UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________.

Commission File Number: 001-37979

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	81-3563824
(State of	(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation)	Identification No.)
1150 North Alma School Road	85201
Mesa, Arizona	(Zip Code)
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(480) 443-7000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

(Title of Each Class)	(Trading Symbol)	(Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	VRRM	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of August 2, 2024, there were 164,658,507 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION	4
Item 1. Financial Statements	4
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	37
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION	38
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A. Risk Factors	38
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	38
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	38
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	38
Item 5. Other Information	38
Item 6. Exhibits	40
SIGNATURES	41

2

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. All statements contained in this Report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, market conditions, growth and trends, expansion plans and opportunities, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely” and similar expressions, and the negative of these expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

The future events and trends discussed in this Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ include the risks and uncertainties described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (our “Annual Report”), which highlight, among other risks:

•customer concentration in our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments, including risks relating to our contract with NYCDOT (defined below), which expires December 31, 2024 and is subject to competitive procurement, and for which there can be no assurance that we will be successful in extending;

•risks and uncertainties related to our government contracts, including legislative changes, termination rights, delays in payments, audits and investigations;

•decreases in the prevalence or political acceptance of, or an increase in governmental restrictions regarding, automated and other similar methods of photo enforcement, parking solutions or the use of tolling;

•our ability to successfully implement our acquisition strategy or integrate acquisitions;

•our ability to remediate the material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting on a timely basis and ability to establish and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting;

•failure in or breaches of our networks or systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks or other incidents;

•risks and uncertainties related to our international operations;

•our failure to acquire necessary intellectual property or adequately protect our intellectual property;

•our ability to manage our substantial level of indebtedness; and

•our reliance on specialized third-party providers.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. The forward-looking statements in this Report represent our views as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, are available free of charge on our website, verramobility.com, under the heading “Investors” immediately after they are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. We use our investor relations website, ir.verramobility.com, as a means of disclosing information, which may be of interest or material to our investors and for complying with disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor our investor relations website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, webcasts, and social media. Information contained on or accessible through, including any reports available on, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Report or any other report or document we file with the SEC. Any reference to our website in this Report is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Verra Mobility,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used in this Report refer to Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

3

Part I—Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	122,020		$	136,309
Restricted cash		3,378			3,413
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $21.6 million and $18.5 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		210,207			197,824
Unbilled receivables		44,151			37,065
Inventory		17,165			17,966
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		52,721			46,961
Total current assets		449,642			439,538
Installation and service parts, net		23,347			22,895
Property and equipment, net		133,314			123,248
Operating lease assets		30,346			33,523
Intangible assets, net		266,971			301,025
Goodwill		834,745			835,835
Other non-current assets		34,632			33,919
Total assets	$	1,772,997		$	1,789,983
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	84,888		$	78,749
Deferred revenue		26,402			28,788
Accrued liabilities		58,911			93,119
Tax receivable agreement liability, current portion		5,098			5,098
Current portion of long-term debt		—			9,019
Total current liabilities		175,299			214,773
Long-term debt, net of current portion		1,036,338			1,029,113
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		26,666			29,124
Tax receivable agreement liability, net of current portion		48,369			48,369
Asset retirement obligations		15,258			14,580
Deferred tax liabilities, net		16,835			18,360
Other long-term liabilities		15,605			14,197
Total liabilities		1,334,370			1,368,516
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000 shares authorized with no shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 260,000 shares authorized with 164,658 and 166,555 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		16			17
Additional paid-in capital		556,494			557,513
Accumulated deficit		(105,881	)		(125,887	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(12,002	)		(10,176	)
Total stockholders' equity		438,627			421,467
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,772,997		$	1,789,983

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Service revenue	$	212,017		$	196,050		$	414,738		$	380,748
Product sales		10,409			8,411			17,418			15,616
Total revenue		222,426			204,461			432,156			396,364
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		4,641			4,338			8,946			8,568
Cost of product sales		7,848			5,962			13,134			11,345
Operating expenses		74,903			65,657			145,543			127,500
Selling, general and administrative expenses		46,343			43,205			94,514			83,218
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		27,522			29,088			54,497			59,421
Total costs and expenses		161,257			148,250			316,634			290,052
Income from operations		61,169			56,211			115,522			106,312
Interest expense, net		18,845			22,771			38,480			45,458
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			10,918			—			25,519
Gain on interest rate swap		(23	)		(4,805	)		(419	)		(2,007	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			209			595			1,558
Other income, net		(5,245	)		(4,512	)		(9,698	)		(8,268	)
Total other expenses		13,577			24,581			28,958			62,260
Income before income taxes		47,592			31,630			86,564			44,052
Income tax provision		13,369			12,522			23,192			20,367
Net income	$	34,223		$	19,108		$	63,372		$	23,685
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		1,434			718			(1,826	)		628
Total comprehensive income	$	35,657		$	19,826		$	61,546		$	24,313
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.21		$	0.13		$	0.38		$	0.16
Diluted	$	0.20		$	0.13		$	0.38		$	0.16
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		166,064			151,132			166,152			150,151
Diluted		168,615			152,590			168,670			151,586

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Common Stock						Common Stock Contingent			Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
(In thousands)	Shares			Amount			Consideration			Capital			Deficit			Loss			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2023		166,555		$	17		$	—		$	557,513		$	(125,887	)	$	(10,176	)	$	421,467
Net income		—			—			—			—			29,149			—			29,149
Share repurchases and retirement		(534	)		—			—			(1,789	)		1,789			—			—
Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs")		445			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		50			—			—			689			—			—			689
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs and PSUs vesting		—			—			—			(4,608	)		—			—			(4,608	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			5,558			—			—			5,558
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—			—			—			—			(3,260	)		(3,260	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024		166,516			17			—			557,363			(94,949	)		(13,436	)		448,995
Net income		—			—			—			—			34,223			—			34,223
Share repurchases and retirement		(2,000	)		(1	)		—			(6,694	)		(45,155	)		—			(51,850	)
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs		120			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		22			—			—			285			—			—			285
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs and PSUs vesting		—			—			—			(1,050	)		—			—			(1,050	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			6,590			—			—			6,590
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—			—			—			—			—			1,434			1,434
Balance as of June 30, 2024		164,658		$	16		$	—		$	556,494		$	(105,881	)	$	(12,002	)	$	438,627
For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022		148,962		$	15		$	36,575		$	305,423		$	(98,078	)	$	(12,865	)	$	231,070
Net income		—			—			—			—			4,577			—			4,577
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs		313			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		53			—			—			699			—			—			699
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs and PSUs vesting		—			—			—			(2,526	)		—			—			(2,526	)
Exercise of warrants		633			—			—			—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			3,378			—			—			3,378
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—			—			—			—			(90	)		(90	)
Balance as of March 31, 2023		149,961			15			36,575			306,974			(93,501	)		(12,955	)		237,108
Net income		—			—			—			—			19,108			—			19,108
Earn-out shares issued to PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC		2,500			—			(18,288	)		18,288			—			—			—
Vesting of RSUs		121			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		127			—			—			1,689			—			—			1,689
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—			—			(502	)		—			—			(502	)
Exercise of warrants		14,208			2			—			202,652			—			—			202,654
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			4,525			—			—			4,525
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—			—			—			—			—			718			718
Balance as of June 30, 2023		166,917		$	17		$	18,287		$	533,626		$	(74,393	)	$	(12,237	)	$	465,300

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

condensed consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	63,372		$	23,685
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		54,351			59,305
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts		2,394			2,469
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			25,519
Change in fair value of interest rate swap		147			(3,563	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		595			1,558
Credit loss expense		9,306			4,956
Deferred income taxes		(699	)		(4,733	)
Stock-based compensation		12,148			7,903
Other		465			134
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(21,968	)		(21,071	)
Unbilled receivables		(7,231	)		(6,120	)
Inventory		653			(55	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(4,192	)		3,000
Deferred revenue		(2,208	)		5,768
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(31,170	)		8,890
Other liabilities		(1,595	)		282
Net cash provided by operating activities		74,368			107,927
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Cash receipts (payments) for interest rate swap		566			(1,556	)
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment		(28,333	)		(30,098	)
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets		90			129
Net cash used in investing activities		(27,677	)		(31,525	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Repayment of long-term debt		(4,509	)		(77,009	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		(224	)		(192	)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants		—			105,750
Share repurchases and retirement		(51,500	)		—
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		974			2,388
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs and PSUs vesting		(5,658	)		(3,028	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(60,917	)		27,909
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(98	)		73
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(14,324	)		104,384
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		139,722			109,115
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	125,398		$	213,499
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	122,020		$	210,083
Restricted cash		3,378			3,416
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	125,398		$	213,499

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	39,009	$	43,960
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		27,199		22,904
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end		7,864		4,374
Accrued excise tax payable on net share repurchases		350		—
Earn-out shares issued to PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC		—		18,288
Proceeds receivable from the exercise of warrants at period-end		—		52,747
Increase in additional paid-in capital due to exercise of private placement warrants		—		44,155

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

Notes to the CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Description of Business

Verra Mobility Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Verra Mobility”) offers integrated technology solutions and services to its customers who are located throughout the world, primarily within the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe. The Company is organized into three operating segments: Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions (see Note 14, Segment Reporting).

The Commercial Services segment offers automated toll and violations management and title and registration solutions to rental car companies (“RACs”), direct commercial fleet owner-operators (“Direct Fleets”) and fleet management companies (“FMCs”) and other large fleet owners in North America. Through its established relationships with individual tolling authorities throughout the United States, the segment provides an automated and outsourced administrative solution for its customers while also providing a value-added convenience for vehicle drivers and benefits to tolling and issuing authorities. The toll and violations management solutions help ensure timely payment of tolls and violations incurred by the customers’ vehicles and perform timely transfers of liability on the customers’ behalf, and driver billing and collections, as applicable. It also manages regional toll transponder installation and vehicle association—a critical and highly complex process for RAC, Direct Fleet and FMC customers—to ensure that the transponders (and corresponding toll transactions) are associated with the correct vehicle. In Europe, the Commercial Services segment provides violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc and consumer tolling services through Pagatelia S.L.U.

The Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers which include complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions. These programs are designed to reduce traffic violations and resulting collisions, injuries and fatalities. The Company implements and administers traffic safety programs for municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies of all sizes. The international operations for this segment primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and recurring maintenance services related to the equipment and software.

The Parking Solutions segment offers an integrated suite of parking software, transaction processing and hardware solutions to its customers, which include universities, municipalities, healthcare facilities and commercial parking operators. This segment develops specialized hardware and parking management software that provides a platform for the issuance of parking permits, enforcement, gateless vehicle counting, event parking and citation services. It also produces and markets its proprietary software as a service to its customers throughout the United States and Canada.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. There have been no material changes in the Company's significant accounting policies from those disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

9

Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue or accounts receivable, net. Revenue from the single Government Solutions customer exceeding 10% of total revenue is presented below:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
City of New York Department of Transportation		15.6	%		16.9	%		16.1	%		17.4	%

The City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 12% and 18% of total accounts receivable, net as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There is no material reserve related to NYCDOT open receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations. No other Government Solutions customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of any period presented.

Significant customer revenues generated through the Company’s Commercial Services partners as a percent of total revenue are presented below:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Hertz Corporation		10.6	%		12.3	%		11.2	%		11.8	%
Avis Budget Group, Inc.		13.9	%		13.6	%		13.5	%		13.1	%
Enterprise Mobility		11.2	%		9.7	%		11.3	%		9.9	%

The Avis Budget Group, Inc. was 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of June 30, 2024. No Commercial Services customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2023.

There were no significant customer concentrations that exceeded 10% of total revenue or accounts receivable, net for the Parking Solutions segment as of or for any period presented.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company reviews historical credit losses and customer payment trends on receivables and develops loss rate estimates as of the balance sheet date, which includes adjustments for current and future expectations using probability-weighted assumptions about potential outcomes. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on the terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries reverse the previous write-off and apply to the receivable in the period recovered. No interest or late fees are charged on delinquent accounts. The Company evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit losses by comparing its actual write-offs to its previously recorded estimates and adjusts appropriately.

10

The Company identified portfolio segments based on the type of business, industry in which the customer operates and historical credit loss patterns. The following presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) (1)			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Parking Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	13,726		$	1,935		$	2,426		$	426		$	18,513
Credit loss expense (income)		9,246			(88	)		106			42			9,306
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(5,699	)		(522	)		(2	)		(29	)		(6,252	)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	17,273		$	1,325		$	2,530		$	439		$	21,567
($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) (1)			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Parking Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	9,600		$	1,577		$	4,573		$	157		$	15,907
Credit loss expense (income)		5,639			(94	)		(760	)		171			4,956
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(359	)		5			(147	)		(225	)		(726	)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	14,880		$	1,488		$	3,666		$	103		$	20,137

(1)Driver-billed consists of receivables from drivers of rental cars for which the Company bills on behalf of its customers. Receivables not collected from drivers within a defined number of days are transferred to customers subject to applicable bad debt sharing agreements.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Deferred revenue represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance and are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods, and it primarily relates to Government Solutions and Parking Solutions customers. The Company had approximately $10.4 million and $13.1 million of deferred revenue in the Government Solutions segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $2.4 million and $2.5 million of revenue excluding exchange rate impact during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $5.4 million and $4.0 million, of revenue excluding exchange rate impact during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to amounts that were included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had approximately $20.7 million and $19.7 million of deferred revenue in the Parking Solutions segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $6.8 million and $6.1 million of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $15.4 million and $14.8 million of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to amounts that were included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations includes deferred revenue above and unbilled amounts that are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of June 30, 2024, total transaction price allocated to performance obligations in the Government Solutions segment that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied was $295.2 million, of which $160.5 million is expected to be recognized as revenue in the next twelve months and the rest over the remaining performance obligation period. The Company elected the practical expedients to omit disclosure for the amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations with original expected contract length of one year or less and the amount that relates to variable consideration allocated to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation to transfer a distinct good or service within a series of distinct goods or services that form a single performance obligation.

Interest Rate Swap

In December 2022, the Company entered into a cancellable interest rate swap agreement to hedge its exposure to interest rate fluctuations associated with the LIBOR (now transitioned to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate, “SOFR”) portion of the variable interest rate on its 2021 Term Loan. Under the interest rate swap agreement, the Company pays a fixed rate of 5.17% and the counterparty pays a variable interest rate. The Company entered into an International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreement with the counterparty which provides for the net settlement of all, or a specified group, of derivative transactions through a single payment. The notional amount on the interest rate swap is $675.0 million. The Company has the option to effectively terminate the interest rate swap agreement starting in December 2023, and monthly thereafter until December 2025. The Company is treating the interest rate swap as an economic hedge for accounting purposes and any changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument (including accrued interest) and related cash receipts or payments are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations within the gain on interest rate swap line item.

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The following details the components of the gain on interest rate swap for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Change in fair value	$	249		$	(5,115	)	$	147		$	(3,563	)
Cash (receipts) payments		(272	)		310			(566	)		1,556
Total gain on interest rate swap	$	(23	)	$	(4,805	)	$	(419	)	$	(2,007	)

The effect of remeasurement to fair value is recorded within the operating activities section and the monthly cash proceeds received or payments made are recorded within the investing activities section in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 7, Fair Value of Financial Instruments, for further discussion on the fair value measurement of the interest rate swap, and Note 6, Long-term Debt, for additional information on the Company's mix of fixed and variable debt.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standard Adopted

On June 30, 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. It also requires entities with investments in equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions to disclose certain qualitative and quantitative information about such securities. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2024. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's financial statements or disclosures.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU intends to enhance disclosure related to significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), amounts presented as “other” within segment profit (loss), require that all annual disclosures are also reported for interim periods, further define the CODM and how they use segment profit (loss) to allocate resources, and require that entities with only a single reportable segment provide all required segment disclosures. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU requires companies to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation, provide additional disclosure for reconciling items that exceed proscribed thresholds, and enhance disclosure regarding income taxes paid and sources of income (loss) from continuing operations including the tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements.

3. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following at:

($ in thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Income taxes receivable	$	13,829	$	9,830
Prepaid services		12,381		10,496
Prepaid tolls		9,018		9,174
Prepaid computer maintenance		7,716		6,775
Costs to fulfill a customer contract		5,114		5,852
Deposits		2,365		2,322
Prepaid insurance		1,432		1,755
Other		866		757
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	52,721	$	46,961

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4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:

	Commercial			Government			Parking
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions		Total
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,091		$	214,602		$	199,142	$	835,835
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(818	)		(272	)		—		(1,090	)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	421,273		$	214,330		$	199,142	$	834,745

Intangible assets consist of the following as of the respective period-ends:

	June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Weighted						Weighted
	Average	Gross					Average	Gross
	Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated		Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated
($ in thousands)	Useful Life	Amount			Amortization		Useful Life	Amount			Amortization
Trademarks (a)	5.6 years	$	4,750		$	1,745	0.3 years	$	36,190		$	32,882
Patent	4.3 years		500			67	4.8 years		500			17
Non-compete agreements (a)			—			—	0.0 years		62,540			62,540
Customer relationships	4.0 years		558,837			318,454	4.5 years		558,801			288,065
Developed technology (a)	4.3 years		39,980			16,830	0.8 years		201,657			175,159
Gross carrying value of intangible assets			604,067		$	337,096			859,688		$	558,663
Less: accumulated amortization			(337,096	)					(558,663	)
Intangible assets, net		$	266,971					$	301,025

(a)Certain fully amortized intangible assets were removed as of June 30, 2024 as compared to the amounts reported as of December 31, 2023, resulting in an increase in the weighted average remaining useful lives compared to the prior year which relates to the remaining intangible assets that are being amortized.

Amortization expense was $16.7 million and $20.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was $33.5 million and $42.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense in future years is expected to be:

($ in thousands)
Remainder of 2024	$	33,530
2025		64,362
2026		57,387
2027		28,429
2028		22,499
Thereafter		60,764
Total	$	266,971

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5. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at:

($ in thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued salaries and wages	$	23,449	$	27,905
Current deferred tax liabilities		7,611		7,574
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		6,527		7,133
Accrued interest payable		4,553		4,594
Advanced deposits		4,305		2,308
Payroll tax liabilities		3,182		3,214
Restricted cash due to customers		2,915		2,835
Income taxes payable		2,379		1,780
Accrued legal settlement		—		31,500
Other		3,990		4,276
Total accrued liabilities	$	58,911	$	93,119

6. Long-term Debt

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s long-term debt at:

($ in thousands)	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
2021 Term Loan, due 2028	$	700,078		$	704,587
Senior Notes, due 2029		350,000			350,000
Less: original issue discounts		(2,963	)		(3,646	)
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs		(10,777	)		(12,809	)
Total long-term debt		1,036,338			1,038,132
Less: current portion of long-term debt		—			(9,019	)
Total long-term debt, net of current portion	$	1,036,338		$	1,029,113

2021 Term Loan

In March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. (“VM Consolidated”), the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $900.0 million, maturing on March 24, 2028, which includes the incremental borrowing of $250.0 million in December 2021 as a result of exercising the accordion feature available under the agreement. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan borrowings, the Company had $4.6 million of offering discount costs and $4.5 million in deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In February 2024, VM Consolidated entered into a third amendment to the 2021 Term Loan (the “Third Amendment”) to refinance the 2021 Term Loan (the “Refinancing Transaction”). Pursuant to the Third Amendment, the interest rate was reduced by 0.50% to SOFR plus 2.75% from SOFR plus 3.25% with the SOFR floor unchanged at 0.00%. The credit spread adjustment, ranging from 0.11448% to 0.71513%, was eliminated. In addition, the 2021 Term Loan no longer contains a provision for principal repayments which were previously required to be paid in quarterly installments.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company made early repayments of approximately $4.5 million and $72.5 million, respectively, on the 2021 Term Loan, and as a result the total principal outstanding on the 2021 Term Loan was $700.1 million as of June 30, 2024.

The Company evaluated the Refinancing Transaction on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted accordingly for debt extinguishment costs and debt modification costs (for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment). The Company recorded a $0.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the Refinancing Transaction. It recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.2 million and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended

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June 30, 2023, respectively, related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the early repayments.

The 2021 Term Loan now bears interest based at the Company’s option, on either (i) Term SOFR plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum, or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 1.75% per annum. As of June 30, 2024, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 8.1%.

In addition, the 2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year), as set forth in the following table:

Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement)	Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00	50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00	25%
< 3.20:1.00	0%

Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated issued an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year. The Company may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:

Year	Percentage
2024	102.750%
2025	101.375%
2026 and thereafter	100.000%

The Revolver

The Company has a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75.0 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 18, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) Term SOFR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) Term SOFR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. There is a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% for a one-month duration, 0.15% for a three-month duration, and 0.25% for a six-month duration, in addition to Term SOFR and the applicable margin percentages. There were no outstanding borrowings on the Revolver as of June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The availability to borrow was $74.6 million, net of $0.4 million of outstanding letters of credit at June 30, 2024.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and the Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $0.4 million of outstanding letters of credit as of June 30, 2024.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan. At June 30, 2024, the Company was compliant with all debt covenants.

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Interest Expense, Net

The Company recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $18.8 million and $22.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $38.5 million and $45.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The weighted average effective interest rates on the Company’s outstanding borrowings were 7.2% and 7.7% at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information on the interest rate swap entered into in December 2022 to hedge the Company's exposure against higher interest rates.

7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, includes a single definition of fair value to be used for financial reporting purposes, provides a framework for applying this definition and for measuring fair value under GAAP, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 – Fair value is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 – Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.

The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s long-term debt was calculated based upon available market information. The carrying value and the estimated fair value of long-term debt are as follows:

	Level in	June 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Fair Value	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated
($ in thousands)	Hierarchy	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
2021 Term Loan	2	$	689,682	$	707,954	$	691,821	$	709,872
Senior Notes	2		346,656		336,000		346,311		335,125

The Company had issued Private Placement Warrants (as defined below) to acquire shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock in connection with its initial public offering (“IPO”), which Private Placement Warrants had a five-year term and expired in October 2023. During fiscal year 2023, all Private Placement Warrants were exercised by the warrant holders. The following summarizes the change in fair value of Private Placement Warrant liabilities included in net income and the impact of exercises during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2023
Beginning balance	$	38,667		$	24,066
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		10,918			25,519
Exercise of warrants		(44,155	)		(44,155	)
Ending balance	$	5,430		$	5,430

The change in fair value of private placement warrants consisted of adjustments related to the unexercised Private Placement Warrants re-measured to fair value as of June 30, 2023 and the final mark-to-market adjustments for the exercised warrants. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were approximately 6.0 million exercises of Private Placement Warrants which reduced our private placement warrant liabilities by $44.2 million with an offset to common stock at par value and the remaining to additional paid in capital.

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The Company has an equity investment measured at cost with a carrying value of $2.0 million and $2.1 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is only adjusted to fair value if there are identified events that would indicate a need for an upward or downward adjustment or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. The estimation of fair value requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, such as voting rights and obligations in the securities held, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. There were no identified events that required a fair value adjustment during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The recurring fair value measurement of the interest rate swap was valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities including swaption values and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves and is classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The following presents the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap in the gross balances within the below line items for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Beginning balance	$	841		$	—		$	689		$	—
Change in fair value of interest rate swap		(42	)		2,263			110			2,263
Ending balance	$	799		$	2,263		$	799		$	2,263
Other non-current assets
Beginning balance	$	577		$	857		$	627		$	1,973
Change in fair value of interest rate swap		(207	)		1,439			(257	)		323
Ending balance	$	370		$	2,296		$	370		$	2,296
Accrued liabilities
Beginning balance	$	—		$	1,413		$	—		$	977
Change in fair value of interest rate swap		—			(1,413	)		—			(977	)
Ending balance	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—

The Company separately classifies the current and non-current components based on the value of settlements due within 12 months (current) and greater than 12 months (non-current). For additional information on the interest rate swap, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies.

8. Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method.

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The components of basic and diluted net income per share are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income	$	34,223	$	19,108	$	63,372	$	23,685
Denominator:
Weighted average shares - basic		166,064		151,132		166,152		150,151
Common stock equivalents		2,551		1,458		2,518		1,435
Weighted average shares - diluted		168,615		152,590		168,670		151,586
Net income per share - basic	$	0.21	$	0.13	$	0.38	$	0.16
Net income per share - diluted	$	0.20	$	0.13	$	0.38	$	0.16
Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted net income per share:
Contingently issuable shares		—		2,500		—		2,500
Private placement warrants		—		646		—		646
Non-qualified stock options		—		750		—		789
Performance share units		11		329		13		329
Restricted stock units		—		—		80		1,204
Total antidilutive shares excluded		11		4,225		93		5,468

9. Income Taxes

The Company’s interim income tax provision is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that period. The estimated annual effective tax rate requires judgment and is dependent upon several factors. The Company provides for income taxes under the liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.

The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will expire before the Company is able to realize their benefit. The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets, when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 28.1% and 39.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 26.8% and 46.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance is the permanent difference related to the mark-to-market adjustments on the Private Placement Warrants that impacted the rate in the prior year periods without a comparable impact in the current periods.

10. Stockholders’ Equity

Warrants

As of June 30, 2023, there were 2,959,609 warrants outstanding to acquire shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, including warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC in a private placement in connection with the IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”) and the remaining warrants issued in connection with the IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). As of December 31, 2023, all Warrants were either exercised by the holder or redeemed by the Company.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company processed the exercise of 17.0 million Warrants in exchange for the issuance of 14,840,070 shares of Class A Common Stock. There were 13,782,411 shares issued in exchange for cash-basis warrant exercises resulting in the receipt of $105.8 million in cash proceeds as of June 30, 2023, and $52.7 million of cash proceeds received in July 2023 which were recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets. The remaining Warrant exercises were completed on a cashless basis.

Share Repurchases and Retirement

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In November 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of the Company's outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over an 18-month period in open market, accelerated share repurchase ("ASR") or privately negotiated transactions, each as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, any of which may use pre-arranged trading plans that are designed to meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act.

The Company paid $8.1 million to repurchase 449,432 shares of its Class A Common Stock through open market transactions during fiscal year 2023, which it subsequently retired. In September 2023, the Company used the remaining availability under the share repurchase program for an ASR and paid approximately $91.9 million to receive an initial delivery of 4,131,551 shares of its Class A Common Stock in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement occurred on January 12, 2024, at which time, the Company received 534,499 additional shares calculated using a volume-weighted average price over the term of the ASR agreement. In connection with the settlement, the Company reduced the par value from common stock and $1.8 million from additional paid-in capital calculated using an average share price, with an offset of $1.8 million to accumulated deficit on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' equity.

In October 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of its outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over an 18-month period in open market, ASR or privately negotiated transactions. The level at which the Company repurchases depends on a number of factors, including its financial condition, capital requirements, cash flows, results of operations, future business prospects and other factors its management may deem relevant. The timing, volume and nature of repurchases are subject to market conditions, applicable securities laws and other factors and may be amended, suspended or discontinued at any time.

On June 6, 2024, the Company entered into a share repurchase agreement with a stockholder, pursuant to which the Company repurchased, directly from the stockholder, 2.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $51.5 million. The repurchased shares were subsequently retired. In addition, the Company recorded approximately $0.4 million within accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2024 for direct costs related to the excise tax payable on net share repurchases. In connection with this repurchase, the Company reduced the par value from common stock and $6.7 million from additional paid-in capital calculated using an average share price, with an offset of $45.2 million to accumulated deficit on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' equity. As of June 30, 2024, $48.5 million remains available under the Company’s authorized share repurchase program.

11. Stock-Based Compensation

The following details the components of stock-based compensation for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating expenses	$	1,073	$	547	$	2,139	$	879
Selling, general and administrative expenses		5,517		3,978		10,009		7,024
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	6,590	$	4,525	$	12,148	$	7,903

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12. Other Significant Transactions

Tax Receivable Agreement

In October 2018, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (“TRA”) with PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC. On August 3, 2022, PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC sold and transferred to Lakeside Smart Holdco L.P (“Lakeside”), all of its rights, remaining interests and obligations as of that date under the TRA. The TRA provides for the payment to Lakeside of 50.0% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) under the TRA. The Company generally retains the benefit of the remaining 50.0% of these cash savings. The Company estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70.0 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the inception of the TRA.

At June 30, 2024, the TRA liability was approximately $53.5 million of which $5.1 million was the current portion and $48.4 million was the non-current portion, both of which are included in the respective tax receivable agreement liability line items on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Earn-Out Agreement

Under the Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC was entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeded certain defined thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during a five-year period. There were four tranches of contingent shares under the agreement, with each tranche resulting in an issuance of 2,500,000 shares (not to exceed a total of 10,000,000 shares). On June 14, 2023, the criteria for the issuance of the third tranche of Earn-out Shares was met and the Company issued 2,500,000 shares, which resulted in an increase in the Company's common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts of approximately $18.3 million with a corresponding decrease to the common stock contingent consideration account. As of December 31, 2023, all contingent shares have been issued under the Merger Agreement.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company had $1.8 million of bank guarantees at June 30, 2024 required to support bids and contracts with certain international customers.

The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments to certain vendors. The aggregate non-cancelable purchase commitments outstanding at June 30, 2024 were $40.8 million. The majority of these outstanding commitments are expected to be incurred in the next twelve months, and approximately $2.0 million is expected to be incurred subsequent to June 30, 2025.

The Company is subject to tax audits in the normal course of business and does not have material contingencies recorded related to such audits.

The Company accrues for claims and contingencies when losses become probable and reasonably estimable. As of the end of each applicable reporting period, the Company reviews each of its matters and, where it is probable that a liability has been or will be incurred, the Company accrues for all probable and reasonably estimable losses. Where the Company can reasonably estimate a range of loss it may incur regarding such a matter, the Company records an accrual for the amount within the range that constitutes its best estimate. If the Company can reasonably estimate a range but no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other, the Company uses the amount that is the low end of such range.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability when it believes it is probable a loss will be incurred, and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. Other than the PlusPass matter discussed below, the Company has determined that resolution of the remaining pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position.

Brantley v. City of Gretna is a class action lawsuit filed in the 24th Judicial District Court of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana against the City of Gretna (the “City”) and its safety camera vendor, Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. in April 2016. The Company acquired Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. as part of its June 2021 purchase of Redflex Holdings Limited. The plaintiff class, which

20

was certified on March 30, 2021, alleges that the City’s safety camera program was implemented and operated in violation of local ordinances and the state constitution, including that the City’s hearing process violated the plaintiffs’ due process rights for lack of a “neutral” arbiter of liability for traffic infractions. Plaintiffs seek recovery of traffic infraction fines paid. The City and Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. appealed the trial court’s ruling granting class certification, which was denied and their petition for discretionary review of the certification ruling by the Louisiana Supreme Court was declined. Merits discovery in the trial court is underway. Trial is expected to occur in mid- to late 2025. Based on the information available to the Company at present, the Company is unable to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss for this action and, accordingly, it has not accrued any liability associated with this action.

PlusPass Inc. (“PlusPass”) v. Verra Mobility Corporation, et al. is a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court, Central District of California, against Verra Mobility, The Gores Group LLC, Platinum Equity LLC and ATS Processing Services, Inc., in November 2020. In February 2024, Verra Mobility and PlusPass entered into a confidential business arrangement pursuant to which Verra Mobility (i) acquired certain assets from PlusPass and (ii) fully and finally resolved all litigation and disputes between the parties. Verra Mobility accrued $31.5 million for this matter at December 31, 2023 which was presented within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations, and payment was made during the first quarter of 2024.

14. Segment Reporting

The Company has three operating and reportable segments: Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions. Commercial Services offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services to RACs, Direct Fleets, FMCs and violation-issuing authorities. Government Solutions implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and government agencies of all sizes. Parking Solutions provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) function is comprised of the Company’s CEO and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team. The Company’s CODM monitors operating performance, allocates resources and deploys capital based on these three segments.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net. The tables below refer to this measure as segment profit. The aforementioned items are not indicative of operating performance, and, as a result are not included in the measures that are reviewed by the CODM for the segments. Other income, net included in segment profit below consists primarily of credit card rebates earned on the prepayment of tolling transactions and gains or losses on foreign currency transactions, and excludes certain non-operating expenses inapplicable to segments.

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The following tables set forth financial information by segment for the respective periods:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Commercial			Government			Parking			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	103,985		$	91,469		$	16,563		$	—		$	212,017
Product sales		—			6,246			4,163			—			10,409
Total revenue		103,985			97,715			20,726			—			222,426
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		679			473			3,489			—			4,641
Cost of product sales		—			4,473			3,375			—			7,848
Operating expenses		23,189			46,153			4,488			—			73,830
Selling, general and administrative expenses		15,757			16,743			6,644			—			39,144
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			53			4			—			57
Other income, net		(5,126	)		(37	)		(82	)		—			(5,245	)
Segment profit	$	69,486		$	29,857		$	2,808		$	—		$	102,151
Segment profit	$	69,486		$	29,857		$	2,808		$	—		$	102,151
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—			27,465			27,465
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—			113			113
Transformation expenses		—			—			—			1,569			1,569
Gain on interest rate swap		—			—			—			(23	)		(23	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			6,590			6,590
Interest expense, net		—			—			—			18,845			18,845
Income before income taxes	$	69,486		$	29,857		$	2,808		$	(54,559	)	$	47,592

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Commercial			Government			Parking			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	94,455		$	84,994		$	16,601		$	—		$	196,050
Product sales		—			3,260			5,151			—			8,411
Total revenue		94,455			88,254			21,752			—			204,461
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		688			681			2,969			—			4,338
Cost of product sales		—			2,011			3,951			—			5,962
Operating expenses		20,780			39,399			4,931			—			65,110
Selling, general and administrative expenses		16,131			15,926			6,441			—			38,498
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			92			—			—			92
Other income, net		(4,237	)		(215	)		(60	)		—			(4,512	)
Segment profit	$	61,093		$	30,360		$	3,520		$	—		$	94,973
Segment profit	$	61,093		$	30,360		$	3,520		$	—		$	94,973
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—			28,996			28,996
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—			64			64
Transformation expenses		—			—			—			665			665
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			—			10,918			10,918
Gain on interest rate swap		—			—			—			(4,805	)		(4,805	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			209			209
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			4,525			4,525
Interest expense, net		—			—			—			22,771			22,771
Income before income taxes	$	61,093		$	30,360		$	3,520		$	(63,343	)	$	31,630

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	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Commercial			Government			Parking			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	199,874		$	181,744		$	33,120		$	—		$	414,738
Product sales		—			10,158			7,260			—			17,418
Total revenue		199,874			191,902			40,380			—			432,156
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		1,150			1,032			6,764			—			8,946
Cost of product sales		—			7,052			6,082			—			13,134
Operating expenses		44,668			89,755			8,981			—			143,404
Selling, general and administrative expenses		33,254			34,971			13,070			—			81,295
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			140			6			—			146
Other income, net		(9,496	)		(87	)		(115	)		—			(9,698	)
Segment profit	$	130,298		$	59,039		$	5,592		$	—		$	194,929
Segment profit	$	130,298		$	59,039		$	5,592		$	—		$	194,929
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—			54,351			54,351
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—			1,641			1,641
Transformation expenses		—			—			—			1,569			1,569
Gain on interest rate swap		—			—			—			(419	)		(419	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			595			595
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			12,148			12,148
Interest expense, net		—			—			—			38,480			38,480
Income before income taxes	$	130,298		$	59,039		$	5,592		$	(108,365	)	$	86,564

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Commercial			Government			Parking			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	180,094		$	168,227		$	32,427		$	—		$	380,748
Product sales		—			5,950			9,666			—			15,616
Total revenue		180,094			174,177			42,093			—			396,364
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		1,171			1,192			6,205			—			8,568
Cost of product sales		—			3,725			7,620			—			11,345
Operating expenses		40,645			77,003			8,973			—			126,621
Selling, general and administrative expenses		31,583			30,566			12,989			—			75,138
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			116			—			—			116
Other income, net		(7,954	)		(250	)		(64	)		—			(8,268	)
Segment profit	$	114,649		$	61,825		$	6,370		$	—		$	182,844
Segment profit	$	114,649		$	61,825		$	6,370		$	—		$	182,844
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—			59,305			59,305
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—			332			332
Transformation expenses		—			—			—			724			724
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			—			25,519			25,519
Gain on interest rate swap		—			—			—			(2,007	)		(2,007	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			1,558			1,558
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			7,903			7,903
Interest expense, net		—			—			—			45,458			45,458
Income before income taxes	$	114,649		$	61,825		$	6,370		$	(138,792	)	$	44,052

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The table below details the following assets by reportable segment as of the respective period-ends:

($ in thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Property and equipment, net
Commercials Services	$	10,788	$	9,547
Government Solutions		107,109		98,611
Parking Solutions		13,808		13,281
Corporate and other		1,609		1,809
Total property and equipment, net	$	133,314	$	123,248
Total assets
Commercials Services	$	731,945	$	721,192
Government Solutions		494,785		523,687
Parking Solutions		395,527		404,267
Corporate and other		150,740		140,837
Total assets	$	1,772,997	$	1,789,983

In addition, refer to Note 4, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for goodwill balances by segment.

The Company primarily operates within the United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and in various other countries in Europe and Asia. Revenues earned from goods transferred to customers at a point in time were approximately $10.4 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and were $17.4 million and $15.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table details the revenues from international operations for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Australia	$	14,956	$	10,269	$	27,433	$	19,970
Canada		8,675		8,580		16,739		15,801
United Kingdom		4,218		5,926		9,377		12,662
All other		1,006		734		1,673		1,422
Total international revenues	$	28,855	$	25,509	$	55,222	$	49,855

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our Annual Report, and our financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the section in this Report entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Business Overview

We believe we are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions, principally operating throughout the United States, Australia, Europe and Canada. We make transportation safer, smarter and more connected through our integrated, data-driven solutions, including toll and violations management, title and registration services, automated safety and traffic enforcement and commercial parking management. We bring together vehicles, hardware, software, data and people to solve transportation challenges for customers around the world, including commercial fleet owners such as rental car companies (“RACs”), direct commercial fleet owner-operators (“Direct Fleets”) and fleet management companies (“FMCs”), as well as governments, universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities, transportation hubs and other violation-issuing authorities. Our vision is to continue to develop and use technology and data intelligence to make transportation safer, smarter and more connected globally.

Our business is susceptible to a number of industry-specific and global macroeconomic factors that may cause our actual results of operations to differ from our historical results of operations or current expectations. The factors and trends that we currently believe are or will be most impactful to our results of operations and financial condition include the following: the inflationary impact on items such as wages and travel-related costs, future travel demand, and legislation regarding the adoption, expansion or prohibition of automated enforcement and traffic safety technology by local or state governments. We continue to monitor the potential favorable or unfavorable impacts of these and other factors on our business, operations, financial condition, and future results of operations.

Executive Summary

We operate under long-term contracts and a highly reoccurring service revenue model. We continue to execute our strategy to grow revenue organically year over year and focus on initiatives that support our long-term vision. During the periods presented, we:

•Increased total revenue by $35.8 million, or 9.0%, from $396.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $432.2 million in the same period in 2024. The increase was mainly due to service revenue resulting from increased travel volume in the Commercial Services segment and the growth from speed, red light and maintenance programs in the Government Solutions segment.

•Generated cash flows from operating activities of $74.4 million and $107.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our cash on hand was $122.0 million as of June 30, 2024.

•Used existing cash on hand of $51.5 million to repurchase 2.0 million shares of our Class A Common Stock directly from a stockholder in June 2024.

•Continued to focus on debt management and lowering our exposure to higher interest rates, and as a result, we refinanced our debt and reduced our interest rate by 50 basis points and made early repayments of approximately $4.5 million on our 2021 Term Loan during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Recent Events

In October 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over an 18-month period in open market, ASR or privately negotiated transactions. On June 6, 2024, we entered into a share repurchase agreement with a stockholder, pursuant to which we repurchased, directly from the stockholder, 2.0 million shares of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $51.5 million. Refer to Note 10, Stockholders' Equity, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements for additional information on our share repurchases.

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Segment Information

We have three operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions:

•Our Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services for commercial fleet customers, including RACs, Direct Fleets and FMCs in North America. In Europe, we provide tolling and violations processing services.

•Our Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers. We provide complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions. Our international operations primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and recurring maintenance services related to the equipment and software.

•Our Parking Solutions segment provides an integrated suite of parking software, transaction processing and hardware solutions to universities, municipalities, healthcare facilities and commercial parking operators in the United States and Canada.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net.

Primary Components of Our Operating Results

Revenues

Service Revenue. Our Commercial Services segment generates service revenue primarily through the operation and management of tolling programs and processing violations for RACs, FMCs and other large fleet customers. These solutions are full-service offerings by which we enroll the license plates of our customers’ vehicles and transponders with tolling authority accounts, pay tolls and violations on the customers’ behalf and, through proprietary technology, integrate with customer data to match the toll or violation to the driver and then bill the driver (or our customer, as applicable) for use of the service. The cost of certain tolls, violations and our customers’ share of administration fees are netted against revenue. We also generate service revenue in our Commercial Services segment through processing titles and registrations.

Our Government Solutions segment generates service revenue through the operation and maintenance of photo enforcement systems. Revenue drivers in this segment include the number of systems installed and the monthly revenue per system. Ancillary service revenue is generated in our Government Solutions segment from payment processing, pass-through fees for collection expense, and other fees.

Our Parking Solutions segment generates service revenue mainly from offering software as a service (“SaaS”), subscription fees, professional services and citation processing services related to parking management solutions to its customers.

Product Sales. Product sales are generated by the sale of photo enforcement equipment in the Government Solutions segment and specialized hardware in the Parking Solutions segment. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Service Revenue, Excluding Depreciation and Amortization. Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization consists of recurring service costs, collection and other third-party costs in our segments.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales consists of the cost to acquire and install photo enforcement equipment purchased by Government Solutions customers and costs to develop hardware sold to Parking Solutions customers.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses primarily include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), subcontractor costs, payment processing and other operational costs, including print, postage and communication costs.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), real estate lease expense, insurance costs, professional services fees and general corporate expenses.

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net includes depreciation on property, plant and equipment, and amortization of definite-lived intangible assets. This line item also includes any one-time gains or losses incurred in connection with the disposal of certain assets.

Interest Expense, Net. This includes interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts and is net of interest income.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. Change in fair value of private placement warrants consists of liability adjustments related to the Private Placement Warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period.

Gain on Interest Rate Swap. Gain on interest rate swap relates to the changes associated with the derivative instrument re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period and the related periodic cash receipts or payments.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of the write-off of pre-existing original issue discounts and deferred financing costs associated with debt extinguishment.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net primarily consists of volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards, gains or losses on foreign currency transactions and other non-operating expenses.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.

	Three Months Ended June 30,
							Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023			$			%
Service revenue	$	212,017		$	196,050			95.3	%		95.9	%	$	15,967			8.1	%
Product sales		10,409			8,411			4.7	%		4.1	%		1,998			23.8	%
Total revenue		222,426			204,461			100.0	%		100.0	%		17,965			8.8	%
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		4,641			4,338			2.1	%		2.1	%		303			7.0	%
Cost of product sales		7,848			5,962			3.5	%		2.9	%		1,886			31.6	%
Operating expenses		74,903			65,657			33.7	%		32.1	%		9,246			14.1	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		46,343			43,205			20.8	%		21.1	%		3,138			7.3	%
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		27,522			29,088			12.4	%		14.3	%		(1,566	)		(5.4	)%
Total costs and expenses		161,257			148,250			72.5	%		72.5	%		13,007			8.8	%
Income from operations		61,169			56,211			27.5	%		27.5	%		4,958			8.8	%
Interest expense, net		18,845			22,771			8.5	%		11.1	%		(3,926	)		(17.2	)%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			10,918			—			5.3	%		(10,918	)		(100.0	)%
Gain on interest rate swap		(23	)		(4,805	)		(0.0	)%		(2.3	)%		4,782			(99.5	)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			209			—			0.1	%		(209	)		(100.0	)%
Other income, net		(5,245	)		(4,512	)		(2.4	)%		(2.2	)%		(733	)		16.2	%
Total other expenses		13,577			24,581			6.1	%		12.0	%		(11,004	)		(44.8	)%
Income before income taxes		47,592			31,630			21.4	%		15.5	%		15,962			50.5	%
Income tax provision		13,369			12,522			6.0	%		6.2	%		847			6.8	%
Net income	$	34,223		$	19,108			15.4	%		9.3	%	$	15,115			79.1	%

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Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $16.0 million, or 8.1%, to $212.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $196.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, representing 95.3% and 95.9% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$			%
Service revenue
Commercial Services	$	103,985	$	94,455		46.8	%		46.2	%	$	9,530			10.1	%
Government Solutions		91,469		84,994		41.1	%		41.6	%		6,475			7.6	%
Parking Solutions		16,563		16,601		7.4	%		8.1	%		(38	)		(0.2	)%
Total service revenue	$	212,017	$	196,050		95.3	%		95.9	%	$	15,967			8.1	%

Commercial Services service revenue increased by $9.5 million, or 10.1%, from approximately $94.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $104.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increased travel volume and related tolling activity compared to the prior year. The volume of tolls incurred by RAC vehicles contributed to a $5.7 million growth in revenue and an increase in enrolled vehicles as well as higher tolling activity for our FMC customers contributed to a $2.7 million growth in revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. In addition, there was more revenue generated from processing violations compared to the prior year.

Government Solutions service revenue increased by $6.5 million, or 7.6%, from approximately $85 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, to $91.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by program expansion from existing customers, new cities implementing automated enforcement efforts to improve road safety and from maintenance programs for international customers which together contributed $4.7 million growth compared to the prior year. Outside of our contract with NYCDOT, we experienced a 14% increase in service revenue due to these factors. The remaining increase is attributable to expansions across school bus stop-arm and bus lane programs.

Parking Solutions service revenue was relatively consistent at $16.6 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Increased revenue from SaaS product offerings was partially offset by reduction in professional services related to parking management solutions.

Product Sales. Product sales were $10.4 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Product sales increased by $2.0 million, which was due to a $3.0 million growth in product sales to Government Solutions customers, partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in product sales in the Parking Solutions segment. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Cost of Service Revenue, Excluding Depreciation and Amortization. Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization increased from $4.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, mainly due to increased recurring service costs.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by approximately $1.8 million from $6.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $7.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, which was in line with the increase in product sales discussed above.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses increased by $9.2 million, or 14.1%, from $65.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $74.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in 2024 was primarily attributable to increases of $5.0 million in wages expense, $1.9 million of information technology costs, and $1.5 million of subcontractor costs compared to the prior period. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 32.1% to 33.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

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The following table presents operating expenses by segment:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$			%
Operating expenses
Commercial Services	$	23,189	$	20,780		10.4	%		10.1	%	$	2,409			11.6	%
Government Solutions		46,153		39,399		20.7	%		19.3	%		6,754			17.1	%
Parking Solutions		4,488		4,931		2.1	%		2.4	%		(443	)		(9.0	)%
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation		73,830		65,110		33.2	%		31.8	%		8,720			13.4	%
Stock-based compensation		1,073		547		0.5	%		0.3	%		526			96.2	%
Total operating expenses	$	74,903	$	65,657		33.7	%		32.1	%	$	9,246			14.1	%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $46.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $43.2 million for the same period in 2023. This increase was primarily due to $2.2 million in higher wages expense, and overall increases in stock-based compensation, marketing and other general expenses which were partially offset by a decrease in professional services costs compared to prior year. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue decreased slightly from 21.1% to 20.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$			%
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commercial Services	$	15,757	$	16,131		7.1	%		7.9	%	$	(374	)		(2.3	)%
Government Solutions		16,743		15,926		7.5	%		7.8	%		817			5.1	%
Parking Solutions		6,644		6,441		3.0	%		3.2	%		203			3.2	%
Corporate and other		1,682		729		0.8	%		0.3	%		953			130.7	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation		40,826		39,227		18.4	%		19.2	%		1,599			4.1	%
Stock-based compensation		5,517		3,978		2.4	%		1.9	%		1,539			38.7	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	46,343	$	43,205		20.8	%		21.1	%	$	3,138			7.3	%

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, decreased by approximately $1.6 million to $27.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $29.1 million for the same period in 2023. This was mainly due to a developed technology intangible asset being fully amortized in the three months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the prior year. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense in the 2024 period.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by approximately $4.0 million from $22.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $18.8 million for the same period in 2024 which was primarily attributable to voluntary principal prepayments made during 2023 and 2024 which lowered the outstanding debt balance. In addition, the average variable interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 27 basis points lower for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the prior period. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part I, Item 2.”

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded a loss of $10.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 related to the change in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which were accounted for as liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value was the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of the reporting period or a final re-measurement upon their exercise.

Gain on Interest Rate Swap. We recorded a gain of less than $(0.1) million during the three months ended June 30, 2024, of which $0.2 million is associated with the derivative instrument re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period

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offset by $(0.3) million related to the monthly cash proceeds on the interest rate swap. We recorded a $(4.8) million gain during the three months ended June 30, 2023, of which approximately $(5.1) million is associated with the derivative instrument re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period, offset by $0.3 million related to the monthly cash payments made.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. We recorded a $0.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended June 30, 2023 related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the early repayments of $10.0 million on the 2021 Term Loan.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net was $5.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $4.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase of $0.7 million is primarily attributable to volume rebates earned on increased credit card purchases from prepayment of tolling transactions driven by travel demand.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $13.4 million representing an effective tax rate of 28.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to a tax provision of $12.5 million, with an effective tax rate of 39.6% for the same period in 2023. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance is the permanent difference related to the mark-to-market adjustments on the Private Placement Warrants that impacted the rate in the prior year without a comparable impact in the current period.

Net Income. We had net income of $34.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to a net income of $19.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The $15.1 million increase in net income was primarily due to the change in fair value of Private Placement Warrants expense in the prior year period, decrease in interest expense and the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
							Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023			$			%
Service revenue	$	414,738		$	380,748			96.0	%		96.1	%	$	33,990			8.9	%
Product sales		17,418			15,616			4.0	%		3.9	%		1,802			11.5	%
Total revenue		432,156			396,364			100.0	%		100.0	%		35,792			9.0	%
Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		8,946			8,568			2.1	%		2.1	%		378			4.4	%
Cost of product sales		13,134			11,345			3.0	%		2.9	%		1,789			15.8	%
Operating expenses		145,543			127,500			33.7	%		32.2	%		18,043			14.2	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		94,514			83,218			21.9	%		21.0	%		11,296			13.6	%
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		54,497			59,421			12.6	%		15.0	%		(4,924	)		(8.3	)%
Total costs and expenses		316,634			290,052			73.3	%		73.2	%		26,582			9.2	%
Income from operations		115,522			106,312			26.7	%		26.8	%		9,210			8.7	%
Interest expense, net		38,480			45,458			8.9	%		11.5	%		(6,978	)		(15.4	)%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			25,519			—			6.4	%		(25,519	)		(100.0	)%
Gain on interest rate swap		(419	)		(2,007	)		(0.1	)%		(0.5	)%		1,588			(79.1	)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		595			1,558			0.1	%		0.4	%		(963	)		(61.8	)%
Other income, net		(9,698	)		(8,268	)		(2.2	)%		(2.1	)%		(1,430	)		17.3	%
Total other expenses		28,958			62,260			6.7	%		15.7	%		(33,302	)		(53.5	)%
Income before income taxes		86,564			44,052			20.0	%		11.1	%		42,512			96.5	%
Income tax provision		23,192			20,367			5.3	%		5.1	%		2,825			13.9	%
Net income	$	63,372		$	23,685			14.7	%		6.0	%	$	39,687			167.6	%

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Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $34.0 million, or 8.9%, to $414.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $380.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing 96.0% and 96.1% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$		%
Service revenue
Commercial Services	$	199,874	$	180,094		46.3	%		45.5	%	$	19,780		11.0	%
Government Solutions		181,744		168,227		42.1	%		42.4	%		13,517		8.0	%
Parking Solutions		33,120		32,427		7.6	%		8.2	%		693		2.1	%
Total service revenue	$	414,738	$	380,748		96.0	%		96.1	%	$	33,990		8.9	%

Commercial Services service revenue increased by $19.8 million, or 11.0%, from $180.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $199.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increased travel volume and related tolling activity compared to the prior year. The volume of tolls incurred by RAC vehicles contributed to a $11.4 million growth in revenue and an increase in enrolled vehicles as well as higher tolling activity for our FMC customers contributed to a $6.1 million growth in revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. In addition, there was more revenue generated from processing violations compared to the prior year.

Government Solutions service revenue increased by $13.5 million, or 8%, from $168.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, to $181.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by the expansion of speed, red light and maintenance programs which contributed approximately $9.5 million to the service revenue growth compared to the prior year. The remaining increase is attributable to expansions across school bus stop-arm and bus lane programs.

Parking Solutions service revenue grew by $0.7 million, from $32.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $33.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The growth was primarily due to increased revenue from SaaS product offerings, partially offset by a decrease in professional services related to parking management solutions.

Product Sales. Product sales were $17.4 million and $15.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Product sales increased by $1.8 million, which was due to a $4.2 million growth in product sales to Government Solutions customers, offset by a $2.4 million decrease in product sales in the Parking Solutions segment. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Cost of Service Revenue, Excluding Depreciation and Amortization. Cost of service revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization increased slightly from $8.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $8.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, mainly due to increased recurring service costs.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by $1.8 million from $11.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $13.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, which was in line with the increase in product sales discussed above.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses increased by $18.0 million, or 14.2%, from $127.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $145.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in 2024 was primarily attributable to increases of $11.1 million in wages expense, $4.3 million of information technology costs and $2.0 million of recurring service costs compared to the prior period. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 32.2% to 33.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

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The following table presents operating expenses by segment:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$		%
Operating expenses
Commercial Services	$	44,668	$	40,645		10.3	%		10.3	%	$	4,023		9.9	%
Government Solutions		89,755		77,003		20.8	%		19.4	%		12,752		16.6	%
Parking Solutions		8,981		8,973		2.1	%		2.3	%		8		0.1	%
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation		143,404		126,621		33.2	%		32.0	%		16,783		13.3	%
Stock-based compensation		2,139		879		0.5	%		0.2	%		1,260		143.3	%
Total operating expenses	$	145,543	$	127,500		33.7	%		32.2	%	$	18,043		14.2	%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $94.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $83.2 million for the same period in 2023. This is primarily due to a $4.3 million increase in credit loss expense, $4.4 million in higher wages expense and overall increases in stock-based compensation expense, marketing and other general expenses, partially offset by a decrease in professional services costs compared to the prior year. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 21.0% to 21.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease)  2024 vs 2023
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2024			2023			$		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commercial Services	$	33,254	$	31,583		7.7	%		8.0	%	$	1,671		5.3	%
Government Solutions		34,971		30,566		8.1	%		7.7	%		4,405		14.4	%
Parking Solutions		13,070		12,989		3.0	%		3.3	%		81		0.6	%
Corporate and other		3,210		1,056		0.8	%		0.2	%		2,154		204.0	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation		84,505		76,194		19.6	%		19.2	%		8,311		10.9	%
Stock-based compensation		10,009		7,024		2.3	%		1.8	%		2,985		42.5	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	94,514	$	83,218		21.9	%		21.0	%	$	11,296		13.6	%

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, decreased by $4.9 million to $54.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $59.4 million for the same period in 2023. This was mainly due to certain non-compete, trademark and developed technology intangible assets being fully amortized in the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the prior year. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense in the 2024 period.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by $7.0 million from approximately $45.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $38.5 million for the same period in 2024. This was primarily attributable to voluntary principal prepayments made during 2023 and 2024 which lowered the outstanding debt balance in 2024 coupled with a 50 basis-point reduction in the interest rate from refinancing our debt on February 8, 2024. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part I, Item 2.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded a loss of $25.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 related to the change in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which were accounted for as liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value was the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of the reporting period, or a final re-measurement upon their exercise.

Gain on Interest Rate Swap. We recorded a $(0.4) million gain during the six months ended June 30, 2024, of which $0.2 million is associated with the derivative instrument re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period offset by $(0.6) million related to the monthly cash proceeds. We recorded a $(2.0) million gain during the six months ended June 30, 2023, of

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which approximately $(3.6) million is associated with the derivative instrument re-measured to fair value at the end of the reporting period offset by $1.6 million related to the monthly cash payments.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. We recorded a $0.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the refinancing of the 2021 Term Loan in February 2024. We recorded a $1.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the six months ended June 30, 2023 related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the early repayments of $72.5 million on the 2021 Term Loan.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net was approximately $9.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $8.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase of $1.4 million is primarily attributable to volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards from increased tolling and travel activity.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $23.2 million representing an effective tax rate of 26.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to a tax provision of $20.4 million, with an effective tax rate of 46.2% for the same period in 2023. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance is the permanent difference related to the mark-to-market adjustments on the Private Placement Warrants that impacted the rate in the prior year without a comparable impact in the current period.

Net Income. We had net income of $63.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to a net income of $23.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The $39.7 million increase in net income was primarily due to the change in fair value of Private Placement Warrants expense in the prior year period, decrease in interest expense and the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and the available borrowing under our Revolver (defined below).

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and our ability to borrow under our Revolver will be sufficient to meet operating cash requirements, service debt obligations and fund potential share repurchases for at least the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than currently expected due to various factors, including any expansion of our business or strategic acquisitions.

We have incurred significant long-term debt as a result of acquisitions completed in prior years. Should we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may need to raise additional capital, which may be in the form of additional long-term debt, borrowings on our Revolver, or equity financings, all of which may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all.

We have the ability to borrow under our Revolver to meet obligations as they come due. As of June 30, 2024, we had $74.6 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under our Revolver. Our cash on hand was $122.0 million as of June 30, 2024.

We made early repayments of approximately $2.3 million and $4.5 million on our 2021 Term Loan during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. In addition, we entered into a third amendment to the 2021 Term Loan (the “Third Amendment”) in February 2024 to refinance the entire outstanding amount under the 2021 Term Loan and reduce the interest rate and eliminate the credit spread adjustment. As of June 30, 2024, the total principal outstanding on the 2021 Term Loan was $700.1 million.

At June 30, 2024, the tax receivable agreement liability was approximately $53.5 million. We expect to make payments of approximately $5.0 million per year for the next 11 years.

Share Repurchases and Retirement

In October 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over an 18-month period in open market, ASR or privately negotiated transactions. The level at which we repurchase depends on a number of factors, including our financial condition,

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capital requirements, cash flows, results of operations, future business prospects and other factors our management may deem relevant. The timing, volume and nature of repurchases are subject to market conditions, applicable securities laws and other factors and may be amended, suspended or discontinued at any time. On June 6, 2024, the Company entered into a share repurchase agreement with a stockholder, pursuant to which the Company repurchased, directly from the stockholder, 2.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $51.5 million. The repurchased shares were subsequently retired. As of June 30, 2024, $48.5 million remains available under the share repurchase program. Refer to Note 10, Stockholders' Equity, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements for additional information on our share repurchases.

The following table sets forth certain captions indicated on our statements of cash flows for the respective periods:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	74,368		$	107,927
Net cash used in investing activities		(27,677	)		(31,525	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(60,917	)		27,909

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities decreased by approximately $33.5 million from $107.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $74.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Net income year over year increased by approximately $39.7 million, from $23.7 million in 2023 to $63.4 million in 2024. The aggregate adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities decreased $14.8 million mainly due to the change in fair value of private placement warrants and decreased amortization, which were partially offset by increases in credit loss expense, stock based compensation and change in deferred income taxes. The aggregate changes in operating assets and liabilities decreased by $58.4 million in 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to payments for a legal settlement and other current liabilities that were previously accrued for, decrease in deferred revenue and increases in prepaid and other current assets.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $27.7 million and $31.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in cash used was primarily driven by approximately $0.6 million of cash received from the interest rate swap in 2024 compared to $1.6 million of cash paid in the prior year, and a $1.8 million decrease in cash used for purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment compared to the prior year.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(60.9) million and $27.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The cash used in 2024 was mainly due to $51.5 million paid for share repurchases, $5.7 million of payments for employee tax withholding related to RSUs and PSUs vesting and early repayments of $4.5 million on our 2021 Term Loan. The cash provided in 2023 was mainly due to the $105.8 million proceeds from the exercise of warrants issued in connection with the IPO, partially offset by early repayments totaling $72.5 million on our 2021 Term Loan.

Long-term Debt

2021 Term Loan

In March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. (“VM Consolidated”), our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $900.0 million, maturing on March 24, 2028, which includes the incremental borrowing of $250.0 million in December 2021 as a result of exercising the accordion feature available under the agreement. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan borrowings, we had $4.6 million of offering discount costs and $4.5 million in deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In February 2024, VM Consolidated entered into the Third Amendment to refinance the 2021 Term Loan (the “Refinancing Transaction”). Pursuant to the Third Amendment, the interest rate was reduced by 50 basis points to SOFR + 2.75% from SOFR + 3.25% with the SOFR floor unchanged at 0.00%. The credit spread adjustment, ranging from 0.11448%

34

to 0.71513%, was eliminated, which resulted in a total savings of 61.5 basis points. In addition, the 2021 Term Loan no longer contains a provision for principal repayments which were previously required to be paid in quarterly installments. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we made early repayments of approximately $4.5 million on the 2021 Term Loan and as a result, the total principal outstanding was $700.1 million as of June 30, 2024.

We evaluated the Refinancing Transaction on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted accordingly for debt extinguishment costs and debt modification costs (for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment). We recorded a $0.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to the write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts in connection with the Refinancing Transaction.

The 2021 Term Loan now bears interest based, at our option, on either (i) Term SOFR plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum, or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 1.75% per annum. As of June 30, 2024, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 8.1%.

In addition, the 2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year), as set forth in the following table:

Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement)	Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00	50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00	25%
< 3.20:1.00	0%

Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated issued an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, we incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year. We may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:

Year	Percentage
2024	102.750%
2025	101.375%
2026 and thereafter	100.000%

The Revolver

We have a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75.0 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 18, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) Term SOFR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) Term SOFR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on our average availability to borrow under the commitment. There is a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% for a one-month duration, 0.15% for a three-month duration, and 0.25% for a six-month duration, in addition to Term SOFR and the applicable margin percentages. There are no outstanding borrowings on the Revolver as of June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The availability to borrow was $74.6 million, net of $0.4 million of outstanding letters of credit at June 30, 2024.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and we are also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $0.4 million of outstanding letters of credit as of June 30, 2024.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material

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respects of representations and warranties. Substantially all of our assets are pledged as collateral to secure our indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan. At June 30, 2024, we were compliant with all debt covenants.

Interest Expense, Net

We recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $18.8 million and $22.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $38.5 million and $45.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, for additional information on the interest rate swap entered into in December 2022 to hedge our exposure against higher interest rates.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any material off-balance sheet financing arrangements as of June 30, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Please refer to our Annual Report for our critical accounting policies, estimates and judgments. We believe that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk due to the variable interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan described in Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Interest rate risk represents our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates associated with the variable rate debt represented by the 2021 Term Loan, which has an outstanding balance of $700.1 million at June 30, 2024. The 2021 Term Loan now bears interest based, at our option, on either (i) Term SOFR plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum, or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 1.75% per annum. As of June 30, 2024, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 8.1%.

Based on the June 30, 2024 balance outstanding, each 1% movement in interest rates will result in an approximately $7.0 million change in annual interest expense.

In December 2022, we entered into a cancellable interest rate swap agreement to hedge our exposure to interest rate fluctuations associated with the LIBOR (now transitioned to Term SOFR) portion of the variable interest rate on our 2021 Term Loan. Under the interest rate swap agreement, we pay a fixed rate of 5.17% and the counterparty pays a variable interest rate which is net settled. The notional amount on the interest rate swap is $675.0 million. We have the option to effectively terminate the interest rate swap agreement as of December 2023, and monthly thereafter until December 2025, in the event interest rates decrease. We recorded a gain of less than $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and a $0.4 million gain for the six months ended June 30, 2024. See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements for additional information on the interest rate swap.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the results of our assessment, our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2024 due to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below and previously disclosed in Part II, Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” in our Annual Report.

Material Weakness

We identified a material weakness in the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting in the Control Activities component of the COSO framework related to a lack of information technology general controls to prevent the risk of management override. Specifically, we identified system limitations that do not facilitate proper segregation of duties within multiple systems and a lack of mitigating business process level controls to address the risk of management override over the preparation and review of manual journal entries and certain manual revenue invoices.

While this deficiency did not result in any material misstatements of our consolidated interim or annual financial statements, it does represent a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.

Remediation Efforts to Address the Material Weakness

As previously described in Part II, Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” in our Annual Report, we began implementing a remediation plan to address the material weakness discussed above. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. The Company has devoted, significant time and resources to complete its remediation of the material weakness. The Company is targeting completion of the remediation and testing of the material weakness by the end of the 2024 fiscal year.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II—Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may become involved with various legal proceedings. Refer to the information contained under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 13 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A.

Risks Related to Our Business

Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report includes a discussion of our risk factors. There have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Annual Report. We may disclose changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future SEC filings.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Purchases of Equity Securities

The following details our purchases of our Class A Common Stock during the three months ended June 30, 2024:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)
As of March 31, 2024		534,499	$	19.69		534,499	$	100,000,000
Share repurchases		—	$	—		—	$	—
As of April 30, 2024		534,499	$	—		534,499	$	100,000,000
Share repurchases		—	$	—		—	$	—
As of May 31, 2024		534,499	$	—		534,499	$	100,000,000
Share repurchases(2)		2,000,000	$	25.75		2,000,000	$	48,500,000
As of June 30, 2024		2,534,499	$	22.72		2,534,499	$	48,500,000

(1) On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over an 18-month period in an open market, ASR or privately negotiated transactions.

(2) During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we entered into a share repurchase agreement with a stockholder, pursuant to which we repurchased, directly from the stockholder, 2.0 million shares of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $51.5 million.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies.

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During the three months ended June 30, 2024, David Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Craig Conti, Chief Financial Officer, adopted trading arrangements for the sale of shares of our Class A Common Stock in amounts and prices determined in accordance with such plan, as more fully described in the following table:

Name and Title	Action	Date	Rule 10b5-1(1)	Non Rule 10b5-1(2)	Aggregate Number of Securities/Total Dollar Value to be Sold(3)		Expiration
David Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer	Adoption	May 6, 2024	X			129,018	February 6, 2025
Craig Conti, Chief Financial Officer	Adoption	May 9, 2024	X			25,000	February 7, 2025

(1) Intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c).

(2) Not intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c).

(3) Represents aggregate number of shares to be sold pursuant to the trading arrangement.

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Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Report.

Exhibit Index

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation.	8-K	001-37979	3.1	October 22, 2018
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation.	8-K	001-37979	3.1	November 9, 2023
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).					X
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents.					X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)					X
* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION
Date: August 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Craig Conti
		Craig Conti
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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