Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Receivables Held-for-sale, Determination, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Accounts Receivable Sales Arrangements

Accounts receivable sales arrangements were utilized in the normal course of business as part of our cash and liquidity management. We have facilities in the U.S. and Europe that enable us to sell certain accounts receivable without recourse to third-parties. The accounts receivables sold are generally short-term trade receivables with payment due dates of less than 60 days. All of our arrangements involve the sale of our entire interest in groups of accounts receivable for cash.

Under most of the agreements, we continue to service the sold accounts receivable. When applicable, a servicing liability is recorded for the estimated fair value of the servicing. The amounts associated with the servicing liability were not material.

Basis of Consolidation

Discontinued Operations

In 2014, we announced an agreement to sell our Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) business to Atos SE (Atos). As a result of that agreement, we reported the ITO business as held for sale and a Discontinued Operation up through its date of sale on June 30, 2015. In 2014, we also completed the disposal of Truckload Management Services (TMS) which was also reported as a Discontinued Operation. All prior period results have been reclassified to conform to the presentation of these businesses as Discontinued Operations. Refer to Note 4 - Divestitures for additional information regarding Discontinued Operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements is in conformity with GAAP and requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Future events and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty; accordingly, our accounting estimates require the exercise of judgment. The accounting estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements will change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. Our estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates.

The following table summarizes certain recurring type costs and expenses that require management estimates for the three years ended December 31, 2016:



	Year Ended December 31,
Expense/(Income)	2016			2015			2014
Corporate allocations⁽¹⁾	$	165		$	170		$	175
Provisions for restructuring and asset impairments - continuing operations	73			159			21
Provisions for restructuring and asset impairments - discontinued operations	—			—			2
Provision for receivables	4			4			3
Provisions for litigation and regulatory matters	40			18			38
Depreciation of buildings and equipment ⁽²⁾	130			126			145
Amortization of internal use software ⁽²⁾	49			51			52
Amortization of product software	61			65			58
Amortization of acquired intangible assets ⁽²⁾	280			250			250
Amortization of customer contract costs ⁽²⁾	93			108			122
Income tax (benefit) expense - continuing operations	(244		)	(238		)	(24		)
Income tax expense - discontinued operations	—			81			7

__________________


(1)	Refer to Note 20 - Related Party and Former Parent Investment.


(2)	Excludes amounts related to our ITO business, which was reported as a discontinued operation through its date of sale on June 30, 2015. Refer to Note 4 - Divestitures for additional information regarding this sale.

Changes in Estimates - Methodology

Changes in Estimates

In the ordinary course of accounting for the items discussed above, we make changes in estimates as appropriate and as we become aware of new or revised circumstances surrounding those estimates. Such changes and refinements in estimation methodologies are reflected in reported results of operations in the period in which the changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Revenue Recognition, Customer Acquisitions

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), to supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing U.S. GAAP, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2017. The standard will be adopted using either of two methods: (i) retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within ASU 2014-09; or (ii) retrospective with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures as defined per ASU 2014-09. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue Recognition - Principal versus Agent (reporting revenue gross versus net). Also, in April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10 Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12 Revenue Recognition - Narrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. We will adopt this standard beginning January 1, 2018, and we will use the modified retrospective method. As a result of the Spin-off Transaction in 2016, we will need to complete most of our implementation activities in 2017.

Interest Expense, Policy

Interest

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This update requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, which indicated that the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs associated with a line-of-credit arrangement as an asset and subsequently amortizing those costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. We have $66 of debt issuance costs at December 31, 2016, of which $56 is reported as a reduction to Long term debt and $10 is recorded as a Long term asset. This update was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Discontinued Operations, Policy

Discontinued Operations

In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The update changes the requirements for reporting discontinued operations in Subtopic 205-20. A discontinued operation may include a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity, or a business. A disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. Examples include a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business or a major equity method investment. Additionally, the update requires expanded disclosures about discontinued operations that will provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of discontinued operations. This update was effective prospectively for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2015. The standard primarily involves presentation and disclosure and, therefore, did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Revenue Recognition, Revenue Reductions

Service Concession Arrangements

In January 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-05, Service Concession Arrangements (Topic 853). This update specifies that an entity should not account for a service concession arrangement within the scope of this update as a lease in accordance with Topic 840, Leases. The update was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2015. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or cash flows.

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy

New Accounting Standards and Accounting Changes

Except for the Accounting Standard Updates (ASU's) discussed below, the new ASU's issued by the FASB during the last two years did not have any significant impact on the Company.

Revenue Recognition

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. This update requires the recognition of leased assets and lease obligations by lessees for those leases currently classified as operating leases under existing lease guidance. Short term leases with a term of 12 months or less are not required to be recognized. The update also requires disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements to increase transparency and comparability among organizations. The accounting for lessors does not fundamentally change except for changes to conform and align guidance to the lessee guidance as well as to the new revenue recognition guidance in ASU 2014-09. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on our consolidated financial statements.

Cash Flows

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This update provides specific guidance on eight cash flow classification issues where current GAAP is either unclear or does not include specific guidance. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact, if any, that the adoption of ASU 2016-15 may have on our statements of cash flows in future reporting periods.

Additionally, in November 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash. The update requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts

shown on the statement of cash flows. We held $22 and $16 of restricted cash, currently reported in other current assets at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact, if any, that the adoption of ASU 2016-18 may have on our statements of cash flows in future reporting periods.

Stock Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation, Improvements to Employee Share-Based payment Accounting (Topic 718). This update includes provisions to simplify certain aspects related to the accounting for share-based awards and the related financial statement presentation. The update also requires that excess tax benefits and deficiencies be recorded in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled as compared to equity as allowed under certain conditions by current US GAAP. This change is required to be adopted prospectively in the period of adoption. In addition, the ASU modifies the classification of certain share-based payment activities within the statements of cash flows and these changes are required to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. ASU 2016-09 is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017.The update may add volatility to our income tax expense in future periods depending upon, among other things, the level of tax expense and the price of the Company's common stock at the date of vesting for share-based awards. We are currently evaluating the impact, if any, that the adoption of ASU 2016-09 may have on our consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods.

Income Taxes

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory. This update requires recognition of the income-tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of assets other than inventory. Under current GAAP, recognition of the income tax consequences for assets other than inventory could only occur upon sale to a third party. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-16 on our consolidated financial statements.

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets. The update impacts financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted as of January 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on our consolidated financial statements.

Business Combinations

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-01 on our consolidated financial statements, intangible assets and goodwill.

In January 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Goodwill Impairment Test, which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted for goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have any effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If this new accounting standard, ASU 2017-04 had been adopted as of December 31, 2016, the impairment charge for the Commercial Industries reporting unit would have been $992 versus the$935 under the current standard.

Equity Method Accounting

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting. This update eliminates the requirement that when an existing cost method investment qualifies for use of the equity method, an investor must restate its historical financial statements, as if the equity method had been used during all previous periods. Under the new guidance, at the point an investment qualifies for the equity method, any unrealized gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income(loss) ("AOCI") will be recognized through earnings. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Accounting for Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Presentation of Deferred Taxes

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This update, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes, requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position. As allowed by the update, we early adopted ASU 2015-17 effective December 31, 2015 on a prospective basis. Adoption of this update resulted in a reclassification of our net current deferred tax asset and liabilities to the net non-current deferred tax asset and liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015. Prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The current requirement that deferred tax liabilities and assets of a tax-paying component (jurisdiction) of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by this update.

Interest

Discontinued Operations

Service Concession Arrangements

Disclosures of Going Concern Uncertainties

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40); Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which was effective for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or cash flows.

Other Updates

In 2016 and 2015, the FASB also issued the following Accounting Standards Updates which are not expected to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows when adopted in future periods. Those updates are as follows:


•	Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250): ASU 2017-03, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323). Transition guidance included in certain issued but not yet adopted ASUs was updated to reflect this amendment.


•	Financial Instruments: ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments and Financial Liabilities, which is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018.


•	Inventory: ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Subsequent Measurement of Inventory, which is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017.


•	Fair Value Measurements: ASU 2015-07, Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or its Equivalent), which was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016.


•	Stock Compensation: ASU 2014-12, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide that a Performance Target Could be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period, which was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016.


•	Business Combinations: ASU 2015-16, Accounting for Measurement Period Adjustments in a Business Combination, which was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016.


•	Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal Use Software: ASU 2015-05, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal Use Software - Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016.


•	Consolidation: ASU 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. This update was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016 with early adoption permitted, and is applied on a modified retrospective basis.


•	Income Statement: ASU 2015-01, Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20) - Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items. The standard primarily involves presentation and disclosure.


•	Derivatives and Hedging: ASU 2016-06, Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments, which is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted.


•	Derivatives and Hedging: ASU 2016-05, Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships, which is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted.


•	Derivatives and Hedging: ASU 2014-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share Is More Akin to Debt or to Equity, which was effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016.

Revenue Recognition

We primarily generate revenue through services. Revenue is recognized when it is realized or realizable and earned. We consider revenue realized or realizable and earned when we have persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the transaction price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Delivery does not occur until services have been provided to the customer, risk of loss has transferred to the customer, and either customer acceptance has been obtained, customer acceptance provisions have lapsed or the company has objective evidence that the criteria specified in the customer acceptance provisions have been satisfied. The transaction price is not considered to be fixed or determinable until all contingencies related to the sale have been resolved.

Services-Related Revenue

Outsourcing Services: Revenues associated with outsourcing services are generally recognized as services are rendered, which is generally on the basis of the number of accounts or transactions processed. In service arrangements where final acceptance of a system or solution by the customer is required, revenue is deferred until all acceptance criteria have been met. Revenues on cost reimbursable contracts are recognized by applying an estimated factor to costs as incurred, determined by the contract provisions and prior experience. Revenues on unit-price contracts are recognized at the contractual selling prices as work is completed and accepted by the customer. Revenues on time and material contracts are recognized at the contractual rates as the labor hours and direct expenses are incurred.

Revenues on certain fixed price contracts where we provide system development and implementation services are recognized over the contract term based on the percentage of development and implementation services that are provided during the period compared with the total estimated development and implementation services to be provided over the entire contract using the percentage-of-completion accounting methodology. These services require that we perform significant, extensive and complex design, development, modification or implementation of our customers' systems. Performance will often extend over long periods, and our right to receive future payment depends on our future performance in accordance with the agreement.

The percentage-of-completion methodology involves recognizing probable and reasonably estimable revenue using the percentage of services completed, on a current cumulative cost to estimated total cost basis, using a reasonably consistent profit margin over the period.

Revenues earned in excess of related billings are accrued, whereas billings in excess of revenues earned are deferred until the related services are provided. We recognize revenues for non-refundable, upfront implementation fees on a straight-line basis over the period between the initiation of the ongoing services through the end of the contract term.

In connection with our services arrangements, we incur and capitalize costs to originate these long-term contracts and to perform the migration, transition and setup activities necessary to enable us to perform under the terms of the arrangement. Certain initial direct costs of an arrangement are capitalized and amortized over the contractual service period of the arrangement to cost of services. From time to time, we also provide inducements to customers in various forms, including contractual credits, which are capitalized and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the term of the contract.

Spending associated with customer-related deferred set-up/transition and inducement costs for the three years ended December 31, 2016 were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Set-up/transition and inducement expenditures	$	63	$	65	$	81

The capitalized amount of customer contract costs at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

__________

(1) The balance at December 31, 2016 of $137 is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of approximately 8 years.

Amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows:



2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
$	58	$	29	$	16	$	8	$	5	$	21

Long-lived assets used in the fulfillment of the arrangements are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of their useful life or the term of the contract if an asset is contract specific.

Multiple Element Arrangements

Multiple Element Arrangements: As described above, we enter into the following revenue arrangements that may consist of multiple deliverables including contracts for multiple types of outsourcing services, as well as professional and value-added services. For instance, we may contract for an implementation or development project and also provide services to operate the system which we implement or develop over a period of time; or we may contract to scan, manage and store customer documents.

In substantially all of our multiple element arrangements, we are able to separate the deliverables since we normally will meet both of the following criteria:


•	The delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; and


•	If the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in our control.

Consideration in a multiple-element arrangement is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to all deliverables on the basis of the relative selling price. When applying the relative selling price method, the selling price for each deliverable is primarily determined based on vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE), third-party evidence (TPE), or our best estimate of the selling price. The above noted revenue policies are then applied to each separated deliverable, as applicable.

Revenue Reporting: Revenue from sales of third-party vendor products or services is recorded net of costs when the company is acting as an agent between the customer and the vendor or supplier, and gross when the company is a principal to the transaction. Postage is generally recognized on a gross basis. Several factors are considered to determine whether the company is an agent or principal, most notably whether the company is the primary obligor to the customer, or has inventory risk. Consideration is also given to whether the company adds meaningful value to the vendor’s product or service, was involved in the selection of the vendor’s product or service, has latitude in establishing the sales price or has credit risk.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, including money market funds and investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Receivable Sales

We regularly transfer certain portions of our receivable portfolios and normally account for those transfers as sales based on meeting the criteria for derecognition in accordance with ASC Topic 860 "Transfer and Servicing" of Financial Assets. Losses on the sale of receivables depend, in part, on both (a) the cash proceeds and (b) the net non-cash proceeds received or paid. When we sell receivables, we normally receive beneficial interests in the transferred receivables from the purchasers as part of the proceeds. Refer to Note 5 - Accounts Receivable, Net for more details on our receivable sales.

Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets, Transfers of Financial Assets, Sales, Policy

Receivable Sales

Land, Buildings and Equipment and Equipment on Operating Leases

Land, Buildings and Equipment

Land, buildings and equipment are recorded at cost. Buildings and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life. Significant improvements are capitalized and maintenance and repairs are expensed. Refer to Note 6 - Land, Buildings, Equipment and Software, Net for further discussion.

Software - Internal Use and Product

We capitalize direct costs associated with developing, purchasing or otherwise acquiring software for internal use and amortize these costs on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the software, beginning when the software is implemented (Internal Use Software). Costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements that will not result in additional functionality are expensed as incurred. Amounts expended for Internal Use Software are included in Cash Flows from Investing.

We also capitalize certain costs related to the development of software solutions to be sold to our customers upon reaching technological feasibility (Product Software). These costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic life of the software. Amounts expended for Product Software are included in Cash Flows from Operations. We perform periodic reviews to ensure that unamortized Product Software costs remain recoverable from estimated future operating profits (net realizable value or NRV). Costs to support or service licensed software are charged to Costs of outsourcing as incurred.

Capitalization of Internal Costs

Software - Internal Use and Product

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of acquired net assets in a business combination, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. The primary drivers that generate goodwill are the value of synergies between the acquired entities and the company and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies as an identifiable intangible asset. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an event or circumstance indicates that an impairment loss may have been incurred.

Impairment testing for goodwill is done at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (a "component") if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available, and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. Our reporting units are the same as our operating segments and this is the level that discrete financial information is available.

When testing goodwill for impairment, we may assess qualitative factors for some or all of our reporting units to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. Alternatively, we may bypass this qualitative assessment for some or all of our reporting units and perform a detailed quantitative test of impairment (Step 1). If we perform the detailed quantitative impairment test and the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we would perform an analysis (Step 2) to measure such impairment.

As required by ASC 350 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, we annually test the Goodwill of our reporting units for impairment. For Step 1 of the test, as in prior years, we determined the fair value of our reporting units utilizing a combination of both an Income Approach and a Market Approach to calculate fair value for each reporting units equity. We then compare fair value of equity to carrying value. The Income Approach utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis based upon the forecasted future business results of our reporting units. The Market Approach utilizes the guideline public company method. We apply a two-thirds and one-third weighting to the results of the Income Approach and the Market Approach, respectively, to calculate the fair value of each reporting unit’s equity.

In 2016, based on the declining operating results of our Commercial Industries reporting unit, including in the fourth quarter, we determined to proceed to the quantitative assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill balances for each of our reporting units in performing our annual impairment test. Based on our quantitative assessments, we concluded that the fair value of our Commercial Industries reporting unit was less than its carrying value by approximately 53%, indicating an impairment. Accordingly, based on Step 2 of the impairment process, we recorded a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $935 million during the fourth quarter of 2016, which is separately presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). Our Healthcare and Public Sector reporting units passed Step 1 of the impairment test with fair value exceeding carrying value by approximately 19% and 14%, respectively.

Other intangible assets primarily consist of assets obtained in connection with business acquisitions, including installed customer base and distribution network relationships, patents on existing technology and trademarks. We apply an impairment evaluation whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our intangible assets may not be recoverable. Other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic lives. We believe that the straight-line method of amortization reflects an appropriate allocation of the cost of the intangible assets to earnings in proportion to the amount of economic benefits obtained annually by the Company.

Refer to Note 7 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net for further information.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the recoverability of our long-lived assets, including buildings, equipment, internal use software, product software and other intangible assets, when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of the asset from the expected future pre-tax cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the related operations. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of such asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value. Our primary measure of fair value is based on forecasted cash flows.

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefit Obligations

Pension Obligations

We sponsor various forms of defined benefit pension plans in several countries covering employees who meet eligibility requirements. We employ a delayed recognition feature in measuring the costs associated with our pension benefit plans. This requires changes in the benefit obligations and changes in the value of assets set aside to meet those obligations to be recognized not as they occur, but systematically and gradually over subsequent periods. All changes are ultimately recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost, except to the extent they may be offset by subsequent changes. At any point, changes that have been identified and quantified but not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost, are recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax.

Several statistical and other factors that attempt to anticipate future events are used in calculating the expense, liability and asset values related to our pension plans. These factors include assumptions we make about the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, the rate of future compensation increases and mortality. In calculating the expected return on the plan asset component of our net periodic pension cost, we apply our estimate of the long-term rate of return on the plan assets that support our pension obligations.

The expected rate of return on plan assets is the long-term rate of return we expect to earn on plan assets. When estimating the expected rate of return, in addition to assessing recent performance, we consider the historical returns earned on plan assets, the rates of return expected in the future, and our investment strategy and asset mix with respect to the plans’ funds. The expected rate of return on plan assets is reviewed annually and revised, as necessary, to reflect changes in financial markets and our investment strategy.

The discount rate is used to present value our future anticipated benefit obligations. The discount rate reflects the current rate at which benefit liabilities could be effectively settled considering the timing of expected payments for plan participants. In estimating our discount rate, we consider rates of return on high-quality fixed-income investments adjusted to eliminate the effects of call provisions, as well as the expected timing of pension and other benefit payments.

Each year, the difference between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets, as well as increases or decreases in the benefit obligation as a result of changes in the discount rate and other actuarial assumptions, are added to or subtracted from any cumulative actuarial gain or loss from prior years. This amount is the net actuarial gain or loss recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. We amortize net actuarial gains and losses as a component of net pension cost for a year if, as of the beginning of the year, that net gain or loss (excluding asset gains or losses that have not been recognized in market-related value) exceeds 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets (the "corridor" method). This determination is made on a plan-by-plan basis. If amortization is required for a particular plan, we amortize the applicable net gain or loss in excess of the 10% threshold on a straight-line basis in net periodic pension cost over the remaining service period of the employees participating in that pension plan. In plans where substantially all participants are inactive, the amortization period for the excess is the average remaining life expectancy of the plan participants.

Income Tax, Policy

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded based on amounts refundable or payable and include the results of any difference between U.S. GAAP accounting and tax reporting, recorded as deferred tax assets or liabilities. We estimate deferred tax assets and liabilities based on current tax laws, regulations and rates. Changes in tax laws,

regulations and rates may affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future.

Management establishes valuation allowances on deferred tax assets when it is determined “more-likely-than-not” that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets may not be realized. Management considers positive and negative evidence in evaluating the ability of the Company to realize its deferred tax assets, including its historical results and forecasts of future ability to realize its deferred tax assets, including projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies.

We are subject to ongoing tax examinations and assessments in various jurisdictions. We have unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. We follow U.S. GAAP which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Our ongoing assessments of the more-likely-than-not outcomes of the examinations and related tax positions require judgment and can materially increase or decrease our effective tax rate, as well as impact our operating results.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Re-measurement

Foreign Currency Translation and Re-measurement

The functional currency for most foreign operations is the local currency. Net assets are translated at current rates of exchange and income, expense and cash flow items are translated at average exchange rates for the applicable period. The translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The U.S. Dollar is used as the functional currency for certain foreign subsidiaries that conduct their business in U.S. Dollars. A combination of current and historical exchange rates is used in re-measuring the local currency transactions of these subsidiaries and the resulting exchange adjustments are recorded in Currency (gains) and losses within Other expenses, net together with other foreign currency re-measurements.

Year Ended December 31,

Capitalized customer contract costs ⁽¹⁾