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Net Interest Expense
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]  
Net Interest Expense
Net interest expense
(in millions of Canadian dollars)
2016

2015

2014

Interest cost
$
497

$
409

$
301

Interest capitalized to Properties
(25
)
(14
)
(15
)
Interest expense
472

395

286

Interest income
(1
)
(1
)
(4
)
Net interest expense
$
471

$
394

$
282



Interest expense includes interest on capital leases of $11 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2015 – $11 million; 2014 – $12 million).