(Address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal place of business)

(Name, address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an “emerging growth company.” See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicated by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☒

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The Selling Securityholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

This prospectus relates to the proposed resale or other disposition from time to time of up to 199,149 shares (the “Warrant Shares”) of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”) of SenesTech, Inc. (the “Company”) by the Selling Securityholders identified in this prospectus. The Warrant Shares are shares of Common Stock that are issuable upon exercise of warrants held by the Selling Securityholders. We are not selling any shares of Common Stock under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Warrant Shares.

The Selling Securityholders may sell or otherwise dispose of the Warrant Shares described in this prospectus at various times and in various types of transactions, including sales in the open market, sales in negotiated transactions and sales by a combination of these methods. The Selling Securityholders may sell the Warrant Shares to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. The Selling Securityholders will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to the sales of the Warrant Shares. We will bear all other costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the Warrant Shares. Please read “Plan of Distribution.”

Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SNES.” On February 7, 2020, the last reported sale price for our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market was $4.81 per share.

This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described in this prospectus under the heading “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Please read “Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”

Investing in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. Please read “Risk Factors” beginning on page 4 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement before making an investment in the securities of SenesTech, Inc. Please read “Where You Can Find Additional Information” on page 76 for more information. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representation, other than those contained in this prospectus or any free writing prospectus we have prepared. We take no responsibility for, and provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our Common Stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside the United States: We have not done anything that would permit possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our securities and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this prospectus to “Registrant,” “SenesTech,” “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to SenesTech, Inc.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we are filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and relates to 199,149 shares of our Common Stock, which the Selling Securityholders named in this prospectus may offer, sell or otherwise dispose of from time to time. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales of Warrant Shares. The Selling Securityholders will bear all costs and fees related to underwriting discounts, selling commissions, transfer taxes and fees, if any. We will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the registration of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. We have not, and the Selling Securityholders have not, authorized anyone to provide you with additional or different information. The prospectus may be used only for the purposes for which it has been published. If you receive any other information, you should not rely on it. You should assume that the information contained in this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of the applicable document. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects may have changed since that date. You should not rely on or assume the accuracy of any representation or warranty in any agreement that we have filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or that we may otherwise publicly file in the future because any such representation or warranty was made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, may be subject to exceptions and qualifications contained in separate disclosure schedules, may represent the parties’ risk allocation in the particular transaction, may be qualified by materiality standards that differ from what may be viewed as material for securities law purposes or may no longer continue to be true as of any given date. No offer of these securities is being made in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is prohibited.

We may file a prospectus supplement to add to, update or change the information contained in this prospectus and, to the extent inconsistent, information in this prospectus will be superseded by the information in the prospectus supplement. Before you invest, you should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and the information contained in the documents we refer to under the headings “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

Our Company

Overview

We have developed and are seeking to commercialize a global, proprietary technology for managing animal pest populations, initially rat populations, through fertility control. Although there are myriad tools available to control rat populations, most rely on some form of lethal method to achieve effectiveness. Each of these solutions is inherently limited by rat species’ resilience and survival mechanisms as well as their extraordinary rate of reproduction. ContraPest^®, our initial product, is unique in the pest control industry in attacking the reproductive systems of both male and female rats, resulting in a sustained reduction of the rat population.

Rats have plagued humanity throughout history. They pose significant threats to the health and food security of many communities. In addition, rodents cause significant product loss and damage through consumption, contamination, equipment damage and asset deterioration. Rats also cause significant damage to critical infrastructure by burrowing beneath foundations and gnawing on electrical wiring, insulation, fire proofing systems, electronics and computer equipment.

The most prevalent solution to rat infestations is the use of increasingly powerful rodenticides. Although these solutions provide short term results, there are growing concerns about secondary exposure and bioaccumulation of rodenticides in the environment. The pest management industry and Pest Management Professionals (PMPs) are being asked for new solutions that are both effective and less toxic. Our goal is to provide customers with not only a solution to combat their most difficult rat problems, but also offer a non-lethal option to serve customers that are looking to decrease or remove the amount of rodenticide used in their pest control programs.

ContraPest is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. ContraPest limits reproduction of male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption. ContraPest is being marketed for use in controlling Norway and roof rat populations. SenesTech began the registration process with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for ContraPest on August 23, 2015. On August 2, 2016, the EPA granted an unconditional registration for ContraPest as a Restricted Use Product (RUP), due to the need for applicator expertise for deployment. On October 18, 2018, the EPA approved the removal of the RUP designation. We believe ContraPest is the first and only non-lethal, fertility control product approved by the EPA for the management of rat populations.

In addition to the EPA registration, ContraPest must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. As of the date of this prospectus, we have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, 47 of which have approved the removal of the RUP designation.

We expect to continue to pursue regulatory approvals and amendments to the existing U.S. registration for ContraPest, and if ContraPest begins to generate sufficient revenue, regulatory approvals for additional jurisdictions beyond the U.S. The Company also continues to research and develop enhancements to ContraPest that align with our target verticals and other potential fertility control options for additional species.

Corporate and Other Information

We were incorporated in Nevada in July 2004 and reincorporated in Delaware in November 2015. Our principal executive offices are located at 23460 N 19th Ave., Suite 110, Phoenix, AZ 85027, and our telephone number is (928) 779-4143. Our corporate website address is www.senestech.com. The information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus and should not be relied upon in connection with making an investment decision.

This prospectus contains references to our trademarks and to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, and therefore we have elected to comply with certain reduced disclosure and regulatory requirements for this prospectus and future filings, including only presenting two years of audited financial statements and related financial information, not having our internal control over financial reporting audited by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and not holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these reduced requirements until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. Under Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, “emerging growth companies” may take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

PRIVATE PLACEMENT

On January 23, 2020, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain Selling Securityholders (as defined below), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”), warrants to the Placement Agent (the “January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants”) exercisable for an aggregate of up to 13,315 shares of Common Stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant Shares”), with an exercise price of $10.00 per Placement Agent Warrant Share, and warrants (together with the January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants, the “January 2020 Warrants”) exercisable for an aggregate of up to 177,500 shares of Common Stock, with an exercise price of $9.00 per warrant share (together with the Placement Agent Warrant Shares, the “January 2020 Warrant Shares”). The January 2020 Warrants will be exercisable commencing six months following the date of issuance and will expire five and one-half years following the date of issuance, subject to customary adjustment as set forth in the January 2020 Warrants.

In connection with the Purchase Agreement, the Company has agreed to file this registration statement covering the resale of the January 2020 Warrant Shares issued and issuable upon exercise of the January 2020 Warrants within 30 calendar days of the date of the Purchase Agreement. The Company also agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration to become effective within 60 days (or in the event of a full review by the SEC, 90 days) of the Agreement, and to keep such registration statement effective at all times until all the January 2020 Warrants have been exercised and all the January 2020 Warrant Shares have become eligible for resale pursuant to any section of Rule 144 (or any similar provision then in effect) under the Securities Act.

On July 16, 2019, in connection with a secondary public offering of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued to the Placement Agent warrants to purchase up to 8,334 shares of Common Stock (the “July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants”, and together with the January 2020 Warrants, the “Warrants”), with an exercise price of $33.75 per warrant share (the “July 2019 Warrant Shares”, and together with the January 2020 Warrant Shares, the “Warrant Shares”).

The Company has also agreed to file this registration statement to cover the resale of the July 2019 Warrant Shares issued and issuable upon exercise of the July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement and the Warrants are not complete and are qualified in their entirety by references to the full text of the Form of Purchase Agreement, the Form of Warrant and the Form of Placement Agent Warrant, which are included herein as Exhibit 10.18, Exhibit 4.10 and Exhibit 4.11. Registration of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus does not necessarily mean that the Selling Securityholders will exercise the Warrants, or that all or any portion of such Warrant Shares will be offered for sale by the Selling Securityholders.

Investing in our securities involves a number of risks. You should not invest unless you are able to bear the complete loss of your investment. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with other information in this prospectus and the information. These risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business could be harmed. In such case, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline and investors could lose all or a part of the money paid to buy our securities. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of these and other factors.

Our future success is dependent on the commercialization of ContraPest and regulatory approval and commercialization of our other product candidates.

The EPA granted registration approval for ContraPest effective August 2, 2016, and as of July 12, 2018, we have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. However, we have not yet had meaningful sales of ContraPest, which is our only product to date that is available for commercialization and the generation of revenue.

We cannot commercialize our other product candidates in the U.S. without first obtaining regulatory approval for each product and each use pattern from the EPA or, if applicable, the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and from any related applicable state authorities. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for a target indication, the law requires that applicants demonstrate through laboratory and field studies and related data showing that the product candidate will perform its intended function without causing unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. The EPA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require more information, including additional data to support approval that may delay or prevent approval.

ContraPest and our other product candidates, if approved, may not achieve adequate market acceptance necessary for commercial success.

Even following receipt of regulatory approval for ContraPest or future regulatory approval of our other product candidates, such products may not gain market acceptance. Market acceptance of any of our product candidates for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including:

If we cannot successfully commercialize our products, especially ContraPest, we will not become profitable.

If any of our approved product candidates fail to achieve sufficient market acceptance, we will not be able to generate significant revenues or become profitable. The commercial success of ContraPest will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

Many of these factors are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully commercialize ContraPest, we may not be able to earn sufficient revenues or profits to continue our business.

Depending on the commercial success of ContraPest, we may require additional capital to fund our operations. Failure to obtain this necessary capital if needed may force us to delay, limit, or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

Commercialization of ContraPest and developing further product candidates, including conducting experiments and field studies, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval and commercializing any products approved for sale, is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. We expect our expenses to continue and to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our commercialization activities. We may expand our operations, and as a result of many factors, some of which may be currently unknown to us, our expenses may be higher than expected. Securing additional financing may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates, including ContraPest. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

The occurrence of any of the events described above would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects and on our ability to develop our product candidates.

ContraPest is the first product we have marketed, and if we are unable to establish and maintain an effective sales force and marketing and distribution infrastructures, or enter into and rely upon acceptable third party relationships, we may be unable to generate any revenue.

We are continuing to develop a functional infrastructure for the sales, marketing, and distribution of our products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an infrastructure may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market ContraPest and any other products that may be approved by the EPA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we must continue to build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for which we would incur substantial costs. If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate additional product revenue and may not become profitable. Without an effective internal commercial organization or the support of a third party to perform sales and marketing functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against more established companies.

Regulatory approval processes of the EPA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business may fail.

Although we obtained EPA approval for ContraPest in less than one year, the EPA review process for a product with one or more new active ingredients typically takes approximately two years to complete and approval is never guaranteed. Our other product candidates could fail to receive marketing approval from the EPA or, with respect to ContraPest or our other product candidates, from a comparable foreign regulatory authority for many reasons, including:

Any of these factors, some of which are beyond our control, could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully market any of our product candidates. Any such setback in our pursuit of regulatory approval could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Even following receipt of any regulatory approval for ContraPest and our other product candidates, we will continue to face extensive regulatory requirements and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even following receipt of any regulatory approval for ContraPest or our product candidates, such products will be subject to ongoing requirements by the EPA and comparable state and foreign regulatory authorities governing the manufacture, quality control, further development, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, import, export, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The safety profile of any product will continue to be closely monitored by the EPA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities after approval. If the EPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities become aware of new safety information after approval of ContraPest or any other product candidate, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

Moreover, existing government regulations may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of ContraPest or any other product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and/or be subject to fines or enhanced government oversight and reporting obligations, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

Even following receipt of any regulatory approval for ContraPest and our other product candidates, we will continue to be subject to regulation of our manufacturing processes and advertising practices.

As a manufacturer of pest control products, we are subject to continual government oversight and periodic inspections by the EPA and other regulatory authorities. If we or a regulatory agency discover problems with a facility where our products are manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing until certain procedural requirements have been met. The occurrence of any such event or penalty could limit our ability to market ContraPest or any other product candidates and generate revenue.

In addition, the EPA strictly regulates the advertising and promotion of pest control products, and these pest control products may only be marketed or promoted for their EPA approved uses, consistent with the product’s approved labeling. Advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval in the U.S. will be heavily scrutinized by the EPA, other applicable state regulatory agencies and the public. Violations, including promotion of our products for unapproved or off-label uses, are subject to enforcement actions, inquiries and investigations, and civil, criminal and/or administrative sanctions imposed by the EPA.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent ContraPest or any other product candidates from being marketed in those jurisdictions.

To market and sell our products globally, we must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain EPA approval. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and maintaining compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties, and cost for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. Approval by the EPA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, but EPA approval may influence decisions by the foreign regulatory authority. If we are unable to obtain approval of ContraPest or for any of our other product candidates by regulatory authorities in the world market, the commercial prospects of that product candidate may be significantly diminished and our business prospects could decline.

We have internal manufacturing capabilities to meet our current demand for ContraPest, however, we must develop additional manufacturing capability or rely upon third parties to manufacture our products to meet future demand.

Our existing internal manufacturing platform is adequate for meeting our current demand for ContraPest. We may be required to spend significant time and resources to expand these manufacturing facilities to fully meet future demand. If we are unable to develop full-scale manufacturing capabilities, we may not be able to meet demand of our products without relying on third party manufacturers, which could adversely affect our operations or financial condition.

We will need to expand our operations and grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As of January 31, 2020, we had 31 full-time and four part-time employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we will need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, scientific, financial headcount and other resources. Our management, personnel, and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

Our failure to accomplish any of these tasks could prevent us from successfully growing our business.

We depend on key personnel to operate our business. If we are unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be harmed.

We believe that our future success is highly dependent on the contributions of our significant employees, as well as our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and experienced sales, research and development, and other personnel in the U.S. and internationally. All of our employees are free to terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, subject to any applicable notice requirements, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace. If one or more of our executive officers or significant employees terminates his or her employment or becomes disabled or experiences long-term illness, we may not be able to replace their expertise, fully integrate new personnel or replicate the prior working relationships, and the loss of their services might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our research, development and business objectives. Qualified individuals with the breadth of skills and experience in our industry that we require are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. Many of the other companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a more established history in the industry. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Additionally, our facilities are located in Arizona, which may make attracting and retaining qualified scientific and technical personnel from outside of Arizona difficult. Our failure to attract or retain key personnel could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

We have not fully assessed our internal control over financial reporting. If we experience material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our Common Stock.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. There are currently no material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and we are in the process of implementing measures designed to further improve our internal control over financial reporting.

Our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 did not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for smaller reporting companies and emerging growth companies. As a result, we have not yet fully assessed our internal control over financial reporting and are unable to assure that the measures we have taken to date, together with any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, successfully remediate any existing or future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or identify any additional material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports and Nasdaq listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and our stock price may decline as a result.

We may be subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business that could result in significant harm to our business, financial condition and operating results.

We could be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time in the ordinary course of our business, including actions arising from tort, contract or other claims. See “Legal Proceedings” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information. Litigation is expensive, time consuming, and could divert management’s attention away from running our business. The outcome of litigation or other proceedings is subject to significant uncertainty, and it is possible that an adverse resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in reputational harm and/or significant monetary damages, injunctive relief or settlement costs that could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition as well as our ability to conduct our business as it is presently being conducted. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims and might not be available on terms acceptable to us. In addition, regardless of merit or outcome, claims brought against us that are uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results and reduce the trading price of our stock.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the use of ContraPest and any of our other products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims from our product users, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

We may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products approved for marketing. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on products that had unanticipated side effects, including, without limitation, any potential adverse effects of our products on humans or other species. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

Business or supply chain disruptions could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations could be subject to a variety of potential business disruptions, including power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, fires, earthquakes, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or manmade disasters or other interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Moreover, we rely on third parties to supply various ingredients and other items which are critical for producing our product candidates. We currently use one supplier for each of our two active ingredients, Triptolide and VCD. Our ability to produce our product candidates would be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a manmade or natural disaster or other business interruption. The ultimate impact on our operations from any business interruption impacting us or any of our significant suppliers is unknown, but our operations and financial condition would likely suffer adverse consequences. Further, any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows from future prospects.

We are dependent on triptolide, a key ingredient for ContraPest, which has limited sources and must be in a very refined condition.

If we are unable to develop additional sources of or alternatives to triptolide, a key ingredient for ContraPest, our long term ability to produce ContraPest at a cost effective price could be in jeopardy. If market demand for triptolide causes the price to increase beyond our ability to market at a competitive price or causes the quality of the refined ingredient to be less than needed for our production, our ability to commercialize ContraPest could be limited or delayed, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A variety of risks associated with marketing our product candidates internationally could materially adversely affect our business.

We may seek regulatory approval of our product candidates outside of the U.S. and, in that case, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to operating in foreign countries if we obtain the necessary approvals, including:

These and other risks associated with our international operations may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or maintain profitable operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations and noncompliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.

We are subject to the FCPA, which is the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act and other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct our business. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. As we commercialize our product candidates and commence international sales and business, we may engage with collaborators and third-party intermediaries to sell our products internationally and to obtain necessary permits, licenses and other regulatory approvals. We or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We may be found liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.

Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. Responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed.

We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality, licensing, and other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our commercial success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. Where we deem appropriate, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the U.S. and internationally related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. Patent positions can be highly uncertain, involve complex legal and factual questions and be the subject of litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patents, including those patent rights licensed to us by third parties, are highly uncertain.

The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, both inside and outside the U.S. The rights already granted under any of our currently issued patents and those that may be granted under future issued patents may not provide us with the proprietary protection or competitive advantages we are seeking. If we are unable to obtain and maintain protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the protection obtained is not sufficient, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or superior to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected.

With respect to patent rights, we do not know whether any of our pending patent applications for any of our technologies or products will result in the issuance of patents that protect such technologies or products, or if our licensed patent will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Our pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. Further, the examination process may require us to narrow the claims for our pending patent applications, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained if these applications issue. Because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, issued patents that we own or have licensed from third parties may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and internationally. Such challenges may result in the loss of patent protection, the narrowing of claims in such patents, or the invalidity or unenforceability of such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products or limit the duration of the patent protection for our technology and products. Protecting against the unauthorized use of our patented technology, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, is expensive, difficult, and in some cases, may not be possible. In some cases, it may be difficult or impossible to detect third party infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, even in relation to issued patent claims, and proving any such infringement may be even more difficult.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to any competitive advantage we may have.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Our technology may be found to infringe third party intellectual property rights.

Third parties may in the future assert claims or initiate litigation related to their patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights in technology that is important to us. The asserted claims and/or litigation could include claims against us, our licensors, or our suppliers alleging infringement of intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates or components of those products. Regardless of the merit of the claims, they could be time consuming, resulting in costly litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel, or require us to develop non-infringing technology or enter into license agreements. We cannot assure you that licenses will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Furthermore, because of the potential for significant damage awards, which are not necessarily predictable, it is not unusual to find even arguably unmeritorious claims resulting in large settlements. If any infringement or other intellectual property claim made against us by any third party is successful, or if we fail to develop non-infringing technology or license the proprietary rights on commercially reasonable terms and conditions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

If our product candidates, methods, processes and other technologies infringe the proprietary rights of other parties, we could incur substantial costs and we may have to:

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of a third party to manufacture or otherwise commercialize our own technology or products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from such third party. Licensing such intellectual property may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have incurred significant operating losses every quarter since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant operating losses in the future.

Investment in product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to become commercially viable or gain regulatory approval. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through research grants as well as through the sale of equity securities and debt financings. Until August 2, 2016, we did not have any products approved by a regulatory authority for marketing or commercial sale, and we have generated minimal revenue from product sales to date. We continue to incur significant research, development, and other expenses related to our ongoing operations, including sales, marketing, and distribution functionality. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in every reporting period since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we reported net losses of $12.2 million and $12.3 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we reported net losses of $7.2 million. As of September 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit since inception of $93.1 million.

Since inception, we have dedicated a majority of our resources to the discovery and development of our proprietary product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. The size of our losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to generate revenues. In particular, we expect to incur substantial and increased expenses as we:

We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our financial condition. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our financial condition. If ContraPest or any other product candidate does not gain sufficient regulatory approval, or if approved, fails to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

If we are unable to continue as a going concern, our securities will have little or no value.

We have incurred operating losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. Our independent registered public accounting firm included in its opinion for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 an explanatory paragraph referring to our net loss from operations and net capital deficiency and expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern without additional capital becoming available. If we encounter continued issues or delays in the commercialization of ContraPest, our prior losses and expected future losses could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and negatively impact our ability to fund continued operations, obtain additional financing in the future and continue as a going concern. There are no assurances that such financing, if necessary, will be available to us at all or will be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to generate additional funds in the future through financings, sales of our products, licensing fees, royalty payments or from other sources or transactions, we will exhaust our resources and will be unable to continue operations. If we cannot continue as a going concern, our stockholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate sufficient product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs primarily through the sale of equity securities and debt financings, and possibly through credit facilities and government and foundation grants. We may also seek to raise capital through third party collaborations, strategic alliances and similar arrangements. We currently do not have any committed external source of funds. Raising funds in the future may present additional challenges and future financing may not be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. The terms of any financing arrangements we enter into may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline.

Certain of our outstanding warrants contain provisions that impose limitations on our ability to participate in certain variable rate transactions, including at-the-market transactions, which may limit our opportunities to obtain financing in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would dilute all of our stockholders, and if such sales occur at a deemed issuance price that is lower than the current exercise price of our outstanding warrants sold to investors in November 2017, the exercise price for those warrants would adjust downward to the deemed issuance price pursuant to price adjustment protection contained within those warrants.

The incurrence of indebtedness through credit facilities would result in increased fixed payment obligations and, potentially, the imposition of restrictive covenants. Those covenants may include limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, and may impose limitations on our ability to acquire, sell, or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements or other marketing or distribution arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts, or grant others rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Our share price may be volatile, which could subject us to securities class action litigation and your investment in our securities could decline in value.

Our stock could be subject to wide fluctuation in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

Furthermore, the capital markets can experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that may affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our Common Stock. In addition, such fluctuations could subject us to securities class action litigation, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. You may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

An active market in the shares may not continue to develop in which investors can resell our Common Stock.

We cannot predict the extent to which an active market for our Common Stock will continue to develop or be sustained, or how the development of such a market might affect the market price for our Common Stock. Market conditions in effect at the time you acquire our stock may not be indicative of the price at which our Common Stock will trade in the future. Investors may not be able to sell their Common Stock at or above the price they acquired it.

If securities or industry analysts, or other sources of information, do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or other information about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock may depend on the research, reports and other information that securities or industry analysts, or other third-party sources of information, publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts or other third-party sources of information. From time to time inaccurate or unfavorable research or other information about our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock ownership may be published. We cannot assure that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. If incorrect or misleading information is disseminated publicly by third parties about us, our stock price could decline.

Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our common shares could adversely affect the price of the shares and dilute stockholders.

Future sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock, or the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a decline in the market price of our Common Stock. This is particularly true if we sell our stock at a discount. As of February 7, 2020, we had 143,501 shares of our Common Stock subject to outstanding warrants that contain anti-dilution adjustments that provide for an adjustment to the exercise price for certain dilutive issuances of securities. If we offer or issue additional securities at a deemed price lower than the current exercise price of these outstanding warrants, these warrants will adjust pursuant to the price adjustment protection contained within these warrants. For example, our January 2020 registered direct offering resulted in an additional downward adjustment of the exercise price of these warrants from $19.00 per share to $7.126 per share. Any future issuance of Common Stock or securities convertible or exercisable into our Common Stock could cause a further downward adjustment of the exercise price of these warrants to the deemed issuance price if the issuance price is less than the exercise price of the warrants at the time of the new issuance.

Also, in the future, we may issue additional shares of our Common Stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into Common Stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement, employee arrangements, or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause our common share price to decline.

As of February 7, 2020, our directors and officers collectively beneficially hold 77,826 shares of Common Stock. If these stockholders sell substantial amounts of common shares in the public market, or if the market perceives that such sales may occur, the market price of our common shares and our ability to raise capital through an issue of equity securities in the future could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq could delist our Common Stock.

Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards. On November 12, 2019, we received an initial deficiency letter from the listing qualifications staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) providing notification that the bid price for our Common Stock had closed below $1.00 per share for the previous 30 consecutive business days and that as a result our Common Stock no longer met the minimum bid price requirement for listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. We were provided with an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until May 11, 2020, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. We implemented a 1-for-20 reverse stock split on February 4, 2020; however, we can provide no assurance that the closing bid price of our Common Stock will be greater than $1.00 per share for ten consecutive business days and that we will regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement.

In the event that we are unable to regain compliance with the applicable Nasdaq listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market, our Common Stock could be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and which could cause the value of our Common Stock to decline. If our Common Stock is not eligible for listing or quotation on another market or exchange, trading of our Common Stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our Common Stock, and there would likely be a reduction in our coverage by security analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline further. In addition, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a national securities exchange.

Our reverse stock split may not result in a proportional increase in the per share price of our Common Stock.

We effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our Common Stock on February 4, 2020, with the primary intent of increasing the price of our Common Stock in order to regain compliance with the Nasdaq bid price requirement. The effect of the reverse stock split on the market price for our Common Stock cannot be accurately predicted. In particular, we cannot assure you that the proportionate increase in the prices of our Common Stock immediately after the reverse stock split from the prices for shares of our Common Stock immediately before the reverse stock split will be maintained for us to regain compliance with the Nasdaq bid price requirement or that the such market prices will be maintained for a substantial period of time. It is not uncommon for the market price of a company’s common stock to decline in the period following a reverse stock split. If the market price of our Common Stock declines following the reverse stock split, the percentage decline may be greater than would occur in the absence of a reverse stock split. The market price of our Common Stock may also be affected by other factors which may be unrelated to the reverse stock split or the number of shares outstanding.

Moreover, because some investors may view the reverse stock split negatively, we cannot assure you that the reverse stock split will not adversely impact the market price of our Common Stock. Accordingly, our total market capitalization after the reverse stock split may be lower than the market capitalization before the reverse stock split.

The reverse stock split may decrease the liquidity of the shares of our Common Stock.

The liquidity of the shares of our Common Stock may be affected adversely by the reverse stock split given the reduced number of shares that are outstanding following the reverse stock split. In addition, the reverse stock split increased the number of stockholders who own odd lots (less than 100 shares) of our Common Stock, creating the potential for such stockholders to experience an increase in the cost of selling their shares and greater difficulty effecting such sales.

Our corporate documents, Delaware law and certain warrants contain provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition involving us that our stockholders may consider favorable. For example, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation currently provides for a staggered board of directors, whereby directors serve for three-year terms, with approximately one-third of the directors coming up for reelection each year. Having a staggered board will make it more difficult for a third party to obtain control of our board of directors through a proxy contest, which may be a necessary step in an acquisition of us that is not favored by our board of directors. Additionally, warrants we issued in November 2017, June 2018, August 2018, July 2019 and January 2020, provide a Black Scholes value based payment in connection with certain transactions that may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition.

We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under these provisions, if anyone becomes an “interested stockholder,” we may not enter into a “business combination” with that person for three years without special approval, which could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer and could delay or prevent a change of control. For purposes of Section 203, “interested stockholder” means, generally, someone owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock or an affiliate of ours that owned 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock during the past three years, subject to certain exceptions as described in Section 203.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our Common Stock being less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock or make it more difficult to raise capital as and when we need it.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved, and exemptions from any rules that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board may adopt requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report on the financial statements. We currently intend to take advantage of some of the reduced regulatory and reporting requirements that will be available to us under the JOBS Act, so long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company.” For example, so long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” we may elect not to provide you with certain information, including certain financial information and certain information regarding compensation of our executive officers, that we would have otherwise been required to provide in filings we make with the SEC, which may make it more difficult for investors and securities analysts to evaluate us.

Because of the exemptions from various reporting requirements provided to us as an “emerging growth company,” we may be less attractive to investors and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. If some investors find our Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and future prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Please read “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”

We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on Common Stock in the foreseeable future and, therefore, any return on your investment in Common Stock must come from increases in the fair market value and trading price of Common Stock.

This prospectus contains “forward-looking statements,” which include information relating to future events or future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as: “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “plan,” “strategy,” “future,” “potential,” “continue,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and similar references to future periods. Examples include, among others, statements about:

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances about future performance. Instead, they are only predictions, based on current beliefs, expectations and assumptions about the future of our business and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Actual events and results may differ materially. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements.

Any forward-looking statement made by us in this prospectus is based only on information available to us on such date. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

The Company will receive no proceeds from the resale of the Warrant Shares by the Selling Securityholders. Unless otherwise set forth in a prospectus supplement, all of the shares of Common Stock offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders. The Selling Securityholders will receive all proceeds from such sales.

This offering of the Warrant Shares by the Selling Securityholders on a continuous or delayed basis in the future will not result in a change to the net tangible book value per share before and after the distribution of the Warrant Shares by the Selling Securityholders. However, purchasers of the Warrant Shares from the Selling Securityholders will experience dilution to the extent of the difference between the amount per share paid and the net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock at the time of the purchase.

The Selling Securityholders may offer and sell, from time to time, any or all of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus. We are registering 199,149 shares of Common Stock that may be issued on the exercise of the Warrants held by the Selling Securityholders. Please see “Private Placement” for more information.

The following table sets forth the name of the Selling Securityholders, the number of common shares beneficially owned by the Selling Securityholders prior to and after completion of the offering contemplated by this prospectus, and the aggregate number of shares that may be offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus. In calculating the percentages of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Selling Securityholders, we treated as outstanding the number of shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and did not assume exercise of any other warrants. The percentage of shares owned prior to the offering is based on 1,592,170 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 7, 2020.

Under the terms of the Warrants, a Selling Stockholder may not exercise the Warrants to the extent such exercise would cause such selling stockholder, together with its affiliates, to beneficially own a number of shares of Common Stock which would exceed 4.99% of our then outstanding shares of Common Stock following such exercise, excluding for purposes of such determination shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants which have not been exercised. The number of shares in the third column do not reflect this limitation.

There is no assurance that the Warrants will be exercised. If the Warrants are exercised, the Selling Securityholders may sell some, all or none of the Warrant Shares. We do not know how long the Selling Securityholders will hold the Warrant Shares before selling them, and we currently have no agreements, arrangements or understandings with the Selling Securityholders regarding the sale or other disposition of any of the Warrant Shares. As a result, we cannot estimate the number of shares of Common Stock the Selling Securityholders will beneficially own after termination of sales under this prospectus. In addition, the Selling Securityholders may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of all or a portion of its shares of Common Stock since the date on which they provided information for this table.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “Selling Securityholders” as used in this prospectus means the Warrant holders and selling securityholders referred to in this prospectus, and their donees, pledgees, transferees, assigns and other successors-in-interest. Information concerning the Selling Securityholders may change from time to time and, to the extent required, we will supplement this prospectus accordingly. We have prepared the following table and the related notes based on information filed with the SEC or supplied to us by the Selling Securityholders.

Neither the Selling Securityholders, nor any persons having control over the Selling Securityholders, have held any position or office with us or our affiliates within the last three years or have had a material relationship with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates within the past three years, other than as a result of the ownership of our shares or other securities.

Our Common Stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SNES.” On February 7, 2020, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock was $4.81.

As of February 7, 2020, there were approximately 700 stockholders of record of our Common Stock. The actual number of holders of our Common Stock is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers or held by other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support our operations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

See “Executive and Director Compensation⸻Employee Benefit Plans” elsewhere in this prospectus.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Except for historical information contained herein, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We discuss such risks, uncertainties and other factors throughout this prospectus and specifically under the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development and commercialization activities and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began to prepare and launch commercialization of our first product, ContraPest. We have primarily funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, Common Stock and warrants to purchase Common Stock. See “Description of Capital Stock” elsewhere in this prospectus for a description of our public equity sales. We have also raised capital through debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees.

Through September 30, 2019, we had received net proceeds of $67.2 million from our sales of Common Stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.5 million in net product sales. At September 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $93.1 million and cash and cash equivalents of $3.9 million.

We have incurred significant operating losses every year since our inception. Our net losses were $2.6 million and $7.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $2.5 million and $9.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and generate operating losses for at least the next 12 months.

We have historically utilized, and intend to continue to utilize, various forms of stock-based awards in order to hire, retain and motivate talented employees, consultants and directors and encourage them to devote their best efforts to our business and financial success. In addition, we believe that our ability to grant stock-based awards is a valuable and necessary compensation tool that aligns the long-term financial interests of our employees, consultants and directors with the financial interests of our stockholders.

As a result, a significant portion of our operating expenses includes stock-based compensation expense. Stock-based compensation expense has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. Specifically, our stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $204,000 and $675,000, which represented 7.8% and 9.3%, respectively, of our total operating expenses for those periods and $355,000 and $3.1 million for the same periods in 2018, which represented 14.3% and 33.4%, respectively, of our total operating expenses for those periods.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approvals of our products and product candidates, (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) our ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development; (v) our ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

Based upon our current operating plan, we expect that cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2019, in combination with anticipated revenue and any additional sales of our equity securities, will be sufficient to fund our current operations for at least the next six months. We have taken and will continue to take actions to reduce our operating expenses and to concentrate our resources toward the successful commercialization of ContraPest in the U. S. However, if anticipated revenue targets and margin targets are not achieved and we are unable to raise necessary capital through the sale of our securities, we may be required to take other measures that could impair our ability to be successful and operate as a going concern. In any event, we are likely to require additional capital in order to fund our operating losses and research and development activities until we become profitable. We may never achieve profitability or generate positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise capital through equity or debt financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts.

Net sales are comprised primarily of sales, net of discounts and promotions, of ContraPest and related components, to our distributors and customers.

Prior to 2017, all of our revenue was derived from payments received in connection with research grants and licensing fees received under the former license agreement with Neogen. We recognized $0 revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, for services performed under NIH grants and in licensing fees under our former license agreement with Neogen. We do not anticipate additional grant revenue under the NIH grants or additional revenue from our former license agreement with Neogen.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the research and development of ContraPest and our other product candidates, which include:

We continue to investigate other applications of our core technology to other product candidates, which includes laboratory tests and academic collaborations. We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing of triptolide, a key active ingredient for our product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the costs for further development of ContraPest or the cost associated with the development of any of our other product candidates.

We plan to continue to hire employees to support our research and development efforts and anticipate that we will continue to utilize various forms of stock-based compensation awards in order to attract and retain employees for our research and development efforts. As a result, we anticipate that stock-based compensation expense will continue to represent a significant portion of our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future.

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, sales, marketing and administrative functions. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as professional fees for legal, consulting, accounting and audit services.

We anticipate that our selling, general and administrative expenses may increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support commercialization of ContraPest and further development of our product candidates. We also anticipate that we will incur increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance, director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses associated with being a public company.

We plan to continue to hire employees to support our commercialization of ContraPest and further development of our product candidates and anticipate that we will continue to utilize various forms of stock-based compensation awards in order to attract and retain qualified employees. As a result, we anticipate that stock-based compensation expense will continue to represent a significant portion of our selling, general and administrative expenses for the foreseeable future.

Interest income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents. Prior to 2017, our interest income has not been significant due to nominal cash and investment balances and low interest earned on invested balances.

Interest expense consists primarily of interest accrued on our capital lease and note commitments.

Other income (expense), net, consists primarily of recognized change in value of short-term investments and income (expense) related to the year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our derivative warrant and losses associated with the early extinguishment of debt.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as a consideration of net operating loss and credit carry forwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for the period in which the differences are expected to impact taxable income. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 has been affected by the valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets.

Since our inception, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or for our earned research and development tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. At December 31, 2018, the Company has federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $51.1 million and $37.6 million, respectively, not considering the IRC Section 382 annual limitation discussed below. The federal loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2023, unless previously utilized. Additionally, the utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code od 1986, and similar state tax provisions due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets that can be utilized to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 and 383. results from transactions increasing ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of the corporation by more than 50 percent points over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted an analysis of an ownership change under section 382. To the extent that a study is completed and an ownership change is deemed to occur, the Company’s net operating losses could be limited.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, as adjusted for the reverse stock split:

Net sales, shown net of sales discounts and promotions, were $297,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $52,000 for year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in our net product sales of $245,000 was a result of increased sales of ContraPest to our distributors as a result of increased marketing efforts and sales promotions. We expect net product sales to continue to increase year over year for the foreseeable future.

Cost of goods sold was $241,000, or 81.1% of net sales, for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $45,000, or 86.5% of net sales for year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in cost of goods sold of $196,000, was driven by the cost of increased sales, increased sales discounts and promotions as well as increased scrap related to product manufactured during scale up activities that were ultimately deemed unsellable. The decrease as a percentage of sales was a result of process improvement efficiencies. We anticipate cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales will improve for the foreseeable future due to manufacturing efficiencies as a result of the scale up activities.

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $56,000 or 18.9% of net sales, compared to a gross profit of $7,000 or 13.5% of net sales, for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit was a direct result of increased sales volume as described above, partially offset by increased sales discounts and promotions as well as increased scrap related to scale up activities.

Research and development expenses were $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $800,000 decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to decreases in consulting and legal expenses, primarily related to regulatory affairs, of $384,000, stock compensation expenses of $271,000, rent and facilities of $60,000 and a reduction of manufacturing equipment maintenance of $134,000, offset by increases in travel related to customer support expense of $30,000 and depreciation expense of $290,000 due to equipment adds during 2018.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase of $0.4 million in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase of $307,000 in recruiting and other benefit expenses and an increase of $125,000 in legal expenses as a result of ongoing litigation, offset by a decrease of $32,000 in stock-based compensation expense.

We recorded $49,000 of interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $57,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in interest expense, net of $8,000 was the result of decreased debt in the form of notes payable due primarily to the sale of a vehicle and related debt reduction in April 2018.

We recorded $21,000 of other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $87,000 of other income for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $66,000 net decrease in other income was primarily due to lower income recognized for year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our convertible promissory notes and a $10,000 loss on the early extinguishment of a note payable during 2018.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:

Net sales were $36,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $105,000 for the same period in 2018. Sales were lower in 2019 due to the transition to the removal of ContraPest’s ‘restricted use only’ status at the state level and our shift to a pull through sales strategy directed at end users. This strategy has shown significant initial promise however, we have experienced an increase in lead-to-conversion time resulting in a longer sales process.

Cost of sales was $25,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $114,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Cost of sales were lower in 2019 due to lower sales volume in the third quarter of 2019 and no scrap expense associated with manufacturing scale up activities that were experienced during the third quarter of 2018.

Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $11,000 or 30.6% of net sales, compared to a gross loss of ($9,000) or 8.6% of net sales, for the same period in 2018. The increase in gross profit was a direct result of a decrease in scrap related to scaleup activities.

Research and development expenses were $432,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $476,000 for the same period in 2018. The $44,000 decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $68,000 in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, due to the classification of certain field support employees to sales and marketing and option grants fully vesting resulting in lower expense. With more focus on commercialization of ContraPest, we determined that these certain field support employees previously classified as research and development are now refocused on sales and marketing efforts and thus, reclassified as such.

Facility-related expense increased $3,000 due primarily to facility lease payment escalation.

The increase in other research and development expenses of $21,000 was primarily due to a reclass of other expenses related to certain field support employees to sales and marketing as described above.

We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing of key ingredients for our product candidates.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to approximately $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase of $200,000 in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to increases in salary and wages expenses associated with the reclassification of certain field support employees from research and development of $100,000 and increased professional services expenses of $100,000 due to increased legal activity in the quarter ending September 30, 2019.

We recorded interest income of $9,000, net, for the three months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to interest expense, net of $15,000 for the same period in 2018. The $24,000 increase in interest income, net for the period was a result of decreased interest on capital leases and promissory notes that expired during 2019 and higher interest income as a result of higher average daily cash balances and interest rates year over year.

We recorded no other income/expense, net, for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $13,000 of other income for the same period in 2018. The $13,000 net decrease in other income was primarily due to decreased, year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our derivative warrant.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:

Net sales were $79,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $160,000 for the same period in 2018. Sales were lower in 2019 due to the transition to the removal of ContraPest’s ‘restricted use only’ status at the state level and our shift to pull through sales strategy directed at end users. This strategy has shown significant initial promise however, we have experienced an increase in lead to conversion time resulting in a longer sales process.

Cost of sales was $58,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $153,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Cost of sales were lower in 2019 primarily due to lower sales volume and no scrap expense associated with manufacturing scale up activities that were experienced during 2018.

Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $21,000 or 26.6% of net sales, compared to a gross profit of $7,000 or 4.4% of net sales, for the same period in 2018. The increase in gross profit was a direct result of a decrease in scrap due to related to scaleup activities.

Research and development expenses were $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $1.7 million for the same period in 2018. The $300,000 decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $463,000 in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, due to the classification of certain field support employees to sales and marketing offset by an increase in depreciation expense of $143,000. With more focus on commercialization of ContraPest, it was determined that these certain field support employees previously classified as research and development are now refocused on sales and marketing efforts and thus, reclassified as such.

Facility-related expense increased $12,000 due primarily to facility lease payment escalation.

The increase in other research and development expenses of $64,000 was primarily due to a reclass of other expenses related to certain field support employees to sales and marketing as described above.

We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing key ingredients for our product candidates.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately $5.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to approximately $7.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease of $1.6 million in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower stock compensation expenses of $2.3 million associated with inducement warrants issued in June 2018 and $347,000 due to option grants fully vesting and resulting in lower stock compensation expense, offset by increased salary and wages of $605,000 associated with the reclassification of certain field support employees and an increase of $348,000 in professional services expense. The increase in professional services expenses was primarily due to increased legal and Board of Directors related expenses.

We recorded interest income of $11,000, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to interest expense, net of $52,000 for the same period in 2018. The $63,000 increase in interest incomes was a result of decreased interest on capital leases and promissory notes that expired during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and higher interest income as a result of higher average daily cash balance and interest rates year over year.

We recorded $3,000 of other expense, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $19,000 of other income for the same period in 2018. The $22,000 net decrease in other income was primarily due to decreased, year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our derivative warrant as well as recognition of $3,000 of loss due to disposal of certain fixed asset during 2019.

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development activities and commercialization efforts and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began full scale marketing of our first product, ContraPest. We have funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, Common Stock and warrants to purchase Common Stock; debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees. Through September 30, 2019, we had received net proceeds of $67.2 million from our sales of Common Stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.5 million in net product sales. At September 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $93.1 million and cash and cash equivalents of $3.9 million.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approval of our products and product candidates; (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development; (v) the ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

Based upon our current operating plan, we expect that cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2019, in combination with anticipated revenue and any additional sales of our equity securities, will be sufficient to fund our current operations for at least the next six months. We have taken and will continue to take actions to reduce our operating expenses and to concentrate our resources toward the successful commercialization of ContraPest in the U. S. however, if anticipated revenue targets and margin targets are not achieved and we are unable to raise necessary capital through the sale of our securities, we may be required to take other measures that could impair our ability to be successful and operate as a going concern. In any event, we are likely to require additional capital in order to fund our operating losses and research and development activities until we become profitable. We may never achieve profitability or generate positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise capital through equity or debt financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we market and focus on sales of ContraPest, and as we advance field studies of our product candidates in development. In addition, we will continue to incur costs associated with operating as a public company.

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the years presented:

During the year ended December 31, 2018, operating activities used $9.1 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $11.9 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $3.8 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities and our selling, general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product sales and no research grant and licensing revenue during the period. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of a $29,000 decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable, an increase in inventories of $721,000, a net increase in accounts receivable and deposits of $113,000 and an increase in prepaid expenses of $172,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, operating activities used $9.3 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $12.3 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $4.0 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities and our general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product sales, research grant and licensing revenue during the period. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted primarily of a $742,000 decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable, an increase in inventories of $483,000 and an increase in accounts receivable and deposits of $14,000, partially offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses of $167,000. The decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable was primarily a result of a $1.0 million payment to Neogen in fulfillment of our settlement agreement in January 2017, offset by decreased payments of accrued expenses and accounts payable as a result of negotiation of better payable terms and management of payment timing.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated $5.0 million of cash in investing activities, which consisted of $5 million in the sale of short term, highly liquid investments and $185,000 generated from the sale of equipment, offset by $239,000 used in the purchases of property and equipment.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we used $5.9 million of cash in investing activities, which consisted of $5 million in the purchase of short term, highly liquid investments and $898,000 used in the purchases of property and equipment.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $6.9 million as a result of $5.1 million in proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock, net, $2.2 million in proceeds from warrant exercises and $9,000 in proceeds from issuances of notes, offset by $293,000 of repayments of related to notes payable and notes payable, related party, $71,000 in repayments of capital lease obligations and $58,000 of payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was $5.5 million as a result of $5.2 million of net proceeds from the issuance of shares of Common Stock in a public offering in November 2017 as discussed elsewhere in this prospectus, $6,000 of proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and warrants, and $437,000 of proceeds received from our issuance of notes payable, all of which were partially offset by payments of $97,000 related to the notes payable, and $95,000 in repayments of capital lease obligations.

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, operating activities used $6.1 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $7.2 million offset by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $154,000 and by non-cash charges of $992,000, consisting primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities and our selling, general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product revenue during the period. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, consisted primarily of a net increase in accrued expenses and accounts payable of $164,000, a decrease in prepaid expenses of $38,000 and a decrease in deposits of $3,000 offset by an increase in inventory of $24,000, an increase in receivables of $16,000 and a decrease in deferred rent of $11,000.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, operating activities used $6.9 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $9.3 million and by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.1 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $3.4 million, consisting primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities and our selling, general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product revenue during the period. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted primarily of an increase in inventory of $578,000, prepaid expenses of $166,000, a decrease in accounts payable/accrued expenses of $251,000, an increase in receivables of $36,000 and a decrease in deferred rent of $18,000, offset by a decrease in deposits of $7,000.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we used $64,000 in net cash related to investing activities due to purchases of property and equipment.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash of $2.6 million was provided by investing activities consisting of $2.6 million of proceeds received from the sale of securities and $185,000 of proceeds from the sale of equipment offset by $212,000 in purchases of property and equipment.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $5.2 million as a result of $3.6 million in net proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock and net proceeds of $1.8 million from the exercise of warrants offset by payments of $184,000 related to notes payable and $55,000 of payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $7.0 million as a result of $5.1 million in proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock, net, $2.2 million in proceeds from warrant exercises and $9,000 in proceeds from issuances of notes, offset by $248,000 of repayments of related to notes payable and notes payable, related party, $50,000 in repayments of capital lease obligations and $42,000 of payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards.

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 —Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. For the comparative periods, revenue has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition. Under ASC 605, revenue is recognized when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) the performance of service has been rendered to a customer or delivery has occurred; (3) the amount of fee to be paid by a customer is fixed and determinable; and (4) the collectability of the fee is reasonably assured.

There was no impact on the Company’s financial statements as a result of adopting ASC 606 for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

We recognize compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures, in accordance with ASC Topic 718 — Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). We estimate the grant date fair value of the awards, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of stock-based awards is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective award. We account for stock-based compensation arrangements with non-employees using a fair value approach. The fair value of these stock options is measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model reflecting the same assumptions as applied to employee options in each of the reported periods, other than the expected life, which is assumed to be the remaining contractual life of the option. The fair value of the stock options granted to non-employees is re-measured as the stock options vest and is recognized in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss during the period the related services are rendered.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $204,000 and $675,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively and $355,000 and $3.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. We expect to grant stock options and other equity-based awards in the future, and to the extent that we do, our stock-based compensation expense recognized in future periods will likely increase.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. If we had made different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense, net loss and loss per share of Common Stock could have been significantly different. Our assumptions are as follows:

Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies Used in Determining Fair Value of Our Common Stock

As noted above, we are required to estimate the fair value of the Common Stock underlying our stock-based awards when performing the fair value calculations using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. In the absence of an active market for our Common Stock, we utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, to estimate the fair value of our Common Stock. In addition, we have conducted periodic assessments of the valuation of our Common Stock.

The assumptions underlying these valuations represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If we had made different assumptions than those used, the amount of our stock-based compensation expense, net income and net income per share amounts could have been significantly different. The fair value per share of our Common Stock for purposes of determining stock-based compensation expense is the closing price of our Common Stock as reported on the applicable grant date. The compensation cost that has been included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements is as follows:

The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2019 was $0.

We currently do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

We conducted an evaluation (pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act), under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report.

These disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that are filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2019, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

References herein to “we,” “us” or “our” refer to SenesTech, Inc., doing business as “SenesTech,” unless the context specifically requires otherwise.

Lethal rodenticides are often at the forefront of pest management programs; however, they do not provide consistent, sustained results. One reason is because rats reproduce at an extremely rapid rate. A single pair of rats in the wild can, under ideal breeding conditions, contribute over 15,000 progenies in their expected lifespan of 8-12 months. This rapid rate of reproduction can be seen in the population rebound that typically follows the initial decline in rodent populations that are exposed to lethal rodenticides. After the initial decline in the infestation, surviving rodents have plentiful food and harborage creating conditions in which rats can quickly reproduce. This means that PMPs typically need to visit a site often to combat not only the initial infestation, but also subsequent population spikes.

Rat behavior also has a profound effect on pest control. Studies have shown that successful bait uptake is influenced by rodent behavior and how they interact with their environment. Some of these behaviors are thought to be inherited as rats have evolved with humans and control campaigns, while others are conditioned through adverse effects learned in their environment. Neophobia, bait shyness and bait aversion are all behavioral traits that affect bait uptake. When rats avoid new objects in their environment, this is due to neophobia. Newly placed bait stations often result in neophobia. Rats sample all food, whether it is newly found or has been there for their lifetime. This sampling behavior enables rats to associate good and bad reactions from food. If the food they sample causes them to fall ill, they will then avoid this food forever. This is known as bait aversion. In addition, rats that survive the initial exposure to a rodenticide may be genetically resistant to the pesticide’s effects. Their offspring will carry this resistant trait to future generations diminishing the long-term efficacy of the rodenticide. Because of this, conventional rodenticide producers are continually challenged to develop new, more lethal chemicals to control future rat populations.

Rodenticides have significant drawbacks, in that they persist in the environment for long periods of time and are indiscriminate in their effects. Consequently, there is growing concern about the adverse effects that rodenticides may have on children and pets, as well as on species that prey on rats, including birds of prey and large cats. As a result, PMPs will need to include a wide variety of alternative solutions that minimize these concerns.

The most effective, long-term way to manage rats is by using a combination of tools that work together to magnify the efficacy of the pest management protocol; integrated pest management (IPM) is based upon this concept. An effective IPM program needs to reduce the existing rat population but also prevent that population from rebounding either through reproduction or through invasion by rodents in adjacent areas. In addition, an IPM program should focus on reducing the factors that make a particular location attractive to rats, such as abundant food and shelter. Regulatory agencies and industry experts recognize that fertility control is or can be an essential component of a safe and sustainable IPM program.

ContraPest is an innovative fertility control technology that targets the reproductive capabilities of both sexes in rat populations, inducing egg loss in female rats and impairing sperm development in males. Targeting both males and females with fertility control allows us to drive populations down and to sustain that population reduction. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in numerous internal and third-party studies.

Using a proprietary bait delivery method, ContraPest is dispensed in a highly palatable liquid formulation that promotes sustained consumption by rat communities, helping to both reduce and keep populations down. Rats require 10% of their body weight in water per day, making ContraPest an attractive bait to add to pest management programs. The high fat content and sweet taste leads to repeated consumption even when other sought-after food sources are present. In both field and laboratory settings, ContraPest was chosen by rats even in the presence of abundant water sources and plentiful food choices including animal feed, trash and other options. Consumption of ContraPest does not cause illness in rats, and therefore, it does not change behavior or result in bait aversion.

We believe ContraPest can establish a new paradigm in rodent control. Adding ContraPest to an IPM program allows PMPs to bring the rodent population down initially and keep it at a manageable level by minimizing reproduction and thereby limiting population rebounds. Continued maintenance baiting of ContraPest at lower population levels dramatically reduces the risk of future population spikes, allowing PMPs to be more focused on eliminating the causes of future invasions through exclusion and sanitation initiatives. ContraPest’s delivery system is designed to minimize handler exposure and is dispensed inside tamper-resistant bait stations, minimizing risks to handlers and non-target species. The following graph shows the difference in population response between uses of conventional rodenticides and ContraPest.

ContraPest can also be used as a standalone, non-lethal solution which allows for a decreased reliance on lethal rodenticides, where requested by the customer.

While our proprietary technology is effective on rodent species, there is a scientific basis to believe that our technology can be applied to other mammalian species. We have developed preliminary data with feral dogs, feral pigs, wallabies, mice and brushtail possums. While this data indicates potential for the continued development of fertility control technology in general, we are not pursuing these opportunities at this time. We believe that the size of the rat control market is sufficient for our near-term focus. We remain open to the potential to license our technology to other strategic partners to explore its applicability to other mammalian species.

Our goal is to be a leader in the pest management industry; utilizing fertility control technologies to limit the adverse effects caused by rodent infestations, educate PMP’s and the general public on alternatives or enhancements to lethal rodenticides and to develop additional product lines to address the needs of our customers. Key elements of our strategy are:

The pest control industry is highly competitive with a number of large competitors developing and marketing pest control products, particularly rodenticides, and services. Because fertility control in general and ContraPest specifically may be considered a disruptive technology, we expect that initial adoption will be slow as we build a robust set of case studies to demonstrate efficacy and cost efficiency, identify lead users and expand within market segments. In order to enhance the likelihood of success we have targeted a few key market segments with the highest likelihood to add ContraPest into their IPM programs. These include agribusiness (grain and protein production and food storage facilities), animal care facilities (zoos and sanctuaries), national retailers and municipalities and government agencies.

In the U.S., ContraPest is most commonly deployed and serviced by a licensed PMP, although some customers have in house pest management service personnel. In some circumstances, customers of pest management services will direct these PMPs to use certain products in the provision of their service. Initially, our marketing strategy involved sales to and through large distributors of pest control products. In 2019, we substantially modified this strategy to create two different sources of pull-through-demand sales to PMPs and marketing and sales directly to end-user customers. We believe that by making end users aware of the existence and benefits of ContraPest, we are more likely to create demand through PMPs that would otherwise simply continue to use their existing rodenticide-based IPM models. We currently market ContraPest both to pest management companies and directly to target segments, using a direct to PMP sales channel; indirectly through distributor sales; and through our own direct sales force. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we added a new e-Commerce tool to enable customers in each of our target segments to buy directly from us. Finally, we have been pursuing strategic relationships with large pest management companies and key end-user organizations in our target segments for the distribution and sale of ContraPest.

In each of our target segments we have identified potential lead customers with whom we are working on large scale projects to demonstrate the efficacy of ContraPest in real world situations. We provide significant product support to these customers to make sure that we are not only achieving desired results, but also obtaining the data to support sales in the related market vertical. We believe that successful field trials with these influential end users will help drive significant subsequent sales to other participants in the relevant market.

Our pricing strategy takes into account the cost of goods sold, the cost of competitive products and the value of our product to the end user. We believe ContraPest will be perceived as a significant value as a complement to existing pest control products or as a non-lethal stand-alone solution for managing rat infestations and, as such, should command a premium price. Our experience is that potential customers understand the advantages of ContraPest and become enthusiastic about its use. We plan to continue to use promotional efforts to support the value message and to justify our product’s premium price, built around the following proposed advantages:

We also focus on specific advantages for the individual customer and expect to position our product as having the following additional general advantages:

ContraPest contains two active ingredients, VCD, an industrial chemical, and triptolide, a plant derived chemical. ContraPest also contains several other inactive, Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), ingredients. Currently, we source VCD from standard industrial chemical supply providers. Triptolide is derived from the Thunder God Vine, Tripterygium wilfordii, which is commonly cultivated and harvested wild in southeastern China and other Asian countries. Triptolide is available from a variety of sources, but the process to purify triptolide for use in ContraPest is expensive. Thus, we are investigating other, less costly sources of triptolide.

Our manufacturing process involves the incorporation of our two active ingredients, in low concentrations, into several inactive ingredients. Once incorporated, the entire product goes through a micro-encapsulation process in order to stabilize the final formulation. This process allows ContraPest to be delivered to rats in a palatable, non-lethal and effective manner.

Currently, we have production scale capability in our facilities in Arizona to manufacture ContraPest. Our internal production capabilities allow us to meet our current and anticipated demand during 2020 for ContraPest.

ContraPest is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients VCD and triptolide. When consumed, ContraPest targets reproduction, limiting fertility in male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption.

The female rat is born with a finite number of eggs, or oocytes. She remains fertile and will reproduce until the day she dies. Within the ovary, eggs develop within structures called follicles. The non-regenerating and least mature follicles are called primordial. The primordial follicles mature through primary, secondary and antral stages and ultimately ovulate. Once the primordial follicles have become depleted, ovarian failure occurs, which terminates reproductive capability.

VCD causes specific loss of small ovarian follicles (both primordial and primary). Because oocytes do not regenerate, repeated dosing causes loss of these follicles and leads to ovarian failure. Triptolide causes specific loss of growing follicles (secondary and antral). Female rats treated with triptolide ovulate fewer eggs because the follicles stop growing. In males, triptolide exerts a significant suppression of male fertility by preventing sperm maturation and impairing the movement of sperm.

The safety and efficacy of VCD and triptolide in fertility control are supported by considerable evidence. Because they induce follicle loss, both VCD and triptolide are considered ovotoxic, but they do not affect hormonal function and so are not endocrine disruptors. Studies show that VCD and triptolide do not persist within the bodies of rats and therefore do not bioaccumulate within the environment. VCD is so rapidly metabolized by ovarian tissue that the plasma half-life of VCD is 14.2 minutes. Triptolide has a plasma half-life of 21.7 minutes and is inactivated by liver enzymes. Less than 1% of VCD remains within rat tissues because metabolites of VCD, primarily tetrol and glutathione, are eliminated in urine and have no ovotoxic effects. There is no measurable accumulation of triptolide within rat internal organs. The speed with which VCD is metabolized makes it “an ideal fertility control agent (Sobinoff et al. 2008),” and makes its tendency to bioaccumulate negligible.

We have developed a pipeline of potential additional fertility control and animal health products, with diverse applications, as outlined in the following chart below. As we currently focus on the commercialization of ContraPest, and only minimal progress is expected on new product development during the coming year.

Currently, we are unaware of any other non-lethal fertility control products that target rats. However, there are other tools in IPM which may be used to control rat populations. These include:

Federal, state and local government authorities in the United States regulate, among other things, the testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, distribution and marketing of the products we develop. Our rat fertility control product must be approved by the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs before they can be legally marketed and sold in the United States. The process for obtaining regulatory approval and compliance with appropriate federal, state and local regulations is rigorous and requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

In the United States, the EPA regulates the sale, distribution and use of any pesticide under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, or FIFRA. The EPA’s definition of a pesticide includes “any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.” FIFRA defines a pest as “any insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, or weed.” To register a new product with the EPA, all active ingredients within the product must be registered with the EPA.

The EPA granted registration for ContraPest effective August 2, 2016. This initial EPA approval labeled ContraPest as a restricted-use product, due to the need for applicator expertise for deployment. On October 18, 2018, the EPA removed the Restricted Use designation. We intend to diligently pursue additional related regulatory approvals from the EPA to support our product evolution, including seeking approval for full outdoor use, alternative formulations and for additional rodent species. In addition to the EPA registration of ContraPest in the U.S., we must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. To date, we have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, 47 of which have approved the removal of the Restricted Use designation.

We are researching potential international markets and will evaluate the regulatory landscapes of each prospective market. Country-specific regulatory laws have provisions that include requirements for certain labeling, safety, efficacy and manufacturers’ quality control procedures to assure the consistency of the product, as well as company records and reports. Some specific in-country studies will be required for particular countries, but others will generally accept an EPA or EU compliant dossier.

As of January 31, 2020, we had 31 full-time, and four part-time employees. Within our workforce, 9 employees are engaged in research and development and 26 in sales, business development, finance, legal, human resources, facilities, information technology and general management and administration.

None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements.

Maintaining a strong position in the rodenticide market requires constant innovation along with a healthy research program to evolve product lines to remain competitive and relevant to the needs of the changing global marketplace. We protect the intellectual property resulting from these efforts with the broadest international patent protections available. Our proprietary data and trade secrets are protected with vigilance and attention to data exchanges among employees, consultants, collaborators and research and trade partners. We further strengthen our market position employing international regulatory expertise.

Our intellectual property portfolio supporting ContraPest consists of nine international patent filings (in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, Russia, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and Australia) addressing the ContraPest compound. Claims directed toward the compound include composition-of-matter involving a diterpenoid epoxide or salts thereof in combination with an organic diepoxide, use claims for inducing follicle depletion and for reducing the reproductive capability of a mammalian animal or non-human mammalian population. Issued claims will have a patent term extending to 2033 or longer based on patent term determinations in each of the filing countries. The novelty of ContraPest extends to its method of field distribution and has required innovation to perfect the dosing of our product to rodents. We have filed United States and international patent applications covering our novel bait station device to effectively and efficiently deliver our rodent bait at individual bait sites that would, if issued, offer patent term protection through at least 2036.

We have an exclusive patent license with the University of Arizona for background intellectual property that we plan to employ for future product development in the domestic animal fertility control market. The patent claims in the United States, Australia and New Zealand cover the use of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide to deplete ovarian follicles in individual mammals and mammal populations. The license agreement, signed in 2005, will terminate with the last-to-expire patent claims, which have a term extending to 2026.

Beyond our patent right holdings, we broaden our intellectual property position with trademark, trade secret, know-how and continuous scientific discovery to accompany our product development efforts. We protect these proprietary assets with a combination of confidentiality terms in all commercial agreements or stand-alone confidentiality agreements along with rights-ownership agreements and structured information transfer understandings prior to beginning any collaborative projects. We own and maintain the ContraPest trademark and intend to register new trademarks for products from our evolving rodenticide product line and for products for mammalian species beyond rodentia.

We have exclusive use status with the EPA for the data sets we have developed and submitted to the EPA as part of our application for ContraPest. The exclusive use status applies to new active ingredients and the final formulation of the ContraPest product for a period of 10 years. For five years after the 10-year period of exclusivity, if another applicant or the EPA Administrator chooses to rely on one or more data sets that we submitted in support of an application submitted by another applicant, the new applicant must make a binding offer to compensate us and certify to the EPA that it has done so. If we and the offeror cannot reach agreement on the terms of the compensation for the use of such data sets, FIFRA requires resolution by binding arbitration. The EPA rules do not describe how the compensation should be determined, and there is publicly available information about some, but not all, binding arbitration decisions.

On February 20, 2018, New Enterprises, Ltd. (“New Enterprises”) filed a lawsuit against the Company and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (“Roth”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona, alleging nine counts against the Company, including claims of common law fraud and securities fraud to induce the chairman of New Enterprises into investing in the Company; failure to register New Enterprises’ requested transfer; breach of stock certificates and the lock-up contract; tortious interference with prospective business advantage; and conversion. New Enterprises sought monetary damages, including compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees. After initial motions to dismiss and written discovery, the parties reached a settlement, and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice on December 27, 2019. Roth has made a claim for indemnification of approximately $375,000 to the Company based on contractual indemnification agreements. Because the lawsuit filed by New Enterprises has been fully resolved without Roth having paid any portion of the settlement payment, the indemnity claim by Roth concerns only the legal fees and expenses it incurred in connection with the lawsuit. The Company has not accepted Roth’s indemnification demand.

On April 20, 2018, the Company’s former Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Andrew Altman filed a charge of employment discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) against the Company. Mr. Altman claimed that he was terminated after he expressed opposition to an email Cheryl Dyer, Chief Research Officer, had sent out to the management team, in which she criticized a Mormon newspaper. The Company filed a position statement on May 21, 2018. No substantive action has been taken since then, and the Company has not heard anything further either from the EEOC or Mr. Altman’s attorneys.

As of December 31, 2019, our corporate headquarters is located in Phoenix, Arizona, where we lease and occupy approximately 5,529 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that commenced on December 1, 2019 and expires in November 2024. Our manufacturing facilities are located in Flagstaff, Arizona, occupying a total of 7,632 square feet of space. The lease for our manufacturing facilities expires in December 2020. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate and meet our current needs for business, manufacturing and research.

Set forth below is a list of the names, ages as of February 7, 2020 and positions, and a brief account of the business experience of the individuals who serve as our executive officers and directors as of the date of this prospectus.

Kenneth Siegel was appointed to our board of directors in February 2019 and appointed Chief Executive Officer in May 2019. Mr. Siegel has over 25 years of experience as an executive and senior leader of major corporations. From December 2016 to November 2018, Mr. Siegel served in key leadership roles at Diamond Resorts International Inc., a global vacation ownership company, most recently as President since March 2017. Prior to Diamond Resorts, he served as Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel of Starwood Hotels & Resorts, a branded lifestyle hospitality company. An instrumental member of the Starwood leadership team, Mr. Siegel was intimately involved in Starwood’s emergence as an industry leader before its acquisition by Marriott International in 2016. Part of Mr. Siegel’s role included leading Starwood’s Corporate Social Responsibility Programs. He introduced industry leading initiatives in sustainability, energy and water conservation and education. He implemented numerous programs to reduce the Company’s impact on the planet and became a passionate advocate for methods that could be both effective and environmentally sustainable. Prior to joining Starwood in 2000, Mr. Siegel spent four years as the Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Cognizant Corporation and its successor companies. Mr. Siegel also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. and of Craftworks, Holdings, Inc. Mr. Siegel has a bachelor’s degree from Cornell University and a juris doctorate degree from New York University. We believe that Mr. Siegel is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because of his experience and knowledge in all facets of corporate operations and governance, including business, operational, corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, marketing and branding gained as a senior executive of major public corporations.

Thomas Chesterman joined our company in September 2015 and has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary since December 2015. He has over 20 years of experience as the chief financial officer of a public company in the life science, technology and telecommunications industries. Most recently, he was the vice president and treasurer of General Communication Inc., a telecommunications company in Alaska, from 2013 to 2015. Previously, he was the chief financial officer of life science companies Bionovo Inc. from 2007 to 2012, Aradigm Corp. from 2002 to 2007 and Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. from 1996 to 2002. Mr. Chesterman is adept at a variety of capital market access techniques and has significant experience in developing the operational and financial infrastructures in companies to help support successful and rapid growth. Mr. Chesterman earned a bachelor’s degree from Harvard University and an M.B.A. from the University of California at Davis.

Jamie Bechtel, JD, Ph.D. was elected to the board of directors in January 2018. Dr. Bechtel is the co-founder and a board member of New Course, an organization focused on women-led conservation initiatives, and founder and managing partner of Kito Impact Foundation, a non-profit focused on integrated corporate social responsibility into small and medium sized businesses. Before founding Kito Impact Foundation and New Course, Dr. Bechtel worked for seven years at Conservation International, in over 20 countries including Costa Rica, Fiji, Mexico, and South Africa, among many others. Dr. Bechtel was an advisor to the Clinton Global Initiative. Dr. Bechtel holds a Ph.D. from Boston University, a law degree from Boston College and a Bachelor’s degree from Boston University. We believe that Dr. Bechtel is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because she is a highly regarded leader in international conservation, and her work has led to strategic advances in the fields of conservation, sustainable finance and biology.

Delphine François Chiavarini was elected to the board of directors in June 2018. Ms. Chiavarini is vice president and general manager of U.S. at Moen, a faucet manufacturing company. She joined Moen in June 2017 and is responsible for developing strategies for profitable growth, increasing Moen’s market share and ensure winning execution in the U.S. market. Before joining Moen, from August 2014 to June 2017, Ms. Chiavarini was senior vice president and general manager Food and Beverage North America at Ecolab, a global leader in water, hygiene and energy technologies and services that protect people and vital resources. She also held several executive positions with Newell Brands where she was responsible for leadership in brand and business transformation through impactful P&L management, strategic planning and change management. Prior to Newell, Ms. Chiavarini spent time in sales and marketing in the luxury goods and retail sectors, spanning B2C and B2B in multiple geographies and categories. Ms. Chiavarini earned both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree from Audencia Business School in Nantes, France, and attended executive programs at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. We believe that Ms. Chiavarini is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because of her experience developing strategies for profitable growth and her experience as an executive at multiple companies.

Marc Dumont was elected to our board of directors in January 2016. Mr. Dumont is owner, chairman and chief executive officer of Chateau de Messey Wineries in Burgundy, France, a wine producer, a position he has held since March 1995. Mr. Dumont served as the president of PSA International SA (a PSA Peugeot Citroen Group company) from January 1981 to March 1995. Prior to that, he held various positions for Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, Mexico City and London. He is an international financial consultant and advisor for clients in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States. He is serving as the chairman of Sanderling Ventures (a European affiliate of a U.S. venture capital firm) since 1996. In the past, Mr. Dumont has served as director of Finter Bank Zurich, Irvine Sensors Corporation and Novalog Corporation in Costa Mesa, CA, NUKO Information Systems Inc. in San Jose, CA, and Banque Internationale in Luxembourg, all of which were public companies. Mr. Dumont holds a degree in Electrical Engineering and Applied Economics from the University of Louvain, Belgium and an MBA from the University of Chicago. We believe Mr. Dumont is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because of his experience and knowledge of corporate finance, international business development and operations, and his experience as a past director of other public and private companies.

Matthew Szot was elected to our board of directors in December 2015. Since March 2010, he has served as the chief financial officer and treasurer of S&W Seed Company, a Nasdaq-listed agricultural seed company. From June 2018 to August 2019, Mr. Szot served on the board of directors and as Chairman of the Audit Committee of Eastside Distilling, Inc. a Nasdaq-listed craft spirits company. From February 2007 until October 2011, Mr. Szot served as the chief financial officer for Cardiff Partners, LLC, a strategic consulting company that provided executive financial services to various publicly traded and privately held companies. From 2003 to December 2006, Mr. Szot served as chief financial officer and secretary of Rip Curl, Inc., a market leader in wetsuit and action sports apparel products. From 1996 to 2003, Mr. Szot was a Certified Public Accountant with KPMG and served as an Audit Manager for various publicly traded companies. Mr. Szot has a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Economics/Accountancy from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana and is a Certified Public Accountant in the State of California. We believe that Mr. Szot is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because of his experience and knowledge of corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions and corporate governance, as well as other operational, financial and accounting matters gained as a past and present chief financial officer of other public and private companies.

Julia Williams, M.D. was elected to our board of directors in August 2011. She has been an emergency department physician since 1989. She has worked at Flagstaff Medical Center, a hospital and trauma center, since 1999. Dr. Williams is the founder and President of Humanitarian Efforts Reaching Out, or HERO, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that provides humanitarian services including medical and dental care, alternative power sources, solar cookers, vitamins, eye glasses, nutritional support and animal care. HERO’s mission is to help build healthy sustainable communities in underdeveloped Nations around the world. Dr. Williams has received her Doctor of Medicine from the University of Maryland School of Medicine and her Bachelor of Science from the University of Maryland. We believe that Dr. Williams is qualified to serve as a member of our board of directors because of her medical and scientific background, commitment to and experience with animal care, and long commitment to our vision.

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

We are not aware of any of our directors or officers being involved in any legal proceedings in the past ten years relating to any matters in bankruptcy, insolvency, criminal proceedings (other than traffic and other minor offenses), or being subject to any of the items set forth under Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K that we consider material to the evaluation of the ability and integrity of any director or executive officer.

Generally, under the continued listing requirements and rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. Our board of directors has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of each director. Our board of directors has determined that Drs. Bechtel and Williams, Ms. Chiavarini and Messrs. Dumont and Szot and are independent within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards and that none of such directors has any relationship with the Company that would interfere with the exercise of their independent business judgment. The board also determined that Kenneth Siegel, our current Chief Executive Officer, is not independent. Accordingly, a majority of our directors are independent, as required under applicable Nasdaq rules. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director. There are no arrangements or understandings between any director or nominee and any other person or entity other than the Company pursuant to which the director or nominee receives compensation in connection with that person’s candidacy or service as a director.

Our board of directors includes an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee, a commercialization committee and a finance committee. Our audit, compensation and corporate governance and nominating committees are comprised solely of independent board members. Information about these standing committees is set forth below.

Our audit committee currently consists of Matthew Szot, who is the chair of the audit committee, Jamie Bechtel and Marc Dumont. The board of directors has determined that, after consideration of all relevant factors, each of these directors qualifies as an “independent” director under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and Nasdaq rules. Each member of the audit committee is able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows. Further, no member of the audit committee has participated in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, or those of any of our current subsidiaries, at any time during the past three years. The board of directors has designated Mr. Szot as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under applicable SEC rules and has determined that Mr. Szot possesses the requisite “financial sophistication” under applicable Nasdaq rules. The audit committee operates under a written charter setting forth the functions and responsibilities of the audit committee, which is periodically reviewed by the audit committee and by the board of directors as appropriate. A current copy of the audit committee charter is available on our website at http://senestech.investorroom.com on the “Board Committees” page under the heading “Corporate Governance.” The functions of the audit committee include:

Both our independent registered accounting firm and internal financial personnel regularly meet with our audit committee and have unrestricted access to the audit committee.

Our compensation committee currently consists of Jamie Bechtel, who is the chair of the compensation committee, Matthew Szot and Julia Williams, each of whom has been determined by our board of directors to be independent in accordance with Nasdaq standards. Each member of our compensation committee is also a non-employee director, as defined pursuant to Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act. The compensation committee operates under a written charter, which is periodically reviewed by the compensation committee and by the board of directors as appropriate. A current copy of the compensation committee charter is available on our website at http://senestech.investorroom.com on the “Board Committees” page under the heading “Corporate Governance.” The functions of the compensation committee include:

Pursuant to its charter, the compensation committee has sole authority to retain and/or replace, as needed, any independent legal counsel, compensation and benefits consultants and other experts or advisors as the compensation committee believes to be necessary or appropriate.

As part of its process to determine the compensation level of each executive officer, the compensation committee evaluates, among other things, the chief executive officer’s assessment of the other executive officers and recommendations regarding their compensation in light of the goals and objectives of our executive compensation program.

Our nominating and corporate governance committee currently consists of Jaime Bechtel, who is the chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee, Delphine Chiavarini, Marc Dumont and Matthew Szot, each of whom has been determined by our board of directors to be independent in accordance with Nasdaq standards. The nominating and corporate governance committee operates under a written charter, which is periodically reviewed by the nominating and corporate governance committee and by the board of directors as appropriate. A current copy of the nominating and corporate governance committee charter is available on our website at http://senestech.investorroom.com on the “Board Committees” page under the heading “Corporate Governance.” The functions of the nominating and corporate governance committee include:

Our commercialization committee currently consists of Delphine Chiavarini, who is the chair of the committee, Jamie Bechtel and Kenneth Siegel. The commercialization committee was established by our board of directors to provide oversight and direction into the commercialization and sales of the Company’s products.

Our finance committee currently consists of Matthew Szot, who is the chair of the committee, Delphine Chiavarini, Marc Dumont and Kenneth Siegel. The finance committee was established by our board of directors to provide oversight and direction related to the strategic financing of the Company’s operations.

The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned by or paid to our non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2019.

On June 18, 2019, the board adopted a revised non-employee director compensation program (the “Director Compensation Program”) for providing cash and equity compensation to its non-employee directors for their service on the board and committees of the board. The components of the Director Compensation Program are as follows:

The RSUs granted to non-employee directors pursuant to the Director Compensation Program will vest and become payable after one year of continuous service on the board. The options granted to non-employee directors pursuant to the Director Compensation Program will have an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. The options will vest in equal quarterly installments over a one-year period, and the options will expire on the fifth anniversary of the date of the grant.

In addition, we reimburse non-employee directors for reasonable travel expenses for participation in board meetings and for travel conducted on behalf of our business.

Mr. Siegel received no additional compensation for his service as a director after being appointed Chief Executive Officer in May 2019. The compensation received by Mr. Siegel as a board member prior to his employment as Chief Executive Officer and his employee compensation during 2019 is presented in “Executive Officer Compensation - 2019 Summary Compensation Table.”

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide a separately-captioned “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section. However, in order to provide a greater understanding to our stockholders regarding our compensation policies and decisions with respect to our “named executive officers” identified in the 2019 Summary Compensation Table below, we are including the following narrative disclosure to highlight salient portions of our executive compensation program. This narrative disclosure should be read in conjunction with the 2019 Summary Compensation Table below and the related tables that follow it.

Compensation for our executives and key employees is designed to attract and retain people who share our vision and values and who can consistently perform in such a manner that enables us to achieve our strategic goals. The compensation committee believes that the total compensation package for each of our executive officers is competitive with the market, thereby allowing us to retain executive talent capable of leveraging the skills of our employees and our unique assets in order to increase stockholder value.

Our executive compensation programs are designed to (1) motivate and reward our executive officers, (2) retain our executive officers and encourage quality service, (3) incentivize our executive officers to appropriately manage risks while improving our financial results, and (4) align executive officers’ interests with those of our stockholders. Under these programs, our executive officers are rewarded for the achievement of Company objectives and the realization of increased stockholder value.

The program seeks to remain competitive with the market while also aligning the executive compensation program with stockholder interests through the following types of compensation: (i) base salary; (ii) annual cash-based incentive bonuses; and (iii) equity-based incentive awards.

The compensation policies developed by the compensation committee are based on the philosophy that compensation should reflect both Company-wide performance, financial and operational performance, and the individual performance of the executive, including management of personnel under his or her supervision. The compensation committee’s objectives when setting compensation for our executive officers include:

Our compensation program is designed to reward superior performance of both the Company and of each individual executive and seeks to encourage actions that drive our business strategy. Our compensation committee or a member thereof will meet with each of our executives quarterly to review performance, goals and expectations so that our annual compensation decisions, when made, will be more transparent and aligned with performance, goals and expectations. Our compensation strategy is to provide a competitive opportunity for senior executives, taking into account their total compensation packages.

The Role of the Compensation Committee in Setting Compensation. Our compensation committee determines the compensation of our executive officers other than that of our chief executive officer. The compensation committee also approves or makes recommendations to our board of directors regarding equity compensation under our 2018 Plan. The compensation committee reviews base salary levels for executive officers of our Company and approves raises and bonuses based upon the Company’s achievements, individual performance and competitive and market conditions. Subject to compensation committee recommendations, our board of directors ultimately must approve the compensation of our chief executive officer. The compensation committee may delegate certain of its responsibilities, as it deems appropriate, to compensation subcommittees or to our officers, but it has not elected to do so to date.

The Role of Executives in Setting Compensation. While the compensation committee does not delegate any of its functions to others in setting the compensation of senior management, it includes members of senior management in the compensation committee’s executive compensation process. We have asked each of our senior executives to annually provide us with input with regard to their goals for the coming year. These proposals include suggested Company-wide and individual performance goals. The individual goals include not only the goals of such executive but also goals of the employees for whom the executive is responsible. The compensation committee reviews these proposals with the executives and provides the committee’s perspective on them. Quarterly meetings with the executives permit an ongoing dialogue to further our goal of enhancing communication and managing expectations regarding compensation matters.

The Role of Consultants in Setting Compensation. In fiscal 2019, the compensation committee did not retain compensation consultants to assist it in its review of executive compensation. As the compensation committee deems necessary or helpful, it may retain the services of compensation consultants in connection with the establishment and development of our compensation philosophy and programs in the future.

As part of its risk assessment process, the compensation committee reviewed material elements of executive and non-executive employee compensation. The compensation committee concluded that these policies and practices do not create risk that is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us.

The structure of our compensation program for our executive officers does not incentivize unnecessary or excessive risk taking. The base salary component of compensation does not encourage risk taking because it is a fixed amount. The incentive plan awards have risk-limiting characteristics:

The material elements of the compensation program for our named executive officers include: (i) base salary; (ii) cash-based incentive bonuses; and (iii) equity-based incentive awards.

Base Salaries. We provide each of our named executive officers with a base salary to compensate them for services rendered during the fiscal year and sustained performance. The purpose of the base salary is to reflect job responsibilities, value to the Company and competitiveness of the market. Salaries for our named executive officers are determined by the compensation committee based on the following factors: nature and responsibility of the position and, to the extent available, salary norms for comparable positions; the expertise of the individual executive; and the competitiveness of the market for the executive’s services.

Performance Cash-Based Incentive Bonuses. Our practice is to award cash-based incentive bonuses, based in part on the achievement of performance objectives or significant accomplishments as established by the compensation committee from time-to-time in its discretion. These performance objectives and significant accomplishments are, in part, developed in partnership with the executive and are discussed on an ongoing basis throughout the year.

Equity-Based Incentive Awards. Our equity-based incentive awards are designed to align the interests of our employees and consultants, including our named executive officers, with those of our stockholders. Our compensation committee is responsible for approving equity grants. Vesting of the stock option and restricted stock unit awards is tied to continuous service with the Company and serves as an additional retention measure and long-term incentive.

Following the completion of the 2019 fiscal year, each of our executive officers self-evaluated him or herself against his or her specific goals. The compensation committee also performed its own assessment. Based on the year-end assessments, and pursuant to each executive’s current employment agreement, the compensation committee elected not to grant our executive officers incentive bonuses for calendar year 2019.

The following table sets forth the compensation earned during the past two fiscal years by (i) the person who served as our principal executive officer at the end of 2019; (ii) the two most highly compensated executive officers other than the principal executive officer who were serving as executive officers at the end of 2019 and whose total compensation for 2019 exceeded $100,000; and (iii) our former principal executive officer and one additional executive officer whose compensation would have been disclosed under (ii) but that the person was not serving as an executive officer at the end of 2019. The persons described in clauses (i) through (iii) above are collectively referred to herein as our “named executive officers.”

The following table sets forth all outstanding equity awards held by each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2019.

We have entered into agreements with certain of our named executive officers, which include provisions regarding post-termination compensation. We do not have a formal severance policy or plan applicable to our executive officers as a group.

Agreement with Kenneth Siegel. We entered into an employment letter agreement with Mr. Siegel on May 15, 2019 to serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, effective May 16, 2019. Under the terms of the employment letter agreement, Mr. Seigel received an annual base salary of $275,000 and a one-time signing bonus of a stock option representing 35,000 shares of Common Stock, which vests quarterly over a three-year period, and is subject to the terms and conditions of the Company’s 2018 Plan and standard form of option agreement. Mr. Seigel is also eligible to receive an annual incentive bonus with a target value equal to 50% of his annual base salary, payable in cash, subject to his achievement of performance objectives to be determined by the compensation committee or board of directors. In addition, after each full year of employment with the Company, subject to board approval, Mr. Sigel will receive an annual option grant (each, an “Additional Option”) valued at 35% of his then base salary, subject to such vesting terms as determined by the board in its discretion. The initial option and Additional Options that are granted to Mr. Siegel will remain exercisable for five years following the end of his continuous service with the Company. Mr. Seigel will also be eligible to participate in the standard benefits, vacation and expense reimbursement plans offered to similarly situated employees. Mr. Siegel entered into the Company’s standard form of indemnification agreement applicable to its directors and officers.

In the event of Mr. Siegel’s termination by the Company without Cause (as defined in the employment letter agreement) or if Mr. Siegel resigns for Good Reason (as defined in the employment letter agreement), Mr. Siegel will be entitled to severance benefits equal to 12 months’ continuation of his then base salary. In addition, the Company will reimburse Mr. Siegel for COBRA premiums in effect on the date of termination for coverage in effect for him and, if applicable, his spouse and dependent children on such date under the Company’s group health plan(s). Finally, the vesting of Mr. Siegel’s initial option and Additional Options will be accelerated such that he will be deemed vested in those shares subject to the options that would have vested in the 12-month period following his separation date had his employment not ended.

Agreement with Mr. Chesterman. We entered into an employment offer letter with Mr. Chesterman dated November 20, 2015 to serve as our Chief Financial Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, we pay Mr. Chesterman a salary of $250,000 per year, and in accordance with the employment offer letter, Mr. Chesterman’s salary may be paid up 50% in stock options until we are in the financial position to pay the salary entirely in cash, to be determined by the Chief Executive Officer. In addition, Mr. Chesterman is eligible for a performance bonus, which amounts will be determined at least annually by mutual agreement based on achievement of personal and Company goals, and will be targeted to be no less than $200,000 per year.

Mr. Chesterman is entitled to accrue four weeks paid vacation and ten days of sick leave per calendar year and may participate in our standard benefits plans.

Per the employment offer letter, on November 20, 2015, we granted Mr. Chesterman a stock option to purchase 6,000 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $10.00 per share, which option vests over a four-year vesting schedule, with 1⁄48th of the option vesting monthly beginning on January 1, 2016, until such option is vested in full or Mr. Chesterman’s employment is terminated.

We pay 75% of premiums for medical insurance and dental insurance for all full-time employees, including our named executive officers. We also offer high deductible plan options that include a healthcare flexible spending account component for all full-time employees, including our named executive officers. These benefits are available to all full-time employees, subject to applicable laws. We also previously paid premiums for life insurance for Dr. Mayer and Dr. Dyer per the terms of their respective employment letter agreements.

Agreement with Dr. Mayer. We entered into a separation agreement with Dr. Mayer effective November 12, 2019. Pursuant to separation terms contained in Dr. Mayer’s employment agreement dated June 30, 2016, Dr. Mayer is eligible to receive her base salary and health insurance benefits for a period of 12 months following the effective date of her termination.

Agreement with Dr Dyer. We entered into a separation agreement with Dr. Dyer effective November 12, 2019. Pursuant to separation terms contained in Dr. Dyer’s employment agreement dated June 30, 2016, Dr. Dyer is eligible to receive her base salary and health insurance benefits for a period of 12 months following the effective date of her termination.

The following table presents certain information regarding our Common Stock that may be issued under our equity plans, including upon the exercise of options and vesting of RSUs granted to employees, consultants or directors as of December 31, 2019:

Options to purchase Common Stock and RSUs are outstanding under our 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan was approved by our stockholders at our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and replaces our 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for purposes of new equity grants. The 2018 Plan enables us to grant options, restricted stock, RSUs and certain other equity-based compensation to our officers, directors, employees and consultants. Under the 2018 Plan, we awarded RSUs and options to each of our non-employee directors in 2019.

The following table sets forth, as of February 7, 2020, information regarding beneficial ownership of our Common Stock by:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power.

The number of shares listed below under the heading “Total Shares Beneficially Owned” is the aggregate beneficial ownership for each stockholder and includes:

Of this total amount, the number of shares of Common Stock underlying options and RSUs that are currently vested and stock options and RSUs that are not currently vested but will become vested within 60 days after February 7, 2020 are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of Common Stock outstanding beneficially owned by a stockholder, director or executive officer (the “Deemed Outstanding Shares”) and are also separately listed below under the heading “Number of Shares Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants, Options and Vesting of RSUs Exercisable or Vested” but the Deemed Outstanding Shares are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of Common Stock outstanding beneficially owned by any other person. This table is based on information supplied by officers, directors, principal stockholders and filings made with the SEC. Percentage ownership is based on 1,592,170 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 7, 2020, as adjusted for the 1-for-20 reverse stock split effectuated on February 5, 2020.

Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, all persons named in the table have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to their shares of common stock, except to the extent authority is shared by spouses under community property laws.

Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o SenesTech, Inc., 23460 N 19^thAve., Suite 110, Phoenix, AZ 85027.

Since January 1, 2018, we were not a party to any transactions that require disclosure under Item 404 of Regulation S-K.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements provide for the indemnification of such persons for all reasonable expenses and liabilities incurred in connection with any action or proceeding brought against them by reason of the fact they are or were serving in such capacity. We believe that these charter provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors, officers and employees. Furthermore, we have obtained director and officer liability insurance to cover liabilities our directors and officers may incur in connection with their services to us.

We have adopted a policy that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than 5% of any class of our Common Stock and any members of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons are not permitted to enter into a related person transaction with us without the prior consent of our audit committee. Any request for us to enter into a transaction with an executive officer, director, nominee for election as a director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, in which the amount involved requires disclosure under Item 404 of Regulation S-K and such person would have a direct or indirect interest, must first be presented to our audit committee for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, our audit committee is to consider the material facts of the transaction, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction.

In addition, if a related person transaction will compromise the independence of one of our directors, our audit committee may recommend that our board of directors reject the transaction if it could affect our ability to comply with securities laws and regulations or Nasdaq listing requirements.

The following is a summary of the material terms of our securities, including a summary of our Common Stock and outstanding options and warrants to purchase Common Stock. For additional information about our authorized capital, including our Common Stock, we refer you to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that are currently in effect, which are included herein as Exhibit 3.1, Exhibit 3.2 and Exhibit 3.3.

The descriptions of our capital stock and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to the amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that are currently in effect.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for Common Stock and preferred stock, the rights, preferences and privileges of which may be designated from time to time by our board of directors.

Our authorized capital stock consists of 110,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.001 per share, of which 100,000,000 shares are designated as Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock.

As of February 7, 2020, our Common Stock was held by approximately 700 stockholders of record. As of February 7, 2020, we had 33,758 shares of our Common Stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Plan.

The holders of our Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of outstanding shares of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our board of directors out of assets legally available therefor. In the event that we liquidate, dissolve or wind up, holders of our Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock. Holders of Common Stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock. As discussed in “Risk Factors” above, certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change of control involving us that our stockholders may consider favorable. All outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and non-assessable.

Except as otherwise required by Delaware law, all stockholder action, other than the election of directors or certain amendments of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, is taken by the vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter, at a meeting in which a quorum, consisting of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock is present in person or by proxy. The election of directors by our stockholders is determined by a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote, at a meeting held for such purposes at which a quorum, consisting of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, is present in person or by proxy. Certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation require the approval of holders of at least sixty-six and two-third percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our Common Stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support our operations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors may, without further action by our stockholders, fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and authorize their issuance. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of our Common Stock. The issuance of our preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our Common Stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control or other corporate action. We have no present plan to issue any shares of preferred stock.

As of February 7, 2020, options to purchase 136,359 shares of our Common Stock issued pursuant to our 2018 Plan at a weighted-average exercise price of $27.85 per share were outstanding. As of February 7, 2020, we had 3,877 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs outstanding.

As of February 7, 2020, we had 679,989 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding Common Stock warrants, at a weighted-average exercise price of $22.65 per share.

Common Stock Warrants Issued in January 2020 Private Placement (the “January 2020 Private Placement Warrants”)

On January 28, 2020, in a private placement concurrent with a registered direct offering (the “Registered Direct Offering”) of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company also issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 177,500 shares of Common Stock to certain institutional and accredited investors in the Registered Direct Offering. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on January 28, 2020.

Duration and Exercise Price. The warrants have an exercise price of $9.00 per share and are exercisable after July 28, 2020. The warrants will expire July 28, 2025.

Adjustment. For so long as the warrants remain outstanding, the exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrant is subject to adjustment as follows: (a) upon payment of a stock dividend or other distribution on a class or series of shares Common Stock, not including shares issued under this warrant; (b) upon subdivision (by stock spilt, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) or combination (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of shares of Common Stock; or (c) upon the issuance of any shares of capital stock by reclassification of shares of the Common Stock.

Rights upon Distribution of Assets. In the event that the Company declares or makes any dividend or other distribution of its assets to holders of its Common Stock, the warrant holder will be entitled to participate in such distribution to the same extent that such holder would have participated therein if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant.

Fundamental Transaction. In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the warrants and generally including the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets; our consolidation or merger with or into another person or reorganization; a recapitalization, reorganization or reclassification in which our Common Stock is converted into other securities, cash or property; or any acquisition of our outstanding Common Stock that results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding Common Stock, then the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash, assets or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Subject to certain limitations, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction the warrant holder may at its option require the Company or any Successor Entity to purchase the warrant from the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrant on the date of the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

Purchase Right. Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the Common Stock (the “January 2020 Purchase Right”), the holder of the warrant will be entitled to acquire the aggregate January 2020 Purchase Rights that the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant. However, to the extent that an exercise of the January 2020 Purchase Right would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (defined below), then to such extent the January 2020 Purchase Right will be held in abeyance until such time, if ever, that complete exercise of the January 2020 Purchase Right would not exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws and restrictions on transfer, the warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder. The warrants are not listed on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

Exercisability. After the Initial Exercisability Date, the warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If, at the time a holder exercises its warrant (but not sooner than six months following the date of the warrant), a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available, nor is any current prospectus thereto available, and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after exercise (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”), except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Right as a Stockholder. Except as otherwise provided in the warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our Common Stock, the holders of the warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our Common Stock, including any voting rights, unless and until they exercise their warrants.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants issued under the purchase agreement from January 2020 may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holders representing 66% of Common Stock into which the warrants are then exercisable, provided that any change to the Exercise Price, Expiration Date, or number of shares of Common Stock into which the warrant is exercisable requires the consent of the holder of the warrant so amended.

Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Securities. Upon exercise of the warrant by the holder, if the Company fails to cause its transfer agent to deliver the securities to holder by the required share delivery date set forth in the warrant, and as result the holder or the holder’s broker must purchase shares of Common Stock in satisfaction of a sale by the holder of Common Stock that the holder anticipated receiving upon an exercise of the warrant (a “January 2020 Buy-In”), then, generally, the holder may require the Company to (1) pay to the holder the difference, if any, between the price at which the holder or its broker purchased Common Stock to cover the January 2020 Buy-In and the price at which the same number of shares could have been purchased under the warrant and (2) at the option of the holder, either reinstate the portion of the warrant that the holder exercised and the Company failed to honor or issue the number of shares requested in such exercise.

Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in January 2020 Registered Direct Offering and Private Placement

On January 28, 2020, in connection with the Registered Direct Offering, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 13,315 shares of Common Stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 8-K filed on January 28, 2020. This warrant has substantially similar terms as the January 2020 Private Placement Warrants described above, except that the placement agent warrant has an exercise price of $10.00 per share.

On July 16, 2019, in connection with a secondary public offering of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 8,334 shares of Common Stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on July 17, 2019. This warrant has substantially similar terms as the January 2020 Private Placement Warrants described above, except that this warrant has an exercise price of $33.75 per share and will expire July 11, 2024.

On August 13, 2018, in connection with a rights offering of 267,853 shares of its Common Stock (the “2018 Rights Offering”), the Company issued to investors warrants to purchase 267,853 shares of its Common Stock. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018. This warrant has substantially similar terms as the January 2020 Private Placement Warrants described above, except that this warrant has an exercise price of $23.00 per share and will expire August 13, 2023. In addition, this warrant has the following terms:

Right of Redemption. Subject to certain limitations in the warrant, the Company may redeem for consideration equal to $0.01 all of the outstanding warrants for which a Notice of Exercise has not been delivered if, six months after the warrants become exercisable, (1) the VWAP for each of five consecutive trading days is $57.50 and (2) the holders of the warrants have no material, non-public information from the Company. The Company must provide at least thirty days’ notice of the date of such redemption. Following such notice and prior to the date of redemption, the warrants may be exercised for cash in accordance with the terms therein.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holders.

Common Stock Warrants Issued to Dealer-Manager in August 2018 Rights Offering

In connection with the closing of the 2018 Rights Offering, the Company also issued a warrant to purchase 13,393 shares of Common Stock to Maxim Partners LLC, an affiliate of the dealer-manager of the 2018 Rights Offering. The warrant was issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018. This warrant has substantially similar terms as the warrants described in the August 2018 Rights Offering described above, except that this warrant has an exercise price of $34.50 per share, will expire July 25, 2023, and does not have a redemption feature.

On June 20, 2018, the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 56,696 shares of Common Stock to an investor in a private placement. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2018.

Duration and Exercise Price. The warrants have an exercise price of $36.40 per share and are exercisable after December 20, 2018. The warrants will expire in December 2023.

Fundamental Transaction. In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the warrants and generally including the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person or reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification or the acquisition of our outstanding Common Stock which results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding Common Stock, the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash, assets or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Subject to certain limitations, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction the warrant holder may at its option require the Company or any Successor Entity to purchase the warrant from the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrant on the date of the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

Purchase Right. Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the Common Stock (the “June 2018 Purchase Right”), the holder of the warrant will be entitled to acquire the aggregate June 2018 Purchase Rights which the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant.

Exercisability. After the Initial Exercisability Date, the warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If, at the time a holder exercises its warrant, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will round up to the next whole share.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holders.

Failure to Timely Deliver Securities. Upon exercise of the warrant by the holder, if the Company or its transfer agent fails to deliver the securities to holder by the required share delivery date set forth in the warrant, then, generally, the holder may require the Company to pay to the holder an amount in cash to make the investor whole in connection with the Company’s failure to timely deliver securities.

On November 21, 2017, in its public offering of Common Stock, the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 232,875 shares of Common Stock to investors. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant, attached as Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2017.

Adjustment. For so long as the warrants remain outstanding, the exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrant is subject to adjustment as follows: (a) as the Company’s board of directors deems appropriate, (b) upon subdivision (by stock spilt, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) or combination (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of shares of Common Stock, (c) upon the issuance or announcement of contemplated issuance (“Dilutive Issuance”) of shares of Common Stock, options or convertible securities for consideration per share less than the price equal to the exercise price of the warrants, except for certain Excluded Securities issued in connection with an Approved Equity Plan, (d) at the option of the warrant holder upon the Company’s entering into an agreement to issue securities that are issuable at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Variable Price”), and (e) in certain cases upon granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features, except for those granted pursuant to an Approved Equity Plan. For the adjustments summarized in (c) above, the exercise price of the warrants outstanding generally will adjust upon the record date of such issuance to the New Issuance Price (as defined in the warrant, and which will be based on the net price at which new securities in the Dilutive Issuance are issued or subsequently adjusted, and in some cases, the lower of such price or the weighted average trading price of the Common Stock for the four trading days immediately following public announcement of the Dilutive Issuance). For the adjustments summarized in (d) above, the holder may, at its option, elect to adjust the exercise price of the warrants to the Variable Price of securities sold by the Company pursuant to the agreement. Any adjustment made upon announcement or pursuant to a Dilutive Issuance will not be readjusted in the event that such Dilutive Issuance does not occur.

Fundamental Transaction. In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the warrants and generally including the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person or reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification or the acquisition of our outstanding Common Stock which results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding Common Stock, the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash, assets or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Subject to certain limitations, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction the warrant holder may at its option require the Company or any Successor Entity to purchase the warrant from the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrant on the date of the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

Purchase Right. Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the Common Stock (the “November 2017 Purchase Right”), the holder of the warrant will be entitled to acquire the aggregate November 2017 Purchase Rights which the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant.

Exercisability. The warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If, at the time a holder exercises its warrant, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Limitation on Variable Rate Transactions. The Company may not effect or enter into any agreement to sell securities in a Variable Rate Transaction.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holders.

Failure to Timely Deliver Securities. Upon exercise of the warrant by the holder, if the Company or its transfer agent fails to deliver the securities to holder by the required share delivery date set forth in the warrant, or if the Company did not provide the required notice to holder that a registration statement covering the issuance of the warrant shares subject to the exercise notice is not available and the Company is unable to deliver the securities without any restrictive legend (each, an Exercise Failure), then, generally, the holder may rescind the exercise in whole or in part or may require the Company to pay to the holder an amount in cash to make the investor whole in connection with the Company’s failure to timely deliver securities.

In November 2017, the Company issued to Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as underwriter, a warrant to purchase 27,000 shares of Common Stock, which shares include a warrant (in the form of warrant issued to the public) to purchase an additional 20,250 shares of Common Stock in connection with our November 2017 offering. The warrant was issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant.

Duration and Exercise Price. The warrants have an exercise price of $30.00 per share, are exercisable immediately and will expire in November 2022, on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date. The terms of the warrant are limited by FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G), which provide, among others, that the warrant may not be exercised more than five years from the date that the registration statement registering the warrant was declared effective by the SEC.

Adjustment. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrant is subject to adjustment as follows: (a) as the Company’s board of directors deems appropriate, or (b) upon a stock dividend, stock split, reorganization, subdivision or combination of shares of Common Stock.

Fundamental Transaction. In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our Common Stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding Common Stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding Common Stock, the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction.

Purchase Right. Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the Common Stock (the “November Purchase Right”), the holder of the warrant will be entitled to acquire the aggregate November Purchase Rights which the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws and restrictions on transfer, the warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder after the expiration of the Lock-Up Period, which is 180 days after the registration statement registering the warrant became effective. The warrants are not listed on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holder.

Prior to our initial public offering and in connection with entering into a license agreement, we issued warrants to purchase 750 shares of Common Stock to the University of Arizona. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the warrant.

Duration and Exercise Price. The warrants expire in June 2020 and have an exercise price of $150.00 per share.

Adjustment. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrant is subject to adjustment upon a stock dividend, stock split, reorganization, subdivision, combination, reclassification or reorganization of shares of Common Stock.

Terminating Change. In the event of a Terminating Change, defined to include any consolidation, merger, sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or capital reorganization or certain reclassifications of the Company’s stock, the Company will pay to the holder the fair market value of the warrant shares immediately prior to the Terminating Change.

Notice. The warrant holder is entitled to notice of certain transactions, including when: (i) the Company takes a record of holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling or enabling them to receive any dividend or other distribution, or to receive any right to subscribe for or purchase any shares of stock or any class or other securities, (ii) the Company offers to sell certain Company securities, (iii) the Company’s Common Stock is reorganized or reclassified, (iv) any consolidation or merger of the Company or any conveyance of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, (v) the Company undergoes a voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Company.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws and restrictions on transfer, the warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holder.

In connection with our initial public offering in December 2016, we issued warrants to purchase 9,375 shares of our Common Stock to Roth Capital Partners LLC.

Duration and Exercise Price. The warrants have an exercise price of $192.00 per share. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant and will expire in December 2021, on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date.

Purchase Right. Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the Common Stock (the “December 2016 Purchase Right”), the holder of the warrant will be entitled to acquire the aggregate December 2016 Purchase Rights which the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon exercise of the warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Waivers and Amendments. Subject to certain exceptions, any term of the warrants may be amended or waived with our written consent and the written consent of the holder.

For additional information about outstanding warrants, please read “Item 1. Financial Statements — Notes to Condensed Financial Statements — Note 11. Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2018, as amended by Form 10-Q/A filed with the SEC on May 22, 2018.

The Common Stock warrants issued under our 2018 Rights Offering provide for a registration right. During any period that the holders of these warrants wish to exercise their warrants and (1) we do not have an effective registration statement or current prospectus relating thereto (2) and an exemption to registration is not available in the opinion of the holder’s counsel, then we must immediately file a registration statement and use our best efforts to have it declared effective within 30 days.

Because our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights, our stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock outstanding will be able to satisfy the quorum requirement and be able to elect all of our directors by a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or by proxy. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that all stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by written consent. A special meeting of stockholders may be called by a resolution adopted by a majority of our board, our chair of the board, our chief executive officer or the president in absence of the chief executive officer. Any power of the stockholders to call a special meeting is specifically denied by the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.

Our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. These provisions make it more difficult for our existing stockholders to replace our board of directors as well as for another party to obtain control of us by replacing our board of directors. Since our board of directors has the power to retain and discharge our officers, these provisions could also make it more difficult for existing stockholders or another party to effect a change in management. In addition, the authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to obtain control of us.

These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of us. These provisions are also designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in our control or management. As a consequence, these provisions also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts.

We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:

In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as an entity or person who, together with the person’s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee to the Company or the Company’s stockholders; any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action or proceeding asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SNES.”

The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Stock is Transfer Online, Inc. The transfer agent and registrar’s address is 512 SE Salmon Street, Portland, Oregon 97214.

We are registering the Warrant Shares issuable to the Selling Securityholders upon exercise of the Warrants to permit the resale of the Warrant Shares from time to time after the date of this prospectus. The Selling Securityholders may, from time to time after the date of this prospectus, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any or all of the Warrant Shares on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be made directly to purchasers or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the Selling Securityholders or the purchasers. These discounts, concessions or commissions as to any particular underwriter, broker-dealer or agent may be in excess of those customary in the types of transactions involved. These sales may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. The Selling Securityholders may use any one or more of the following methods when selling the Warrant Shares:

Each of the Selling Securityholders may, from time to time, pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the shares of Common Stock they own and, if they default in their performance of their secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the shares of Common Stock, from time to time, under this prospectus, or under an amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424 or other applicable provision of the Securities Act amending identity of the Selling Securityholders to include the pledgees, transferees or other successors in interest as Selling Securityholders under this prospectus. The Selling Securityholders also may transfer the shares of Common Stock in other circumstances, in which case the donees, transferees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus. The Selling Securityholders also may resell all or a portion of the shares in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act, provided it meets the criteria and conforms to the requirements of that rule. The Selling Securityholders reserve the right to accept and, together with their agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of the Warrant Shares to be made directly or through agents. We will not receive any of the proceeds from this offering.

The Selling Securityholders and any underwriters, broker-dealers or agents that participate in the sale of the Warrant Shares may be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act. Any discounts, commissions, concessions or profit they earn on any resale of the Warrant Shares may be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. The Selling Securityholders may be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act and may be subject to statutory liabilities, including, but not limited to, Sections 11, 12, and 17 of the Securities Act.

The Selling Securityholders may decide not to sell any of the Warrant Shares described in this prospectus. We make no assurance that the Selling Securityholders will use this prospectus to sell any or all of the Warrant Shares. In addition, the Selling Securityholders may transfer, devise or gift the Warrant Shares by other means not described in this prospectus.

Our Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. This prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time, if required, to describe a specific plan of distribution.

The validity of the shares of Common Stock being offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Perkins Coie LLP, Portland, Oregon.

The audited financial statements of the Company as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of M&K CPAS, PLLC, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a web site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding companies, such as ours, that file documents electronically with the SEC. The website address is www.sec.gov. The information on the SEC’s website is not part of this prospectus, and any references to this website or any other website are inactive textual references only.

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of SenesTech, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company suffered a net loss from operations and has a net capital deficiency, which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

SENESTECH, INC.
BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

SENESTECH, INC.
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

SenesTech, Inc. (referred to as “SenesTech,” the “Company,” “we” or “us”) was formed in July 2004 and incorporated in the state of Nevada. The Company subsequently reincorporated in the state of Delaware in November 2015. Our corporate headquarters is in Flagstaff, Arizona. We have developed and are commercializing a global, proprietary technology for managing animal pest populations, primarily rat populations, through fertility control.

SenesTech, Inc. (referred to in this report as “SenesTech,” the “Company,” “we” or “us”) was formed in July 2004 and incorporated in the state of Nevada. The Company subsequently reincorporated in the state of Delaware in November 2015. Our corporate headquarters is in Flagstaff, Arizona. We have developed and are commercializing a global, proprietary technology for managing animal pest populations, initially rat populations, through fertility control.

Although a myriad of tools are available to fight rat infestations, communities continue to face challenges in controlling today’s infestations. Infestations result in incredible infrastructure damage, as well as pose additional risks to the health and food security of communities. In addition to these challenges, the pest management industry and Pest Management Professionals (PMPs) are being increasingly asked for new solutions to help solve the problem. With growing concerns about rat resistance to rodenticides and a growing interest in non-lethal options, it is becoming increasingly important for PMPs to have new tools at their disposal. Our goal is to provide customers with not only a solution to combat their most difficult infestations, but also offer a non-lethal option to serve customers that are looking to decrease or remove the amount of poison used in their pest management programs.

Our first fertility control product, ContraPest, is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. When consumed, ContraPest targets reproduction, limiting fertility in male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption. ContraPest is being marketed for use in controlling rat populations, specifically Norway and roof rats. On August 23, 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted registration approval for ContraPest as a Restricted Product Due to Professional Expertise (referred to in this report as a “Restricted Use designation”), effective August 2, 2016. On October 18, 2018, the EPA approved the removal of the Restricted Use designation. We believe ContraPest is the first and only non-lethal, fertility control product approved by the EPA for the management of rodent populations.

In addition to the EPA registration of ContraPest in the U.S., we must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. As of the date of this report, we have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, nine of which have approved the removal of the Restricted Use designation.

We expect to continue to pursue regulatory approvals and amendments to existing registration in the United States for ContraPest, as well as regulatory approvals for any additional jurisdictions beyond the United States. The Company also continues to pursue other potential additional fertility control and animal health products for additional species.

Besides providing just the product, SenesTech provides PMPs with product training, and supports the PMPs by creating tools, training and awareness campaigns to help inform their customers, specifically within the food safety industry and larger residential customers, such as Home Owners Associations (“HOAs”), on the benefits of including ContraPest into their IPM protocols.

On February 4, 2020, we amended our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse split of our issued and outstanding shares of our Common Stock. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options and warrants exercisable for common stock, restricted stock units, preferred stock conversions to common stock and per share amounts contained in our consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted.

Although our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 were prepared under the assumption that we would continue our operations as a going concern, the report of our independent registered public accounting firm that accompanies our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 contains a going concern qualification in which such firm expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, based on the financial statements at that time. Specifically, as noted above, we have incurred operating losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. These prior losses and expected future losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our financial condition. If we cannot continue as a going concern, our stockholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us.

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development activities and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began to prepare and launch commercialization of our first product, ContraPest. We have funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, common stock (“Common Stock”) and warrants to purchase Common Stock. Such sales include:

We have also raised capital through debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees.

Through December 31, 2018, we had received net proceeds of $61.7 million from our sales of Common Stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.4 million in net product sales. At December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $85.8 million and cash and cash equivalents of $4.9 million.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and ongoing regulatory approvals of our other product candidates, (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development; (v) our ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

Based upon our current operating plan, we expect that cash and cash equivalents and highly liquid, short term investments at December 31, 2018, in combination with anticipated revenue and additional sales of our equity securities, will be sufficient to fund our current operations for at least the next 12 months. However, if anticipated revenue targets and margin targets are not achieved and we are unable to raise necessary capital through the sale of our securities, we may seek to reduce operating expenses and are likely to require additional capital in order to fund our operating losses and research and development activities until we become profitable. We may never achieve profitability or generate positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise capital through equity or debt financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts.

The Company has two major customers that accounted for approximately 52% and 13% and $157,000 and $38,000 of sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 91% and $127,000 of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2018. The Company expects to maintain this relationship with the customer.

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements include the valuation of preferred stock, Common Stock and related warrants, and other stock-based awards. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

The Company considers money market fund investments to be cash equivalents. The Company had cash equivalents of $0 and $3 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, included in cash as reported.

The Company uses cash holdings to purchase highly liquid, short term, investment grade securities diversified among security types, industries and issuers. All of the Company’s investment securities are measured at fair value. The Company’s investment securities primarily consist of municipal debt securities, corporate bonds, U.S. agency securities and commercial paper and highly-liquid money market funds.

Accounts receivable consist primarily of trade receivables. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful trade receivables equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. That estimate is based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer’s trade accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful trade receivables was less than $1 at December 31, 2018 and $0 at December 31, 2017, respectively.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value, using the first-in, first-out convention. Inventories consist of raw materials and finished goods.

Prepaid expenses consist primarily of payments made for director and officer insurance, director compensation, rent, legal and inventory purchase deposits and seminar fees to be expensed in the current year.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under capital leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments less accumulated amortization.

Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the life of the improvement or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Equipment held under capital leases are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. The Company incurs maintenance costs on its major equipment. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require long-lived assets or asset groups to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models and the use of third- party independent appraisals. The Company has not recorded an impairment of long-lived assets since its inception.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. For the comparative periods, revenue has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition. Under ASC 605, revenue is recognized when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) the performance of service has been rendered to a customer or delivery has occurred; (3) the amount of the fee to be paid by a customer is fixed and determinable; and (4) the collectability of the fee is reasonably assured. The performance obligations identified by the Company under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, are straightforward and similar to the unit of account and performance obligation determination under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. There was no impact on the Company’s financial statements as a result of adopting ASC 606 for the twelve months ended ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Company recognizes revenue when it leaves their dock at a fixed selling price and payment terms of 30 to 120 days from invoicing. The Company recognizes other revenue earned from pilot studies upon the performance of specific services under the respective service contract.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development employees, stock-based compensation, consulting fees, lab supplies, costs incurred related to conducting scientific trials and field studies, and regulatory compliance costs. Also, included in research and development expenses is an allocation of facilities related costs, including depreciation of research and development equipment.

Employee stock-based awards, consisting of restricted stock units and stock options expected to be settled in shares of the Company’s Common Stock, are recorded as equity awards. The grant date fair value of these awards is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of its stock options on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting periods. Performance-based awards are expensed over the performance period when the related performance goals are probable of being achieved.

For equity instruments issued to non-employees, the stock-based consideration is measured using a fair value method. The measurement of the stock-based compensation is subject to re-measurement as the underlying equity instruments vest.

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. These deferred tax assets are subject to periodic assessments as to recoverability and if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the benefits will not be realized, valuation allowances are recorded which would increase the provision for income taxes. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Only those benefits that have a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities are recognized. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There are no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded in income tax expense.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the date of enactment for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company is still analyzing the Tax Act and the impact, if any, it will have.

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Basic loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to Common Stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders is computed by dividing the loss attributable to Common Stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the computation of diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders, Common Stock purchase warrants, restricted stock units and Common Stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders because their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss reported for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders was the same for all periods presented.

The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders (in Common Stock equivalent shares):

In May 2014 the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Since ASU 2014-09 was issued, several additional ASUs have been issued to clarify various elements of the guidance. These standards provide guidance on recognizing revenue, including a five-step model to determine when revenue recognition is appropriate. The standard requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of the date of adoption. The results of operations for reported periods after January 1, 2018 are presented under this amended guidance, while prior period amounts are reported in accordance with ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition. There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Revenue Recognition.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The amendments in this ASU provide guidance on the following eight specific cash flow classification issues: (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (6) distributions received from equity method investees; (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The amendments of this ASU are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-15 on its financial statements. There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). This standard affects the accounting for equity instruments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 is effective the first quarter of 2018. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-01 on its financial statements. There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). This standard amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases, including the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This standard also introduces new disclosure requirements for leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities. Early adoption is permitted and the new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, and provides for certain practical expedients. At December 31, 2018, the Company had future minimum lease payments on its operating leases of $316 that would be recorded as a capital lease liability on its balance sheet. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2016-02 on its financial statements and related disclosures at March 31, 2019.

We invest in various short term, highly liquid financial instruments, which may include municipal debt securities, corporate bonds, U.S. agency securities and commercial paper. We value these instruments at fair value. The accounting guidance for fair value, among other things, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The framework for measuring fair value consists of a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

An asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

The Company’s cash equivalents, which include money market funds, are classified as Level 1 because they are valued using quoted market prices. The Company’s marketable securities consist of securities and are generally classified as Level 2 because their value is based on valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around the inputs to valuation, securities are classified as Level 3. Level 3 liabilities consist of Common Stock warrant liability.

The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The estimated fair value of the convertible notes and other notes, not recorded at fair value, are recorded at cost or amortized cost which was deemed to estimate fair value.

As of December 31, 2017, investment in securities held to maturity primarily consisted of corporate fixed income securities. investment in securities primarily consisted of corporate fixed income securities. These investments are in short term, highly liquid investments which are recorded at cost plus or minus market fluctuation and gains and losses are recognized as the sale or redemption of the securities is realized. Gains and losses are included in non-operating other income (expense) on the condensed statement of operations and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of the securities sold. Interest and dividends on investment securities are included in interest and other income, net, in the condensed statements of operations.

The Company is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk in its accounts receivable. Credit risk with respect to receivables is limited due to the number of companies comprising the Company’s customer base. Although the Company is directly affected by the financial condition of its customers, management does not believe significant credit risks exist at December 31, 2018. The Company does not require collateral or other securities to support its accounts receivable.

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $447 and $391 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s borrowings, including capital lease obligations, is as follows:

Capital lease obligations are for computer and lab equipment leased through GreatAmerica Financial Services, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Navitas Credit Corp., Wells Fargo and ENGS Commercial Finance Co. These capital leases expire at various dates through July 2023 and carry interest rates ranging from 6.0% to 11.6%.

Also included in the table above are three notes payable to Direct Capital, one note to M2 Financing and one note to Fidelity Capital, all for the financing of fixed assets. These notes expire at various dates through June 2022 and carry interest rates ranging from 4.3% to 13.8%.

In April 2013, the Company and a previous employee entered into an agreement to settle all outstanding obligations consisting of a promissory note of $40, dated March 2009, and deferred salaries amounting to $72. The note and salary obligation provided for interest of 8% and 4.25%, respectively. The note required monthly payments of $1 and matured in May 2018. The deferred salary obligation required monthly payments of $1 and matured in June 2018.

Amounts outstanding on these obligations were $0 and $12 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Interest expense on the notes payable, related parties, was $1 and $1 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The table summarizes the Common Stock warrant activity as of December 31, 2018 as follows:

On November 21, 2017, the Company issued a total of 232,875 detachable Common Stock warrants issued with the second public offering of 293,000 shares of its Common Stock at $20.00 per share. The Common Stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The common shares of the Company’s stock and detachable warrants exist independently as separate securities. As such, the Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $30.00 per share, to be $661 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $20.00; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.87. The initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering and downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $333 on the 159,093 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On July 24, 2018: Common stock price of $27.60; comparable company volatility of 72.4%; remaining term 4.33 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.83. On August 13, 2018: Common stock price of $20.40; comparable company volatility of 74.0%; remaining term 4.25 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.75.

On June 20, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with a holder of 56,696 of the November 2017 warrants to exercise its original warrant representing 56,696 shares of Common Stock for cash at the $30.00 exercise price for gross proceeds of $1.7 million and the Company issued to holder a new warrant to purchase 56,696 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $36.40 per share. The new warrant did not contain the antidilution price adjustment protection that was contained within the exercised warrants. In June 2018, the Company recorded stock compensation expense of $1.7 million representing the fair value of the of 56,696 inducement warrants issued. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $36.40 per share, to be $1.7 million using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $42.20; comparable company volatility of 72.6%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.8%. Also in June 2018, an additional 17,088 of the November 8, 2017 warrants that were in the money at the time of exercise, were exercised for gross proceeds of $513.

On August 13, 2018, in connection with a Rights Offering of 251,853 shares of its Common Stock, the Company issued 251,853 warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $23.00 per share, to be $3.6 million using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: Common Stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

In connection with the closing of the Rights Offering, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 13,393 shares of Common Stock to Maxim Partners LLC, an affiliate of the dealer-manager of the Rights Offering. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $34.50 per share, to be $169 using a using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: Common Stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

In November 2017, the Company issued to Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as underwriter, a warrant to purchase 47,250 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $30.00 per share as consideration for providing services in connection with our Common Stock offering. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of issuance. The Common Stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $30.00 per share, to be $134 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $20.00; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.87%.

In connection with the June 2015 amended and restated exclusive license agreement with the University of Arizona (“University”), the Company issued to the University a Common Stock warrant to purchase 750 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $150.00 per share. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant, and expires, if not exercised, five years from the date of grant. In the event of a “terminating change” of the Company, as defined in the warrant agreement, the warrant holder would be paid in cash the aggregate fair market value of the underlying shares immediately prior to the consummation of the terminating change event. Due to the cash settlement provision, the derivative warrant liability was recorded at fair value and is revalued at the end of each reporting period. The changes in fair value are reported in other income (expense) in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The estimated fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $53 at the date of grant.

The estimated fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $0 at December 31, 2018. As this derivative warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period, the fair values as determined at the date of grant and subsequent periods was based on the following significant inputs using a Monte Carlo option pricing model: Common Stock price of $158.20; comparable company volatility of 77.7% of the underlying Common Stock; risk-free rates of 1.93%; and dividend yield of 0%; including the probability assessment of a terminating change event occurring. The change in fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $1 for year ended December 31, 2018 and was recorded in other income (expense) in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company was organized under the laws of the state of Nevada on July 27, 2004 and was subsequently reincorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware on November 10, 2015. In connection with the reincorporation, as approved by the stockholders, the Company changed its authorized capital stock to consist of (i) 100 million shares of Common Stock, $.001 par value, and (ii) 2 million shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value, designated as Series A convertible preferred stock. In December 2015, the Company amended its Certificate of Incorporation to change its authorized capital stock to provide for 15 million authorized shares of preferred stock of which 7,515,000 was designated as Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $.001 per share.

Prior to November 10, 2015, the Company’s authorized capital stock consisted of 100 million shares of Common Stock, $.001 par value, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, $.001 par value.

The Company had 1,173,854 and 820,210 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the year ending December 31, 2018, the Company issued 351,055 shares of Common Stock as follows:

On August 13, 2018, the Company closed a Rights Offering. Pursuant to the Rights Offering, the Company accepted subscriptions for 267,853 units for a purchase price of $23.00 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, and one warrant. Each warrant included in the unit was exercisable for one share of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. At closing of the Rights Offering, the Company issued 267,853 shares of its Common Stock and 267,853 warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. The Rights Offering generated net proceeds to the Company of approximately $5.1 million after the payment of fees and expenses related to the Rights Offering. In connection with the closing of the Rights Offering, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 13,393 shares of Common Stock to Maxim Partners LLC, an affiliate of the dealer-manager of the Rights Offering.

On November 8, 2017, the Company issued 293,000 shares of its Common Stock with a total of 232,875 detachable Common Stock warrants for net proceeds of $5.2 million in a second public offering of the Company’s Common Stock. In connection with this Common Stock offering, the Company issued to Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as underwriter, warrants to purchase an additional 47,250 shares of Common Stock.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate of 19,331 shares of Common Stock as follows2,412 shares to consultants for services, valued at $137, to settle previous claims; 721 shares for the cashless exercise of stock options, 6,868 shares to certain employees and Board members in net settlement of bonus and Board compensation totaling $115 and 9,365 shares for the net settlement of restricted stock units that vested during the period.

On June 12, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) to replace the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2018 Plan authorized the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of our Common Stock. In addition, up to 2,874,280 shares of our Common Stock currently reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan became available for issuance under the 2018 Plan to the extent such shares were available for issuance under the 2015 Plan as of June 12, 2018 or cease to be subject to awards outstanding under the 2015 Plan, such as by expiration, cancellation, or forfeiture of such awards.

The stock-based awards are generally issued with a price equal to no less than fair value at the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan generally vest immediately, or ratably over a two- to 36-month period coinciding with their respective service periods; however, participants may exercise their options prior to vesting as provided by the 2018 Plan. Unvested shares issued for options exercised early may be subject to a repurchase by the Company if the participant terminates, at the original exercise price. Options under the 2018 Plan generally have a contractual term of five years. Certain stock option awards provide for accelerated vesting upon a change in control.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 1,849,569 shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

The Company measures the fair value of stock options with service-based and performance-based vesting criteria to employees, directors and consultants on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of equity instruments issued to non-employees is re-measured as the award vests. The Black-Scholes valuation model requires the Company to make certain estimates and assumptions, including assumptions related to the expected price volatility of the Company’s stock, the period under which the options will be outstanding, the rate of return on risk-free investments, and the expected dividend yield for the Company’s stock.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2017, were as follows:

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2018, were as follows:

Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption was determined based on historical volatilities from traded options of biotech companies of comparable in size and stability, whose share prices are publicly available. The expected term of options granted to employees is calculated based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the simplified method as described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110 because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term due to the limited period of time its awards have been outstanding. For non-employee options, the expected term of options granted is the contractual term of the options. The risk-free rate by reference to the implied yields of U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected term assumed at the time of grant. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends on its shares of capital stock.

The table summarizes the stock option activity, for both plans, for the periods indicated as follows:

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted to employees for the year Ended December 31, 2017 was $30.60 per share.

The allocation between research and development and general and administrative expense was based on the department and services performed by the employee or non-employee.

Included in the table above, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $137 and $137 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for stock options granted to non-employees.

At December 31, 2018, the total compensation cost related to non-vested options not yet recognized was $577, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 27 months, assuming the employees complete their service period required for vesting.

Effective July 2015, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), which permits the issuance of up to 2,000,000 shares reserved for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards for employees, directors or consultants.

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

The components of the pretax loss from operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands)

The provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

A reconciliation on income taxes to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to the net loss is summarized as follows (in thousands):

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are shown below. A valuation allowance has been recognized to offset the net deferred tax assets as realization of such deferred tax assets have not met the more likely than not threshold.

At December 31, 2018, the Company has federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $51.1 million and $37.6 million, respectively, not considering the IRC Section 382 annual limitation discussed below. The federal loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2023, unless previously utilized.

Additionally, the utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and similar state tax provisions due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets that can be utilized to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 and 383, results from transactions increasing ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of the corporation by more than 50 percent points over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted an analysis of an ownership change under section 382. To the extent that a study is completed and an ownership change is deemed to occur, the Company’s net operating losses could be limited.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning and end of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

None of the unrecognized tax benefits would affect the Company’s annual effective tax rate.

The Company does not expect a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States and Arizona with general statutes of limitations of 3 and 4 years, respectively. Due to net operating losses incurred, the Company’s tax returns from inception to date are subject to examination by taxing authorities. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. As of Dec 31, 2018, the Company had no interest or penalties accrued for uncertain tax positions.

On December 20, 2017 the United States House of Representatives and the Senate passed the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (the “Tax Act”), which was signed into law on December 22, 2017.

Due to the complexity of the Tax Act, the SEC issued guidance in ASU 2018-05 which clarified the accounting for income taxes under ASC 740 if certain information was not yet available, prepared or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for income tax effects of the Tax Act. ASU 2018-05 provided for a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment of the Tax Act, during which time the required analyses and accounting must have been completed.

During the measurement period (i) income tax effects of the Tax Act must have been reported if the accounting was completed; (ii) provisional amounts must have been reported for income tax effects of the Tax Act for which the accounting was incomplete but a reasonable estimate could be determined; and (iii) provisional amounts were not required to be reported for income tax effects of the Tax Act for which a reasonable estimate could not be determined.

The Tax Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s net deferred tax balances or its provision for income taxes due to the Company’s full valuation allowance since inception.

The determination of the Tax Act’s income tax effects may change following future legislation or further interpretation of the Tax Act based on the publication of recently proposed U.S. Treasury regulations and guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities.

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims arising from contracts or other matters from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation where the ultimate disposition or resolution could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

On February 20, 2018, New Enterprises, Ltd. (“New Enterprises”), filed lawsuit against the Company and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (“Roth”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona (the “Court”). The complaint alleges nine counts against the Company, including that: the Company engaged in common law fraud and securities fraud to induce the chairman of New Enterprises into investing in the Company; failed to register New Enterprises’ requested transfer; breached stock certificates and the lock-up contract; tortuously interfered with prospective business advantage; and conversion. New Enterprises is seeking monetary damages, including compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees. On April 23, 2018, the Company moved to dismiss each of the claims alleged against the Company, and on May 18, 2-18, Roth moved to dismiss each of the claims alleged against it. The motions to dismiss were fully briefed, the Court issued an order granting the motions to dismiss, dismissing each of the claims alleged in the Complaint but allowed New Enterprises to file a motion for leave to file an Amended Complaint seeking to cure the deficiencies in its claims. On January 25, 2019, New Enterprises moved for leave to file an amended complaint, alleging similar claims against the Company and Roth. The Company and Roth have filed oppositions to New Enterprises’ motion, New Enterprises filed its reply, and the motion is currently under advisement with the Court. Roth has made a claim for indemnification to the Company based on contractual indemnification agreements, but to date, the Company has not accepted Roth’s indemnification demand.

The Company is obligated under capital leases for certain research and computer equipment that expire on various dates through May 2020. At December 31, 2018, the gross amount of office and computer equipment, and research equipment and the related accumulated amortization recorded under the capital leases was $521 and $200, respectively.

In February 2012, the Company entered into an operating lease for its corporate headquarters. The lease was due to expire in January 2015. In December 2013, the Company amended its lease to expand into the remaining area in the building and extended the term to December 31, 2019. In February 2014, the Company further amended the lease to expand into an adjacent building. The lease requires escalating rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and accordingly, the Company records the difference between the cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The lease is guaranteed by the President of the Company. We are in current discussions to extend the current lease.

The lease extension requires fixed rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as expense, and accordingly, the Company recorded no deferred rent liability under this lease.

Rent expense was $242 and $312 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease and future minimum capital lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are follows:

In January 2019, the Company net issued 924 shares of Common Stock for a cashless exercise of vested common share options.

Also in January 2019, the Company issued 1,929 shares of Common Stock to certain employees in net settlement of bonus compensation of $49 accrued at December 31, 2018.

In March 2019, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,591 shares of Common Stock for the exercise of certain warrants. The net proceeds to the company for this exercise was $37.

On March 20, 2019 we received notice from the listing qualifications staff of the Nasdaq Stock Market, notifying us that the closing bid price of our Common Stock was greater than $1.00 per share for ten consecutive business days and that we had regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Although myriad tools are available to fight rat infestations, communities, food producers, zoos and sanctuaries and others continue to face challenges in controlling today’s infestations. Infestations result in significant infrastructure damage, as well as pose additional risks to the health and food security of communities. In addition to these challenges, the pest management industry and pest management professionals (PMPs) are being increasingly asked for new solutions to help solve the problem. With growing concerns about rat resistance to rodenticides and a growing interest in non-lethal options, it is becoming increasingly important for PMPs to have new tools at their disposal. Our goal is to provide customers with not only a solution to combat their most difficult infestations, but also offer a non-lethal option to serve customers that are looking to decrease or remove the amount of poison used in their pest management programs.

Our first fertility control product, ContraPest, is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. When consumed, ContraPest targets reproduction, limiting fertility in male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption. ContraPest is being marketed for use in controlling rat populations, specifically Norway and roof rats. On August 23, 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted registration approval for ContraPest as a Restricted Product Due to Professional Expertise (referred to in this report as a “Restricted Use designation”), effective August 2, 2016. On October 18, 2018, the EPA approved the removal of the Restricted Use designation. We believe ContraPest is the first and only non-lethal fertility control product approved by the EPA for the management of rodent populations.

In addition to the EPA registration of ContraPest in the United States, we must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. As of the date of this report, we have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, 47 of which have approved the removal of the Restricted Use designation.

We expect to continue to pursue regulatory approvals and amendments to existing registration in the United States for ContraPest, and if ContraPest begins to generate sufficient revenue, regulatory approvals for any additional jurisdictions beyond the United States.

On February 4, 2020, we amended our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse split of our issued and outstanding shares of our Common Stock. The accompanying condensed financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options and warrants exercisable for common stock, restricted stock units, preferred stock conversions to common stock and per share amounts contained in our condensed financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted.

Through September 30, 2019, we had received net proceeds of $67.2 million from sales of our Common Stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.5 million in net product sales. At September 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $93.1 million and cash and cash equivalents of $3.9 million.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approvals of our products and product candidates, (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development; (v) our ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

Based upon our current operating plan, we expect that cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2019, in combination with anticipated revenue and any additional sales of our equity securities, will be sufficient to fund our current operations for at least the next six months. We have taken and will continue to take actions to reduce our operating expenses and to concentrate our resources toward the successful commercialization of ContraPest in the U. S. However, if anticipated revenue targets and margin targets are not achieved and we are unable to raise necessary capital through the sale of our securities, we may be required take other measures that could impair our ability to be successful and operate as a going concern. In any event, we are likely to require additional capital in order to fund our operating losses and research and development activities until we become profitable. We may never achieve profitability or generate positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise capital through equity or debt financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts.

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the Company’s opinion, the unaudited condensed financial statements include all material adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2019, the Company’s operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and the Company’s cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. The accompanying financial information as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited financial statements. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended by Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2018, both filed with the SEC on March 29, 2019. All amounts shown in these financial statements and accompanying notes are in thousands, except percentages and per share and share amounts.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classification of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements include the valuation of preferred stock, Common Stock and related warrants, and other stock-based awards. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material impact on net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value, using the first-in, first-out convention. Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under capital leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments less accumulated amortization.

Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the life of the improvement or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Equipment held under capital leases is amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. The Company incurs repair and maintenance costs on its major equipment, which are expensed as incurred.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require long-lived assets or asset groups to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models and the use of third-party independent appraisals. The Company has not recorded an impairment of long-lived assets since its inception.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. For the comparative periods, revenue has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition. Under ASC 605, revenue is recognized when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) the performance of service has been rendered to a customer or delivery has occurred; (3) the amount of the fee to be paid by a customer is fixed and determinable; and (4) the collectability of the fee is reasonably assured. The performance obligations identified by the Company under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, are straightforward and similar to the unit of account and performance obligation determination under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. There was no impact on the Company’s financial statements as a result of adopting ASC 606 for the three months or nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company recognizes revenue when product leaves its dock at a fixed selling price on payment terms of 30 to 120 days from invoicing. The Company recognizes other revenue earned from pilot studies upon the performance of specific services under the respective service contract.

Employee stock-based awards, consisting of restricted stock units and stock options expected to be settled in shares of the Company’s Common Stock, are recorded as equity awards. The grant date fair value of stock options is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of its stock options on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting periods. Performance-based awards are expensed over the performance period when the related performance goals are probable of being achieved.

The stock-based compensation expense recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, is as follows:

Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There are no uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018 and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded in income tax expense.

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Basic loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to Common Stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders is computed by dividing the loss attributable to Common Stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the computation of diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders, Common Stock purchase warrants, and Common Stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders because their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Common Stockholders are the same for each period presented.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Since ASU 2014-09 was issued, several additional ASUs have been issued to clarify various elements of the guidance. These standards provide guidance on recognizing revenue, including a five-step model to determine when revenue recognition is appropriate. The standard requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of the date of adoption. The results of operations for reported periods after January 1, 2018 are presented under this amended guidance, while prior period amounts are reported in accordance with ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition. There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). This standard amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases, including the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This standard also introduces new disclosure requirements for leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities. Early adoption was permitted, and the new standard had been adopted using a modified retrospective approach and provides for certain practical expedients.

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new leasing standard and all related amendments. The Company elected the optional transition method provided by the FASB in ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, and as a result, has not restated its condensed consolidated financial statements for prior periods presented. The Company has elected the practical expedients upon transition to retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption. The Company has also not reassessed whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases.

ASU 2016-02 did not have a material impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 1, 2019 for the adoption of the new leasing standard was as follows:

At September 30, 2019, the balance remaining in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $29,000 and ($29,000) respectively.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at lease inception. Operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company’s lease contracts do not include an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any initial direct costs and lease payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives incurred.

The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Operating lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has certain lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components, which it has elected to account for as a single lease component for all asset classes.

See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, for future minimum lease payments and maturities.

In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance also requires presentation of the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position and in the statement of cash flows in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs to be presented in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact on our financial position, results of operations and statement of cash flows upon adoption of this guidance. We do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

The Company issued Common Stock warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock in June of 2015 (see Note 9 — Stock-based Compensation for more details) that contain a cash settlement provision resulting in a Common Stock warrant liability that is revalued at the end of each reporting period.

We value these warrant derivatives at fair value. The accounting guidance for fair value, among other things, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The framework for measuring fair value consists of a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

The Company’s Common Stock warrant liabilities are classified as Level 3 because there is limited activity or less transparency around the inputs to valuation.

The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The Company is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk in its accounts receivable. Credit risk with respect to receivables is limited due to the number of companies comprising the Company’s customer base. Although the Company is directly affected by the financial condition of its customers, management does not believe significant credit risks exist at September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018. The Company does not require collateral or other securities to support its accounts receivable.

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $101 and $108 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $314 and $332 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s borrowings, including capital lease obligations, is as follows:

Capital lease obligations are for computer and lab equipment leased through GreatAmerica Financial Services, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Navitas Credit Corp. and ENGS Commercial Finance Co. These capital leases expire at various dates through July 2023 and carry interest rates ranging from 6.4% to 11.6%.

The table summarizes the common stock warrant activity as of September 30, 2019 as follows:

On November 21, 2017, the Company issued a total of 232,875 detachable Common Stock warrants issued with the second public offering of 293,000 shares of its Common Stock at $20.00 per share. The Common Stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The common shares of the Company’s stock and detachable warrants exist independently as separate securities. As such, the Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $30.00 per share, to be $661 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $20.00; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.87. The initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering and downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $333 on the 159,093 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On July 24, 2018: Common stock price of $26.60; comparable company volatility of 72.4%; remaining term 4.33 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.83. On August 13, 2018: Common stock price of $20.40; comparable company volatility of 74.0%; remaining term 4.25 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.75.

On June 20, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with a holder of 56,696 of the November 2017 warrants to exercise its original warrant representing 56,696 shares of Common Stock for cash at the $30.00 exercise price for gross proceeds of $1.7 million and the Company issued to holder a new warrant to purchase 56,696 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $36.40 per share. The new warrant did not contain the antidilution price adjustment protection that was contained within the exercised warrants. In June 2018, the Company recorded stock compensation expense of $1.7 million representing the fair value of the of 56,696 inducement warrants issued. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $36.40 per share, to be $1.7 million using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $42.20; comparable company volatility of 72.6%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.8%. Also, in June 2018, an additional 17,088 of the November 8, 2017 warrants that were in the money at the time of exercise, were exercised for gross proceeds of $513.

On August 13, 2018, in connection with a Rights Offering of 267,853 shares of its Common Stock, the Company issued 267,853 warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $23.00 per share, to be $3.6 million using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: Common Stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

In July 2019, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 8,334 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $33.75 per share as consideration for providing services in connection with a Common Stock offering in July 2019. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of issuance. The Common Stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The Company estimated the fair value of the Common Stock warrants, exercisable at $33.75 per share, to be $127 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: Common stock price of $26.80; comparable company volatility of 133.3%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.07%.

The estimated fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $0 at September 30, 2019. As this derivative warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period, the fair values as determined at the date of grant and subsequent periods was based on the following significant inputs using a Monte Carlo option pricing model: Common Stock price of $158.20; comparable company volatility of 77.7% of the underlying Common Stock; risk-free rates of 1.93%; and dividend yield of 0%; including the probability assessment of a terminating change event occurring. The change in fair value of the derivative warrant liability was ($0) and $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. As such, no entry was recorded in other income (expense) in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company had 1,414,658 and 1,173,854 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company issued an aggregate of 240,817 shares of Common Stock as follows:

On July 16, 2019, the Company issued 151,852 shares of Common Stock, including 34,815 shares to the Company’s chief executive officer and 371 shares to an employee of the Company, in a public offering of shares of the Company’s Common Stock at $27.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $3.6 million after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and other transaction expenses. In addition, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 8,334 shares of the Company’s Common Stock to the placement agent at an exercise price of $33.75 per share.

On June 12, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) to replace the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2018 Plan authorizes the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of our Common Stock. In addition, up to 2,874,280 shares of our Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan became available for issuance under the 2018 Plan to the extent such shares were available for issuance under the 2015 Plan as of June 12, 2018 or cease to be subject to awards outstanding under the 2015 Plan, such as by expiration, cancellation, or forfeiture of such awards.

Stock options are generally issued with an exercise price equal to no less than fair value at the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan generally vest immediately, or ratably over a two- to 36-month period coinciding with their respective service periods; however, participants may exercise their options prior to vesting as provided by the 2018 Plan. Unvested shares issued for options exercised early may be subject to a repurchase by the Company if the participant terminates, at the original exercise price. Options under the 2018 Plan generally have a contractual term of five years. Certain stock option awards provide for accelerated vesting upon a change in control.

As of September 30, 2019, the Company had 632,936 shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows:

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $25.80 per share, as per the table below.

Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption was determined based on historical volatilities from traded options of biotech companies of comparable in size and stability, whose share prices are publicly available. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends. The expected term of options granted to employees is calculated based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the simplified method as described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110 because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term due to the limited period of time its awards have been outstanding. For non-employee options, the expected term of options granted is the contractual term of the options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the implied yields of U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected term assumed at the time of grant.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity, for both equity plans, for the periods indicated as follows:

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

The allocation between research and development and selling, general and administrative expense was based on the department and services performed by the employee or non-employee.

At September 30, 2019, the total compensation cost related to restricted stock units and unvested options not yet recognized was $1,205, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 36 months, assuming the employees and non-employees complete their service period required for vesting.

On February 20, 2018, New Enterprises, Ltd. (“New Enterprises”), filed a lawsuit against the Company and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (“Roth”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona (the “Court”). The complaint alleges nine counts against the Company, including that the Company: engaged in common law fraud and securities fraud to induce the chairman of New Enterprises into investing in the Company; failed to register New Enterprises’ requested transfer; breached stock certificates and the lock-up contract; tortuously interfered with prospective business advantage; and was liable for conversion. New Enterprises is seeking monetary damages, including compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees. On December 3, 2018, the Court issued its order granting the Company’s and Roth’s motions to dismiss all of New Enterprises’ claims but gave them leave to file a motion to amend the complaint. On January 25, 2019, New Enterprises moved for leave to file an amended complaint, alleging similar claims against the Company and Roth, and the court granted that motion. On April 5, 2019, New Enterprises filed an amended complaint, alleging similar claims against the Company and Roth. The Company and Roth moved to dismiss the amended complaint, and on August 16, 2019, the Court issued its order denying the Company’s and Roth’s motions to dismiss. Roth has made a claim for indemnification to the Company based on contractual indemnification agreements, but to date the Company has not accepted Roth’s indemnification demand.

On April 20, 2018, the Company’s former Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Andrew Altman filed a charge of employment discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) against the Company. Mr. Altman claimed that he was terminated after he expressed opposition to an email that Cheryl Dyer, Chief Research Officer, had sent out to the management team, in which she criticized a Mormon newspaper. The Company filed a position statement on May 21, 2018. No substantive action has been taken since then, and the Company has not heard anything further either from the EEOC or Mr. Altman’s attorneys.

The Company is obligated under capital leases for certain research and computer equipment that expire on various dates through July 2023. At September 30, 2019, the gross amount of office and computer equipment, and research equipment and the related accumulated amortization recorded under the capital leases was $498 and $252, respectively.

In February 2012, the Company entered into an operating lease for its corporate headquarters. The lease was due to expire in January 2015. In December 2013, the Company amended its lease to expand into the remaining area in the building and extended the term to December 31, 2019. In February 2014, the Company further amended the lease to expand into an adjacent building. The lease requires escalating rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and accordingly, the Company records the difference between the cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The lease is guaranteed by the President of the Company. We are currently in discussions to extend the current lease.

On November 16, 2016, we leased an additional 1,954 square feet of research and development space, also in Flagstaff. This lease expired on November 15, 2018 but was extended for an additional 24 months, through November 2020. A subsequent amendment to the lease allows for the Company to cancel the lease at any time through the lease term with 30-day notice. In June 2019, the Company cancelled approximately 1,000 square feet of this leased space, and the fixed rental payment was reduced for the remaining term of the lease. The lease extension requires fixed rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as expense, and accordingly, the Company recorded no deferred rent liability under this lease.

Total rent expense was $187 and $183 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively. The future minimum lease payments under our non-cancellable operating lease and our capital lease as of September 30, 2019 are as follows:

On November 1, 2019, the Company net issued 16 shares of Common Stock in satisfaction of a cashless exercise of vested Common Stock options.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events from the balance sheet date through November 14, 2019, the date at which the financial statements were issued, and determined that there were no other items that require adjustment to or disclosure in the financial statements.

The following table sets forth the anticipated costs and expenses payable by SenesTech, Inc. (other than commissions and fees) in connection with the sale of the securities being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee.

The Registrant incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides that a Delaware corporation may indemnify any persons who were, are, or are threatened to be made, parties to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of such corporation), by reason of the fact that such person is or was an officer, director, employee or agent of such corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such corporation as an officer, director, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise. The indemnification may include expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with defending or settling such action, suit or proceeding, provided that such person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the corporation’s best interests except that no indemnification is permitted without judicial approval if the officer or director is adjudged to be liable to the corporation. Where an officer or director is successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of any action referred to above, the corporation must indemnify him or her against the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred.

The Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide for the indemnification of its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law.

Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duties as a director, except for liability for any:

The Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes such a provision. Expenses incurred by any officer or director in defending any such action, suit or proceeding in advance of its final disposition shall be paid by the Registrant upon delivery to it of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such director or officer, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified by the Registrant.

Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides, among other things, that a director who willfully or negligently approves of an unlawful payment of dividends or an unlawful stock purchase or redemption, may be held jointly and severally liable for such actions. A director who was either absent when the unlawful actions were approved or dissented at the time may avoid liability by causing his or her dissent to such actions to be entered in the books containing minutes of the meetings of the board of directors at the time such action occurred or immediately after such absent director receives notice of the unlawful acts.

As permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers, that require the Registrant to indemnify such persons against any and all costs and expenses (including attorneys’, witness or other professional fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such persons in connection with any action, suit or proceeding (including derivative actions), whether actual or threatened, to which any such person may be made a party by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer or is or was acting or serving as an officer, director, employee or agent of the Registrant or any of its affiliated enterprises. Under these agreements, the Registrant is not required to provide indemnification for certain matters, including:

The indemnification agreements also set forth certain procedures that will apply in the event of a claim for indemnification thereunder. Except as otherwise disclosed under the heading “Legal Proceedings” elsewhere in this prospectus, there is at present no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of the Registrant’s directors or executive officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and the Registrant is not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.

The Registrant has an insurance policy in place, with limits of $20.0 million in the aggregate, that covers its officers and directors with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or otherwise. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus, since January 1, 2017, there have been no unregistered sales of equity securities under the Securities Act.

No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered that remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(6) For the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

(g) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(h) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Phoenix, State of Arizona, on the 10th day of February, 2020.

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kenneth Siegel, Jamie Bechtel and Thomas C. Chesterman, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place or stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Registration Statement (including post-effective amendments), and to sign any registration statement for the same offering covered by this Registration Statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their, his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Delaware	2879	20-2079805
(State or other jurisdiction of	(Primary Standard Industrial	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Classification Code Number)	Identification No.)

Title of each class of securities to be registered	Amount to be Registered ⁽¹⁾		Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Share		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price		Amount of Registration Fee
Shares of the Registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Common Stock”), issuable on exercise of Warrants		177,500	$	9.00	$	1,597,500.00	$	207.36
Shares of Common Stock, issuable on exercise of January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants		13,315	$	10.00	$	133,150.00	$	17.28
Shares of Common Stock, issuable on exercise of July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants		8,334	$	33.75	$	281,272.50	$	36.51
Total		199,149		-	$	2,011,922.50	$	261.15

	Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to This Offering						Number of Shares That May be Offered		Shares Beneficially Owned After This Offering ⁽²⁾
Selling Securityholders and Addresses	Number ⁽¹⁾			Percentage			Hereby ⁽²⁾		Number			Percentage
Abacab Fund LP ⁽³⁾		31,635			1.99	%		8,750		22,885			1.44	%
Anson Investments Master Fund LP ⁽⁴⁾		25,000			1.57	%		25,000		0			*
CVI Investments, Inc. ⁽⁵⁾		79,212	⁽¹¹⁾		4.96	%		18,750		60,462			3.80	%
District 2 Capital Fund LP ⁽⁶⁾		11,250			*			11,250		0			*
Intracoastal Capital, LLC ⁽⁷⁾		25,000			1.57	%		25,000		0			*
KBB Asset Management ⁽⁸⁾		11,250			*			6,250		5,000			*
Alice Ann Corporation ⁽⁹⁾		12,500			*			6,250		6,250			*
Cody R.J. Allison ⁽⁹⁾		2,500			*			1,250		1,250			*
Kyler R.W. Allison ⁽⁹⁾		1,250			*			625		625			*
Robert G. Allison ⁽⁹⁾		30,000	⁽¹²⁾		1.88	%		12,500		15,000	⁽¹²⁾		*
Robert Allison IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾		30,000	⁽¹²⁾		1.88	%		2,500		15,000	⁽¹²⁾		*
William H Baxter TTEE William H Baxter Rev Trust 07/03/1996 ⁽⁹⁾		10,000	⁽¹³⁾		*			2,500		5,000	⁽¹³⁾		*
William H Baxter IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾		10,000	⁽¹³⁾		*			2,500		5,000	⁽¹³⁾		*
Anne S Chudnofsky ⁽⁹⁾		5,000			*			2,500		2,500			*
Gary E. Clipper and Leslie J Clipper TTEES Gary and Leslie Clipper Trust 10/26/15 ⁽⁹⁾		5,000			*			2,500		2,500			*
DJG Family Limited Partnership ⁽⁹⁾		2,500			*			1,250		1,250			*
Thomas J Franta ⁽⁹⁾		2,500			*			1,250		1,250			*
Edwin C Freeman IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾		2,500			*			1,250		1,250			*
Ronald N. Gaul Pioneer Mailroom Equipment Inc. SEP-IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾		5,000			*			2,500		2,500			*

P. Dan Gilbert Gilbert Mecanical Con SEP-IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	2,500		*	1,250	1,250		*
Frances A. Gonyea TTEE Frances A. Gonyea Trust 10/09/2018 ⁽⁹⁾	7,500		*	3,750	3,750		*
Jerry Herrmann IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	3,250		*	1,625	1,625		*
Dorothy J. Hoel ⁽⁹⁾	10,000	⁽¹⁴⁾	*	3,125	5,000	⁽¹⁴⁾	*
Richard A. Hoel ⁽⁹⁾	10,000	⁽¹⁴⁾	*	1,875	5,000	⁽¹⁴⁾	*
Elizabeth J. Kuehne IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	10,000	⁽¹⁵⁾	*	2,500	5,000	⁽¹⁵⁾	*
E Kuehne/J Romundstad TTEES Kuehne-Romundstad-Kuestad Family Trust DTD 8/12/2008 ⁽⁹⁾	10,000	⁽¹⁵⁾	*	2,500	5,000	⁽¹⁵⁾	*
James S. Mahoney IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	5,000		*	2,500	2,500		*
Ann L. Orchard IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	6,250		*	3,125	3,125		*
Thomas A. Ouradnik Pioneer Mailroom Equipment, Inc. SEP-IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	12,500		*	6,250	6,250		*
Carolyn Salon ⁽⁹⁾	12,500	⁽¹⁶⁾	*	3,750	6,250	⁽¹⁶⁾	*
Joel Salon ⁽⁹⁾	12,500	⁽¹⁶⁾	*	2,500	6,250	⁽¹⁶⁾	*
Paul C. Seel and Nancy S. Seel JT TEN/WROS ⁽⁹⁾	3,750		*	1,875	1,875		*
Carolyn K. Sorenson TTEE Carolyn K. Sorenson Living Trust 12/21/1995 ⁽⁹⁾	5,000	⁽¹⁷⁾	*	1,250	2,500	⁽¹⁷⁾	*
Roger J. Sorenson IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	5,000	⁽¹⁷⁾	*	1,250	2,500	⁽¹⁷⁾	*
Stephen P. Vertin TTEE Stephen P. Vertin Revocable Living Trust U/A DTD 9/17/2007 As Amended ⁽⁹⁾	5,000		*	2,500	2,500		*
Perkins Capital Management, Inc. 730 East Lake Street Wayzata, MN 55391	1,000		*	500	500		*
Richard C Perkins BENE Richard Perkins Decd IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	2,000	⁽¹⁸⁾	*	500	1,000	⁽¹⁸⁾	*
Wynne A. Perkins BENE Barbara Watson DECD IRA RBC Capital Markets LLC Cust ⁽⁹⁾	2,000	⁽¹⁸⁾	*	500	1,000	⁽¹⁸⁾	*
Michael Vasinkevich ⁽¹⁰⁾	13,912	⁽¹⁹⁾	*	13,912	0		*
Noam Rubinstein ⁽¹⁰⁾	6,819	⁽²⁰⁾	*	6,819	0		*
Craig Schwabe ⁽¹⁰⁾	450	⁽²¹⁾	*	450	0		*
Mark Viklund ⁽¹⁰⁾	250	⁽²²⁾	*	250	0		*
Charles Worthman ⁽¹⁰⁾	218	⁽²³⁾	*	218	0		*

	(19)	Includes (i) 8,537 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants and (ii) 5,375 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants.
	(20)	Includes (i) 4,194 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants and (ii) 2,625 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants.
	(21)	Includes 450 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants.
	(22)	Includes 250 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants.
	(23)	Includes (i) 134 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants and (ii) 84 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of July 2019 Placement Agent Warrants.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

	Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	1
PRIVATE PLACEMENT	3
RISK FACTORS	4
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	18
USE OF PROCEEDS	19
DILUTION	20
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS	21
MARKET FOR OUR COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	24
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	25
BUSINESS	39
MANAGEMENT	47
EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	52
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT	60
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS	62
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES	63
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	74
LEGAL MATTERS	76
EXPERTS	76
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	76
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017

Net Sales	$	297		$	52
Cost of sales		241			45
Gross profit		56			7

Operating expenses:
Research and development		2,404			3,191
Selling, general and administrative		9,532			9,132
Total operating expenses		11,936			12,323

Net operating loss		(11,880	)		(12,316	)

Other income (expense):
Interest income		25			29
Interest expense		(74	)		(85	)
Interest expense, related parties		—			(1	)
Other income (expense)		21			87
Total other income (expense)		(28	)		30

Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(11,908	)	$	(12,286	)
Warrant antidilution price protection adjustment		333			—
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(12,241	)	$	(12,286	)
Loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted	$	(12.62	)	$	(22.50	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted		970,105			546,045

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase
	2018		2017		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses:

Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	$	1,548	$	1,840	$	(292	)
Facility related		234		293		(59	)
Other		622		1,058		(436	)
Total research and development expenses	$	2,404	$	3,191	$	787

	For the Three Months						For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,						Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018

Revenue:
Sales	$	36		$	105		$	79		$	160
Cost of sales		25			114			58			153
Gross profit (loss)		11			(9	)		21			7

Operating expenses:
Research and development		432			476			1,359			1,746
Selling, general and administrative		2,173			2,013			5,908			7,506
Total operating expenses		2,605			2,489			7,267			9,252

Net operating loss		(2,594	)		(2,498	)		(7,246	)		(9,245	)

Other income (expense):
Interest income		19			1			45			8
Interest expense		(10	)		(16	)		(34	)		(60	)
Other income (expense)		-			13			(3	)		19
Total other income (expense)		9			(2	)		8			(33	)

Net loss and comprehensive loss		(2,585	)		(2,500	)		(7,238	)		(9,278	)
Deemed dividend-warrant price protection adjustment		-			333			-			333
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(2,585	)	$	(2,833	)	$	(7,238	)	$	(9,611	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted		1,394,575			1,043,111			1,266,842			901,850

Net loss per common share - basic and fully diluted	$	(1.85	)	$	(2.72	)	$	(5.71	)	$	(10.66	)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase
	2019		2018		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses:
Unallocated expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	$	206	$	274	$	(68	)
Facility-related		60		57		3
Other		166		145		21
Total research and development expenses	$	432	$	476	$	(44	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase
	2019		2018		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses:
Unallocated expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	$	661	$	1,124	$	(463	)
Facility-related		184		172		12
Other		514		450		64
Total research and development expenses	$	1,359	$	1,746	$	(387	)

	●	Work to maximize market acceptance for, and generate sales of, our products;

	●	Manage the infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of ContraPest and any other product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval;

	●	Continue the development of ContraPest and our other product candidates, including engaging in any necessary field studies;

	●	Seek additional regulatory approvals for ContraPest and our other product candidates;

	●	Scale up manufacturing processes and quantities to meet future demand of ContraPest and any other product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval;

	●	Continue product development of ContraPest and advance our research and development activities and advance the research and development programs for other product candidates;

	●	Maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and

	●	Add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts and operations as a public company.

	●	Expected term. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Our historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a lack of sufficient data. Therefore, we estimate the expected term by using the simplified method, which calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.

	●	Expected volatility. Expected volatility is derived from the average historical volatilities of publicly traded companies within our industry that we consider to be comparable to our business over a period approximately equal to the expected term. We intend to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own Common Stock price becomes available, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation.

	●	Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

	●	Expected dividend. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as we have never paid dividends and have no current plans to pay any dividends on our Common Stock.

	●	Expected forfeitures. We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the difference will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period that the estimates are revised.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018

Research and development	$	1	$	29	$	11	$	87
General and administrative		203		326		664		3,003
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	204	$	355	$	675	$	3,090

Product Candidate/Area	Development Status	Segment	Primary Target
Feral animal fertility control	Pilot study	Population management	Feral dogs and hogs
Non-surgical spay and neutering	Pilot study	Companion animal health	Companion dogs and cats
Boar taint	Laboratory and initial pilot study	Food production and safety	Boars
Animal cancer treatment	Concept	Companion animal health	Companion dogs

Name of Director Nominees	Age	Position	Director Since	Term Expires
Kenneth Siegel	64	Chief Executive Officer and Director	2019	2022 (Class III)

Thomas C. Chesterman	60	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary	N/A	N/A

Jamie Bechtel, JD, Ph.D	47	Chairman of the Board and Director	2018	2021 (Class II)

Delphine François Chiavarini	44	Director	2018	2021 (Class II)

Marc Dumont	76	Director	2016	2020 (Class I)

Matthew Szot	45	Director	2015	2022 (Class III)

Julia Williams, M.D.	60	Director	2011	2020 (Class I)

	●	Reviewing our accounting policies, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements;

	●	Reviewing our audited financial statements and discussing them with the independent public accountants and our management;

	●	Meeting with the independent public accountants and our management to consider the adequacy of our internal controls;

	●	Establishing procedures regarding complaints concerning accounting or auditing matters, reviewing and, if appropriate, approving earnings press releases, related-party transactions, reviewing compliance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and reviewing our investment policy and compliance therewith; and

	●	Reviewing our investment policy and financial plans, reporting recommendations to our full board of directors for approval and authorizing actions.

	●	Reviewing and, if deemed appropriate, recommending to our board of directors policies, practices, and procedures relating to the compensation of our officers and other managerial employees and the establishment and administration of our employee benefit plans;

	●	Reviewing and recommending to the board of directors for approval the corporate goals and objectives relevant to the CEO and other executive officers;

	●	Reviewing and approving any employment agreements, severance agreements or special compensation or change-in-control arrangements with executive officers;

	●	Determining or recommending to the board of directors the compensation of our executive officers; and

	●	Advising and consulting with our officers regarding managerial personnel and development.

	●	Evaluating the composition, compensation, size and governance of our board of directors and its committees and make recommendations regarding future planning and the appointment of directors to our committees;

	●	Evaluating and recommending candidates for election to our board of directors;

	●	Establishing a policy for considering stockholder nominees for election to our board of directors; and

	●	Reviewing our corporate governance principles and providing recommendations to the board regarding possible changes.

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) (1)		Stock Awards ($) (2)		Option Awards ($) (3)		Total ($)
Jamie Bechtel, JD, Ph.D	$	38,500	$	34,000	$	38,869	$	111,369
Delphine François Chiavarini	$	28,500	$	24,000	$	28,902	$	81,402
Marc Dumont	$	16,000	$	16,000	$	20,929	$	52,929
Kenneth Siegel (4)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Matthew K. Szot	$	26,000	$	24,000	$	28,902	$	78,902
Julia Williams, M.D.	$	11,000	$	12,000	$	16,943	$	39,943

Cash Compensation:	Amount
Annual general retainer for service on the Board	$	17,000
Annual general retainer for service on the Board-Lead Director	$	20,000
Incremental annual retainers for chair of committees:
Audit	$	15,000
Compensation	$	15,000
Nominating and Corporate Governance	$	15,000
Commercialization / Sales Committee	$	30,000
Finance Committee	$	10,000
Incremental annual retainers for members of committees:
Audit	$	5,000
Compensation	$	5,000
Nominating and Corporate Governance	$	5,000
Commercialization / Sales Committee	$	5,000
Finance Committee	$	5,000

Equity Compensation:		Grant details (value of grant in $)

Annual RSU grant for serving on the board		$10,000
Annual RSU grant for serving on the board-Lead Director		$10,000
Annual stock option grant for serving on the board		$15,000
Annual stock option grant for serving on the board-Lead Director		$10,000
Annual equity grants for serving as chair of committees:
Audit		$5,000 (RSU); $5,000 (Stock option)
Compensation		$5,000 (RSU); $5,000 (Stock option)
Nominating and Corporate Governance		$5,000 (RSU); $5,000 (Stock option)
Commercialization / Sales Committee		$10,000 (RSU); $10,000 (Stock option)
Finance Committee		$5,000 (RSU); $5,000 (Stock option)
Annual equity grants for serving as member of committees:
Audit		$2,000 (RSU); $2,000 (Stock option)
Compensation		$2,000 (RSU); $2,000 (Stock option)
Nominating and Corporate Governance		$2,000 (RSU); $2,000 (Stock option)
Commercialization / Sales Committee		$2,000 (RSU); $2,000 (Stock option)
Finance Committee		$2,000 (RSU); $2,000 (Stock option)

Kenneth Siegel Chief Executive Officer	$	275,000

Thomas C. Chesterman, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary	$	250,000

Kim Wolin Executive Vice President, Operations and Secretary	$	145,000

Loretta P. Mayer, Ph.D., Former Chair of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer	$	300,000

Cheryl A. Dyer, Ph.D., Former President and Chief Research Officer	$	250,000

Name and Position	Fiscal Year	Salary ($)		Bonus ($)		Stock Awards ($)(1)		Option Awards ($)(2)		Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)		All Other Compensation ($)(3)		Total ($)
Kenneth Siegel (4)	2019	$	182,573	$	—	$	5,350	$	808,198	$	—	$	355	$	996,476
Chief Executive Officer	2018	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Thomas Chesterman	2019	$	250,000	$	—	$	—	$	31,080	$	—	$	10,981	$	292,061
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary	2018	$	250,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	250,000
Kim Wolin (5)	2019	$	145,000	$	—	$	—	$	24,864	$	—	$	3,575	$	173,439
Executive Vice President, Operations and Secretary	2018	$	145,000	$	14,500	$	14,500	$	—	$	—	$	3,387	$	177,387
Loretta P. Mayer (6),	2019	$	256,923	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	338,225	$	595,148
Ph.D., Former Chair of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer	2018	$	300,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14,427	$	314,427
Cheryl A. Dyer (6),	2019	$	214,103	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	279,918	$	494,021
PhD., Former President and Chief Research Officer	2018	$	250,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,672	$	256,672

	Option Awards
Name	Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) exercisable		Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) unexercisable			Option exercise price ($)(1)		Option expiration date
Kenneth Siegel		415		—			17.00	2/14/2024
		5,834		29,167	(2)		28.40	6/18/2024

Thomas C. Chesterman		6,000		—			10.00	12/15/2025
		209		2,292	(3)		20.00	9/20/2024

Kim Wolin		1,000		—			10.00	7/3/2025
		5,250		—			10.00	11/16/2025
		167		1,834	(3)		2.00	9/20/2024

Loretta P. Mayer		15,000		—			10.00	7/3/2025
		2,000		—			10.00	10/15/2025

Cheryl A. Dyer		15,000		—			10.00	7/3/2025
		2,000		—			10.00	10/15/2025

	●	Common Stock beneficially owned;

	●	Common Stock warrants exercisable;

			Number of
			Shares Issuable
			Upon
			Exercise
			of Warrants,
			Options
			and Vesting of
			RSUs
			Exercisable or
	Number of		Vested
	Shares Beneficially		as of February 7,		Total Shares Beneficially Owned
Name of Beneficial Owner	Held		2020		Shares		Percent
5% Owners:

Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. (1)		100,196		⸻		100,196		6.30	%

Directors and Named Executive Officers:

Thomas C. Chesterman		494		6,417		6,911		*
Jamie Bechtel		1,614		3,080		4,694		*
Delphine François Chiavarini		468		1,806		2,274		*
Marc Dumont (3)		6,855		4,828		11,683		*
Kenneth Siegel		35,128		9,161		44,829		2.78	%
Matthew K. Szot		3,812		4,515		8,327		*
Julia Williams, M.D. (4)		9,577		3,572		13,149		*
Kim Patrice Wolin		5,864		6,584		12,448		*
Loretta P. Mayer, Ph.D. (2) (5)		8,009		17,000		25,009		1.57
Cheryl A. Dyer, Ph.D. (2) (5)		6,005		17,000		23,005		1.44
All executive officers and directors as a group (10 persons) (5)		77,826		74,890		152,716		9.59	%

(4)	Includes shares of Common Stock held by Julia A. Williams MD Trust, an affiliate of Dr. Williams.

(5)	Drs. Mayer’s and Dyer’s employment was terminated December 24, 2019. The information provided reflects latest data available to the Company.

SenesTech, Inc. Audited Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-3
Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-4
Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-5
Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-6
Notes to Financial Statements	F-7

SenesTech, Inc. Unaudited Financial Statements:
Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	F-26
Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	F-27
Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (deficit)	F-28
Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	F-29
Notes to Financial Statements	F-30

/s/ M&K CPAS, PLLC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Houston, TX

March 29, 2019

	December 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash	$	4,920		$	2,101
Investment in securities		-			5,023
Accounts receivable		139			16
Prepaid expenses		342			170
Inventory		1,261			540
Deposits		9			19
Total current assets		6,671			7,869

Property and equipment, net		1,083			1,454
Total assets	$	7,754		$	9,323

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Short-term debt	$	219		$	177
Accounts payable		173			391
Accrued expenses		771			589
Notes payable, related parties		-			12
Total current liabilities		1,163			1,169

Long-term debt, net		261			591
Deferred rent		16			41
Total liabilities		1,440			1,801

Commitments and contingencies (See note 15)		-			-

Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 1,173,854 and 820,509 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		1			1
Additional paid-in capital		92,151			81,118
Accumulated deficit		(85,838	)		(73,597	)
Total stockholders’ equity		6,314			7,522

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,754		$	9,323

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017

Net Sales	$	297		$	52
Cost of sales		241			45
Gross profit		56			7

Operating expenses:
Research and development		2,404			3,191
Selling, general and administrative		9,532			9,132
Total operating expenses		11,936			12,323

Net operating loss		(11,880	)		(12,316	)

Other income (expense):
Interest income		25			29
Interest expense		(74	)		(85	)
Interest expense, related parties		-			(1	)
Other income (expense)		21			87
Total other income (expense)		(28	)		30

Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(11,908	)	$	(12,286	)
Deemed dividend-warrant antidilution price protection adjustment		333			-
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(12,241	)	$	(12,286	)
Loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted	$	(12.62	)	$	(22.50	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted		970,105			546,046

														Accumulated					Total
					Additional			Stock Subscribed						Other					Stockholders’
	Common Stock				Paid-In			not Issued						Comprehensive		Accumulated			Equity
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Shares			Amount			Loss		Deficit			(Deficit)

Balance, December 31, 2016		507,865	$	1	$	72,078			8,500		$	59		$	-	$	(61,311	)	$	10,827

Issuance of common stock sold for cash, net of fees		293,000		-		5,253			-			-			-		-			5,253
Issuance of common stock for services		8,511		-		552			(8,500	)		(59	)		-		-			493
Issuance of common stock for services, related parties		10,432		-		659			-			-			-		-			659
Issuance of common stock options for services		-		-		2,576			-			-			-		-			2,576
Cashless exercise of options		701		-		-			-			-			-		-			-
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017		-		-		-			-			-			-		(12,286	)		(12,286	)

Balance, December 31, 2017		820,509	$	1	$	81,118			-		$	-		$	-	$	(73,597	)	$	7,522

Issuance of common stock sold for cash, net of fees		267,853		-		5,133			-			-			-		-			5,133
Issuance of common stock for services		11,060		-		36			-			-			-		-			36
Stock-based compensation		-		-		1,691			-			-			-		-			1,691
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		73,937		-		2,214			-			-			-		-			2,214
Issuance of common stock upon cashless exercise of stock options		695		-		-			-			-			-		-			-
Issuance of warrants						1,693														1,693
Warrant antidilution price protection adjustment						333											(333	)		-
Option forfeitures and expirations						(67	)													(67	)
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2018		-		-		-			-			-			-		(11,908	)		(11,908	)

Balance, December 31, 2018		1,173,854	$	1	$	92,151			-		$	-		$	-	$	(85,838	)	$	6,314