and general credit performance and changes in the forward-looking information used in the Bank’s credit risk models offset partially by higher lending balances and changes in the Bank’s lending asset mix; and,

Lower non-interest expense attributable primarily to lower salaries and benefits and lower expenditures related to professional fees attributable to the continuing regulatory approval process associated with the Bank’s acquisition of a US bank offset partially by higher capital tax and other assessments.

Fourth Quarter Review

Net Income

Net income for the quarter was $12.5 million, or $0.47 per common share (basic and diluted), a 25% increase from $10.0 million, or $0.38 per common share (basic and diluted), for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and a 94% increase from $6.4 million, or $0.23 per common share (basic and diluted), for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of higher revenues, a recovery of credit losses in the current quarter and lower non-interest expenses.

Total Revenue

Total revenue for the quarter was $29.2 million, an increase of 9% from $26.9 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and an increase of 20% from $24.3 million for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of higher net interest income attributable substantially to lending asset growth and higher non-interest income attributable to higher gross profit generated by DBG.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income for the quarter was $26.2 million, an increase of 5% from $24.9 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and an increase of 17% from $22.5 million for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of higher interest income attributable to lending asset growth, higher yields earned on floating rate lending assets attributable to higher interest rates and the redeployment of available cash into higher yielding, low risk securities, offset partially by higher interest expense.

Net Interest Margin

Net interest margin or spread for the quarter was 2.54% compared with 2.57% for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and 2.81% for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of higher cost of funds due to elevated rates on term deposits experienced periodically over the course of the year, offset partially by higher yields earned on the Bank’s lending assets.

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Provision for Credit Losses

VersaBank recorded a recovery of credit losses and PCL ratio for the quarter in the amount of $184,000 and -0.02% respectively compared to a provision for credit losses and PCL ratio of $171,000 and 0.02% respectively for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and a provision for credit losses and PCL ratio of $205,000 and 0.03% respectively for the same period a year ago. The current quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of management recalibrating the POS Financing portfolio’s static, legacy loss rate floor to align more closely with empirical loss rate data and general credit performance and changes in the forward-looking information used in the Bank’s credit risk models offset partially by higher lending balances and changes in the Bank’s lending asset mix.

Non-Interest Expenses

Non-interest expenses for the quarter were $12.4 million compared to $12.9 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and $13.8 million for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of lower salary and benefits amounts attributable to estimates associated with performance-based obligations and lower expenditures related to the investments in the Bank’s business development initiatives or more specifically lower costs incurred in the current quarter attributable to the regulatory approval process associated with VersaBank’s potential acquisition of a US bank.

Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes for the quarter was $4.4 million compared with $3.8 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and $3.8 million for the same period a year ago. The quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year trends were a function primarily of an increase in the Bank’s earnings offset partially by a lower effective tax rate in the current year attributable primarily to lower non-deductible expenses associated with employee stock options which were issued as part of the Bank’s employee retention program and the impact of deferred tax assets recognized in the current year associated with tax loss carryforwards which is anticipated to be applied to future taxable earnings.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Significant accounting policies are detailed in note 3 of the Bank’s 2023 Consolidated Financial Statements. There has been no change in accounting policies nor any significant new policies adopted during the current year, except for the inclusion of derivative instruments and hedge accounting policy in relation to the interest rate swap contract that was entered into in the current year.

In preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements, management has exercised judgment and developed estimates in applying accounting policies and generating reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and income and expenses during the reporting periods. Areas where judgement was applied include assessing significant increases in credit risk on financial assets since initial recognition and in the selection of relevant forward-looking information. Estimates are applied in the determination of the allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets, the fair value of stock options granted, the fair value of derivatives, the impairment test applied to intangible assets and goodwill, and the measurement of deferred income taxes. It is reasonably possible, on the basis of existing knowledge, that actual results may vary from that expected in the development of these estimates. This could result in material adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and/or liabilities affected in the future.

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Estimates and their underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are applied prospectively once they are known. The policies discussed below are considered to be particularly significant as they require management to make estimates or judgements, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain.

Financial Instruments

Classification and Measurement

Under IFRS 9, all financial assets, with the exception of equity and derivatives, must be classified at initial recognition as a function of the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the business model under which the financial asset is managed. These financial assets are initially measured at fair value, and are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when the business model under which they are managed has changed. Any reclassifications are applied prospectively from the reclassification date. All financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost unless elected otherwise.

Debt instruments

Financial assets that are debt instruments are categorized into one of the following measurement categories:

amortized cost;

fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”);

fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”).

The characterization of a debt instrument’s cashflows is determined through a solely payment of principal and interest (“SPPI”) test. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a debt instrument are in fact solely payments of principal and interest and are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. In the context of the SPPI test, “Principal” is defined as the fair value of the debt instrument at origination or initial recognition, which may change over the life of the instrument as a function of a number of variables including principal repayments, prepayments, or amortization of a premium/discount. In the context of the SPPI test “Interest” is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk. The rationale for the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that include structural features that are incongruent with a basic lending arrangement, such as conversion options, are classified as, and measured at FVTPL.

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The Bank’s loans are categorized and measured as amortized cost. Debt instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a hold to collect basis are measured at amortized cost. These financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value plus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for credit losses. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cashflows through the expected life of the instrument to the gross carrying amount of the instrument. Amortized cost is calculated as a function of the effective interest rate, taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition, transaction costs and fees. Amortization of these costs is included in interest income in the consolidated statement of income.

The Bank’s securities are measured at fair value and categorized as FVOCI.

Equity instruments

Equity instruments are measured at fair value and categorized as FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made at initial recognition to categorize as FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Amounts recognized in OCI are not to be subsequently reclassed to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends. Dividends received are recorded in non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from accumulated OCI to retained earnings.

The Bank has categorized its investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. as FVOCI and it is carried at fair value.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

The Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”) that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. The Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the ECL methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments, classified either as amortized cost or as FVOCI, and on all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

Expected credit losses represent unbiased and probability-weighted estimates that are modeled as a function of a range of possible outcomes as well as the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information (“FLI”) (see Forward-Looking Information below).

The Bank’s ECL or impairment model estimates 12 months of expected credit losses for performing loans that have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk, (“SICR”) since initial recognition. Additionally, the ECL model estimates lifetime expected credit losses on performing loans that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition. Further, individual allowances are estimated for loans that are determined to be credit impaired.

Loans or other financial instruments that have not experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 1, while loans or financial instruments that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 2, and loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired are designated as stage 3. Subsequent to the initial stage designation, the Bank’s loans or other financial instruments may transfer between stages due to these loans or financial instruments experiencing a significant change in credit risk.

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Assessment of significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”)

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether or not there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition. The determination of a SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited to changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition.

With regards to delinquency and monitoring, there is a rebuttable presumption that the credit risk of a loan or other financial instrument has increased since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days delinquent. The Bank chose to use 60 days delinquency as an appropriate indicator of increased credit risk as it serves as a stable early warning indicator that the cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument under consideration may be uncertain and may not be realized by the Bank under the contractual repayment terms.

Expected credit loss model – Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive. The ECL calculation is a function of the credit risk parameters; probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default associated with each loan, sensitized to future market and macroeconomic conditions through the incorporation of FLI derived from multiple economic forecast scenarios, including baseline, upside, and downside scenarios.

For clarity:

The probability of default (“PD”) for a loan or a financial instrument is an estimate of the likelihood of default of that instrument over a given time horizon;

The loss given default (“LGD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default of that instrument occurs at a given time or over a given period; and,

The exposure at default (“EAD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the Bank’s exposure derived from that instrument at a future default date.

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The Bank’s ECL model develops contractual cashflow profiles for loans as a function of a number of underlying assumptions and a broad range of input variables. The expected cashflow schedules are subsequently derived from the contractual cashflow schedules, adjusted for incremental default amounts, forgone interest, and recovery amounts. The finalized contractual and expected cashflow schedules are subsequently discounted at the effective interest rate to determine the expected cash shortfall or expected credit losses for each individual loan or financial instrument.

Individual allowances are estimated for loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired and that have been designated as stage 3. A loan or other financial instrument is classified as credit impaired when the Bank becomes aware that, before taking into consideration collateral or credit enhancements, all of, or a portion of the contractual cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument may be impacted and as a result may not be realized by the Bank under the repayment schedule set out in the contractual terms associated with the loan or other financial instrument. Loans or other financial instruments for which interest or principal is contractually past due 90 days are automatically recognized as stage 3, however in estimating expected credit losses for stage 3 loans or other financial instruments, management takes into consideration whether the loan or other financial instrument is fully secured or is in the process of collection and whether collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of the loan or other financial instrument. The ECL model requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and are reflected in the Bank’s stage 3 grouping.

Forward-Looking Information

IFRS 9 requires consideration of past events, current market conditions and reasonable, supportable information about future economic conditions that is available without undue cost and effort in the estimation of the expected credit losses for loans or other financial instruments. More specifically, under IFRS 9 expected credit losses represent an unbiased, probability-weighted estimate of the present value of cash shortfalls (i.e., the weighted average of credit losses, with the respective risks of a default occurring in a given time period used as the weights). Additionally, IFRS 9 stipulates that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. The estimation and application of forward-looking information in an attempt to capture the impact of future economic conditions requires judgement.

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider, for the purpose of computing forward-looking risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing forward looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

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The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios comprised of baseline, upside, and downside scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios. The weighted average of the individual, sensitized PD and LGD values that comprise each individual term structure forecast is subsequently computed to define unbiased PD and LGD term structure forecasts, which in turn are applied as inputs to the Bank’s internal ECL model in the estimation of expected credit losses for the Bank’s loans. Macroeconomic indicator data derived from the baseline, upside and downside scenarios referenced above is also utilized in the development of credit risk parameter proxy datasets and applied to the Bank’s consumer loan and small and medium enterprise (“SME”) loan portfolios.

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the price of oil, and the S&P/TSX Index. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Modified Financial Instruments

If the terms of a financial instrument are modified or an existing financial instrument is replaced with a new one, an assessment is made to determine if the financial instrument should be derecognized.

Where the modification does not result in derecognition, the date of origination continues to be used to determine SICR. Where modification results in derecognition, the modified financial instrument is considered to be a new instrument.

Fair value of financial instruments

Estimates of fair value are developed using a variety of valuation methods and assumptions. The Bank follows a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs used to measure fair value for its financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), models using inputs other than quoted prices but with observable market data (Level 2), or models using inputs that are not based on observable market data (Level 3).

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Valuation models may require the use of inputs, transaction values derived from models and input assumptions sourced from pricing services. Valuation inputs are either observable or unobservable. The Bank makes use of external, readily observable market inputs when available and may include certain prices and rates for shorter-dated Canadian yield curves and banker’s acceptances. Unobservable inputs may include credit spreads, probability of default and recovery rates.  

Business Combinations

The Bank expects to apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations in its accounting for the proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. as described in the Business Outlook - Potential acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford above and note 26 – Acquisitions in the Bank’s 2023 Consolidated Financial Statements, using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured at the fair value of the consideration, including contingent consideration if applicable, at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is a financial instrument and, as such, is remeasured each period thereafter with the adjustment recorded to acquisition-related fair value changes in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as an expense in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. The acquired identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including, if applicable, any amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, over the net of the recognized amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the value allocated to the tangible and intangible assets, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or a change in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing if the carrying value of cash generating units (“CGUs”) which comprise the CGU segment, including goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the value in use. Impairment losses recognized in respect of the CGUs are first allocated to the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the CGUs. Any goodwill impairment is recorded in profit or loss in the reporting year in which the impairment is identified. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.

Intangible assets acquired in a business acquisition are recorded at their fair value. In subsequent reporting periods, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the intangible asset. At each reporting date, the carrying value of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment. If such an indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment, if any. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash flows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (CGU). If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing fair value less cost to sell, the estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the assets. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment losses been recognized for the asset in prior years.

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The Bank develops proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology. Any research or early-stage scoping activities are expensed as incurred in the period. The Bank recognizes internally generated intangible assets on the development of proprietary technology when it has determined that there is technical feasibility and resources available to complete a product, demonstrated an existence of an established market for the product as well as support to generate future revenues or derive future economic benefits from the product. As these intangible assets are not yet available for use, the Bank tested these assets for impairment annually by comparing the carrying amount with the recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is determined by fair value less cost to sell method.

Corporate Income Taxes

Current income taxes are calculated based on taxable income at the reporting period end. Taxable income differs from accounting income because of differences in the inclusion and deductibility of certain components of income which are established by taxation authorities. Current income taxes are measured at the amount expected to be recovered or paid using statutory tax rates at the reporting period end.

The Bank follows the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between financial statement carrying values and the respective tax base of those assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted or substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years when temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized in the Bank’s consolidated financial statements to the extent that it is probable that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income to enable the benefit of the deferred income tax asset to be realized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed for recoverability at each reporting period.

Current and deferred income taxes are recorded in income for the period, except to the extent that the tax arose from a transaction that is recorded either in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity, in which case the income tax on the transaction will also be recorded either in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity. Accordingly, current and deferred income taxes are presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements as a component of income, or as a component of Other Comprehensive Income.

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Derivative instruments

Derivatives are measured at FVTPL except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship.

Derivatives are reported as other assets when they have a positive fair value and as other liabilities when they have a negative fair value. Derivatives may be embedded in other financial instruments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are valued as separate derivatives when: the economic characteristics and risks associated are not clearly and closely related to those of the host contract; the terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if it was a stand-alone, independent instrument; and the combined contract is not held for trading or designated at fair value through profit or loss. For financial statement disclosure purposes, embedded derivatives are combined with the host contract.

Hedge accounting

The Bank has elected, as permitted, to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into for asset liability management purposes. When hedge accounting criteria are met, derivative contracts are accounted for as described below.

To meet the criteria for hedge accounting, the Bank documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, how hedge effectiveness is assessed, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Bank also formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items.

There are three main types of hedges: (i) fair value hedges, (ii) cash flow hedges and (iii) net investment hedges.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Bank formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge.

The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the Bank will assess whether the hedging relationship meets the hedge effectiveness requirements (including an analysis of sources of hedge ineffectiveness and how the hedge effectiveness is assessed). In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a hedging relationship must be expected to be highly effective on a prospective basis and it needs to be demonstrated that it was also highly effective in the previous designated period (i.e., three month). A hedge is considered to be highly effective if the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk are expected to be offset by the hedging instrument in a range of between 80% to 125%.

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The Bank has only fair value hedges outstanding. In a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to hedge risk is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item (basis adjustment) and is also recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Bank utilizes fair value hedges primarily to convert fixed rate financial assets to floating rate financial assets. The primary financial instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships are loans. If the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, or the designation is revoked, hedge accounting is discontinued. Any basis adjustment up to that point made to a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income as part of the recalculated effective interest rate of the item over its remaining term. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

In fair value hedges, ineffectiveness arises to the extent that the change in fair value of the hedging items differs from the change in fair value of the hedge risk in the hedged item. Any hedge ineffectiveness is measured and recorded in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Derivative contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked-to-market and the resulting net gains or losses are recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Future accounting standard pronouncements

The following accounting standards amendments issued by the IASB will be effective for the Bank’s fiscal year beginning on November 1, 2024 (the Bank’s fiscal 2025 year end):

i)         Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback - In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16 to specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognise any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments must be applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. Earlier application is permitted and that fact must be disclosed.

ii)         Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current - In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

What is meant by a right to defer settlement;

That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period;

That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right; and,

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That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments must be applied retrospectively.

The amendments noted above are not expected to have a material impact on the Bank’s financial results.

Enterprise Risk Management

The Bank recognizes that risk is present in all business activities and that the successful management of risk is a critical factor in maximizing shareholder value. As such, the Bank has developed and continues to enhance an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Program to identify, evaluate, treat, mitigate, report, and monitor the risks that impact the Bank.

The Bank will maintain a robust ERM program to:

Ensure significant current and emerging risks are identified, understood and managed appropriately;

Support the Board’s corporate governance needs; and,

Strengthen the Bank’s risk management practices in a manner demonstrable to external stakeholders.

The goal of risk management is not to eliminate risks but to identify and mitigate and monitor risks within the context of the Bank’s Risk Appetite Statement. The ERM program enhances the effectiveness, efficiency and understanding of risk and risk management at an individual and enterprise level.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE BANK’S ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Risk management is everyone’s responsibility, from the Board of Directors to individual employees. Employees are expected to understand the risks that fall within their areas of responsibility and to manage these risks within approved risk tolerances;

Risk management is a comprehensive, structured and continuous process in which risks are identified, evaluated and consciously accepted or mitigated within approved risk tolerances;

Risk management is based on open communication of the best available information, both quantitative and qualitative, from a range of sources, including historical data, experience, stakeholder feedback, observation, forecasts and expert judgment;

Enterprise Risk Management is integrated with Bank processes such as strategic planning, business planning, operational management, and investment decisions to ensure consistent consideration of risks in all decision-making; and,

Risk owners will be identified through the risk management process and will be responsible to address and implement risk mitigation/avoidance/transfer strategies to minimize the risk impact to the Bank.

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RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

Risk appetite is the measurement of capital, liquidity, earnings and operational variability that the Bank is prepared to put at risk while in pursuit of the Bank’s strategic objectives. Risk appetite provides for a common understanding of the boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable risks recommended by management and approved by the Board, as the Bank works toward achieving its strategic objectives. The risk appetite statement includes a set of risk tolerances to communicate specific capacities for risk within each significant risk category.

Consideration will be given to all risks; however, the Bank has identified the following seven significant risk categories from which it will measure and establish tolerances in the pursuit of the Bank’s strategic objectives:

Liquidity Risk;

Operational Risk;

Market Risk;

Credit Risk;

Regulatory Risk;

Strategic Risk; and,

Reputational Risk.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet the demand for cash to fund obligations as they come due.

Liquidity risk is managed primarily by the Treasurer, the Vice President, Deposit Services, and the Chief Financial Officer.

Treasury policies are developed and controlled by the Treasury Department as a function of the Bank’s business objectives, liquidity risk appetite, and regulatory requirements as determined by senior and executive management, and the Board of Directors.

Deposit raising activities are overseen by the Vice President, Deposit Services.

LIQUDITY RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines liquidity risk tolerances to which the Bank will adhere in the execution of its business objectives. Liquidity risk tolerances are administered as follows:

1. Liquidity

The Board of Directors sets tolerances in the risk appetite statement based on the Bank’s comfort with the level of liquidity that is to be maintained in order to ensure that all funding obligations are met. These tolerances are mirrored and operationalized through Bank policies.

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2. Deposit Sources

The monitoring of deposit sources establishes Bank comfort with the origination and concentration of deposit inflows such that the Bank can monitor trends and make improvements in diversifying its deposit sources.

Liquidity management is further supported by processes, which include but are not limited to:

Monitoring of liquidity levels;

Monitoring of liquidity trends and key risk indicators;

Scenario stress testing;

Monitoring the credit profile of the liquidity portfolio; and,

Monitoring deposit concentrations.

In order to manage its liquidity needs, the Bank has a liquidity risk management program that is comprised specifically of the following policies and procedures:

Holding sufficient liquid assets which, based on certain stress assumptions, results in positive cumulative cash flow for a period of 61 to 90 days;

Holding liquid securities at levels that represent no less than 5% of total assets. Liquid securities include: Canadian federal, provincial and municipal debt; debt of federally regulated Canadian financial institutions; widely distributed debt instruments, (all of which are to be rated investment grade); cash on deposit; and banker’s acceptances;

On a daily basis, monitoring cash flow;

On a weekly basis, monitoring cash flow requirements using a liquidity forecasting template under a stressed scenario;

On a monthly basis, testing liquidity using three specific disruption scenarios; i) industry specific disruption scenario, ii) company specific liquidity disruption scenario, and iii) a systematic disruption scenario; and,

Managing liquidity in accordance with guidelines specified by OSFI.

Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, or from external events. Operational risk includes legal risk but excludes strategic and reputational risk.

Operational risk differs from other banking risks in that, typically, it is not directly accepted in return for an expected reward but exists in the natural course of business activity.

The Bank recognizes that operational risk is present in all business activities and that the successful management of operational risk is a key factor in the sustained success of the Bank. Sound operational risk management is a reflection of the effectiveness of the Board and senior management in administering its portfolio of products, activities, processes and systems. As such, the Bank has developed and will continuously enhance an Operational Risk Management (“ORM”) Program to identify, evaluate, treat, mitigate, report and monitor operational risks to which the Bank is exposed.

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OPERATIONAL RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank has segmented operational risk into six operational risk pillars:

1. Employment Practices and Workplace Safety

The risk resulting from the inappropriate hiring of employees, unjust compensation, or mistreatment of employees, producing consequences such as litigation or resignation. Moreover, it includes risk stemming from the enforcement of safety regulations and the inability to control the environment in working conditions, causing detrimental effects on employees’ health such as illness or accidents while working.

2. Information Technology (“IT”) and Cybersecurity

As the Bank’s operations are largely dependent on data and information processing, much emphasis is placed on information technology security to ensure an uninterrupted, secure and undisturbed use of information and communication systems. Business disruption may occur if risks are realized such as system failures or anomalies, defects in the Bank’s computer systems or network infrastructure, or the employment of outdated or substandard technology tools.

3. Fraud and Errors

This operational risk pillar includes three sub-groups:

I. Internal Fraud:

Employees, by themselves or in collusion with others, intentionally violating internal policy, or laws and directly benefiting from the action to the detriment of the business and/or the client.

II. External Fraud:

Acts undertaken by external parties intended to defraud or misappropriate financial, information or physical assets or create financial loss for the Bank.

III. Errors:

Risk resulting from errors in the operational process or methodology, lack of a procedure or policy documentation, and control failures.

4. Outsourcing

Outsourcing arrangements require careful management if they are to yield benefits. Where they are not managed adequately, the degree of operational risk faced by the Bank may increase. Outsourcing risk exists when there is a business disruption to the third parties on which the Bank depends or when inadequate controls are in place to manage material outsourcing arrangements.

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5. Business Continuity:

The risk of damage to physical assets and/or disruptive events from various accidents such as fire, natural disaster, riots, terrorism, etc. The Bank will assess the potential risk of such events occurring and maintain a business continuity plan and a recovery plan to ensure continuity of business activity.

6. Client, Product and Business Practices

The risk resulting from business practices, the introduction of a product, and the accessing of a customer’s information that is inappropriate or non-compliant with regulations or rules, such as unauthorized transactions, unapproved dealings, money laundering activities or the misuse of confidential customer information.

Operational risk impacts can be financial loss, loss of competitive position or reputational in nature. The Bank employs the following strategies in its efforts to monitor and manage operational risk exposures to acceptable levels:

Comprehensive operational risk management policies which provide clear direction to all areas of its business and employees and establish accountability and responsibilities to identify, assess, appropriately mitigate and control operational risk;

Hiring of banking professionals with many years of related experience;

Use of technology through automated systems with built in controls;

Maintenance of a compliance monitoring program; and,

Continual review and upgrade of systems and procedures.

Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of a negative impact on the balance sheet and/or income statement resulting from changes or volatility in market factors such as foreign exchange risk, interest rates, or market prices. The Risk Oversight Committee is charged with recommending policies that govern market risk to its Board of Directors for approval and with reviewing the policies on an ongoing basis. Interest rate risk is the risk that a movement in interest rates could negatively impact spread, net interest income and the economic value of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity. The Bank manages interest rate risk by employing a number of methods including income simulation analysis and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration analysis.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Foreign exchange risk or currency risk is the risk that transacting in any currency apart from the Bank’s base currency can result in gains or losses due to currency fluctuations resulting in the possibility that a foreign denominated transaction’s value may decrease due to changes in the relative value of the currency pair. Any appreciation/depreciation in the foreign currency versus the base currency will give rise to foreign exchange risk. The Bank actively manages any material foreign exchange risk exposure derived from the Bank’s normal course business activities through, where possible, the establishment of a natural foreign currency hedge or, if necessary, through foreign exchange contracts established with high quality counterparties in order to mitigate the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on the Bank’s financial results and position. The Bank is exposed to foreign exchange risk attributable to its US lending and treasury portfolios. However, this foreign exchange risk exposure has been mitigated to an acceptable level through a natural currency hedge facilitated by the USD denominated fixed to floating rate subordinated notes payable that were issued by the Bank in April of 2021. Market risk is managed primarily by the Treasurer and the Chief Financial Officer. Treasury policies, which set out the management of market risk and document risk limits, include the Bank’s interest rate risk management policies and securities portfolio management policies.

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Treasury policies are developed, maintained, and administered by the Treasury Department as a function of the Bank’s business objectives, market risk appetite, and regulatory requirements as determined by senior and executive management, and the Board of Directors.

MARKET RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines market risk tolerances to which the Bank will adhere in the execution of its business objectives. Market risk tolerances are administered as follows:

1. Interest Rate Volatility:

Interest rate risk is the risk of a negative impact on the balance sheet or income statement resulting from a change in interest rates. Tolerances are defined and used to assist in measuring the Bank’s ability and effort to manage changes to the Bank’s capital position as a result of an increase/decrease in both short-term and long-term interest rates.

2. Equity Risk:

Equity risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes or volatility in equity or financial instrument prices. Tolerances are defined and used to assist in measuring the Bank’s ability and effort to manage changes to the Bank’s capital position as a result of changes in the value of the Bank’s treasury portfolio investments.

As stated above, the Bank’s principal market risk arises from interest rate risk as the Bank does not consistently undertake any material foreign exchange or trading activities. In addition, the Bank is subject to market price volatility with respect to securities due to the resulting impact on regulatory capital.

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The Risk Oversight Committee of the Bank is charged with recommending policies that govern market risk to the Board of Directors for approval and with reviewing the policies on an ongoing basis. Additionally, the Bank manages interest rate risk by employing a number of methods including income simulation analysis and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration analysis. Management prepares regular reports to the Board to allow for ongoing monitoring of the Bank’s interest rate risk position. Further, the Bank’s Asset Liability Committee reviews the results of these analyses on a monthly basis and monitors compliance with limits set out in corporate policy. The Bank’s policies include the matching of its cash inflows and outflows so that:

ii. in any 12 month period, a 100 basis point change in rates across the entire yield curve would not result in a decline greater than 4% of regulatory capital on the Bank’s earnings; and,

ii. in any 60 month period, a 100 basis point change in rates across the entire yield curve would not result in a decline greater than 6% of regulatory capital on the Bank’s equity.

As well, the policy indicates that at no time shall the duration difference between the Bank’s assets and liabilities exceed four months. The interest rate risk position and results of the Bank’s duration analysis at October 31, 2023, as well as for 2022 are reported in the table below.

Interest Rate Position

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	October 31, 2023						October 31, 2022
	Increase 100 bps			Decrease 100 bps			Increase 100 bps		Decrease 100 bps
Increase (decrease):
Impact on projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$	4,046		$	(4,059	)	$	4,304	$	(4,261	)
Duration difference between assets and liabilities (months)		(2.0	)					1.4

At October 31, 2023, the duration difference between the Bank’s assets and liabilities was negative 2.0 months compared to positive 1.4 months at October 31, 2022, indicating that the Bank’s assets would reprice faster than liabilities in the event of a future change in interest rates.

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Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a borrower, guarantor or counterparty’s inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations.

The Bank accepts certain risks in order to generate revenue. In managing these risks, the Bank has developed an enterprise-wide risk management framework designed to achieve an appropriate balance between credit risk and reward in order to maximize long term shareholder return.

Credit risk is managed by the Chief Credit Officer who administers the Bank’s established credit policies that set out the roles of the credit department and the lending business units related to risk management, and further, establishes risk tolerances for same in accordance with the Board-approved risk appetite statement. Credit policies exist for the credit department and for each lending business unit. Credit policies are developed, maintained, and administered by the Credit Department as a function of the Bank’s business objectives, credit risk appetite, and regulatory requirements as determined by senior management, and the Board of Directors.

To supplement the Bank’s credit policies, the individual lending business units have developed and compiled comprehensive procedures that describe the processes, systems and methods employed in the operation of their businesses while operating within the credit framework set out by the Bank’s credit policies.

CREDIT RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines credit risk tolerances to which the Bank will adhere in the execution of its business objectives. The risk appetite statement defines the credit risk tolerances for the entire Bank as well as for each of the following business lines that accept credit risk:

1. Commercial Lending;

2. POS Financing; and,

3. Treasury.

The Bank manages its credit risk using policies that have been recommended by management to the Risk Oversight Committee, which then recommends the policies to the Board of Directors of the Bank for approval. These policies consist of approval procedures and limits on loan amounts, portfolio concentration, geographic concentration, industry concentration, asset categories, loans to any one entity and associated groups as well as a risk rating policy that sets out a risk rating framework for all lending assets and early recognition of problem accounts with action plans for each account. The Risk Oversight Committee of the Bank reviews these policies on an ongoing basis.

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The Risk Oversight Committee of the Bank is comprised entirely of independent directors and performs the following functions related to credit risk:

Recommends policies governing management of credit risk to the Bank’s Board of Directors for approval and reviews credit risk policies on an ongoing basis to ensure that they are prudent and appropriate given possible changes in market conditions and corporate strategy;

Reviews and concurs with credits exceeding the levels delegated to management, prior to commitment; and,

Reviews, on a regular basis, watchlist accounts, impaired loans and accounts that have gone into arrears.

Regulatory Risk

Regulatory risk is the risk that a regulatory agency will make changes in the current rules (or will impose new rules) that will increase the costs of operating the Bank, reduce the attractiveness of the Bank as an investment, result in financial loss, and/or change the competitive landscape. Regulatory risk also includes the risk of adverse outcomes due to non-compliance with rules, regulations, standards or other legal requirements.

The Bank has a Regulatory Compliance Management Program that includes a three lines of defence model and essentially establishes the controls and processes through which the Bank manages regulatory compliance risk. The Chief Compliance Officer is responsible for regulatory compliance oversight.

REGULATORY RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines regulatory risk tolerances to which the Bank will adhere in the execution of its business objectives. Regulatory risk tolerances are administered as follows:

1. Regulatory Compliance

Bank conformance with laws, rules, and regulations and prescribed practices in all jurisdictions in which it operates.

2. Regulatory Capital

Capital is a key regulatory requirement. The quality of capital and the leverage of the Bank’s capital is a key indicator of health by regulators.

Strategic Risk

Strategic risk is defined as the losses or forgone revenues resulting from improper or ineffective business strategies, resource allocation and/or decision-making or from an inability to adapt to changes in the business environment.

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STRATEGIC RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines the strategic risk tolerances to which the Bank and each business unit will adhere to in the execution of their respective business objectives. Strategic risk tolerances are established as a function of the Bank’s financial performance.

Financial metrics and associated tolerances are defined for the Bank and its lending business units.

The Bank manages strategic risk through a Board approved, robust, annual business planning process which includes the development of a comprehensive business plan, operating budget, and capital plan that contemplate planning horizons ranging from twelve to thirty-six months. The Bank augments its annual enterprise business planning process with the development of rigorous economic forecasts, risk and operational impact assessments related to any new business initiatives being contemplated as well as through the performance of an annual Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP) for the Bank. The ICAAP is employed to determine if the Bank’s budgeted capital amounts provide adequate capital buffers against the occurrence of its identified business objective risks under both expected and stressed operating conditions.

Reputational Risk

Reputational risk is the risk that an activity undertaken by the Bank or its representatives will impair its image in the community or lower public confidence in it, resulting in the loss of business, legal action or increased regulatory oversight.

Reputational risk is the outcome of a risk occurrence; it is not a risk event in and of itself. To manage against reputational risk, the Enterprise Risk Management program focuses on the risks of the Bank through the other six pillars of risk:

1. Liquidity Risk

2. Operational Risk

3. Market Risk

4. Credit Risk

5. Regulatory Risk

6. Strategic Risk

The management of the risks identified in these six pillars of risk and the measurement of the Bank in achieving its objectives and remaining within the bounds of the Bank’s risk appetite statement assist the Bank in managing reputational risk.

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REPUTATIONAL RISK AND THE RISK APPETITE STATEMENT

The Bank’s risk appetite statement defines the reputational risk tolerances to which the Bank will adhere to in the execution of its business objectives.

An institution’s reputation is a valuable business asset in its own right that is essential to optimizing shareholder value, and as such is constantly at risk. Reputation risk cannot be managed in isolation from other forms of risk since all risks can have an impact on reputation, which in turn can impact the Bank’s brand, earnings and capital. Credit, market, operational, regulatory, strategic and liquidity risks must all be managed effectively in order to safeguard the Bank’s reputation.

Ultimate responsibility for the Bank’s reputation lies with senior and executive management, and the Board of Directors and related committees which examine reputation risk as part of their ongoing duties. In addition, every employee and representative of the Bank has a responsibility to contribute in a positive way to the Bank’s reputation by ensuring that ethical practices are followed at all times. All employees and members of the Board of Directors are required to maintain compliance with the Bank’s Code of Conduct at all times.

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS

As noted in the section “Forward-looking Statements”, the Bank is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties which may cause its actual results to differ materially from its expectations. Some of these risks are discussed below.

Execution of Strategic Plans

The Bank’s financial performance is influenced by its ability to execute strategic plans developed by management and approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors. If these strategic plans do not meet with success or there is a change in the Bank’s strategic plans, the Bank’s earnings could grow at a slower pace or potentially decline.

Changes in Laws and Regulations

Laws and regulations are in place to protect clients, investors and the public. Changes in laws and regulations, including how they are interpreted and enforced, could adversely affect the Bank’s earnings by allowing more competition in the marketplace and by increasing the costs of compliance. In addition, any failure to comply with laws and regulations could adversely affect the Bank’s reputation and earnings.

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Changes in Accounting Standards and Accounting Policies and Estimates

The International Accounting Standards Board continues to change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Bank’s consolidated financial statements. These changes can be significant and may materially impact how the Bank records its financial position and its results of operations. Where the Bank is required to retroactively apply a new or revised standard, it may be required to restate prior period financial results.

Level of Competition

The level of competition among financial institutions is high and non-financial companies and government entities are increasingly offering services typically provided by banks. This could have an effect on the pricing of the Bank’s deposits and its lending products and together with loss of market share, could adversely affect the Bank’s earnings.

General Economic Conditions

The Bank conducts its business in various regions within Canada and the US. Factors such as financial market stability, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, changing global commodity prices, business investment, government spending and stimulation initiatives, consumer spending, geo-political risk and the rate of inflation can affect the business and economic environments in each geographic region in which the Bank operates. Therefore, the amount of business that the Bank conducts in a specific geographic region may have an effect on the Bank’s overall revenues and earnings.

Monetary Policy

Financial markets’ expectations about inflation and central bank monetary policy have an impact on the level of interest rates. Fluctuations in interest rates that result from these changes could have an impact on the regions in which the Bank operates, and further, could have an impact on the Bank’s earnings.

Reliance on Deposit Brokers

The Bank raises its deposits primarily through a network of deposit brokers across Canada, including independents as well as the investment dealer subsidiaries of the large Canadian banks. The failure by the Bank to secure sufficient deposits from its broker network could negatively impact its financial condition and operating results. The Bank mitigates this risk by establishing and maintaining good working and mutually beneficial relationships with a diverse group of deposit brokers so as not to become overly reliant on any single deposit broker.

Technology Risk

Technology risk is related to the operational performance, confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems and infrastructure. The Bank is highly dependent upon information technology and supporting infrastructure such as data and network access. Disruptions in information technology and infrastructure, whether attributed to internal or external factors, and including potential disruptions in services provided by various third parties, could adversely affect the ability of the Bank to conduct regular business and/or to deliver products and services to its clients.

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CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that all material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, on a timely basis so that appropriate decisions can be made regarding public disclosure.

As at October 31, 2023, an evaluation was carried out by management related to the effectiveness of the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer identified a material weakness in the design of the Bank’s internal controls that prevented the identification of a single discrete misclassification in the statement of cash flows in each of the three interim unaudited financial statements within the year ended October 31, 2023, which has been corrected herein.  More specifically, the Bank’s internal control structure did not include a control mechanism that effectively assessed the nature of the securities portfolio in light of the requirements of IAS 7, Statement of Cash Flows. This matter had no impact on our annual audited financial statements as of October 31, 2023 and 2022.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Bank.

At October 31, 2023, an evaluation was carried out by management related to the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and financial statement compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of October 31, 2023 as discussed above. These evaluations were conducted in accordance with the standards of the 2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and the requirements of National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings of the Canadian Securities Administrators.

A Disclosure Committee, consisting of members of senior management, assists the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer in their responsibilities related to evaluating the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control systems and processes. Management’s evaluation of controls can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that all internal control issues that may result in material misstatement, if any, have been detected.

Other than the items described above there were no changes in the Bank’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended October 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal controls over financial reporting.

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Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures

Non-GAAP and other financial measures are not standardized financial measures under financial reporting framework used to prepare the consolidated financial statements of the Bank’s to which these measures relate. These measures may not be comparable to similar financial measures disclosed by other issuers. The Bank uses these financial measures to assess its performance and as such believes these financial measures are useful in providing readers with a better understanding of how management assesses the Bank’s performance.

Non-GAAP Measures

Return on Average Common Equity is defined as annualized net income less amounts relating to preferred share dividends, divided by average common shareholders’ equity which is average shareholders’ equity less amounts relating to preferred shares recorded in equity.

	October 31			October 31			October 31
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	2023			2022			2021
Return on average common equity
Net income		42,162			22,658			22,380
Preferred share dividends		(988	)		(988	)		(1,578	)
Adjusted net income		41,174			21,670			20,802
Average common equity		350,270			327,744			246,159
Return on average common equity		11.75	%		6.61	%		8.45	%

Book Value per Common Share is defined as Shareholders’ Equity less amounts relating to preferred shares recorded in equity, divided by the number of common shares outstanding.

	October 31		October 31		October 31
(thousands of Canadian dollars, except shares outstanding and per share amounts)	2023		2022		2021
Book value per common share
Common equity		363,512		337,029		318,459
Shares outstanding		25,964,424		27,245,782		27,441,082
Book value per common share		14.00		12.37		11.61

Return on Average Total Assets is defined as annualized net income less amounts relating to preferred share dividends, divided by average total assets.

	October 31			October 31			October 31
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	2023			2022			2021
Return on average total assets
Net income		42,162			22,658			22,380
Preferred share dividends		(988	)		(988	)		(1,578	)
Adjusted net income		41,174			21,670			20,802
Average Assets		3,733,804			2,840,542			2,179,486
Return on average total assets		1.10	%		0.76	%		0.95	%

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Other Financial Measures

Yield is calculated as interest income (as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income) divided by average total assets. Yield does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Cost of Funds is calculated as interest expense (as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income) divided by average total assets. Cost of funds does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Net Interest Margin or Spread is calculated as net interest income divided by average total assets. Net interest margin or spread does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Net Interest Margin on Loans is calculated as net interest income adjusted for the impact of cash, securities and other assets, divided by average gross loans. This metric does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Efficiency Ratio is calculated as non-interest expenses from consolidated operations as a percentage of total revenue (as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income). This ratio does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Efficiency Ratio Digital Banking is calculated as non-interest expenses from the Digital Banking operations as a percentage of total revenue from the Digital Banking operations. This ratio does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Provision for (Recovery of) Credit Losses as a Percentage of Average Total Loans captures the provision for (recovery of) credit losses (as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income) as a percentage of VersaBank’s average loans, net of allowance for credit losses. This percentage does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other financial institutions.

Basel III Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1, Total Capital Adequacy and Leverage Ratios are determined in accordance with guidelines issued by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (Canada) (OSFI).

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:

LodeRock Advisors: Lawrence Chamberlain (416) 519-4196,

lawrence.chamberlain@loderockadvisors.com

Visit our website at: www.versabank.com

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Corporate Information

DIRECTORS   The Honourable Thomas A. Hockin, P.C., B.A, M.P.A., Ph.D., ICD.D Chairman of the Board Retired, former Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund   Gabrielle Bochynek, B.A. CHRL Principal, Human Resources and Labour Relations, The Osborne Group   Robbert-Jan Brabander, M.Sc. and B.Sc. (Economics) Managing Director of Bells & Whistles Communications, Inc.   David A. Bratton, B.A.(Hons), M.B.A., CHRL, FCMC Retired, former President of Bratton Consulting Inc.   Peter M. Irwin, B.A. (Hons.) Retired, former Managing Director, CIBC Worlds Markets Inc.   Richard H. L. Jankura, BBA (Hons), CPA, CA Retired, former Corporate Advisor and CFO of Jones Healthcare Group   Art Linton, JD Barrister & Solicitor   Susan T. McGovern, B.Sc. Vice-Chair Executive Advisor in the Ontario Ministry of Finance   Paul G. Oliver, FCPA, FCA, ICD.D. Retired, former partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP   David R. Taylor, B.Sc. (Hons), M.B.A., F.I.C.B. President & Chief Executive Officer, VersaBank OFFICERS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT   David R. Taylor, B.Sc. (Hons), M.B.A., F.I.C.B. President & Chief Executive Officer   Shawn Clarke, M.Eng., P.Eng., M.B.A. Chief Financial Officer   Michael Dixon, B.Comm., M.B.A. Senior Vice President, Point-Of-Sale Financing   Rick Smyth Senior Vice President, Commercial Lending   Nick Kristo, B.Comm., M.B.A. Chief Credit Officer   Tammie Ashton, B.A., LL.B Chief Risk Officer   John Asma, M.B.A. Treasurer and Senior Vice President, Deposit Services   Garry Clement, CAMS, CFE, CFCS, FIS, CCI  Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer   Jim Gardiner, B.B.A. Real Estate Credit Officer   Brent T. Hodge, HBA, JD, CIPP/C Senior Vice President, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary, Chief Compliance Officer    Saad Inam, B.Comm., M.B.A. Vice President, Credit   Joanne Johnston, B.Comm., CPA, CA, CIA Chief Internal Auditor   Wooi Koay, B.Comm., B.Sc. Chief Information Officer   Tel Matrundola, Hons. B.A., M.A., Ph,D. Executive Vice President   Nancy McCutcheon, HBA, MA, CPA, CGA Vice President, TIB Business Development   Andy Min, B.A., CPA, CA Vice President, Finance & Corporate Accounting   Deborah Savage, B.A., M.B.A. Vice President, Investment Risk Control   Jonathan F.P. Taylor, B.B.A., CHRL Chief Human Resources Officer   David Thoms, B.A., M.B.A. Vice President, Structured Finance   Barbara Todres, B.Comm Hons. Vice President, Deposit Services

63

SOLICITORS Stikeman Elliott LLP 5300 Commerce Court West 199 Bay Street Toronto, Ontario M5L 1B9 AUDITORS Ernst & Young LLP One London Place 255 Queens Ave Suite 2300, London, ON N6A 5R8

TRANSFER AGENT	BANK
Odyssey Trust Company	Royal Bank of Canada
1230 – 300 5th Avenue SW	Main Branch, 154 1st Avenue South
Calgary, AB T2P 3C4	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 1K2

STOCK EXCHANGE LISTINGS

Toronto Stock Exchange	NASDAQ
Trading Symbol: VBNK, VBNK.PR.A	Trading Symbol: VBNK

CORPORATE OFFICES

Head Office

Suite 2002 - 140 Fullarton Street

London, Ontario N6A 5P2

Telephone: (519) 645-1919

Toll-free: (866) 979-1919

Fax: (519) 645-2060

VersaBank Innovation Centre of Excellence	Saskatoon Deposit Processing Centre
1979 Otter Place	410 - 121 Research Drive
London, Ontario N5V 0A3	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1K2
Telephone: (519) 645-1919	Telephone: (306) 244-1868
Toll-free: (866) 979-1919	Toll-free: (800) 213-4282
Fax: (519) 645-2060	Fax: (306) 244-4649

INVESTOR RELATIONS

Toll Free Telephone: (800) 244-1509

Email: InvestorRelations@versabank.com

Web site: www.versabank.com

LodeRock Advisors

lawrence.chamberlain@loderockadvisors.com

Telephone: (416) 519-4196

VersaBank – Annual 2023 MD&A

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EX-99.4

Exhibit 99.4

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the reference to our Firm under the caption “Experts”, and to the use of our report dated December 12, 2023, with respect to the consolidated balance sheet of VersaBank (the Bank) as at October 31, 2023 and the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended October 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Bank.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

London, Canada

December 13, 2023

EX-99.5

Exhibit 99.5

KPMG LLP

Bay Adelaide Centre

333 Bay Street, Suite 4600

Toronto, ON M5H 2S5

Canada
Tel 416-777-8500
Fax 416-777-8818

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To The Board of Directors

VersaBank (the Bank)

We consent to the use of our report dated December 6, 2022 on the consolidated financial statements of the Bank which comprise the consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively the “consolidated financial statements”), which is included in the Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Bank for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

December 13, 2023

Toronto, Canada

© 2021 KPMG LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved.

EX-99.6

Exhibit 99.6

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Shawn Clarke, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of VersaBank;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 13, 2023

By:	/s/ Shawn Clarke
Name: Shawn Clarke
Title: Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, David R. Taylor, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of VersaBank;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 13, 2023

By:	/s/ David R. Taylor
Name: David R. Taylor
Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-99.7

Exhibit 99.7

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of VersaBank (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Shawn Clarke, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: December 13, 2023
	/s/ Shawn Clarke
Name:	Shawn Clarke
Title:	Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of VersaBank (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, David R. Taylor, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: December 13, 2023
	/s/ David R. Taylor
Name:	David R. Taylor
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

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Document Period End Date	Oct. 31, 2023
Entity File Number	001-40805
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	Z4
Entity Address, Address Line One	140 Fullarton Street, Suite 2002
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, State or Province	ON
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	N6A 5P2
Entity Address, Country	CA
City Area Code	519
Local Phone Number	645-1919
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, no par value
Trading Symbol	VBNK
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Annual Information Form	true
Audited Annual Financial Statements	true
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	25,964,424
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Auditor Name	Ernst and Young, LLP
Auditor Location	London, ON, Canada
Auditor Firm ID	1263
Business Contact [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	New York
Entity Address, State or Province	NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10168
City Area Code	800
Local Phone Number	221-0102
Contact Personnel Name	Cogency Global Inc.

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Consolidated Balance Sheets - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021
Assets
Cash (note 4)	$ 132,242	$ 88,581	$ 271,523
Securities (note 5)	167,940	141,564
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses (note 6)	3,850,404	2,992,678
Other assets (note 10)	51,024	43,175
Total assets	4,201,610	3,265,998
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Deposits (note 11)	3,533,366	2,657,540
Subordinated notes payable (note 12)	106,850	104,951
Other liabilities (note 13)	184,236	152,832
Total liabilities	3,824,452	2,915,323
Shareholders' equity:
Share capital (note 14)	228,471	239,629
Contributed surplus	2,513	1,612
Retained earnings	146,043	109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income	131	99
Total equity	377,158	350,675
Total equity and liabilities	$ 4,201,610	$ 3,265,998

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Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Interest income:
Loans	$ 215,686	$ 123,190
Other	13,648	3,627
Interest income	229,334	126,817
Interest expense:
Deposits and other	123,491	44,600
Subordinated notes	5,792	5,551
Interest expense	129,283	50,151
Net interest income	100,051	76,666
Non-interest income	8,584	5,726
Total revenue	108,635	82,392
Provision for credit losses (note 6(b))	609	451
Revenue less provision for credit loss	108,026	81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits	31,428	26,796
General and administrative	15,051	18,732
Premises and equipment	3,902	3,865
Noninterest expense	50,381	49,393
Income before income taxes	57,645	32,548
Income tax provision (note 16)	15,483	9,890
Net income	42,162	22,658
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign exchange gain on translation of foreign operations	32	103
Comprehensive income	$ 42,194	$ 22,761
Basic and diluted income per common share (note 17) (in CAD per share)	$ 1.57	$ 0.79

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - CAD ($)	Total	Issued capital [member]	Issued capital [member] Ordinary shares [member]	Issued capital [member] Series 1 preferred shares [member]	Additional paid-in capital [member]	Retained earnings [member]	Accumulated other comprehensive income [member]
Balance at Oct. 31, 2021			$ 227,674,000		$ 145,000	$ 90,644,000	$ (4,000)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Options exercised during the year			0
Purchased and cancelled during the year	$ (1,900,000)		(1,692,000)			(238,000)
Stock-based compensation (note 15)					1,467,000
Adjustment for purchased and cancelled common shares						(238,000)
Net income	22,658,000					22,658,000
Dividends paid on common and preferred shares						(3,729,000)
Other comprehensive income							103,000
Balance at Oct. 31, 2022	350,675,000	$ 239,629,000	225,982,000	$ 13,647,000	1,612,000	109,335,000	99,000
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Options exercised during the year	280,000		280,000
Purchased and cancelled during the year	(13,300,000)		(11,438,000)			(1,900,000)
Stock-based compensation (note 15)					901,000
Adjustment for purchased and cancelled common shares						(1,854,000)
Net income	42,162,000					42,162,000
Dividends paid on common and preferred shares						(3,600,000)
Other comprehensive income							32,000
Balance at Oct. 31, 2023	$ 377,158,000	$ 228,471,000	$ 214,824,000	$ 13,647,000	$ 2,513,000	$ 146,043,000	$ 131,000

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Cash provided by (used in):
Net income	$ 42,162	$ 22,658
Adjustments to determine net cash flows:
Provision for credit losses	609	451
Stock-based compensation	901	1,467
Income tax provision	15,483	9,890
Interest income	(229,334)	(126,817)
Interest expense	129,283	50,151
Amortization	1,783	1,938
Accretion of discount on securities	(155)	(533)
Foreign exchange rate change on assets and liabilities	10,507	9,488
Interest received	220,775	116,014
Interest paid	(93,786)	(35,958)
Income taxes paid	(15,951)	(6,275)
Loans	(850,394)	(880,477)
Deposits	840,563	790,365
Change in other assets and liabilities	22,271	14,984
Net cash flows from (used in) operating activities	94,717	(32,654)
Purchase of securities (note 27)	(27,778)	(141,031)
Purchase of property and equipment	(362)	(581)
Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities	(28,140)	(141,612)
Financing:
Issuance of common shares	280	0
Purchase and cancellation of common shares	(13,292)	(1,930)
Dividends paid	(3,600)	(3,729)
Repayment of lease obligations	(700)	(642)
Net cash flows from (used in) financing activities	(17,312)	(6,301)
Change in cash	49,265	(180,567)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(5,604)	(2,375)
Cash, beginning of year	88,581	271,523
Cash, end of year	$ 132,242	$ 88,581

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Note 1 - Reporting Entity

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of notes and explanatory information [text block]

1. Reporting entity:

VersaBank (the “Bank”) operates as a Schedule I bank under the Bank Act (Canada) and is regulated by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (“OSFI”). The Bank, whose shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Stock Exchange, provides commercial lending and banking services to select niche markets in Canada and the United States as well as cybersecurity services through the operations of its wholly owned subsidiary DRT Cyber Inc., (“DRTC”). The Bank is incorporated and domiciled in Canada, and maintains its registered office at Suite 2002, 140 Fullarton Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5P2.

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Note 2 - Basis of Preparation

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of basis of preparation of financial statements [text block]

2. Basis of preparation:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the Bank Act (Canada). OSFI has instructed that the financial statements are to be prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”).  The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements, including the accounting requirements of OSFI, are summarized below.

a) Statement of compliance:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

b) Date authorized for issuance:

These Consolidated Financial Statements were approved and authorized for issue by the Board of Directors of the Bank on December 12, 2023.

c) Basis of measurement:

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination which are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition (see note 26), derivatives (see note 18), and the investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. (see note 10) which is also measured at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

d) Functional and presentation currency:

These Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in Canadian dollars which is the Bank’s functional currency. Functional currency is also determined for each of the Bank’s subsidiaries and items included in the financial statements of the subsidiaries are measured using their functional currency (see note 3m – Foreign currency translation).

e) Use of estimates and judgments:

In preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements, management has exercised judgment and developed estimates in applying accounting policies and generating reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and income and expenses during the reporting periods. Areas where judgement was applied include assessing significant increases in credit risk on financial assets since initial recognition and in the selection of relevant forward-looking information as described in note 3e – Financial instruments. Estimates are applied in the determination of the allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets, the fair value of stock options granted, the fair value of derivatives, the impairment test applied to intangible assets and goodwill, and the measurement of deferred income taxes. It is reasonably possible, on the basis of existing knowledge, that actual results may vary from that expected in the development of these estimates. This could result in material adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and/or liabilities affected in the future.

Estimates and their underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are applied prospectively once they are known.

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Note 3 - Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of changes in accounting policies [text block]

3. Significant accounting policies:

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements were applied consistently to all years and are summarized below:

a) Principles of consolidation:

The Bank holds 100% of the common shares of DRT Cyber Inc., VersaHoldings US Corp. and VersaJet Inc. DRT Cyber Inc. holds 100% of the common shares of Digital Boundary Group Canada Inc. and Digital Boundary Group Inc. (“Digital Boundary Group”). VersaHoldings US Corp. holds 100% of the common shares of VersaFinance US Corp. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of these subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

b) Segment reporting:

The Bank’s management has established two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. Details of the Bank’s segment reporting are set out in note 25.

c) Business combinations

The Bank expects to apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations in its accounting for the proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. as described in note 26 – Acquisitions using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured at the fair value of the consideration, including contingent consideration if applicable, at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is a financial instrument and, as such, is remeasured each period thereafter with the adjustment recorded to acquisition-related fair value changes in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as an expense in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. The acquired identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including, if applicable, any amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, over the net of the recognized amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

d) Revenue recognition:

Interest income on cash, securities and loans is recognized in net interest income using the effective interest rate method over the expected life of the instrument. Interest income earned but not yet collected on cash, securities and loans is included in the respective cash, securities and loans categories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Interest income is recognized on impaired loans and is accrued using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for purposes of measuring the impairment loss. Loan fees integral to the yield on the loan are amortized to interest income using the effective interest rate method; otherwise, the fees are recorded in non-interest income.

The Bank’s non-interest income stream is substantially derived from the operations of DRTC and its wholly owned subsidiaries. DRTC generates professional services revenue primarily from fees charged for IT security assurance services, supervisory control and data acquisition system assessments, as well as IT security training. Revenue is recognized when service is rendered and performance obligations have been satisfied and no material uncertainties remain as to the collection of receivables.

e) Financial instruments:

Classification and measurement

Under IFRS 9, all financial assets, with the exception of equity and derivatives, must be classified at initial recognition as a function of the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the business model under which the financial asset is managed. These financial assets are initially measured at fair value, and are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value

through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when the business model under which they are managed has changed. Any reclassifications are applied prospectively from the reclassification date. All financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost unless elected otherwise.

Debt instruments

Financial assets that are debt instruments are categorized into one of the following measurement categories:

• amortized cost;

• fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”);

• fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”).

The characterization of a debt instrument’s cashflows is determined through a solely payment of principal and interest (“SPPI”) test. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a debt instrument are in fact solely payments of principal and interest and are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. In the context of the SPPI test, “Principal” is defined as the fair value of the debt instrument at origination or initial recognition, which may change over the life of the instrument as a function of a number of variables including principal repayments, prepayments, or amortization of a premium/discount. In the context of the SPPI test “Interest” is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk. The rationale for the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that include structural features that are incongruent with a basic lending arrangement, such as conversion options, are classified as, and measured at FVTPL.

The Bank’s loans are categorized and measured as amortized cost. Debt instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a hold to collect basis are measured at amortized cost. These financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value plus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for credit losses. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cashflows through the expected life of the instrument to the gross carrying amount of the instrument. Amortized cost is calculated as a function of the effective interest rate, taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition, transaction costs and fees. Amortization of these costs is included in interest income in the consolidated statement of income.

The Bank’s securities are measured at fair value and categorized as FVOCI.

Equity instruments

Equity instruments are measured at fair value and categorized as FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made at initial recognition to categorize as FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Amounts recognized in OCI are not to be subsequently reclassed to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends. Dividends received are recorded in non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from accumulated OCI to retained earnings.

The Bank has categorized its investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. as FVOCI and it is carried at fair value.

Allowance for expected credit losses

The Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”) that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. The Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the ECL methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments, classified either as amortized cost or as FVOCI, and on all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

Expected credit losses represent unbiased and probability-weighted estimates that are modeled as a function of a range of possible outcomes as well as the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information (“FLI”) (see Forward-looking information below).

The Bank’s ECL or impairment model estimates 12 months of expected credit losses for performing loans that have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk, (“SICR”) since initial recognition. Additionally, the ECL model estimates lifetime expected credit losses on performing loans that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition. Further, individual allowances are estimated for loans that are determined to be credit impaired.

Loans or other financial instruments that have not experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 1, while loans or other financial instruments that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 2, and loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired are designated as stage 3. Subsequent to the initial stage

designation, the Bank’s loans or other financial instruments may transfer between stages due to these loans or financial instruments experiencing a significant change in credit risk

Assessment of significant increase in credit risk

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether or not there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition. The determination of a SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited, to changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition.

With regards to delinquency and monitoring, there is a rebuttable presumption that the credit risk of a loan or other financial instrument has increased since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days delinquent. The Bank chose to use 60 days delinquency as an appropriate indicator of increased credit risk as it serves as a stable early warning indicator that the cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument under consideration may be uncertain and may not be realized by the Bank under the contractual repayment terms.

Expected credit loss model - Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive. The ECL calculation is a function of the credit risk parameters; probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default associated with each loan, sensitized to future market and macroeconomic conditions through the incorporation of FLI derived from multiple economic forecast scenarios, including baseline, upside, and downside scenarios.

For clarity:

• The probability of default (“PD”) for a loan or a financial instrument is an estimate of the likelihood of default of that instrument over a given time horizon;

• The loss given default (“LGD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default of that instrument occurs at a given time or over a given period; and,

• The exposure at default (“EAD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the Bank’s exposure derived from that instrument at a future default date.

The Bank’s ECL model develops contractual cashflow profiles for loans as a function of a number of underlying assumptions and a broad range of input variables. The expected cashflow schedules are subsequently derived from the contractual cashflow schedules, adjusted for incremental default amounts, forgone interest, and recovery amounts. The finalized contractual and expected cashflow schedules are subsequently discounted at the effective interest rate to determine the expected cash shortfall or expected credit losses for each individual loan or financial instrument.

Individual allowances are estimated for loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired and that have been designated as stage 3. A loan or other financial instrument is classified as credit impaired when the Bank becomes aware that, before taking into consideration collateral or credit enhancements, all of, or a portion of the contractual cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument may be impacted and as a result may not be realized by the Bank under the repayment schedule set out in the contractual terms associated with the loan or other financial instrument. Loans or other financial instruments for which interest or principal is contractually past due 90 days are automatically recognized as stage 3, however in estimating expected credit losses for stage 3 loans or other financial instruments, management takes into consideration whether the loan or other financial instrument is fully secured or is in the process of collection and whether collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of the loan or other financial instrument.  The ECL model requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and are reflected in the Bank’s stage 3 grouping.

Forward-looking information

IFRS 9 requires consideration of past events, current market conditions and reasonable, supportable information about future economic conditions that is available without undue cost and effort in the estimation of the expected credit losses for loans or other financial instruments. More specifically, under IFRS 9 expected credit losses represent an unbiased, probability-weighted estimate of the present value of cash shortfalls (i.e., the weighted average of credit losses, with the respective risks of a default occurring in a given time period used as the weights). Additionally, IFRS 9 stipulates that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. The estimation and application of forward-looking information in an attempt to capture the impact of future economic conditions requires judgement.

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider, for the purpose of computing forward-looking risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing forward-looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios comprised of baseline, upside, and downside scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios. The weighted average of the individual, sensitized PD and LGD values that comprise each individual term structure forecast is subsequently computed to define unbiased PD and LGD term structure forecasts, which in turn are applied as inputs to the Bank’s internal ECL model in the estimation of expected credit losses for the Bank’s loans. Macroeconomic indicator data derived from the baseline, upside and downside scenarios referenced above is also utilized in the development of credit risk parameter proxy datasets and applied to the Bank’s consumer loan and small and medium enterprise (“SME”) loan portfolios.

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the price of oil, and the S&P/TSX Index. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Modified financial instruments

If the terms of a financial instrument are modified or an existing financial instrument is replaced with a new one, an assessment is made to determine if the financial instrument should be derecognized.

Where the modification does not result in derecognition, the date of origination continues to be used to determine SICR. Where modification results in derecognition, the modified financial instrument is considered to be a new instrument.

Fair value of financial instruments

Estimates of fair value are developed using a variety of valuation methods and assumptions. The Bank follows a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs used to measure fair value for its financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), models using inputs other than quoted prices but with observable market data (Level 2), or models using inputs that are not based on observable market data (Level 3).

Valuation models may require the use of inputs, transaction values derived from models and input assumptions sourced from pricing services. Valuation inputs are either observable or unobservable. The Bank makes use of external, readily observable market inputs when available and may include certain prices and rates for shorter-dated Canadian yield curves and banker’s acceptances. Unobservable inputs may include credit spreads, probability of default and recovery rates.

f) Property and equipment:

Property and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Amortization on property and equipment is calculated primarily using the straight-line method over the useful life of the equipment which typically ranges between 5 and 20 years.

Property and equipment is subject to an impairment review if there are events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Amortization expense and impairment write-downs are included in premises and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

g) Goodwill and intangible assets:

Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the value allocated to the tangible and intangible assets, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or a change in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing if the carrying value of cash generating units (“CGUs”) which comprise the CGU segment, including goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the value in use. Impairment losses recognized in respect of the CGUs are first allocated to the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the CGUs. Any goodwill impairment is recorded in profit or loss in the reporting year in which the impairment is identified. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.

Intangible assets acquired in a business acquisition are recorded at their fair value. In subsequent reporting periods, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the intangible asset. At each reporting date, the carrying value of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment.  If such an indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment, if any. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash flows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets or CGU’s. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing fair value less cost to sell the estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the assets. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount.

When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment losses been recognized for the asset in prior years.

The Bank develops proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology. Any research or early-stage scoping activities are expensed as incurred in the period. The Bank recognizes internally generated intangible assets on the development of proprietary technology when it has determined that there is technical feasibility and resources available to complete a product, demonstrated an existence of an established market for the product as well as support to generate future revenues or derive future economic benefits from the product. As these intangible assets are not yet available for use, the Bank tested these assets for impairment annually by comparing the carrying amount with the recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is determined by fair value less cost to sell method.

h) Income taxes:

Current income taxes are calculated based on taxable income for the reporting period. Taxable income differs from accounting income because of differences in the inclusion and deductibility of certain components of income which are established by taxation authorities. Current income taxes are measured at the amount expected to be recovered or paid using statutory tax rates at the reporting period end.

The Bank follows the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between financial statement carrying values and the respective tax base of those assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted or substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years when temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements to the extent that it is probable that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income to enable the benefit of the deferred income tax asset to be realized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed for recoverability at the end of each reporting period.

Current and deferred income taxes are recorded in income for the period, except to the extent that the tax arose from a transaction that is recorded either in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity, in which case the income tax on the transaction will also be recorded either in Other Comprehensive

Income or Equity. Accordingly, current and deferred income taxes are presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements as a component of income, or as a component of Other Comprehensive Income.

i) Employee benefits:

i) Short-term benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are recognized as employees render their services and are measured on an undiscounted basis.

A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid under a short-term cash bonus plan if the Bank has an obligation to make such payments as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

ii) Share-based payment transactions:

Equity-settled stock options

Employee stock options are measured using the Black-Scholes pricing model which is used to estimate the fair value of the options at the date of grant. Inputs to the Black-Scholes model include the closing share price on the grant date, the exercise price, the expected option life, the expected dividend yield, the expected volatility and the risk-free interest rate. Once the expected option life is determined, it is used in formulating the estimates of expected volatility and the risk-free rate. Expected future volatility is estimated using a historical volatility look-back period that is consistent with the expected life of the option.

The fair value of options which vest immediately are recognized in full as of the grant date, whereas the fair value of options which vest over time are recognized over the vesting period using the graded method which incorporates management’s estimates of the options which are not expected to vest. The effect of a change in the estimated number of options expected to vest is a change in estimate and the cumulative effect of the change is recognized prospectively once the estimate is revised. The fair value of stock options granted is recorded in salaries and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in Contributed Surplus in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When options are exercised, the consideration received and the estimated fair value previously recorded in Contributed Surplus is recorded as Share Capital. The Bank’s stock option plan is described in note 15.

j) Share capital:

The Bank’s share capital consists of common shares and preferred shares. Costs directly incurred with raising new share capital are charged against equity. Other costs are expensed as incurred.

k) Contributed surplus:

Contributed surplus consists of the fair value of stock options granted since inception, less amounts reversed for exercised stock options. If granted options vest and then subsequently expire or are forfeited, no reversal of contributed surplus is recognized.

l) Leases:

At inception of a contract, the Bank assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease arrangement based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Bank recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease obligation at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured based on the initial amount of the lease obligation adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset and/or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The assets are depreciated to the earlier of the end of useful life of the right-of-use asset or the lease term using the straight-line method as this methodology most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the associated future economic benefits. The lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend if there is reasonable certainty that the Bank will exercise that option. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease obligation.

The lease obligation is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Bank’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Bank changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease obligation is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or the remeasured amount is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The Bank elects to apply the practical expedient to account for leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months of the date of initial application as short-term leases.

m) Foreign currency translation:

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies of the Bank and its subsidiaries at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Foreign currency differences are recognized in profit and loss. Investments classified as fair value through other comprehensive income denominated in a foreign currency are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. All resulting changes are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of Digital Boundary Group Inc., a US operation of the Bank, has a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar, and is translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. The income and expenses of this operation are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the date of transaction and the foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. All other US operations are recognized as having functional currency based on the Canadian dollar.

n) Derivative instruments:

Derivatives are measured at FVTPL except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship.

Derivatives are reported as other assets when they have a positive fair value and as other liabilities when they have a negative fair value. Derivatives may be embedded in other financial instruments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are valued as separate derivatives when: the economic characteristics and risks associated are not clearly and closely related to those of the host contract; the terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if it was a stand-alone, independent instrument; and the combined contract is not held for trading or designated at fair value through profit or loss. For financial statement disclosure purposes, embedded derivatives are combined with the host contract.

Hedge accounting

The Bank has elected, as permitted, to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into for asset liability management purposes. When hedge accounting criteria are met, derivative contracts are accounted for as described below.

To meet the criteria for hedge accounting, the Bank documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, how hedge effectiveness is assessed, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Bank also formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis,

whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items.

There are three main types of hedges: (i) fair value hedges, (ii) cash flow hedges and (iii) net investment hedges.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Bank formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge.

The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the Bank will assess whether the hedging relationship meets the hedge effectiveness requirements (including an analysis of sources of hedge ineffectiveness and how the hedge effectiveness is assessed). In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a hedging relationship must be expected to be highly effective on a prospective basis and it needs to be demonstrated that it was also highly effective in the previous designated period (i.e., three month). A hedge is considered to be highly effective if the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk are expected to be offset by the hedging instrument in a range of between 80% to 125%.

The Bank has only fair value hedges outstanding. In a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to hedge risk is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item (basis adjustment) and is also recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Bank utilizes fair value hedges primarily to convert fixed rate financial assets to floating rate financial assets. The primary financial instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships are loans. If the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, or the designation is revoked, hedge accounting is discontinued. Any basis adjustment up to that point made to a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income as part of the recalculated effective interest rate of the item over its remaining term. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

In fair value hedges, ineffectiveness arises to the extent that the change in fair value of the hedging items differs from the change in fair value of the hedge risk in the hedged item. Any hedge ineffectiveness is measured and recorded in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Derivative contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked-to-market and the resulting net gains or losses are recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

o) Future accounting standard pronouncements:

The following accounting standards amendments issued by the IASB will be effective for the Bank’s fiscal year beginning on November 1, 2024 (the Bank’s fiscal 2025 year end):

i) Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback - In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16 to specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognise any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments must be applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. Earlier application is permitted and that fact must be disclosed.

ii) Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current - In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

• What is meant by a right to defer settlement;

• That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period;

• That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right; and,

• That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments must be applied retrospectively.

The amendments noted above are not expected to have a material impact on the Bank’s financial results.

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Note 4 - Cash

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of cash and cash equivalents [text block]

4. Cash:

Cash is comprised of deposits with regulated financial institutions.

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Note 5 - Securities

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of financial assets [text block]

5. Securities:

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank held securities totalling $167.9 million (2022 - $141.6 million), comprised of a Government of Canada Treasury Bill and a series of Government of Canada Bonds.  The Government of Canada Treasury Bill was purchased for $134.8 million with a face value totaling $135.0 million, resulting in a weighted average yield of 4.93% on the instrument, and maturing on November 9, 2023. The series of Government of Canada Bonds were purchased for $32.9 million with a face value of $33.0 million, resulting in a yield of 3.87% of which $30.0 million matures on November 1, 2023 and $2.9 million matures on May 1, 2025.

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Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of loans and advances to customers [text block]

6. Loans, net of allowance for credit losses:

The Bank organizes its lending portfolio into the following four broad asset categories: Point-of-Sale Loans and Leases, Commercial Real Estate Mortgages, Commercial Real Estate Loans, and Public Sector and Other Financing. These categories have been established in the Bank’s proprietary, internally developed asset management system and have been designed to catalogue individual lending assets as a function primarily of their key risk drivers, the nature of the underlying collateral, and the applicable market segment.

The Point-of-Sale Loans and Leases (“POS Financing”) asset category is comprised of point-of-sale loan and lease receivables acquired from the Bank’s network of origination and servicing partners as well as warehouse loans that provide bridge financing to the Bank’s origination and servicing partners for the purpose of accumulating and seasoning practical volumes of individual loans and leases prior to the Bank purchasing the cashflow receivables derived from same.

The Commercial Real Estate Mortgages (“CRE Mortgages”) asset category is comprised primarily of Residential Construction, Term, Insured and Land Mortgages. All of these loans are business-to-business loans with the underlying credit risk exposure being primarily consumer in nature given that the vast majority of the loans are related to properties that are designated primarily for residential use. The portfolio benefits from diversity in its underlying security in the form of a broad range of such collateral properties.

The Commercial Real Estate Loans (“CRE Loans”) asset category is comprised primarily of condominium corporation financing loans.

The Public Sector and Other Financing (“PSOF”) asset category is comprised primarily of public sector loans and leases, a small balance of corporate loans and leases and single family residential conventional and insured mortgages.

a) Portfolio analysis:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,879,320		$	2,220,894
Commercial real estate mortgages		889,069			710,369
Commercial real estate loans		8,793			13,165
Public sector and other financing		55,054			35,452
		3,832,236			2,979,880
Allowance for credit losses		(2,513	)		(1,904	)
Accrued interest		20,681			14,702
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses	$	3,850,404		$	2,992,678

The following table provides a summary of loan amounts, ECL allowance amounts, and expected loss (“EL”) rates by lending asset category:

	As at October 31, 2023												As at October 31, 2022
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total			Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,873,078		$	6,242		$	-		$	2,879,320		$	2,215,388		$	5,227		$	279		$	2,220,894
ECL allowance		100			-			-			100			545			-			-			545
EL %		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%
Commercial real estate mortgages	$	717,755		$	155,993		$	15,321		$	889,069		$	599,113		$	111,256		$	-		$	710,369
ECL allowance		1,699			523			-			2,222			1,150			137			-			1,287
EL %		0.24	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.25	%		0.19	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.18	%
Commercial real estate loans	$	8,793		$	-		$	-		$	8,793		$	13,165		$	-		$	-		$	13,165
ECL allowance		42			-			-			42			54			-			-			54
EL %		0.48	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.48	%		0.41	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.41	%
Public sector and other financing	$	49,293		$	5,761		$	-		$	55,054		$	35,273		$	179		$	-		$	35,452
ECL allowance		104			45			-			149			17			1			-			18
EL %		0.21	%		0.78	%		0.00	%		0.27	%		0.05	%		0.56	%		0.00	%		0.05	%
Total loans	$	3,648,919		$	167,996		$	15,321		$	3,832,236		$	2,862,939		$	116,662		$	279		$	2,979,880
Total ECL allowance		1,945			568			-			2,513			1,766			138			-			1,904
Total EL %		0.05	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.07	%		0.06	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.06	%

The Bank’s maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of its financial assets. The Bank holds security against the majority of its loans in the form of either mortgage interests over property, other registered securities over assets, guarantees and cash reserves (holdbacks) on loan and lease receivables included in the POS Financing portfolio (note 13).

Allowance for credit losses

As set out previously, the Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. Under IFRS 9 the Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the expected credit loss methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on both performing loans, and non-performing, or impaired loans even if no actual loss event has occurred.

The expected credit loss methodology requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s Stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s Stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and is reflected in Stage 3 grouping.

Assessment of significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”)

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition.

SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited to, changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists. Notwithstanding the above, the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk will require experienced credit judgement.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition as well as changes in Canadian and US macroeconomic trends attributable to changes in monetary policy, inflation, employment rates, consumer behaviour and geo-political risks.

Expected credit loss model - Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive.

Forward-looking information

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider for the purpose of computing forward-looking credit risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing internal, forward-looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses, as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below). Currently the Bank utilizes upside, downside and baseline forecast macroeconomic scenarios, and assigns discrete weights to each for use in the estimation of its reported ECL. The Bank has also applied expert credit judgement, where appropriate, to reflect, amongst other items, uncertainty in the Canadian and US macroeconomic environments.

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the S&P/TSX Index and the price of oil. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Key assumptions driving the baseline macroeconomic forecast trends included: elevated inflation persisting until late 2024 and high interest rates remaining through at least the mid-point of 2024 continue to apply pressure to household finances and slow consumption generally; real GDP growth decelerates through the end of 2023 and into early 2024 attributable to high interest rates and slowing job growth which also combine to curb consumer spending over the same timeframe; current geo-political risks do not escalate materially and have a limited impact on global commodity prices and

supply chains; and, while COVID 19 infections return, public health restrictions do not and the virus is assumed to have very little impact on the Canadian and US economies.

Management developed ECL estimates using credit risk parameter term structure forecasts sensitized to individual baseline, upside and downside forecast macroeconomic scenarios, each weighted at 100%, and subsequently computed the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023 in order to assess the alignment of the Bank’s reported ECL with the Bank’s credit risk profile, and further, to assess the scope, depth and ultimate effectiveness of the credit risk mitigation strategies that the Bank has applied to its lending portfolios (see Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity below).

Expected credit loss sensitivity:

The following table presents the sensitivity of the Bank’s estimated ECL to a range of individual macroeconomic scenarios, that in isolation may not reflect the Bank’s actual expected ECL exposure, as well as the variance of each to the Bank’s reported ECL as at October 31, 2023:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Reported		100%			100%			100%
	ECL
			Upside			Baseline			Downside
Allowance for expected credit losses	$	2,513	$	1,409		$	1,939		$	2,975
Variance from reported ECL				(1,104	)		(575	)		462
Variance from reported ECL (%)				(44	%)		(23	%)		18	%

b) Allowance for credit losses:

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Bank’s ECL allowance by lending asset category for the year ended October 31, 2023:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	545		$	-		$	-		$	545
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		160			(160	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(340	)		340			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(265	)		(180	)		-			(445	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(445	)		-			-			(445	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	100		$	-		$	-		$	100
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-		$	1,287
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		279			(279	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(581	)		581			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			(13	)		13			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		668			113			(13	)		768
Loan originations		604			4			-			608
Derecognitions and maturities		(421	)		(20	)		-			(441	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		549			386			-			935
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	1,699		$	523		$	-		$	2,222
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	54		$	-		$	-		$	54
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(12	)		-			-			(12	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	42		$	-		$	-		$	42
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	17		$	1		$	-		$	18
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(8	)		8			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		12			13			-			25
Loan originations		83			23			-			106
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		87			44			-			131
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	104		$	45		$	-		$	149
Total balance at end of period	$	1,945		$	568		$	-		$	2,513

b) Allowance for credit losses (continued):

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Bank’s ECL allowance by lending asset category for the year ended October 31, 2022:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3		Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	275		$	-		$	-	$	275
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		91			(91	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(186	)		186			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		365			(95	)		-		270
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		270			-			-		270
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	545		$	-		$	-	$	545
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	980		$	134		$	-	$	1,114
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		75			(75	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(129	)		129			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		74			(29	)		-		45
Loan originations		286			-			-		286
Derecognitions and maturities		(136	)		(22	)		-		(158	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		170			3			-		173
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-	$	1,287
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	45		$	-		$	-	$	45
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		9			-			-		9
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		9			-			-		9
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	54		$	-		$	-	$	54
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	16		$	3		$	-	$	19
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		2			(2	)		-		-
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		(1	)		-			-		(1	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		1			(2	)		-		(1	)
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	17		$	1		$	-	$	18
Total balance at end of period	$	1,766		$	138		$	-	$	1,904

c) Maturities and yields:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			Total			Total
Total loans	$	811,219		$	101,786		$	355,277		$	224,579		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	3,832,236		$	2,979,880
Average effective yield		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%		6.84	%		5.85	%

Average effective yields are based on book values and contractual interest rates, adjusted for the amortization of any deferred income and expenses.

d) Impaired loans:

At October 31, 2023, the Bank held one impaired loan totalling $15.3 million ( October 31, 2022 - $279,000). The impaired loan is well secured with collateral of approximately $20.0 million and is expected to be recovered fully.

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Note 7 - Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of property, plant and equipment [text block]

7. Property and equipment:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Cost	$	17,827		$	17,465
Accumulated amortization		(11,291	)		(10,597	)
	$	6,536		$	6,868

None of the Bank’s property and equipment is subject to title restrictions, nor is any pledged as security for any of the Bank’s liabilities. Total amortization expense recorded for property and equipment for the year ended October 31, 2023, totalled $694,000 (2022 - $788,000). See note 10.

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Note 8 - Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of goodwill [text block]

8. Goodwill:

Goodwill relates to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group and for the purpose of conducting an annual test for impairment, the Bank’s CGU relates specifically to the operations of Digital Boundary Group.  The Bank considered the fair value less carrying value calculation in assessing impairment. The key assumptions underlying the impairment test included: 5-years of projected cash flow, a discount rate of 13.7% (2022 – 12.4%), an average yearly earnings growth rate of 14% (2022 - 12%) and a terminal growth rate of 2.0% (2022 - 2.0%).

The Bank did not recognize an impairment charge on the goodwill as the recoverable amount of the CGU exceeded the carrying value of the goodwill. Sensitivity analysis performed by management suggested that if the average annual growth rate were to decrease by 6% over each year of the five-year planning horizon the carrying amount would be approximately equal to the recoverable amount of the CGU. See note 10.

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Note 9 - Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of intangible assets [text block]

9. Intangible assets:

As at October 31, 2023, total intangible assets were $2.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $3.2 million) related to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group. The intangible assets related to the Bank’s acquisition of Digital Boundary Group were $3.9 million and at October 31, 2023, had accumulated amortization of $1.1 million and is being amortized over 10 years. The amortization expense for these intangible assets totaled $394,000 (2022 - $456,000). See note 10.

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Note 10 - Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of other assets [text block]

10. Other assets:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable	$	3,858	$	3,774
Prepaid expenses and other (note 10a)		22,130		16,391
Property and equipment (note 7)		6,536		6,868
Right-of-use assets (note 10b)		3,427		4,122
Deferred income tax asset (note 16)		4,058		2,128
Interest rate swap (note 18)		1,517		-
Investment (note 10c)		953		953
Goodwill (note 8)		5,754		5,754
Intangible assets (note 9)		2,791		3,185
	$	51,024	$	43,175

a) The Bank, internally through its DRTC segment has developed proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology products.  Costs associated with the development of these products and services have been capitalized in accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets. As at October 31, 2023, capitalized costs were $8.1 million ( October 31, 2022 - $6.2 million). Amortization of these costs has not yet commenced as the products and services associated with same remain in the development stage. The Bank conducted an annual test for impairment on the assets that are not yet ready for use.  The Bank considered the fair value less carrying value calculation in assessing impairment. The key assumptions underlying the impairment test included: 10-years of projected cash flow, a discount rate of 13.8%, an average yearly earnings growth rate of 22% and a terminal growth rate of 1.0%. The Bank did not recognize an impairment charge on these intangible assets as the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying value of same.

b) The right-of-use assets relate to the Bank’s office facility leases. Capitalized leases of $3.4 million at October 31, 2023 is stated net of accumulated amortization of $2.5 million.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the amortization expense for the right-of-use assets totaled $695,000 (2022 - $695,000).

c) The Bank has an 11% investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. (“Stablecorp”). The Bank has made an irrevocable election to designate this investment at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) at initial recognition and any future changes in the fair value of the investment will be recognized in other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income will not be reclassified to profit and loss at a later date.

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Note 11 - Deposits

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of deposits from banks [text block]

11. Deposits:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
Maturity period	Demand/			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over		Accrued		2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years		Interest		Total			Total
Total deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-	$	62,164	$	3,533,366		$	2,657,540
Average effective interest rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%						4.18	%		2.74	%

Average effective interest rates are based on book values and contractual interest rates.

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Note 12 - Subordinated Notes Payable

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of borrowings [text block]

12. Subordinated notes payable:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Issued March 2019, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of $5.0 million, $500,000 is held by related party (note 22), fixed effective interest rate of 10.41%, maturing March 2029.	$	4,919	$	4,908
Issued April 2021, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of US $75.0 million, fixed effective interest rate of 5.38%, maturing May 2031.		101,931		100,043
	$	106,850	$	104,951

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Note 13 - Other Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of other liabilities [text block]

13. Other liabilities:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts payable and other	$	9,681	$	7,662
Current income tax liability		7,466		5,797
Deferred income tax liability (note 16)		731		786
Lease obligations		3,771		4,471
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow (note 6)		8,818		8,006
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables (note 6)		153,769		126,110
	$	184,236	$	152,832

Lease obligations reflect the Bank’s liabilities for right-of-use assets which capture the Bank’s multiple leased premises. The portion of the Bank’s leasing obligations that were not captured as part of the right-of-use assets continue to be expensed in premises and equipment. The Bank had total cash outflows for these leases of $1.1 million in 2023.

The current leasing arrangements associated with these lease obligations expire between October 2025 and December 2045 with options to renew the leases after the initial lease period. Lease payments are adjusted every three to five years to reflect market rates.

The future lease payments for these non-cancellable lease contracts are $735,000 within one year, $2.4 million within five years and $662,000 thereafter.

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Note 14 - Share Capital

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of classes of share capital [text block]

14. Share capital:

a) Authorized:

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of voting common shares with no par value.

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Series 1 preferred shares with a par value of $10.00. 

b) Issued and outstanding:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Common shares:
Balance, beginning of the year		27,245,782		$	225,982			27,441,082		$	227,674
Options exercised during the year		40,000			280			-			-
Purchased and cancelled during the year		(1,321,358	)		(11,438	)		(195,300	)		(1,692	)
Outstanding, end of year		25,964,424		$	214,824			27,245,782		$	225,982
Series 1 preferred shares:
Outstanding, beginning and end of year		1,461,460		$	13,647			1,461,460		$	13,647
Total share capital				$	228,471					$	239,629

Common shares

On August 5, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”) for its common shares. On September 21, 2022, the Bank received approval from the Nasdaq to proceed with a NCIB for its common shares. Pursuant to the NCIB, VersaBank was authorized to purchase for cancellation up to 1,700,000 of its common shares representing approximately 9.54% of its public float.

The Bank was eligible to make purchases commencing on August 17, 2022 and the NCIB was terminated on August 16, 2023. The purchases were made by VersaBank through the facilities of the TSX and alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq in accordance with the rules of the TSX and such alternate trading systems and the Nasdaq, as applicable, and the prices that VersaBank paid for the Common Shares was at the market price of such shares at the time of acquisition. VersaBank made no purchases of Common Shares other than open market purchases. All shares purchased under the NCIB were cancelled.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank purchased and cancelled 1,321,358 (2022 - 195,300) Common Shares for $13.3 million (2022 - $1.9 million), reducing the Bank’s Common Share value by $11.4 million (2022 - $1.7 million) and retained earnings by $1.9 million (2022 - $238,000). In the same period, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options there were exercised in the current year.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank declared and paid dividends of $2.6 million or $0.10 per common share.

Series 1 Preferred shares

The Bank is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Series 1 preferred shares with a par value of $10.00. These preferred shares are Basel III-compliant, non-cumulative five year rate reset preferred shares which include non-viability contingent capital (“NVCC”) provisions which would require the preferred shares to be converted to common shares upon a trigger event (as defined by OSFI).

The holders of the Series 1 preferred shares are entitled to receive a non-cumulative fixed dividend in the amount of $0.6772 annually per share, payable quarterly, as and when declared by the Board of Directors for the period ending October 31, 2024. The dividend represents an annual yield of 6.772% based on the stated issue price per share. Thereafter, the dividend rate will reset every five years at a level of 543 basis points over the then five year Government of Canada bond yield.

The Bank maintains the right to redeem, subject to the approval of OSFI, up to all of the outstanding Series 1 preferred shares on October 31, 2024 and on October 31 every five years thereafter at a price of $10.00 per share. Should the Bank choose not to exercise its right to redeem the Series 1 preferred shares, holders of these shares will have the right to convert their shares into an equal number of non-cumulative, floating rate Series 2 preferred shares. Holders of Series 2 preferred shares will be entitled to receive quarterly floating dividends, as and when declared by the Board of Directors, equal to the 90-day Government of Canada Treasury bill rate plus 543 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of a trigger event (as defined by OSFI), each Series 1 or 2 preferred share will be automatically converted, without the consent of the holders, into common shares of the Bank. Conversion to common shares will be determined by dividing the preferred share conversion value ($10.00 per share plus any declared but unpaid dividends) by the common share value (the greater of (i) the floor price of $0.75 and (ii) the current market value price calculated as the volume weighted average trading price for the ten consecutive trading days ending on the day immediately prior to the date of the conversion).

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank declared and paid dividends of $988,000 or $0.68 per preferred share.

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Note 15 - Stock-based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of share-based payment arrangements [text block]

15. Stock-based compensation:

Equity-settled stock options

The Bank has a stock option plan for its employees and officers. Options are granted at an exercise price set at the closing market price of the Bank’s common shares on the day preceding the date on which the option is granted and are exercisable within five years of issue. Options are usually granted with graded vesting terms. One third vests on the first anniversary of the grant date, one third vests on the second anniversary of the grant date, and one third vests on the third anniversary of the grant date.

	2023					2022
				Weighted					Weighted
	Number of			average		Number of			average
	options			exercise price		options			exercise price
Outstanding, beginning of period		965,766		$	15.53		40,000		$	7.00
Granted		1,500			15.90		971,707			15.90
Exercised		(40,000	)		7.00		-			-
Forfeited/cancelled		(52,873	)		15.90		(45,941	)		15.90
Expired		-			-		-			-
Outstanding, end of period		874,393		$	15.90		965,766		$	15.53

For the year ended October 31, 2023, the Bank recognized stock-based compensation expense of $901,000 (2022 - $1.5 million) related to the estimated fair value of options granted. The fair value of the 1,500 stock options granted over the course of the current fiscal year was estimated at the grant dates using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the following input assumptions: risk-free rate of 3.33% (2022 - 1.39%), expected option life of 3.5 years (2022 - 3.5 years) , expected volatility of 30.0% (2022 - 29.5%), expected annual dividends of 1.1% (2022 - 0.6%) and a forfeiture rate of 2.0% (2022 - 2.0%). The weighted average of the fair value of the stock options granted in the year was estimated at $0.96 per share.  During the current year, the Bank issued 40,000 Common Shares for proceeds of $280,000 related to stock options there were exercised in the current year.

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Note 16 - Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of income tax [text block]

16. Income taxes:

Income taxes, including both the current and deferred portions, vary from the amounts that would be computed by applying the aggregated statutory federal tax rates and provincial tax rates of 27% (2022 - 27%) to income before income taxes. Income taxes have been computed as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Income before income taxes	$	57,645		$	32,548
Income tax rate		27	%		27	%
Expected income tax provision		15,564			8,788
Tax rate differential		(569	)		172
Unrecognized deferred tax asset		136			411
Other permanent differences		352			519
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

Income taxes is comprised of the following:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Current income taxes	$	17,468		$	9,199
Deferred income taxes		(1,985	)		691
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

The components of the recognized deferred income tax assets (liabilities) and related changes, as recognized in net income, equity or accumulated comprehensive income, are as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2022			income			2023
Allowance for credit losses	$	508		$	158		$	666
Loss carry forwards		-			1,625			1,625
Share issue and financing costs		909			(463	)		446
Deposit commissions		(1,227	)		(596	)		(1,823	)
Intangibles assets		(786	)		188			(598	)
Deferred loan fees		658			160			818
Other		1,280			913			2,193
Net deferred income tax assets	$	1,342		$	1,985		$	3,327

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2021			income			2022
Allowance for credit losses	$	388		$	120		$	508
Loss carry forwards		338			(338	)		-
Share issue and financing costs		1,373			(464	)		909
Deposit commissions		(981	)		(246	)		(1,227	)
Intangibles assets		(898	)		112			(786	)
Deferred loan fees		757			(99	)		658
Other		1,056			224			1,280
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,033		$	(691	)	$	1,342

The net deferred taxes are comprised of:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets	$	4,058		$	2,128
Deferred tax liabilities		(731	)		(786	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	3,327		$	1,342

A deferred tax asset in the amount of $1.8 million (2022 - $692,000) has been recognized in the financial statements which utilization is dependent on future taxable earnings in the tax jurisdiction to which it

relates. The Bank has forecasted earnings in this tax jurisdiction which will allow for the use of these deferred tax assets.

The Bank is subject to Part VI.1 tax which is a 40% tax on dividends paid on taxable preferred shares under the Income Tax Act (Canada). The Part VI.1 tax of $396,000 (2022 - $396,000) and related tax recovery is recorded through profit and loss.

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had US income tax losses which can be carried forward to reduce taxable income in future years in the amount of $1.2 million (2022 - $1.5 million). These loss carry forwards of the Bank have no expiry date. The deferred tax asset of $360,000 (2022 - $nil) relating to the US income tax losses has been recognized in these statements as it is probable the Bank will have earnings which will allow for the use of these losses.

In addition, the Bank has approximately $9.5 million (2022 - $9.5 million) of capital loss carry forwards which may be applied against future capital gains and for which the deferred tax asset of $1.3 million (2022 - $nil) has been recognized.

A deferred tax liability on taxable temporary differences of approximately $3.5 million (2022 - $3.9 million) relating to the Bank’s investment in its subsidiaries was not recognized as the Bank is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

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Note 17 - Per Share Amounts

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of earnings per share [text block]

17. Per share amounts:

Basic and diluted income per common share

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Net income	$	42,162		$	22,658
Preferred share dividends paid		(988	)		(988	)
Net income available to common shareholders		41,174			21,670
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		26,273,739			27,425,479
Basic and diluted income per common share:	$	1.57		$	0.79

The Series 1 NVCC preferred shares are contingently issuable shares and do not have a dilutive impact. The outstanding employee stock options are dilutive but are de minimis and therefore have no impact on the Bank’s income per share amounts.

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Note 18 - Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of financial assets [text block]

5. Securities:

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank held securities totalling $167.9 million (2022 - $141.6 million), comprised of a Government of Canada Treasury Bill and a series of Government of Canada Bonds.  The Government of Canada Treasury Bill was purchased for $134.8 million with a face value totaling $135.0 million, resulting in a weighted average yield of 4.93% on the instrument, and maturing on November 9, 2023. The series of Government of Canada Bonds were purchased for $32.9 million with a face value of $33.0 million, resulting in a yield of 3.87% of which $30.0 million matures on November 1, 2023 and $2.9 million matures on May 1, 2025.

Derivatives [member]

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of financial assets [text block]

18. Derivative instruments:

At October 31, 2023, the Bank had an outstanding contract established for asset liability management purposes to swap between fixed and floating interest rates with a notional amount totaling $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil), of which $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil) qualified for hedge accounting. The Bank enters into interest rate swap contracts for its own account exclusively and does not act as an intermediary in this market. The maturity date of the amortizing interest rate swap is March 1, 2034. At October 31, 2023, fair value of $1.5 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil) relating to this contract was included in other assets and the offsetting amount included in the carrying values of the assets to which they relate. Approved counterparties are limited to major Canadian chartered banks. The carrying amount of the hedged item recognized in the loans was $19.8 million. The accumulated amount of fair value hedge adjustments on the hedged item included in the carrying amount of the hedged item is $955,000.

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Note 19 - Nature and Extent of Risks Arising from Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [text block]

19. Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments:

Risk management involves the identification, ongoing assessment, managing and monitoring of material risks that could adversely affect the Bank. The Bank is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risks.

Senior management is responsible for establishing the framework for identifying risks and developing appropriate risk management policies and procedures. The Bank’s Board of Directors, either directly or indirectly through its committees, reviews and approves corporate policies, including specific reporting procedures. This enables them to monitor ongoing compliance with policies, delegate limits and review management’s assessment of risk in its material risk taking activities. The Bank’s Chief Internal Auditor provides a periodic review of policies and procedures to ensure that they are appropriate, effective and being followed and that adequate controls are in place in order to mitigate risk to acceptable levels. The Chief Internal Auditor reports directly to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. In addition, the Bank has an ongoing risk and compliance management program with the Chief Compliance Officer, who reports directly to the Board of Directors, and the Chief Risk Officer, who reports directly to the Risk Oversight Committee.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a borrower, guarantor, or counterparty’s inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations. The Bank is exposed to credit risk primarily as a result of its lending activities but also, from time to time, as a result of investing in securities and derivative transactions. The Bank manages its credit risk derived from lending activity using policies that have been recommended by the Chief Credit Officer and reviewed by the Chief Risk Officer prior to submission the to the Risk Oversight Committee, who then recommends the policies to the Board of Directors for approval. These policies consist of approval procedures and limits on loan amounts, portfolio concentration, geographic concentration, industry concentration, asset category, loans to any one entity and associated groups, a risk rating policy that provides for risk rating each asset in its total asset portfolio, and early recognition of problem accounts with an action plan for each account. The Risk Oversight Committee reviews these policies on an ongoing basis.

The Bank manages credit risk associated with securities included in its Treasury portfolio by applying policies that have been recommended by the Chief Credit Officer to the Risk Oversight Committee, which then recommends the policies to the Board of Directors for approval. These policies consist of approval procedures and restrictions in the selection of security dealers, restrictions in the nature of securities selected, and in setting securities portfolio concentration limits. The Risk Oversight Committee reviews these policies on an ongoing basis.

The Risk Oversight Committee, comprised entirely of independent directors, performs the following functions related to credit risk:

● Recommends policies governing management of credit risks to the Board of Directors for approval and reviews credit risk policies on an ongoing basis to ensure they are prudent and appropriate given possible changes in market conditions and corporate strategy.

● Concurs with credits exceeding the levels delegated to management, prior to commitment.

● Reviews, on a regular basis, watchlist accounts, impaired loans and accounts that have gone into arrears and expected credit loss analysis on a quarterly basis.

The Bank assigns a risk rating to each lending asset comprising its lending portfolio. A risk rating is assigned as a function of each new credit application, annual review or an amendment to a facility. The risk rating considers the credit risk attributes of the lending asset, structure, individual borrower circumstances as well as local, regional and global macroeconomic and market conditions. The Bank aggregates its risk rating assignments into the following three broad categories:

i) Satisfactory – The borrower and lending asset valuation are of acceptable credit quality.

ii) Watchlist – The borrower or the lending asset valuation exhibits potential credit weakness or a downward trend which, if not mitigated, will potentially weaken the Bank’s position. The lending asset requires close supervision.

iii) Classified – The collection of the structural payment and/or the full repayment of the lending asset is uncertain.

As of October 31, 2023, 99% of the Bank’s lending assets were categorized Satisfactory.

See note 6 for additional information relating to credit risk associated with loans.

There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing credit risk during the year.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet the demand for cash to fund obligations as they come due. The Bank is exposed to liquidity risk as a result of timing differences in the cash flows of its lending activities, security investment activities and deposit taking activities. The Bank has established policies to ensure that its cash outflows and inflows are closely matched and that its sources of deposits are diversified between funding sources and over a wide geographic area.

The Risk Oversight Committee recommends policies governing management of liquidity risk to the Board for approval and reviews liquidity policies on an ongoing basis. It receives and reviews quarterly securities portfolio reports and liquidity risk reports from management relating to its liquidity position. Additionally, an Asset Liability Committee, consisting of members of senior management, monitors liquidity risk, reviews compliance with policies and discusses strategies in this area.

See note 20 for information relating to liquidity risk associated with the Bank’s asset and liability gaps in maturities. There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing liquidity risk during the year.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk of a negative impact on the balance sheet and/or income statement resulting from changes or volatility in market factors such as foreign exchange risk, interest rates, or market prices. The Risk Oversight Committee is charged with recommending policies that govern market risk to the Bank’s Board of Directors for approval and with reviewing the policies on an ongoing basis.

Foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk or currency risk is the risk that transacting in any currency apart from the Bank’s base currency can result in gains or losses due to currency fluctuations resulting in the possibility that a foreign denominated transaction’s value may decrease due to changes in the relative value of the currency pair. Any appreciation/depreciation in the foreign currency versus the local currency will give rise to foreign exchange risk. The Bank actively manages any material foreign exchange risk exposure derived from the Bank’s normal course business activities through, where possible, the establishment of a natural foreign currency hedge or, if necessary, through foreign exchange contracts established with high quality counterparties in order to mitigate the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on the Bank’s financial results and position.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that a movement in interest rates could negatively impact spread, net interest income and the economic value of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity. The Bank manages interest rate risk by employing a number of methods including income simulation analysis and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration analysis. Management prepares regular reports to the Board to allow for ongoing monitoring of the Bank’s interest rate risk position. The Asset Liability Committee reviews the results of these analyses on a monthly basis and monitors compliance with limits set by corporate policy.

The management of interest rate risk also includes stress testing the Bank’s financial assets and liabilities to various standard and non-standard interest rate scenarios. Standard scenarios that are considered include a 100 basis point (bps) parallel upward and downward shift in all yield curves applicable to the Bank.

The results of an analysis of the Bank’s sensitivity to an increase or decrease in market interest rates, assuming no asymmetrical movement in yield curves and a static balance sheet are set out below:

Interest rate position

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Increase 100 bps			Decrease 100 bps			Increase 100 bps		Decrease 100 bps
Increase (decrease):
Impact of projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$	4,046		$	(4,059	)	$	4,304	$	(4,261	)
Duration difference between assets and liabilities (months)		(2.0	)					1.4

There was no material change in the Bank’s processes for managing interest rate risk during the year.

As at October 31, 2023, the Bank maintained one outstanding contract established for asset liability management purposes to hedge fair value exposure attributed to interest rate risk (note 18 – Derivative instruments) with a notional amount totalling $20.8 million ( October 31, 2022 - $nil). The Bank also continues to use on-balance sheet strategies to manage its interest rate risk.

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Note 20 - Interest Rate Risk and Liquidity Risk

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of how entity manages liquidity risk [text block]

20. Interest rate risk and liquidity risk:

The Bank is exposed to interest rate risk as a consequence of any mismatch, or gap, between assets and liabilities scheduled to mature or reset on particular dates. The gaps, which existed at October 31, 2023 are set out below:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Floating			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			Non-interest
	rate			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			rate sensitive			Total
Assets
Cash	$	132,242					$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	132,242
Effective rate		4.90	%
Securities		-			164,930			-			3,010			-			-			-			167,940
Effective rate					4.72	%					4.76	%
Loans		811,219			101,786			355,277			224,579			1,682,029			657,346			18,168			3,850,404
Effective rate		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%
Other		-			-			-			-			-			-			51,024			51,024
Effective rate
Total Assets	$	943,461		$	266,716		$	355,277		$	227,589		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	69,192		$	4,201,610
Liabilities
Deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-		$	62,164		$	3,533,366
Effective rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%
Subordinated notes		-			-			-			-			-			106,850			-			106,850
Effective rate																	5.61	%
Other		162,587			-			-			-			-			-			21,649			184,236
Effective rate		4.05	%
Equity		-			-			-			13,647			-			-			363,511			377,158
Effective rate											6.77	%
Total liabilities and equity	$	717,940		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	446,852		$	618,569		$	106,850		$	447,324		$	4,201,610
Interest rate swap	$	20,785		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(20,785	)	$	-		$	-
October 31, 2023 gap	$	246,306		$	(136,284	)	$	(1,105,798	)	$	(219,263	)	$	1,063,460		$	529,711		$	(378,132	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	246,306		$	110,022		$	(995,776	)	$	(1,215,039	)	$	(151,579	)	$	378,132		$	-		$	-
October 31, 2022 gap	$	116,936		$	(47,087	)	$	(383,153	)	$	(291,346	)	$	623,906		$	307,416		$	(326,672	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	116,936		$	69,849		$	(313,304	)	$	(604,650	)	$	19,256		$	326,672		$	-		$	-

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Note 21 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of fair value of financial instruments [text block]

21. Fair value of financial instruments:

The amounts set out in the table below represent the fair value of the Bank’s financial instruments:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023										2022
	Carrying Value		Fair value Level 1		Fair Value Level 2		Fair Value Level 3		Total Fair Value		Carrying Value		Total Fair Value
Assets
Cash	$	132,242	$	132,242	$	-	$	-	$	132,242	$	88,581	$	88,581
Securities		167,940		167,940		-		-		167,940		141,564		141,564
Loans		3,850,404		-		-		3,837,599		3,837,599		2,992,678		2,963,676
Derivatives		1,517		-		1,517		-		1,517		-		-
Other financial assets		953		-		-		953		953		953		953
Liabilities
Deposits	$	3,533,366	$	-	$	-	$	3,436,491	$	3,436,491	$	2,657,540	$	2,561,421
Subordinated notes payable		106,850		-		109,033		-		109,033		104,951		107,368
Other financial liabilities		176,039		-		-		176,039		176,039		146,249		146,249

Fair values are based on management’s best estimates of market conditions and valuation policies at a certain point in time. The estimates are subjective and involve particular assumptions and matters of judgment and as such, may not be reflective of future fair values. The Bank’s loans and deposits lack an available market as they are not typically exchanged. Therefore, they have been valued as described below and are not necessarily representative of amounts realizable upon immediate settlement.

The fair value amounts have been determined using the following valuation methods and assumptions:

• For securities, the combined carrying value and accrued interest approximates fair value.

• The fair value of loans is based on net discounted cash flows using market interest rates and applicable credit spreads for borrowers.

• The fair value of deposits is determined based on discounted cash flows using market interest rates.

• The fair value of subordinated notes payable is determined based on discounted cash flows using current market interest rates.

• The investment in Stablecorp which is measured at fair value at each reporting period with changes in value reflected in the Bank’s other comprehensive income. The estimated fair value of the Stablecorp investment is classified as Level 3 fair value hierarchy as the determination of fair value, did not use inputs that were based on observable market data given that the entity is privately-held.

• The fair value of derivatives is based on net discounted cash flows using market interest rates and applicable credit spreads for the counterparty.

• The fair value of other financial assets is approximately equal to their carrying value due primarily to the short-term nature of the instruments.

• The fair value of other financial liabilities is approximately equal to their carrying value due to the short-term nature of the instruments except for lease obligations. However, the fair value of the Bank’s lease obligations is approximately equal to their carrying value given that there has been no movement in the market interest rates associated with these leases.

• Cash and derivatives are designated as FVTPL.

• Loans, deposits and subordinated notes payable are designated as amortized cost.  

• Securities and other financial assets are designated as FVOCI.

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Note 22 - Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of related party [text block]

22. Related party transactions:

The Bank’s Board of Directors and Senior Executive Officers represent key management personnel and the Bank has issued loans and advances to some of these individuals. At October 31, 2023, amounts due from key management personnel totaled $1.5 million (2022 - $1.3 million) and an amount due from a corporation controlled by key management personnel totaled $3.9 million (2022 - $3.9 million). The interest rates charged on loans and advances to related parties are based on mutually agreed upon terms. Interest income earned on related party loans for the year ended October 31, 2023 totaled $115,000 (2022 - $95,000). There were no specific provisions for credit losses associated with loans issued to key management personnel (2022 - $nil), and all loans issued to key management personnel were current as at October 31, 2023 and 2022.

In March 2019, the Bank issued a $500,000 subordinated note payable to key management personnel which bears an interest rate of 10% and matures in March 2029 (note 12).

Total compensation expense recognized for key management personnel for the year ended October 31, 2023, was $6.9 million (2022 - $6.4 million), of which $1.7 million (2022 - $1.1 million) was paid to a corporation controlled by key management personnel. As at October 31, 2023, there were 109,050 stock options issued and outstanding to key management personnel.

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Note 23 - Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of commitments and contingent liabilities [text block]

23. Commitments and contingencies:

a) Credit commitments:

The amount of credit related commitments represents the maximum amount of additional credit that the Bank could be obliged to extend. Under certain circumstances, the Bank may cancel loan commitments at its option. Letters of credit amounts are not necessarily indicative of the associated credit risk exposure as many of these arrangements are contracted for a limited period of usually less than one year and will expire or terminate without being drawn upon.

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Loan commitments	$	405,426	$	382,851
Letters of credit		75,963		60,273
	$	481,389	$	443,124

b) Pledged assets:

In the ordinary course of business, assets are pledged against the off-balance sheet letters of credit in the amount of $11.3 million (2022 - $11.1 million).

c) Other commitments:

During the current year the Bank committed to acquire capital assets in the amount of approximately $17.5 million in fiscal 2024.

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Note 24 - Capital Management

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of objectives, policies and processes for managing capital [text block]

24. Capital management:

a) Overview:

The Bank’s policy is to maintain a strong capital base so as to retain investor, creditor and market confidence as well as to support the future growth and development of the business. The impact of the level of capital held on shareholders’ return is an important consideration and the Bank recognizes the need to maintain a balance between the higher returns that may be possible with greater leverage and the advantages and security that may be afforded by a more robust capital position. OSFI sets and monitors capital requirements for the Bank. Capital is managed in accordance with policies and plans that are regularly reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors and that take into account, amongst other items, forecasted capital requirements and current and anticipated financial market conditions.

The goal is to maintain adequate regulatory capital for the Bank to be considered well capitalized, protect consumer deposits and provide capacity to support organic growth as well as to capitalize on strategic opportunities that do not otherwise require accessing the public capital markets, all while providing a satisfactory return to shareholders. The Bank’s regulatory capital is comprised of share capital, retained earnings and unrealized gains and losses on fair value through other comprehensive income securities (Common Equity Tier 1 capital), preferred shares (Additional Tier 1 capital) and subordinated notes (Tier 2 capital). The Bank monitors its capital adequacy and related capital ratios on a daily basis and has policies setting internal targets and thresholds for its capital ratios. These capital ratios consist of the leverage ratio and risk-based capital ratios.

a) Overview - continued

The Bank makes use of the Standardized Approach for credit risk as prescribed by OSFI, and therefore, may include eligible ECL allowance amounts in its Tier 2 capital, up to a maximum of 1.25% of its credit risk-weighted assets calculated under the Standardized Approach.

b) Risk-based capital ratios:

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has published the Basel III rules on capital adequacy and liquidity (“Basel III”). OSFI requires that all Canadian banks must comply with the Basel III standards on an “all-in” basis for the purpose of determining their risk-based capital ratios. Required minimum regulatory capital ratios are a 7.0% Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio (“CET1”), an 8.5% Tier 1 capital ratio and a 10.5% Total capital ratio, all of which include a 2.50% capital conservation buffer.

OSFI also requires banks to measure capital adequacy in accordance with guidelines for determining risk adjusted capital and risk-weighted assets including off-balance sheet credit instruments as specified in the Basel III regulations. Based on the deemed credit risk for each type of asset, both on and off balance sheet assets of the Bank are assigned a weighting ranging between 0% to 150% to determine the Bank’s risk weighted equivalent assets and its risk-based capital ratios.

The Bank’s risk-based capital ratios are calculated as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital
Directly issued qualifying common share capital	$	214,824		$	225,982
Contributed surplus		2,513			1,612
Retained earnings		146,043			109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income		131			99
CET1 before regulatory adjustments		363,511			337,028
Regulatory adjustments applied to CET1		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Common Equity Tier 1 capital	$	350,812		$	325,657
Additional Tier 1 capital
Directly issued qualifying Additional Tier 1 instruments	$	13,647		$	13,647
Total Tier 1 capital	$	364,459		$	339,304
Tier 2 capital
Directly issued Tier 2 capital instruments	$	109,033		$	107,367
Tier 2 capital before regulatory adjustments		109,033			107,367
Eligible stage 1 and stage 2 allowance		2,513			1,904
Total Tier 2 capital	$	111,546		$	109,271
Total regulatory capital	$	476,005		$	448,575
Total risk-weighted assets	$	3,095,092		$	2,714,902
Capital ratios
CET1 capital ratio		11.33	%		12.00	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		11.78	%		12.50	%
Total capital ratio		15.38	%		16.52	%

As at October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with all minimum capital ratios prescribed by OSFI.

c) Leverage ratio

The leverage ratio, which is prescribed under the Basel III Accord, is a supplementary measure to the risk-based capital requirements and is defined as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to the Bank’s total exposures. The Basel III minimum leverage ratio is 3.0%. The Bank’s leverage ratio is calculated as follows:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
On-balance sheet assets	$	4,201,610		$	3,265,998
Asset amounts adjusted in determining the Basel III Tier 1 capital		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Total on-balance sheet exposures		4,188,911			3,254,627
Total off-balance sheet exposure at gross notional amount	$	481,389		$	443,124
Adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amount		(281,705	)		(251,101	)
Total off-balance sheet exposures		199,684			192,023
Tier 1 capital		364,459			339,304
Total exposures		4,388,595			3,446,650
Leverage ratio		8.30	%		9.84	%

As at October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with the leverage ratio prescribed by OSFI.

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Note 25 - Operating Segments

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of entity's operating segments [text block]

25. Operating segments:

The Bank has established two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. The two operating segments are strategic business operations providing distinct products and services to different markets and are separately managed as a function of the distinction in the nature of each business. The following summarizes the operations of each of the reportable segments:

Digital Banking – The Bank employs a business-to-business model using its proprietary financial technology to address underserved segments in the Canadian and US banking markets. VersaBank obtains its deposits and provides the majority of its loans and leases electronically via innovative deposit and lending solutions for financial intermediaries.

DRTC (cybersecurity services and banking and financial technology development) - Leveraging its internally developed IT security software and capabilities, VersaBank established a wholly-owned subsidiary, DRTC, to pursue significant large-market opportunities in cybersecurity and to develop innovative solutions to address the rapidly growing volume of cyber threats challenging financial institutions, multi-national corporations and government entities.

The basis for the determination of the reportable segments is a function primarily of the systematic, consistent process employed by our chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, and the Chief Financial Officer in reviewing and interpreting the operations and performance of each segment. The accounting policies applied to these segments are consistent with those employed in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, as disclosed in note 3b - Segment reporting.

Performance is measured based on segment net income, as included in the Bank’s internal management reporting. Management has determined that this measure is the most relevant in evaluating segment results and in the allocation of resources.

Following is information regarding the results of each reportable operating segment as at and for the year ended October 31, 2023 and 2022:

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
for the year ended	October 31, 2023										October 31, 2022
	Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated		Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated
	Banking					Adjustments					Banking					Adjustments
Net interest income	$	100,051	$	-		$	-		$	100,051	$	76,666	$	-		$	-		$	76,666
Non-interest income		540		9,698			(1,654	)		8,584		52		5,839			(165	)		5,726
Total revenue		100,591		9,698			(1,654	)		108,635		76,718		5,839			(165	)		82,392
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		609		-			-			609		451		-			-			451
		99,982		9,698			(1,654	)		108,026		76,267		5,839			(165	)		81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits		25,382		6,046			-			31,428		22,303		4,493			-			26,796
General and administrative		15,140		1,565			(1,654	)		15,051		17,614		1,283			(165	)		18,732
Premises and equipment		2,462		1,440			-			3,902		2,475		1,390			-			3,865
		42,984		9,051			(1,654	)		50,381		42,392		7,166			(165	)		49,393
Income (loss) before income taxes		56,998		647			-			57,645		33,875		(1,327	)		-			32,548
Income tax provision		15,867		(384	)		-			15,483		9,744		146			-			9,890
Net income (loss)	$	41,131	$	1,031		$	-		$	42,162	$	24,131	$	(1,473	)	$	-		$	22,658
Total assets	$	4,190,876	$	26,443		$	(15,709	)	$	4,201,610	$	3,267,479	$	22,345		$	(23,826	)	$	3,265,998
Total liabilities	$	3,818,412	$	28,788		$	(22,748	)	$	3,824,452	$	2,912,249	$	25,755		$	(22,681	)	$	2,915,323

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Note 26 - Acquisitions

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of business combinations [text block]

26. Acquisitions:

Proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A.

On June 10, 2022, VersaBank signed a definitive agreement to acquire Minnesota-based Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. (“SBH”), a privately held, wholly owned subsidiary of Stearns Financial Services Inc. (“SFSI”) based in St. Cloud, Minnesota, for an estimated USD $13.5 million (CAD $18.4 million), subject to adjustment at closing. SBH is a fully operational OCC (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)-chartered national bank, focused on small business lending, which is expected to add approximately USD $60 million in total assets to VersaBank’s balance sheet, subject to any adjustments at closing. The acquisition is intended to provide VersaBank with access to US deposits to expand the growth of its receivable purchase program business, which VersaBank launched in the US in the previous year. Subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval by both the OCC and OSFI, the transaction is anticipated to close early in the coming calendar year.

USD $60 million in total assets to VersaBank’s balance sheet, subject to any adjustments at closing.  The acquisition is intended to provide VersaBank with access to US deposits to expand the growth of its receivable purchase program business, which VersaBank launched in the US in the previous year.  Subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval by the OCC, the Federal Reserve and OSFI, the transaction is anticipated to close during the first calendar quarter of 2024.

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Note 27 - Comparative Information

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of reclassifications or changes in presentation [text block]

27. Comparative information:

The financial statements have been reclassified, where applicable, to conform to the presentation used in the current year. The changes do not affect prior year earnings.

Cash flows related to investments in securities for the current and comparative periods were incorrectly reclassified from investing activity to operating activity in each of the three unaudited interim reporting periods during the year ended October 31, 2023. This classification was corrected for the annual audited financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2023. This matter had no impact on the annual audited financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Discloure of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of accounting policy for subsidiaries [text block]

a) Principles of consolidation:

The Bank holds 100% of the common shares of DRT Cyber Inc., VersaHoldings US Corp. and VersaJet Inc. DRT Cyber Inc. holds 100% of the common shares of Digital Boundary Group Canada Inc. and Digital Boundary Group Inc. (“Digital Boundary Group”). VersaHoldings US Corp. holds 100% of the common shares of VersaFinance US Corp. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of these subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Description of accounting policy for segment reporting [text block]

b) Segment reporting:

The Bank’s management has established two reportable operating segments, those being Digital Banking and DRTC. Details of the Bank’s segment reporting are set out in note 25.

Description of accounting policy for business combinations [text block]

c) Business combinations

The Bank expects to apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations in its accounting for the proposed acquisition of Stearns Bank Holdingford, N.A. as described in note 26 – Acquisitions using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured at the fair value of the consideration, including contingent consideration if applicable, at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is a financial instrument and, as such, is remeasured each period thereafter with the adjustment recorded to acquisition-related fair value changes in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as an expense in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. The acquired identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including, if applicable, any amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, over the net of the recognized amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

Description of accounting policy for recognition of revenue [text block]

d) Revenue recognition:

Interest income on cash, securities and loans is recognized in net interest income using the effective interest rate method over the expected life of the instrument. Interest income earned but not yet collected on cash, securities and loans is included in the respective cash, securities and loans categories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Interest income is recognized on impaired loans and is accrued using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for purposes of measuring the impairment loss. Loan fees integral to the yield on the loan are amortized to interest income using the effective interest rate method; otherwise, the fees are recorded in non-interest income.

The Bank’s non-interest income stream is substantially derived from the operations of DRTC and its wholly owned subsidiaries. DRTC generates professional services revenue primarily from fees charged for IT security assurance services, supervisory control and data acquisition system assessments, as well as IT security training. Revenue is recognized when service is rendered and performance obligations have been satisfied and no material uncertainties remain as to the collection of receivables.

Description of accounting policy for financial instruments [text block]

e) Financial instruments:

Classification and measurement

Under IFRS 9, all financial assets, with the exception of equity and derivatives, must be classified at initial recognition as a function of the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the business model under which the financial asset is managed. These financial assets are initially measured at fair value, and are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value

through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when the business model under which they are managed has changed. Any reclassifications are applied prospectively from the reclassification date. All financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost unless elected otherwise.

Debt instruments

Financial assets that are debt instruments are categorized into one of the following measurement categories:

• amortized cost;

• fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”);

• fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”).

The characterization of a debt instrument’s cashflows is determined through a solely payment of principal and interest (“SPPI”) test. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a debt instrument are in fact solely payments of principal and interest and are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. In the context of the SPPI test, “Principal” is defined as the fair value of the debt instrument at origination or initial recognition, which may change over the life of the instrument as a function of a number of variables including principal repayments, prepayments, or amortization of a premium/discount. In the context of the SPPI test “Interest” is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk. The rationale for the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that include structural features that are incongruent with a basic lending arrangement, such as conversion options, are classified as, and measured at FVTPL.

The Bank’s loans are categorized and measured as amortized cost. Debt instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a hold to collect basis are measured at amortized cost. These financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value plus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for credit losses. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cashflows through the expected life of the instrument to the gross carrying amount of the instrument. Amortized cost is calculated as a function of the effective interest rate, taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition, transaction costs and fees. Amortization of these costs is included in interest income in the consolidated statement of income.

The Bank’s securities are measured at fair value and categorized as FVOCI.

Equity instruments

Equity instruments are measured at fair value and categorized as FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made at initial recognition to categorize as FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Amounts recognized in OCI are not to be subsequently reclassed to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends. Dividends received are recorded in non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from accumulated OCI to retained earnings.

The Bank has categorized its investment in Canada Stablecorp Inc. as FVOCI and it is carried at fair value.

Allowance for expected credit losses

The Bank must maintain an allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”) that is adequate, in management’s opinion, to absorb all credit related losses in the Bank’s lending and treasury portfolios. The Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses is estimated using the ECL methodology and is comprised of expected credit losses recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments, classified either as amortized cost or as FVOCI, and on all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

Expected credit losses represent unbiased and probability-weighted estimates that are modeled as a function of a range of possible outcomes as well as the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information (“FLI”) (see Forward-looking information below).

The Bank’s ECL or impairment model estimates 12 months of expected credit losses for performing loans that have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk, (“SICR”) since initial recognition. Additionally, the ECL model estimates lifetime expected credit losses on performing loans that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition. Further, individual allowances are estimated for loans that are determined to be credit impaired.

Loans or other financial instruments that have not experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 1, while loans or other financial instruments that have experienced a SICR since initial recognition are designated as stage 2, and loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired are designated as stage 3. Subsequent to the initial stage

designation, the Bank’s loans or other financial instruments may transfer between stages due to these loans or financial instruments experiencing a significant change in credit risk

Assessment of significant increase in credit risk

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses whether or not there has been a SICR for loans since initial recognition by comparing, at the reporting date, the risk of default occurring over the remaining expected life against the risk of default at initial recognition. The determination of a SICR is a function of the loan’s internal risk rating assignment, internal watchlist status, loan review status and delinquency status which are updated as necessary in response to changes including, but not limited, to changes in macroeconomic and/or market conditions, changes in a borrower’s credit risk profile, and changes in the strength of the underlying security, including guarantor status, if a guarantor exists.

Quantitative models may not always be able to capture all reasonable and supportable information that may indicate a SICR. As a result, qualitative factors may be considered to supplement such a gap. Examples include changes in adjudication criteria for a particular group of borrowers or asset categories or changes in portfolio composition.

With regards to delinquency and monitoring, there is a rebuttable presumption that the credit risk of a loan or other financial instrument has increased since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days delinquent. The Bank chose to use 60 days delinquency as an appropriate indicator of increased credit risk as it serves as a stable early warning indicator that the cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument under consideration may be uncertain and may not be realized by the Bank under the contractual repayment terms.

Expected credit loss model - Estimation of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are an estimate of a loan’s expected cash shortfalls discounted at the effective interest rate, where a cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank and the cash flows that the Bank actually expects to receive. The ECL calculation is a function of the credit risk parameters; probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default associated with each loan, sensitized to future market and macroeconomic conditions through the incorporation of FLI derived from multiple economic forecast scenarios, including baseline, upside, and downside scenarios.

For clarity:

• The probability of default (“PD”) for a loan or a financial instrument is an estimate of the likelihood of default of that instrument over a given time horizon;

• The loss given default (“LGD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default of that instrument occurs at a given time or over a given period; and,

• The exposure at default (“EAD”) for a loan or financial instrument is an estimate of the Bank’s exposure derived from that instrument at a future default date.

The Bank’s ECL model develops contractual cashflow profiles for loans as a function of a number of underlying assumptions and a broad range of input variables. The expected cashflow schedules are subsequently derived from the contractual cashflow schedules, adjusted for incremental default amounts, forgone interest, and recovery amounts. The finalized contractual and expected cashflow schedules are subsequently discounted at the effective interest rate to determine the expected cash shortfall or expected credit losses for each individual loan or financial instrument.

Individual allowances are estimated for loans or other financial instruments that are determined to be credit impaired and that have been designated as stage 3. A loan or other financial instrument is classified as credit impaired when the Bank becomes aware that, before taking into consideration collateral or credit enhancements, all of, or a portion of the contractual cashflows associated with the loan or other financial instrument may be impacted and as a result may not be realized by the Bank under the repayment schedule set out in the contractual terms associated with the loan or other financial instrument. Loans or other financial instruments for which interest or principal is contractually past due 90 days are automatically recognized as stage 3, however in estimating expected credit losses for stage 3 loans or other financial instruments, management takes into consideration whether the loan or other financial instrument is fully secured or is in the process of collection and whether collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of the loan or other financial instrument.  The ECL model requires the recognition of credit losses based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 1 grouping. The Bank recognizes lifetime expected losses on loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination which is reflected in the Bank’s stage 2 grouping. Impaired loans require recognition of lifetime losses and are reflected in the Bank’s stage 3 grouping.

Forward-looking information

IFRS 9 requires consideration of past events, current market conditions and reasonable, supportable information about future economic conditions that is available without undue cost and effort in the estimation of the expected credit losses for loans or other financial instruments. More specifically, under IFRS 9 expected credit losses represent an unbiased, probability-weighted estimate of the present value of cash shortfalls (i.e., the weighted average of credit losses, with the respective risks of a default occurring in a given time period used as the weights). Additionally, IFRS 9 stipulates that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. The estimation and application of forward-looking information in an attempt to capture the impact of future economic conditions requires judgement.

The Bank incorporates the impact of future economic conditions, or more specifically forward-looking information into the estimation of expected credit losses at the credit risk parameter level. This is accomplished via the credit risk parameter models and proxy datasets that the Bank utilizes to develop PD and LGD term structure forecasts for its loans. The Bank has sourced credit risk modeling systems and forecast macroeconomic scenario data from Moody’s Analytics, a third-party service provider, for the purpose of computing forward-looking risk parameters under multiple macroeconomic scenarios that consider both market-wide and idiosyncratic factors and influences. These systems are used in conjunction with the Bank’s internally developed ECL models. Given that the Bank has experienced very limited historical losses and, therefore, does not have available statistically significant loss data inventory for use in developing forward-looking expected credit loss trends, the use of unbiased, third-party forward-looking credit risk parameter modeling systems is particularly important for the Bank in the context of the estimation of expected credit losses.

The Bank utilizes macroeconomic indicator data derived from multiple macroeconomic scenarios comprised of baseline, upside, and downside scenarios in order to mitigate volatility in the estimation of expected credit losses as well as to satisfy the IFRS 9 requirement that future economic conditions are to be based on an unbiased, probability-weighted assessment of possible future outcomes. More specifically, the macroeconomic indicators set out in the macroeconomic scenarios are used as inputs for the credit risk parameter models utilized by the Bank to sensitize the individual PD and LGD term structure forecasts to the respective macroeconomic trajectory set out in each of the scenarios. The weighted average of the individual, sensitized PD and LGD values that comprise each individual term structure forecast is subsequently computed to define unbiased PD and LGD term structure forecasts, which in turn are applied as inputs to the Bank’s internal ECL model in the estimation of expected credit losses for the Bank’s loans. Macroeconomic indicator data derived from the baseline, upside and downside scenarios referenced above is also utilized in the development of credit risk parameter proxy datasets and applied to the Bank’s consumer loan and small and medium enterprise (“SME”) loan portfolios.

The macroeconomic indicator data utilized by the Bank for the purpose of sensitizing PD and LGD term structure data to forward economic conditions include, but are not limited to: real GDP, the national unemployment rate, long term interest rates, the consumer price index, the price of oil, and the S&P/TSX Index. These specific macroeconomic indicators were selected in an attempt to ensure that the spectrum of fundamental macroeconomic influences on the key drivers of the credit risk profile of the Bank’s balance sheet, including: corporate, consumer and real estate market dynamics; corporate, consumer and SME borrower performance; geography; as well as collateral value volatility, are appropriately captured and incorporated into the Bank’s forward macroeconomic sensitivity analysis.

Modified financial instruments

If the terms of a financial instrument are modified or an existing financial instrument is replaced with a new one, an assessment is made to determine if the financial instrument should be derecognized.

Where the modification does not result in derecognition, the date of origination continues to be used to determine SICR. Where modification results in derecognition, the modified financial instrument is considered to be a new instrument.

Fair value of financial instruments

Estimates of fair value are developed using a variety of valuation methods and assumptions. The Bank follows a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs used to measure fair value for its financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), models using inputs other than quoted prices but with observable market data (Level 2), or models using inputs that are not based on observable market data (Level 3).

Valuation models may require the use of inputs, transaction values derived from models and input assumptions sourced from pricing services. Valuation inputs are either observable or unobservable. The Bank makes use of external, readily observable market inputs when available and may include certain prices and rates for shorter-dated Canadian yield curves and banker’s acceptances. Unobservable inputs may include credit spreads, probability of default and recovery rates.

Description of accounting policy for property, plant and equipment [text block]

f) Property and equipment:

Property and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Amortization on property and equipment is calculated primarily using the straight-line method over the useful life of the equipment which typically ranges between 5 and 20 years.

Property and equipment is subject to an impairment review if there are events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Amortization expense and impairment write-downs are included in premises and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Description of accounting policy for intangible assets and goodwill [text block]

g) Goodwill and intangible assets:

Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the value allocated to the tangible and intangible assets, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or a change in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing if the carrying value of cash generating units (“CGUs”) which comprise the CGU segment, including goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the value in use. Impairment losses recognized in respect of the CGUs are first allocated to the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the CGUs. Any goodwill impairment is recorded in profit or loss in the reporting year in which the impairment is identified. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.

Intangible assets acquired in a business acquisition are recorded at their fair value. In subsequent reporting periods, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the intangible asset. At each reporting date, the carrying value of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment.  If such an indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment, if any. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash flows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets or CGU’s. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing fair value less cost to sell the estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the assets. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount.

When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment losses been recognized for the asset in prior years.

The Bank develops proprietary cybersecurity, banking and financial technology. Any research or early-stage scoping activities are expensed as incurred in the period. The Bank recognizes internally generated intangible assets on the development of proprietary technology when it has determined that there is technical feasibility and resources available to complete a product, demonstrated an existence of an established market for the product as well as support to generate future revenues or derive future economic benefits from the product. As these intangible assets are not yet available for use, the Bank tested these assets for impairment annually by comparing the carrying amount with the recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is determined by fair value less cost to sell method.

Description of accounting policy for income tax [text block]

h) Income taxes:

Current income taxes are calculated based on taxable income for the reporting period. Taxable income differs from accounting income because of differences in the inclusion and deductibility of certain components of income which are established by taxation authorities. Current income taxes are measured at the amount expected to be recovered or paid using statutory tax rates at the reporting period end.

The Bank follows the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between financial statement carrying values and the respective tax base of those assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted or substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years when temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements to the extent that it is probable that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income to enable the benefit of the deferred income tax asset to be realized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed for recoverability at the end of each reporting period.

Current and deferred income taxes are recorded in income for the period, except to the extent that the tax arose from a transaction that is recorded either in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity, in which case the income tax on the transaction will also be recorded either in Other Comprehensive

Income or Equity. Accordingly, current and deferred income taxes are presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements as a component of income, or as a component of Other Comprehensive Income.

Description of accounting policy for employee benefits [text block]

i) Employee benefits:

i) Short-term benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are recognized as employees render their services and are measured on an undiscounted basis.

A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid under a short-term cash bonus plan if the Bank has an obligation to make such payments as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

ii) Share-based payment transactions:

Equity-settled stock options

Employee stock options are measured using the Black-Scholes pricing model which is used to estimate the fair value of the options at the date of grant. Inputs to the Black-Scholes model include the closing share price on the grant date, the exercise price, the expected option life, the expected dividend yield, the expected volatility and the risk-free interest rate. Once the expected option life is determined, it is used in formulating the estimates of expected volatility and the risk-free rate. Expected future volatility is estimated using a historical volatility look-back period that is consistent with the expected life of the option.

The fair value of options which vest immediately are recognized in full as of the grant date, whereas the fair value of options which vest over time are recognized over the vesting period using the graded method which incorporates management’s estimates of the options which are not expected to vest. The effect of a change in the estimated number of options expected to vest is a change in estimate and the cumulative effect of the change is recognized prospectively once the estimate is revised. The fair value of stock options granted is recorded in salaries and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in Contributed Surplus in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When options are exercised, the consideration received and the estimated fair value previously recorded in Contributed Surplus is recorded as Share Capital. The Bank’s stock option plan is described in note 15.

Description of accounting policy for issued capital [text block]

j) Share capital:

The Bank’s share capital consists of common shares and preferred shares. Costs directly incurred with raising new share capital are charged against equity. Other costs are expensed as incurred.

Description of Accounting Policy for Contributed Surplus [text block]

k) Contributed surplus:

Contributed surplus consists of the fair value of stock options granted since inception, less amounts reversed for exercised stock options. If granted options vest and then subsequently expire or are forfeited, no reversal of contributed surplus is recognized.

Description of accounting policy for leases [text block]

l) Leases:

At inception of a contract, the Bank assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease arrangement based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Bank recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease obligation at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured based on the initial amount of the lease obligation adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset and/or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The assets are depreciated to the earlier of the end of useful life of the right-of-use asset or the lease term using the straight-line method as this methodology most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the associated future economic benefits. The lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend if there is reasonable certainty that the Bank will exercise that option. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease obligation.

The lease obligation is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Bank’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Bank changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease obligation is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or the remeasured amount is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The Bank elects to apply the practical expedient to account for leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months of the date of initial application as short-term leases.

Description of accounting policy for foreign currency translation [text block]

m) Foreign currency translation:

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies of the Bank and its subsidiaries at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Foreign currency differences are recognized in profit and loss. Investments classified as fair value through other comprehensive income denominated in a foreign currency are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. All resulting changes are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of Digital Boundary Group Inc., a US operation of the Bank, has a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar, and is translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the reporting date. The income and expenses of this operation are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rate at the date of transaction and the foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. All other US operations are recognized as having functional currency based on the Canadian dollar.

Description of accounting policy for derivative financial instruments [text block]

n) Derivative instruments:

Derivatives are measured at FVTPL except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship.

Derivatives are reported as other assets when they have a positive fair value and as other liabilities when they have a negative fair value. Derivatives may be embedded in other financial instruments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are valued as separate derivatives when: the economic characteristics and risks associated are not clearly and closely related to those of the host contract; the terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if it was a stand-alone, independent instrument; and the combined contract is not held for trading or designated at fair value through profit or loss. For financial statement disclosure purposes, embedded derivatives are combined with the host contract.

Hedge accounting

The Bank has elected, as permitted, to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into for asset liability management purposes. When hedge accounting criteria are met, derivative contracts are accounted for as described below.

To meet the criteria for hedge accounting, the Bank documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, how hedge effectiveness is assessed, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Bank also formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis,

whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items.

There are three main types of hedges: (i) fair value hedges, (ii) cash flow hedges and (iii) net investment hedges.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Bank formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge.

The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the Bank will assess whether the hedging relationship meets the hedge effectiveness requirements (including an analysis of sources of hedge ineffectiveness and how the hedge effectiveness is assessed). In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a hedging relationship must be expected to be highly effective on a prospective basis and it needs to be demonstrated that it was also highly effective in the previous designated period (i.e., three month). A hedge is considered to be highly effective if the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk are expected to be offset by the hedging instrument in a range of between 80% to 125%.

The Bank has only fair value hedges outstanding. In a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to hedge risk is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item (basis adjustment) and is also recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Bank utilizes fair value hedges primarily to convert fixed rate financial assets to floating rate financial assets. The primary financial instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships are loans. If the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, or the designation is revoked, hedge accounting is discontinued. Any basis adjustment up to that point made to a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income as part of the recalculated effective interest rate of the item over its remaining term. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

In fair value hedges, ineffectiveness arises to the extent that the change in fair value of the hedging items differs from the change in fair value of the hedge risk in the hedged item. Any hedge ineffectiveness is measured and recorded in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Derivative contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked-to-market and the resulting net gains or losses are recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Description of changes in accounting policy [text block]

o) Future accounting standard pronouncements:

The following accounting standards amendments issued by the IASB will be effective for the Bank’s fiscal year beginning on November 1, 2024 (the Bank’s fiscal 2025 year end):

i) Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback - In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16 to specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognise any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains. The amendments must be applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. Earlier application is permitted and that fact must be disclosed.

ii) Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current - In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

• What is meant by a right to defer settlement;

• That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period;

• That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right; and,

• That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments must be applied retrospectively.

The amendments noted above are not expected to have a material impact on the Bank’s financial results.

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Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Discosure of loans, net [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,879,320		$	2,220,894
Commercial real estate mortgages		889,069			710,369
Commercial real estate loans		8,793			13,165
Public sector and other financing		55,054			35,452
		3,832,236			2,979,880
Allowance for credit losses		(2,513	)		(1,904	)
Accrued interest		20,681			14,702
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses	$	3,850,404		$	2,992,678

Disclosure of loans by lending asset category [text block]

	As at October 31, 2023												As at October 31, 2022
(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total			Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases	$	2,873,078		$	6,242		$	-		$	2,879,320		$	2,215,388		$	5,227		$	279		$	2,220,894
ECL allowance		100			-			-			100			545			-			-			545
EL %		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.02	%
Commercial real estate mortgages	$	717,755		$	155,993		$	15,321		$	889,069		$	599,113		$	111,256		$	-		$	710,369
ECL allowance		1,699			523			-			2,222			1,150			137			-			1,287
EL %		0.24	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.25	%		0.19	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.18	%
Commercial real estate loans	$	8,793		$	-		$	-		$	8,793		$	13,165		$	-		$	-		$	13,165
ECL allowance		42			-			-			42			54			-			-			54
EL %		0.48	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.48	%		0.41	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.41	%
Public sector and other financing	$	49,293		$	5,761		$	-		$	55,054		$	35,273		$	179		$	-		$	35,452
ECL allowance		104			45			-			149			17			1			-			18
EL %		0.21	%		0.78	%		0.00	%		0.27	%		0.05	%		0.56	%		0.00	%		0.05	%
Total loans	$	3,648,919		$	167,996		$	15,321		$	3,832,236		$	2,862,939		$	116,662		$	279		$	2,979,880
Total ECL allowance		1,945			568			-			2,513			1,766			138			-			1,904
Total EL %		0.05	%		0.34	%		0.00	%		0.07	%		0.06	%		0.12	%		0.00	%		0.06	%

Disclosure of sensitivity analysis of fair value measurement to changes in unobservable inputs, assets [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Reported		100%			100%			100%
	ECL
			Upside			Baseline			Downside
Allowance for expected credit losses	$	2,513	$	1,409		$	1,939		$	2,975
Variance from reported ECL				(1,104	)		(575	)		462
Variance from reported ECL (%)				(44	%)		(23	%)		18	%

Disclosure of Reconciliation of changes in allowance account for credit losses of financial assets [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3			Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	545		$	-		$	-		$	545
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		160			(160	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(340	)		340			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(265	)		(180	)		-			(445	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(445	)		-			-			(445	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	100		$	-		$	-		$	100
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-		$	1,287
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		279			(279	)		-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(581	)		581			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			(13	)		13			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		668			113			(13	)		768
Loan originations		604			4			-			608
Derecognitions and maturities		(421	)		(20	)		-			(441	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		549			386			-			935
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	1,699		$	523		$	-		$	2,222
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	54		$	-		$	-		$	54
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Loan originations		-			-			-			-
Derecognitions and maturities		(6	)		-			-			(6	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		(12	)		-			-			(12	)
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	42		$	-		$	-		$	42
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	17		$	1		$	-		$	18
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(8	)		8			-			-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-			-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		12			13			-			25
Loan originations		83			23			-			106
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-			-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		87			44			-			131
Write-offs		-			-			-			-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-
Balance at end of period	$	104		$	45		$	-		$	149
Total balance at end of period	$	1,945		$	568		$	-		$	2,513

(thousands of Canadian dollars)	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3		Total
Point-of-sale loans and leases
Balance at beginning of period	$	275		$	-		$	-	$	275
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		91			(91	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(186	)		186			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		365			(95	)		-		270
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		270			-			-		270
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	545		$	-		$	-	$	545
Commercial real estate mortgages
Balance at beginning of period	$	980		$	134		$	-	$	1,114
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		75			(75	)		-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		(129	)		129			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		74			(29	)		-		45
Loan originations		286			-			-		286
Derecognitions and maturities		(136	)		(22	)		-		(158	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		170			3			-		173
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	1,150		$	137		$	-	$	1,287
Commercial real estate loans
Balance at beginning of period	$	45		$	-		$	-	$	45
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		9			-			-		9
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		-			-			-		-
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		9			-			-		9
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	54		$	-		$	-	$	54
Public sector and other financing
Balance at beginning of period	$	16		$	3		$	-	$	19
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2		-			-			-		-
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3		-			-			-		-
Net remeasurement of loss allowance		2			(2	)		-		-
Loan originations		-			-			-		-
Derecognitions and maturities		(1	)		-			-		(1	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		1			(2	)		-		(1	)
Write-offs		-			-			-		-
Recoveries		-			-			-		-
Balance at end of period	$	17		$	1		$	-	$	18
Total balance at end of period	$	1,766		$	138		$	-	$	1,904

Disclosure for maturity analysis of loans, net of allowance [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			Total			Total
Total loans	$	811,219		$	101,786		$	355,277		$	224,579		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	3,832,236		$	2,979,880
Average effective yield		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%		6.84	%		5.85	%

XML

Note 7 - Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Cost	$	17,827		$	17,465
Accumulated amortization		(11,291	)		(10,597	)
	$	6,536		$	6,868

XML

Note 10 - Other Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about other assets [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable	$	3,858	$	3,774
Prepaid expenses and other (note 10a)		22,130		16,391
Property and equipment (note 7)		6,536		6,868
Right-of-use assets (note 10b)		3,427		4,122
Deferred income tax asset (note 16)		4,058		2,128
Interest rate swap (note 18)		1,517		-
Investment (note 10c)		953		953
Goodwill (note 8)		5,754		5,754
Intangible assets (note 9)		2,791		3,185
	$	51,024	$	43,175

XML

Note 11 - Deposits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about deposits from banks [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
Maturity period	Demand/			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over		Accrued		2023			2022
	Floating			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years		Interest		Total			Total
Total deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-	$	62,164	$	3,533,366		$	2,657,540
Average effective interest rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%						4.18	%		2.74	%

XML

Note 12 - Subordinated Notes Payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Issued March 2019, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of $5.0 million, $500,000 is held by related party (note 22), fixed effective interest rate of 10.41%, maturing March 2029.	$	4,919	$	4,908
Issued April 2021, unsecured, non-viability contingent capital compliant, subordinated notes payable, principal amount of US $75.0 million, fixed effective interest rate of 5.38%, maturing May 2031.		101,931		100,043
	$	106,850	$	104,951

XML

Note 13 - Other Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about other liabilities [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Accounts payable and other	$	9,681	$	7,662
Current income tax liability		7,466		5,797
Deferred income tax liability (note 16)		731		786
Lease obligations		3,771		4,471
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow (note 6)		8,818		8,006
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables (note 6)		153,769		126,110
	$	184,236	$	152,832

XML

Note 14 - Share Capital (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of issued capital [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Common shares:
Balance, beginning of the year		27,245,782		$	225,982			27,441,082		$	227,674
Options exercised during the year		40,000			280			-			-
Purchased and cancelled during the year		(1,321,358	)		(11,438	)		(195,300	)		(1,692	)
Outstanding, end of year		25,964,424		$	214,824			27,245,782		$	225,982
Series 1 preferred shares:
Outstanding, beginning and end of year		1,461,460		$	13,647			1,461,460		$	13,647
Total share capital				$	228,471					$	239,629

XML

Note 15 - Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of number and weighted average exercise prices of share options [text block]

	2023					2022
				Weighted					Weighted
	Number of			average		Number of			average
	options			exercise price		options			exercise price
Outstanding, beginning of period		965,766		$	15.53		40,000		$	7.00
Granted		1,500			15.90		971,707			15.90
Exercised		(40,000	)		7.00		-			-
Forfeited/cancelled		(52,873	)		15.90		(45,941	)		15.90
Expired		-			-		-			-
Outstanding, end of period		874,393		$	15.90		965,766		$	15.53

XML

Note 16 - Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of reconciliation of income tax expense [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Income before income taxes	$	57,645		$	32,548
Income tax rate		27	%		27	%
Expected income tax provision		15,564			8,788
Tax rate differential		(569	)		172
Unrecognized deferred tax asset		136			411
Other permanent differences		352			519
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

Disclosure of major components of income tax expense [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Current income taxes	$	17,468		$	9,199
Deferred income taxes		(1,985	)		691
Income taxes	$	15,483		$	9,890

Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2022			income			2023
Allowance for credit losses	$	508		$	158		$	666
Loss carry forwards		-			1,625			1,625
Share issue and financing costs		909			(463	)		446
Deposit commissions		(1,227	)		(596	)		(1,823	)
Intangibles assets		(786	)		188			(598	)
Deferred loan fees		658			160			818
Other		1,280			913			2,193
Net deferred income tax assets	$	1,342		$	1,985		$	3,327

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
				Recognized
	November 1,			in net			October 31,
	2021			income			2022
Allowance for credit losses	$	388		$	120		$	508
Loss carry forwards		338			(338	)		-
Share issue and financing costs		1,373			(464	)		909
Deposit commissions		(981	)		(246	)		(1,227	)
Intangibles assets		(898	)		112			(786	)
Deferred loan fees		757			(99	)		658
Other		1,056			224			1,280
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,033		$	(691	)	$	1,342

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets	$	4,058		$	2,128
Deferred tax liabilities		(731	)		(786	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	3,327		$	1,342

XML

Note 17 - Per Share Amounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Earnings per share [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Net income	$	42,162		$	22,658
Preferred share dividends paid		(988	)		(988	)
Net income available to common shareholders		41,174			21,670
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		26,273,739			27,425,479
Basic and diluted income per common share:	$	1.57		$	0.79

XML

Note 19 - Nature and Extent of Risks Arising from Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Sensitivity analysis for types of market risk [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023						2022
	Increase 100 bps			Decrease 100 bps			Increase 100 bps		Decrease 100 bps
Increase (decrease):
Impact of projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$	4,046		$	(4,059	)	$	4,304	$	(4,261	)
Duration difference between assets and liabilities (months)		(2.0	)					1.4

XML

Note 20 - Interest Rate Risk and Liquidity Risk (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of financial instruments by type of interest rate [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	Floating			Within			3 months to			1 year to			2 years to			Over			Non-interest
	rate			3 months			1 year			2 years			5 years			5 years			rate sensitive			Total
Assets
Cash	$	132,242					$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	132,242
Effective rate		4.90	%
Securities		-			164,930			-			3,010			-			-			-			167,940
Effective rate					4.72	%					4.76	%
Loans		811,219			101,786			355,277			224,579			1,682,029			657,346			18,168			3,850,404
Effective rate		9.61	%		6.42	%		6.76	%		5.59	%		5.93	%		6.25	%
Other		-			-			-			-			-			-			51,024			51,024
Effective rate
Total Assets	$	943,461		$	266,716		$	355,277		$	227,589		$	1,682,029		$	657,346		$	69,192		$	4,201,610
Liabilities
Deposits	$	555,353		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	433,205		$	618,569		$	-		$	62,164		$	3,533,366
Effective rate		3.94	%		3.93	%		4.66	%		3.71	%		4.17	%
Subordinated notes		-			-			-			-			-			106,850			-			106,850
Effective rate																	5.61	%
Other		162,587			-			-			-			-			-			21,649			184,236
Effective rate		4.05	%
Equity		-			-			-			13,647			-			-			363,511			377,158
Effective rate											6.77	%
Total liabilities and equity	$	717,940		$	403,000		$	1,461,075		$	446,852		$	618,569		$	106,850		$	447,324		$	4,201,610
Interest rate swap	$	20,785		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(20,785	)	$	-		$	-
October 31, 2023 gap	$	246,306		$	(136,284	)	$	(1,105,798	)	$	(219,263	)	$	1,063,460		$	529,711		$	(378,132	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	246,306		$	110,022		$	(995,776	)	$	(1,215,039	)	$	(151,579	)	$	378,132		$	-		$	-
October 31, 2022 gap	$	116,936		$	(47,087	)	$	(383,153	)	$	(291,346	)	$	623,906		$	307,416		$	(326,672	)	$	-
Cumulative	$	116,936		$	69,849		$	(313,304	)	$	(604,650	)	$	19,256		$	326,672		$	-		$	-

XML

Note 21 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023										2022
	Carrying Value		Fair value Level 1		Fair Value Level 2		Fair Value Level 3		Total Fair Value		Carrying Value		Total Fair Value
Assets
Cash	$	132,242	$	132,242	$	-	$	-	$	132,242	$	88,581	$	88,581
Securities		167,940		167,940		-		-		167,940		141,564		141,564
Loans		3,850,404		-		-		3,837,599		3,837,599		2,992,678		2,963,676
Derivatives		1,517		-		1,517		-		1,517		-		-
Other financial assets		953		-		-		953		953		953		953
Liabilities
Deposits	$	3,533,366	$	-	$	-	$	3,436,491	$	3,436,491	$	2,657,540	$	2,561,421
Subordinated notes payable		106,850		-		109,033		-		109,033		104,951		107,368
Other financial liabilities		176,039		-		-		176,039		176,039		146,249		146,249

XML

Note 23 - Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of commitments [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023		2022
Loan commitments	$	405,426	$	382,851
Letters of credit		75,963		60,273
	$	481,389	$	443,124

XML

Note 24 - Capital Management (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of regulatory capital and capital ratios [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital
Directly issued qualifying common share capital	$	214,824		$	225,982
Contributed surplus		2,513			1,612
Retained earnings		146,043			109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income		131			99
CET1 before regulatory adjustments		363,511			337,028
Regulatory adjustments applied to CET1		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Common Equity Tier 1 capital	$	350,812		$	325,657
Additional Tier 1 capital
Directly issued qualifying Additional Tier 1 instruments	$	13,647		$	13,647
Total Tier 1 capital	$	364,459		$	339,304
Tier 2 capital
Directly issued Tier 2 capital instruments	$	109,033		$	107,367
Tier 2 capital before regulatory adjustments		109,033			107,367
Eligible stage 1 and stage 2 allowance		2,513			1,904
Total Tier 2 capital	$	111,546		$	109,271
Total regulatory capital	$	476,005		$	448,575
Total risk-weighted assets	$	3,095,092		$	2,714,902
Capital ratios
CET1 capital ratio		11.33	%		12.00	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		11.78	%		12.50	%
Total capital ratio		15.38	%		16.52	%

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
	2023			2022
On-balance sheet assets	$	4,201,610		$	3,265,998
Asset amounts adjusted in determining the Basel III Tier 1 capital		(12,699	)		(11,371	)
Total on-balance sheet exposures		4,188,911			3,254,627
Total off-balance sheet exposure at gross notional amount	$	481,389		$	443,124
Adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amount		(281,705	)		(251,101	)
Total off-balance sheet exposures		199,684			192,023
Tier 1 capital		364,459			339,304
Total exposures		4,388,595			3,446,650
Leverage ratio		8.30	%		9.84	%

XML

Note 25 - Operating Segments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Statement Line Items [Line Items]

Disclosure of operating segments [text block]

(thousands of Canadian dollars)
for the year ended	October 31, 2023										October 31, 2022
	Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated		Digital		DRTC			Eliminations/			Consolidated
	Banking					Adjustments					Banking					Adjustments
Net interest income	$	100,051	$	-		$	-		$	100,051	$	76,666	$	-		$	-		$	76,666
Non-interest income		540		9,698			(1,654	)		8,584		52		5,839			(165	)		5,726
Total revenue		100,591		9,698			(1,654	)		108,635		76,718		5,839			(165	)		82,392
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		609		-			-			609		451		-			-			451
		99,982		9,698			(1,654	)		108,026		76,267		5,839			(165	)		81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits		25,382		6,046			-			31,428		22,303		4,493			-			26,796
General and administrative		15,140		1,565			(1,654	)		15,051		17,614		1,283			(165	)		18,732
Premises and equipment		2,462		1,440			-			3,902		2,475		1,390			-			3,865
		42,984		9,051			(1,654	)		50,381		42,392		7,166			(165	)		49,393
Income (loss) before income taxes		56,998		647			-			57,645		33,875		(1,327	)		-			32,548
Income tax provision		15,867		(384	)		-			15,483		9,744		146			-			9,890
Net income (loss)	$	41,131	$	1,031		$	-		$	42,162	$	24,131	$	(1,473	)	$	-		$	22,658
Total assets	$	4,190,876	$	26,443		$	(15,709	)	$	4,201,610	$	3,267,479	$	22,345		$	(23,826	)	$	3,265,998
Total liabilities	$	3,818,412	$	28,788		$	(22,748	)	$	3,824,452	$	2,912,249	$	25,755		$	(22,681	)	$	2,915,323

XML

Note 3 - Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Number of segments	2
Bottom of range [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Useful life measured as period of time, property, plant and equipment (Year)	5 years
Top of range [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Useful life measured as period of time, property, plant and equipment (Year)	20 years
DRT Cyber Inc.[member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Proportion of ownership interest in subsidiary	100.00%
The 11409891 Canada Inc. [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Proportion of ownership interest in subsidiary	100.00%
VersaJet Inc. [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Proportion of ownership interest in subsidiary	100.00%

XML

Note 5 - Securities (Details Textual) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Investments in Securities	$ 167,940	$ 141,564
Government of Canada Treasury Bills and a U.S. Government Treasury Bill [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Investments in Securities	167,900	$ 141,600
Zero-coupon Bank of Canada treasury bills [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash payment to acquire securities	134,800
Notional amount	$ 135,000
Financial assets, interest rate	4.93%
Government of Canada Bond [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash payment to acquire securities	$ 32,900
Notional amount	$ 33,000
Financial assets, interest rate	3.87%
Government of Canada Bond Maturing November 2023 [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 30,000
Government of Canada Bond Maturing May 2025 [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 2,900

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses (Details Textual) - Loans [member] - CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total financial assets	$ 3,850,404,000	$ 2,992,678,000
Financial assets that are individually determined to be impaired, fair value of collateral held and other credit enhancements	20,000,000
Financial assets impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total financial assets	$ 15,300,000	$ 279,000

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Portfolio Analysis (Details) - Loans [member] - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Loans, gross	$ 3,832,236	$ 2,979,880
Allowance for credit losses	(2,513)	(1,904)
Accrued interest	20,681	14,702
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses	3,850,404	2,992,678
Point of sale loans and leases [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Loans, gross	2,879,320	2,220,894
Allowance for credit losses	(100)	(545)	$ (275)
Commercial real estate mortgages [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Loans, gross	889,069	710,369
Allowance for credit losses	(2,222)	(1,287)	(1,114)
Commercial real estate loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Loans, gross	8,793	13,165
Allowance for credit losses	(42)	(54)	(45)
Public sector and other financing [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Loans, gross	55,054	35,452
Allowance for credit losses	$ (149)	$ (18)	$ (19)

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Summary of Loan, ECL, and EL Amounts by Lending Asset Category (Details) - Loans [member] - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 3,832,236	$ 2,979,880
ECL allowance	$ 2,513	$ 1,904
EL %	0.07%	0.06%
Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 3,648,919	$ 2,862,939
ECL allowance	$ 1,945	$ 1,766
EL %	0.05%	0.06%
Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 167,996	$ 116,662
ECL allowance	$ 568	$ 138
EL %	0.34%	0.12%
Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 15,321	$ 279
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Point of sale loans and leases [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 2,879,320	$ 2,220,894
ECL allowance	$ 100	$ 545	$ 275
EL %	0.00%	0.02%
Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 2,873,078	$ 2,215,388
ECL allowance	$ 100	$ 545	275
EL %	0.00%	0.02%
Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 6,242	$ 5,227
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 0	$ 279
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Commercial real estate mortgages [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 889,069	$ 710,369
ECL allowance	$ 2,222	$ 1,287	1,114
EL %	0.25%	0.18%
Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 717,755	$ 599,113
ECL allowance	$ 1,699	$ 1,150	980
EL %	0.24%	0.19%
Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 155,993	$ 111,256
ECL allowance	$ 523	$ 137	134
EL %	0.34%	0.12%
Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 15,321	$ 0
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Commercial real estate loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 8,793	$ 13,165
ECL allowance	$ 42	$ 54	45
EL %	0.48%	0.41%
Commercial real estate loans [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 8,793	$ 13,165
ECL allowance	$ 42	$ 54	45
EL %	0.48%	0.41%
Commercial real estate loans [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Commercial real estate loans [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%
Public sector and other financing [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 55,054	$ 35,452
ECL allowance	$ 149	$ 18	19
EL %	0.27%	0.05%
Public sector and other financing [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 49,293	$ 35,273
ECL allowance	$ 104	$ 17	16
EL %	0.21%	0.05%
Public sector and other financing [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 5,761	$ 179
ECL allowance	$ 45	$ 1	3
EL %	0.78%	0.56%
Public sector and other financing [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
ECL allowance	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
EL %	0.00%	0.00%

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Expected Credit Loss Sensitivity (Details) - Loans [member] - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Allowance for expected credit losses	$ 2,513	$ 1,904
Upside, 100% [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Allowance for expected credit losses	1,409
Variance from reported ECL	$ (1,104)
Variance from reported ECL (%)	(44.00%)
Baseline, 100% [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Allowance for expected credit losses	$ 1,939
Variance from reported ECL	$ (575)
Variance from reported ECL (%)	(23.00%)
Downside, 100% [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Allowance for expected credit losses	$ 2,975
Variance from reported ECL	$ 462
Variance from reported ECL (%)	18.00%

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Reconciliation of ECL Allowance by Lending Asset Category (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	$ 609	$ 451
Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	1,904
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	2,513	1,904
Loans [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	1,766
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(265)	365
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	1,945	1,766
Loans [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	138
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(180)	(95)
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	568	138
Loans [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Point of sale loans and leases [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	545	275
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(445)	270
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	(445)	270
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	100	545
Loans [member] | Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	545	275
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	160	91
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	(340)	(186)
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	(445)	270
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	100	545
Loans [member] | Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	(160)	(91)
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	340	186
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Point of sale loans and leases [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate mortgages [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	1,287	1,114
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	768	45
Loan originations	608	286
Derecognitions and maturities	(441)	(158)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	935	173
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	2,222	1,287
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	1,150	980
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	279	75
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	(581)	(129)
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	668	74
Loan originations	604	286
Derecognitions and maturities	(421)	(136)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	549	170
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	1,699	1,150
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	137	134
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	(279)	(75)
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	581	129
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	(13)	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	113	(29)
Loan originations	4	0
Derecognitions and maturities	(20)	(22)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	386	3
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	523	137
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate mortgages [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	13	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(13)	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	54	45
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(6)	9
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	(6)	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	(12)	9
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	42	54
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate loans [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	54	45
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	(6)	9
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	(6)	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	(12)	9
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	42	54
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate loans [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Commercial real estate loans [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Recoveries	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	0
Loans [member] | Public sector and other financing [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	18	19
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	25	0
Loan originations	106	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	(1)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	131	(1)
Write-offs	0	0
Balance at end of period	149	18
Loans [member] | Public sector and other financing [member] | Stage 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	17	16
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	(8)	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	12	2
Loan originations	83	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	(1)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	87	1
Write-offs	0	0
Balance at end of period	104	17
Loans [member] | Public sector and other financing [member] | Stage 2 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	1	3
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	8	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	13	(2)
Loan originations	23	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	44	(2)
Write-offs	0	0
Balance at end of period	45	1
Loans [member] | Public sector and other financing [member] | Financial instruments credit-impaired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 1	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 2	0	0
Transfer in (out) to Stage 3	0	0
Net remeasurement of loss allowance	0	0
Loan originations	0	0
Derecognitions and maturities	0	0
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Write-offs	0	0
Balance at end of period	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Note 6 - Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Maturities and Yields (Details) - Loans [member] - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 3,832,236	$ 2,979,880
Average effective yield	6.84%	5.85%
Not later than three months [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 101,786
Average effective yield	6.42%
Later than three months and not later than one year [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 355,277
Average effective yield	6.76%
Later than one year and not later than two years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 224,579
Average effective yield	5.59%
Later than two year and not later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 1,682,029
Average effective yield	5.93%
Later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 657,346
Average effective yield	6.25%
Floating interest rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 811,219
Average effective yield	9.61%

XML

Note 7 - Property and Equipment (Details Textual) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, restrictions on title	$ 0
Depreciation, property, plant and equipment	$ 694,000	$ 788,000

XML

Note 7 - Property and Equipment - Discloser of detailed information (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Property and equipment	$ 6,536	$ 6,868
Gross carrying amount [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Property and equipment	17,827	17,465
Accumulated depreciation and amortisation [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Property and equipment	$ (11,291)	$ (10,597)

XML

Note 8 - Goodwill (Details Textual) - Goodwill [member]	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Growth rate decrease used to signify impairment	6.00%
Discount rate, measurement input [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets	0.137	0.124
Average yearly earnings growth rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets	0.14	0.12
Terminal growth rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets	0.02	0.02

XML

Note 9 - Intangible Assets (Details Textual) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total intangible assets other than goodwill	$ 2,791,000	$ 3,185,000
Useful life measured as period of time, intangible assets other than goodwill (Year)	10 years
Amortisation, intangible assets other than goodwill	$ 394,000	456,000
Value of business acquired [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total intangible assets other than goodwill	2,800,000	$ 3,200,000
Intangible assets other than goodwill, gross	3,900,000
Intangible assets other than goodwill, accumulated amortisation	$ 1,100,000

XML

Note 10 - Other Assets (Details Textual)	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2021	Oct. 31, 2023 CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2022 CAD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Capitilised development costs		$ 8,100,000	$ 6,200,000
Impairment loss recognised in profit or loss, intangible assets other than goodwill		0
Right-of-use assets		3,427,000	4,122,000
Right of use Assets, Accumulated Amortisation		$ 2,500,000
Canada Stablecorp Inc.[member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Proportion of ownership interest in associate	11.00%
Intangible assets under development [member] | Average yearly earnings growth rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets		22
Intangible assets under development [member] | Terminal growth rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets		1
Intangible assets under development [member] | Period of projected cash flow [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets		10
Intangible assets under development [member] | Discount rate, measurement input [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Significant unobservable input, assets		13.8
Right-of-use assets [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Amortisation expense		$ 695,000	$ 695,000

XML

Note 10 - Other Assets - Schedule of Other Assets (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	$ 3,858	$ 3,774
Prepaid expenses and other (note 10a)	22,130	16,391
Property and equipment (note 7)	6,536	6,868
Right-of-use assets (note 10b)	3,427	4,122
Deferred income tax asset (note 16)	4,058	2,128
Interest rate swap (note 18)	1,517	0
Investment (note 10c)	953	953
Goodwill (note 8)	5,754	5,754
Intangible assets (note 9)	2,791	3,185
Other assets	$ 51,024	$ 43,175

XML

Note 11 - Deposits - Schedule of Deposits (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 3,533,366	$ 2,657,540
Total deposits, accrued interest	$ 62,164
Average effective interest rate	4.18%	2.74%
Floating interest rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 555,353
Average effective interest rate	3.94%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Not later than three months [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 403,000
Average effective interest rate	3.93%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 1,461,075
Average effective interest rate	4.66%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 433,205
Average effective interest rate	3.71%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than two years and not later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 618,569
Average effective interest rate	4.17%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits (note 11)	$ 0

XML

Note 12 - Subordinated Notes Payable - Schedule of Subordinated Notes Payable (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Subordinated notes payable, maturing March 2029 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Subordinated notes payable	$ 4,919	$ 4,908
Subordinated notes payable, maturing May 2031 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Subordinated notes payable	101,931	100,043
Subordinated notes payable [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Subordinated notes payable	$ 106,850	$ 104,951

XML

Note 13 - Other Liabilities (Details Textual) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash outflow for leases	$ 1,100,000
Total lease liabilities	3,771,000	$ 4,471,000
Not later than one year [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total lease liabilities	735,000
Later than one year and not later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total lease liabilities	2,400,000
Later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total lease liabilities	$ 662,000
Bottom of range [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Lease liabilities, period for payment adjustments (Year)	3 years
Top of range [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Lease liabilities, period for payment adjustments (Year)	5 years

XML

Note 13 - Other Liabilities - Schedule of Other Liabilities (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Accounts payable and other	$ 9,681	$ 7,662
Current income tax liability	7,466	5,797
Deferred income tax liability (note 16)	731	786
Lease obligations	3,771	4,471
Cash collateral and amounts held in escrow (note 6)	8,818	8,006
Cash reserves on loan and lease receivables (note 6)	153,769	126,110
Other liabilities	$ 184,236	$ 152,832

XML

Note 14 - Share Capital (Details Textual) - CAD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 05, 2022	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Number of shares issued for offering (in shares)	1,700,000
Shares purchased and cancelled during period (in shares)		1,321,358	195,300
Reduction of issued capital		$ 13,300,000	$ 1,900,000
Shares issued from stock option exercises (in shares)		40,000
Increase (decrease) through exercise of options, equity		$ 280,000
Dividends paid		$ 3,600,000	3,729,000
Dividends paid, ordinary shares per share (in CAD per share)		$ 0.1
Retained earnings [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Reduction of issued capital		$ 1,900,000	$ 238,000
Ordinary shares [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Par value per share (in CAD per share)		$ 0
Dividends paid		$ 2,600,000
Floor price per share (in CAD per share)		$ 0.75
Ordinary shares [member] | Issued capital [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Shares purchased and cancelled during period (in shares)		1,321,358	195,300
Reduction of issued capital		$ 11,438,000	$ 1,692,000
Shares issued from stock option exercises (in shares)		40,000	0
Increase (decrease) through exercise of options, equity		$ 280,000	$ 0
Series 1 preferred shares [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Par value per share (in CAD per share)		$ 10
Dividends paid		$ 988,000
Dividends paid, other shares per share (in CAD per share)		$ 0.6772
Dividend, annual yield		6.772%
Dividends rate, period for reset (Year)		5 years
Dividend rate, adjustment		5.43%
Preferred shares, period for mandatory redemption (Year)		5 years
Dividends paid, other shares		$ 0.68
Series 2 preferred shares [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Dividend rate, adjustment		5.43%
Series 1 and 2 preferred shares [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Preference shares, conversion price (in CAD per share)		$ 10

XML

Note 14 - Share Capital - Issued and Outstanding Shares (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance	$ 350,675,000
Options exercised during the year (in shares)	40,000
Options exercised during the year	$ 280,000
Purchased and cancelled during the year (in shares)	(1,321,358)	(195,300)
Purchased and cancelled during the year	$ (13,300,000)	$ (1,900,000)
Balance	377,158,000	350,675,000
Outstanding, beginning and end of year	377,158,000	350,675,000
Issued capital [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance	239,629,000
Balance	228,471,000	239,629,000
Outstanding, beginning and end of year	$ 228,471,000	$ 239,629,000
Ordinary shares [member] | Issued capital [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance (in shares)	27,245,782	27,441,082
Balance	$ 225,982,000	$ 227,674,000
Options exercised during the year (in shares)	40,000	0
Options exercised during the year	$ 280,000	$ 0
Purchased and cancelled during the year (in shares)	(1,321,358)	(195,300)
Purchased and cancelled during the year	$ (11,438,000)	$ (1,692,000)
Balance (in shares)	25,964,424	27,245,782
Balance	$ 214,824,000	$ 225,982,000
Balance (in shares)	25,964,424	27,245,782
Outstanding, beginning and end of year	$ 214,824,000	$ 225,982,000
Series 1 preferred shares [member] | Issued capital [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Balance (in shares)	1,461,460
Balance	$ 13,647,000
Balance (in shares)	1,461,460	1,461,460
Balance	$ 13,647,000	$ 13,647,000
Balance (in shares)	1,461,460	1,461,460
Outstanding, beginning and end of year	$ 13,647,000	$ 13,647,000

XML

Note 15 - Stock-based Compensation (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023 CAD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 31, 2022 CAD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Option life, share options granted	3.5	3.5
Total expense from share-based payment transactions	$ 901,000	$ 1,500,000
Number of share options granted in share-based payment arrangement	1,500	971,707
Risk free interest rate, share options granted	3.33%	1.39%
Expected volatility, share options granted	30.00%	29.50%
Expected dividend as percentage, share options granted	1.10%	0.60%
Forfeiture rate, share options granted	2.00%	2.00%
Weighted average fair value per option, share options granted (in CAD per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.96
Shares issued from stock option exercises (in shares) | shares	40,000
Increase (decrease) through exercise of options, equity	$ 280,000
Options vesting immediately [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Percentage of options vesting for share-based payment arrangement	33.33%
Options vesting first anniversary [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Percentage of options vesting for share-based payment arrangement	33.33%
Options vesting second anniversary [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Percentage of options vesting for share-based payment arrangement	33.33%
Top of range [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Option life, share options granted	5

XML

Note 15 - Stock-based Compensation - Stock Option Transactions (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Oct. 31, 2022 $ / shares
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Outstanding, beginning of period	965,766	40,000
Outstanding, beginning of period, weighted average exercise price (in CAD per share)	$ 15.53	$ 7
Granted	1,500	971,707
Granted, weighted average exercise price (in CAD per share)	$ 15.9	$ 15.9
Exercised	(40,000)	0
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in CAD per share)	$ 7	$ 0
Forfeited/cancelled	(52,873)	(45,941)
Forfeited/cancelled (in CAD per share)	$ 15.9	$ 15.9
Expired	0	0
Expired, weighted average exercise price (in CAD per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Outstanding, end of period	874,393	965,766
Outstanding, beginning of period, weighted average exercise price (in CAD per share)	$ 15.9	$ 15.53

XML

Note 16 - Income Taxes (Details Textual) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Applicable tax rate	27.00%	27.00%
Net deferred tax assets	$ 3,327,000	$ 1,342,000
Tax effect from dividends on taxable preferred shares	396,000	396,000
Capital loss carryforwards	9,500,000	9,500,000
Deductible temporary differences for which no deferred tax asset is recognised	3,500,000	3,900,000
No expiration [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Unused tax losses for which no deferred tax asset recognised	1,200,000	1,500,000
Dependent on future taxable earnings in tax jurisdiction [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred tax assets	1,800,000	692,000
US Income Tax Loss Carryforwards [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred tax assets	360,000	0
Capital Loss Carryforward [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred tax assets	$ 1,300,000	$ 0

XML

Note 16 - Income Taxes - Computation of Income Taxes (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Income before income taxes	$ 57,645	$ 32,548
Income tax rate	27.00%	27.00%
Expected income tax provision	$ 15,564	$ 8,788
Tax rate differential	(569)	172
Unrecognized deferred tax asset	136	411
Other permanent differences	352	519
Income taxes	$ 15,483	$ 9,890

XML

Note 16 - Income Taxes - Income Taxes (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Current income taxes	$ 17,468	$ 9,199
Deferred income taxes	(1,985)	691
Income taxes	$ 15,483	$ 9,890

XML

Note 16 - Income Taxes - Components of Recognized Deferred Income Tax Assets (Liabilities) (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	$ 1,342	$ 2,033
Recognized in net income		(691)
Net deferred income tax assets		1,342
Deferred income tax asset (note 16)	4,058	2,128
Deferred tax liabilities	(731)	(786)
Net deferred income tax assets	3,327	1,342
Allowance for credit losses [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	508	388
Recognized in net income	158	120
Net deferred income tax assets	666	508
Loss carryforwards [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	0	338
Recognized in net income	1,625	(338)
Net deferred income tax assets	1,625	0
Share issue and financing costs [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	909	1,373
Recognized in net income	(463)	(464)
Net deferred income tax assets	446	909
Deposit commissions [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	(1,227)	(981)
Recognized in net income	(596)	(246)
Net deferred income tax assets	(1,823)	(1,227)
Intangible assets [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	(786)	(898)
Recognized in net income	188	112
Net deferred income tax assets	(598)	(786)
Deferred loan fees [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	658	757
Recognized in net income	160	(99)
Net deferred income tax assets	818	658
Other Deferred Income Tax Assets [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net deferred income tax assets	1,280	1,056
Recognized in net income	913	224
Net deferred income tax assets	$ 2,193	$ 1,280

XML

Note 17 - Per Share Amounts - Basic and Diluted Income Per Common Share (Details) - CAD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net income	$ 42,162	$ 22,658
Preferred share dividends paid	(988)	(988)
Net income available to common shareholders	$ 41,174	$ 21,670
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (in shares)	26,273,739	27,425,479
Basic and diluted income per common share: (in CAD per share)	$ 1.57	$ 0.79

XML

Note 18 - Derivative Instruments (Details Textual) - Interest rate swap contract [member] - CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount	$ 20,800,000	$ 0
Financial assets qualified for hedge accounting	20,800,000	0
Hedged item, assets	19,800,000
Reserve of cash flow hedges	955,000
Other assets [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total financial assets	$ 1,500,000	$ 0

XML

Note 19 - Nature and Extent of Risks Arising from Financial Instruments (Details Textual) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Financial assets qualified for hedge accounting	$ 20,800	$ 0
Satisfactory Grade Loans [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Percentage of Lending Assets	99.00%

XML

Note 19 - Nature and Extent of Risks Arising from Financial Instruments - Analysis of Sensitivity to Market Interest Rates (Details) - Interest rate risk [member] $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023 CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2022 CAD ($)
Increase 100 bps [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Impact of projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$ 4,046	$ 4,304
Duration difference between assets and liabilities (months)	(2)	1.4
Decrease 100 bps [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Impact of projected net interest income during a 12 month period	$ (4,059)	$ (4,261)

XML

Note 20 - Interest Rate Risk and Liquidity Risk - Interest Rate Risk Gaps (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	$ 132,242	$ 88,581	$ 271,523
Securities	167,940	141,564
Loans	3,850,404	2,992,678
Other	51,024	43,175
Total assets	4,201,610	3,265,998
Deposits	3,533,366	2,657,540
Subordinated notes	106,850	104,951
Other	184,236	152,832
Equity	377,158	350,675
Total liabilities and equity	4,201,610	3,265,998
Interest rate swap	1,517	0
Gap	0	0
Cumulative	0	0
Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	0
Interest rate risk [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	0
Securities	0
Loans	18,168
Other	51,024
Total assets	69,192
Deposits	62,164
Subordinated notes	0
Other	21,649
Equity	363,511
Total liabilities and equity	447,324
Gap	(378,132)	(326,672)
Cumulative	0	0
Interest rate risk [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	0
Floating interest rate [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	555,353
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	132,242
Securities	0
Loans	811,219
Other	0
Total assets	943,461
Deposits	555,353
Subordinated notes	0
Other	162,587
Equity	0
Total liabilities and equity	717,940
Gap	246,306	116,936
Cumulative	246,306	116,936
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ 20,785
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Cash [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	4.90%
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	9.61%
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	3.94%
Floating interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Other liabilities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	4.05%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Not later than three months [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	$ 403,000
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	1,461,075
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	433,205
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	0
Fixed interest rate [member] | Later than two years and not later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deposits	618,569
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Not later than three months [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash
Securities	164,930
Loans	101,786
Other	0
Total assets	266,716
Deposits	403,000
Subordinated notes	0
Other	0
Equity	0
Total liabilities and equity	403,000
Gap	(136,284)	(47,087)
Cumulative	110,022	69,849
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Not later than three months [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ 0
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Not later than three months [member] | Securities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	4.72%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Not later than three months [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	6.42%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Not later than three months [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	3.93%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	$ 0
Securities	0
Loans	355,277
Other	0
Total assets	355,277
Deposits	1,461,075
Subordinated notes	0
Other	0
Equity	0
Total liabilities and equity	1,461,075
Gap	(1,105,798)	(383,153)
Cumulative	(995,776)	(313,304)
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ 0
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member] | Securities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	6.76%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than three months and not later than one year [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	4.66%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	$ 0
Securities	3,010
Loans	224,579
Other	0
Total assets	227,589
Deposits	433,205
Subordinated notes	0
Other	0
Equity	13,647
Total liabilities and equity	446,852
Gap	(219,263)	(291,346)
Cumulative	(1,215,039)	(604,650)
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ 0
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	5.59%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than one year and not later than two years [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	3.71%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than two year and not later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	$ 0
Securities	0
Loans	1,682,029
Other	0
Total assets	1,682,029
Deposits	618,569
Subordinated notes	0
Other	$ 0
Effective rate
Equity	$ 0
Total liabilities and equity	618,569
Gap	1,063,460	623,906
Cumulative	$ (151,579)	19,256
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than two year and not later than five years [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	5.93%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than two year and not later than five years [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	4.17%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than five years [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Cash	$ 0
Securities	0
Loans	657,346
Other	0
Total assets	657,346
Deposits	0
Subordinated notes	106,850
Other	0
Equity	0
Total liabilities and equity	106,850
Gap	529,711	307,416
Cumulative	378,132	$ 326,672
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than five years [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ (20,785)
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than five years [member] | Loans [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	6.25%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than five years [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than five years [member] | Subordinated notes [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Effective rate	5.61%
Fixed interest rate [member] | Interest rate risk [member] | Later than two years and not later than five years [member] | Interest rate swap contract [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Interest rate swap	$ 0

XML

Note 21 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Other financial liabilities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, book value	$ 176,039	$ 146,249
Liabilities, fair value	176,039	146,249
Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, book value	3,533,366	2,657,540
Liabilities, fair value	3,436,491	2,561,421
Subordinated notes [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, book value	106,850	104,951
Liabilities, fair value	109,033	107,368
Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Other financial liabilities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Subordinated notes [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Other financial liabilities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Subordinated notes [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	109,033
Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Other financial liabilities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	176,039
Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Deposits from banks [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	3,436,491
Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member] | Subordinated notes [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Liabilities, fair value	0
Cash and cash equivalents [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	132,242	88,581
Assets, fair value	132,242	88,581
Cash and cash equivalents [member] | Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	132,242
Cash and cash equivalents [member] | Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Cash and cash equivalents [member] | Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Securities [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	167,940	141,564
Assets, fair value	167,940	141,564
Securities [member] | Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	167,940
Securities [member] | Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Securities [member] | Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Loans, net [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	3,850,404	2,992,678
Assets, fair value	3,837,599	2,963,676
Loans, net [member] | Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Loans, net [member] | Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Loans, net [member] | Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	3,837,599
Derivatives [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	1,517	0
Assets, fair value	1,517	0
Derivatives [member] | Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Derivatives [member] | Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	1,517
Derivatives [member] | Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Other financial assets [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total loans	953	953
Assets, fair value	953	$ 953
Other financial assets [member] | Level 1 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Other financial assets [member] | Level 2 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	0
Other financial assets [member] | Level 3 of fair value hierarchy [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Assets, fair value	$ 953

XML

Note 22 - Related Party Transactions (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023 CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Oct. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2019 CAD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Revenue from rendering of services, related party transactions	$ 115,000	$ 95,000
Key management personnel compensation	$ 6,900,000	$ 6,400,000
Number of share options outstanding in share-based payment arrangement at end of period	874,393	965,766	40,000
Key management personnel of entity or parent [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Amounts receivable, related party transactions	$ 1,500,000	$ 1,300,000
Allowance account for credit losses of financial assets at end of period	$ 0	0
Number of share options outstanding in share-based payment arrangement at end of period	109,050
Key management personnel of entity or parent [member] | Subordinated notes payable [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Notional amount				$ 500,000
Borrowings, interest rate				10.00%
Corporation controlled by key management personnel [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Amounts receivable, related party transactions	$ 3,900,000	3,900,000
Key management personnel compensation	$ 1,700,000	$ 1,100,000

XML

Note 23 - Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual) - CAD ($) $ in Millions	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Financial assets pledged as collateral for liabilities or contingent liabilities	$ 11.3	$ 11.1
Total capital commitments	$ 17.5

XML

Note 23 - Commitments and Contingencies - Credit Related Commitments (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Credit commitments	$ 481,389	$ 443,124
Loan commitments [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Credit commitments	405,426	382,851
Letters of credit [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Credit commitments	$ 75,963	$ 60,273

XML

Note 24 - Capital Management (Details Textual)	Oct. 31, 2023
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Maximum percentage of credit risk-weighted assets for allowance	1.25%
Required minimum capital ratio, common equity tier 1	7.00%
Required minimum capital ratio, tier 1 capital	8.50%
Required minimum capital ratio, total capital	10.50%
Capital conservation buffer	2.50%
Minimum leverage ratio	3.00%

XML

Note 24 - Capital Management - Risk-based Capital Ratios (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments	$ 228,471	$ 239,629
Contributed surplus	2,513	1,612
Retained earnings	146,043	109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income	131	99
Regulatory capital		448,575
Total risk-weighted assets		$ 2,714,902
CET1 capital ratio		16.52%
Total assets	4,201,610	$ 3,265,998
Transitional [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Regulatory capital	476,005
Total risk-weighted assets	$ 3,095,092
CET1 capital ratio	15.38%
Basel III [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Adjustments to capital	$ (12,699)	(11,371)
Total assets		3,265,998
Total on-balance sheet exposures		3,254,627
Total off-balance sheet exposure at gross notional amount	481,389	443,124
Adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amount		251,101
Total off-balance sheet exposures	199,684	192,023
Total exposures		$ 3,446,650
Leverage ratio		9.84%
Basel III [member] | Transitional [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total assets	4,201,610
Total on-balance sheet exposures	4,188,911
Adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amount	281,705
Total exposures	$ 4,388,595
Leverage ratio	8.30%
Common equity tier 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments		$ 225,982
Contributed surplus		1,612
Retained earnings		109,335
Accumulated other comprehensive income		99
Regulatory capital before adjustments		337,028
Adjustments to capital		(11,371)
Regulatory capital		$ 325,657
CET1 capital ratio		12.00%
Common equity tier 1 [member] | Transitional [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments	$ 214,824
Contributed surplus	2,513
Retained earnings	146,043
Accumulated other comprehensive income	131
Regulatory capital before adjustments	363,511
Adjustments to capital	(12,699)
Regulatory capital	$ 350,812
CET1 capital ratio	11.33%
Capital Tier 1 [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments		$ 13,647
Regulatory capital	$ 364,459	$ 339,304
CET1 capital ratio		12.50%
Capital Tier 1 [member] | Transitional [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments	13,647
Regulatory capital	$ 364,459
CET1 capital ratio	11.78%
Tier 2 capital [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Directly issued capital instruments	$ 109,033	$ 107,367
Regulatory capital before adjustments		107,367
Adjustments to capital		1,904
Regulatory capital		$ 109,271
Tier 2 capital [member] | Transitional [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Regulatory capital before adjustments	109,033
Adjustments to capital	2,513
Regulatory capital	$ 111,546

XML

Note 25 - Operating Segments (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Number of segments	2

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Note 25 - Operating Segments - Results of Reportable Operating Segments (Details) - CAD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net interest income	$ 100,051	$ 76,666
Non-interest income	8,584	5,726
Total revenue	108,635	82,392
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	609	451
Revenue less provision for credit loss	108,026	81,941
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits	31,428	26,796
General and administrative	15,051	18,732
Premises and equipment	3,902	3,865
Noninterest expense	50,381	49,393
Income before income taxes	57,645	32,548
Income tax provision	15,483	9,890
Net income	42,162	22,658
Total assets	4,201,610	3,265,998
Total liabilities	3,824,452	2,915,323
Elimination of intersegment amounts [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net interest income	0	0
Non-interest income	(1,654)	(165)
Total revenue	(1,654)	(165)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Revenue less provision for credit loss	(1,654)	(165)
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits	0	0
General and administrative	(1,654)	(165)
Premises and equipment	0	0
Noninterest expense	(1,654)	(165)
Income before income taxes	0	0
Income tax provision	0	0
Net income	0	0
Total assets	(15,709)	(23,826)
Total liabilities	(22,748)	(22,681)
Banking segment [member] | Operating segments [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net interest income	100,051	76,666
Non-interest income	540	52
Total revenue	100,591	76,718
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	609	451
Revenue less provision for credit loss	99,982	76,267
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits	25,382	22,303
General and administrative	15,140	17,614
Premises and equipment	2,462	2,475
Noninterest expense	42,984	42,392
Income before income taxes	56,998	33,875
Income tax provision	15,867	9,744
Net income	41,131	24,131
Total assets	4,190,876	3,267,479
Total liabilities	3,818,412	2,912,249
Cybersecurity segment [member] | Operating segments [member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Net interest income	0	0
Non-interest income	9,698	5,839
Total revenue	9,698	5,839
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	0	0
Revenue less provision for credit loss	9,698	5,839
Non-interest expenses:
Salaries and benefits	6,046	4,493
General and administrative	1,565	1,283
Premises and equipment	1,440	1,390
Noninterest expense	9,051	7,166
Income before income taxes	647	(1,327)
Income tax provision	(384)	146
Net income	1,031	(1,473)
Total assets	26,443	22,345
Total liabilities	$ 28,788	$ 25,755

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Note 26 - Acquisitions (Details Textual) - Jun. 10, 2022 - Steams Bank Holdingford, N.A. [member] $ in Millions, $ in Millions	CAD ($)	USD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Total consideration transferred, acquisition-date fair value	$ 18.4	$ 13.5
Assets recognised as of acquisition date	$ 60.0