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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
10-Q
☑
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period endedSeptember 30, 2024
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number
001-38004
Invitation Homes Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland
90-0939055
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
5420 LBJ Freeway,Suite 60075240
Dallas,
Texas
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(972)
421-3600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value
INVH
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes
☑
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes
☑
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
☑
Accelerated Filer
☐
Non-Accelerated Filer
☐
Smaller Reporting Company
☐
Emerging Growth Company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes
☐
No
☑
As of October 29, 2024, there were 612,605,478 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.



INVITATION HOMES INC.
Page
PART I
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Other Information
Item 6.


FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “projects,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties that may impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, business, associates, and residents, including, among others, risks inherent to the single-family rental industry and our business model, macroeconomic factors beyond our control, competition in identifying and acquiring properties, competition in the leasing market for quality residents, increasing property taxes, homeowners’ association (“HOA”) fees and insurance costs, poor resident selection and defaults and non-renewals by our residents, our dependence on third parties for key services, risks related to the evaluation of properties, performance of our information technology systems, development and use of artificial intelligence, risks related to our indebtedness, risks related to the potential negative impact of unfavorable global and United States economic conditions (including inflation), uncertainty in financial markets (including as a result of events affecting financial institutions), geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, climate change, and public health crises. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe these factors include but are not limited to, those described under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report on Form 10-K”) as such factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which are accessible on the SEC’s website at https://www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in our other periodic filings. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except to the extent otherwise required by law.
3

DEFINED TERMS
Invitation Homes Inc. (“INVH”), a real estate investment trust (“REIT”), conducts its operations through Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP (“INVH LP”). Through THR Property Management L.P., a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP, and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Manager”), we provide all management and other administrative services with respect to the properties we own. The Manager also provides professional property and asset management services to portfolio owners of single-family homes for lease, including our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Invitation Homes,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to INVH and its consolidated subsidiaries.
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:
•“average monthly rent” represents average monthly rental income per home for occupied properties in an identified population of homes over the measurement period and reflects the impact of non-service rent concessions and contractual rent increases amortized over the life of the related lease. We believe average monthly rent reflects pricing trends that significantly impact rental revenues over time, making average monthly rent useful to management and external stakeholders as a means of evaluating changes in rental revenues across periods;
•“average occupancy” for an identified population of homes represents (i) the total number of days that the homes in such population were occupied during the measurement period, divided by (ii) the total number of days that the homes in such population were owned during the measurement period. We believe average occupancy significantly impacts rental revenues in a given period, making comparisons of average occupancy across different periods helpful to management and external stakeholders in evaluating changes in rental revenues across periods;
•“Carolinas” includes Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC, Greensboro-High Point, NC, Raleigh-Cary, NC, Durham-Chapel Hill, NC, and Winston-Salem, NC;
•“core markets” refers to markets where we have meaningful scale and the ability to conduct business using our existing operating platform. Our current 16 core markets are identified on our portfolio table in Part I. Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Our Portfolio;”
•“days to re-resident” for an individual home represents the number of days between (i) the date the prior resident moves out of a home and (ii) the date the next resident is granted access to the same home, which is deemed to be the earlier of the next resident’s contractual lease start date and the next resident’s move-in date. Days to re-resident impacts our average occupancy and thus our rental revenues, making comparisons of days to re-resident helpful to management and external stakeholders in evaluating changes in rental revenues across periods;
•“in-fill” refers to markets, MSAs, submarkets, neighborhoods, or other geographic areas that are typified by significant population densities and low availability of land suitable for development into competitive properties, resulting in limited opportunities for new construction;
•“Metropolitan Statistical Area” or “MSA” is defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget as a region associated with at least one urbanized area that has a population of at least 50,000 and comprises the central county or counties containing the core, plus adjacent outlying counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county or counties as measured through commuting;
•“net effective rental rate growth” for any home represents the percentage difference between the monthly rent from an expiring lease and the monthly rent from the next lease and, in each case, reflects the impact of non-service rent concessions and contractual rent increases amortized over the life of the related lease. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident chooses to stay for a subsequent lease term, or a new lease, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home. Net effective rental rate growth drives changes in our average monthly rent, making net effective rental rate growth useful to management and external stakeholders as a means of evaluating changes in rental revenues across periods;
•“Northern California” includes Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA, San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA, Stockton, CA, Vallejo, CA, and Yuba City, CA;
4

•“PSF” means per square foot. When comparing homes or cohorts of homes, we believe PSF calculations help management and external stakeholders normalize metrics for differences in property size, enabling more meaningful comparisons based on characteristics other than property size;
•“Same Store” or “Same Store portfolio” includes, for a given reporting period, wholly owned homes that have been stabilized and seasoned, excluding homes that have been sold, homes that have been identified for sale to an owner occupant and have become vacant, homes that have been deemed inoperable or significantly impaired by casualty loss events or force majeure, homes acquired in portfolio transactions that are deemed not to have undergone renovations of sufficiently similar quality and characteristics as the existing Invitation Homes Same Store portfolio, and homes in markets that we have announced an intent to exit where we no longer operate a significant number of homes for the primary purpose of income generation. Homes are considered stabilized if they have (i) completed an initial renovation and (ii) entered into at least one post-initial renovation lease. An acquired portfolio that is both leased and deemed to be of sufficiently similar quality and characteristics as the existing Invitation Homes Same Store portfolio may be considered stabilized at the time of acquisition. Homes are considered to be seasoned once they have been stabilized for at least 15 months prior to January 1st of the year in which the Same Store portfolio was established. We believe information about the portion of our portfolio that has been fully operational for the entirety of a given reporting period and its prior year comparison period provides management and external stakeholders with meaningful information about the performance of our comparable homes across periods and about trends in our organic business;
•“Southeast United States” includes our Atlanta and Carolinas markets;
•“South Florida” includes Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL, and Port St. Lucie, FL;
•“Southern California” includes Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA, Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA, and San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA;
•“total homes” or “total portfolio” refers to the total number of homes we own, whether or not stabilized, and excludes any properties previously acquired in purchases that have been subsequently rescinded or vacated. Unless otherwise indicated, total homes or total portfolio refers to wholly owned homes and excludes homes owned in joint ventures. Additionally, unless the context otherwise requires, all measures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are presented on a total portfolio basis;
•“turnover rate” represents the number of instances that homes in an identified population become unoccupied in a given period, divided by the number of homes in such population. To the extent the measurement period shown is less than 12 months, the turnover rate may be reflected on an annualized basis. We believe turnover rate impacts average occupancy and thus our rental revenues, making comparisons of turnover rate helpful to management and external stakeholders in evaluating changes in rental revenues across periods. In addition, turnover can impact our cost to maintain homes, making changes in turnover rate useful to management and external stakeholders in evaluating changes in our property operating and maintenance expenses across periods; and
•“Western United States” includes our Southern California, Northern California, Seattle, Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Denver markets.
5

PART I
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)


September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
(unaudited)
Assets:
Investments in single-family residential properties:
Land$4,888,815 $4,881,890 
Building and improvements17,121,848 16,670,006 
22,010,663 21,551,896 
Less: accumulated depreciation(4,726,032)(4,262,682)
Investments in single-family residential properties, net17,284,631 17,289,214 
Cash and cash equivalents1,027,199 700,618 
Restricted cash218,273 196,866 
Goodwill258,207 258,207 
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures244,647 247,166 
Other assets, net599,891 528,896 
Total assets$19,632,848 $19,220,967 
Liabilities:
Mortgage loans, net$1,614,220 $1,627,256 
Secured term loan, net401,595 401,515 
Unsecured notes, net3,799,034 3,305,467 
Term loan facilities, net2,444,054 3,211,814 
Revolving facility750,000 — 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses398,894 200,590 
Resident security deposits180,484 180,455 
Other liabilities92,905 103,435 
Total liabilities9,681,186 9,030,532 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Equity:
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, 900,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023
— — 
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 9,000,000,000 shares authorized, 612,605,478 and 611,958,239 outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
6,126 6,120 
Additional paid-in capital11,164,240 11,156,736 
Accumulated deficit(1,275,601)(1,070,586)
Accumulated other comprehensive income21,310 63,701 
Total stockholders’ equity
9,916,075 10,155,971 
Non-controlling interests35,587 34,464 
Total equity9,951,662 10,190,435 
Total liabilities and equity$19,632,848 $19,220,967 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
(unaudited)
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Revenues:
Rental revenues and other property income$641,342 $614,291 $1,910,914 $1,797,730 
Management fee revenues18,980 3,404 48,898 10,227 
Total revenues660,322 617,695 1,959,812 1,807,957 
Expenses:
Property operating and maintenance242,228 229,488 706,809 651,793 
Property management expense34,382 23,399 98,252 70,563 
General and administrative21,727 22,714 66,673 59,957 
Interest expense91,060 86,736 270,912 243,408 
Depreciation and amortization180,479 170,696 532,414 501,128 
Casualty losses, impairment, and other
20,872 2,496 35,362 5,527 
Total expenses 590,748 535,529 1,710,422 1,532,376 
Gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net
(257)(499)1,038 113 
Other, net(9,345)(2,533)(57,384)(7,968)
Gain on sale of property, net of tax47,766 57,989 141,531 134,448 
Losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(12,160)(4,902)(22,780)(11,087)
Net income95,578 132,221 311,795 391,087 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests(309)(403)(988)(1,163)
Net income attributable to common stockholders95,269 131,818 310,807 389,924 
Net income available to participating securities(185)(181)(584)(518)
Net income available to common stockholders — basic and diluted (Note 12)$95,084 $131,637 $310,223 $389,406 
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic612,674,802 612,000,811 612,508,300 611,849,302 
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted613,645,188 613,580,042 613,759,171 613,155,041 
Net income per common share — basic$0.16 $0.22 $0.51 $0.64 
Net income per common share — diluted$0.15 $0.21 $0.51 $0.64 



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Net income$95,578 $132,221 $311,795 $391,087 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate swaps
(21,587)27,845 21,734 73,853 
Gains from interest rate swaps reclassified into earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(21,222)(21,081)(64,251)(52,023)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
(42,809)6,764 (42,517)21,830 
Comprehensive income52,769 138,985 269,278 412,917 
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests(171)(423)(863)(1,250)
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders$52,598 $138,562 $268,415 $411,667 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)
Common Stock
Number of SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Stockholders' EquityNon-Controlling InterestsTotal Equity
Balance as of June 30, 2024612,594,044 $6,126 $11,159,835 $(1,198,481)$63,981 $10,031,461 $35,248 $10,066,709 
Capital distributions— — — — — — (580)(580)
Net income— — — 95,269 — 95,269 309 95,578 
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.28 per share)
— — — (172,389)— (172,389)— (172,389)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax11,434 — (264)— — (264)— (264)
Share-based compensation expense— — 4,669 — — 4,669 748 5,417 
Total other comprehensive loss
— — — — (42,671)(42,671)(138)(42,809)
Balance as of September 30, 2024
612,605,478 $6,126 $11,164,240 $(1,275,601)$21,310 $9,916,075 $35,587 $9,951,662 
Common Stock
Number of SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Stockholders' EquityNon-Controlling InterestsTotal Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2023611,958,239 $6,120 $11,156,736 $(1,070,586)$63,701 $10,155,971 $34,464 $10,190,435 
Capital distributions— — — — — — (2,144)(2,144)
Net income— — — 310,807 — 310,807 988 311,795 
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.84 per share)
— — — (515,822)— (515,822)— (515,822)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax639,739 6 (10,900)— — (10,894)— (10,894)
Share-based compensation expense— — 18,324 — — 18,324 2,485 20,809 
Total other comprehensive loss
— — — — (42,392)(42,392)(125)(42,517)
Redemption of OP Units for common stock7,500 — 80 — 1 81 (81)— 
Balance as of September 30, 2024
612,605,478 $6,126 $11,164,240 $(1,275,601)$21,310 $9,916,075 $35,587 $9,951,662 



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (continued)
For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)
Common Stock
Number of SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Stockholders' EquityNon-Controlling InterestsTotal Equity
Balance as of June 30, 2023611,956,170 $6,120 $11,141,829 $(1,011,060)$112,984 10,249,873 $32,835 $10,282,708 
Capital distributions— — — — — — (514)(514)
Net income— — — 131,818 — 131,818 403 132,221 
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — (160,540)— (160,540)— (160,540)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax2,069 — (22)— — (22)— (22)
Share-based compensation expense— — 7,925 — — 7,925 1,004 8,929 
Total other comprehensive income— — — — 6,744 6,744 20 6,764 
Balance as of September 30, 2023
611,958,239 $6,120 $11,149,732 $(1,039,782)$119,728 $10,235,798 $33,748 $10,269,546 
Common Stock
Number of SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Stockholders' EquityNon-Controlling InterestsTotal Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2022611,411,382 $6,114 $11,138,463 $(951,220)$97,985 $10,291,342 $32,289 $10,323,631 
Capital distributions— — — — — — (1,860)(1,860)
Net income— — — 389,924 — 389,924 1,163 391,087 
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.78 per share)
— — — (478,486)— (478,486)— (478,486)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax546,857 6 (8,155)— — (8,149)— (8,149)
Share-based compensation expense— — 19,424 — — 19,424 2,069 21,493 
Total other comprehensive income
— — — — 21,743 21,743 87 21,830 
Balance as of September 30, 2023
611,958,239 $6,120 $11,149,732 $(1,039,782)$119,728 $10,235,798 $33,748 $10,269,546 



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
10

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
20242023
Operating Activities:
Net income$311,795 $391,087 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization532,414 501,128 
Share-based compensation expense20,809 21,493 
Amortization of deferred financing costs13,410 12,003 
Amortization of debt discounts2,001 1,335 
Provisions for impairment330 342 
Gains on investments in equity and other securities, net
(1,038)(113)
Gain on sale of property, net of tax(141,531)(134,448)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments7,167 7,011 
Losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, net of operating distributions
24,644 13,370 
Other non-cash amounts included in net income23,472 4,236 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other assets, net(33,325)(19,466)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses193,480 185,826 
Resident security deposits29 4,559 
Other liabilities(4,660)31,181 
Net cash provided by operating activities948,997 1,019,544 
Investing Activities:
Amounts deposited and held by others(510)5,212 
Acquisition of single-family residential properties(543,039)(906,845)
Initial renovations to single-family residential properties(22,830)(18,980)
Other capital expenditures for single-family residential properties(167,677)(162,398)
Proceeds from sale of single-family residential properties305,849 354,409 
Repayment proceeds from retained debt securities640 627 
Investments in equity securities(3,448)(32,610)
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(39,546)(442)
Non-operating distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures17,421 9,613 
Other investing activities(39,557)(18,182)
Net cash used in investing activities(492,697)(769,596)
Financing Activities:
Payment of dividends and dividend equivalents(516,649)(478,841)
Distributions to non-controlling interests(2,144)(1,860)
Payment of taxes related to net share settlement of RSUs(10,894)(8,149)
Payments on mortgage loans(14,774)(15,196)
Payments on secured term loan(83)(234)
Proceeds from unsecured notes494,275 790,144 
Proceeds from term loan facilities1,750,000 — 
Payments on term loan facilities(2,500,000)— 
Proceeds from revolving facility750,000 150,000 
Payments on revolving facility— (150,000)
Deferred financing costs paid(54,270)(7,741)
Other financing activities(3,773)(2,107)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(108,312)276,016 
11

INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
20242023
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$347,988 $525,964 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period (Note 4)897,484 453,927 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (Note 4)$1,245,472 $979,891 
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized$247,592 $212,434 
Interest capitalized as investments in single-family residential properties, net1,732 1,779 
Cash paid for income taxes
107 86 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases4,814 4,597 
Financing cash flows from finance leases2,633 2,101 
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Accrued renovation improvements at period end$1,978 $3,429 
Accrued residential property capital improvements at period end10,878 10,801 
Transfer of residential property, net to other assets, net for held for sale assets124,483 122,329 
Change in other comprehensive income (loss) from cash flow hedges(49,683)14,860 
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities14,408 72 
ROU assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities8,508 2,057 


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
12

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Note 1—Organization and Formation
Invitation Homes Inc. (“INVH”) is a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that conducts its operations through Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP (“INVH LP”). INVH LP was formed for the purpose of owning, renovating, leasing, and operating single-family residential properties. Through THR Property Management L.P., a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP, and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Manager”), we provide all management and other administrative services with respect to the properties we own. The Manager also provides professional property and asset management services to portfolio owners of single-family homes for lease, including our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
On February 6, 2017, INVH completed an initial public offering (“IPO”), changed its jurisdiction of incorporation to Maryland, and amended its charter to provide for the issuance of up to 9,000,000,000 shares of common stock and 900,000,000 shares of preferred stock, in each case $0.01 par value per share. In connection with certain pre-IPO reorganization transactions, INVH LP became (1) owned by INVH directly and through Invitation Homes OP GP LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH (the “General Partner”), and (2) the owner of all of the assets, liabilities, and operations of certain pre-IPO ownership entities. These transactions were accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control utilizing historical cost basis.
On November 16, 2017, INVH and certain of its affiliates entered into a series of transactions with Starwood Waypoint Homes (“SWH”) and certain SWH affiliates which resulted in SWH and its operating partnership being merged into INVH and INVH LP, respectively, with INVH and INVH LP being the surviving entities. These transactions were accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, and INVH was designated as the accounting acquirer.
The limited partnership interests of INVH LP consist of common units and other classes of limited partnership interests that may be issued (the “OP Units”). As of September 30, 2024, INVH owns 99.7% of the common OP Units and has the full, exclusive, and complete responsibility for and discretion over the day-to-day management and control of INVH LP.
Our organizational structure includes several wholly owned subsidiaries of INVH LP that were formed to facilitate certain of our financing arrangements (the “Borrower Entities”). These Borrower Entities are used to align the ownership of our single-family residential properties with certain of our debt instruments. Collateral for certain of our individual debt instruments may be in the form of equity interests in the Borrower Entities or in pools of single-family residential properties owned either directly by the Borrower Entities or indirectly by their wholly owned subsidiaries (see Note 7).
References to “Invitation Homes,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer, collectively, to INVH, INVH LP, and the consolidated subsidiaries of INVH LP.
Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of INVH and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments that are of a normal recurring nature considered necessary for a fair presentation of our interim financial statements have been included in these condensed consolidated financial statements. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
We consolidate wholly owned subsidiaries and entities we are otherwise able to control in accordance with GAAP. We evaluate each investment entity that is not wholly owned to determine whether to follow the variable interest entity (“VIE”) or the voting interest entity (“VOE”) model. Once the appropriate consolidation model is identified, we then evaluate whether the entity should be consolidated. Under the VIE model, we consolidate an investment if we have control to direct the activities of the entity and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the VOE model, we consolidate an investment if (1) we control the investment through ownership of a majority voting interest if the investment is not a limited partnership or (2) we control the investment through our ability to remove the other partners in the investment, at our discretion, when the investment is a limited partnership.
Based on these evaluations, we account for each of the investments in joint ventures described in Note 5 using the equity method. Our initial investments in the joint ventures are recorded at cost, except for any such interest initially recorded at fair value in connection with a business combination. The investments in these joint ventures are subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or loss, cash contributions made and distributions received, and other adjustments, as appropriate. Distributions of operating profit from the joint ventures are reported as part of operating activities while distributions related to a capital transaction, such as a refinancing transaction or sale, are reported as investing activities on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. When events or circumstances indicate that our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures may not be recoverable, we assess the investments for and recognize other-than-temporary impairment.
Non-controlling interests represent the OP Units not owned by INVH, including any OP Units resulting from vesting and conversion of units granted in connection with certain share-based compensation awards. Non-controlling interests are presented as a separate component of equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 include an allocation of the net income attributable to the non-controlling interest holders. OP Units are redeemable for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis or, in our sole discretion, cash, and redemptions of OP Units are accounted for as a reduction in non-controlling interests with an offset to stockholders’ equity based on the pro rata number of OP Units redeemed.
Significant Risks and Uncertainties
Our financial condition and results of operations are subject to risks related to overall unfavorable global and United States economic conditions (including inflation), high unemployment levels, uncertainty in financial markets (including as a result of events affecting financial institutions, such as bank failures), ongoing geopolitical tension, and a general decline in business activity and/or consumer confidence. These factors could adversely affect (i) our ability to acquire, dispose of, or effectively manage single-family homes, (ii) our access to financial markets on attractive terms, or at all, and (iii) the value of our homes and our business that could cause us to recognize impairments in value of our tangible assets or goodwill. Inflationary pressures, bank failures, and other unfavorable global and regional economic conditions, as well as geopolitical events, may also negatively impact consumer income, credit availability, interest rates, and spending, among other factors, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations, including the ability of our residents to pay rent. These factors, which include labor shortages and inflationary increases in labor and material costs, have impacted and may continue to impact certain aspects of our business.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from those estimates.
Accounting Policies
There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, compared to those policies disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-05, Business Combinations (Subtopic 805-60): Joint Venture Formations, which clarifies the business combination accounting for joint venture formations. The ASU is intended to reduce diversity in practice that has resulted from a lack of authoritative guidance regarding the accounting for the formation of joint ventures in separate financial statements. The ASU also seeks to clarify the initial measurement of joint venture net assets, including businesses contributed to a joint venture. The updated standard is effective for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Retrospective application of the amendments are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard will be adopted upon its effective date for the year ended December 31, 2024 and interim periods thereafter. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances the transparency and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The updated standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Recent SEC Rules
In March 2024, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. Subsequent to issuance, the rules became the subject of litigation. The SEC has issued a stay to allow the legal process to proceed and has indicated that it will publish a new effective date for the rules, if ultimately implemented, at the conclusion of the stay. Unless legal challenges to the rule prevail, this rule will require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports and includes revisions to Regulation S-X, which would apply to our financial statements. We are currently assessing the effect of these new rules on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Note 3—Investments in Single-Family Residential Properties
The following table sets forth the net carrying amount associated with our properties by component:
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Land$4,888,815 $4,881,890 
Single-family residential property16,412,255 15,977,256 
Capital improvements578,111 565,214 
Equipment131,482 127,536 
Total gross investments in the properties22,010,663 21,551,896 
Less: accumulated depreciation(4,726,032)(4,262,682)
Investments in single-family residential properties, net$17,284,631 $17,289,214 
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the residential properties above includes $138,338 and $135,004, respectively, of capitalized acquisition costs (excluding purchase price), along with $78,965 and $78,073, respectively, of capitalized interest, $31,505 and $30,531, respectively, of capitalized property taxes, $5,142 and $5,037, respectively, of capitalized insurance, and $3,735 and $3,691, respectively, of capitalized homeowners’ association (“HOA”) fees.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $176,174, and $167,921, respectively, of depreciation expense related to the components of the properties, and $4,305 and $2,775, respectively, of depreciation and amortization related to corporate furniture and equipment. These amounts are included in depreciation and amortization in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Further, during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, impairments totaling $270 and $83, respectively, have been recognized and are included in casualty losses, impairment, and other in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 11 for additional information regarding these impairments.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $521,411, and $493,027, respectively, of depreciation expense related to the components of the properties, and $11,003 and $8,101, respectively, of depreciation and amortization related to corporate furniture and equipment. These amounts are included in depreciation and amortization in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Further, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, impairments totaling $330 and $342, respectively, have been recognized and are included in casualty losses, impairment, and other in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 11 for additional information regarding these impairments.
Note 4—Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents$1,027,199 $700,618 
Restricted cash218,273 196,866 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows
$1,245,472 $897,484 
Pursuant to the terms of the mortgage loans and the Secured Term Loan (as defined in Note 7), we are required to establish, maintain, and fund from time to time (generally, either monthly or at the time borrowings are funded) certain specified reserve accounts. These reserve accounts include, but are not limited to, the following types of accounts: (i) property tax reserves; (ii) insurance reserves; (iii) capital expenditure reserves; and (iv) HOA reserves. The reserve accounts associated with our mortgage loans and Secured Term Loan are under the sole control of the loan servicer. Additionally, we hold security deposits pursuant to resident lease agreements that we are required to segregate. We are also required to hold letters of credit by certain of our insurance policies. Accordingly, amounts funded to these reserve accounts, security deposit accounts, and other restricted accounts have been classified on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash.
The amounts funded, and to be funded, to the reserve accounts are subject to formulae included in the mortgage loan and Secured Term Loan agreements and are to be released to us subject to certain conditions specified in the loan agreements being met. To the extent that an event of default were to occur, the loan servicer has discretion to use such funds to either settle the applicable operating expenses to which such reserves relate or reduce the allocated loan amount associated with a residential property of ours.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
The balances of our restricted cash accounts, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are set forth in the table below. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no amounts were funded to the insurance accounts as the conditions specified in the mortgage loan and Secured Term Loan agreements that require such funding did not exist.
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Resident security deposits$180,577 $181,097 
Property taxes20,525 2,014 
Collections11,467 8,278 
Letters of credit2,716 2,489 
Capital expenditures2,297 2,297 
Special and other reserves691 691 
Total$218,273 $196,866 
Note 5—Investments In Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
The following table summarizes our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, which are accounted for using the equity method model of accounting, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Number of Properties OwnedCarrying Value
Ownership PercentageSeptember 30,
2024		December 31, 2023September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Pathway Property Company(1)
100.0%582504$106,565 $120,639 
2020 Rockpoint JV(1)
20.0%2,6062,60946,129 62,578 
Upward America JV(2)
7.2%3,720N/A37,324 — 
FNMA(3)
10.0%39242623,820 32,303
Pathway Operating Company(4)
15.0%N/AN/A20,73521,008 
2022 Rockpoint JV(1)
16.7%31930910,074 10,638 
Total$244,647 $247,166 
(1)Owns homes in markets within the Western United States, Southeast United States, Florida, and Texas.
(2)Owns homes in markets within the Southeast United States, Florida, Minnesota, Tennessee, and Texas.
(3)Owns homes within the Western United States.
(4)Represents an investment in an operating company that provides a technology platform and asset management services.
In November 2021, we entered into agreements with Pathway Homes and its affiliates, among others, to form a joint venture that will provide unique opportunities for customers to identify a home whereby they are able to first lease and then, if they choose, purchase the home in the future. We have fully funded our capital commitment to the operating company (“Pathway Operating Company”) which provides the technology platform and asset management services for the entity that owns and leases the homes (“Pathway Property Company”). Pathway Homes and its affiliates are responsible for the operations and management of Pathway Operating Company, and we do not have a controlling interest in Pathway Operating Company. As of September 30, 2024, we have funded $136,700 to Pathway Property Company, and our remaining equity commitment is $88,300. A wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP provides property management and renovation oversight services for and earns fees from Pathway Property Company. As the asset manager, Pathway Operating Company is responsible for the operations and management of Pathway Property Company, and we do not have a controlling interest in Pathway Property Company.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
In October 2020, we entered into an agreement with Rockpoint Group, L.L.C. (“Rockpoint”) to form a joint venture that will acquire homes in markets where we already own homes (the “2020 Rockpoint JV”). The joint venture is funded with a combination of debt and equity, including a recent securitization transaction undertaken by a special purpose subsidiary of the 2020 Rockpoint JV. We have fully funded our capital commitment to the 2020 Rockpoint JV. The administrative member of the 2020 Rockpoint JV is a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP and is responsible for the operations and management of the properties, subject to Rockpoint’s approval of major decisions. We earn property and asset management fees from the 2020 Rockpoint JV.
In April 2024, we entered into an agreement with Upward America Venture LP (“UA Venture”) to form a joint venture that will own homes in markets where we already own homes (the “Upward America JV”). Management of the Upward America JV is exclusively vested in a wholly owned subsidiary of UA Venture that serves as the general partner of the Upward America JV. In August 2024, a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP began providing property and asset management services for the 3,720 Upward America JV homes in which we own an interest and approximately 700 additional homes owned by the Upward America JV.
We acquired our interest in the joint venture with the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) via the SWH merger. The managing member of the FNMA joint venture is a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP and is responsible for the operations and management of the properties, subject to FNMA’s approval of major decisions. We earn property and asset management fees from the FNMA joint venture.
In March 2022, we entered into a second agreement with Rockpoint to form a joint venture that will acquire homes in premium locations and at higher price points relative to our other investments in single-family residential properties (the “2022 Rockpoint JV”). As of September 30, 2024, we have funded $10,692 to the 2022 Rockpoint JV, and our remaining equity commitment is $39,308. The joint venture is funded with a combination of debt and equity, and we have guaranteed the funding of certain tax, insurance, and non-conforming property reserves related to the joint venture’s financing. The administrative member of the 2022 Rockpoint JV is a wholly owned subsidiary of INVH LP and is responsible for the operations and management of the properties, subject to Rockpoint’s approval of major decisions. We earn property and asset management fees from the 2022 Rockpoint JV.
We recorded net losses from these investments for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, totaling $12,160 and $4,902, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, totaling $22,780 and $11,087, respectively, which are included in losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The fees earned from our joint ventures (as described above) are related party transactions. For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we earned $4,580 and $3,404, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we earned $11,686 and $10,227, respectively, of management fees which are included in management fee revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. (See Note 6 for additional information regarding total management fee revenues.)
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Note 6—Other Assets
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balances in other assets, net are as follows:
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Amounts deposited and held by others $115,337 $92,151 
Investments in debt securities, net86,095 86,471 
Rent and other receivables, net68,400 60,810 
Investments in equity and other securities58,841 55,991 
Held for sale assets(1)
57,723 46,203 
Prepaid expenses46,815 47,770 
Corporate fixed assets, net38,479 31,474 
ROU lease assets — operating and finance, net30,301 13,532 
Derivative instruments (Note 8)27,063 75,488 
Deferred financing costs, net25,264 2,972 
Other45,573 16,034 
Total$599,891 $528,896 
(1)As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 269 and 189 properties, respectively, are classified as held for sale.
Investments in Debt Securities, net
In connection with certain of our Securitizations (as defined in Note 7), we have retained and purchased certificates totaling $86,095, net of unamortized discounts of $968 as of September 30, 2024. These investments in debt securities are classified as held to maturity investments. As of September 30, 2024, we have not recognized any credit losses with respect to these investments in debt securities, and our retained certificates are scheduled to mature over the next three months to three years.
Rent and Other Receivables, net
We lease our properties to residents pursuant to leases that generally have an initial contractual term of at least 12 months, provide for monthly payments, and are cancelable by the resident and us under certain conditions specified in the related lease agreements. Rental revenues and other property income and the corresponding rent and other receivables are recorded net of any concessions and bad debt (including actual write-offs, credit reserves, and uncollectible amounts) for all periods presented.
Variable lease payments consist of resident reimbursements for utilities, and various other fees, including late fees and lease termination fees, among others. Variable lease payments are charged based on the terms and conditions included in the resident leases. For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, rental revenues and other property income includes $43,347 and $41,301 of variable lease payments, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, rental revenues and other property income includes $125,269 and $113,875 of variable lease payments, respectively.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Future minimum rental revenues and other property income under leases on our single-family residential properties in place as of September 30, 2024 are as follows:
YearLease Payments
to be Received
Remainder of 2024$545,351 
20251,079,114 
2026151,497 
2027— 
2028— 
Thereafter— 
Total$1,775,962 
Management fee revenues and the corresponding receivables are related to property and asset management services provided to portfolio owners of single-family homes for lease, including investments in our unconsolidated joint ventures (see Note 5). Our services include resident support, maintenance, marketing, and administrative functions. Revenues are recognized as performance obligations are satisfied in accordance with the underlying agreements, and the performance obligation is the management of the homes, entities, or other defined tasks. While the performance obligations associated with base management fees can vary from day to day, the nature of the overall performance obligation to provide management services is the same and considered by us to be a series of services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and the same method to measure progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we provided property and asset management services for 25,535 and 3,656 homes, respectively, of which 7,619 and 3,656 homes, respectively, were owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures. For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we earned management fees totaling $18,980 and $3,404, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we earned management fees totaling $48,898 and $10,227, respectively. These revenues are included in management fee revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Investments in Equity and Other Securities
We hold investments in equity and other securities both with and without a readily determinable fair value. Investments with a readily determinable fair value are measured at fair value, and those without a readily determinable fair value are measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments in the same issuer. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the values of our investments in equity and other securities are as follows:
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Investments without a readily determinable fair value$58,134 $54,686 
Investments with a readily determinable fair value707 1,305 
Total$58,841 $55,991 

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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
The components of gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net as of three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
 
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Net gains recognized on investments sold during the reporting period
$12 $— $1,635 $— 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments still held at the reporting date — with a readily determinable fair value(269)(499)(597)113 
Total $(257)$(499)$1,038 $113 
Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Lease Assets — Operating and Finance, net
The following table presents supplemental information related to leases into which we have entered as a lessee as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Operating
Leases		Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases		Finance
Leases
Other assets$20,865 $9,436 $9,236 $4,296 
Other liabilities (Note 14)22,762 9,068 11,097 3,796 
Weighted average remaining lease term7.5 years3.3 years3.3 years2.9 years
Weighted average discount rate5.5%6.0%3.6%5.2%
Deferred Financing Costs, net
In connection with the new Revolving Facility (as defined in Note 7), we incurred $25,567 of financing costs, which have been deferred as other assets, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We amortize deferred financing costs as interest expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the Revolving Facility and accelerate amortization if debt is retired before the maturity date, as appropriate. The deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2023 were incurred in connection with a previous revolving facility that was replaced by the new Revolving Facility during the third quarter of 2024 (see Note 7). As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the unamortized balances of these deferred financing costs are $25,264 and $2,972, respectively.
Other
Other is primarily comprised of deferred costs related to property and asset management contracts that are being amortized over the estimated lives of the underlying contracts and other deferred costs, including those that will be capitalized as corporate fixed assets upon deployment of the software.
Note 7—Debt
Mortgage Loans
Our securitization transactions (the “Securitizations” or the “mortgage loans”) are collateralized by certain homes owned by the respective Borrower Entities. We utilize the proceeds from our Securitizations to fund: (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness; (ii) initial deposits into Securitization reserve accounts; (iii) closing costs in connection with the mortgage loans; and (iv) general costs associated with our operations.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
The following table sets forth a summary of our mortgage loan indebtedness as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Outstanding Principal
Balance(1)
Origination
Date
Maturity
Date(2)
Maturity Date
if Fully Extended(3)
Interest
Rate(4)
Range of Spreads(5)
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
IH 2017-1(6)
April 28,
2017		June 9,
2027		June 9,
2027		4.23%N/A$988,913 $990,555 
IH 2018-4(7)(8)
November 7,
2018		January 9,
2025		January 9,
2026		6.19%
115-145 bps
630,162 643,030 
Total Securitizations1,619,075 1,633,585 
Less: deferred financing costs, net (4,855)(6,329)
Total $1,614,220 $1,627,256 
(1)Outstanding principal balance is net of discounts and does not include deferred financing costs, net.
(2)Represents the maturity dates for all extension options that have been exercised for the mortgage loans.
(3)Represents the maturity date if we exercise each of the remaining one year extension options available, which are subject to certain conditions being met.
(4)IH 2017-1 bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.23% per annum, equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates including applicable servicing fees. The interest rate for IH 2018-4 is based on the weighted average spread over a published forward-looking Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for the interest period relevant to such borrower (“Term SOFR”) adjusted for an 0.11% credit spread adjustment. As of September 30, 2024, Term SOFR was 4.85%.
(5)Range of spreads is based on outstanding principal balances as of September 30, 2024.
(6)Net of unamortized discount of $968 and $1,232 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(7)The initial maturity term of IH 2018-4 is two years, subject to five, one year extension options at the Borrower Entity’s discretion (provided that there is no continuing event of default under the mortgage loan agreement and the Borrower Entity obtains and delivers to the lender a replacement interest rate cap agreement from an approved counterparty within the required timeframe). Our IH 2018-4 mortgage loan has exercised the fourth extension option. The maturity date above reflects all extensions that have been exercised.
(8)On October 2, 2024, we provided the lender a revocable notification of our intention to make a voluntary prepayment of the then-outstanding balance of IH 2018-4 on November 8, 2024, which will result in a release of the loan’s collateral of 4,905 homes with a gross book value of $1,295,021 as of September 30, 2024 (see Note 15).
Securitization Transactions
The Borrower Entity for IH 2018-4 executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. IH 2018-4 originally consisted of six floating rate components. The two year initial term is subject to five, one year extension options at the Borrower Entity’s discretion. Such extensions are available provided there is no continuing event of default under the respective mortgage loan agreement and the Borrower Entity obtains and delivers a replacement interest rate cap agreement from an approved counterparty within the required timeframe to the lender. IH 2017-1 is a 10 year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of two components, and Component A of IH 2017-1 benefits from FNMA’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest.
Each mortgage loan is secured by a pledge of the equity in the assets of the respective Borrower Entities, as well as first-priority mortgages on the underlying properties and a grant of security interests in all of the related personal property. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a total of 10,503 and 10,581 homes, respectively, with a gross book value of $2,346,513 and $2,348,044, respectively, and a net book value of $1,720,761 and $1,779,169, respectively, are pledged pursuant to the mortgage loans. Each Borrower Entity has the right, subject to certain requirements and limitations outlined in the respective loan agreements, to substitute properties. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest for each mortgage loan.
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INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Transactions with Trusts
Concurrent with the execution of each mortgage loan agreement, the respective third-party lender sold each loan it originated to individual depositor entities, which are wholly owned subsidiaries, who subsequently transferred each loan to Securitization-specific trust entities (the “Trusts”). We accounted for the transfers of the individual Securitizations as sales under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, with no resulting gain or loss as the Securitizations were both originated by the lender and immediately transferred at the same fair market value.
These transactions had no effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements other than with respect to certificates issued by the Trusts (collectively, the “Certificates”) that we retained in connection with Securitizations or purchased at a later date.
The Trusts are structured as pass-through entities that receive interest payments from the Securitizations and distribute those payments to the holders of the Certificates. The assets held by the Trusts are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of those entities. The obligations of the Trusts do not have any recourse to the general credit of any entities in these condensed consolidated financial statements. We have evaluated our interests in certain certificates of the Trusts held by us and determined that they do not create a more than insignificant variable interest in the Trusts.
As the Trusts made Certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors, sponsors of the mortgage loans are required to retain a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan pursuant to Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As loan sponsors, we are thus required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closing date. Accordingly, we have retained the restricted Class B Certificates issued by IH 2017-1, which bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.23% (including applicable servicing fees), that were made available exclusively to INVH LP to comply with the Risk Retention Rules.
For IH 2018-4, we retain 5% of each class of certificates to meet the Risk Retention Rules. These retained certificates accrue interest at a floating rate of Term SOFR plus a spread ranging from 1.15% to 1.45%.
The retained certificates, net of discount, total $86,095 and $86,471 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are classified as held to maturity investments and recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6).
Loan Covenants
The general terms that apply to all of the mortgage loans require each Borrower Entity to maintain compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants. Affirmative covenants include each Borrower Entity’s, and certain of their respective affiliates’, compliance with (i) licensing, permitting, and legal requirements specified in the mortgage loan agreements, (ii) organizational requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are organized, (iii) federal and state tax laws, and (iv) books and records requirements specified in the respective mortgage loan agreements. Negative covenants include each Borrower Entity’s, and certain of their affiliates’, compliance with limitations surrounding (i) the amount of each Borrower Entity’s indebtedness and the nature of their investments, (ii) the execution of transactions with affiliates, (iii) the Manager, (iv) the nature of each Borrower Entity’s business activities, and (v) the required maintenance of specified cash reserves.
23

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Prepayments
For the mortgage loans, prepayments of amounts owed by us are generally not permitted under the terms of the respective mortgage loan agreements unless such prepayments are made pursuant to the voluntary election or mandatory provisions specified in such agreements. The specified mandatory provisions become effective to the extent that a property becomes characterized as a disqualified property, a property is sold, and/or upon the occurrence of a condemnation or casualty event associated with a property. To the extent either a voluntary election is made, or a mandatory prepayment condition exists, in addition to paying all interest and principal, we must also pay certain breakage costs as determined by the loan servicer and a spread maintenance premium if prepayment occurs before the month following the one or two year anniversary of the closing dates of each of the mortgage loans except for IH 2017-1. For IH 2017-1, prepayments on or before December 2026 will require a yield maintenance premium. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we made voluntary and mandatory prepayments of $14,774 and $15,196, respectively, under the terms of the mortgage loan agreements.
Secured Term Loan
On June 7, 2019, 2019-1 IH Borrower LP, a consolidated subsidiary (“2019-1 IH Borrower” and one of our Borrower Entities), entered into a 12 year loan agreement with a life insurance company (the “Secured Term Loan”). The Secured Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.59%, including applicable servicing fees, for the first 11 years and bears interest at a floating rate based on a spread of 147 bps, including applicable servicing fees, over a comparable or successor rate to one month London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”) for the twelfth year as provided for in our loan agreement (subject to certain adjustments as outlined in the loan agreement). The Secured Term Loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of single-family rental properties as well as a first priority pledge of the equity interests of 2019-1 IH Borrower. We utilized the proceeds from the Secured Term Loan to fund: (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness; (ii) initial deposits into the Secured Term Loan’s reserve accounts; (iii) transaction costs related to the closing of the Secured Term Loan; and (iv) general corporate purposes.
The following table sets forth a summary of our Secured Term Loan indebtedness as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Maturity
Date
Interest
Rate(1)
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Secured Term Loan
June 9, 20313.59%$403,046 $403,129 
Deferred financing costs, net
(1,451)(1,614)
Secured Term Loan, net$401,595 $401,515 
(1)The Secured Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.59% per annum including applicable servicing fees for the first 11 years and for the twelfth year bears interest at a floating rate based on a spread of 147 bps over a comparable or successor rate to one month LIBOR as provided for in our loan agreement, including applicable servicing fees, subject to certain adjustments as outlined in the loan agreement. Interest payments are made monthly.
Collateral
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Secured Term Loan’s collateral pool contains 3,331 and 3,332 homes, respectively, with a gross book value of $843,456 and $828,570, respectively, and a net book value of $667,655 and $675,075, respectively. 2019-1 IH Borrower has the right, subject to certain requirements and limitations outlined in the loan agreement, to substitute properties representing up to 20% of the collateral pool annually, and to substitute properties representing up to 100% of the collateral pool over the life of the Secured Term Loan. In addition, four times after the first anniversary of the closing date, 2019-1 IH Borrower has the right, subject to certain requirements and limitations outlined in the loan agreement, to execute a special release of collateral representing up to 15% of the then-outstanding principal balance of the Secured Term Loan in order to bring the loan-to-value ratio back in line with the Secured Term Loan’s loan-to-value ratio as of the closing date. Any such special release of collateral would not change the then-outstanding principal balance of the Secured Term Loan, but rather would reduce the number of single-family rental homes included in the collateral pool.
24

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Loan Covenants
The Secured Term Loan requires 2019-1 IH Borrower to maintain compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants. Affirmative covenants include 2019-1 IH Borrower’s, and certain of its affiliates’, compliance with (i) licensing, permitting and legal requirements specified in the loan agreement, (ii) organizational requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are organized, (iii) federal and state tax laws, and (iv) books and records requirements specified in the loan agreement. Negative covenants include 2019-1 IH Borrower’s, and certain of its affiliates’, compliance with limitations surrounding (i) the amount of 2019-1 IH Borrower’s indebtedness and the nature of its investments, (ii) the execution of transactions with affiliates, (iii) the Manager, (iv) the nature of 2019-1 IH Borrower’s business activities, and (v) the required maintenance of specified cash reserves.
Prepayments
Prepayments of the Secured Term Loan are generally not permitted unless such prepayments are made pursuant to the voluntary election or mandatory provisions specified in the loan agreement. The specified mandatory provisions become effective to the extent that a property becomes characterized as a disqualified property, a property is sold, and/or upon the occurrence of a condemnation or casualty event associated with a property. To the extent either a voluntary election is made, or a mandatory prepayment condition exists, in addition to paying all interest and principal, we must also pay certain breakage costs as determined by the loan servicer and a yield maintenance premium if prepayment occurs before June 9, 2030. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we made mandatory prepayments of $83 and $234, respectively, under the terms of the Secured Term Loan agreement.
Unsecured Notes
Our unsecured notes are issued in connection with either an underwritten public offering pursuant to our shelf registration statement or in connection with a private placement transaction with certain institutional investors (collectively, the “Unsecured Notes”). Our current shelf registration statement automatically became effective upon filing with the SEC in June 2024 and expires in June 2027. We utilize proceeds from the Unsecured Notes to fund: (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness, including the Securitizations; (ii) closing costs in connection with the Unsecured Notes; and (iii) general costs associated with our operations and other corporate purposes, including acquisitions. Interest on the Unsecured Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears.
The following table sets forth a summary of our Unsecured Notes as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Interest
Rate(1)
September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Total Unsecured Notes, net(2)
2.00% — 5.50%
$3,825,868 $3,329,856 
Deferred financing costs, net
(26,834)(24,389)
Total
$3,799,034 $3,305,467 
(1)Represents the range of contractual rates in place as of September 30, 2024.
(2)Net of unamortized discount of $24,132 and $20,144 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Maturity dates for the Unsecured Notes range from May 2028 through May 2036 (see “Debt Maturities Schedule” for additional information).
Debt Issuances
The following activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 with respect to the Unsecured Notes:
•On September 26, 2024, in a public offering under our shelf registration statement, we issued $500,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.88% Senior Notes which mature on February 1, 2035.
25

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
•On August 2, 2023, in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement, we issued $450,000 and $350,000 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes with 5.45% and 5.50% interest rates, respectively, and which mature on August 15, 2030 and August 15, 2033, respectively.
Prepayments
The Unsecured Notes are redeemable in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at our option, at a redemption price equal to (i) 100% of the principal amount to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) a make-whole premium calculated in accordance with the respective loan agreements if the redemption occurs in certain amounts or in certain periods that range from one to three months prior to the maturity date. The privately placed Unsecured Notes require any prepayment to be an amount not less than 5% of the aggregate principal amount then outstanding.
Guarantees
The Unsecured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by INVH and two of its wholly owned subsidiaries, the General Partner and IH Merger Sub, LLC (“IH Merger Sub”).
Loan Covenants
The Unsecured Notes issued publicly under our registration statement contain customary covenants, including, among others, limitations on the incurrence of debt; and they include the following financial covenants related to the incurrence of debt: (i) an aggregate debt test; (ii) a debt service test; (iii) a maintenance of total unencumbered assets; and (iv) a secured debt test.
The privately placed Unsecured Notes contain customary covenants, including, among others, limitations on distributions, fundamental changes, and transactions with affiliates; and they include the following financial covenants, subject to certain qualifications: (i) a maximum total leverage ratio; (ii) a maximum secured leverage ratio; (iii) a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio; (iv) a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio; and (v) a minimum unsecured interest coverage ratio.
The Unsecured Notes contain customary events of default (subject in certain cases to specified cure periods), the occurrence of which would allow the holders of notes to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Unsecured Notes.
Term Loan Facilities and Revolving Facility
On September 9, 2024, we entered into the Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement with a syndicate of banks, financial institutions, and institutional lenders for a new credit facility (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provides $3,500,000 of borrowing capacity and consists of a $1,750,000 revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”) and a $1,750,000 term loan facility (the “2024 Term Loan Facility”), both of which mature on September 9, 2028, with two six month extension options available. The Revolving Facility also includes borrowing capacity for letters of credit. The Credit Facility provides us with the option to enter into additional incremental credit facilities (including an uncommitted incremental facility that provides us with the option to increase the size of the Revolving Facility and/or the 2024 Term Loan Facility such that the aggregate amount does not exceed $4,000,000 at any time), subject to certain limitations.
The Credit Facility replaced a credit facility that consisted of a $1,000,000 revolving credit facility (the “2020 Revolving Facility”) and a $2,500,000 term loan facility (the “2020 Term Loan Facility,” and together with the 2020 Revolving Facility, the “2020 Credit Facility”). The terms and conditions of the Credit Facility are consistent with those of the 2020 Credit Facility except as otherwise noted below.
Proceeds from the 2024 Term Loan Facility, a $750,000 borrowing on the Revolving Facility on the date of effectiveness of the Credit Facility, and excess cash on hand were used to fully repay the 2020 Term Loan Facility and to pay costs associated with the transaction. Future proceeds from the Revolving Facility are expected to be used for general corporate purposes.
26

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
On June 22, 2022, we entered into a Term Loan Agreement with a syndicate of banks for new senior unsecured term loans (as amended on September 9, 2024, the “2022 Term Loan Facility,” and together with the 2024 Term Loan Facility and the 2020 Term Loan Facility, the “Term Loan Facilities”). The 2022 Term Loan Facility provided $725,000 of borrowing capacity, consisting of a $150,000 initial term loan (the “Initial Term Loan”) and delayed draw term loans totaling $575,000 (the “Delayed Draw Term Loans”) which were fully drawn on December 8, 2022. The Initial Term Loan and the Delayed Draw Term Loans (together, the “2022 Term Loans”) mature on June 22, 2029. The 2022 Term Loan Facility also includes an accordion feature providing the option to increase the size of the 2022 Term Loans or enter into additional incremental 2022 Term Loans, such that the aggregate amount of all 2022 Term Loans does not exceed $950,000 at any time, subject to certain limitations.
The following table sets forth a summary of the outstanding principal amounts under the Term Loan Facilities and the Revolving Facility, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Maturity
Date		Interest
Rate		September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
2020 Term Loan Facility(1)
September 9, 2024N/A$— $2,500,000 
2024 Term Loan Facility(2)(3)
September 9, 20285.80%1,750,000 — 
2022 Term Loan Facility(4)
June 22, 20296.10%725,000 725,000 
Total Term Loan Facilities2,475,000 3,225,000 
Less: deferred financing costs, net(30,946)(13,186)
Term Loan Facilities, net$2,444,054 $3,211,814 
Revolving Facility(2)(3)
September 9, 20285.73%$750,000 $— 
(1)Maturity date represents repayment date.
(2)Interest rates for the 2024 Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility are based on Term SOFR adjusted for a 0.10% credit spread adjustment, plus an applicable margin. As of September 30, 2024, the applicable margins were 0.85% and 0.78% for the 2024 Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility, respectively, and Term SOFR was 4.85%.
(3)If we exercise the two six month extension options, the maturity date will be September 9, 2029.
(4)Interest rate for the 2022 Term Loan Facility is based on Term SOFR adjusted for a 0.10% credit spread adjustment, plus the applicable margin. As of September 30, 2024, the applicable margin was 1.15%, and Term SOFR was 4.85%.
Interest Rate and Fees
Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) Term SOFR for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, (b) a daily SOFR rate calculated without considering accrued interest, or (c) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (3) the Term SOFR rate that would be payable on such day for a Term SOFR loan with a one-month interest period plus 1.00%, and (4) 1.00%.
As a result of an April 18, 2023 amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility, borrowings thereunder bore interest, at our option, at a rate equal to (a) a Term SOFR rate determined by reference to the forward-looking SOFR rate published by Reuters (or a comparable or successor rate as provided for in our loan agreement) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing plus 0.10% credit spread adjustment or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (3) the Term SOFR rate that would be payable on such day for a Term SOFR rate loan with a one month interest period plus 1.00%, and (4) 1.00%.
Prior to the April 18, 2023 amendment to the 2020 Credit Facility, borrowings thereunder bore interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the Bloomberg LIBOR rate (or a comparable or successor rate as provided for in our loan agreement) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (3) the LIBOR rate that would be payable on such day for a LIBOR rate loan with a one month interest period plus 1.00%.
27

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Borrowings under the 2022 Term Loan Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) Term SOFR adjusted for an applicable credit spread adjustment (“Adjusted SOFR”) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (3) Adjusted SOFR for a one month interest period plus 1.00%.
The margins for the Term Loan Facilities, the Revolving Facility, and the 2020 Revolving Facility are as follows:
Base Rate LoansAdjusted SOFR Rate Loans
2024 Term Loan Facility0.00%—0.60%0.75%—1.60%
2020 Term Loan Facility0.00%—0.65%0.80%—1.65%
2022 Term Loan Facility0.15%—1.20%1.15%—2.20%
Revolving Facility0.00%—0.40%0.70%—1.40%
2020 Revolving Facility0.00%—0.45%0.75%—1.45%
The 2022 Term Loan Facility includes a sustainability component whereby pricing can improve upon our achievement of certain sustainability ratings, determined via an independent third-party evaluation.
In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal, we are required to pay certain facility and unused commitment fees. Under the Credit Facility, we are required to pay a facility fee ranging from 0.10% to 0.30%. We are also required to pay customary letter of credit fees.
Prepayments and Amortization
No principal reductions are required under the Credit Facility or the 2022 Term Loan Facility. We are permitted to voluntarily repay amounts outstanding under the 2024 Term Loan Facility at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain minimum amounts and the payment of customary “breakage” costs with respect to Term SOFR loans. After June 22, 2024, we are also permitted to voluntarily repay amounts outstanding under the 2022 Term Loan Facility without premium or penalty. Once repaid, no further borrowings will be permitted under the Term Loan Facilities.
Loan Covenants
The Credit Facility and the 2022 Term Loan Facility contain certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. Such covenants will, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability and that of our subsidiaries to (i) engage in certain mergers, consolidations, or liquidations, (ii) sell, lease, or transfer all or substantially all of our respective assets, (iii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, (iv) make changes to our fiscal year, (v) make changes in the nature of our business and our subsidiaries, and (vi) enter into certain burdensome agreements.
The Credit Facility and the 2022 Term Loan Facility also require us, on a consolidated basis with our subsidiaries, to maintain a (i) maximum total leverage ratio, (ii) maximum secured leverage ratio, (iii) maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, (iv) minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and (v) minimum unsecured interest coverage ratio. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the Credit Facility and the 2022 Term Loan Facility are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due thereunder. On September 9, 2024, we amended the 2022 Term Loan Facility to change the definition of “Total Asset Value” to conform with the new Credit Facility and to remove the “Maximum Secured Leverage Ratio” financial covenant.
Guarantees
The obligations under the Credit Facility and the 2022 Term Loan Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by INVH and two of its wholly owned subsidiaries, the General Partner and IH Merger Sub. On September 17, 2021, the obligations under the 2020 Credit Facility became guaranteed pursuant to a similar parent guaranty agreement with INVH, the General Partner, and IH Merger Sub.
28

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Debt Maturities Schedule
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our debt as of September 30, 2024:
Year
Mortgage
Loans(1)
Secured Term LoanUnsecured Notes
Term Loan Facilities(2)
Revolving Facility(2)(3)
Total
2024$— $— $— $— $— $— 
2025630,162 — — — — 630,162 
2026— — — — — — 
2027989,881 — — — — 989,881 
2028— — 750,000 1,750,000 750,000 3,250,000 
Thereafter— 403,046 3,100,000 725,000 — 4,228,046 
Total1,620,043 403,046 3,850,000 2,475,000 750,000 9,098,089 
Less: deferred financing costs, net(4,855)(1,451)(26,834)(30,946)— (64,086)
Less: unamortized debt discount(968)— (24,132)— — (25,100)
Total $1,614,220 $401,595 $3,799,034 $2,444,054 $750,000 $9,008,903 
(1)The maturity dates of the obligations are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised as of September 30, 2024. If fully extended, we would have no mortgage loans maturing before 2026. Such extensions are available provided there is no continuing event of default under the respective mortgage loan agreement and the Borrower Entity obtains and delivers to the lender a replacement interest rate cap agreement from an approved counterparty within the required timeframe. On October 2, 2024, we provided the lender a revocable notification of our intention to make a voluntary prepayment of the then-outstanding balance of IH 2018-4 on November 8, 2024, which will result in a release of the loan’s collateral of 4,905 homes with a gross book value of $1,295,021 as of September 30, 2024 (see Note 15).
(2)If we exercise the two six month extension options, the maturity date for the 2024 Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility will be September 9, 2029.
(3)Deferred financing costs related to the Revolving Facility are classified in other assets, net (see Note 6).
Note 8—Derivative Instruments
From time to time, we enter into derivative instruments to manage the economic risk of changes in interest rates. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes. Designated hedges are derivatives that meet the criteria for hedge accounting and that we have elected to designate as hedges. Non-designated hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting or that we did not elect to designate as hedges.
Designated Hedges
We have entered into various interest rate swap agreements, which are used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with variable-rate interest payments. Each of our swap agreements is designated for hedge accounting purposes and is currently indexed to one month Term SOFR. On April 18, 2023, we completed a series of transactions related to certain of our variable rate debt and derivative agreements that were originally indexed to LIBOR to effectuate a transition to Term SOFR. All of our LIBOR-indexed interest rate swap agreements have been amended or modified such that each agreement is now indexed to Term SOFR. Changes in the fair value of these swaps are recorded in other comprehensive income and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings.
29

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
The table below summarizes our interest rate swap instruments as of September 30, 2024:
Agreement Date
Forward
Effective Date
Maturity
Date		Strike
Rate		IndexNotional
Amount
April 18, 2023March 31, 2023January 31, 20252.80%One month Term SOFR$400,000 
April 18, 2023March 31, 2023November 30, 20242.83%One month Term SOFR400,000 
April 18, 2023April 15, 2023November 30, 20242.78%One month Term SOFR400,000 
September 25, 2024(1)
April 15, 2023December 31, 20242.79%One month Term SOFR400,000 
April 18, 2023April 15, 2023June 9, 20252.94%One month Term SOFR325,000 
September 25, 2024(1)
April 15, 2023December 31, 20242.95%One month Term SOFR595,000 
September 25, 2024(1)
April 15, 2023December 31, 20242.83%One month Term SOFR1,100,000 
April 18, 2023April 15, 2023July 31, 20253.08%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 25, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20281.93%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 25, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20293.12%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 24, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20283.08%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 24, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20283.08%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 23, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20283.13%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 20, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20283.13%One month Term SOFR200,000 
September 20, 2024December 31, 2024May 31, 20283.14%One month Term SOFR200,000 
March 22, 2023July 9, 2025May 31, 20292.99%One month Term SOFR300,000 
(1)Represents the date the interest rate swap agreement was amended to modify the maturity date.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we entered into certain new interest rate swap agreements and terminated others resulting in a net payment to the counterparties of $1,140. There were no such terminations during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest rate swap instruments were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate interest payments. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $24,129 will be reclassified to earnings as a decrease in interest expense.
Non-Designated Hedges
Concurrent with entering into certain of the mortgage loan agreements, we entered into or acquired and maintain interest rate cap agreements with terms and notional amounts equivalent to the terms and amounts of the mortgage loans made by the third-party lenders. To the extent that the maturity date of a mortgage loan is extended through an exercise of one or more extension options, a replacement or extension interest rate cap agreement must be executed with terms similar to those associated with the initial interest rate cap agreement and strike prices equal to the greater of the interest rate cap strike price and the interest rate at which the debt service coverage ratio (as defined) is not less than 1.2 to 1.0. The interest rate cap agreement, including all of our rights to payments owed by the counterparties and all other rights, has been pledged as additional collateral for the mortgage loan. Additionally, in certain instances, in order to minimize the cash impact of purchasing required interest rate caps, we simultaneously sell interest rate caps (which have identical terms and notional amounts) such that the purchase price and sales proceeds of the related interest rate caps are intended to offset each other. As of September 30, 2024, the remaining interest rate cap has a strike price of 8.95%.
30

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
The table below presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Fair Value as ofFair Value as of
Balance
Sheet Location		September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023Balance
Sheet Location		September 30,
2024		December 31, 2023
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swapsOther assets$27,063 $75,487 Other liabilities$118 $— 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate capsOther assets— 1 Other liabilities— — 
Total$27,063 $75,488 $118 $— 
Offsetting Derivatives
We enter into master netting arrangements, which reduce risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. The tables below present a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of our derivatives as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
September 30, 2024
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral ReceivedNet
Amount
Offsetting assets:
Derivatives$27,063 $— $27,063 $(44)$— $27,019 
Offsetting liabilities:
Derivatives$(118)$— $(118)$44 $— $(74)

December 31, 2023
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral ReceivedNet
Amount
Offsetting assets:
Derivatives$75,488 $— $75,488 $— $— $75,488 
Offsetting liabilities:
Derivatives$— $— $— $— $— $— 
31

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
The tables below present the effect of our derivative financial instruments in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative
Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Income
Amount of Gain Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Income
Total Amount of Interest Expense Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
202420232024202320242023
    Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate swaps$(21,587)$27,845 Interest expense$21,222 $21,081 $91,060 $86,736 

Location of
Loss Recognized in
Net Income on Derivative
Amount of Loss Recognized in Net Income on Derivative
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
20242023
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate capsInterest expense$— $1 
The tables below present the effect of our derivative financial instruments in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Amount of Gain Recognized in OCI on Derivative
Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Income
Amount of Gain Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Income
Total Amount of Interest Expense Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
202420232024202320242023
    Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate swaps$21,734 $73,853 Interest expense$64,251 $52,023 $270,912 $243,408 

32

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
33

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Location of Loss Recognized in
Net Income on Derivative
Amount of Loss Recognized in Net Income on Derivative
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
20242023
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate capsInterest expense$1 $41 
Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
The agreements with our derivative counterparties which govern our interest rate swap agreements contain a provision where we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to our default on the indebtedness.
As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of certain derivatives in a net liability position was $118. If we had breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2024, we could have been required to settle the obligations under the agreements at their termination value, which includes accrued interest and excludes the nonperformance risk related to these agreements, of $193.
Note 9—Stockholders’ Equity
As of September 30, 2024 we have issued 612,605,478 shares of common stock. In addition, we issue OP Units from time to time which, upon vesting, are redeemable for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis or, in our sole discretion, cash and are reflected as non-controlling interests on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of equity. As of September 30, 2024, 1,979,009 outstanding OP Units are redeemable.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we issued 11,434 and 647,239, shares of common stock, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued 2,069 and 546,857 shares of common stock, respectively.
At the Market Equity Program
On December 20, 2021, we entered into distribution agreements with a syndicate of banks (the “Agents” and the “Forward Sellers”), and on June 14, 2024, we entered into distribution agreements with additional Agents and Forward Sellers. Pursuant to these agreements, we may sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate sales price of $1,250,000 of our common stock through the Agents and the Forward Sellers (the “ATM Equity Program”). In addition to the issuance of shares of our common stock, the distribution agreements permit us to enter into separate forward sale transactions with certain forward purchasers who may borrow shares from third parties and, through affiliated Forward Sellers, offer a number of shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares of our common stock underlying the particular forward transaction. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we did not sell any shares of common stock under the ATM Equity Program. As of September 30, 2024, $1,150,000 remains available for future offerings under the ATM Equity Program.
Dividends
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. We intend to pay quarterly dividends to our stockholders that in the aggregate are approximately equal to or exceed our net taxable income in the relevant year. The timing, form, and amount of distributions, if any, to our stockholders, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors.
34

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
The following table summarizes our dividends paid from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024:
Record DateAmount
per Share		Pay DateTotal Amount Paid
Q3-2024June 27, 2024$0.28 July 19, 2024$172,389 
Q2-2024March 28, 20240.28 April 19, 2024171,712 
Q1-2024December 27, 20230.28 January 19, 2024171,721 
Q4-2023November 7, 20230.26 November 22, 2023160,350 
Q3-2023August 8, 20230.26 August 25, 2023160,540 
Q2-2023May 10, 20230.26 May 26, 2023159,493 
Q1-2023February 14, 20230.26 February 28, 2023158,453 
On September 9, 2024, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.28 (actual $) per share to stockholders of record on September 26, 2024, resulting in a $171,485 dividend payment on October 18, 2024.
Note 10—Share-Based Compensation
Our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the Invitation Homes Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Omnibus Incentive Plan”) to provide a means through which to attract and retain key associates and to provide a means whereby our directors, officers, associates, consultants, and advisors can acquire and maintain an equity interest in us, or be paid incentive compensation, including incentive compensation measured by reference to the value of our common stock, and to align their interests with those of our stockholders. Under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, we may issue up to 16,000,000 shares of common stock.
Our share-based awards consist of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), which may be time vesting, performance based vesting, or market based vesting, and Outperformance Awards (defined below). Time-vesting RSUs are participating securities for earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) purposes, and performance and market based RSUs (“PRSUs”) and Outperformance Awards are not. For a detailed discussion of RSUs and PRSUs issued prior to January 1, 2024, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Share-Based Awards
The following summarizes our share-based award activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Annual Long Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”):
•Annual LTIP Awards Granted: During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 810,615 RSUs pursuant to LTIP awards. Each award includes components which vest based on time-vesting conditions, market based vesting conditions, and performance based vesting conditions, each of which is subject to continued employment through the applicable vesting date.
LTIP time-vesting RSUs vest in three equal annual installments based on an anniversary date of March 1st. LTIP PRSUs may be earned based on the achievement of certain measures over a three year performance period. The number of PRSUs earned will be determined based on performance achieved during the performance period for each measure at certain threshold, target, or maximum levels and corresponding payout ranges. In general, the LTIP PRSUs are earned after the end of the performance period on the date on which the performance results are certified by our compensation and management development committee (the “Compensation Committee”).
All of the LTIP Awards are subject to certain change in control and retirement eligibility provisions that may impact these vesting schedules.
•PRSU Results: During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, certain LTIP PRSUs vested and achieved performance in excess of the target level, resulting in the issuance of an additional 193,615 shares of common stock. Such awards are reflected as an increase in the number of awards granted and vested in the table below.
35

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Other Award Activity
•Director Awards: During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 47,970 time-vesting RSUs to members of our board of directors, which will fully vest on the date of INVH’s 2025 annual stockholders meeting, subject to continued service on the board of directors through such date.
Outperformance Awards
On May 1, 2019, the Compensation Committee approved equity based awards in the form of PRSUs and OP Units (the “2019 Outperformance Awards”). The 2019 Outperformance Awards included market based vesting conditions related to absolute and relative total shareholder returns (“TSRs”) over a three year performance period that ended on March 31, 2022. In April 2022, the absolute TSR and the relative TSR were separately calculated, and the Compensation Committee certified achievement of each at maximum achievement. The number of earned 2019 Outperformance Awards was then determined based on the earned dollar value of the awards (at maximum) and the stock price at the performance certification date, resulting in 311,425 earned PRSUs and 498,224 earned OP Units. Earned awards vested 50% on the certification date in April 2022, 25% vested on March 31, 2023, and the remaining 25% vested on March 31, 2024. The estimated fair value of 2019 Outperformance Awards that fully vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was an aggregate $2,808. The aggregate $12,160 grant-date fair value of the 2019 Outperformance Awards that were earned was determined based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models which estimated the probability of achievement of the TSR thresholds. The grant-date fair value was amortized ratably over each vesting period.
On April 1, 2022, the Compensation Committee granted equity based awards with market based vesting conditions in the form of PRSUs and OP Units (the “2022 Outperformance Awards” and together with the 2019 Outperformance Awards, the “Outperformance Awards”). The 2022 Outperformance Awards may be earned based on the achievement of rigorous absolute TSR and relative TSR return thresholds over a three year performance period ending March 31, 2025. The 2022 Outperformance Awards provide that upon completion of 75% of the performance period, or June 30, 2024 (the “Interim Measurement Date”), performance achieved as of the Interim Measurement Date was calculated consistent with the award terms. To the extent performance through the Interim Measurement Date resulted in a payout if the performance period had ended on that date, a minimum of 50% of such hypothetical payout amount is guaranteed as a minimum level payout for the full performance period, so long as certain minimum levels of relative TSR are achieved for the full performance period. As of the Interim Measurement Date, the relative TSR component of the 2022 Outperformance Awards was calculated at maximum achievement, while the absolute TSR component was below threshold. As such, overall performance as of the Interim Measurement Date results in a 50% payout of the 2022 Outperformance Awards, or a guaranteed minimum payout of 25%, provided that certain minimum levels of relative TSR are achieved for the full performance period.
The final award achievement will be equal to the greater of the payouts determined based on the Interim Measurement Date and performance through March 31, 2025. Upon completion of the performance period, the dollar value of the awards earned under the absolute and relative TSR components will be separately calculated, and the number of earned 2022 Outperformance Awards will be determined based on the earned dollar value of the awards and the stock price at the performance certification date. Earned awards will vest 50% on the certification date and 50% on March 31, 2026, subject to continued employment. As of September 30, 2024, 2022 Outperformance Awards with an approximate aggregate $17,400 grant-date fair value have been issued and remain outstanding. The grant-date fair value was determined based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models which estimate the probability of achievement of the TSR thresholds, and it is amortized ratably over each vesting period.
36

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Summary of Total Share-Based Awards
The following table summarizes activity related to non-vested time-vesting RSUs and PRSUs, other than Outperformance Awards, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:
Time-Vesting AwardsPRSUs
Total Share-Based Awards(1)
NumberWeighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(Actual $)		NumberWeighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(Actual $)		NumberWeighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(Actual $)
Balance, December 31, 2023610,719 $33.44 1,364,942 $31.48 1,975,661 $32.09 
Granted 313,138 34.71 739,062 34.24 1,052,200 34.38 
Vested(2)
(268,193)(32.69)(625,315)(28.84)(893,508)(30.00)
Forfeited / canceled(20,132)(35.67)(13,029)(30.80)(33,161)(33.76)
Balance, September 30, 2024
635,532 $34.32 1,465,660 $34.01 2,101,192 $34.10 
(1)Total share-based awards excludes Outperformance Awards.
(2)All vested share-based awards are included in basic EPS for the periods after each award’s vesting date. The estimated aggregate fair value of share-based awards that fully vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $28,207. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, 112 RSUs were accelerated pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Omnibus Incentive Plan and related award agreements.
Grant-Date Fair Values
The grant-date fair values of the time-vesting RSUs and PRSUs with performance condition vesting criteria are generally based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date. However, the grant-date fair values for share-based awards with market condition vesting criteria are based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models. The following table summarizes the significant inputs utilized in these models for such awards granted or modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Expected volatility(1)
20.7% — 24.6%
Risk-free rate
4.25%
Expected holding period (years)
2.83
(1)Expected volatility was estimated based on the historical volatility of INVH’s realized returns and of the applicable index.
Summary of Total Share-Based Compensation Expense
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized share-based compensation expense as follows:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
General and administrative$4,104 $7,099 $16,224 $16,261 
Property management expense1,313 1,830 4,585 5,232 
Total$5,417 $8,929 $20,809 $21,493 
As of September 30, 2024, there is $32,441 of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to non-vested share-based awards which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.69 years.
37

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Note 11—Fair Value Measurements
The carrying amounts of restricted cash, certain components of other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses, resident security deposits, and certain components of other liabilities approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these amounts. Our interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, and investments in equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis within our condensed consolidated financial statements. The fair values of our interest rate caps and swaps, which are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, are estimated using market values of instruments with similar attributes and maturities. See Note 8 for the details of the condensed consolidated balance sheet classification and the fair values for the interest rate caps and swaps. The fair values of our investments in equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. For additional information related to our investments in equity and other securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, refer to Note 6.
Financial Instrument Fair Value Disclosures
The following table displays the carrying values and fair values of financial instruments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Carrying
Value		Fair
Value		Carrying
Value		Fair
Value
Assets carried at historical cost on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Investments in debt securities(1)
Level 2$86,095 $85,317 $86,471 $84,591 
Liabilities carried at historical cost on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Unsecured Notes — public offering(2)
Level 1$3,525,868 $3,325,906 $3,029,856 $2,725,884 
Mortgage loans(3)
Level 21,619,075 1,587,538 1,633,585 1,576,813 
Unsecured Notes — private placement(4)
Level 2300,000 259,118 300,000 245,766 
Secured Term Loan(5)
Level 3403,046 376,277 403,129 369,402 
Term Loan Facilities(6)
Level 32,475,000 2,488,476 3,225,000 3,230,747 
Revolving Facility(7)
Level 3750,000 757,271 — — 
(1)The carrying values of investments in debt securities are shown net of discount.
(2)The carrying value of the Unsecured Notes — public offering includes $24,132 and $20,144 of unamortized discount and excludes $25,783 and $23,211 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(3)The carrying values of the mortgage loans include $968 and $1,232 of unamortized discount and exclude $4,855 and $6,329 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(4)The carrying value of the Unsecured Notes — private placement excludes $1,051 and $1,178 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(5)The carrying value of the Secured Term Loan excludes $1,451 and $1,614 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(6)The carrying values of the Term Loan Facilities exclude $30,946 and $13,186 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(7)The carrying value of the Revolving Facility excludes deferred financing costs which are classified in other assets, net (see Note 6).
38

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
We value our Unsecured Notes — public offering using quoted market prices for each underlying issuance, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of our investments in debt securities, Unsecured Notes — private placement, and mortgage loans, which are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, are estimated based on market bid prices of comparable instruments at period end.
We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3 at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. Availability of secondary market activity and consistency of pricing from third-party sources impacts our ability to classify securities as Level 2 or Level 3.
The following table displays the significant unobservable inputs used to develop our Level 3 fair value measurements as of September 30, 2024:
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurement(1)
Fair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRate
Secured Term Loan$376,277 Discounted Cash FlowEffective Rate4.75%
Term Loan Facilities2,488,476 Discounted Cash FlowEffective Rate4.24%—6.06%
Revolving Facility757,271 Discounted Cash FlowEffective Rate4.16%—5.69%
(1)Our Level 3 fair value instruments require interest only payments.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Our assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are those assets for which we have recorded impairments.
Single-Family Residential Properties
The single-family residential properties for which we have recorded impairments, measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, are summarized below:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Investments in single-family residential properties, net held for sale (Level 3):
Pre-impairment amount$998 $567 $1,411 $1,606 
Total impairments(270)(83)(330)(342)
Fair value$728 $484 $1,081 $1,264 

We did not record any impairments for our investments in single-family residential properties, net held for use during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. For additional information related to our single-family residential properties as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, refer to Note 3.
39

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Note 12—Earnings per Share
Basic and diluted EPS are calculated as follows:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders — basic and diluted$95,084 $131,637 $310,223 $389,406 
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic612,674,802 612,000,811 612,508,300 611,849,302 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Incremental shares attributed to non-vested share-based awards970,386 1,579,231 1,250,871 1,305,739 
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted613,645,188 613,580,042 613,759,171 613,155,041 
Net income per common share — basic$0.16 $0.22 $0.51 $0.64 
Net income per common share — diluted$0.15 $0.21 $0.51 $0.64 
Incremental shares attributed to non-vested share-based awards are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS when they are anti-dilutive. Because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive, incremental shares attributed to non-vested share-based awards are excluded from the denominator. Anti-dilutive shares total 236,918 and 12,501 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 116,791 and 4,167 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, vested OP Units have been excluded from the computation of EPS because all income attributable to such vested OP Units has been recorded as non-controlling interest and thus excluded from net income available to common stockholders.
Note 13—Income Tax
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. For our taxable REIT subsidiaries, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We provide a valuation allowance, from time to time, for deferred tax assets for which we do not consider realization of such assets to be more likely than not. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have not recorded any deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
40

INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)
Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Commitments
The following table sets forth our fixed lease payment commitments as a lessee as of September 30, 2024, for the periods below:
YearOperating
Leases		Finance
Leases
Remainder of 2024$1,169 $830 
20254,402 3,072 
20264,106 2,981 
20273,655 2,501 
20282,909 642 
Thereafter13,070 — 
Total lease payments29,311 10,026 
Less: imputed interest(6,549)(958)
Total lease liability$22,762 $9,068 
The components of lease expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Operating lease cost:
Fixed lease cost$1,209 $793 $3,052 $2,514 
Variable lease cost348 444 1,1901,174 
Total operating lease cost$1,557 $1,237 $4,242 $3,688 
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of ROU assets$1,304 $717 $3,100 $2,011 
Interest on lease liabilities154 106438247 
Total finance lease cost$1,458 $823 $3,538 $2,258 

New-Build Commitments
We have entered into binding purchase agreements with certain homebuilders for the purchase of 2,243 homes over the next four years. Remaining commitments under these agreements total approximately $670,000 as of September 30, 2024.
Insurance Policies
Pursuant to the terms of certain of our loan agreements (see Note 7), laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our properties are located, and general business practices, we are required to procure insurance on our properties. As of September 30, 2024, there are no material contingent liabilities related to uninsured losses with respect to our properties, except as noted below.
41

Hurricane-Related Losses
During the third quarter of 2024, Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, and Helene damaged certain of our properties in Texas, Florida, Atlanta, and the Carolinas. We estimate that our homes incurred approximately $14,000 of hurricane damage, net of estimated insurance recoveries, which has been expensed as casualty losses, impairment, and other on our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Remaining unpaid estimated costs totaling $11,400 are reflected in accounts payable and accrued expenses on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.
On October 9, 2024, Hurricane Milton made landfall and damaged certain of our Florida properties. We estimate that our homes incurred approximately $37,500 of hurricane damage.
Legal and Other Matters
We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business as well as congressional and regulatory inquiries and engagements. We accrue a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and that we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. We do not believe that the final outcome of these proceedings or matters will have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements, except as noted below.
In August 2021, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) began investigating certain of our business practices. The inquiry related primarily to how we conduct our business generally and how business was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic specifically. After fully cooperating with the inquiry and extensive negotiations with the FTC, we entered into a stipulated proposed order with the FTC, resolving all aspects of the inquiry without any admission of liability, which became final on September 27, 2024. Pursuant to the stipulated order, we funded $48,000 of monetary relief, with no civil penalties, to an escrow account during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and the funds were released to the FTC in October 2024. The full amount of the monetary relief and other costs associated therewith are included in other, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
In July 2024, we entered into an agreement which completely resolved the legal dispute entitled City of San Diego et al v. Invitation Homes, Inc., fully releasing INVH without any admission of liability. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, we funded $19,993 to an escrow account during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and the funds were released to the plaintiffs in October 2024. The full settlement amount and other costs associated therewith are included in other, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Note 15—Subsequent Events
In connection with the preparation of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, we have evaluated events and transactions occurring after September 30, 2024, for potential recognition or disclosure.
Dividend Payment
On September 9, 2024, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.28 (actual $) per share to stockholders of record on September 26, 2024, resulting in a $171,485 dividend payment on October 18, 2024.
Hurricane-Related Losses
On October 9, 2024, Hurricane Milton made landfall and damaged certain of our Florida properties. We estimate that our homes incurred approximately $37,500 of hurricane damage.
Release of Collateral
On October 2, 2024, we provided the lender a revocable notification of our intention to make a voluntary prepayment of the then-outstanding balance of IH 2018-4 on November 8, 2024, which will result in a release of the loan’s collateral of 4,905 homes with a gross book value of $1,295,021 as of September 30, 2024 (see Note 7).
42

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meaning provided elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family homes for lease, offering residents high-quality homes in sought-after neighborhoods across the United States. As of September 30, 2024, we own approximately 85,000 homes for lease which are located primarily in 16 core markets across the country. These homes help meet the needs of a growing share of Americans who prefer the ease of a leasing lifestyle over the burden of owning a home. We provide our residents access to updated homes with features they value, as well as close proximity to jobs and access to good schools. The continued demand for our product proves that the choice and flexibility we offer are attractive to many people.
We operate in markets with strong demand drivers, high barriers to entry, and high rent growth potential, primarily in the Western United States, Florida, and the Southeast United States. Through disciplined market and asset selection, as well as through strategic mergers and acquisitions, we designed our owned portfolio to capture the operating benefits of local density as well as economies of scale that we believe cannot be readily replicated. Since our founding in 2012, we have built a proven, vertically integrated operating platform that enables us to effectively and efficiently acquire, renovate, lease, maintain, and manage both the homes we own and those we manage on behalf of others.
The portfolio of homes we own average approximately 1,880 square feet with three bedrooms and two bathrooms, appealing to a resident base that we believe is less transitory than a typical multifamily resident. We invest in the upfront renovation of homes in our portfolio in order to address capital needs, reduce ongoing maintenance costs, and drive resident demand.
We also provide comprehensive asset and property management services to portfolio owners of single-family rental homes on a contractual basis. Our services include resident support, maintenance, marketing, and administrative functions. As of September 30, 2024, we provided property and asset management services for 25,535 homes, of which 7,619 homes were owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures.
At Invitation Homes, we are committed to creating a better way to live and to being a force for positive change, while at the same time advancing efforts that make our company more innovative and our processes more sustainable. Environmental, Social, and Governance initiatives are an important part of our strategic business objectives and are critical to our long-term success.
Our mission statement, “Together with you, we make a house a home,” reflects our commitment to high-touch customer service that continuously enhances residents’ living experiences and provides homes where individuals and families can thrive. Each aspect of our operations — whether in our corporate headquarters or field offices located in our 16 core markets — is driven by a resident-centric model. Our associates take our values seriously and work hard every day to honor the trust our residents have placed in us to provide clean, safe, and functional homes for them and their loved ones. In turn, we focus on ensuring that our associates are fairly compensated and that we provide a diverse, equitable, and inclusive culture where they are appreciated for who they are and what they bring to the business. We also place a strong emphasis on the impact we have in our communities and to the environment in general, and we continue to develop programs that demonstrate that commitment. In addition, we ensure that we operate under strong, well-defined governance practices and adhere to the highest ethical standards at all times.
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Impact of Macroeconomic Trends
Continuing unfavorable global and United States economic conditions (including inflation), high unemployment levels, uncertainty in financial markets (including as a result of events affecting financial institutions, such as bank failures), ongoing geopolitical tension, and a general decline in business activity and/or consumer confidence could adversely affect (i) our ability to acquire, dispose of, or effectively manage single-family homes, (ii) our access to financial markets on attractive terms, or at all, and (iii) the value of our homes and our business that could cause us to recognize impairments in value of our tangible assets or goodwill. Inflationary pressures, bank failures, and other unfavorable global and regional economic conditions, as well as geopolitical events, may also negatively impact consumer income, credit availability, interest rates, and spending, among other factors, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations, including the ability of our residents to pay rent. These factors, which include labor shortages and inflationary increases in labor and material costs, have impacted and may continue to impact certain aspects of our business. In addition, consumer confidence and spending can be materially adversely affected in response to changes in fiscal and monetary policy, declines in income or asset values, and other economic factors. For example, we have experienced and continue to expect higher levels of bad debt expense compared to pre-COVID averages, as it continues to take longer to address residents who are not current with their rent.
For further discussion of risks related to general economic conditions, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business Environment and Industry — Our operating results are subject to general economic conditions and risks associated with our real estate assets” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Climate Change
Consequences of global climate change range from more frequent extreme weather events to extensive governmental policy developments and shifts in consumer preferences, which have the potential individually or collectively to disrupt our business as well as negatively affect our suppliers, contractors, and residents. Experiencing or addressing the various physical, regulatory, and transition risks from climate change may significantly reduce our revenues and profitability or cause us to generate losses. Government authorities and various interest groups are promoting laws and regulations relating to climate change, including regulations aimed at drastically increasing reporting and governance related to climate change as well as focused on limiting greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of “green” building codes. In March 2024, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. This rule will require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. Subsequent to issuance, the rules became the subject of litigation, and the SEC has issued a stay to allow the legal process to proceed. The SEC has indicated that it will publish a new effective date for the rules, if ultimately implemented, at the conclusion of the stay. These rules will be applied prospectively. We are currently assessing the effect of new rules on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Additionally, the State of California recently passed the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act that will impose broad climate-related disclosure obligations on certain companies doing business in California, including us, starting in 2026. Unless legal challenges to the foregoing new rules prevail or they are otherwise modified prior to effective dates or the effective dates are delayed, we will become subject to the rules as adopted, and they could significantly increase compliance burdens and associated regulatory costs and complexity.
These and future laws and regulations or any changed interpretation of existing laws and regulations may require us to make costly improvements to our existing properties beyond our current plans to decrease the impact of our homes on the environment, resulting in increased operating costs. Incorporating greater resource efficiency into our homes, whether to comply with upgraded building codes or recommended practices given a region’s particular exposure to climate conditions, or undertaken to satisfy demand from increasingly environmentally conscious residents or to meet our own sustainability goals, could raise our costs to maintain our homes. In evaluating whether to implement voluntary improvements, we also consider that choosing not to enhance our homes’ resource efficiency can make them less attractive to municipalities and increase the vulnerability of residents in our communities to rising energy and water expenses and use restrictions. Additionally, choosing not to enhance our homes’ resource efficiency could make our portfolio less attractive to residents and investors. If we fail to manage transition risks effectively, our profitability and cash flow could suffer.
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We intend to continue to research, evaluate and utilize new or improved products and business practices consistent with our sustainability commitment, and believe our initiatives in this area can help put us in a better position to comply with evolving regulations directed at addressing climate change and similar environmental concerns, and to meet growing resident demand for resource-efficient homes, as further discussed in Part I. Item 1. “Business — Environmental, Social, and Governance” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We recognize that climate change could have a significant impact on our portfolio of homes located in a variety of United States markets and that an increase in the number of acute weather events, natural disasters, and other climate-related events could significantly impact our business, operations, and homes. We actively consider physical risks such as the potential for natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires when assessing our portfolio of homes and our business processes. Such extreme climate related events are driving changes in market dynamics and stakeholder expectations and could result in disruptions to us, our suppliers, vendors, and residents. We take a proactive approach to protect our properties against potential risks related to climate change and business interruptions, and we recognize that we must continue to adapt our policies, objectives, and processes to prepare for such events and improve the resiliency of our physical properties and our business. Furthermore, climate change may reduce the availability or increase the cost of insurance for these negative impacts of natural disasters and adverse weather conditions by contributing to an increase in the incidence and severity of such natural disasters.
Our management and the board of directors are focused on managing our business risks, including climate change-related risks. The process to identify, manage, and integrate climate-change risk is part of our enterprise risk management program. For more information on risks related to climate change, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Environmental, Social, and Governance Issues — Climate change and related environmental issues, related legislative and regulatory responses to climate change, and the transition to a lower-carbon economy may adversely affect our business, — We are subject to risks from natural disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, and severe weather, and — We are subject to increasing scrutiny from investors and others regarding our environmental, social, governance, or sustainability responsibilities, which could result in additional costs or risks and adversely impact our reputation, associate retention, and ability to raise capital from such investors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other Matters
In 2021 and 2022, we received congressional inquiries requesting information and documentation about our eviction practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, including information relating to compliance with federal eviction moratorium requirements, cooperation with impacted residents to use federal assistance funds as an alternative to eviction, and our activities in the housing market. We have responded to and have cooperated with these inquiries and information requests.
In January 2023, we received an inquiry from the staff of the SEC requesting information relating to our compliance with building codes and permitting requirements, related policies and procedures, and other matters. We are in the process of responding to, and cooperating with, this request. We cannot currently predict the timing, outcome, or scope of this inquiry.
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Our Portfolio
The following table provides summary information regarding our total and Same Store portfolios as of and for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as noted below:
Market
Number of Homes(1)
Average Occupancy(2)
Average Monthly
Rent(3)
Average Monthly
Rent PSF(3)
% of
Revenue(4)
Western United States:
Southern California
7,40596.4%$3,103$1.8211.2 %
Northern California
4,22197.5%2,7371.735.8 %
Seattle
4,00797.1%2,8741.505.8 %
Phoenix
9,25896.6%2,0551.219.6 %
Las Vegas
3,41196.4%2,1981.123.8 %
Denver
2,73496.9%2,5601.393.4 %
Western United States Subtotal
31,03696.7%2,5651.4639.6 %
Florida:
South Florida
8,23896.1%3,0211.6212.1 %
Tampa
9,48593.9%2,2911.2210.6 %
Orlando
6,79295.9%2,2451.207.7 %
Jacksonville
1,99896.8%2,1791.102.2 %
Florida Subtotal
26,51395.3%2,5021.3332.6 %
Southeast United States:
Atlanta
12,69194.6%2,0420.9912.5 %
Carolinas
5,87693.8%2,0600.975.7 %
Southeast United States Subtotal
18,56794.3%2,0470.9818.2 %
Texas:
Houston
2,32495.1%1,9070.962.2 %
Dallas
3,11892.6%2,2611.093.4 %
Texas Subtotal
5,44293.7%2,1051.045.6 %
Midwest United States:
Chicago
2,48096.7%2,3991.492.8 %
Minneapolis
1,06495.9%2,3171.181.2 %
Midwest United States Subtotal
3,54496.5%2,3751.394.0 %
Other(5):
11937.5%2,0811.01— %
Total / Average
85,22195.5%$2,397$1.27100.0 %
Same Store Total / Average
77,18697.0%$2,406$1.2892.6 %
(1)As of September 30, 2024.
(2)Represents average occupancy for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
(3)Represents average monthly rent for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
(4)Represents the percentage of rental revenues and other property income generated in each market for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
(5)Represents homes located outside of our 16 core markets as of September 30, 2024, including 106 homes located in Nashville and 13 homes located in other markets that are generally being held for sale.
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Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. See Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information regarding factors that could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include market fundamentals, rental rates and occupancy levels, collection rates, turnover rates and days to re-resident homes, property improvements and maintenance, property acquisitions and renovations, and financing arrangements. Sensitivity to many of these factors has been heightened as a result of current macroeconomic conditions, including sustained economic inflation, bank failures, and high interest rates. Additionally, each of these factors may also impact the results of operations and financial condition of our joint venture investments and those of third parties for whom we perform property and asset management services, which would impact the amount of management fee revenues and income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures that we earn.
Market Fundamentals: Our results are impacted by housing market fundamentals and supply and demand conditions in our markets, particularly in the Western United States and Florida, which represented 72.2% of our rental revenues and other property income during the three months ended September 30, 2024. We actively monitor the impact of macroeconomic conditions on market fundamentals and quickly implement changes in pricing as market fundamentals shift.
Rental Rates and Occupancy Levels: Rental rates and occupancy levels are primary drivers of rental revenues and other property income. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality, resident defaults, and the amount of time it takes to prepare a home for its next resident and re-lease homes when residents vacate. An important driver of rental rate growth is our ability to increase monthly rents from expiring leases, which typically have a term of one to two years.
Collection Rates: Our rental revenues and other property income are impacted by the rate at which we collect such revenues from our residents. Despite our efforts to assist residents facing financial hardships who need flexibility to fulfill their lease obligations, a portion of amounts receivable may not ultimately be collected. We may also be constrained in our ability to collect resident receivables due to local ordinances restricting residential lease compliance options. Any amounts billed to residents that have been deemed uncollectible along with our estimate of amounts that may ultimately be uncollectible decrease our rental revenues and other property income.
Turnover Rates and Days to Re-Resident: Other drivers of rental revenues and property operating and maintenance expense include the length of stay of our residents, resident turnover rates, and the number of days a home is unoccupied between residents. Our operating results are also impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property, which is a component of the number of days a home is unoccupied between residents. The period of time to market and lease a property can vary greatly and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques, the size of our available inventory, the ability of our suppliers and other business partners to carry out their assigned tasks and/or source labor or supply materials at ordinary levels of performance relative to the conduct of our business, and both current economic conditions and future economic outlook, including the impact of sustained inflation, bank failures, and high interest rates which could adversely affect demand for our properties.
Property Improvements and Maintenance: Property improvements and maintenance impact capital expenditures, property operating and maintenance expense, and rental revenues. We actively manage our homes on a total portfolio basis to determine what capital and maintenance needs may be required and what opportunities we may have to generate additional revenues or expense savings from such expenditures. As a result of recent inflationary trends, we have experienced, and expect to continue to incur, increased costs for certain materials and services necessary to improve and maintain our homes. We continue to actively manage the impact of inflation on these costs, and we believe we are able to purchase goods and services at favorable prices compared to other purchasers due to our size and scale both nationally and locally.
Property Acquisitions and Renovations: Future growth in rental revenues and other property income may be impacted by our ability to identify and acquire homes, our pace of property acquisitions, and the time and cost required to renovate and lease a newly acquired home. Our ability to identify and acquire single-family homes that meet our investment criteria is impacted by home prices in targeted acquisition locations, the inventory of homes available for sale through our acquisition channels, and competition for our target assets. All of these factors may be negatively impacted by current inflationary trends and high interest rates, potentially reducing the number of homes we acquire.
The acquisition of homes involves expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including payments for acquisition fees, property inspections, closing costs, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes, and HOA fees (when applicable). Additionally, we typically incur costs to renovate a home to prepare it for rental. The scope of renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, carpeting, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing
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hardware, roof replacement, HVAC replacement, and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved in accessing our homes and preparing them for rental can significantly impact our financial performance. The time to renovate a newly acquired property can vary significantly among homes for several reasons, including the property’s acquisition channel, the condition of the property, whether the property was vacant when acquired, and whether there are any state or local restrictions on our ability to complete renovations as an essential business function. Additionally, the ability of our suppliers and other business partners to carry out their assigned tasks and/or source labor or supply materials at ordinary levels of performance relative to the conduct of our business have increased the time required to renovate our homes. As a result of recent inflationary trends, we have experienced, and expect to continue to incur, increased costs for certain materials and services necessary to renovate our homes. We continue to actively manage the impact of inflation on the cost of renovations, and we believe we are able to purchase goods and services at favorable prices compared to other purchasers due to our size and scale both nationally and locally.
Financing Arrangements: Financing arrangements directly impact our interest expense, our various debt instruments, and our ability to acquire and renovate homes. We have historically utilized indebtedness to fund the acquisition and renovation of new homes. Our current financing arrangements contain financial covenants and other terms and conditions, including variable interest rates in some cases, that are impacted by market conditions. Current macroeconomic conditions may continue to negatively affect volatility, availability of funds, and transaction costs (including interest rates) within financial markets. These factors may also negatively affect our ability to access financial markets as well as our business, results of operations, and financial condition. See Part II. Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding interest rate risk. Our future financing arrangements may not have similar terms with respect to amounts, interest rates, financial covenants, and durations.
Components of Revenues and Expenses
The following is a description of the components of our revenues and expenses.
Revenues
Rental Revenues and Other Property Income
Rental revenues, net of any concessions and bad debt (including write-offs, credit reserves, and uncollectible amounts), consist of rents collected under lease agreements related to our single-family homes for lease. We enter into leases directly with our residents, and the leases typically have a term of one to two years.
Other property income is comprised of: (i) resident reimbursements for utilities, HOA fines, and other charge-backs; (ii) rent and non-refundable deposits associated with pets; (iii) revenues from value-add services such as smart homes,internet and media packages, home liability insurance, and HVAC replacement filters; and (iv) various other fees, including late fees and lease termination fees, among others.
Management Fee Revenues
Management fee revenues consist of fees from property and asset management services provided to portfolio owners of single-family homes for lease, including investments in our unconsolidated joint ventures.
Expenses
Property Operating and Maintenance
Once a property is available for its initial lease, which we refer to as “rent-ready,” we incur ongoing property-related expenses, which consist primarily of property taxes, insurance, HOA fees (when applicable), market-level personnel expenses, utility expenses, repairs and maintenance, and property administration. Prior to a property being “rent-ready,” certain of these expenses are capitalized as building and improvements. Once a property is “rent-ready,” expenditures for ordinary repairs and maintenance thereafter are expensed as incurred, and we capitalize expenditures that improve or extend the life of a home.
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Property Management Expense
Property management expense represents personnel and other costs associated with the oversight and management of our portfolio of homes, including those for which we provide property and asset management services on behalf of others through our internal property manager.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expense represents personnel costs, professional fees, and other costs associated with our day-to-day activities. General and administrative expense may also include expenses that are of a non-recurring nature, such as severance.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
We issue share-based awards to align the interests of our associates with those of our investors, and all share-based compensation expense is recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations as components of general and administrative expense and property management expense.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest payable on our debt instruments, payments and receipts related to our interest rate swap agreements, amortization of discounts and deferred financing costs, unrealized gains (losses) on non-designated hedging instruments, and non-cash interest expense related to our interest rate swap agreements.
Depreciation and Amortization
We recognize depreciation and amortization expense associated with our homes and other capital expenditures over the expected useful lives of the assets.
Casualty Losses, Impairment, and Other
Casualty losses, impairment, and other represents provisions for impairment when the carrying amount of our single-family residential properties is not recoverable and casualty (gains) losses, net of any insurance recoveries.
Gains (Losses) on Investments in Equity and Other Securities, net
Gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net includes unrealized gains and losses resulting from mark to market adjustments and realized gains and losses recognized upon the sale or settlement of certain investments in equity securities and warrants.
Other, net
Other, net includes settlement and other costs related to certain litigation and regulatory matters, interest income, and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
Gain on Sale of Property, net of tax
Gain on sale of property, net of tax consists of net gains and losses resulting from sales of our homes.
Income (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Income (losses) from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures consists of our share of net earnings and losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures accounted for using the equity method.
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Results of Operations
Portfolio Information
As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we owned 85,221 and 84,697 single-family rental homes, respectively, in our total portfolio. During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we acquired 891 and 2,257 homes, respectively, and sold 310 and 397 homes, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we owned an average of 84,753 and 84,252 single-family rental homes, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we acquired 1,591 and 2,626 homes, respectively, and sold 937 and 1,042 homes, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we owned an average of 84,567 and 83,416 single-family rental homes, respectively.
We believe presenting information about the portion of our total portfolio that has been fully operational for the entirety of both a given reporting period and its prior year comparison period provides investors with meaningful information about the performance of our comparable homes across periods and about trends in our organic business. To do so, we provide information regarding the performance of our Same Store portfolio.
As of September 30, 2024, our Same Store portfolio consisted of 77,186 single-family rental homes.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
The following table sets forth a comparison of the results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)20242023$ Change% Change
Revenues:
Rental revenues and other property income$641,342 $614,291 $27,051 4.4 %
Management fee revenues18,980 3,404 15,576 457.6 %
Total revenues660,322 617,695 42,627 6.9 %
Expenses:
Property operating and maintenance242,228 229,488 12,740 5.6 %
Property management expense34,382 23,399 10,983 46.9 %
General and administrative21,727 22,714 (987)(4.3)%
Interest expense91,060 86,736 4,324 5.0 %
Depreciation and amortization180,479 170,696 9,783 5.7 %
Casualty losses, impairment, and other
20,872 2,496 18,376 736.2 %
Total expenses590,748 535,529 55,219 10.3 %
Gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net
(257)(499)242 48.5 %
Other, net(9,345)(2,533)(6,812)(268.9)%
Gain on sale of property, net of tax47,766 57,989 (10,223)(17.6)%
Losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(12,160)(4,902)(7,258)(148.1)%
Net income$95,578 $132,221 $(36,643)(27.7)%
Revenues
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total revenues were $660.3 million and $617.7 million, respectively. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of total revenues.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total portfolio rental revenues and other property income totaled $641.3 million and $614.3 million, respectively, an increase of 4.4%, driven by an increase in average monthly rent per occupied home and a 501 home increase between periods in the average number of homes owned, partially offset by a 50 bps reduction in average occupancy.
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Average occupancy for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 for the total portfolio was 95.5% and 96.0%, respectively. Average monthly rent per occupied home for the total portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $2,397 and $2,323, respectively, a 3.2% increase. For our Same Store portfolio, average occupancy was 97.0% and 97.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and average monthly rent per occupied home for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $2,406 and $2,321, respectively, a 3.7% increase.
The annualized turnover rate for the Same Store portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was 24.9% and 27.2%, respectively. For the Same Store portfolio, an average home remained unoccupied for 38 and 36 days between residents for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The slight increase in days to re-resident resulted in an overall decrease in average Same Store occupancy on a year over year basis.
To monitor prospective changes in average monthly rent per occupied home, we compare the monthly rent from an expiring lease to the monthly rent from the next lease for the same home, in each case, net of any amortized non-service concessions, to calculate net effective rental rate growth. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident stays for a subsequent lease term, or new leases, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home.
Renewal lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 4.2% and 6.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 1.7% and 4.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For our Same Store portfolio, renewal lease net effective rental rate growth averaged 4.2% and 6.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth averaged 1.7% and 4.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Other property income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased compared to September 30, 2023, primarily due to increased utility billbacks as new leases are entered into and enhanced value-add revenue programs, among other things.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, management fee revenues totaled $19.0 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The increase is due to an increase in the number of homes for which we provide property and asset management services. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we provided property and asset management services for 25,535 and 3,656 homes, respectively, of which 7,619 and 3,656 homes, respectively, were owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures.
Expenses
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total expenses were $590.7 million and $535.5 million, respectively. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of total expenses.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, property operating and maintenance expense increased to $242.2 million from $229.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. In addition to a 501 home increase between periods in the average numbers of homes owned, increases in property taxes, property maintenance, and utilities resulted in the overall 5.6% net increase in property operating and maintenance expense.
Property management expense and general and administrative expense increased to $56.1 million from $46.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to increased personnel and other costs related to expansion of our property and asset management platform, including costs incurred to manage 25,535 and 3,656 homes as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.
Interest expense increased to $91.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $86.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to a $479.8 million increase in gross debt outstanding, as of September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $180.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $170.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 due to an increase in cumulative capital expenditures and a 501 home increase in the average number of homes owned during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.
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Casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were $20.9 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were comprised of $20.6 million of net casualty losses for repairs from recent storm activity in excess of amounts recoverable from insurance coverage and impairment losses of $0.3 million on our single-family residential properties. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were comprised of net casualty losses of $2.4 million and impairment losses of $0.1 million on our single-family residential properties.
Gains (Losses) on Investments in Equity and Other Securities, net
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net was comprised of net unrealized losses recognized on investments held at period end.
Other, net
Other, net increased to $9.3 million of expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $2.5 million of expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to settlement and other costs incurred in connection with the resolution of an inquiry from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) and the legal dispute entitled City of San Diego et al v. Invitation Homes, Inc., partially offset by an increase in interest income on cash balances.
Gain on Sale of Property, net of tax
Gain on sale of property, net of tax was $47.8 million and $58.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A decrease in the number of homes sold from 397 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to 310 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was the primary driver of the decrease.
Losses from Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Our share of equity in earnings and/or losses from unconsolidated joint ventures was a net loss of $12.2 million and $4.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in loss is primarily driven by a $2.1 million increase in our share of interest expense, $3.0 million of decreases in our share of the fair value adjustments of interest rate caps for certain of our joint ventures, and an increase in our share of depreciation expense and gain (loss) on sale of property of $2.0 million between the respective periods. These changes are a result of the formation of and commencement of operations in new joint ventures, cumulative capital expenditures, and an increase in the number of homes within our joint venture investments.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
The following table sets forth a comparison of the results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)20242023$ Change% Change
Revenues:
Rental revenues and other property income$1,910,914 $1,797,730 $113,184 6.3 %
Management fee revenues48,898 10,227 38,671 378.1 %
Total revenues1,959,812 1,807,957 151,855 8.4 %
Expenses:
Property operating and maintenance706,809 651,793 55,016 8.4 %
Property management expense98,252 70,563 27,689 39.2 %
General and administrative66,673 59,957 6,716 11.2 %
Interest expense270,912 243,408 27,504 11.3 %
Depreciation and amortization532,414 501,128 31,286 6.2 %
Casualty losses, impairment, and other
35,362 5,527 29,835 539.8 %
Total expenses1,710,422 1,532,376 178,046 11.6 %
Gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net
1,038 113 925 818.6 %
Other, net(57,384)(7,968)(49,416)(620.2)%
Gain on sale of property, net of tax141,531 134,448 7,083 5.3 %
Losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(22,780)(11,087)(11,693)(105.5)%
Net income$311,795 $391,087 $(79,292)(20.3)%
Revenues
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total revenues were $1,959.8 million and $1,808.0 million, respectively. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of total revenues.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total portfolio rental revenues and other property income totaled $1,910.9 million and $1,797.7 million, respectively, an increase of 6.3%, driven by an increase in average monthly rent per occupied home and a 1,151 home increase between periods in the average number of homes owned, partially offset by a 50 bps reduction in average occupancy.
Average occupancy for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 for the total portfolio was 96.2% and 96.7%, respectively. Average monthly rent per occupied home for the total portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $2,379 and $2,290, respectively, a 3.9% increase. For our Same Store portfolio, average occupancy was 97.5% for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and average monthly rent per occupied home for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $2,384 and $2,289, respectively, a 4.2% increase.
The annualized turnover rate for the Same Store portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was 23.4% and 25.1%, respectively. For the Same Store portfolio, a home remained unoccupied on average for 37 and 36 days between residents for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
To monitor prospective changes in average monthly rent per occupied home, we compare the monthly rent from an expiring lease to the monthly rent from the next lease for the same home, in each case, net of any amortized non-service concessions, to calculate net effective rental rate growth. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident stays for a subsequent lease term, or new leases, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home.
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Renewal lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 5.1% and 6.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 2.0% and 5.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For our Same Store portfolio, renewal lease net effective rental rate growth averaged 5.2% and 7.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth averaged 2.1% and 5.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Other property income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased compared to September 30, 2023, primarily due to enhanced value-add revenue programs and increased utility billbacks as new leases are entered into, among other things.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, management fee revenues totaled $48.9 million and $10.2 million, respectively. The increase is due to an increase in the number of homes for which we provide property and asset management services. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we provided property and asset management services for 25,535 and 3,656 homes, respectively, of which 7,619 and 3,656 homes, respectively, were owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures.
Expenses
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total expenses were $1,710.4 million and $1,532.4 million, respectively. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of total expenses.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, property operating and maintenance expense increased to $706.8 million from $651.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. In addition to a 1,151 home increase between periods in the average number of homes owned, increases in property taxes, utilities, and property maintenance, resulted in the overall 8.4% net increase in property operating and maintenance expense.
Property management expense and general and administrative expense increased to $164.9 million from $130.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to increased personnel and other costs related to expansion of our property and asset management platform, including costs incurred to manage 25,535 and 3,656 homes as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.
Interest expense increased to $270.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $243.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to $479.8 million increase in gross debt outstanding, as of September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $532.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $501.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to an increase in cumulative capital expenditures and a 1,151 home increase in the average number of homes owned during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were $35.4 million and $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were comprised of $35.1 million of net casualty losses for repairs from recent storm activity in excess of amounts recoverable from insurance coverage and impairment losses of $0.3 million on our single-family residential properties. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, casualty losses, impairment, and other expenses were comprised of net casualty losses of $5.2 million and impairment losses of $0.3 million on our single-family residential properties.
Gains (Losses) on Investments in Equity and Other Securities, net
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net of $1.0 million was comprised of a $1.6 million net realized gains from exercised warrants and offset by $0.6 million net unrealized losses recognized since December 31, 2023 on investments held as of September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, gains (losses) on investments in equity and other securities, net of $0.1 million was comprised of net unrealized gains recognized on investments held as of September 30, 2023.
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Other, net
Other, net increased to $57.4 million of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $8.0 million of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to settlement and other costs incurred in connection with the resolution of an inquiry from the FTC and the legal dispute entitled City of San Diego et al v. Invitation Homes, Inc., partially offset by an increase in interest income on cash balances.
Gain on Sale of Property, net of tax
Gain on sale of property, net of tax was $141.5 million and $134.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. An increase in the net proceeds per home sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was the primary driver of the increase.
Losses from Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Our share of equity in earnings and/or losses from unconsolidated joint ventures was a net loss of $22.8 million and $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in loss is primarily driven by a $4.5 million increase in our share of interest expense, $3.7 million of decreases in our share of fair value adjustments of interest rate caps for certain of our joint ventures and an increase in our share of depreciation expense and gain (loss) on sale of properties of $3.6 million between the respective periods. These changes are a result of the formation of and commencement of operations in new joint ventures, cumulative capital expenditures, and an increase in the number of homes within our joint venture investments.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity and capital resources as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $1,027.2 million and $700.6 million, respectively, a 46.6% increase primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of $500.0 million of unsecured bonds during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
New Credit Facility
On September 9, 2024, we entered into an amended and restated senior unsecured credit facility (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provides $3,500.0 million of borrowing capacity and consists of a $1,750.0 million revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”) and a $1,750.0 million term loan facility (the “2024 Term Loan Facility”), both of which mature on September 9, 2028, with two six month extension options available. The Credit Facility replaced a credit facility that consisted of a $1,000.0 million revolving credit facility (the “2020 Revolving Facility”) and a $2,500.0 million term loan facility (the “2020 Term Loan Facility,” and together with the 2020 Revolving Facility, the “2020 Credit Facility”). Proceeds from the 2024 Term Loan Facility, a $750.0 million borrowing on the Revolving Facility on the date of effectiveness of the Credit Facility, and excess cash on hand were used to fully repay the 2020 Term Loan Facility and to pay costs associated with the transaction. For both the Revolving Facility and the 2024 Term Loan Facility, spreads at closing, based on our total leverage ratio, were 5 bps lower than the spreads most recently in effect for the 2020 Credit Facility.
As of September 30, 2024, $1,000.0 million of our Revolving Facility is undrawn, and there are no restrictions on our ability to draw funds thereunder provided we remain in compliance with all covenants. We have no debt reaching final maturity until January 2026, provided all extension options are exercised.
Public Offering
On September 26, 2024, in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.88% Senior Notes which mature on February 1, 2035.
Interest Rate Swap Transactions
In September 2024, we amended certain interest rate swap agreements and entered into $1,400.0 million of new interest rate swap agreements. As of September 30, 2024, our currently active swaps have a weighted average strike rate of 2.86% and are scheduled to terminate between November 30, 2024 and July 31, 2025, while our forward starting swaps, which will become active between December 31, 2024 and July 9, 2025 and mature between May 31, 2028 and May 31, 2029, have a weighted strike rate of 2.95%.
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Investment in Joint Venture and New Property and Asset Management Agreements
As of September 30, 2024, we provided property and asset management services for 25,535 homes, of which 7,619 homes were owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures.
On April 29, 2024, we entered into a new joint venture agreement pursuant to which we made an initial $37.5 million investment, representing a 7.2% ownership interest, in a portfolio of approximately 3,700 single-family residential properties. During the third quarter of 2024, we also began providing property and asset management services to those homes and an approximately 700 additional homes owned by our joint venture partners.
In March 2024, we entered into a third-party agreement to provide property and asset management services to a portfolio of approximately 3,000 single-family homes for lease. Our direct management responsibilities for these homes commenced on May 15, 2024.
Other
Our ability to access capital as well as to use cash from operations to continue to meet our liquidity needs, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, could be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the effects of general economic conditions, including inflation and interest rates, as detailed in Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Long-Term Debt Strategy
The following table summarizes certain information about our debt obligations as of September 30, 2024 ($ in thousands):
Debt Instruments(1)
Balance
(Gross of Retained Certificates and Unamortized Discounts)		Balance
(Net of Retained Certificates)
Weighted Average Interest Rate(2)
Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)
Amount Freely Prepayable (Gross)
Secured:
IH 2017-1(4)
$989,881 $934,382 4.23%2.7$— 
IH 2018-4(5)
630,162 598,598 
S + 123 bps
1.3630,162 
Secured Term Loan(6)
403,046 403,046 3.59%6.7— 
Total secured(7)
2,023,089 $1,936,026 4.09%3.0630,162 
Unsecured:
2024 Term Loan Facility(8)
$1,750,000 S + 85 bps4.9$1,750,000 
2022 Term Loan Facility(8)
725,000 
S + 115 bps
4.7725,000 
Revolving Facility(8)
750,000 
S + 78 bps
4.9750,000 
Unsecured Notes — May 2028
150,000 2.46%3.7— 
Unsecured Notes — November 2028
600,000 2.30%4.1— 
Unsecured Notes — August 2030450,000 5.45%5.8— 
Unsecured Notes — August 2031
650,000 2.00%6.9— 
Unsecured Notes — April 2032600,000 4.15%7.5— 
Unsecured Notes — August 2033350,000 5.50%8.8— 
Unsecured Notes — January 2034
400,000 2.70%9.3— 
Unsecured Notes — February 2035
500,000 4.88%10.3
Unsecured Notes — May 2036
150,000 3.18%11.7— 
Total unsecured(7)
7,075,000 3.74%6.23,225,000 
Total debt(7)
9,098,089 3.81%5.5$3,855,162 
Unamortized discounts(25,100)
Deferred financing costs, net(64,086)
Total debt per balance sheet9,008,903 
Retained certificates(87,063)
Cash and restricted cash, excluding security deposits and letters of credit(1,062,179)
Deferred financing costs, net64,086 
Unamortized discounts25,100 
Net debt$7,948,847 
(1)For detailed information about and definition of each of our financing arrangements see Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 7 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.” For information about our derivative instruments that hedge floating rate debt, see Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 8 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.”
(2)Variable interest rate loans are indexed to a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) index rate determined by reference to a published forward-looking SOFR rate for the interest period relevant to such borrowing (“Term SOFR”), including any credit spread adjustments provided for in the terms of the underlying agreement (“Adjusted SOFR”), reflected as “S” in the table above.
(3)Weighted average years to maturity assumes all extension options are exercised, which are subject to certain conditions being met. On October 2, 2024, we provided the lender a revocable notification of our intention to make a voluntary prepayment of the then-outstanding balance of IH 2018-4 on November 8, 2024, which will result in a release of the loan’s collateral of 4,905 homes with a gross book value of $1,295.0 million as of September 30, 2024.
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(4)IH 2017-1 bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.23% per annum, equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates including applicable servicing fees.
(5)Effective July 3, 2023, the interest rate for IH 2018-4 is based on the weighted average spread over Term SOFR adjusted for an 0.11% credit spread adjustment. As of September 30, 2024, Term SOFR was 4.85%.
(6)The Secured Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.59% per annum including applicable servicing fees for the first 11 years and for the twelfth year bears interest at a floating rate based on a spread of 147 bps over a comparable or successor rate to one month LIBOR as provided for in our loan agreement, including applicable servicing fees, subject to certain adjustments as outlined in the loan agreement.
(7)For secured debt, unsecured debt, and total debt, the weighted average interest rate is calculated based on September 30, 2024, Term SOFR of 4.85% adjusted for either a 0.11% or a 0.10% credit spread adjustment (Adjusted SOFR), as appropriate, and includes the impact of interest rate swap agreements effective as of that date.
(8)As of September 30, 2024, interest rate is based on Term SOFR of 4.85% plus the applicable margin and a 0.10% credit spread adjustment.

As part of our long-term debt strategy, our goal is to improve our credit ratings, and, over time, we generally intend to target net debt that is approximately 5.5 to 6.0 times trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDAre (see “— Non-GAAP Measures — EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre”), secured debt that is less than 20% of gross assets, and unencumbered assets that are greater than 70% of gross assets. To facilitate our long-term debt strategy we expect to seek to, among other things, (a) refinance a significant portion of our secured debt maturing in 2026 (assuming all extension options are exercised) with unsecured debt, including potential unsecured bond issuances and/or (b) repay a portion of such debt. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our long-term debt strategy, improving our credit ratings, or adhering to our targets in the short or medium term or at all, or that we will not change our strategy or targets in the future. We may from time to time fall outside of our target ranges. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to access the capital and credit markets to obtain additional unsecured debt financing or that we will be able to obtain financing on terms favorable to us. For further discussion of risks related to our indebtedness, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Indebtedness,” including “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Indebtedness — We may be unable to obtain financing through the debt and equity markets, which would have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy and our financial condition and results of operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Short-Term and Long-Term Liquidity Needs
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make dividend payments to our stockholders, and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. Our near-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of:
•acquisition of homes currently under contract, including commitments to homebuilders;
•renovation of newly-acquired homes;
•HOA fees (as applicable), property taxes, insurance premiums, and the ongoing maintenance of our homes;
•property management, general and administrative, and other entity-level commitments and expenses;
•interest expense;
•dividend payments to our stockholders; and
•required contributions to our joint ventures.
We believe our rental income, net of total expenses, will generally provide cash flow sufficient to fund operations and dividend payments on a near-term basis. Additionally, we have guaranteed the funding of certain tax, insurance, and non-conforming property reserves related to the financing of one of our joint ventures. We do not expect these guarantees to have a material current or future effect on our liquidity. See Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 5 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information about our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
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Overall macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, bank failures, and high interest rates, may negatively impact our operating cash flow such that we are unable to make required debt service payments, which would result in an event of default for any debt instrument under whose loan agreement such payments were not made. Specifically, the collateral within individual borrower entities may underperform, resulting in cash flow shortfalls for debt service while consolidated cash flows are sufficient to fund our operations. If an event of default occurs for a specific mortgage loan or for our secured term loan, our loan agreements provide certain remedies, including our ability to fund shortfalls from consolidated cash flow; and such an event of default would not result in an immediate acceleration of the loan.
Our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets may not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing sources, such as the Revolving Facility which had an undrawn balance of $1,000.0 million as of September 30, 2024.
Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the acquisition of, and non-recurring capital expenditures for, our homes, and principal and interest payments of our indebtedness. We intend to satisfy our long-term liquidity needs through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, the issuance of debt and equity securities, and property dispositions. As a REIT, we are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income, excluding net capital gain, on an annual basis. Therefore, as a general matter, it is unlikely that we will be able to retain substantial cash balances from our annual taxable income that could be used to meet our liquidity needs. Instead, we will need to meet these needs from external sources of capital and amounts, if any, by which our cash flow generated from operations exceeds taxable income.
Cash Flows
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)20242023$ Change% Change
Net cash provided by operating activities$948,997 $1,019,544 $(70,547)(6.9)%
Net cash used in investing activities(492,697)(769,596)276,899 36.0 %
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(108,312)276,016 (384,328)(139.2)%
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$347,988 $525,964 $(177,976)(33.8)%
Operating Activities
Our cash flows provided by operating activities depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our homes, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our residents, and the amount of our operating and other expenses. Net cash provided by operating activities was $949.0 million and $1,019.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, a decrease of 6.9%. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities is primarily due to settlement costs of $77.0 million included in net income that resolved an inquiry from the FTC and the legal dispute entitled City of San Diego et al v. Invitation Homes, Inc., inclusive of associated costs.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities consists primarily of the acquisition costs of homes, capital improvements, proceeds from property sales, and investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. Net cash used in investing activities was $492.7 million and $769.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, a decrease of $276.9 million. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities resulted primarily from the combined effect of the following significant changes in cash flows during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023: (1) a decrease in cash used for the acquisition of homes; (2) a decrease in cash proceeds received from the sale of single-family homes; (3) an increase in cash used for investments in joint ventures; and (4) a decrease in cash used for investments in equity securities. Acquisition spend decreased by $363.8 million from period to period due to a decrease in the number of homes acquired from 2,626 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to 1,591 homes acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Proceeds from the sale of single-family homes decreased $48.6 million due to a decrease in the number of homes sold from 1,042 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to
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937 homes sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Cash invested in joint ventures increased $39.1 million from period to period as a result of the formation of a new joint venture during 2024. Cash invested in equity securities decreased $29.2 million due to fewer such investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $108.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $276.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The change between periods is primarily due to the following financing transactions. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we issued $494.3 million of unsecured notes, net of discount, and refinanced the 2020 Credit Facility. The proceeds were used to repay the existing credit facility, fund $54.3 million of financing costs, and increase cash reserves for general corporate purposes. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued $790.1 million of unsecured notes, net of discount, and used the proceeds to fund $7.7 million of financing costs and increase cash reserves for general corporate purposes. We also made dividend and distribution payments totaling $518.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and $480.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which were funded by cash flows from operations.
Contractual Obligations
Our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2024, consist of the following:
($ in thousands)Total
2024(1)
2025-20262027-2028Thereafter
Mortgage loans(1)(2)(3)(4)
$1,783,056 $20,431 $754,394 $1,008,231 $— 
Secured Term Loan(1)(2)(3)
499,803 3,615 28,921 28,961 438,306 
Unsecured Notes(1)(2)(3)
4,919,133 34,778 278,220 1,024,637 3,581,498 
Term Loan Facilities(1)(2)(3)(4)
3,195,417 37,214 295,282 295,686 2,567,235 
Revolving Facility(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
978,284 11,636 92,325 92,452 781,871 
Derivative instruments(1)(6)
(141,209)(17,991)(67,847)(51,585)(3,786)
Purchase commitments(7)
681,926 122,466 507,649 51,811 — 
Operating leases29,311 1,169 8,508 6,564 13,070 
Finance leases10,026 830 6,053 3,143 — 
Total$11,955,747 $214,148 $1,903,505 $2,459,900 $7,378,194 
(1)Includes estimated payments for the remaining three months of 2024.
(2)Includes estimated interest payments through the extended maturity date, as applicable, based on the principal amount outstanding as of September 30, 2024.
(3)Interest is calculated at rates in effect as of September 30, 2024, including the indexed rate, any credit spread adjustment, and any applicable margin, and that rate is held constant until the maturity date. As of September 30, 2024, Term SOFR was 4.85%.
(4)Calculated based on the maturity date if we exercise each of the remaining extension options available, which are subject to certain conditions being met. See Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 7 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for a description of maturity dates without consideration of extension options.
(5)Includes the related unused commitment fee, as applicable.
(6)Includes payments (receipts) related to interest rate swap and interest rate cap obligations calculated using Term SOFR. As of September 30, 2024, Term SOFR was 4.85%.
(7)Represents commitments, net of previously funded deposits, to acquire 2,293 homes, including commitments totaling $670.0 million to acquire 2,243 homes pursuant to binding purchase agreements with certain homebuilders.
Additionally, we have commitments, which are not reflected in the table above, to make additional capital contributions to our joint ventures. As of September 30, 2024, our remaining equity commitments to our joint ventures total $127.6 million.
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Supplemental Guarantor Information
In March 2020, the SEC adopted amendments to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X and created Rule 13-01 to simplify disclosure requirements related to certain registered securities. The amendments became effective on January 4, 2021. INVH, INVH LP, the General Partner, and IH Merger Sub, LLC (“IH Merger Sub”) have filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC registering, among other securities, debt securities of INVH LP, fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, by INVH, the General Partner, and/or IH Merger Sub. As a result of the amendments to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X, subsidiary issuers of obligations guaranteed by the parent are not required to provide separate financial statements, provided that the subsidiary obligor is consolidated into the parent company’s consolidated financial statements, the parent guarantee is “full and unconditional” and, subject to certain exceptions as set forth below, the alternative disclosure required by Rule 13-01 is provided, which includes narrative disclosure and summarized financial information. Accordingly, separate consolidated financial statements of INVH LP, the General Partner, and IH Merger Sub have not been presented.
Furthermore, as permitted under Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X, we have excluded the summarized financial information for the INVH LP, the General Partner, and IH Merger Sub, because the combined assets, liabilities, and results of operations of INVH, INVH LP, the General Partner, and IH Merger Sub are not materially different than the corresponding amounts in our condensed consolidated financial statements, and management believes such summarized financial information would be repetitive and would not provide incremental value to investors.
Purchase of Outstanding Debt Securities or Loans
As market conditions warrant, we may from time to time seek to purchase our outstanding debt or debt securities that we may issue in the future, in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer or otherwise. Subject to any applicable limitations contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness, any purchases made by us may be funded by the use of cash on our condensed consolidated balance sheet or the incurrence of new secured or unsecured debt, including borrowings under our Credit Facility. The amounts involved in any such purchase transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material. Any such purchases may be with respect to a substantial amount of a particular class or series of debt, with the attendant reduction in the trading liquidity of such class or series. In addition, any such purchases made at prices below the “adjusted issue price” (as defined for United States federal income tax purposes) may result in taxable cancellation of indebtedness income to us, which amounts may be material, and in related adverse tax consequences to us.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those accounting policies that management believes are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. We believe that our critical accounting policies pertain to our investments in single-family residential properties, including acquisition of real estate assets, related cost capitalization, provisions for impairment, and single-family residential properties held for sale. These critical policies and estimates are summarized in Part II. Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
For a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, if any, see Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 2 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.”
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our CODM is the Chief Executive Officer.
Under the provisions of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we have determined that we have one reportable segment related to acquiring, renovating, leasing, and operating single-family homes as rental properties. The CODM evaluates operating performance and allocates resources on a total portfolio basis. The CODM utilizes AFFO as the primary measure to evaluate performance of the total portfolio.
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Non-GAAP Measures
EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre
EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define EBITDA as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP before the following items: interest expense; income tax expense; depreciation and amortization; and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) recommends as a best practice that REITs that report an EBITDA performance measure also report EBITDAre. Consistent with the Nareit definition, we define EBITDAre as EBITDA, further adjusted for the following: gain on sale of property, net of tax; impairment on depreciated real estate investments; and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures.
Adjusted EBITDAre is defined as EBITDAre before the following items: share-based compensation expense; severance; casualty (gains) losses, net; (gains) losses on investments in equity securities, net; and other income and expenses. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre are used as supplemental financial performance measures by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks. Set forth below is additional detail on how management uses EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre as measures of performance.
Our management uses EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre in a number of ways to assess our condensed consolidated financial and operating performance, and we believe these measures are helpful to management and external users in identifying trends in our performance. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre help management identify controllable expenses and make decisions designed to help us meet our current financial goals and optimize our financial performance, while neutralizing the impact of capital structure on results. Accordingly, we believe these metrics measure our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely our cost structure and expenses.
We believe that the presentation of EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre provides information useful to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre is net income or loss. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre may not be comparable to the EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definitions of EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (as determined in accordance with GAAP) to EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre for each of the periods indicated:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net income available to common stockholders$95,084 $131,637 $310,223 $389,406 
Net income available to participating securities185 181 584 518 
Non-controlling interests309 403 988 1,163 
Interest expense91,060 86,736 270,912 243,408 
Interest expense in unconsolidated joint ventures10,186 5,051 20,970 12,774 
Depreciation and amortization180,479 170,696 532,414 501,128 
Depreciation and amortization of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
3,590 2,690 9,875 7,686 
EBITDA380,893 397,394 1,145,966 1,156,083 
Gain on sale of property, net of tax(47,766)(57,989)(141,531)(134,448)
Impairment on depreciated real estate investments270 83 330 342 
Net (gain) loss on sale of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
499 (554)285 (1,188)
EBITDAre
333,896 338,934 1,005,050 1,020,789 
Share-based compensation expense(1)
5,417 8,929 20,809 21,493 
Severance209 392 388 916 
Casualty losses, net(2)
20,729 2,429 35,174 5,214 
(Gains) losses on investments in equity and other securities, net
257 499 (1,038)(113)
Other, net(3)
9,345 2,533 57,384 7,968 
Adjusted EBITDAre
$369,853 $353,716 $1,117,767 $1,056,267 
(1)For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $1,313 and $1,830 was recorded in property management expense, respectively, and $4,104 and $7,099 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $4,585 and $5,232 was recorded in property management expense, respectively, and $16,224 and $16,261 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively.
(2)Includes our share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $14,000 of estimated losses and damages related to Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, and Helene.
(3)Includes settlement and other costs related to certain litigation and regulatory matters, interest income, and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
Net Operating Income
NOI is a non-GAAP measure often used to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define NOI for an identified population of homes as rental revenues and other property income less property operating and maintenance expense (which consists primarily of property taxes, insurance, HOA fees (when applicable), market-level personnel expenses, utility expenses, repairs and maintenance, and property administration). NOI excludes: interest expense; depreciation and amortization; property management expense; general and administrative expense; casualty losses, impairment, and other; gain on sale of property, net of tax; (gains) losses on investments in equity securities, net; other income and expenses; management fee revenues; and income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
We consider NOI to be a meaningful supplemental financial measure of our performance when considered with the financial statements determined in accordance with GAAP. We believe NOI is helpful to investors in understanding the core performance of our real estate operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to NOI is net income or loss. NOI is not used as a measure of liquidity and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our NOI may not be comparable to the NOI of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of NOI. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measure is comparable with that of other companies.
We believe that Same Store NOI is also a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance for the same reasons as NOI and is further helpful to investors as it provides a more consistent measurement of our performance across reporting periods by reflecting NOI for homes in our Same Store portfolio.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (as determined in accordance with GAAP) to NOI for our total portfolio and NOI for our Same Store portfolio for each of the periods indicated:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)
2024202320242023
Net income available to common stockholders$95,084 $131,637 $310,223 $389,406 
Net income available to participating securities185 181 584 518 
Non-controlling interests309 403 988 1,163 
Interest expense91,060 86,736 270,912 243,408 
Depreciation and amortization180,479 170,696 532,414 501,128 
Property management expense(1)
34,382 23,399 98,252 70,563 
General and administrative(2)
21,727 22,714 66,673 59,957 
Casualty losses, impairment, and other(3)
20,872 2,496 35,362 5,527 
Gain on sale of property, net of tax(47,766)(57,989)(141,531)(134,448)
(Gains) losses on investments in equity and other securities, net
257 499 (1,038)(113)
Other, net(4)
9,345 2,533 57,384 7,968 
Management fee revenues(18,980)(3,404)(48,898)(10,227)
Losses from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
12,160 4,902 22,780 11,087 
NOI (total portfolio)
399,114 384,803 1,204,105 1,145,937 
Non-Same Store NOI(25,520)(25,184)(77,483)(67,498)
NOI (Same Store portfolio)(5)
$373,594 $359,619 $1,126,622 $1,078,439 
(1)Includes $1,313 and $1,830 of share-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Includes $4,585 and $5,232 of share-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Includes $4,104 and $7,099 of share-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Includes $16,224 and $16,261 of share-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(3)The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $14,000 of estimated losses and damages related to Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, and Helene.
(4)Includes settlement and other costs related to certain litigation and regulatory matters, interest income, and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
(5)The Same Store portfolio totaled 77,186 homes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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Funds from Operations, Core Funds from Operations, and Adjusted Funds from Operations
Funds From Operations (“FFO”), Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. FFO is defined by Nareit as net income or loss (computed in accordance with GAAP) excluding gains or losses from sales of previously depreciated real estate assets, plus depreciation, amortization and impairment of real estate assets, and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures.
We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of the operating performance of our business because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, as reflected through depreciation and amortization. Because real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, management considers FFO an appropriate supplemental performance measure as it excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, impairment on depreciated real estate investments, gains or losses related to sales of previously depreciated homes, as well non-controlling interests, from net income or loss (computed in accordance with GAAP). By excluding depreciation and amortization and gains or losses on sales of real estate, management uses FFO to measure returns on its investments in homes. However, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of the homes that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures to maintain the operating performance of the homes, all of which have real economic effect and could materially affect our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited.
Management also believes that FFO, combined with the required GAAP presentations, is useful to investors in providing more meaningful comparisons of the operating performance of a company’s real estate between periods or as compared to other companies. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to FFO is net income or loss. FFO is not used as a measure of our liquidity and should not be considered an alternative to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our FFO may not be comparable to the FFO of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of FFO. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.
We believe that Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are also meaningful supplemental measures of our operating performance for the same reasons as FFO and are further helpful to investors as they provide a more consistent measurement of our performance across reporting periods by removing the impact of certain items that are not comparable from period to period. We define Core FFO as FFO adjusted for the following: non-cash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs, loan discounts, and non-cash interest expense from derivatives; share-based compensation expense; legal settlements; severance expense; casualty (gains) losses, net; and (gains) losses on investments in equity and other securities, net, as applicable. We define Adjusted FFO as Core FFO less recurring capital expenditures, including adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures, that are necessary to help preserve the value, and maintain the functionality, of our homes. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Core FFO and Adjusted FFO is net income or loss. Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our Core FFO and Adjusted FFO may not be comparable to the Core FFO and Adjusted FFO of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of Core FFO and Adjusted FFO. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (as determined in accordance with GAAP) to FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO for each of the periods indicated:
For the Three Months
Ended September 30,
For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
2024202320242023
Net income available to common stockholders$95,084 $131,637 $310,223 $389,406 
Add (deduct) adjustments from net income to derive FFO:
Net income available to participating securities
185 181 584 518 
Non-controlling interests
309 403 988 1,163 
Depreciation and amortization on real estate assets
176,174 167,921 521,411 493,027 
Impairment on depreciated real estate investments
270 83 330 342 
Net gain on sale of previously depreciated investments in real estate(47,766)(57,989)(141,531)(134,448)
Depreciation and net gain on sale of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures4,060 2,111 10,076 6,425 
FFO
228,316 244,347 702,081 756,433 
Non-cash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs, loan discounts, and non-cash interest expense from derivatives(1)
14,085 9,561 32,207 25,875 
Share-based compensation expense(2)
5,417 8,929 20,809 21,493 
Legal settlements(3)
17,500 2,000 77,000 2,000 
Severance expense209 392 388 916 
Casualty losses, net(1)(4)
20,729 2,429 35,174 5,214 
(Gains) losses on investments in equity and other securities, net
257 499 (1,038)(113)
Core FFO
286,513 268,157 866,621 811,818 
Recurring capital expenditures(1)
(51,505)(49,007)(135,262)(122,700)
Adjusted FFO
$235,008 $219,150 $731,359 $689,118 
Net income available to common stockholders
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted(5)(6)
613,645,188 613,580,042 613,759,171 613,155,041 
Net income per common share — diluted(5)(6)
$0.15 $0.21 $0.51 $0.64 
FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO
Weighted average common shares and OP Units outstanding — diluted(5)(6)
615,913,139 615,699,631 615,987,978 615,208,781 
FFO per common share — diluted(5)(6)
$0.37 $0.40 $1.14 $1.23 
Core FFO per common share — diluted(5)(6)
$0.47 $0.44 $1.41 $1.32 
AFFO per common share — diluted(5)(6)
$0.38 $0.36 $1.19 $1.12 
(1)Includes our share from unconsolidated joint ventures.
(2)For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $1,313 and $1,830 was recorded in property management expense, respectively, and $4,104 and $7,099 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $4,585 and $5,232 was recorded in property management expense, respectively, and $16,224 and $16,261 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively.
(3)The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, include $17,500 and $77,000, respectively, of settlement costs that resolved an inquiry from the FTC and the legal dispute entitled City of San Diego et al v. Invitation Homes, Inc., inclusive of associated costs.
(4)The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $14,000 of estimated losses and damages related to Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, and Helene.
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(5)Incremental shares attributed to non-vested share-based awards totaling 970,386 and 1,579,231 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 1,250,871 and 1,305,739 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are included in weighted average common shares outstanding in the calculation of net income per common share — diluted. For the computations of FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO per common share — diluted, common share equivalents of 1,259,328 and 1,829,337 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 1,533,792 and 1,535,182 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to incremental shares attributed to non-vested share-based awards are included in the denominator.
(6)Vested units of partnership interests in INVH LP (“OP Units”) have been excluded from the computation of net income per common share — diluted for the periods above because all net income attributable to the vested OP Units has been recorded as non-controlling interest and thus excluded from net income available to common stockholders. Weighted average vested OP Units of 1,979,009 and 1,869,483 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 1,945,886 and 1,824,297 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are included in the denominator for the computations of FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO per common share — diluted.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our future income, cash flows, and fair values relevant to financial instruments are dependent upon prevalent market interest rates. Market risk refers to the risk of loss from adverse changes in interest rates, seasonality, market prices, commodity prices, and inflation. The primary market risks to which we are exposed are interest rate risk and seasonality. We may in the future use derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to any borrowings we may have. We may enter into such contracts only with major financial institutions based on their credit ratings and other factors.
Interest Rate Risk
A primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, unfavorable global and United States economic conditions (including inflation, high interest rates, and bank failures), geopolitical tensions, and other factors that are beyond our control. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under the Credit Facility. In addition, decreases in interest rates may lead to additional competition for the acquisition of single-family homes, which may lead to future acquisitions being more costly and resulting in lower yields on single-family homes targeted for acquisition. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to increase rents on expired leases or acquire single-family homes with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.
As of September 30, 2024, our $3,855.2 million of outstanding variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our mortgage loans of $630.2 million, Revolving Facility of $750.0 million, and Term Loan Facilities of $2,475.0 million. As of September 30, 2024, we had effectively converted 99.1% of these borrowings to a fixed rate through interest rate swap agreements. Our variable-rate borrowings bear interest at SOFR, as adjusted if appropriate, plus the applicable spread. Assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing debt, the projected effect of a 100 bps increase or decrease in SOFR, collectively, on our annual interest expense would be an estimated increase or decrease of $0.4 million. This estimate considers the impact of our interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreement, and any Term SOFR floors or minimum interest rates stated in the agreements of the respective borrowings.
This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we may consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.
Inflation
Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of increased repair and maintenance and other costs and wage pressures. Inflation could also impact our cost of capital as a result of changing interest rates on variable rate debt that is not hedged or if our debt instruments are refinanced in a high-inflation environment. Our resident leases typically have a
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PART II
term of one to two years, which generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our homes to current market rates. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Seasonality
Our business and related operating results have been, and we believe will continue to be, impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. In particular, we have experienced higher levels of resident move-outs during the summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Further, our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets by increases in expenses such as HVAC repairs and costs to re-resident during the summer season.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of our legal proceedings, see “Commitments and Contingencies — Legal and Other Matters” in Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
For a discussion of our potential risks or uncertainties, you should carefully read and consider risk factors previously disclosed under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I. Item 1A. of the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit number
Description
3.1
3.2
4.1
10.1
10.2
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
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Certain agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain representations and warranties that the parties thereto made to each other. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to such agreements and may have been qualified by certain information that has been disclosed to the other parties to such agreements and other documents and that may not be reflected in such agreements and other documents. In addition, these representations and warranties may be intended as a way of allocating risks among parties if the statements contained therein prove to be incorrect, rather than as actual statements of fact. Accordingly, there can be no reliance on any such representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of any such representations and warranties may have changed since the date of such agreements or other documents.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Invitation Homes Inc.
By:/s/ Jonathan S. Olsen
Name: Jonathan S. Olsen
Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: October 31, 2024
By:/s/ Kimberly K. Norrell
Name: Kimberly K. Norrell
Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: October 31, 2024