As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019
Registration No. 333-214881
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Post-Effective Amendment No. 3
to
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
USCF Funds Trust
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
| Delaware | 6770 | 38-7159729 |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
|
United States Commodity Funds LLC 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite
640 |
Daphne G. Frydman 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite
640 |
|
(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices) |
(Name, Address, Including Zip Code,
and Telephone |
Copies to:
James M. Cain, Esq.
Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP
700 Sixth Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20001-3980
202.383.0100
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. x
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement offering. o
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following box. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
| Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | o |
| Non-accelerated filer | x (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | o |
| Emerging growth company | x |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. x
The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
PROSPECTUS
United States 3x Short Oil Fund*
30,000,000 Shares
*Principal U.S. Listing Exchange: NYSE Arca, Inc.
THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION HAS NOT PASSED UPON THE MERITS OF PARTICIPATING IN THIS POOL NOR HAS THE COMMISSION PASSED ON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT.
The United States 3x Short Oil Fund (the “Fund”), a series of the USCF Funds Trust, is a fund that issues shares that trade on NYSE Arca Equities, Inc. (“NYSE”). The investment objective of the Fund is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily change in percentage terms of the price of a specified short-term futures contract on light, sweet crude oil called the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.” The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the futures contract on light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”), traded under the trading symbol “CL” (for WTI Crude Oil futures), that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be the futures contract that is the next month contract to expire. The Fund seeks a return that is -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a single day. The Fund should not be expected to provide -300% of the cumulative return for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for periods greater than a day. The amount for this breakeven analysis takes into account a brokerage fee waiver, which USCF may terminate at any time in its discretion. Please see page 60 for more information.
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing in short positions in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Oil Futures Contracts”).
The Fund will, to a lesser extent and in view of regulatory requirements and/or market conditions:
| (i) | next invest in (a) cleared swap transactions based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, (b) non-exchange traded (“over-the-counter” or “OTC”) negotiated swap contracts that are based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, and (c) forward contracts for oil; |
| (ii) | followed by investments in short positions in futures contracts for other types of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels, each of which are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges as well as cleared swap transactions and OTC swap contracts valued based on the foregoing; and |
| (iii) | finally, invest in exchange-traded cash settled options on Oil Futures Contracts. |
All such other investments are referred to as “Other Oil-Related Investments” and, together with Oil Futures Contracts, are “Oil Interests.” The Fund supports its investments by holding the amounts of its margin, collateral and other requirements relating to these obligations in short-term obligations of the United States of two years or less (“Treasuries”), cash and cash equivalents. The majority of the Fund’s assets are held in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents.
The Fund pays its sponsor, United States Commodity Funds LLC (“USCF”), a limited liability company, a management fee and incurs certain other costs. The address of both USCF and the Fund is 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite 640 Walnut Creek, California 94596. The telephone number for both USCF and the Fund is 510.522.9600. In order for a hypothetical investment in shares to breakeven over the next 12 months, assuming a selling price of $6.11 per share (the net asset value as of February 28, 2019), the investment would have to generate a 0.360% or $0.022 return.
The Fund is an exchange traded fund. This means that most investors who decide to buy or sell shares of the Fund place their trade orders through their brokers and may incur customary brokerage commissions and charges. Shares of the Fund trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “USOD” and are bought and sold throughout the trading day at bid and ask prices like other publicly traded securities.
Shares trade on the NYSE after they are initially purchased by “Authorized Participants,” institutional firms that purchase and redeem shares in blocks of 50,000 shares called “baskets” through the Fund’s marketing agent, ALPS Distributors, Inc. (the “Marketing Agent”). The price of a basket is equal to the NAV of 50,000 shares on the day that the order to purchase the basket is accepted by the Marketing Agent. The NAV per share is calculated by taking the current market value of the Fund’s total assets (after close of the NYSE) subtracting any liabilities and dividing that total by the total number of outstanding shares. Authorized Participants that do offer to the public shares from the baskets they create do so at per-share offering prices that reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the shares on NYSE, the NAV of the shares at the time the Authorized Participant purchased the Creation Baskets, the NAV of the shares at the time of the offer of the shares to the public, the supply of and demand for shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the Oil Futures Contract market and the market for Other Oil-Related Investments. Please see below for additional information. The offering of the Fund’s shares will be a “best efforts” offering, which means that no Authorized Participant is required to purchase a specific number or dollar amount of shares nor is the Marketing Agent required to facilitate any specific number or dollar amount of creation or redemption orders for baskets.
USCF pays the Marketing Agent a service fee. Aggregate compensation paid to the Marketing Agent and any affiliate of USCF for marketing and/or distribution-related services in connection with this offering of shares may not exceed ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds of the offering.
The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and presents many different risks than other types of funds, including risks associated with the use of leverage. The Fund is intended to be a daily trading tool for sophisticated investors to manage daily trading risks. The Fund uses leverage and should produce returns for a single day that are more volatile than that of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Additionally, the Fund is designed to achieve its stated investment objective on a daily basis, but its performance over different periods of time can differ significantly from its stated daily objective. The Fund is riskier than securities that have intermediate or long-term investment objectives, and may not be suitable for investors who plan to hold shares of the Fund for a period other than one day. The return of the Fund for a period longer than a single day is the result of its return for each day compounded over the period and usually will differ from the -300% of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the same period. Daily compounding of the Fund’s investment returns can dramatically and adversely affect its longer-term performance during periods of high volatility. Volatility may be at least as important to the Fund’s return for a period as the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Accordingly, the Fund should be purchased only by knowledgeable investors who understand the potential consequences of seeking daily compounding leveraged short investment results. Investors should actively and frequently monitor their investments in the Fund, even intra-day. It is possible that you will suffer significant losses in the Fund even if the long-term performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is negative.
Investors who buy or sell shares during the day from their broker may do so at a premium or discount relative to the market value of the underlying Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts in which the Fund invests due to supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for shares. Investing in the Fund involves risks similar to those involved with inverse leveraged exposure to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts, and other significant risks. See “Risk Factors Involved with an Investment in the Fund” beginning on page 6.
The offering of the Fund’s shares is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in accordance with the Securities Act of 1933 (the “1933 Act”). The offering is intended to be a continuous offering and is not expected to terminate until all of the registered shares have been sold or three years from the date of the original offering, whichever is earlier, unless extended as permitted under the rules under the 1933 Act, although the offering may be temporarily suspended if and when no suitable investments for the Fund are available or practicable. The Fund is not an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“1940 Act”) and is not subject to regulation under such Act.
NEITHER THE SEC NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THE SECURITIES OFFERED IN THIS PROSPECTUS, OR DETERMINED IF THIS PROSPECTUS IS TRUTHFUL OR COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
The Fund is a commodity pool and USCF is a commodity pool operator subject to regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and the National Futures Association (“NFA”) under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”).
The date of this prospectus is May [1], 2019
COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION
RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER WHETHER YOUR FINANCIAL CONDITION PERMITS YOU TO PARTICIPATE IN A COMMODITY POOL. IN SO DOING, YOU SHOULD BE AWARE THAT COMMODITY INTEREST TRADING CAN QUICKLY LEAD TO LARGE LOSSES AS WELL AS GAINS. SUCH TRADING LOSSES CAN SHARPLY REDUCE THE NET ASSET VALUE OF THE POOL AND CONSEQUENTLY THE VALUE OF YOUR INTEREST IN THE POOL. IN ADDITION, RESTRICTIONS ON REDEMPTIONS MAY AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO WITHDRAW YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THE POOL.
FURTHER, COMMODITY POOLS MAY BE SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL CHARGES FOR MANAGEMENT, AND ADVISORY AND BROKERAGE FEES. IT MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THOSE POOLS THAT ARE SUBJECT TO THESE CHARGES TO MAKE SUBSTANTIAL TRADING PROFITS TO AVOID DEPLETION OR EXHAUSTION OF THEIR ASSETS. THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT CONTAINS A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF EACH EXPENSE TO BE CHARGED THIS POOL AT PAGE 59 AND A STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE RETURN NECESSARY TO BREAK EVEN, THAT IS, TO RECOVER THE AMOUNT OF YOUR INITIAL INVESTMENT, AT PAGE 60.
THIS BRIEF STATEMENT CANNOT DISCLOSE ALL THE RISKS AND OTHER FACTORS NECESSARY TO EVALUATE YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THIS COMMODITY POOL. THEREFORE, BEFORE YOU DECIDE TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS COMMODITY POOL, YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY STUDY THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL RISK FACTORS OF THIS INVESTMENT, AT PAGE 6.
YOU SHOULD ALSO BE AWARE THAT THIS COMMODITY POOL MAY TRADE FOREIGN FUTURES OR OPTIONS CONTRACTS. TRANSACTIONS ON MARKETS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING MARKETS FORMALLY LINKED TO A UNITED STATES MARKET, MAY BE SUBJECT TO REGULATIONS WHICH OFFER DIFFERENT OR DIMINISHED PROTECTION TO THE POOL AND ITS PARTICIPANTS. FURTHER, UNITED STATES REGULATORY AUTHORITIES MAY BE UNABLE TO COMPEL THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RULES OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIES OR MARKETS IN NON-UNITED STATES JURISDICTIONS WHERE TRANSACTIONS FOR THE POOL MAY BE EFFECTED.
SWAPS TRANSACTIONS, LIKE OTHER FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS, INVOLVE A VARIETY OF SIGNIFICANT RISKS. THE SPECIFIC RISKS PRESENTED BY A PARTICULAR SWAP TRANSACTION NECESSARILY DEPEND UPON THE TERMS OF THE TRANSACTION AND YOUR CIRCUMSTANCES. IN GENERAL, HOWEVER, ALL SWAPS TRANSACTIONS INVOLVE SOME COMBINATION OF MARKET RISK, CREDIT RISK, COUNTERPARTY CREDIT RISK, FUNDING RISK, LIQUIDITY RISK, AND OPERATIONAL RISK.
HIGHLY CUSTOMIZED SWAPS TRANSACTIONS IN PARTICULAR MAY INCREASE LIQUIDITY RISK, WHICH MAY RESULT IN A SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS. HIGHLY LEVERAGED TRANSACTIONS MAY EXPERIENCE SUBSTANTIAL GAINS OR LOSSES IN VALUE AS A RESULT OF RELATIVELY SMALL CHANGES IN THE VALUE OR LEVEL OF AN UNDERLYING OR RELATED MARKET FACTOR.
IN EVALUATING THE RISKS AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR SWAP TRANSACTION, IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THAT A SWAP TRANSACTION MAY BE MODIFIED OR TERMINATED ONLY BY MUTUAL CONSENT OF THE ORIGINAL PARTIES AND SUBJECT TO AGREEMENT ON INDIVIDUALLY NEGOTIATED TERMS. THEREFORE, IT MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE FOR THE COMMODITY POOL OPERATOR TO MODIFY, TERMINATE, OR OFFSET THE POOL’S OBLIGATIONS OR THE POOL’S EXPOSURE TO THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH A TRANSACTION PRIOR TO ITS SCHEDULED TERMINATION DATE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This is only a summary of the prospectus and, while it contains material information about the Fund and its shares, it does not contain or summarize all of the information about the Fund and its shares contained in this prospectus that is material and/or which may be important to you. You should read this entire prospectus, including “Risk Factors Involved with an Investment in the Fund” beginning on page 6, before making an investment decision about the shares. For a glossary of defined terms, see Appendix A.
The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and present different risks than other types of funds, including risks associated with the effects of leveraged investing. An investor should only consider an investment in the Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results. The Fund seeks to return (before fees and expenses) an inverse multiple (-3x) of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a single day, not for any other period. The return of the Fund for a period longer than a single day is the result of its return for each day compounded over the period and usually will differ from the Fund’s inverse multiple times the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the same period. Daily compounding of the Fund’s investment returns can dramatically and adversely affect its longer-term performance during periods of high volatility. Volatility may be at least as important to the Fund’s return for a period as the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund uses leverage and should produce returns for a single day that are more volatile than that of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For example, the return of the Fund for a single day should be approximately three times as volatile as the return of a fund for a single day with an objective of inversely tracking the same Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Shareholders who invest in the Fund should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily.
The USCF Funds Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust formed on March 2, 2016. The Trust is a series trust formed pursuant to the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. The Trust contains four series: United States 3x Short Oil Fund (“USOD” or the “Fund”), United States 3x Oil Fund (“USOU” together with USOD, the “Funds” or the “Trust Series”), REX S&P MLP Fund (“RMLP”), and REX S&P MLP Inverse Fund (“MLPD”). USOU and USOD commenced operations on July 19, 2017. RMLP and MLPD (together, the “REX Funds”) were in registration and had not commenced operations. Both REX Funds filed to withdraw from registration on March 30, 2018. USOU and USOD are commodity pools that continuously issue common shares of beneficial interest that may be purchased and sold on NYSE Arca Equities, Inc. stock exchange (“NYSE Arca”). The Trust and the Funds operate pursuant to the Trust’s Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”), dated as of June 23, 2017. The sole trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, National Association, a national banking association, with its principal place of business in the State of Delaware (the “Trustee”). The Trust and the Funds are managed and operated by the United States Commodity Funds, LLC (“USCF” or the “Sponsor”). USCF is a limited liability company formed in Delaware on May 10, 2005, that is registered as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”).
On September 4, 2018, the Trust, and USOD, a series of the Trust, received a notice from the NYSE Arca, notifying the Trust that USOD is not in compliance with the requirement under Rule 8.200E(d)(2)(c) that USOD meet the NYSE Arca’s continued listing standard to maintain a market value of not less than $1,000,000. USOD received an initial six-month period (the “Cure Period”) to regain compliance with Rule 8.200E(d)(2)(c), after the Trust submitted, and NYSE Arca accepted, a written response describing USOD’s plan to cure the deficiency during the Cure Period. To regain compliance during the Cure Period, USOD was required to demonstrate that it had a market value of $1,000,000 or more for thirty or more trading days. On November 21, 2018, USOD received a notice from NYSE Arca that it had regained compliance with NYSE Arca’s continued listing standard by maintaining a market value of not less than $1,000,000 for thirty or more trading days.
USOD remained in compliance from such date through March 31, 2019. However, there can be no assurance that USOD will be able to regain compliance with the market value requirement or otherwise maintain compliance with the other NYSE Arca listing requirements. See “Risk Factors - Other Risks” - “NYSE Arca may halt trading in the Fund’s shares, which would adversely impact an investor’s ability to sell shares” and “A Fund could terminate at any time and cause the liquidation and potential loss of an investor’s investment and could upset the overall maturity and timing of an investor’s investment portfolio” in this prospectus.
| 1 |
The Sponsor is also the general partner of the United States Oil Fund, LP (“USO”), the United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNG”), the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”) and the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”), which listed their limited partnership shares on the American Stock Exchange (the “AMEX”) under the ticker symbols “USO” on April 10, 2006, “UNG” on April 18, 2007, “USL” on December 6, 2007 and “UGA” on February 26, 2008, respectively. As a result of the acquisition of the AMEX by NYSE Euronext, each of USO’s, UNG’s, USL’s and UGA’s shares commenced trading on the NYSE Arca on November 25, 2008. USCF is also the general partner of the United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”) and the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”), which listed their limited partnership shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbols “UNL” on November 18, 2009 and “BNO” on June 2, 2010, respectively. USCF previously served as the general partner for the United States Short Oil Fund, LP (“DNO”) and the United States Diesel-Heating Oil Fund, LP (“UHN”), both of which were liquidated in 2018.
USCF is also the sponsor of the United States Commodity Index Funds Trust, a Delaware statutory trust, and each of its series, the United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”), the United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”) and the United States Agriculture Index Fund (“USAG”), which liquidated in 2018. USCI and CPER listed their shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbols “USCI” on August 10, 2010 and “CPER” on November 15, 2011, respectively.
All funds listed previously, other than USAG, DNO and UHN, are referred to collectively herein as the “Related Public Funds.”
The Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategy
The investment objective of the Fund is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily change in percentage terms of the price of a specified short-term futures contract on light, sweet crude oil (the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract”) less the Fund’s expenses. To achieve this objective, USCF will endeavor to have the notional value of the Fund’s aggregate short exposure to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract at the close of each trading day approximately equal to 300% of the Fund’s NAV. The Fund seeks a return that is -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a single day and does not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than one day. The pursuit of daily inverse leveraged investment goals means that the return of the Fund for a period longer than a full trading day may have no resemblance to -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a period of longer than a full trading day because the aggregate return of the Fund is the product of the series of each trading day’s daily returns.
What Is the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract”?
The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the futures contract on light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”), traded under the trading symbol “CL” (for WTI Crude Oil futures), that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be the futures contract that is the next month contract to expire.
How Does the Fund Intend to Meet Its Investment Objectives?
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing in short positions in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Oil Futures Contracts”).
The Fund will, to a lesser extent and in view of regulatory requirements and/or market conditions:
| (i) | next invest in (a) cleared swap transactions based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, (b) non-exchange traded (“over-the-counter” or “OTC”), negotiated swap contracts that are based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, and (c) forward contracts for oil; |
| (ii) | followed by investments in short positions in futures contracts for other types of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels, each of which are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges as well as cleared swap transactions and OTC swap contracts valued based on the foregoing; and |
| (iii) | finally, invest in exchange-traded cash settled options on Oil Futures Contracts. |
All such other investments are referred to as “Other Oil-Related Investments” and, together with Oil Futures Contracts, are “Oil Interests.”
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For the Fund to maintain a consistent 300% return versus short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, the Fund’s holdings must be rebalanced on a daily basis by selling additional Oil Interests or buying Oil Interests for which it holds short positions. Such rebalancing occurs generally before or at the close of trading of the shares on the exchange, at or as near as possible to that day’s settlement price, and is disclosed on the Fund’s website as pending trades before the opening of trading on the exchange the next business day and is taken into account in the Fund’s intra-day Indicative Fund Value and reflected in the Fund’s end of day NAV on that business day.
To the extent the Fund invests in Oil Futures Contracts other than the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract or Other Oil-Related Investments, it will invest in futures, cleared and non-cleared swaps, and call and put options to hedge the short-term price movements of such Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments against the price movements of the current Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For example, if the Fund invested in diesel-heating oil futures contracts, it may also enter into a swap or forward contract that is valued based on the difference between the short positions in the diesel-heating oil futures contract and short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract so that the investment in the diesel-heating oil futures contracts together with such swap would provide a return that more closely matches the movements in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
USCF currently anticipates that regulatory requirements such as accountability levels set by exchanges or position limits set by exchanges or by other regulators, such as the CFTC, and market conditions including those allowing the Fund to obtain greater liquidity or to execute transactions with more favorable pricing, could cause the Fund to invest in Other Oil-Related Investments.
The Fund supports its investments by holding the amounts of its margin, collateral and other requirements relating to these obligations in short-term obligations of the United States of two years or less (“Treasuries”), cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are short-term instruments with maturities of less than three months and shall include the following: (i) certificates of deposit issued against funds deposited in a bank or savings and loan association; (ii) bankers’ acceptances, which are short-term credit instruments used to finance commercial transactions; (iii) repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements; (iv) bank time deposits, which are monies kept on deposit with banks or savings and loan associations for a stated period of time at a fixed rate of interest; (v) commercial paper, which are short-term unsecured promissory notes; and (vi) money market funds.
The Fund may invest in money market funds, as well as Treasuries, as an investment for assets not used for margin or collateral in the Oil Interests. The majority of the Fund’s assets are held in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents with the Custodian.
The Fund seeks to invest in a combination of Oil Interests such that the daily changes in its NAV, measured in percentage terms, less the Fund’s expenses, track three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, also measured in percentage terms. As a specific benchmark, USCF endeavors to place the Fund’s trades in Oil Interests and otherwise manage the Fund’s investments so that the difference between “A” and “B” will be plus/minus 0.30 percent (0.30%) of “B”, where:
| • | A is the average daily percentage change in the Fund’s per share NAV for any period of thirty (30) successive valuation days, i.e., any NYSE trading day as of which the Fund calculates its per share NAV, less the Fund’s expenses; and |
| • | B is three times the inverse of the average daily percentage change in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over the same period. |
The design of the Fund’s Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is such that every month it begins by using the near month contract to expire until the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, when, over a four day period, it transitions to the next month contract to expire as its benchmark contract and keeps that contract as its benchmark until it becomes the near month contract and close to expiration. In the event of a crude oil futures market where near month contracts trade at a higher price than next month to expire contracts (“backwardation”), then, absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices, the value of the benchmark contract would tend to rise as it approaches expiration. Conversely, in the event of a crude oil futures market where near month contracts trade at a lower price than next month contracts (“contango”), then, absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices, the value of the benchmark contract would tend to decline as it approaches expiration.
USCF believes that market arbitrage opportunities will cause daily changes in the Fund’s share price on the NYSE on a percentage basis, to closely track the daily changes in the Fund’s per share NAV on a percentage basis. The Fund does not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than one day. The pursuit of daily inverse leveraged investment goals means that the return of the Fund for a period longer than a full trading day may have no resemblance to -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a period of longer than a full trading day because the aggregate return of the Fund is the product of the series of each trading day’s daily returns. During periods of market volatility, the volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may affect the Fund’s return as much as or more than the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Further, the return for investors that invest for periods less than a full trading day or for a period different than a trading day will not be the product of the return of the Fund’s stated investment objective and the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the full trading day. Additionally, investors should be aware that the Fund’s investment objective is not for its NAV or market price of shares to equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of light, sweet crude oil or to track the inverse performance thereof. Natural market forces called contango and backwardation can impact the total return on an investment in the Fund’s shares relative to a hypothetical direct investment in crude oil and, in the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of the Fund’s shares and changes in the spot prices of light, sweet crude oil will continue to be so impacted by contango and backwardation. (It is important to note that the disclosure above ignores the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing crude oil, which could be substantial.)
| 3 |
Principal Investment Risks of an Investment in the Fund
An investment in the Fund involves a degree of risk. Some of the risks you may face are summarized below. A more extensive discussion of these risks appears beginning on page 6.
Investment Risk
Investors may choose to use the Fund as a means of indirectly taking a short position in crude oil. There are significant risks and hazards inherent in the crude oil industry that may cause the price of crude oil to widely fluctuate.
Correlation Risk
To the extent that investors use the Fund as a means of indirectly taking a short position in crude oil, there is the risk that the daily changes in the price of the Fund’s shares on the NYSE on a percentage basis, will not closely track the inverse of the daily changes in the spot price of light, sweet crude oil on a percentage basis. This could happen if the price of shares traded on the NYSE does not correlate closely with the value of the Fund’s NAV; the changes in the Fund’s NAV do not inversely correlate closely with the changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract; or the changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract do not closely correlate with the changes in the cash or spot price of crude oil. This is a risk because if these correlations do not exist, then investors may not be able to use the Fund as a cost-effective way to indirectly take a short interest in crude oil or as a hedge against the risk of loss in crude oil-related transactions.
The price relationship between the near month contract to expire and the next month contract to expire that compose the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract will vary and may impact both the total return over time of the Fund’s NAV, as well as the degree to which its total return tracks other crude oil price indices’ total returns. In cases of contango, then absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices the value of the benchmark contract would tend to decline as it approaches expiration. In cases of backwardation, then absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices the value of the benchmark contract would tend to rise as it approaches expiration.
Compounding Risk
The Fund has a single-day investment objective. Because of daily rebalancing and the compounding of each day’s return over time, the return of the Fund for periods longer than a single day will be the result of each day’s returns compounded over the period, which will very likely differ from -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over the same period. The Fund may lose money if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract performance is flat over time, and as a result of daily rebalancing, the volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and the effects of compounding, it is even possible that the Fund will lose money over time while the level of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract decreases.
The Fund is designed to be utilized only by knowledgeable investors who understand the potential consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results and are willing to monitor their portfolios frequently. The Fund is not intended to be used by, and is not appropriate for, investors who do not intend to actively monitor and manage their portfolios.
Tax Risk
The Fund is organized and operated as a series of a Delaware statutory trust, in accordance with the provisions of its Trust Agreement and applicable state law, but is taxed in a manner similar to a limited partnership and therefore, has a more complex tax treatment than conventional mutual funds.
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Over-the-Counter (“OTC”) Contract Risk
The Fund may also invest in negotiated “OTC” contracts, which are not as liquid as exchange-traded futures contracts. OTC contracts expose the Fund to the risk that the Fund’s counterparty may not be able to satisfy its obligations to the Fund.
Other Risks
Shareholders will lose money when the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract rises – a result that is the opposite from traditional funds.
The Fund pays fees and expenses that are incurred regardless of whether it is profitable.
Unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or other investment pools that manage their investments in an attempt to realize income and gains and distribute such income and gains to their investors, the Fund generally does not distribute cash to limited partners or other shareholders. You should not invest in the Fund if you will need cash distributions from the Fund to pay taxes on your share of income and gains of the Fund, if any, or for any other reason.
The Fund has a limited operating history, so there is limited performance history to serve as a basis for you to evaluate an investment in the Fund.
You will have no rights to participate in the management of the Fund and will have to rely on the duties and judgment of USCF to manage the Fund.
The Fund is subject to actual and potential inherent conflicts involving USCF, the Marketing Agent, various commodity futures brokers and “Authorized Participants,” the institutional firms that directly purchase and redeem shares in basket. USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. USCF’s personnel are directors, officers or employees of other entities that may compete with the Fund for their services, including other commodity pools (funds) that USCF manages. USCF could have a conflict between its responsibilities to the Fund and to those other entities. As a result of these and other relationships, parties involved with the Fund have a financial incentive to act in a manner other than in the best interest of the Fund and the shareholders.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund. You should note that you may pay brokerage fees on purchases and sales of the Fund’s shares, which are not reflected in the table. Authorized Participants will pay applicable creation and redemption fees. See “Creation and Redemption of Shares—Creation and Redemption Transaction Fee,” page 85.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
| Fees and Expenses | ||||
| Management Fee(1) | 0.95 | % | ||
| Brokerage Fees | 0.70 | % | ||
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 1.65 | % | ||
| (1) | Based on amounts for the year ended December 31, 2018. The individual expense amounts in dollar terms are shown in the table below. |
| Management Fees | $ | 12,206 | ||
| Brokerage commissions | $ | 8,980 |
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These amounts are based on the Fund’s average total net assets, which are the sum of daily total net assets of the Fund divided by the number of calendar days in the year. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund’s average total net assets were $1,284,877. |
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RISK FACTORS INVOLVED WITH AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUND
You should consider carefully the risks described below before making an investment decision. You should also refer to the other information included in this prospectus as well as information found in our periodic reports, which includes the Trust’s and the Fund’s financial statements and related notes.
Risks Related to Leveraged Investments
Due to the compounding of daily returns, the Fund’s returns over periods longer than a single day will likely differ in amount and possibly even direction from the Fund multiple times the benchmark return for the period.
The investment objective of the Fund is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its per share NAV to reflect three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily change in percentage terms of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund seeks investment results for a single day only, as measured from NAV calculation time to NAV calculation time, and not for any other period. The return of the Fund for a period longer than a single day is the result of its return for each day compounded over the period, and usually will differ from three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the same period. The Fund could lose money over time regardless of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, including as a result of daily rebalancing, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s volatility, and compounding. Longer holding periods, higher volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, inverse exposure and greater leverage each affect the impact of compounding on the Fund’s returns. Daily compounding of the Fund’s investment returns can dramatically and adversely affect its longer-term performance during periods of high volatility. Volatility may be at least as important to the Fund’s return for a period as the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The Fund uses leverage and should produce returns for a single day that are more volatile than that of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For example, the return for a single day should be approximately three times as volatile for a single day as the return of a fund with an objective of inversely tracking the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and present different risks than other funds. The Fund uses leverage and is riskier than similarly benchmarked exchange-traded funds that do not use leverage. An investor should only consider an investment in the Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results for a single day. Daily objective inverse leveraged funds, if used properly and in conjunction with the investor’s view on the future direction and volatility of the markets, can be useful tools for investors who want to manage their exposure to various markets and market segments and who are willing to monitor and/or periodically rebalance their portfolios. Shareholders who invest in the Fund should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily.
In general, during periods of higher volatility for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, compounding will cause the Fund’s results for periods longer than a single day to be less than three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. This effect becomes more pronounced as volatility increases. Conversely, in periods of lower volatility for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract (particularly when combined with higher returns for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract), the Fund’s returns over longer periods can be higher than three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Actual results for a particular period, before fees and expenses, are also dependent on the magnitude of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract in addition to the volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The significance of these effects may be even greater with inverse leveraged funds, such as the Fund.
Intraday Price/Performance Risk.
The Fund is typically rebalanced at or about the time of its NAV calculation. As such, the intraday position of the Fund will generally be different from the Fund’s stated daily investment objective (i.e., -3x). When shares are bought intraday, the performance of the Fund’s shares until the Fund’s next NAV calculation will generally be greater than or less than the Fund’s stated daily inverse multiple.
The use of inverse leveraged positions could result in the total loss of an investor’s investment.
The Fund utilizes leverage in seeking to achieve its investment objective and will lose more money in market environments adverse to its respective daily investment objectives than funds that do not employ leverage. The use of leveraged positions could result in the total loss of an investor’s investment.
For example, because the investment objective of the Fund is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its per share NAV to reflect three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily change in percentage terms of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, a single-day movement in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract approaching 33% at any point in the day could result in the total loss or almost total loss of an investor’s investment if that movement is contrary to the investment objective of the Fund, even if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract subsequently moves in an opposite direction, eliminating all or a portion of the movement. This would be the case with upward single-day or intraday movements in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, even if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract maintains a level greater than zero at all times.
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The NAV of the Fund’s shares relates inversely to the value of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts and other assets held by the Fund and fluctuations in the prices of these assets could materially adversely affect an investment in the Fund’s shares. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of futures results; all or substantially all of an investment in the Fund could be lost.
The net assets of the Fund consist primarily of short positions in Oil Futures Contracts and, to a lesser extent, in Other Oil-Related Investments. The NAV of the Fund’s shares relates directly to the value of these assets (less liabilities, including accrued but unpaid expenses), which in turn relates to the price of light, sweet crude oil in the marketplace. Crude oil prices depend on local, regional and global events or conditions that affect supply and demand for oil.
Economic conditions impacting crude oil. The demand for crude oil correlates closely with general economic growth rates. The occurrence of recessions or other periods of low or negative economic growth will typically have a direct adverse impact on crude oil prices. Other factors that affect general economic conditions in the world or in a major region, such as changes in population growth rates, periods of civil unrest, government austerity programs, or currency exchange rate fluctuations, can also impact the demand for crude oil. Sovereign debt downgrades, defaults, inability to access debt markets due to credit or legal constraints, liquidity crises, the breakup or restructuring of fiscal, monetary, or political systems such as the European Union, and other events or conditions that impair the functioning of financial markets and institutions also may adversely impact the demand for crude oil.
Other crude oil demand-related factors. Other factors that may affect the demand for crude oil and therefore its price, include technological improvements in energy efficiency; seasonal weather patterns, which affect the demand for crude oil associated with heating and cooling; increased competitiveness of alternative energy sources that have so far generally not been competitive with oil without the benefit of government subsidies or mandates; and changes in technology or consumer preferences that alter fuel choices, such as toward alternative fueled vehicles.
Other crude oil supply-related factors. Crude oil prices also vary depending on a number of factors affecting supply. For example, increased supply from the development of new oil supply sources and technologies to enhance recovery from existing sources tends to reduce crude oil prices to the extent such supply increases are not offset by commensurate growth in demand. Similarly, increases in industry refining or petrochemical manufacturing capacity may impact the supply of crude oil. World oil supply levels can also be affected by factors that reduce available supplies, such as adherence by member countries to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) production quotas and the occurrence of wars, hostile actions, natural disasters, disruptions in competitors’ operations, or unexpected unavailability of distribution channels that may disrupt supplies. Technological change can also alter the relative costs for companies in the petroleum industry to find, produce, and refine oil and to manufacture petrochemicals, which in turn may affect the supply of and demand for oil.
Other factors impacting the crude oil market. The supply of and demand for crude oil may also be impacted by changes in interest rates, inflation, and other local or regional market conditions, as well as by the development of alternative energy sources.
Price Volatility May Possibly Cause the Total Loss of Your Investment. Futures contracts have a high degree of price variability and are subject to occasional rapid and substantial changes. Consequently, you could lose all or substantially all of your investment in the Fund.
Because USCF will “roll” the Fund’s positions in Oil Interests, it may be subject to the potential negative impact from rolling futures positions.
USCF will “roll” the Fund’s positions in Oil Interests and, as a result, is subject to risks related to rolling. The contractual obligations of a buyer or seller holding a futures contract to expiration may generally be satisfied by settling in cash as designated in the contract specifications. Alternatively, futures contracts may be closed out prior to expiration by making an offsetting sale or purchase of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange before the designated date of settlement. Once this date is reached, the futures contract “expires.” As the futures contracts held by the Fund near expiration, they are generally closed out and replaced by contracts with a later expiration. This process is referred to as “rolling.” The Fund does not intend to hold futures contracts through expiration, but instead to “roll” its positions.
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When the market for these contracts is such that the prices are higher in the more distant delivery months than in the nearer delivery months, the sale during the course of the “rolling process” of the more nearby contract would take place at a price that is lower than the price of the more distant contract. This pattern of higher futures prices for longer expiration futures contracts is often referred to as “contango.” Alternatively, when the market for these contracts is such that the prices are higher in the nearer months than in the more distant months, the sale during the course of the “rolling process” of the more nearby contract would take place at a price that is higher than the price of the more distant contract. This pattern of higher futures prices for shorter expiration futures contracts is referred to as “backwardation.”
The presence of contango in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract at the time of rolling would be expected to positively affect the Fund’s position, and the presence of backwardation in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract at the time of rolling such contracts would be expected to adversely affect the Fund’s position.
There have been extended periods in which contango or backwardation has existed in the futures contract markets for various types of futures contracts, and such periods can be expected to occur in the future. These extended periods have in the past and can in the future cause significant losses for the Fund, and the periods can have as much or more impact over time than movements in the level of the Fund’s Benchmark Oil Futures Contract Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.
An investment in the Fund may provide little or no diversification benefits. Thus, in a declining market, the Fund may have no gains to offset losses from other investments, and an investor may suffer losses on an investment in the Fund while incurring losses with respect to other asset classes.
Historically, Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments have generally been non-correlated to the performance of other asset classes such as stocks and bonds. Non-correlation means that there is a low statistically valid relationship between the performance of futures and other commodity interest transactions, on the one hand, and stocks or bonds, on the other hand.
However, there can be no assurance that such non-correlation will continue during future periods. If, contrary to historic patterns, the Fund’s performance were to move in the same general direction as the financial markets, investors will obtain little or no diversification benefits from an investment in the Fund’s shares. In such a case, the Fund may have no gains to offset losses from other investments, and investors may suffer losses on their investment in the Fund at the same time they incur losses with respect to other investments.
Variables such as drought, floods, weather, embargoes, tariffs and other political events may have a larger impact on crude oil prices and crude oil-linked instruments, including Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments, than on traditional securities. These additional variables may create additional investment risks that subject the Fund’s investments to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities.
Non-correlation should not be confused with negative correlation, where the performance of two asset classes would be opposite of each other. There is no historical evidence that the spot price of crude oil and prices of other financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, are negatively correlated. In the absence of negative correlation, the Fund cannot be expected to be automatically profitable during favorable periods for the stock market, or vice versa.
Historical performance of the Fund and the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is not indicative of future performance.
Past performance of the Fund or the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is not necessarily indicative of future results. Therefore, past performance of the Fund or the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract should not be relied upon in deciding whether to buy shares of the Fund.
Investors purchasing shares to hedge against movements in the price of crude oil will have an efficient hedge only if the price investors pay for their shares closely correlates, on an inverse basis, with the price of crude oil. Investing in the Fund’s shares for hedging purposes involves the following risks:
| • | The market price at which the investor buys or sells shares may be significantly less or more than NAV. |
| • | Daily percentage changes in NAV may not closely correlate with daily percentage changes, on an inverse leveraged basis, in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. |
| • | Daily percentage changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may not closely correlate with daily percentage changes in the price of light, sweet crude oil. |
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Further, in order to achieve a high degree of inverse correlation with the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, the Fund seeks to rebalance its portfolios daily to keep exposure consistent with its investment objectives. Being materially under- or overexposed to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may prevent the Fund from achieving a high degree of inverse correlation with the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Market disruptions or closures, large amounts of assets into or out of the Fund, regulatory restrictions or extreme market volatility will adversely affect the Fund’s ability to adjust exposure to requisite levels. The target amount of portfolio exposure is impacted dynamically by the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s movements during each day. Because of this, it is unlikely that the Fund will be perfectly exposed (i.e., -3x) at the end of each day, and the likelihood of being materially under- or overexposed is higher on days when the benchmark levels are volatile near the close of the trading day.
In addition, unlike other funds that do not rebalance their portfolios as frequently, the Fund may be subject to increased trading costs associated with daily portfolio rebalancing in order to maintain appropriate exposure to the underlying benchmarks. Such costs include commissions paid to the FCMs, and may vary by FCM.
The market price at which investors buy or sell shares may be significantly less or more than NAV.
The Fund’s NAV per share will change throughout the day as fluctuations occur in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio investments. The public trading price at which an investor buys or sells shares during the day from their broker may be different from the NAV of the shares. Price differences may relate primarily to supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for shares that are closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the light, sweet crude oil and the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract at any point in time. USCF expects that exploitation of certain arbitrage opportunities by “Authorized Participants,” the institutional firms that directly purchase and redeem shares in blocks of 50,000 shares (“Creation Baskets” and “Redemption Baskets” respectively, together, “baskets”), and their clients and customers will tend to cause the public trading price to track NAV per share closely over time, but there can be no assurance of that.
The NAV of the Fund’s shares may also be influenced by non-concurrent trading hours between the NYSE and the various futures exchanges on which crude oil is traded. While the shares trade on the NYSE from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, the trading hours for the futures exchanges on which light, sweet crude oil trade may not necessarily coincide during all of this time. For example, while the shares trade on the NYSE until 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, liquidity in the global light sweet crude market will be reduced after the close of the NYMEX at 2:30 p.m. Eastern Time. As a result, during periods when the NYSE is open and the futures exchanges on which light, sweet crude oil is traded are closed, trading spreads and the resulting premium or discount on the shares may widen and, therefore, increase the difference between the price of the shares and the NAV of the shares.
Daily percentage changes in the Fund’s NAV may not correlate with daily percentage changes, on an inverse leveraged basis, in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
It is possible that the daily percentage changes in the Fund’s NAV per share may not closely correlate, on an inverse leveraged basis, to daily percentage changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Non-correlation may be attributable to disruptions in the market for light, sweet crude oil, the imposition of position or accountability limits by regulators or exchanges, or other extraordinary circumstances. As the Fund approaches or reaches position limits with respect to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and other Oil Futures Contracts or in view of market conditions, the Fund may begin investing in Other Oil-Related Investments. In addition, the Fund is not able to replicate exactly the changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract because the total return generated by the Fund is reduced by expenses and transaction costs, including those incurred in connection with the Fund’s trading activities, and increased by interest income from the Fund’s holdings of Treasuries (defined below). Tracking the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract requires trading of the Fund’s portfolio with a view to tracking the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over time and is dependent upon the skills of USCF and its trading principals, among other factors.
Daily percentage changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may not correlate with daily percentage changes in the spot price of light, sweet crude oil.
The correlation between changes in prices of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and the spot price of crude oil may at times be only approximate. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends upon circumstances such as variations in the speculative oil market, supply of and demand for Oil Futures Contracts (including the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract) and Other Oil-Related Investments, and technical influences in oil futures trading.
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Natural forces in the oil futures market known as “backwardation” and “contango” may increase the Fund’s tracking error and/or negatively impact total return.
The design of the Fund’s Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is such that every month it begins by using the near month contract to expire until the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, when, over a four day period, it transitions to the next month contract to expire as its benchmark contract and keeps that contract as its benchmark until it becomes the near month contract and close to expiration. In the event of a crude oil futures market where near month contracts trade at a higher price than next month to expire contracts, a situation described as “backwardation” in the futures market, then absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices the value of the benchmark contract would tend to rise as it approaches expiration. Conversely, in the event of a crude oil futures market where near month contracts trade at a lower price than next month contracts, a situation described as “contango” in the futures market, then absent the impact of the overall movement in crude oil prices the value of the benchmark contract would tend to decline as it approaches expiration. When compared to total return of other price indices, such as the spot price of crude oil, the impact of backwardation and contango may cause the total return of the Fund’s per share NAV to vary significantly. Moreover, absent the impact of rising or falling oil prices, a prolonged period of backwardation could have a significant negative impact on the Fund’s per share NAV and total return and investors could lose part or all of their investment. See “Additional Information About the Fund, its Investment Objective and Investments” for a discussion of the potential effects of contango and backwardation.
Accountability levels, position limits, and daily price fluctuation limits set by the exchanges have the potential to cause tracking error, which could cause the price of shares to substantially vary from the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
Designated contract markets, such as the NYMEX and ICE Futures Europe have established accountability levels and position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which an investment by the Fund is not) may hold, own or control. These levels and position limits apply to the futures contracts that the Fund invests in to meet its investment objective. In addition to accountability levels and position limits, the NYMEX and ICE Futures Europe also set daily price limits on futures contracts. The daily price fluctuation limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price. Once the daily price fluctuation limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.
The accountability levels for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and other Oil Futures Contracts traded on U.S.-based futures exchanges, such as the NYMEX, are not a fixed ceiling, but rather a threshold above which the NYMEX may exercise greater scrutiny and control over an investor’s positions. The current accountability level for investments for any one-month in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is 10,000 contracts and the all month accountability level is 20,000 contracts. The current ICE Futures Europe accountability level for any one month in the ICE WTI Crude Futures Contract (the most comparable future to the Benchmark Oil Futures contract) is 10,000 contracts and the all month accountability level is 20,000 contracts. If the Fund and the Related Public Funds exceed these accountability levels for investments in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts, the NYMEX and ICE Futures Europe will monitor such exposure and may ask for further information on their activities, including the total size of all positions, investment and trading strategy, and the extent of liquidity resources of the Fund and the Related Public Funds. If deemed necessary by the NYMEX and/or ICE Futures Europe, The Fund could be ordered to reduce its aggregate net futures contracts back to the accountability level. At this time, given the size of the oil futures market, it is unlikely that a fund or its Related Public Fund will exceed the above accountability levels.
Position limits differ from accountability levels in that they represent fixed limits on the maximum number of futures contracts that any person may hold and cannot allow such limits to be exceeded without express CFTC authority to do so. In addition to accountability levels and position limits that may apply at any time, the NYMEX and ICE Futures Europe impose position limits on contracts held in the last few days of trading in the near month contract to expire. The relevant exchange current spot limit for the Benchmark Oil futures Contract and the ICE WTI Crude Oil futures contract is 3,000 contracts. It is unlikely that the Fund will run up against such position limits because the Fund’s investment strategy is to close out its positions and “roll” from the near month contract to expire to the next month contract during a four-day period beginning two weeks from expiration of the contract.
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The CFTC has proposed to adopt limits on speculative positions in certain physical commodity futures and option contracts related to such futures as well as swaps that are economically equivalent to such contract futures (including energy contracts, such as the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts (the “Position Limit Rules”). The Position Limit Rules would, among other things: identify which contracts are subject to speculative position limits; set thresholds that restrict the size of speculative positions that a person may hold in the spot month, other individual months, and all months combined; create an exemption for positions that constitute bona fide hedging transactions; impose responsibilities on designated contract markets (“DCMs”) and swap execution facilities (“SEFs”) to establish position limits or, in some cases, position accountability rules; and apply to both futures and swaps across four relevant venues: OTC, DCMs, SEFs as well as certain non-U.S. located platforms. The CFTC’s first attempt at finalizing the Position Limit Rules, in 2011, was successfully challenged by market participants in 2012 and, since then, the CFTC has reproposed them and solicited comments from market participants multiple times. At this time, it is unclear how the Position Limit Rules may affect the Fund, but the effect may be substantial and adverse. By way of example, the Position Limit Rules may negatively impact the ability of the Fund to meet its investment objectives through limits that may inhibit USCF’s ability to sell additional Creation Baskets of the Fund.
Until such time as the Position Limit Rules are adopted, the regulatory architecture in effect prior to the adoption of the Position Limit Rules will govern transactions in commodities and related derivatives. Under that system, the CFTC enforces federal limits on speculation in nine agricultural products (e.g., corn, wheat and soy), while futures exchanges establish and enforce position limits and accountability levels for other agricultural products and certain energy products (e.g., oil and natural gas). As a result, the Fund may be limited with respect to the size of its investments in any commodities subject to these limits.
Under existing and recently adopted CFTC regulations, for the purposes of position limits, a market participant is generally required, subject to certain narrow exceptions, to aggregate all positions for which that participant controls the trading decisions with all positions for which that participant has a 10 percent or greater ownership interest in an account or position, as well as the positions of two or more persons acting pursuant to an express or implied agreement or understanding with that market participant (the “Aggregation Rules”). The Aggregation Rules will also apply to the Position Limit Rules if and when such Position Limit Rules are adopted.
All of these limits may potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the Fund’s shares and the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. This may in turn prevent investors from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against crude oil-related losses or as a way to indirectly take a short position in crude oil.
The Fund has not limited the size of its offering and is committed to utilizing substantially all of its proceeds to take short positions in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments. If the Fund encounters accountability levels, position limits, or price fluctuation limits for Oil Futures Contracts on the NYMEX or ICE Futures Europe, it may then, if permitted under applicable regulatory requirements, take short positions in Oil Futures Contracts on other exchanges that trade listed crude oil futures or enter into swaps or other transactions to meet its investment objective. In addition, if the Fund exceeds accountability levels on either the NYMEX or ICE Futures Europe and is required by such exchanges to reduce its holdings, such reduction could potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the Fund’s shares and the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
An investor’s tax liability may exceed the amount of distributions, if any, on its shares.
Cash or property will be distributed at the sole discretion of USCF. USCF does not currently intend to make cash or other distributions with respect to shares. Investors will be required to pay U.S. federal income tax and, in some cases, state, local, or foreign income tax, on their allocable share of the Fund’s taxable income, without regard to whether they receive distributions or the amount of any distributions. Therefore, the tax liability of an investor with respect to its shares may exceed the amount of cash or value of property (if any) distributed.
An investor’s allocable share of taxable income or loss may differ from its economic income or loss on its shares.
Due to the application of the assumptions and conventions applied by the Fund in making allocations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and other factors, an investor’s allocable share of the Fund’s income, gain, deduction or loss may be different than its economic profit or loss from its shares for a taxable year. This difference could be temporary or permanent and, if permanent, could result in it being taxed on amounts in excess of its economic income.
Items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to shares could be reallocated, and the Fund could be liable for U.S. federal income tax, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) does not accept the assumptions and conventions applied by the Fund in allocating those items, with potential adverse consequences for an investor.
The U.S. tax rules pertaining to entities taxed as partnerships are complex and their application to large, publicly traded entities such as the Fund is in many respects uncertain. The Fund applies certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with the intent of the applicable rules and to report taxable income, gains, deductions, losses and credits in a manner that properly reflects shareholders’ economic gains and losses. These assumptions and conventions may not fully comply with all aspects of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and applicable Treasury Regulations, however, and it is possible that the IRS will successfully challenge the Fund’s allocation methods and require the Fund to reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss or credit in a manner that adversely affects investors.
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The Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax on any “imputed understatement” of tax resulting from an adjustment as a result of an IRS audit. The amount of the imputed understatement generally includes increases in allocations of items of income or gains to any investor and decreases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor without any offset for any corresponding reductions in allocations of items of income or gain to any investor or increases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor. If the Fund is required to pay any U.S. federal income taxes on any imputed understatement, the resulting tax liability would reduce the net assets of the Fund and would likely have an adverse impact on the value of the shares. Under certain circumstances, the Fund may be eligible to make an election to cause the investors to take into account the amount of any imputed understatement, including any interest and penalties. The ability of a publicly traded partnership such as the Fund to make this election is uncertain. If the election is made, the Fund would be required to provide investors who owned beneficial interests in the shares in the year to which the adjusted allocations relate with a statement setting forth their proportionate shares of the adjustment (“Adjusted K-1s”). The investors would be required to take the adjustment into account in the taxable year in which the Adjusted K-1s are issued. For an additional discussion please see “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations – Other Tax Matters.”
The Fund could be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may substantially reduce the value of the shares.
The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has received an opinion of counsel that, under current U.S. federal income tax laws, the Fund will be treated as a partnership that is not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, provided that (i) at least 90 percent of the Fund’s annual gross income consists of “qualifying income” as defined in the Code, (ii) the Trust and the Fund is organized and operated in accordance with its governing agreements and applicable law and (iii) the Trust and the Fund does not elect to be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although USCF anticipates that the Fund will satisfy the “qualifying income” requirement for all of its taxable years, that result cannot be assured. The Fund has not requested and nor will the Fund request any ruling from the IRS with respect to its classification as a partnership not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to successfully assert that the Fund is taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year, rather than passing through its income, gains, losses and deductions proportionately to shareholders, the Fund would be subject to tax on its net income for the year at corporate tax rates. In addition, although the Fund currently does not intend to make any distributions with respect to the shares any distributions would be taxable to shareholders as dividend income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Subject to holding period and other requirements, any such dividend would be a qualifying dividend subject to U.S. federal income tax at the lower maximum tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains. Taxation of the Trust and the Fund as a corporation could materially reduce the after-tax return on an investment in shares and could substantially reduce the value of the shares.
The Fund is organized and operated as a Delaware statutory trust in accordance with the provisions of its Trust Agreement and applicable state law, but is taxed in a manner similar to a limited partnership, and therefore, has a more complex tax treatment than conventional mutual funds.
The Fund is organized and operated as a Delaware statutory trust in accordance with the provisions of its Trust Agreement and applicable state law, but is taxed in a manner similar to a limited partnership, and therefore, has a more complex tax treatment than conventional mutual funds. No U.S. federal income tax is paid by the Fund on its income. Instead, the Fund will furnish shareholders each year with tax information on IRS Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) and each U.S. shareholder is required to report on its U.S. federal income tax return its allocable share of the income, gain, loss and deduction of the Fund. This must be reported without regard to the amount (if any) of cash or property the shareholder receives as a distribution from the Fund during the taxable year. A shareholder, therefore, may be allocated income or gain by the Fund but receive no cash distribution with which to pay the tax liability resulting from the allocation, or may receive a distribution that is insufficient to pay such liability.
In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, shareholders may be subject to other taxes, such as state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes, business franchise taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that may be imposed by the various jurisdictions in which the Fund does business or owns property or where the shareholders reside. Although an analysis of those various taxes is not presented here, each prospective shareholder should consider their potential impact on its investment in the Fund. It is each shareholder’s responsibility to file the appropriate U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax returns.
| 12 |
If the Fund is required to withhold tax with respect to any Non-U.S. shareholders, the cost of such withholding may be borne by all shareholders.
Under certain circumstances, the Fund may be required to pay withholding tax with respect to allocations to Non-U.S. shareholders. Although the Trust Agreement provides that any such withholding will be treated as being distributed to the Non-U.S. shareholder, the Fund may not be able to cause the economic cost of such withholding to be borne by the Non-U.S. shareholder on whose behalf such amounts were withheld since the Fund does not intend to make any distributions. Under such circumstances, the economic cost of the withholding may be borne by all shareholders, not just the shareholders on whose behalf such amounts were withheld. This could have a material impact on the value of the shares.
The impact of U.S. tax reform on the Fund is uncertain.
On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, the bill formerly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”), was signed into law. The Tax Act substantially alters the U.S. federal tax system in a variety of ways, including significant changes to the taxation of business entities, the deductibility of interest expense, and the tax treatment of capital investment. We cannot predict with certainty how any changes in the tax laws might affect the U.S. economy or the demand for and the price of commodities. As a result, it is possible that the Tax Act, as well as any U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions interpreting the Tax Act and any future legislation related to tax reform, could have unexpected or negative impacts on the Fund and some or all of its shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult with their tax advisor regarding tax legislative, regulatory, or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in the Fund.
The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to counterparties to OTC contracts entered into by the Trust on behalf of the Fund or held by special purpose or structured vehicles.
The Fund faces the risk of non-performance by the counterparties to the OTC contracts. Unlike in futures contracts, the counterparty to these contracts is generally a single bank or other financial institution, rather than a clearing organization backed by a group of financial institutions. As a result, there will be greater counterparty credit risk in these transactions. A counterparty may not be able to meet its obligations to the Fund, in which case the Fund could suffer significant losses on these contracts.
If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Trust on behalf of the Fund may obtain only limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.
Valuing OTC derivatives may be less certain than actively traded financial instruments.
In general, valuing OTC derivatives is less certain than valuing actively traded financial instruments such as exchange traded futures contracts and securities or cleared swaps because the price and terms on which such OTC derivatives are entered into or can be terminated are individually negotiated, and those prices and terms may not reflect the best price or terms available from other sources. In addition, while market makers and dealers generally quote indicative prices or terms for entering into or terminating OTC contracts, they typically are not contractually obligated to do so, particularly if they are not a party to the transaction. As a result, it may be difficult to obtain an independent value for an outstanding OTC derivatives transaction.
The Fund has a single-day investment objective, and the Fund’s performance for periods greater than a single day will be the result of each day’s returns compounded over the period, which is likely to be either better or worse than the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract times the stated inverse multiple in the Fund’s investment objective, before accounting for fees and expenses. Compounding affects all investments, but it has a more significant effect on a leveraged fund. Particularly during periods of higher Benchmark Oil Futures Contract volatility, compounding will cause results for periods longer than a single day to vary from three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. This effect becomes more pronounced as volatility increases. Fund performance for periods greater than a single day will be affected by the following factors: (i) Benchmark Oil Futures Contract volatility, (ii) Benchmark Oil Futures Contract performance, (iii) period of time, (iv) financing rates associated with exposure and (v) other Fund expenses.
| 13 |
The Fund is designed to be utilized only by knowledgeable investors who understand the potential consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results and are willing to monitor their portfolios frequently. The Fund is not intended to be used by, and is not appropriate for, investors who do not intend to actively monitor and manage their portfolios.
The Fund’s returns over periods longer than a single day will likely differ in amount and possibly even direction from the Fund’s three times the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract return for the period as a result of compounding of daily returns.
The Fund has an investment objective of corresponding (before fees and expenses) to a multiple of -3x, or for the Fund’s related fund, (“United States 3x Oil Fund”), 3x the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a given day. The Fund seeks investment results for a single day only, as measured from the calculation of the NAV for a particular day to the calculation of the NAV for the next day (see “Calculating Per Share NAV”). The return of the Fund for a period longer than a single day is the result of its return for each day compounded over the period, and usually will differ from three times the inverse (-3x), or three times (3x) for the United States 3x Oil Fund, of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the same period. The Fund will lose money if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s performance is flat over time, and it is possible for the Fund to lose money over time regardless of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, as a result of daily rebalancing, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s volatility and compounding. Longer holding periods, higher Benchmark Oil Futures Contract volatility, inverse exposure and greater leverage each affect the impact of compounding on the Fund’s returns. Daily compounding of the Fund’s investment returns can dramatically and adversely affect its longer-term performance during periods of high volatility. Volatility may be at least as important to the Fund’s return for a period as the return of the Fund’s underlying Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The Fund uses leverage and should produce returns for a single day that are more volatile than that of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For example, the return for a single day of the Fund, with a -3x multiple should be approximately three times the inverse (-3x) of the return that would be expected of a fund with an objective of matching the same Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The return for a single day of the United States 3x Oil Fund with a 3x multiple should be approximately three times as volatile for a single day as the return of a fund with an objective of matching the same Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund is not appropriate for all investors and presents different risks than other funds. The Fund uses leverage and is riskier than similarly benchmarked exchange-traded funds that do not use leverage. An investor should only consider an investment in the Fund, or the United States 3x Oil Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged, or daily leveraged investment results for a single day. Leveraged funds, if used properly and in conjunction with the investor’s view on the future direction and volatility of the markets, can be useful tools for investors who want to manage their exposure to various markets and market segments and who are willing to monitor and/or periodically rebalance their portfolios. Shareholders who invest in the Fund should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily.
The hypothetical examples below illustrate how an inversely leveraged fund’s returns can behave for periods longer than a single day, e.g., a fund that seeks to inversely triple the daily performance of benchmark contract. On each day, the Fund performs in line with its objective (negative three times (-3x) the benchmark’s daily performance before fees and expenses). Notice that, in the first example where there has been an overall benchmark loss for the period, over the entire seven-day period, the Fund’s total return is approximately two times the inverse return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For the seven-day period, benchmark lost -3.26% while the Fund gained 6.37%, not 9.78% (or -3 x -3.26%)).
| Benchmark | Fund | |||||||||||||||
| Level | Daily Performance | Daily Performance | Net Asset Value | |||||||||||||
| Start | 100.00 | $ | 100.00 | |||||||||||||
| Day 1 | 103.00 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 109.00 | |||||||||
| Day 2 | 99.91 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 99.19 | |||||||||
| Day 3 | 102.91 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 108.12 | |||||||||
| Day 4 | 99.82 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 98.39 | |||||||||
| Day 5 | 102.81 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 107.24 | |||||||||
| Day 6 | 99.73 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 97.59 | |||||||||
| Day 7 | 102.72 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 106.37 | |||||||||
| Total Return | 2.72 | % | 6.37 | % | ||||||||||||
| 14 |
Similarly, in another example (showing an overall benchmark gain for the period), over the entire seven-day period, the Fund’s total return is considerably less than three times the inverse return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For the seven-day period, benchmark gained 2.72% while the Fund lost -11.19% (versus -8.16% (or -3 x 2.72%)).
| Benchmark | Fund | |||||||||||||||
| Level | Daily Performance | Daily Performance | Net Asset Value | |||||||||||||
| Start | 100.00 | $ | 100.00 | |||||||||||||
| Day 1 | 97.00 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 91.00 | |||||||||
| Day 2 | 99.91 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 99.19 | |||||||||
| Day 3 | 96.91 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 90.26 | |||||||||
| Day 4 | 99.82 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 98.39 | |||||||||
| Day 5 | 96.83 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 89.53 | |||||||||
| Day 6 | 99.73 | 3.00 | % | 9.00 | % | $ | 97.59 | |||||||||
| Day 7 | 96.74 | -3.00 | % | -9.00 | % | $ | 88.81 | |||||||||
| Total Return | -3.26 | % | -11.19 | % | ||||||||||||
These effects are caused by compounding, which exists in all investments, but has a more significant impact on leveraged funds. In general, during periods of higher benchmark volatility, compounding will cause the Fund’s results for periods longer than a single day to be less than three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract (or for the United States 3x Oil Fund, less than three time (3x) the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract). This effect becomes more pronounced as volatility increases. Conversely, in periods of lower benchmark volatility (particularly when combined with higher Benchmark Oil Futures Contract returns), the Fund’s returns over longer periods can be higher than three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Actual results for a particular period, before fees and expenses, are also dependent on the magnitude of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract return in addition to the Benchmark volatility. These effects may be even greater with the Fund than with the United States 3x Oil Fund.
The graphs that follow illustrate this point. Each of the graphs shows a simulated hypothetical one year performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract compared with the performance of the Fund and the United States 3x Oil Fund that perfectly achieves its daily investment objective on each day during the period. The graphs demonstrate that, for periods greater than a single day, the Fund is likely to underperform or outperform (but not match) the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract performance (or, for the United States 3x Oil Fund, it is likely to underperform or outperform (but not match) the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract performance) times the multiple stated as the daily Fund objective. Investors should understand the consequences of holding a daily rebalanced Fund for periods longer than a single day and should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily. A one-year period is used solely for illustrative purposes. Deviations from the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract return times the Fund multiple can occur over periods as short as two days (each day as measured from daily NAV to the next daily NAV) and may also occur in periods shorter than a single day (when measured intraday as opposed to daily NAV to the next daily NAV) (see “Calculating Per Share NAV” below for additional details). To isolate the impact of daily inversed leveraged, or for the United States 3x Oil Fund, leveraged exposure, these graphs assume: a) no Fund expenses or transaction costs; b) borrowing/lending rates (to obtain required inverse leveraged or leveraged exposure) and cash reinvestment rates of zero percent; and c) the Fund consistently maintaining perfect exposure of -3x or, in the case of the United States 3x Oil Fund, 3x as of the fund’s NAV calculation time each day. If these assumptions were different, each funds’ performance would be different than that shown. If fund expenses, transaction costs and financing expenses greater than zero percent were included, each funds’ performance would also be different than shown. Each of the graphs also assumes a volatility rate of 33%, which is the approximate five-year historical volatility rate of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. A benchmark’s volatility rate is a statistical measure of the magnitude of fluctuations in its returns. These graphs are presented to provide examples of what can occur if an investor choses to hold the funds for periods longer than one-day. They are not intended to suggest that longer holding periods such as one-year are an appropriate holding period.
| 15 |
The graph above shows a scenario where the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, which exhibits day-to-day volatility, is flat or trendless over a year (i.e., provides a return of 0.1% over the course of the year), but the Fund (-3x) and the United States 3x Oil Fund (3x) are both significantly down.
The graph above shows a scenario where the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, which exhibits day-to-day volatility, is down over the year, but the United States 3x Oil Fund (3x) is down less than three times the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and the Fund (-3x) is up significantly less than three times the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
| 16 |
The graph above shows a scenario where the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, which exhibits day-to-day volatility, is up over the year, but the United States 3x Oil Fund (3x) is up significantly less than three times the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and the Fund (-3x) is down less than three times the inverse of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The tables below illustrate the impact of two factors that affect a leveraged fund’s performance: benchmark volatility and benchmark return. Benchmark Oil Futures Contract volatility is a statistical measure of the magnitude of fluctuations in the returns of a benchmark and is calculated as the standard deviation of the natural logarithms of one plus the benchmark return (calculated daily), multiplied by the square root of the number of trading days per year (assumed to be 252). The tables show estimated Fund returns for a number of combinations of benchmark volatility and benchmark return over a one-year period. To isolate the impact of inverse leveraged or daily leveraged exposure, these tables assume: a) no fund expenses or transaction costs; b) borrowing/lending rates of zero percent (to obtain required inverse leveraged or leveraged exposure) and cash reinvestment rates of zero percent; c) the Fund consistently maintaining perfect -3x, or 3x exposure for the United States 3x Oil Fund, as of the Fund’s NAV time each day, and d) the volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract remains constant over time. If these assumptions were different, the Fund’s performance would be different than that shown. If fund expenses, transaction costs and financing expenses were included, each funds’ performance would be different than shown. The second table below shows an example in which the Fund has an investment objective to correspond (before fees and expenses) to three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily performance of its benchmark. The Fund might be incorrectly expected to achieve a -30% return on a yearly basis if the benchmark return was 10%, absent the effects of compounding. However, as the table shows, with a benchmark volatility of 40%, the Fund would return -71.2%. In the charts below, shaded areas represent those scenarios where the Fund and the United States 3x Oil Fund, each discussed in the chart with the investment objective as described below, will outperform (i.e., return more than) the benchmark performance times the stated multiple in the investment objective of the Fund or the United States 3x Oil Fund, as applicable; conversely areas not shaded represent those scenarios where the Fund or the United States 3x Oil Fund, as applicable, will underperform (i.e., return less than) the benchmark performance times the multiple stated as the daily fund objective with respect to the Fund or the United States 3x Oil Fund, as applicable.
| 17 |
Expected Fund Return Over One Year for the United States 3x Oil Fund —(The United States 3x Oil Fund’s objective is only to seek daily investment results, before fees and expenses, that correspond to three times (3x) the daily performance of a benchmark. The United States 3x Oil Fund does not seek to match 3x the benchmark over a period longer than one day.)
| Benchmark Volatility | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| One Year Benchmark Performance |
Three Times (3x) One Year Benchmark Performance |
0% | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 25% | 30% | 35% | 40% | 45% | 50% | 55% | 60% | 65% | 70% | ||||||||||||||||||
| -60% | -180 | % | -93.6 | % | -93.6 | % | -93.8 | % | -94.0 | % | -94.3 | % | -94.7 | % | -95.1 | % | -95.6 | % | -96.0 | % | -96.5 | % | -97.0 | % | -97.4 | % | -97.8 | % | -98.2 | % | -98.5 | % | ||
| -55% | -165 | % | -90.9 | % | -91.0 | % | -91.2 | % | -91.5 | % | -91.9 | % | -92.4 | % | -93.0 | % | -93.7 | % | -94.4 | % | -95.0 | % | -95.7 | % | -96.3 | % | -96.9 | % | -97.4 | % | -97.9 | % | ||
| -50% | -150 | % | -87.5 | % | -87.6 | % | -87.9 | % | -88.3 | % | -88.9 | % | -89.6 | % | -90.5 | % | -91.3 | % | -92.3 | % | -93.2 | % | -94.1 | % | -95.0 | % | -95.8 | % | -96.5 | % | -97.1 | % | ||
| -45% | -135 | % | -83.4 | % | -83.5 | % | -83.9 | % | -84.4 | % | -85.2 | % | -86.2 | % | -87.3 | % | -88.5 | % | -89.7 | % | -90.9 | % | -92.1 | % | -93.3 | % | -94.3 | % | -95.3 | % | -96.2 | % | ||
| -40% | -120 | % | -78.4 | % | -78.6 | % | -79.0 | % | -79.8 | % | -80.8 | % | -82.1 | % | -83.5 | % | -85.0 | % | -86.6 | % | -88.2 | % | -89.8 | % | -91.3 | % | -92.7 | % | -93.9 | % | -95.0 | % | ||
| -35% | -105 | % | -72.5 | % | -72.7 | % | -73.3 | % | -74.3 | % | -75.6 | % | -77.2 | % | -79.0 | % | -81.0 | % | -83.0 | % | -85.0 | % | -87.0 | % | -88.9 | % | -90.7 | % | -92.3 | % | -93.7 | % | ||
| -30% | -90 | % | -65.7 | % | -66.0 | % | -66.7 | % | -67.9 | % | -69.6 | % | -71.6 | % | -73.8 | % | -76.2 | % | -78.8 | % | -81.3 | % | -83.8 | % | -86.2 | % | -88.4 | % | -90.3 | % | -92.1 | % | ||
| -25% | -75 | % | -57.8 | % | -58.1 | % | -59.1 | % | -60.6 | % | -62.6 | % | -65.0 | % | -67.8 | % | -70.8 | % | -73.9 | % | -77.0 | % | -80.1 | % | -83.0 | % | -85.7 | % | -88.1 | % | -90.3 | % | ||
| -20% | -60 | % | -48.8 | % | -49.2 | % | -50.3 | % | -52.1 | % | -54.6 | % | -57.6 | % | -60.9 | % | -64.5 | % | -68.3 | % | -72.1 | % | -75.8 | % | -79.3 | % | -82.6 | % | -85.6 | % | -88.2 | % | ||
| -15% | -45 | % | -38.6 | % | -39.0 | % | -40.4 | % | -42.6 | % | -45.5 | % | -49.1 | % | -53.1 | % | -57.5 | % | -62.0 | % | -66.5 | % | -71.0 | % | -75.2 | % | -79.1 | % | -82.7 | % | -85.9 | % | ||
| -10% | -30 | % | -27.1 | % | -27.6 | % | -29.3 | % | -31.9 | % | -35.3 | % | -39.6 | % | -44.3 | % | -49.5 | % | -54.9 | % | -60.3 | % | -65.6 | % | -70.6 | % | -75.2 | % | -79.5 | % | -83.2 | % | ||
| -5% | -15 | % | -14.3 | % | -14.9 | % | -16.8 | % | -19.9 | % | -24.0 | % | -28.9 | % | -34.5 | % | -40.6 | % | -46.9 | % | -53.3 | % | -59.5 | % | -65.4 | % | -70.9 | % | -75.9 | % | -80.3 | % | ||
| 0% | 0 | % | 0.0 | % | -0.7 | % | -3.0 | % | -6.5 | % | -11.3 | % | -17.1 | % | -23.7 | % | -30.8 | % | -38.1 | % | -45.5 | % | -52.8 | % | -59.6 | % | -66.0 | % | -71.8 | % | -77.0 | % | ||
| 5% | 15 | % | 15.8 | % | 14.9 | % | 12.3 | % | 8.2 | % | 2.7 | % | -4.0 | % | -11.6 | % | -19.8 | % | -28.4 | % | -36.9 | % | -45.3 | % | -53.3 | % | -60.7 | % | -67.4 | % | -73.4 | % | ||
| 10% | 30 | % | 33.1 | % | 32.1 | % | 29.2 | % | 24.4 | % | 18.0 | % | 10.3 | % | 1.6 | % | -7.8 | % | -17.6 | % | -27.5 | % | -37.1 | % | -46.3 | % | -54.8 | % | -62.5 | % | -69.4 | % | ||
| 15% | 45 | % | 52.1 | % | 51.0 | % | 47.6 | % | 42.2 | % | 34.9 | % | 26.1 | % | 16.1 | % | 5.3 | % | -5.9 | % | -17.2 | % | -28.2 | % | -38.6 | % | -48.4 | % | -57.2 | % | -65.0 | % | ||
| 20% | 60 | % | 72.8 | % | 71.5 | % | 67.7 | % | 61.5 | % | 53.3 | % | 43.3 | % | 31.9 | % | 19.7 | % | 6.9 | % | -5.9 | % | -18.4 | % | -30.3 | % | -41.3 | % | -51.4 | % | -60.3 | % | ||
| 25% | 75 | % | 95.3 | % | 93.9 | % | 89.5 | % | 82.6 | % | 73.2 | % | 61.9 | % | 49.1 | % | 35.2 | % | 20.9 | % | 6.4 | % | -7.7 | % | -21.2 | % | -33.7 | % | -45.0 | % | -55.1 | % | ||
| 30% | 90 | % | 119.7 | % | 118.1 | % | 113.2 | % | 105.4 | % | 94.9 | % | 82.1 | % | 67.7 | % | 52.1 | % | 35.9 | % | 19.7 | % | 3.8 | % | -11.3 | % | -25.4 | % | -38.1 | % | -49.5 | % | ||
| 35% | 105 | % | 146.0 | % | 144.2 | % | 138.8 | % | 130.0 | % | 118.2 | % | 104.0 | % | 87.8 | % | 70.4 | % | 52.2 | % | 34.0 | % | 16.2 | % | -0.7 | % | -16.4 | % | -30.7 | % | -43.4 | % | ||
| 40% | 120 | % | 174.4 | % | 172.3 | % | 166.3 | % | 156.5 | % | 143.4 | % | 127.5 | % | 109.5 | % | 90.0 | % | 69.8 | % | 49.5 | % | 29.6 | % | 10.7 | % | -6.8 | % | -22.7 | % | -36.9 | % | ||
| 45% | 135 | % | 204.9 | % | 202.6 | % | 195.9 | % | 185.0 | % | 170.4 | % | 152.7 | % | 132.7 | % | 111.1 | % | 88.6 | % | 66.1 | % | 44.0 | % | 23.0 | % | 3.5 | % | -14.2 | % | -29.9 | % | ||
| 50% | 150 | % | 237.5 | % | 235.0 | % | 227.5 | % | 215.5 | % | 199.3 | % | 179.8 | % | 157.6 | % | 133.7 | % | 108.8 | % | 83.8 | % | 59.4 | % | 36.2 | % | 14.6 | % | -5.0 | % | -22.4 | % | ||
| 55% | 165 | % | 272.4 | % | 269.6 | % | 261.4 | % | 248.1 | % | 230.3 | % | 208.7 | % | 184.3 | % | 157.9 | % | 130.4 | % | 102.8 | % | 75.9 | % | 50.3 | % | 26.5 | % | 4.8 | % | -14.4 | % | ||
| 60% | 180 | % | 309.6 | % | 306.5 | % | 297.5 | % | 282.9 | % | 263.3 | % | 239.6 | % | 212.7 | % | 183.6 | % | 153.5 | % | 123.1 | % | 93.5 | % | 65.3 | % | 39.1 | % | 15.3 | % | -5.8 | % | ||
| 18 |
Expected Fund Return over One Year for the Fund —(The Fund’s objective is only to seek daily investment results, before fees and expenses, that correspond to three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily performance of a benchmark. The Fund does not seek to match 3x the inverse of the benchmark over a period longer than one day.
| Benchmark Volatility | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| One Year Benchmark Performance | Three Times the Inverse (-3x) of One Year Benchmark Performance |
0% | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 25% | 30% | 35% | 40% | 45% | 50% | 55% | 60% | 65% | 70% | |||||||||||||||||
| -60% | 180 | % | 1462.5 | % | 1439.2 | % | 1371.5 | % | 1265.2 | % | 1129.1 | % | 973.9 | % | 810.5 | % | 649.2 | % | 498.3 | % | 363.6 | % | 248.6 | % | 154.4 | % | 80.2 | % | 23.8 | % | -17.4 | % | |
| -55% | 165 | % | 997.4 | % | 981.1 | % | 933.5 | % | 858.8 | % | 763.2 | % | 654.2 | % | 539.5 | % | 426.2 | % | 320.2 | % | 225.6 | % | 144.9 | % | 78.7 | % | 26.6 | % | -13.0 | % | -42.0 | % | |
| -50% | 150 | % | 700.0 | % | 688.1 | % | 653.4 | % | 599.0 | % | 529.3 | % | 449.8 | % | 366.2 | % | 283.6 | % | 206.3 | % | 137.4 | % | 78.5 | % | 30.3 | % | -7.7 | % | -36.6 | % | -57.7 | % | |
| -45% | 135 | % | 501.1 | % | 492.1 | % | 466.0 | % | 425.1 | % | 372.8 | % | 313.1 | % | 250.3 | % | 188.2 | % | 130.1 | % | 78.3 | % | 34.1 | % | -2.1 | % | -30.7 | % | -52.4 | % | -68.2 | % | |
| -40% | 120 | % | 363.0 | % | 356.1 | % | 336.0 | % | 304.5 | % | 264.2 | % | 218.2 | % | 169.8 | % | 122.0 | % | 77.3 | % | 37.4 | % | 3.3 | % | -24.6 | % | -46.6 | % | -63.3 | % | -75.5 | % | |
| -35% | 105 | % | 264.1 | % | 258.7 | % | 242.9 | % | 218.1 | % | 186.4 | % | 150.3 | % | 112.2 | % | 74.6 | % | 39.4 | % | 8.0 | % | -18.8 | % | -40.7 | % | -58.0 | % | -71.1 | % | -80.7 | % | |
| -30% | 90 | % | 191.5 | % | 187.2 | % | 174.6 | % | 154.7 | % | 129.3 | % | 100.4 | % | 69.9 | % | 39.8 | % | 11.6 | % | -13.5 | % | -34.9 | % | -52.5 | % | -66.4 | % | -76.9 | % | -84.6 | % | |
| -25% | 75 | % | 137.0 | % | 133.5 | % | 123.2 | % | 107.1 | % | 86.5 | % | 62.9 | % | 38.1 | % | 13.7 | % | -9.2 | % | -29.7 | % | -47.1 | % | -61.4 | % | -72.7 | % | -81.2 | % | -87.5 | % | |
| -20% | 60 | % | 95.3 | % | 92.4 | % | 83.9 | % | 70.6 | % | 53.6 | % | 34.2 | % | 13.8 | % | -6.3 | % | -25.2 | % | -42.0 | % | -56.4 | % | -68.2 | % | -77.5 | % | -84.5 | % | -89.7 | % | |
| -15% | 45 | % | 62.8 | % | 60.4 | % | 53.4 | % | 42.3 | % | 28.1 | % | 11.9 | % | -5.1 | % | -21.9 | % | -37.7 | % | -51.7 | % | -63.7 | % | -73.5 | % | -81.2 | % | -87.1 | % | -91.4 | % | |
| -10% | 30 | % | 37.2 | % | 35.1 | % | 29.2 | % | 19.9 | % | 7.9 | % | -5.7 | % | -20.1 | % | -34.2 | % | -47.5 | % | -59.3 | % | -69.4 | % | -77.7 | % | -84.2 | % | -89.1 | % | -92.7 | % | |
| -5% | 15 | % | 16.6 | % | 14.9 | % | 9.8 | % | 1.9 | % | -8.3 | % | -19.8 | % | -32.0 | % | -44.1 | % | -55.3 | % | -65.4 | % | -74.0 | % | -81.0 | % | -86.5 | % | -90.8 | % | -93.8 | % | |
| 0% | 0 | % | 0.0 | % | -1.5 | % | -5.8 | % | -12.6 | % | -21.3 | % | -31.3 | % | -41.7 | % | -52.0 | % | -61.7 | % | -70.3 | % | -77.7 | % | -83.7 | % | -88.5 | % | -92.1 | % | -94.7 | % | |
| 5% | -15 | % | -13.6 | % | -14.9 | % | -18.6 | % | -24.5 | % | -32.0 | % | -40.6 | % | -49.7 | % | -58.6 | % | -66.9 | % | -74.4 | % | -80.7 | % | -85.9 | % | -90.0 | % | -93.2 | % | -95.4 | % | |
| 10% | -30 | % | -24.9 | % | -26.0 | % | -29.2 | % | -34.4 | % | -40.9 | % | -48.4 | % | -56.2 | % | -64.0 | % | -71.2 | % | -77.7 | % | -83.2 | % | -87.8 | % | -91.3 | % | -94.0 | % | -96.0 | % | |
| 15% | -45 | % | -34.2 | % | -35.2 | % | -38.1 | % | -42.6 | % | -48.3 | % | -54.8 | % | -61.7 | % | -68.5 | % | -74.8 | % | -80.5 | % | -85.3 | % | -89.3 | % | -92.4 | % | -94.8 | % | -96.5 | % | |
| 20% | -60 | % | -42.1 | % | -43.0 | % | -45.5 | % | -49.4 | % | -54.5 | % | -60.2 | % | -66.3 | % | -72.3 | % | -77.8 | % | -82.8 | % | -87.1 | % | -90.6 | % | -93.3 | % | -95.4 | % | -96.9 | % | |
| 25% | -75 | % | -48.8 | % | -49.6 | % | -51.8 | % | -55.3 | % | -59.7 | % | -64.8 | % | -70.2 | % | -75.4 | % | -80.4 | % | -84.8 | % | -88.6 | % | -91.7 | % | -94.1 | % | -95.9 | % | -97.3 | % | |
| 30% | -90 | % | -54.5 | % | -55.2 | % | -57.1 | % | -60.2 | % | -64.2 | % | -68.7 | % | -73.5 | % | -78.2 | % | -82.6 | % | -86.5 | % | -89.8 | % | -92.6 | % | -94.8 | % | -96.4 | % | -97.6 | % | |
| 35% | -105 | % | -59.4 | % | -60.0 | % | -61.7 | % | -64.5 | % | -68.0 | % | -72.1 | % | -76.3 | % | -80.5 | % | -84.4 | % | -87.9 | % | -90.9 | % | -93.4 | % | -95.3 | % | -96.8 | % | -97.9 | % | |
| 40% | -120 | % | -63.6 | % | -64.1 | % | -65.7 | % | -68.2 | % | -71.3 | % | -75.0 | % | -78.8 | % | -82.5 | % | -86.0 | % | -89.2 | % | -91.9 | % | -94.1 | % | -95.8 | % | -97.1 | % | -98.1 | % | |
| 45% | -135 | % | -67.2 | % | -67.7 | % | -69.1 | % | -71.3 | % | -74.2 | % | -77.5 | % | -80.9 | % | -84.3 | % | -87.4 | % | -90.3 | % | -92.7 | % | -94.7 | % | -96.2 | % | -97.4 | % | -98.3 | % | |
| 50% | -150 | % | -70.4 | % | -70.8 | % | -72.1 | % | -74.1 | % | -76.7 | % | -79.6 | % | -82.7 | % | -85.8 | % | -88.7 | % | -91.2 | % | -93.4 | % | -95.2 | % | -96.6 | % | -97.7 | % | -98.4 | % | |
| 55% | -165 | % | -73.1 | % | -73.5 | % | -74.7 | % | -76.5 | % | -78.9 | % | -81.5 | % | -84.4 | % | -87.1 | % | -89.7 | % | -92.0 | % | -94.0 | % | -95.6 | % | -96.9 | % | -97.9 | % | -98.6 | % | |
| 60% | -180 | % | -75.6 | % | -75.9 | % | -77.0 | % | -78.7 | % | -80.8 | % | -83.2 | % | -85.8 | % | -88.3 | % | -90.7 | % | -92.8 | % | -94.6 | % | -96.0 | % | -97.2 | % | -98.1 | % | -98.7 | % | |
The foregoing tables are intended to isolate the effect of benchmark volatility and benchmark performance on the return of the Fund or the United States 3x Oil Fund. The actual returns of the Fund or the United States 3x Oil Fund may be significantly greater or less than the returns shown above as a result of any of the factors discussed above or under the below risk factor describing correlation risks.
NYSE may halt trading in the Fund’s shares, which would adversely impact an investor’s ability to sell shares.
The Fund’s shares are listed for trading on NYSE under the market symbol “USOD.” Trading in shares may be halted due to market conditions or, in light NYSE rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of NYSE, make trading in shares inadvisable. In addition, trading is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules that require trading to be halted for a specified period based on a specified market decline. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund’s shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged.
The lack of an active trading market for the Fund shares may result in losses on an investor’s investment in the Fund at the time the investor sells the shares.
Although the Fund’s shares are listed and traded on NYSE, there can be no guarantee that an active trading market for the shares will be maintained. If an investor needs to sell shares at a time when no active trading market for them exists, the price the investor receives upon sale of the shares, assuming they were able to be sold, likely would be lower than if an active market existed.
Certain of the Fund’s investments could be illiquid, which could cause large losses to investors at any time or from time to time.
Futures positions cannot always be liquidated at the desired price. It is difficult to execute a trade at a specific price when there is a relatively small volume of buy and sell orders in a market. A market disruption, such as a foreign government taking political actions that disrupt the market for its currency, its crude oil production or exports, or another major export, can also make it difficult to liquidate a position. Because both Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments may be illiquid, the Fund’s Oil Interests may be more difficult to liquidate at favorable prices in periods of illiquid markets and losses may be incurred during the period in which positions are being liquidated. The large size of the positions that the Fund may acquire increases the risk of illiquidity both by making its positions more difficult to liquidate and by potentially increasing losses while trying to do so.
| 19 |
OTC contracts that are not subject to clearing may be even less marketable than futures contracts because they are not traded on an exchange, do not have uniform terms and conditions, and are entered into based upon the creditworthiness of the parties and the availability of credit support, such as collateral, and in general, they are not transferable without the consent of the counterparty. These conditions make such contracts less liquid than standardized futures contracts traded on a commodities exchange and could adversely impact the Fund’s ability to realize the full value of such contracts. In addition, even if collateral is used to reduce counterparty credit risk, sudden changes in the value of OTC transactions may leave a party open to financial risk due to a counterparty default since the collateral held may not cover a party’s exposure on the transaction in such situations.
The Fund is not actively managed and inversely tracks the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract during periods in which the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is flat or rising as well as when the price is declining.
The Fund is not actively managed by conventional methods. Accordingly, if the Fund’s short positions in Oil Interests are declining in value, the Fund will not close out such positions except in connection with paying the proceeds to an Authorized Participant upon the redemption of a basket or closing out futures positions in connection with the monthly change in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. USCF seeks to cause the NAV of the Fund’s shares to inversely track the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract during periods in which its price is flat or rising as well as when the price is declining.
Regulation of the commodity interests and energy markets is extensive and constantly changing; future regulatory developments are impossible to predict but may significantly and adversely affect the Fund.
The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. In addition, the CFTC and futures exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. Regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial action. Considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional investment pools that are publicly distributed in the United States. In addition, various national governments outside of the United States have expressed concern regarding the disruptive effects of speculative trading in the energy markets and the need to regulate the derivatives markets in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Fund is impossible to predict, but it could be substantial and adverse.
Trading in international markets could expose the Fund to credit and regulatory risk.
The Fund invests primarily in Oil Futures Contracts, a significant portion of which are traded on United States exchanges, including the NYMEX. However, a portion of the Fund’s trades may take place on markets and exchanges outside the United States. Some non-U.S. markets present risks because they are not subject to the same degree of regulation as their U.S. counterparts. Trading on such non-U.S. markets or exchanges presents risks because they are not subject to the same degree of regulation as their U.S. counterparts, including potentially different or diminished investor protections. In trading contracts denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, the Fund is subject to the risk of adverse exchange-rate movements between the dollar and the functional currencies of such contracts. Additionally, trading on non-U.S. exchanges is subject to the risks presented by exchange controls, expropriation, increased tax burdens and exposure to local economic declines and political instability. An adverse development with respect to any of these variables could reduce the profit or increase the loss earned on trades in the affected international markets.
USCF’s LLC Agreement provides limited authority to the Non-Management Directors, and any Director of USCF may be removed by USCF’s parent company, Wainwright Holdings, Inc. (“Wainwright”) which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Concierge Technologies Inc. (“Concierge”), a controlled public company where the majority of shares are owned by Nicholas Gerber along with certain other family members and certain other shareholders.
USCF’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) currently consists of four Management Directors, each of whom are, also executive officers or employees of USCF (“Management Directors”), and three Non-Management Directors, each of whom are considered independent for purposes of applicable exchange and Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules. Under USCF’s Sixth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement, dated as of May 15, 2015 (as amended from time to time), (the “LLC Agreement”), the Non-Management Directors have only such authority as the Management Directors expressly confer upon them, which means that the Non-Management Directors may have less authority to control the actions of the Management Directors than is typically the case with the independent members of a company’s Board. In addition, any Director may be removed by written consent of Wainwright Holdings, Inc. (“Wainwright”), which is the sole member of USCF. The sole shareholder of Wainwright is Concierge Technologies Inc., a company publicly traded under the ticker symbol “CNCG”. Mr. Nicholas Gerber along with certain family members and certain other shareholders, own the majority of shares in Concierge, which is the sole shareholder of Wainwright, the sole member of USCF. Accordingly, although USCF is governed by the Board, which consists of both Management Directors and Non-Management Directors, pursuant to the LLC Agreement, it is possible for Mr. Gerber to exercise his indirect control of Wainwright to effect the removal of any Director (including the Non-Management Directors which comprise the Audit Committee) and to replace that Director with another Director. Having control in one person could have a negative impact on USCF and the Fund, including their regulatory obligations.
| 20 |
There is a risk that the Fund will not earn trading gains sufficient to compensate for the fees and expenses that it must pay and as such the Fund may not earn any profit.
The Fund is contractually obligated to pay a management fee to USCF, fees to brokers subject to a cap, and certain expenses regardless of whether the Fund’s activities are profitable. Accordingly, the Fund must earn trading gains sufficient to compensate for these fees and expenses before it can earn any profit.
The Fund is subject to extensive regulatory reporting and compliance.
The Fund is subject to a comprehensive scheme of regulation under the federal commodities and securities laws. The Fund could be subject to sanctions for a failure to comply with those requirements, which could adversely affect its financial performance (in the case of financial penalties) or ability to pursue its investment objective (in the case of a limitation on its ability to trade).
Because the Fund’s shares are publicly traded, The Fund is subject to certain rules and regulations of federal, state and financial market exchange entities charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded. These entities include the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), the SEC, the CFTC, the National Futures Association (the “NFA”), and NYSE Arca and these authorities have continued to develop additional regulations or interpretations of existing regulations. The Fund’s ongoing efforts to comply with these regulations and interpretations have resulted in, and are likely to continue resulting in, a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance related activities.
The Fund is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Fund’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to its management regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Regulatory changes or actions, including the implementation of new legislation, is impossible to predict but may significantly and adversely affect the Fund.
The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. In addition, the CFTC and futures exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. Regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial action. Considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional investment pools that are publicly distributed in the United States. In addition, the SEC, CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. Furthermore, various national governments outside of the United States have expressed concern regarding the disruptive effects of speculative trading in the commodities markets and the need to regulate the derivatives markets in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Fund is impossible to predict, but it could be substantial and adverse.
The Trust is not a registered investment company so shareholders do not have the protections of the 1940 Act.
The Trust is not an investment company subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“1940 Act”). Accordingly, investors do not have the protections afforded by that statute, which, for example, requires investment companies to have a majority of disinterested directors and regulates the relationship between the investment company and its investment manager.
| 21 |
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing in short positions in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Oil Futures Contracts”).
The Fund will, to a lesser extent and in view of regulatory requirements and/or market conditions:
| (i) | next invest in (a) cleared swap transactions based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, (b) non-exchange traded (“over-the-counter” or “OTC”), negotiated swap contracts that are based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, and (c) forward contracts for oil; |
| (ii) | followed by investments in short positions in futures contracts for other types of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels, each of which are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges as well as cleared swap transactions and OTC swap contracts valued based on the foregoing; and |
| (iii) | finally, invest in exchange-traded cash settled options on Oil Futures Contracts. |
All such other investments are referred to as “Other Oil-Related Investments” and, together with Oil Futures Contracts, are “Oil Interests.”
None of the commodity-based derivatives noted above are considered to be “securities” as defined by Section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Moreover, these types of commodity-based derivatives have not been interpreted as being securities under the 1940 Act by the SEC in no action letters or other interpretive notices, or pursuant to the jurisdictional accord between the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. In addition, the cash, cash equivalents and Treasuries are not “investment securities” for purposes of determining whether or not an entity is an investment company required to be registered under the 1940 Act. As a result, the Fund does not invest in securities and is not considered an “investment company” for purposes of the 1940 Act.
The Fund has a limited operating history so there is limited performance history to serve as a basis for you to evaluate an investment in the Fund.
The Fund is new and has a limited operating history. Therefore, you have limited past performance of the Fund to review as a basis to evaluate an investment in the Fund. The Sponsor’s current experience, in addition to the Fund, includes managing the Related Public Funds. The Sponsor’s results with the Related Public Funds may not be directly applicable to the Fund since the Fund has a different investment objective than the Related Public Funds.
The Fund and USCF may have conflicts of interest, which may permit them to favor their own interests to the detriment of shareholders.
The Fund is subject to actual and potential inherent conflicts involving USCF, various commodity futures brokers, the Marketing Agent and any Authorized Participants. USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. These persons are directors, officers or employees of other entities that may compete with the Fund for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to those other entities. As a result of these and other relationships, parties involved with the Fund may have a financial incentive to act in a manner other than in the best interests of the Fund and the shareholders. USCF has not established any formal procedure to resolve conflicts of interest. Consequently, investors are dependent on the good faith of the respective parties subject to such conflicts of interest to resolve them equitably. Although USCF attempts to monitor these conflicts, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for USCF to ensure that these conflicts do not, in fact, result in adverse consequences to the shareholders.
The Fund may also be subject to certain conflicts with respect to its Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”), including, but not limited to, conflicts that result from receiving greater amounts of compensation from other clients, or purchasing opposite or competing positions on behalf of third-party accounts traded through the FCM.
USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund and could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to the Related Public Funds.
The Fund and USCF may have inherent conflicts to the extent USCF attempts to maintain the Fund’s asset size in order to preserve its fee income and this may not always be consistent with the Fund’s objective of having the value of its shares’ NAV track, on an inverse leveraged basis, changes in the value of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts.
| 22 |
USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. For example, USCF’s directors, officers and employees act in such capacity for other entities, including the Related Public Funds, that may compete with the Fund for their services. Accordingly, they could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to other entities.
USCF has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of the Fund. This authority to manage the investments and operations of the Fund may allow USCF to act in a way that furthers its own interests in conflict with the best interests of investors. Shareholders have very limited voting rights, which will limit the ability to influence matters such as amending the Trust Agreement, changing the Fund’s basic investment objective, dissolving the Fund, or selling or distributing the Fund’s assets.
The Fund and REX MLPshares, LLC (“REX”) may have conflicts of interest, which may permit REX to favor its own interests to the detriment of Fund shareholders.
REX may have conflicts of interest, which may permit it to favor its own interests to the detriment of shareholders. REX’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund or to REX MLPshares, LLC and also are directors, officers or employees of other entities that may compete with the Fund for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to those other entities. As a result of these and other relationships, parties involved with REX may have a financial incentive to act in a manner other than in the best interests of the Fund and the shareholders. USCF has not established any formal procedure to resolve REX conflicts of interest. Consequently, investors are dependent on the good faith of the respective parties subject to such conflicts of interest to resolve them equitably. Although USCF attempts to monitor these conflicts, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for USCF to ensure that these conflicts do not, in fact, result in adverse consequences to the Fund’s shareholders.
REX’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund and could have a conflict between their responsibilities to other entities.
REX’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. Rather, REX’s directors, officers and employees act in various capacities for other entities, some of which may now, or in the future, compete with the Fund for their services. Accordingly, REX’s officers, directors and employees could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to other entities.
USCF has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of the Fund. However, REX may act in a way that furthers its own interests in conflict with the best interests of investors.
Investors cannot be assured of REX’s continued services, and discontinuance may be detrimental to the Fund.
Investors cannot be assured that REX will be willing or able to continue to service the Fund for any length of time. If REX discontinues its activities on behalf of the Fund, the Fund may be adversely affected.
Shareholders have only very limited voting rights and have the power to replace USCF only under specific circumstances. Shareholders do not participate in the management of the Fund and do not control USCF, so they do not have any influence over basic matters that affect the Fund.
Shareholders have very limited voting rights with respect to the Fund’s affairs and have none of the statutory rights normally associated with the ownership of shares of a corporation (including, for example, the right to bring “oppression” or “derivative” actions). Shareholders may elect a replacement sponsor only if USCF resigns voluntarily or loses its charter. Shareholders are not permitted to participate in the management or control of the Fund or the conduct of its business. Shareholders must therefore rely upon the duties and judgment of USCF to manage the Fund’s affairs. For example, the dissolution or resignation of USCF would cause the Fund to terminate unless, within 90 days of the event, shareholders holding shares representing at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of the Fund elect to continue the Trust and appoint a successor sponsor. In addition, USCF may terminate the Fund if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require USCF to terminate the Fund. The Fund’s termination would result in the liquidation of its assets and the distribution of the proceeds thereof, first to creditors and then to the shareholders in accordance with their positive book capital account balances, after giving effect to all contributions, distributions and allocations for all periods, and the Fund could incur losses in liquidating its assets in connection with a termination.
| 23 |
The Fund could terminate at any time and cause the liquidation and potential loss of an investor’s investment and could upset the overall maturity and timing of an investor’s investment portfolio.
The Fund could terminate at any time, regardless of whether that the Fund has incurred losses, subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement. In particular, unforeseen circumstances, including the bankruptcy, dissolution, or removal of USCF as the sponsor of the Trust could cause the Fund to terminate unless a successor is appointed in accordance with the Trust Agreement. However, no level of losses will require USCF to terminate the Fund. The Fund’s termination would cause the liquidation and potential loss of an investor’s investment. Termination could also negatively affect the overall maturity and timing of an investor’s investment portfolio.
An unanticipated number of redemption requests during a short period of time could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s NAV.
If a substantial number of requests for redemption of a block of 50,000 shares (“Redemption Baskets”) are received by the Fund during a relatively short period of time, the Fund may not be able to satisfy the requests from the Fund assets not committed to trading. As a consequence, it could be necessary to liquidate positions in the Fund’s trading positions before the time that the trading strategies would otherwise dictate liquidation.
The Fund does not expect to make cash distributions.
The Fund does not intend to make any cash distributions and intends to reinvest any realized gains in additional Oil Interests rather than distributing cash to other shareholders. Therefore, unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or other investment pools that actively manage their investments in an attempt to realize income and gains from their investing activities and distribute such income and gains to their investors, the Fund generally does not expect to distribute cash to shareholders. An investor should not invest in the Fund if the investor will need cash distributions from the Fund to pay taxes on its share of income and gains of the Fund, if any, or for any other reason. Nonetheless, although the Fund does not intend to make cash distributions, the income earned from its investments held directly or posted as margin may reach levels that merit distribution, e.g., at levels where such income is not necessary to support its underlying investments in Oil Interests and investors adversely react to being taxed on such income without receiving distributions that could be used to pay such tax. If this income becomes significant then cash distributions may be made.
The Fund may potentially lose money on its holdings in money market funds
The SEC adopted amendments to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, which became effective in 2016, to reform money market funds (“MMFs”). While the new rule applies only to MMFs, it may indirectly affect institutional investors such as the Fund. A portion of the Fund’s assets that are not used for margin or collateral in the futures contracts currently are invested in government MMFs. The Fund does not hold any non-government MMFs and does not anticipate investing in any non-government MMFs. However, if the Fund invests in other types of MMFs besides government MMFs in the future, the Fund could be negatively impacted by investing in an MMF that does not maintain a stable $1.00 NAV or that has the potential to impose redemption fees and gates (temporary suspension of redemptions).
The share price of a government MMF can fall below the $1.00 share price. The government MMFs that the Fund invests in may have chosen to not rely on the ability to impose fees on shareholder redemptions, or liquidity fees, or temporarily to suspend redemption privileges, or gates, if the government MMF’s weekly liquid assets fall below a certain threshold. The Fund cannot rely on or expect a government MMF’s adviser or its affiliates to enter into support agreements or take other actions to maintain the government MMF’s $1.00 share price. The credit quality of a government MMF’s holdings can change rapidly in certain markets, and the default of a single holding could have an adverse impact on the government MMF’s share price. Due to fluctuations in interest rates, the market value of securities held by a government MMF may vary. A government MMF’s share price can also be negatively affected during periods of high redemption pressures and/or illiquid markets. Although such government MMFs seek to preserve the value of an investment at $1.00 per share, there is no guarantee that they will be able to do so and the Fund may lose money by investing in a government MMF.
An investment in a government MMF is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency.
The failure or bankruptcy of a clearing broker or the Fund’s Custodian could result in a substantial loss of the Fund’s assets and could impair the Fund in its ability to execute trades.
Under CFTC regulations, a clearing broker maintains customers’ assets in a bulk segregated account. If a clearing broker fails to do so, or even if the customers’ funds are segregated by the clearing broker but the clearing broker is unable to satisfy a substantial deficit in a customer account, the clearing broker’s other customers may be subject to risk of a substantial loss of their funds in the event of that clearing broker’s bankruptcy. In that event, the clearing broker’s customers, such as the Fund, are entitled to recover, even in respect of property specifically traceable to them, only a proportional share of all property available for distribution to all of that clearing broker’s customers. The bankruptcy of a clearing broker could result in the loss of the Fund’s assets posted with the clearing broker. The Fund may also be subject to the risk of the failure of, or delay in performance by, any exchanges and markets and their clearing organizations, if any, on which commodity interest contracts are traded.
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In addition, to the extent the Fund’s clearing broker is required to post the Fund’s assets as margin to a clearinghouse, the margin will be maintained in an omnibus account containing the margin of all the clearing broker’s customers. If the Fund’s clearing broker defaults to a clearinghouse because of a default by one of the clearing broker’s other customers or otherwise, then the clearinghouse can look to all of the margin in the omnibus account, including margin posted by the Fund and any other non-defaulting customers of the clearing broker to satisfy the obligations of the clearing broker.
From time to time, clearing brokers may be subject to legal or regulatory proceedings in the ordinary course of their business. A clearing broker’s involvement in costly or time-consuming legal proceedings may divert financial resources or personnel away from the clearing broker’s trading operations, which could impair the clearing broker’s ability to successfully execute and clear the Fund’s trades.
In addition, the majority of the Fund’s assets are held in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents with BBH&Co. (the “Custodian”). The insolvency of the Custodian could result in a loss of the Fund’s assets held by the Custodian, which, at any given time, could comprise a substantial portion of the Fund’s total assets.
The liability of USCF and the Trustee are limited under the Trust Agreement, and the value of the shares will be adversely affected if the Fund is required to indemnify the Trustee or USCF.
Under the Trust Agreement, the Trustee and USCF are not liable, and have the right to be indemnified, for any liability or expense incurred absent gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee or USCF or breach by USCF of the Trust Agreement, as the case may be. As a result, USCF may require the assets of the Fund to be sold in order to cover losses or liability suffered by it or by the Trustee. Any sale of that kind would reduce the NAV of the Fund and the value of its shares.
Although the shares of the Fund are limited liability investments, certain circumstances such as bankruptcy or indemnification of the Fund by a shareholder will increase the shareholder’s liability.
The shares of the Fund are limited liability investments; shareholders may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, shareholders could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of the Fund any distribution they received at a time when the Fund was in fact insolvent or in violation of its Trust Agreement. In addition, a number of states do not have “statutory trust” statutes such as the Delaware statutes under which the Trust has been formed in the State of Delaware. It is possible that a court in such state could hold that, due to the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary in such jurisdiction, the shareholders, although entitled under Delaware law to the same limitation on personal liability as stockholders in a private corporation for profit organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, are not so entitled in such state. Finally, in the event the Trust or the Fund is made a party to any claim, dispute, demand or litigation or otherwise incurs any liability or expense as a result of or in connection with any shareholder’s (or assignee’s) obligations or liabilities unrelated to the business of the Trust or the Fund, as applicable, such shareholder (or assignees cumulatively) is required under the Trust Agreement to indemnify the Trust or the Fund, as applicable, for all such liability and expense incurred, including attorneys’ and accountants’ fees.
The Fund is a series of the Trust and, as a result, a court could potentially conclude that the assets and liabilities of the Fund are not segregated from those of another series of the Trust, thereby potentially exposing assets in the Fund to the liabilities of another series of the Trust.
The Fund is a series of a Delaware statutory trust and not itself a separate legal entity. The Delaware Statutory Trust Act provides that if certain provisions are included in the formation and governing documents of a statutory trust organized in series and if separate and distinct records are maintained for any series and the assets associated with that series are held in separate and distinct records and are accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the statutory trust, or any series thereof, then the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred by a particular series are enforceable against the assets of such series only, and not against the assets of the statutory trust generally or any other series thereof. Conversely, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred with respect to any other series thereof shall be enforceable against the assets of such series. USCF is not aware of any court case that has interpreted this Inter-Series Limitation on Liability or provided any guidance as to what is required for compliance. USCF intends to maintain separate and distinct records for the Fund and account for the Fund separately from any other series of the Trust, but it is possible a court could conclude that the methods used do not satisfy the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, which would potentially expose assets in one series to the liabilities of another series of the Trust.
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The Trust Agreement Limits the Forum in Which Claims May be Brought Against USCF, the Trust, the Trustee or their Respective Directors and Officers
The rights of USCF, the Trust, the Fund, DTC (as registered owner of the Fund’s global certificate for shares) and the shareholders are governed by the laws of the State of Delaware. USCF, the Trust, the Fund and DTC and, by accepting shares, each DTC Participant and each shareholder, consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Delaware and any federal courts located in Delaware other than for a person to assert a claim of Delaware jurisdiction over USCF, the Trust or the Fund. As a result, any claims, suits, actions or proceedings arising out of or relating in any way to the Trust, the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (the “Trust Act”), the Trust Agreement or asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs (or similar) doctrine (including, without limitation, any claims, suits, actions or proceedings to interpret, apply or enforce (i) the provisions of the Trust Agreement, or (ii) the duties (including fiduciary duties), obligations or liabilities of the Trust to USCF, the shareholders or the Trustee, or of USCF or the Trustee to the Trust, to the shareholders or each other, or (iii) the rights or powers of, or restrictions on, the Trust, the Trustee or the shareholders, or (iv) any provision of the Trust Act or other laws of the State of Delaware pertaining to trusts made applicable to the Trust pursuant to the Trust Act, or (v) any other instrument, document, agreement or certificate contemplated by any provision of the Trust Act or the Trust Agreement relating in any way to the Trust , shall be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, any other court in the State of Delaware with subject matter jurisdiction.
We believe this provision benefits us and the shareholders: (1) by having disputes resolved by a forum with the experience and established precedent for resolving these types of disputes under Delaware law, (2) by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, and, (3) as a result of the foregoing, limiting the time cost and uncertainty of litigation. However, this provision may limit the right of the Fund’s shareholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum they believe is more favorable for its disputes against USCF, the Trust, or the Trustee. In addition, it may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against USCF, the Trust, the Trustee, or their respective directors and officers. Although the Trust Agreement contains the exclusive choice of forum provision described above and such provisions are expressly permitted under the Trust Act, there are no court cases that we are aware of that have interpreted the Trust Act in this regard and thus, it is possible that a court could rule that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable. With the validity and enforceability of exclusive forum selection provisions still somewhat in question outside of the State of Delaware, there may be increased litigation over such provisions. Challenging shareholders might bring actions in courts outside of Delaware to attack a forum selection clause that specifies Delaware as the exclusive jurisdiction. A non-Delaware court could view negatively a forum selection clause in favor of Delaware, in particular, because such a provision may appear to divest the non-Delaware court of its legal jurisdiction.
USCF and the Trustee are not obligated to prosecute any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of the Fund property.
Neither USCF nor the Trustee is obligated to, although each may in its respective discretion, prosecute any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of the Fund property. The Trust Agreement does not confer upon shareholders the right to prosecute any such action, suit or other proceeding.
Third parties may infringe upon or otherwise violate intellectual property rights or assert that USCF has infringed or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights, which may result in significant costs and diverted attention.
It is possible that third parties might utilize the Fund’s intellectual property or technology, including the use of its business methods, trademarks and trading program software, without permission. USCF has a patent for the Fund’s business method and has registered its trademarks. The Fund does not currently have any proprietary software. However, if it obtains proprietary software in the future, any unauthorized use of the Fund’s proprietary software and other technology could also adversely affect its competitive advantage. The Fund may not have adequate resources to implement procedures for monitoring unauthorized uses of its patents, trademarks, proprietary software and other technology. Also, third parties may independently develop business methods, trademarks or proprietary software and other technology similar to that of USCF or claim that USCF has violated their intellectual property rights, including their copyrights, trademark rights, trade names, trade secrets and patent rights. As a result, USCF may have to litigate in the future to protect its trade secrets, determine the validity and scope of other parties’ proprietary rights, defend itself against claims that it has infringed or otherwise violated other parties’ rights, or defend itself against claims that its rights are invalid. Any litigation of this type, even if USCF is successful and regardless of the merits, may result in significant costs, divert its resources from the Fund, or require it to change its proprietary software and other technology or enter into royalty or licensing agreements.
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Due to the increased use of technologies, intentional and unintentional cyber-attacks pose operational and information security risks.
With the increased use of technologies such as the internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, the Fund is susceptible to operational and information security risks. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Cyber-attacks include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites. Cyber security failures or breaches of the Fund’s clearing broker or third party service provider (including, but not limited to, index providers, the administrator and transfer agent, the custodian), have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs.
In addition, substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any cyber incidents in the future. The Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result. While the Fund has established business continuity plans, there are inherent limitations in such plans.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUND, ITS INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND INVESTMENTS
The Fund is a series of the Trust. The Trust operates pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement dated as of June 23, 2017 (“Trust Agreement”) which grants full management control of the Fund to USCF. The Fund maintains its main business office at 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite 640 Walnut Creek, California 94596.
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing in short positions in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Oil Futures Contracts”).
The Fund will, to a lesser extent and in view of regulatory requirements and/or market conditions:
| (i) | next invest in (a) cleared swap transactions based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, (b) non-exchange traded (“over-the-counter” or “OTC”), negotiated swap contracts that are based on short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, and (c) forward contracts for oil; |
| (ii) | followed by investments in short positions in futures contracts for other types of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels, each of which are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges as well as cleared swap transactions and OTC swap contracts valued based on the foregoing; and |
| (iii) | finally, invest in exchange-traded cash settled options on Oil Futures Contracts. |
All such other investments are referred to as “Other Oil-Related Investments” and, together with Oil Futures Contracts, are “Oil Interests.”
For the Fund to maintain a consistent 300% return versus short positions in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, the Fund’s holdings must be rebalanced on a daily basis by selling additional Oil Interests or buying Oil Interests for which it holds short positions. Such rebalancing occurs generally before or at the close of trading of the shares on the exchange, at or as near as possible to that day’s settlement price, and is disclosed on the Fund’s website as pending trades before the opening of trading on the exchange the next business day and is taken into account in the Fund’s intra-day Indicative Fund Value and reflected in the Fund’s end of day NAV on that business day.
To the extent the Fund invests in Oil Futures Contracts other than the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract or Other Oil-Related Investments, it will invest in futures, cleared and non-cleared swaps, and call and put options to hedge the short-term price movements of such Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments against the price movements of the current Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. For example, if the Fund invested in diesel-heating oil futures contracts, it may also enter into a swap or forward contract that is valued based on the difference between the diesel-heating oil futures contract and the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract so that the investment in the diesel-heating oil futures contracts together with such swap would provide a return that more closely matches the movements in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The daily holdings of the Fund are available on the Fund’s website at http://www.uscfinvestments.com.
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The Fund invests in Oil Interests to the fullest extent possible without being unable to satisfy its current or potential margin or collateral obligations with respect to its investments in Oil Interests. In pursuing this objective, the primary focus of USCF is the investment in futures contracts and the management of the Fund’s investments in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents for margining purposes and as collateral.
The Fund seeks to invest in a combination of Oil Interests such that the daily changes in its NAV, measured in percentage terms, will track three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, also measured in percentage terms. As a specific benchmark, USCF endeavors to place the Fund’s trades in Oil Interests and otherwise manage the Fund’s investments so that the difference between “A” and “B” will be plus/minus 0.30 percent (0.30%) of “B”, where:
| • | A is the average daily percentage change in the Fund’s per share NAV for any period of thirty (30) successive valuation days, i.e., any NYSE trading day as of which the Fund calculates its per share NAV; and |
| • | B is three times the inverse of the average daily percentage change in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over the same period. |
USCF believes that market arbitrage opportunities will cause the daily change in the Fund’s share price on the NYSE exchange on a percentage basis to closely track the daily changes in the Fund’s per share NAV on a percentage basis. USCF further believes that the daily changes in the Fund’s NAV in percentage terms will track three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily changes in percentage terms in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, less the Fund’s expenses.
The following two graphs demonstrate the correlation between the changes in the Fund’s NAV and the changes in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The first graph exhibits the daily changes in the last 30 valuation days ended December 31, 2018. The second graph measures monthly changes since inception on July 19, 2017 through December 31, 2018.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
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An alternative tracking measurement of the return performance of USOU and the Fund versus the return of its Benchmark Oil Futures Contract can be calculated by comparing the actual return of USOU and the Fund, measured by changes in its per share NAV, versus the expected changes in its per share NAV under the assumption that USOU and the Fund’s returns had been exactly the same as the daily changes in its Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, the actual total return of the Fund as measured by changes in its per share NAV was 14.90%. This is based on an initial per share NAV of $11.21 as of December 31, 2017 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2018 of $12.88. During this time period, the Fund made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if the Fund’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract times three, the Fund would have had an estimated per share NAV of $12.92 as of December 31, 2018, for a total return over the relevant time period of 15.25%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of the Fund of 14.90% and the expected total return based on the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract times three of 15.25% was an error over the time period of (0.35)%, which is to say that the Fund’s actual total return underperformed its benchmark by that percentage. The Fund incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of the Fund to track slightly lower or higher than daily changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
By comparison, for the period ended December 31, 2017, the actual total return of the Fund as measured by changes in its per share NAV was (55.16)%. This was based on an initial per share NAV of $25.00 as of July 19, 2017 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2017 of $11.21. During this time period, the Fund made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if the Fund’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract times three, the Fund would have had an estimated per share NAV of $8.86 as of December 31, 2017, for a total return over the relevant time period of (64.56)%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of the Fund of (55.16)% and the expected total return based on the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract of (64.56)% was an error over the time period of 9.40%, which is to say that the Fund’s actual total return outperformed its benchmark by that percentage. The Fund incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tended to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of the Fund to track slightly lower than daily changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The Fund does not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than one day. The pursuit of daily inverse leveraged investment goals means that the return of the Fund for a period longer than a full trading day may have no resemblance to -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for such longer period because the aggregate return of the Fund is the product of the series of each trading day’s daily returns. During periods of market volatility, the volatility of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may affect the Fund’s return as much as or more than the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. Further, the return for investors that invest for periods less than a full trading day or for a period different than a trading day will not be the product of the return of the Fund’s stated investment objective and the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the full trading day. Additionally, investors should be aware that the Fund’s investment objective is not for its NAV or market price of shares to equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of light, sweet crude oil or to track the inverse performance thereof. Natural market forces called contango and backwardation can impact the total return on an investment in the Fund’s shares relative to a hypothetical direct investment in crude oil and, in the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of the Fund’s shares and changes in the spot prices of light, sweet crude oil will continue to be so impacted by contango and backwardation. (It is important to note that the disclosure above ignores the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing crude oil, which could be substantial.)
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The Fund is designed to be utilized only by knowledgeable investors who understand the potential consequences of seeking daily inverse leveraged investment results and are willing to monitor their portfolios frequently. The Fund is not intended to be used by, and is not appropriate for, investors who do not intend to actively monitor and manage their portfolios.
The Fund’s “neutral” investment strategy is designed to permit investors generally to purchase and sell the Fund’s shares for the purpose of indirectly taking a short position in crude oil in a cost-effective manner, and/or to permit participants in the oil or other industries to hedge the risk of losses in their crude oil-related transactions. Accordingly, depending on the investment objective of an individual investor, the risks generally associated with taking a short position in crude oil and/or the risks involved in hedging may exist. In addition, an investment in the Fund involves the risk that the daily changes in the price of the Fund’s shares, in percentage terms, will not accurately track the daily changes in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract on an inverse leveraged basis, in percentage terms, and that daily changes in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract in percentage terms, will not closely correlate with daily changes in the spot prices of light, sweet crude oil, in percentage terms.
Impact of Contango and Backwardation on Total Returns
Several factors determine the total return from investing in futures contracts. One factor arises from “rolling” futures contracts that will expire at the end of the current month (the “near” or “front” month contract) forward each month prior to expiration. For a strategy that entails holding the near month contract, the price relationship between that futures contract and the next month futures contract will impact returns. For example, if the price of the near month futures contract is higher than the next futures month contract (a situation referred to as “backwardation”), then absent any other change, the price of a next month futures contract tends to rise in value as it becomes the near month futures contract and approaches expiration. Conversely, if the price of a near month futures contract is lower than the next month futures contract (a situation referred to as “contango”), then absent any other change, the price of a next month futures contract tends to decline in value as it becomes the near month futures contract and approaches expiration.
Contango and backwardation are natural market forces that can impact the total return on an investment in the Fund’s shares relative to a hypothetical direct investment in crude oil. In the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of the Fund’s shares and changes in the spot prices of light, sweet crude oil will continue to be impacted by contango and backwardation. It is important to note that this comparison ignores the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing crude oil, which could be substantial.
As an example, assume that the price of crude oil for immediate delivery (the “spot” price), was $50 per barrel, and the value of a position in the near month futures contract was also $50. Over time, the price of the barrel of crude oil will fluctuate based on a number of market factors, including demand for oil relative to its supply. The value of the near month contract will likewise fluctuate in reaction to a number of market factors. If investors seek to maintain their short position in a near month contract and not owe delivery of the oil, every month they must repurchase their current near month short contract as it approaches expiration and sell the next month contract.
If the futures market is in backwardation, e.g., when the price of crude oil futures contracts that expire later than the near month contract are lower than the near month contract’s price, the investor would be selling a next month contract for a lower price than the current near month contract. Using the $50 per barrel price above to represent the front month price, the price of the next month contract could be $49 per barrel, that is, 2% cheaper than the front month contract. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing crude oil prices or the price relationship between the spot price, the near month contract and the next month contract (and ignoring the impact of commission costs and the income earned on cash and/or cash equivalents), the value of the $49 next month contract would rise as it approaches expiration and becomes the new near month contract with a price of $50. In this example, the value of a short investment in the second month contract would tend to fall faster than the spot price of crude oil rises, or rise slower than the spot price of crude oil falls. As a result, it would be possible in this hypothetical example for the spot price of crude oil to have risen 10% after some period of time, while the value of the short investment in the second month futures contract would have fallen 12%, assuming backwardation is large enough or enough time has elapsed. Similarly, the spot price of crude oil could have fallen 10% while the value of a short investment in the futures contract could have risen only 8%. Over time, if backwardation remained constant, the difference would continue to increase.
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If the futures market is in contango, the investor would be selling a next month contract for a higher price than the current near month contract. Using again the $50 per barrel price above to represent the front month price, the price of the next month contract could be $51 per barrel, that is, 2% more expensive than the front month contract. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing crude oil prices or the price relationship between the spot price, the near month contract and the next month contract (and ignoring the impact of commission costs and the income earned on cash and/or cash equivalents), the value of the next month contract would fall as it approaches expiration and becomes the new near month contract with a price of $50. In this example, it would mean that the value of a short investment in the second month would tend to fall slower than the spot price of crude oil rises, or rise faster than the spot price of crude oil falls. As a result, it would be possible in this hypothetical example for the spot price of crude oil to have risen 10% after some period of time, while the value of the investment in the second month futures contract will have fallen only 8%, assuming contango is large enough or enough time has elapsed. Similarly, the spot price of crude oil could have fallen 10% while the value of an investment in the second month futures contract could have risen 12%. Over time, if contango remained constant, the difference would continue to increase.
Historically, the crude oil futures markets have experienced periods of contango and backwardation, with backwardation being in place roughly as often as contango since oil futures trading started in 1982. Following the global financial crisis in the fourth quarter of 2008, the crude oil market moved into contango and remained in contango for a period of several years. During parts of 2009, the level of contango was unusually steep as a combination of slack U.S. and global demand for crude oil and issues involving the physical transportation and storage of crude oil at Cushing, Oklahoma, the primary pricing point for oil traded in the U.S., led to unusually high inventories of crude oil. A combination of improved transportation and storage capacity, along with growing demand for crude oil globally, moderated the inventory build-up and led to reduced levels of contango by 2011. However, at the end of November 2014, global crude oil inventories grew rapidly after OPEC voted to defend its market share against U.S. shale-oil producers, resulting in another period during which the crude oil market remained primarily in contango. This period of contango continued through December 31, 2017. Declining global crude oil inventories caused the market to flip into backwardation at the beginning of 2018 through late October 2018, at which point ongoing supply growth in the U.S., combined with increased OPEC production, once again led market participants to fear another global glut of crude oil. The crude oil market remained in contango at the end of 2018.Periods of contango or backwardation do not materially impact the Fund’s investment objective of having the daily percentage changes in its per share NAV track, on an inverse leveraged basis, the daily percentage changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract since the impact of backwardation and contango tend to proportionally impact the daily percentage changes in price of both the Fund’s shares and the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. It is impossible to predict with any degree of certainty whether backwardation or contango will occur in the future. It is likely that both conditions will occur during different periods.
In managing the Fund’s assets, USCF does not use a technical trading system that issues buy and sell orders. USCF instead employs a quantitative methodology whereby each time a Creation Basket is sold, USCF takes corresponding short positions in Oil Interests, such as the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, that have an aggregate market value that approximates three times (3x) the amount of Treasuries and/or cash received upon the issuance of the Creation Basket. As of the NAV calculation time each trading day, the Fund also seeks to position its portfolio so that its exposure to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is consistent with its investment objective to provide investment results that correspond (before fees and expenses) to three times the inverse (-3x) of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The specific Oil Futures Contracts sold depend on various factors, including a judgment by USCF as to the appropriate diversification of the Fund’s investments in futures contracts with respect to the month of expiration, and the prevailing price volatility of particular contracts. While USCF has made significant investments in NYMEX Oil Futures Contracts, for various reasons, including the ability to enter into the precise amount of exposure to the crude oil market, position limits or other regulatory requirements limiting the Fund’s holdings, and market conditions, it may invest in Oil Futures Contracts traded on other exchanges or invest in Other Oil-Related Investments. To the extent that the Fund invests in Other Oil-Related Investments, it would prioritize investments in contracts and instruments that are economically equivalent to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, including cleared swaps that satisfy such criteria, and then, to a lesser extent, it would invest in other types of cleared swaps and other contracts, instruments and non-cleared swaps, such as swaps in the over-the-counter market (or commonly referred to as the “OTC market”). If the Fund is required by law or regulation, or by one of its regulators, including a futures exchange, to reduce its position in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts to the applicable position limit or to a specified accountability level or if market conditions dictate it would be more appropriate to invest in Other Oil-Related Investments, a substantial portion of the Fund’s assets could be invested in accordance with such priority in Other Oil-Related Investments that are intended to replicate the return on the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. As the Fund’s assets reach higher levels, it is more likely to exceed position limits, accountability levels or other regulatory limits and, as a result, it is more likely that it will invest in accordance with such priority in Other Oil-Related Investments at such higher levels. In addition, market conditions that USCF currently anticipates could cause the Fund to invest in Other Oil-Related Investments include those allowing the Fund to obtain greater liquidity or to execute transactions with more favorable pricing. See “Risk Factors Involved With an Investment in the Fund” for a discussion of the potential impact of regulation on the Fund’s ability to invest in OTC transactions and cleared swaps.
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USCF may not be able to fully invest the Fund’s assets in Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts having an aggregate short notional amount exactly equal to three times (3x) the Fund’s NAV. For example, as standardized contracts, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts are for a specified amount of a particular commodity, and the Fund’s NAV and the proceeds from the sale of a Creation Basket are unlikely to be an exact multiple of the amounts of those contracts. As a result, in such circumstances, the Fund may be better able to achieve the exact amount of exposure to changes in price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract through the use of Other Oil-Related Investments, such as OTC contracts that have better correlation with changes in price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The Fund anticipates that to the extent it invests in Oil Futures Contracts other than contracts on light, sweet crude oil (such as futures contracts for diesel-heating oil, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels) and Other Oil-Related Investments, it will enter into various non-exchange-traded derivative contracts to hedge the short-term price movements of such Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments against the current Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
USCF does not anticipate letting the Fund’s Oil Futures Contracts expire and taking, or making, delivery of the underlying commodity. Instead, USCF will close existing positions, e.g., when it changes the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil-Related Investments or it otherwise determines it would be appropriate to do so and reinvests the proceeds in new Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil-Related Investments. Positions may also be closed out to meet orders for Redemption Baskets and in such case proceeds for such baskets will not be reinvested.
The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is changed from the near month contract to the next month contract over a four-day period. Each month, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract changes starting at the end of the day on the date two weeks prior to expiration of the near month contract for that month. During the first three days of the period, the applicable value of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is based on a combination of the near month contract and the next month contract as follows: (1) day 1 consists of 75% of the then near month contract’s price plus 25% of the price of the next month contract, divided by 75% of the near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 25% of the price of the next month contract, (2) day 2 consists of 50% of the then near month contract’s price plus 50% of the price of the next month contract, divided by 50% of the near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 50% of the price of the next month contract and (3) day 3 consists of 25% of the then near month contract’s price plus 75% of the price of the next month contract, divided by 25% of the near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 75% of the price of the next month contract. On day 4, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the next month contract to expire at that time and that contract remains the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract until the beginning of the following month’s change in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over a four-day period. On each day during the four-day period, USCF anticipates it will “roll” the Fund’s positions in Oil Interests by closing, or buying, a percentage of the Fund’s short positions in Oil Interests and reinvesting the proceeds from closing those positions in new short positions in Oil Interests that reflect the change in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
The anticipated dates that the monthly four-day roll period will commence are posted on the Fund’s website at www.uscfinvestments.com, and are subject to change without notice.
By remaining invested as fully as possible in Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil-Related Investments, USCF believes that the daily changes in percentage terms of the Fund’s NAV will continue to closely track, on an inverse leveraged basis, the daily changes in percentage terms in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. USCF believes that certain arbitrage opportunities result in the price of the shares traded on the NYSE closely tracking the NAV of the Fund. Additionally, Oil Futures Contracts traded on the NYMEX have closely tracked the spot price of light, sweet crude oil. Based on these expected interrelationships, USCF believes that the changes in the price of the Fund’s shares as traded on the NYSE will closely track, on a daily leveraged inverse basis, the changes in the spot price of light, sweet crude oil on a percentage basis.
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What are the Trading Policies of the Fund?
Investment Objectives
The Fund seeks, on a daily basis, to provide investment results that correspond (before fees and expenses) to three times the inverse (-3x) of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund does not seek to achieve its stated objective over a period greater than a single day. Because the Fund seeks investment results for a single day only (as measured from the time the Fund calculates its NAV to the time of the Fund’s next NAV calculation) and on an inverse leveraged basis, the Fund is different from most exchange-traded funds.
As of the NAV calculation time each trading day, the Fund seeks to position its portfolio so that its exposure to the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is consistent with its investment objective. The impact of a Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s movements during the day will affect whether the Fund’s portfolio needs to be rebalanced. For example, the Fund’s short exposure will need to be increased on days when the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract falls and decreased on days the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract rises. Daily rebalancing and the compounding of each day’s return over time means that the return of the Fund for a period longer than a single day will be the result of each day’s returns compounded over the period, which will very likely differ from three times the inverse (-3x) of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for the period. The Fund may lose money if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s performance is flat over time, and it is possible for a Fund to lose money over time regardless of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, as a result of daily rebalancing, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s volatility and compounding.
There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective or avoid substantial losses. The Fund does not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than a single day because mathematical compounding prevents the Fund from achieving such results. Results for the Fund over periods of time greater than a single day should not be expected to be a simple inverse multiple (-3x) of the period return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and will likely differ significantly from such. The Fund may lose money if the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s performance is flat over time, and it is possible for the Fund to lose money over time regardless of the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, as a result of daily rebalancing, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract’s volatility and compounding. Daily compounding of the Fund’s investment returns can dramatically and adversely affect its longer-term performance during periods of high volatility. Volatility may be at least as important to the Fund’s return for a period as the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
Liquidity
The Fund invests only in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments that, in the opinion of USCF, are traded in sufficient volume to permit the ready taking and liquidation of positions in these financial interests and in Other Oil-Related Investments that, in the opinion of USCF, may be readily liquidated with the original counterparty or through a third party assuming the position of the Fund.
Spot Commodities
While the crude Oil Futures Contracts traded can be physically settled, the Fund does not intend to take or make physical delivery. The Fund may from time to time trade in Other Oil-Related Investments, including contracts based on the spot price of crude oil.
Leverage
USCF endeavors to have the aggregate short market value of its obligations under its Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments equal to three times (3x) the value of the Fund’s Treasuries, cash and cash equivalents, whether held by the Fund or posted as margin or other collateral, at the close of each trading day (as measured at the time the Fund calculates its NAV). Commodity pools’ trading positions in futures contracts or other related investments are typically required to be secured by the deposit of margin funds that represent only a small percentage of a futures contract’s (or other commodity interest’s) entire market value.
Borrowings
Borrowings are not expected to be used by the Fund unless the Fund is required to borrow money in the event of physical delivery, if the Fund trades in cash commodities, or for short-term needs created by unexpected redemptions.
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OTC Derivatives (Including Spreads and Straddles)
In addition to Oil Futures Contracts, there are also a number of listed options on the Oil Futures Contracts on the principal futures exchanges. These contracts offer investors and hedgers another set of financial vehicles to use in managing exposure to the crude oil market. Consequently, the Fund may purchase options on crude Oil Futures Contracts on these exchanges in pursuing its investment objective.
In addition to the Oil Futures Contracts and options on the Oil Futures Contracts, there also exists an active non-exchange-traded market in derivatives tied to crude oil. These derivatives transactions (also known as OTC contracts) are usually entered into between two parties in private contracts. Unlike most of the exchange-traded Oil Futures Contracts or exchange-traded options on the Oil Futures Contracts, each party to such contract bears the credit risk of the other party, i.e., the risk that the other party may not be able to perform its obligations under its contract. To reduce the credit risk that arises in connection with such contracts, the Fund will generally enter into an agreement with each counterparty based on the Master Agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) that provides for the netting of its overall exposure to its counterparty.
USCF assesses or reviews, as appropriate, the creditworthiness of each potential or existing counterparty to an OTC contract pursuant to guidelines approved by the Board.
The Fund may enter into certain transactions where an OTC component is exchanged for a corresponding futures contract (an “Exchange for Related Position” or “EFRP transaction”). In the most common type of EFRP transaction entered into by the Fund, the OTC component is the purchase or sale of one or more baskets of the Fund shares. These EFRP transactions may expose the Fund to counterparty risk during the interim period between the execution of the OTC component and the exchange for a corresponding futures contract. Generally, the counterparty risk from the EFRP transaction will exist only on the day of execution.
The Fund may employ spreads or straddles in its trading to mitigate the differences in its investment portfolio and its goal of tracking, on an inverse leveraged basis, the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The Fund would use a spread when it chooses to take simultaneous long and short positions in futures written on the same underlying asset, but with different delivery months.
The Fund does not anticipate engaging in trading in futures contracts listed on a foreign exchange, forward contracts or options on such contracts, but it may do so as outlined in the Fund’s listing exemptive order or as permitted under current regulations.
Pyramiding
USCF has not employed, and will not employ, the technique, commonly known as pyramiding, in which the speculator uses unrealized profits on existing positions as variation margin for the purchase or sale of additional positions in the same or another commodity interest.
Prior Performance of the Fund and the Related Public Funds
USOD
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States 3x Short Oil Fund (“USOD”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect three times the inverse (-3x) of the daily change in percentage terms of the price of a specified short-term futures contract on light, sweet crude oil called the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.”
The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the futures contract on light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”), traded under the trading symbol “CL” (for WTI Crude Oil futures), that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be measured by the futures contract that is the next month contract to expire. USOD seeks a return that is -300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a single day. USOD should not be expected to provide -300% of the cumulative return for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for periods greater than a day.
USCF manages USOD which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE. The chart below shows, from July 19, 2017 to February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for USOD.
| # of Authorized | ||||||||||||||
| Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 3 | 9 | 3 | 450,040 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of USOD shares to the public on July 19, 2017 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily changes in benchmark futures contract was (0.195)%, while the simple average daily change in the NAV of USOD over the same time period was (0.197)%. The average daily difference was (0.002)% (or (0.2) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the benchmark futures contract, the average error in daily tracking by the NAV was 1.026%, meaning that over this time period USOD’s tracking error was within the plus or minus ten percent 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
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The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of USOD, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between USOD’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the Benchmark Futures Contracts on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant Benchmark Futures Contracts, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| USOD | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | 0.03 | ||
| Max Premium % | 11.42 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (9.65 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of USOD, see the Performance Tables below.
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR USOD
Name of Commodity Pool: United States 3x Short Oil Fund
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: July 19, 2017
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $5,652,558
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $1,834,319
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $6.11
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: January 2019 (42.31)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: August 2017- September 2018 (82.63)%
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||
| Month | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||
| January | (20.16 | )% | (42.31 | )% | ||||||||
| February | 11.17 | % | (17.77 | )% | ||||||||
| March | (17.59 | )% | ||||||||||
| April | (17.80 | )% | ||||||||||
| May | 3.26 | % | ||||||||||
| June | (29.45 | )% | ||||||||||
| July | (17.44 | )% | 12.22 | % | ||||||||
| August | 16.62 | % | (9.80 | )% | ||||||||
| September | (23.18 | )% | (15.90 | )% | ||||||||
| October | (14.60 | )% | 34.93 | % | ||||||||
| November | (15.96 | )% | 90.78 | % | ||||||||
| December | (15.52 | )% | 19.70 | % | ||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (55.16 | )% | 14.90 | % | (52.56 | )%** | ||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained since inception of trading.
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Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of USOD. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV that is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
Prior Performance of the Related Public Funds
Performance of the Related Public Funds
USO:
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Oil Fund, LP (“USO”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing, Oklahoma, as measured by the daily changes in the price of a specified short-term futures contract on light, sweet crude oil called the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract,” less USO’s expenses. USO does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages USO which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for USO.
| # of Authorized Participants |
Baskets Purchased |
Baskets Redeemed |
Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 16 | 28,390 | 26,858 | 153,200,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of USO shares to the public on April 10, 2006 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily changes in benchmark futures contract was (0.0286)%, while the simple average daily change in the NAV of USO over the same time period was (0.0284)%. The average daily difference was (0.002)% (or (0.02) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the benchmark futures contract, the average error in daily tracking by the NAV was 0.131%, meaning that over this time period USO’s tracking error was within the plus or minus ten percent 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of USO, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between USO’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| USO | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | (.01 | ) | |
| Max Premium % | 6.75 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (4.51 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of USO, see the Performance Tables below.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR USO
Name of Pool: United States Oil Fund, LP
Type of Pool: Public, Exchange-Listed Commodity Pool
Inception of Trading: April 10, 2006
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Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $ 67,996,514,199
Net Asset Value as of February 28, 2019: $ $1,619,596,872
Net Asset Value per Share as of February 28, 2019: $11.95
Worst Monthly Drawdown: November 2018 (22.11)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Drawdown: June 2008 — February 2016 (92.07)%
Number of Shares (as of February 28, 2019): 124,300,000
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| January | (10.47 | )% | (12.34 | )% | (3.33 | )% | 7.28 | % | 17.83 | % | ||||||||||
| February | 1.39 | % | (6.93 | )% | 1.24 | % | (4.32 | )% | 5.75 | % | ||||||||||
| March | (7.76 | )% | 8.34 | % | (7.33 | )% | 5.65 | % | ||||||||||||
| April | 21.52 | % | 15.91 | % | (3.20 | )% | 5.65 | % | ||||||||||||
| May | (0.63 | )% | 5.31 | % | (2.92 | )% | (2.02 | )% | ||||||||||||
| June | (2.16 | )% | (2.77 | )% | (5.11 | )% | 10.77 | % | ||||||||||||
| July | (21.48 | )% | (15.31 | )% | 8.45 | % | (4.86 | )% | ||||||||||||
| August | 3.00 | % | 5.61 | % | (6.13 | )% | 2.73 | % | ||||||||||||
| September | (9.62 | )% | 6.38 | % | 8.30 | % | 5.38 | % | ||||||||||||
| October | 2.13 | % | 3.81 | % | 4.60 | % | (10.54 | )% | ||||||||||||
| November | (13.10 | )% | 3.96 | % | 5.13 | % | (22.11 | )% | ||||||||||||
| December | (14.77 | )% | 6.45 | % | 5.23 | % | (11.04 | )% | ||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (45.31 | )% | 6.26 | % | 3.16 | % | (20.61 | )% | 24.61 | %** | ||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced by the fund over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
UNG:
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Natural Gas Fund, LP, (“UNG”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the price of natural gas delivered at the Henry Hub, Louisiana, as measured by the daily changes in the price of a specified short-term futures contract called the “Benchmark Futures Contract”, less UNG’s expenses. UNG does not use leverage to meet its objective.
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USCF manages UNG which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for UNG.
| # of Authorized Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 14 | 16,768 | 16,072 | 10,184,588 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of UNG’s shares to the public on April 18, 2007 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the Benchmark Futures Contract was (0.096)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of UNG over the same time period was (0.100)%. The average daily difference was (0.003)% (or (0.3) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the Benchmark Futures Contract, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (0.497)% meaning that over this time period UNG’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of UNG, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between UNG’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| UNG | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | 0.76 | ||
| Max Premium % | 16.86 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (2.88 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of UNG, see the Performance Tables below.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR UNG
Name of Commodity Pool: United States Natural Gas Fund, LP
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: April 18, 2007
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $27,444,540,901
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $321,823,036
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $24.79
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: December 2018 (34.75)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: June 2008 - February 2018 (98.89)%
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | 18.46 | % | (6.15 | )% | (2.99 | )% | (16.04 | )% | 8.49 | % | 3.08 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 4.63 | % | 0.95 | % | (28.00 | )% | (13.85 | )% | (12.17 | )% | (1.24 | )% | ||||||||||||
| March | (4.58 | )% | (4.33 | )% | 9.39 | % | 12.65 | % | 1.44 | % | ||||||||||||||
| April | 9.57 | % | 2.49 | % | 6.02 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
| May | (5.88 | )% | (5.74 | )% | (1.85 | )% | (8.59 | )% | 5.90 | % | ||||||||||||||
| June | (2.11 | )% | 6.09 | % | 25.18 | % | (2.02 | )% | (0.67 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| July | (14.00 | )% | (4.19 | )% | (0.69 | )% | (7.52 | )% | (3.75 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | 4.87 | % | (2.38 | )% | (1.16 | )% | 7.50 | )% | 4.86 | % | ||||||||||||||
| September | (0.32 | )% | (8.73 | )% | (1.88 | )% | (2.97 | )% | 3.89 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | (8.37 | )% | (15.69 | )% | (2.52 | )% | (9.02 | )% | 6.60 | % | ||||||||||||||
| November | 2.86 | % | (10.63 | )% | 4.06 | % | 1.18 | % | 40.83 | % | ||||||||||||||
| December | (29.76 | )% | (0.57 | )% | 9.94 | % | (3.16 | )% | (34.75 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (28.95 | )% | (40.60 | )% | 6.90 | % | (37.24 | )% | 4.33 | % | 1.81 | ** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
| 38 |
Draw-down: Losses experienced by the fund over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
USL:
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing, Oklahoma, as measured by the daily changes in the average of the prices of specified short-term futures contracts on light, sweet crude oil called the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts,” less USL’s expenses. USL does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages USL which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for USL.
| # of Authorized Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 10 | 351 | -331 | 2,850,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of USL shares to the public on December 6, 2007 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts was (0.008)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of USL over the same time period was (0.093)%. The average daily difference was (0.001)% (or (0.1) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (0.683)%, meaning that over this time period USL’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of USL, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between USL’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the Benchmark Futures Contracts on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant Benchmark Futures Contracts, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| USL | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | (0.03 | ) | |
| Max Premium% | 11.29 | % | ||
| Max Discount% | (9.72 | )% | ||
| 39 |
For more information on the performance of USL, see the Performance Tables below.
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR USL
Name of Pool: United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP
Type of Pool: Public, Exchange-Listed Commodity Pool
Inception of Trading: December 6, 2007
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019: $674,295,258
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $62,667,865
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $21.99
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: November 2018 (21.63)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: June 2008 - February 2016 (81.80)%
| Rates of Return* | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||
| January | (2.76 | )% | (6.66 | )% | (6.53 | )% | (3.43 | )% | 5.94 | % | 15.43 | % | |||||||||||
| February | 5.86 | % | 5.40 | % | (3.71 | )% | 0.20 | % | (4.48 | )% | 6.90 | %** | |||||||||||
| March | 0.02 | % | (8.41 | )% | 6.86 | % | (6.13 | )% | 6.34 | % | |||||||||||||
| April | (0.50 | )% | 16.15 | % | 12.54 | % | (3.02 | )% | 6.14 | % | |||||||||||||
| May | 3.24 | % | (2.08 | )% | 5.27 | % | (3.01 | )% | (0.46 | )% | |||||||||||||
| June | 4.13 | % | (1.50 | )% | (0.15 | )% | (3.62 | )% | 6.02 | % | |||||||||||||
| July | (5.26 | )% | (17.96 | )% | (12.51 | )% | 6.31 | % | (2.76 | )% | |||||||||||||
| August | (1.32 | )% | 3.32 | % | 4.61 | % | (2.63 | )% | 3.36 | % | |||||||||||||
| September | (5.22 | )% | (10.11 | )% | 5.93 | % | 5. 35 | % | 6.43 | % | |||||||||||||
| October | (9.26 | )% | 3.18 | % | (3.09 | )% | 4.10 | % | (8.36 | )% | |||||||||||||
| November | (16.8 | )% | (8.96 | )% | 4.84 | % | 4.62 | % | (21.63 | )% | |||||||||||||
| December | (16.07 | )% | (11.50 | )% | 7.03 | % | 5.57 | % | (8.57 | )% | |||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (37.2 | )% | (36.07 | )% | 19.94 | % | 3.24 | % | (15.34 | )% | 23.40 | ** | |||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced by the fund over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
| 40 |
UGA:
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of gasoline (also known as reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygen blending, or “RBOB”), for delivery to the New York harbor, as measured by the daily changes in the price of a specified short-term futures contract on gasoline called the “Benchmark Futures Contract,” less UGA’s expenses. UGA does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages UGA which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for UGA.
| # of Authorized Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 12 | 296 | 264 | 1,600,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of UGA’s shares to the public on February 26, 2008 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the Benchmark Futures Contract was 0.004% while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of UGA over the same time period was0.0024%. The average daily difference was (0.0015)% (or (0.15) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the Benchmark Futures Contract, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (0.508)%, meaning that over this time period UGA’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of UGA, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between UGA’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the Benchmark Futures Contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant Benchmark Futures Contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| UGA | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | 0.00 | ||
| Max Premium % | 6.80 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (6.75 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of UGA, see the Performance Tables below.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR UGA
Name of Commodity Pool: United States Gasoline Fund, LP
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: February 26, 2008
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $543,511,783
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $43,557,719
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $27.22
| 41 |
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: December 2014 (20.18)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: January 2013 – July 2016 (64.01)%
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | (5.99 | )% | (1.89 | )% | (13.04 | )% | (8.80 | )% | 4.90 | % | 4.93 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 6.73 | % | 16.93 | % | (5.85 | )% | (2.27 | )% | (8.13 | )% | 14.08 | % | ||||||||||||
| March | (1.81 | )% | (10.34 | )% | 6.92 | % | (2.50 | )% | 4.54 | % | ||||||||||||||
| April | 2.53 | % | 15.20 | % | 9.55 | % | (9.43 | )% | 5.27 | % | ||||||||||||||
| May | 0.78 | % | 1.34 | % | .21 | % | 3.24 | % | 1.65 | % | ||||||||||||||
| June | 3.38 | % | 1.45 | % | (7.81 | )% | (4.86 | )% | 0.23 | % | ||||||||||||||
| July | (7.30 | )% | (11.23 | )% | (12.63 | )% | 13.03 | % | (1.79 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | (1.78 | )% | (6.22 | )% | 5.51 | % | 12.66 | % | 1.03 | % | ||||||||||||||
| September | (5.18 | )% | (8.03 | )% | 15.88 | % | (8.32 | )% | 5.13 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | (9.17 | )% | (0.22 | )% | (2.34 | )% | 10.14 | % | (15.82 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| November | (14.06 | )% | (4.41 | )% | 4.10 | % | 0.00 | % | (19.41 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| December | (20.18 | )% | (2.85 | )% | 11.28 | % | 2.73 | % | (7.15 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (43.40 | )% | (13.57 | )% | 7.06 | % | 2.10 | % | (29.00 | )% | 19.70 | %** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
USCI:
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index Total ReturnSM (the “SDCI”), less USCI’s expenses. USCI does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages USCI which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for USCI. Please note that, prior to May 2012, a Creation Basket was composed of 100,000 shares, so the total number of outstanding shares does not reflect the difference between the number of baskets purchased and the number of baskets redeemed.
| # of Authorized Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 10 | 604 | 427 | 12,350,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of USCI’s shares to the public on August 10, 2010 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the SDCI was (0.002)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of USCI over the same time period was (0.009)%. The average daily difference was (0.006)% (or (0.6) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SDCI, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (7.23)%, meaning that over this time period USCI’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
| 42 |
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of USCI, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between USCI’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| USCI | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | 0.01 | ||
| Max Premium % | 1.10 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (1.34 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of USCI, see the Performance Tables below.
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR USCI
Name of Commodity Pool: United States Commodity Index Fund
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: August 10, 2010
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $1,903,216,853
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $463,446,141
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $39.28
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: December 2014 (8.58)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: Apr 2011 – Dec 2018 (47.72)%
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | (0.11 | )% | (4.77 | )% | (2.52 | )% | 0.60 | )% | 2.12 | % | 3.15 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 3.59 | % | 2.02 | % | 0.03 | % | (0.35 | )% | (2.01 | )% | 1.58 | % | ||||||||||||
| March | 1.02 | % | (4.12 | )% | 2.28 | % | (2.27 | )% | 0.49 | % | ||||||||||||||
| April | 2.58 | % | 5.12 | % | 4.70 | % | (0.82 | )% | 3.14 | % | ||||||||||||||
| May | 0.05 | % | (2.48 | )% | (1.84 | )% | (1.23 | )% | 1.93 | % | ||||||||||||||
| June | 0.52 | % | 2.28 | % | 3.71 | % | 0.10 | % | (2.69 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| July | (4.02 | )% | (7.00 | )% | (2.28 | )% | 2.11 | )% | (3.48 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | (0.93 | )% | (2.85 | )% | (1.43 | )% | 3.23 | )% | (1.23 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| September | (4.12 | )% | (1.60 | )% | 0.02 | % | (1.11 | )% | 1.94 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | (1.58 | )% | 0.21 | % | 1.18 | % | 2.27 | % | (3.11 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| November | (2.71 | )% | (3.64 | )% | (0.64 | )% | 0.12 | )% | (6.85 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| December | (8.58 | )% | 0.17 | % | (4.07 | )% | 3.51 | )% | (2.19 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (13.5 | )% | (16.00 | )% | (1.23 | )% | 6.15 | )% | (11.75 | )% | 4.77 | ** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
| 43 |
Draw-down: Losses experienced over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained since inception of trading.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the Fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV that is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
BNO:
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of Brent crude oil, as measured by the daily changes in the price of a specified short-term futures contract on Brent crude oil called the “Benchmark Futures Contract”, less BNO’s expenses. BNO does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages BNO which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for BNO.
| # of Authorized | ||||||||||||||
| Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 10 | 465 | 372 | 5,100,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of BNO’s shares to the public on June 2, 2010 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the Benchmark Futures Contract was (0.008)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of BNO over the same time period was (0.005)%. The average daily difference was (0.0026)% (or (0.3) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the Benchmark Futures Contract, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (0.702)% meaning that over this time period BNO’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of BNO, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between BNO’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| BNO | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | (0.01 | ) | |
| Max Premium% | 4.857 | % | ||
| Max Discount% | (3.126 | )% | ||
| 44 |
For more information on the performance of BNO, see the Performance Tables below.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR BNO
Name of Commodity Pool: United States Brent Oil Fund, LP
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: June 2, 2010
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $753,849,830
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $95,786,371
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $18.78
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: November 2018 (21.07)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: Jun 2014 – Feb. 2016 (74.97)%
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | (3.77 | )% | (9.38 | )% | (6.87 | )% | (3.12 | )% | 3.63 | % | 13.37 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 3.04 | % | 15.87 | % | (0.26 | )% | 1.05 | % | (5.57 | )% | 9.12 | % | ||||||||||||
| March | (0.87 | )% | (12.89 | )% | 8.46 | % | (5.66 | )% | 7.53 | |||||||||||||||
| April | 0.28 | % | 18.75 | % | 17.79 | % | (3.72 | )% | 8.73 | % | ||||||||||||||
| May | 1.71 | % | (2.96 | )% | 4.14 | % | (2.79 | )% | 3.89 | % | ||||||||||||||
| June | 3.26 | % | (4.11 | )% | (1.59 | )% | (4.42 | )% | 2.78 | % | ||||||||||||||
| July | (5.67 | )% | (18.60 | )% | (13.39 | )% | 7.56 | % | (6.35 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | (3.30 | )% | 2.39 | % | 6.99 | % | 0.86 | % | 4.28 | % | ||||||||||||||
| September | (8.82 | )% | (12.20 | )% | 5.95 | % | 7.96 | % | 7.33 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | (9.89 | )% | 1.09 | % | (4.66 | )% | 7.83 | % | (8.68 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| November | (18.83 | )% | (11.47 | )% | 4.24 | % | 3.05 | % | (21.07 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| December | (18.85 | )% | (17.54 | )% | 8.28 | % | 7.70 | % | (9.54 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (48.89 | )% | (45.42 | )% | 28.48 | % | 15.80 | % | (16.50 | )% | 23.72 | %** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
UNL:
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the price of natural gas delivered at the Henry Hub, Louisiana, as measured by the daily changes in the price of a specified short-term futures contracts on natural gas called the “Benchmark Futures Contracts”, less UNL’s expenses. UNL does not use leverage to meet its investment objective.
| 45 |
USCF manages UNL which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for UNL.
| # of Authorized Participants | Baskets Redeemed | Baskets Purchased | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 10 | 86 | 94 | 450,000 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of UNL shares to the public on November 18, 2009 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the average price of its Benchmark Futures Contracts was (0.049)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of UNL over the same time period was (0.051)%. The average daily difference was (0.002)% (or (0.2) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the average price of the Benchmark Futures Contracts, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was 0.067%, meaning that over this time period UNL’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of UNL, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between UNL’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the Benchmark Futures Contracts on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant Benchmark Futures Contracts, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| UNL | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | 0.00 | ||
| Max Premium% | 6.15 | % | ||
| Max Discount% | (6.58 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of UNL, see the Performance Tables below.
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR UNL
Name of Commodity Pool: United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: November 18, 2009
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $139,667,410
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $4,895,582
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $10.88
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: December 2014 (19.94)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: December 2009 - February 2016 (85.18)%
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| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | 7.81 | % | (5.99 | )% | (1.95 | )% | (8.94 | )% | 4.32 | % | 4.68 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 2.58 | % | 1.09 | % | (16.37 | )% | (8.22 | )% | (5.59 | )% | 1.30 | % | ||||||||||||
| March | (3.11 | )% | (3.15 | )% | 9.66 | % | 8.45 | % | 1.86 | % | ||||||||||||||
| April | 7.69 | % | 1.19 | % | 9.61 | % | 1.78 | % | (1.94 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| May | (6.34 | )% | (3.69 | )% | (0.63 | )% | (5.81 | )% | 4.72 | % | ||||||||||||||
| June | (1.21 | )% | 4.40 | % | 11.76 | % | (1.86 | )% | (0.52 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| July | (10.38 | )% | (3.12 | )% | (0.75 | )% | (4.59 | )% | (2.95 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | 3.76 | % | (3.95 | )% | (2.65 | )% | 5.13 | % | 2.50 | % | ||||||||||||||
| September | (0.82 | )% | (5.45 | )% | (1.36 | )% | 0.40 | % | 0.11 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | (5.88 | )% | (9.04 | )% | 1.78 | % | (3.90 | )% | 2.96 | % | ||||||||||||||
| November | 0.71 | % | (5.26 | )% | 3.88 | % | 0.62 | % | 17.37 | % | ||||||||||||||
| December | (19.94 | )% | 0.00 | % | 9.61 | % | (4.34 | )% | (10.16 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (25.27 | )% | (29.00 | )% | 20.88 | % | (21.19 | )% | 10.80 | % | 6.04 | %** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
Draw-down: Losses experienced by the fund over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained during the most recent five calendar years and year-to-date.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of the fund. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
CPER:
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the SummerHaven Copper Index Total ReturnSM (the “SCI”), less CPER’s expenses. CPER does not use leverage to meet its objective.
USCF manages CPER which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE Arca. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for CPER.
| # of Authorized | ||||||||||||||||
| Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||||
| 10 | 35 | 22 | 650,000 | |||||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of CPER’s shares to the public on November 15, 2011 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily change in the SCI was (0. 0046)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of CPER over the same time period was (0.0088)%. The average daily difference was (0.0042)% (or (0.4) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SCI, the average error in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (3.014)%, meaning that over this time period CPER’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
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The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of CPER, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between CPER’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| CPER | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | (0.02 | ) | |
| Max Premium % | 11.48 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (4.72 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of CPER, see the Performance Tables below.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR CPER
CPER Performance:
Name of Commodity Pool: United States Copper Index Fund
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: November 15, 2011
Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): 32,990,563
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $11,967,178
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $18.41
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: November 2015 (11.98)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: February 2012-August 2016 (50.31)%
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January | (5.93 | )% | (11.68 | )% | (3.37 | )% | 8.86 | % | (2.99 | )% | 5.96 | % | ||||||||||||
| February | 0.00 | % | 8.00 | % | 2.83 | % | (0.84 | )% | (2.35 | )% | 5.68 | %** | ||||||||||||
| March | (5.24 | )% | 1.76 | % | 2.69 | % | (1.98 | )% | (3.21 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| April | 0.10 | % | 5.18 | % | 4.20 | % | (2.31 | )% | 1.04 | % | ||||||||||||||
| May | 3.08 | % | (5.28 | )% | (8.19 | )% | (1.01 | )% | (0.21 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| June | 2.75 | % | (4.49 | )% | 4.46 | % | 4.54 | % | (3.80 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| July | 1.15 | % | (9.69 | )% | 1.17 | % | 6.80 | % | (4.59 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| August | (2.51 | )% | (1.63 | )% | (7.01 | )% | 6.42 | % | (6.27 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| September | (4.82 | )% | 0.13 | % | 6.44 | % | (4.63 | )% | 5.14 | % | ||||||||||||||
| October | 1.23 | % | (1.02 | )% | (0.28 | )% | 4.96 | % | (5.17 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| November | (6.46 | )% | (11.98 | )% | (18.62 | )% | (1.81 | )% | 4.19 | % | ||||||||||||||
| December | (0.78 | )% | 4.17 | % | (4.88 | )% | 7.67 | % | (5.46 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | (16.67 | )% | (25.45 | )% | 14.89 | % | 28.67 | % | (21.90 | )% | 11.98 | %** | ||||||||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
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Draw-down: Losses experienced over a specified period. Draw-down is measured on the basis of monthly returns only and does not reflect intra-month figures.
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: The largest single month loss sustained since inception of trading.
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: The largest percentage decline in the NAV per share over the history of CPER. This need not be a continuous decline, but can be a series of positive and negative returns where the negative returns are larger than the positive returns. Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down represents the greatest cumulative percentage decline in month-end per share NAV that is not equaled or exceeded by a subsequent month-end per share NAV.
USOU
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The investment objective of the United States 3x Oil Fund (“USOU”) is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect three times (3x) the daily change in percentage terms of the price of a specified short-term futures contract on light, sweet crude oil called the “Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.”
The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the futures contract on light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”), traded under the trading symbol “CL” (for WTI Crude Oil futures), that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be measured by the futures contract that is the next month contract to expire. USOU seeks a return that is 300% of the return of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for a single day. USOU should not be expected to provide 300% of the cumulative return for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for periods greater than a day.
USCF manages USOU which is a commodity pool that issues shares traded on the NYSE. The chart below shows, as of February 28, 2019, the number of Authorized Participants, the total number of baskets created and redeemed since inception and the number of outstanding shares for USOU.
| # of Authorized | ||||||||||||||
| Participants | Baskets Purchased | Baskets Redeemed | Outstanding Shares | |||||||||||
| 3 | 20 | 3 | 850,040 | |||||||||||
Since the commencement of the offering of USOU shares to the public on July 19, 2017 to February 28, 2019, the simple average daily changes in benchmark futures contract was (0.195)%, while the simple average daily change in the NAV of USOU over the same time period was (0.194)%. The average daily difference was (0.001)% (or (0.1) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the benchmark futures contract, the average error in daily tracking by the NAV was -1.026%, meaning that over this time period USOU’s tracking error was within the plus or minus ten percent 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.
The table below shows the relationship between the trading prices of the shares and the daily NAV of USOU, since inception through February 28, 2019. The first row shows the average amount of the variation between USOU’s closing market price and NAV, computed on a daily basis since inception, while the second and third rows depict the maximum daily amount of the end of day premiums and discounts to NAV since inception, on a percentage basis. USCF believes that maximum and minimum end of day premiums and discounts typically occur because trading in the shares continues on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. New York time while regular trading in the benchmark futures contract on the NYMEX ceases at 2:30 p.m. New York time and the value of the relevant benchmark futures contract, for purposes of determining its end of day NAV, can be determined at that time.
| USOU | ||||
| Average Difference | $ | (.09 | ) | |
| Max Premium % | 13.46 | % | ||
| Max Discount % | (17.28 | )% | ||
For more information on the performance of USOU, see the Performance Tables below.
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR USOU
Name of Commodity Pool: United States 3x Oil Fund
Type of Commodity Pool: Exchange traded security
Inception of Trading: July 19, 2017
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Aggregate Subscriptions (from inception through February 28, 2019): $24,911,462
Total Net Assets as of February 28, 2019: $24,795,330
NAV per Share as of February 28, 2019: $29.17
Worst Monthly Percentage Draw-down: November 2018 (56.04)%
Worst Peak-to-Valley Draw-down: September 2018 – December 2018 (80.36)%
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
| Rates of Return* | ||||||||||||
| Month | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||
| January | 22.66 | % | 58.43 | % | ||||||||
| February | (13.93 | )% | 16.31 | % | ||||||||
| March | 15.80 | % | ||||||||||
| April | 16.20 | % | ||||||||||
| May | (8.04 | )% | ||||||||||
| June | 32.87 | % | ||||||||||
| July | 18.28 | % | (15.82 | )% | ||||||||
| August | (19.01 | )% | 6.56 | % | ||||||||
| September | 25.34 | % | 15.44 | % | ||||||||
| October | 12.92 | % | (30.20 | )% | ||||||||
| November | 14.87 | % | (56.04 | )% | ||||||||
| December | 15.13 | % | (35.99 | )% | ||||||||
| Annual Rate of Return | 79.31 | % | (64.69 | )% | 84.27 | %** | ||||||
| * | The monthly rate of return is calculated by dividing the ending NAV of a given month by the ending NAV of the previous month, subtracting 1 and multiplying this number by 100 to arrive at a percentage increase or decrease. |
| ** | Through February 28, 2019. |
USCF and its Management and Traders
USCF is a single member limited liability company that was formed in the state of Delaware on May 10, 2005. USCF maintains its main business office at 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite 640, Walnut Creek, California 94596.
USCF is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wainwright Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Wainwright”), which is an intermediate holding company that owns USCF and another advisor of exchange traded funds. Wainwright is a wholly owned subsidiary of Concierge Technologies, Inc. (publicly traded under the ticker CNCG) (“Concierge”), a publicly traded holding company that owns various financial and non-financial businesses. Mr. Nicholas Gerber (discussed below), along with certain family members and certain other shareholders, owns the majority of the shares in Concierge. Wainwright is a holding company that currently holds both USCF, as well as USCF Advisers LLC, an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, (“USCF Advisers”). USCF Advisers serves as the investment adviser for the USCF SummerHaven SHPEN Index Fund (“BUYN”), the USCF SummerHaven SHPEI Index Fund (“BUY”) and the USCF SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Strategy No K-1 Fund (“SDCI”), each a series of the USCF ETF Trust. USCF Advisers was also the investment adviser for the USCF Commodity Strategy Fund (the “Mutual Fund”), a series of the USCF Mutual Funds Trust, until March 2019, when the Mutual Fund liquidated all of its assets and distributed cash pro rata to all remaining shareholders.. USCF ETF Trust and USCF Mutual Funds Trust are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Board of Trustees for the USCF ETF Trust and USCF Mutual Funds Trust consist of different independent trustees than those independent directors who serve on the Board of Directors of USCF. USCF is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and registered as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) on December 1, 2005 and as a swaps firm on August 8, 2013.
USCF serves as sponsor of the United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”) and the United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”), each a series of the United States Commodity Index Funds Trust (“USCIFT”). Other series of the Trust include the United States Agriculture Index Fund (“USAG”), which liquidated in 2018.
In addition, USCF is the sponsor of the USCF Funds Trust, a Delaware Statutory Trust, and each of its series, the Fund and the United States 3x Oil Fund (“USOU”), which commenced operations on July 19, 2017.
USCF also serves as the general partner of the United States Oil Fund, LP (“USO”), United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNG”), the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”), the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”), the United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”) and the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”). USCF previously served as the general partner for the United States Short Oil Fund, LP (“DNO”) and the United States Diesel-Heating Oil Fund, LP (“UHN”). Both DNO and UHN were liquidated in 2018.
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All funds listed previously for which USCF serves as the sponsor or general partner, other than USAG, DNO and UHN, are referred to collectively herein as the “Related Public Funds.”
The Related Public Funds are subject to reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) and, if registered under the 1940 Act, a Related Public Fund also must comply with the reporting requirements under the 1940 Act. For more information about each of the Related Public Funds, investors in the Fund may call 1-800-920-0259 or visit www.uscfinvestments.com or the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “SEC”) website at www.sec.gov.
USCF is required to evaluate the credit risk of the Fund to the futures commission merchant (“FCM”), oversee the purchase and sale of the Fund’s shares by certain authorized participants (“Authorized Participants”), review daily positions and margin requirements of the Fund and manage the Fund’s investments. USCF also pays the fees of ALPS Distributors, Inc., which serves as the marketing agent for the Fund (the “Marketing Agent”), and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. (“BBH&Co.”), which serves as the administrator (the “Administrator”) and the custodian (the “Custodian”) for the Fund. In no event may the aggregate compensation paid for the Marketing Agent and any affiliate of USCF for distribution-related services in connection with the offering of shares exceed ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds of this offering.
The business and affairs of USCF are managed by the Board, which is comprised of the Management Directors, each of whom are also executive officers and employees of USCF, and three independent directors who meet the independent director requirements established by the NYSE Arca Equities Rules and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Management Directors have the authority to manage USCF pursuant to the terms of the LLC Agreement. Through its Management Directors, USCF manages the day-to-day operations of the Fund. The Board has an audit committee, which is made up of the three independent directors (Gordon L. Ellis, Malcolm R. Fobes III and Peter M. Robinson,). The audit committee is governed by an audit committee charter that is posted on the Fund’s website at www.uscfinvestments.com. The Board has determined that each member of the audit committee meets the financial literacy requirements of the NYSE Arca and the audit committee charter. The Board has further determined that each of Messrs. Ellis and Fobes have accounting or related financial management expertise, as required by the NYSE Arca, such that each of them is considered an “Audit Committee Finance Expert” as such term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K.
The Fund has no executive officers. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Agreement, the Fund’s affairs are managed by USCF.
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The following are individual Principals, as that term is defined in CFTC Rule 3.1, for USCF: John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Nicholas D. Gerber, Melinda D. Gerber, Andrew F Ngim, Robert L. Nguyen, Peter M. Robinson, Scott Schoenberger, Gordon L. Ellis, Malcolm R. Fobes III, Ray W. Allen, Kevin A. Baum, Carolyn M. Yu and Wainwright Holdings, Inc. The individuals who are Principals due to their positions are John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Nicholas D. Gerber, Andrew F Ngim, Robert L. Nguyen, Peter M. Robinson, Gordon L. Ellis, Malcolm R. Fobes III, Ray W. Allen, Kevin A. Baum and Carolyn M. Yu. In addition, Wainwright is a Principal because it is the sole member of USCF. None of the Principals owns or has any other beneficial interest in the Fund. Andrew F Ngim and Ray W. Allen make trading and investment decisions for the Fund. Andrew F Ngim and Ray W. Allen execute trades on behalf of the Fund. In addition, Nicholas D. Gerber, John P. Love, Robert L. Nguyen, Ray W. Allen, Kevin A. Baum, Kathryn Rooney, Maya Lowry, and Ryan Katz are registered with the CFTC as Associated Persons of USCF and are NFA Associate Members. John P. Love, Robert L. Nguyen, Ray W. Allen, Kevin A. Baum, Kathryn Rooney, Maya Lowry, and Ryan Katz are also registered with the CFTC as Swaps Associated Persons.
Ray W. Allen, 62, Portfolio Manager of USCF since January 2008. Mr. Allen was the portfolio manager of: (1) UGA from February 2008 until March 2010, and then portfolio manager since May 2015, (2) UHN from April 2008 until March 2010, and then from May 2015 to September 2018, (3) UNL from November 2009 until March 2010, and then portfolio manager since May 2015. In addition, he has been the portfolio manager of: (1) DNO from September 2009 to September 2018, (2) USO and USL since March 2010, (3) BNO since June 2010, (4) UNG since May 2015, and (4) USOU and USOD since July 2017. Mr. Allen also has served as the portfolio manager of (1) the USCF Commodity Strategy Fund, a series of USCF Mutual Funds Trust, from October 2017 to March 2019, and (2) the USCF SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Strategy No K-1 Fund, a series of the USCF ETF Trust, since May 2018. Mr. Allen has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since March 2009 and has been registered as an associated person of USCF since July 2015 and from March 2008 to November 2012. Additionally, Mr. Allen has been approved as an NFA swaps associated person of USCF since July 2015. As of February 2017, he also is an associated person and swap associated person of USCF Advisers. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Mr. Allen earned a B.A. in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley and holds an NFA Series 3 registration.
Kevin A. Baum, 48, has served as a Portfolio Manager of USCF since March 2016 and as the Chief Investment Officer of USCF since September 1, 2016. Prior to joining USCF, Mr. Baum temporarily retired from December 2015 to March 2016. Mr. Baum served as the Vice President and Senior Portfolio Manager for Invesco Capital Management LLC, an investment manager that manages a family of exchange-traded funds, from October 2014 through December 2015. Mr. Baum was temporarily retired from May 2012 through September 2014. From May 1993 to April 2012, Mr. Baum worked as the Senior Portfolio Manager, Head of Commodities for OppenheimerFunds, Inc., a global asset manager. Mr. Baum has been approved as an NFA principal, swap associated person, and associated person of USCF since April 2016 and, as of January 2017, a branch manager of USCF. As of February 2017, he also is an associated person, swap associated person, and branch manager of USCF Advisers. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Mr. Baum is a CFA Charterholder, CAIA Charterholder, earned a B.B.A. in Finance from Texas Tech University and holds an NFA Series 3 registration.
Stuart P. Crumbaugh, 55, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer of USCF since May 2015 and also the Chief Financial Officer of Concierge Technologies, Inc., the parent of Wainwright Holdings, Inc. (“Wainwright”) since December 2017. In addition, Mr. Crumbaugh has served as a director of Wainwright, the parent and sole member of USCF, since December 2016. Mr. Crumbaugh has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since July 1, 2015 and, as of January 2017, he is a principal of USCF Advisers. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Since June 2015, Mr. Crumbaugh has been the Treasurer and Secretary of USCF Advisers. He also has served as a Management Trustee, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of (1) USCF ETF Trust since May 2015 and (2) USCF Mutual Funds Trust since October 2016. Mr. Crumbaugh joined USCF as the Assistant Chief Financial Officer on April 6, 2015. Prior to joining USCF, Mr. Crumbaugh was the Vice President Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Sikka Software Corporation, a software service healthcare company providing optimization software and data solutions from April 2014 to April 6, 2015. Mr. Crumbaugh served as a consultant providing technical accounting, IPO readiness and M&A consulting services to various early stage companies with the Connor Group, a technical accounting consulting firm, for the periods of January 2014 through March 2014; October 2012 through November 2012; and January 2011 through February 2011. From December 2012 through December 2013, Mr. Crumbaugh was Vice President, Corporate Controller and Treasurer of Auction.com, LLC, a residential and commercial real estate online auction company. From March 2011 through September 2012, Mr. Crumbaugh was Chief Financial Officer of IP Infusion Inc., a technology company providing network routing and switching software enabling software-defined networking solutions for major mobile carriers and network infrastructure providers. Mr. Crumbaugh earned a B.A. in Accounting and Business Administration from Michigan State University in 1987 and is a Certified Public Accountant – Michigan (inactive).
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Nicholas D. Gerber, 56, Chairman of the Board of Directors of USCF since June 2005. Mr. Gerber also served as President and Chief Executive Officer of USCF from June 2005 through May 15, 2015 and Vice President since May 15, 2015. Mr. Gerber co-founded USCF in 2005 and prior to that, he co-founded Ameristock Corporation in March 1995, a California-based investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 from March 1995 until January 2013. Since January 26, 2015, Mr. Gerber also has served as the Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Concierge Technologies, Inc. (“Concierge”), which is a company publicly traded under the ticker symbol “CNCG.” Concierge is the sole shareholder of Wainwright. Mr. Gerber also is the President and a director of Wainwright, a position he has held since March of 2004. From August 1995 to January 2013, Mr. Gerber served as Portfolio Manager of Ameristock Mutual Fund, Inc. On January 11, 2013, the Ameristock Mutual Fund, Inc. merged with and into the Drexel Hamilton Centre American Equity Fund, a series of Drexel Hamilton Mutual Funds. Drexel Hamilton Mutual Funds is not affiliated with Ameristock Corporation, the Ameristock Mutual Fund, Inc. or USCF. Mr. Gerber also has served USCF Advisers on the Board of Managers from June 2013 to present, as the President from June 2013 through June 18, 2015, and as Vice President from June 18, 2015 to present. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, since February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. He also has served as Chairman of the Boards of Trustees of USCF ETF Trust since 2014 and USCF Mutual Funds Trust since October 2016, respectively, (USCF ETF Trust and together with USCF Mutual Funds Trust are referred to as the “Trusts”) and each of the Trusts are investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In addition, Mr. Gerber served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of USCF ETF Trust from June 2014 until December 2015. In the above roles, Mr. Gerber has gained extensive experience in evaluating and retaining third-party service providers, including custodians, accountants, transfer agents, and distributors. Mr. Gerber has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since November 2005, an NFA associate member and associated person of USCF since December 2005 and a Branch Manager of USCF since May 2009. Additionally, effective as of January 2017, he is a principal of USCF Advisers and, effective as of February 2017, he is an associated person, swap associated person, and branch manager of USCF Advisers. Mr. Gerber earned an MBA degree in finance from the University of San Francisco, a B.A. from Skidmore College and holds an NFA Series 3 registration.
John P. Love, 47, President and Chief Executive Officer of USCF since May 15, 2015 and Management Director of USCF since October 2016. Mr. Love previously served as a Senior Portfolio Manager for the Related Public Funds from March 2010 through May 15, 2015. Prior to that, while still at USCF, he was a Portfolio Manager beginning with the launch of USO in April 2006. Mr. Love was the portfolio manager of USO from April 2006 until March 2010 and the portfolio manager for USL from December 2007 until March 2010. Mr. Love has been the portfolio manager of UNG since April 2007, and the portfolio manager of UGA, and UNL since March 2010 and the portfolio manager of UHN from March 2010 to September 2018. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Mr. Love has served as on the Board of Managers of USCF Advisers since November 2016 and as its President since June 18, 2015. He also acted as co-portfolio manager of the Stock Split Index Fund, a series of the USCF ETF Trust for the period from September 2014 to December 2015, when he was promoted to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the USCF ETF Trust. Since October 2016 to present, he also has served as the President and Chief Executive of the USCF Mutual Funds Trust. Mr. Love also is a director of Wainwright, a position he has held since December 2016. Mr. Love has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since January 17, 2006. Mr. Love has been registered as an associated person of USCF since February 2015 and from December 1, 2005 to April 16, 2009. Mr. Love has also been registered as a branch manager of USCF since March 2016. Additionally, Mr. Love has been approved as an NFA swaps associated person since February 2015. Mr. Love is a principal of USCF Advisers LLC as of January 2017. Additionally, effective as of February 2017, he is an associated person, swap associated person, and branch manager of USCF Advisers. Mr. Love earned a B.A. from the University of Southern California, holds an NFA Series 3 and FINRA Series 7 registrations and is a CFA Charterholder.
Andrew F Ngim, 58, co-founded USCF in 2005 and has served as a Management Director since May 2005 and, since August 15, 2016, has served as the Chief Operating Officer of USCF. Mr. Ngim has served as the portfolio manager for USCI and CPER since January 2013 and for USAG from January 2013 to September 2018. Mr. Ngim also served as USCF’s Treasurer from June 2005 to February 2012. In addition, he has been on the Board of Managers and has served as the Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer of USCF Advisers since its inception in June 2013. Prior to and concurrent with his services to USCF and USCF Advisers, from January 1999 to January 2013, Mr. Ngim served as a Managing Director for Ameristock Corporation, a California-based investment adviser, which he co-founded in March 1995, and was Co-Portfolio Manager of Ameristock Mutual Fund, Inc. from January 2000 to January 2013. Mr. Ngim also served as portfolio manager of (1) the Stock Split Index Fund from September 2014 to October 2017, and (2) the USCF Restaurant Leaders Fund from November 2016 to October 2017, both series of the USCF ETF Trust. Mr. Ngim also serves as the portfolio manager for three funds that are series of the USCF ETF Trust: (1) USCF SummerHaven SHPEI Index Fund from December 2017 to present, (2) USCF SummerHaven SHPEN Index Fund also from December 2017 to present, and (3) USCF SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Strategy No K-1 Fund from May 2018 to present. Mr. Ngim serves as a Management Trustee of: (1) the USCF ETF Trust from August 2014 to the present and (2) the USCF Mutual Funds Trust from October 2016 to present. Mr. Ngim has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since November 2005 and a principal of USCF Advisers LLC since January 2017. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Mr. Ngim earned his B.A. from the University of California at Berkeley.
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Robert L. Nguyen, 59, Management Director and principal since July 2015. Mr. Nguyen served on the Board of Wainwright from December 2014 to December 2016. Mr. Nguyen co-founded USCF in 2005 and served as a Management Director until March 2012. Mr. Nguyen was an Investment Manager with Ribera Investment Management, an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, from January 2013 to March 2015. Prior to and concurrent with his services to USCF, from January 2000 to January 2013, Mr. Nguyen served as a Managing Principal for Ameristock Corporation, a California-based investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which he co-founded in March 1995. Mr. Nguyen was a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA from November 2005 through March 2012 and an associated person of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA from November 2007 through March 2012. Mr. Nguyen has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since July 2015 and an associated person and a swap associated person of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since December 2015. As of February 2017, he also is an associated person and swap associated person of USCF Advisers. USCF Advisers, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Mr. Nguyen earned his B.S. from California State University at Sacramento, and holds NFA Series 3 and FINRA Series 7 registrations.
Carolyn M. Yu, 60, Chief Compliance Officer of USCF since February 2013. In addition, she served USCF as the General Counsel from May 2015 through April 2018 and the Assistant General Counsel from August 2011 through April 2015. Ms. Yu also served as the General Counsel of Concierge, the parent of Wainwright from November 2017 through December 2018. Ms. Yu has served as (1) Chief Compliance Officer of USCF Advisers and USCF ETF Trust since May 2015 and of USCF Mutual Funds Trust since October 2016, (2) Chief AML Officer of USCF ETF Trust since May 2015 and of USCF Mutual Funds Trust since October 2016, and (3) Chief Legal Officer of USCF Advisers and USCF ETF Trust from May 2015 through April 2018 and of USCF Mutual Funds Trust from October 2016 through April 2018. Prior to May 2015, Ms. Yu was the Assistant Chief Compliance Officer and AML Officer of the USCF ETF Trust. Since August 2013, in the case of USCF, and January 2017, in the case of USCF Advisers LLC, Ms. Yu has been a principal listed with the CFTC and NFA. USCF Advisers LLC, an affiliate of USCF, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and, as of February 2017, is registered as a commodity pool operator, NFA member and swap firm. Ms. Yu earned her JD from Golden Gate University School of Law and a B.S. in business administration from San Francisco State University.
Gordon L. Ellis, 72, Independent Director of USCF since September 2005. Previously, Mr. Ellis was a founder of International Absorbents, Inc., Director and Chairman since July 1985 and July 1988, respectively, and Chief Executive Officer and President since November 1996. He also served as Chairman of Absorption Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of International Absorbents, Inc., which is a leading developer and producer of environmentally friendly pet care and industrial products, from May July 1985 until July 2010 when it was sold to Kinderhook Industries, a private investment banking firm and remained as a director until March 2013 when Absorption Corp was sold again to J. Rettenmaier & Söhne Group, a German manufacturing firm. Concurrent with that, he founded and has served as Chairman from November 2010 to present of Lupaka Gold Corp., a firm that acquires, explores, develops, and evaluates gold mining properties in Peru, South America. Mr. Ellis has his Chartered Directors designation from The Director’s College (a joint venture of McMaster University and The Conference Board of Canada). He has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since November 2005. Mr. Ellis is an engineer and earned an MBA in international finance.
Malcolm R. Fobes III, 54, Independent Director of USCF and Chairman of USCF’s audit committee since September 2005. He founded and is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Berkshire Capital Holdings, Inc., a California-based investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 that has been sponsoring and providing portfolio management services to mutual funds since June 1997. Mr. Fobes serves as Chairman and President of The Berkshire Funds, a mutual fund investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Since 1997, Mr. Fobes has also served as portfolio manager of the Berkshire Focus Fund, a mutual fund registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, which concentrates its investments in the electronic technology industry. He was also contributing editor of Start a Successful Mutual Fund: The Step-by-Step Reference Guide to Make It Happen (JV Books, 1995). Mr. Fobes has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since November 2005. He earned a B.S. in finance with a minor in economics from San Jose State University in California.
Peter M. Robinson, 61, Independent Director of USCF since September 2005. Mr. Robinson has been a Research Fellow since 1993 with the Hoover Institution, a public policy think tank located on the campus of Stanford University. He authored three books and has been published in the New York Times, Red Herring, and Forbes ASAP and is the editor of Can Congress Be Fixed?: Five Essays on Congressional Reform (Hoover Institution Press, 1995). Mr. Robinson has been a principal of USCF listed with the CFTC and NFA since December 2005. He earned an MBA from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business, graduated from Oxford University in 1982 after studying politics, philosophy, and economics and graduated summa cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1979.
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REX MLPshares, LLC (“REX”) is a single member limited liability company that was formed in the state of Delaware on December 3, 2015. It maintains its main business office at 44 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06880. REX is a wholly-owned subsidiary of REX Shares, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“REX Shares”). REX Shares creates and delivers intelligently engineered investment products and is based in Westport, Connecticut.
Pursuant to its agreement with USCF, REX provides services to USCF in connection with the development and launch of the Fund and USOU. In addition, REX worked with USCF to develop the investment methodology, provide the appropriate benchmarks, and assist in determining the strategy for satisfying the investment methodology, in each case for the Fund and USOU.
USCF pays a monthly fee to REX for services provided to the Fund that will be calculated according to the following formula (the “Monthly Fee”):
Monthly Fee = (A-B) x C
For purposes of calculating the Monthly Fee:
“A” equals the Management Fee payable by the Fund to USCF during the applicable calendar month; and,
“B” equals the amount of the Manager Expenses payable during the applicable calendar month where (i) “Manager Expenses” means: (a) all direct expenses incurred by USCF in connection with formation and operation of the Trust and the Fund, as set forth in the trust agreement for the Trust, (b) all expenses, including Fund Expenses, reimbursed by USCF to the Fund, and (c) such other expenses as REX and USCF may agree from time to time to designate as “Manager Expenses” provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, “Manager Expenses” shall specifically exclude Management Fees, and (ii) “Fund Expenses” means (a) the Management Fee payable to USCF, (b) brokerage fees, futures commission merchant fees and other fees and commissions incurred in connection with the trading activities of the Fund, (c) any costs and expenses related to registration of additional shares of the Fund, and (d) all other expenses allocated to the Fund by USCF in consultation with REX; and
“C” equals 40%.
In any month where “A” minus “B” equals zero (0) or a number less than zero (0), then the amount of the Monthly Fee paid to REX for such month shall be zero. USCF will pay the Monthly Fee on behalf of the Fund to REX on a monthly basis within thirty business days of the end of each calendar month.
Custodian, Registrar, Transfer Agent, and Administrator
In its capacity as the Custodian for the Fund, BBH&Co. (in such capacity, the “Custodian”) may hold the Fund’s Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents pursuant to a custodial agreement. BBH&Co. is also the registrar and transfer agent for the shares. In addition, in its capacity as Administrator for the Fund, BBH&Co. (in such capacity, the “Administrator”) performs certain administrative and accounting services for the Fund and prepares certain SEC, NFA and CFTC reports on behalf of the Fund.
Currently, USCF pays BBH&Co. for its services, in the foregoing capacities, a minimum amount of $75,000 annually for its custody, fund accounting and fund administration services rendered to each series of the Trust and each of the Related Public Funds, as well as a $20,000 annual fee for its transfer agency services. In addition, USCF pays BBH&Co. an asset-based charge of: (a) 0.06% for the first $500 million of the Related Public Funds’ combined net assets, (b) 0.0465% for the Related Public Funds’ combined net assets greater than $500 million but less than $1 billion, and (c) 0.035% once the Related Public Funds’ combined net assets exceed $1 billion. The annual minimum amount will not apply if the asset-based charge for all accounts in the aggregate exceeds $75,000. USCF also pays transaction fees ranging from $7 to $15 per transaction.
BBH&Co.’s principal business address is 50 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02110. BBH&Co., a private bank founded in 1818, is neither a publicly held company nor insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. BBH&Co. is authorized to conduct a commercial banking business in accordance with the provisions of Article IV of the New York State Banking Law, New York Banking Law §§160–181, and is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the New York State Department of Financial Services. BBH&Co. is also licensed to conduct a commercial banking business by the Commonwealths of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and is subject to supervision and examination by the banking supervisors of those states.
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Wilmington Trust, National Association, a national banking association, with its principal place of business in the State of Delaware, as Delaware trustee (the “Trustee”) serves as the Trust’s corporate trustee as required under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (“DSTA”). USCF pays the Trustee $3,000 annually for its services to the Trust.
The Trustee is the sole trustee of the Trust. The rights and duties of the Trustee and USCF with respect to the offering of the shares and the Fund management and the shareholders are governed by the provisions of the DSTA and by the Trust Agreement. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the DSTA. The Trustee does not owe any other duties to the Trust, USCF or the shareholders of the Fund. The Trustee’s principal offices are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware, 19890. The Trustee is unaffiliated with USCF.
The Trustee is permitted to resign upon at least sixty (60) days’ notice to the Trust, provided, that any such resignation will not be effective until a successor Trustee is appointed by USCF. USCF has the discretion to replace the Trustee.
Only the assets of the Trust and USCF are subject to issuer liability under the federal securities laws for the information contained in this prospectus and under federal securities laws with respect to the issuance and sale of the shares. Under such laws, neither the Trustee, either in its capacity as Trustee or in its individual capacity, nor any director, officer or controlling person of the Trustee is, or has any liability as, the issuer or a director, officer or controlling person of the issuer of the shares. The Trustee’s liability in connection with the issuance and sale of the shares is limited solely to the express obligations of the Trustee set forth in the Trust Agreement.
Under the Trust Agreement, USCF has exclusive management and control of all aspects of the Trust’s business. The Trustee has no duty or liability to supervise the performance of USCF, nor will the Trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of USCF. The shareholders have no voice in the day to day management of the business and operations of the Fund and the Trust, other than certain limited voting rights as set forth in the Trust Agreement. In the course of its management of the business and affairs of the Fund and the Trust, USCF may, in its sole and absolute discretion, appoint an affiliate or affiliates of USCF as additional sponsors and retain such persons, including affiliates of USCF, as it deems necessary to effectuate and carry out the purposes, business and objectives of the Trust.
Because the Trustee has no authority over the Trust’s operations, the Trustee itself is not registered in any capacity with the CFTC.
The Fund also employs ALPS Distributors, Inc. (“ALPS Distributors”) as the Marketing Agent, which is further discussed under “What is the Plan of Distribution?” USCF pays the Marketing Agent a fee for its services as marketing agent to the Fund equal to 0.06% on Fund assets up to the first $3 billion; and 0.04% on Fund assets in excess of $3 billion. In no event may the aggregate compensation paid to the Marketing Agent and any affiliate of USCF for marketing and/or distribution-related services in connection with the offering of shares exceed ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds of the offering.
ALPS Distributors’ principal business address is 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100, Denver, CO 80203. ALPS Distributors is a broker-dealer registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and Securities Investor Protection Corporation.
Payments to Certain Third Parties
USCF or the Marketing Agent, or an affiliate of USCF or the Marketing Agent, may directly or indirectly make cash payments to certain broker-dealers for participating in activities that are designed to make registered representatives and other professionals more knowledgeable about exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded products, including the Fund and the Related Public Funds, or for other activities, such as participation in marketing activities and presentations, educational training programs, conferences, the development of technology platforms and reporting systems.
USCF and/or the Marketing Agent have, or may in the future have, arrangements to make payments, other than for the educational programs and marketing activities described above, to Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (“Schwab”). Pursuant to the arrangement between USCF and Schwab, Schwab has agreed to promote certain exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded products to Schwab’s customers, which may include the Fund and certain of the Related Public Funds, and not to charge certain of its customers any commissions when those customers purchase or sell shares of participating exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded products.
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Additionally, pursuant to written agreements, USCF may make payments, out of its own resources, to financial intermediaries in exchange for providing services in connection with the sale or servicing of the Fund’s shares, including waiving commissions on the purchase or sale of shares of participating exchange-traded products. The following identifies these financial intermediaries and the fees payable by USCF:
| Financial Intermediary | Annual Fee | |
| Raymond James | 0.06%, calculated quarterly, of the total value of shares held by clients of Raymond James |
Payments to a broker-dealer or intermediary may create potential conflicts of interest between the broker-dealer or intermediary and its clients. The amounts described above, which may be significant, are paid by USCF and/or the Marketing Agent from their own resources and not from the assets of the Fund or the Related Public Funds.
On October 8, 2013, USCF entered into a Futures and Cleared Derivatives Transactions Customer Account Agreement with RBC Capital Markets, LLC (“RBC Capital” or “RBC”) to serve as the Fund’s FCM, effective October 10, 2013. This agreement requires RBC Capital to provide services to the Fund, as of October 10, 2013, in connection with the purchase and sale of Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments that may be purchased or sold by or through RBC Capital for the Fund’s account. For the period October 10, 2013 and after, the Fund pays RBC Capital commissions for executing and clearing trades on behalf of the Fund.
RBC Capital’s primary address is 500 West Madison Street, Suite 2500, Chicago, Illinois 60661. Effective October 10, 2013, RBC Capital became the futures clearing broker for the Fund. RBC Capital is registered in the United States with FINRA as a broker-dealer and with the CFTC as an FCM. RBC Capital is a member of various U.S. futures and securities exchanges.
RBC Capital is a large broker dealer subject to many different complex legal and regulatory requirements. As a result, certain of RBC Capital’s regulators may from time to time conduct investigations, initiate enforcement proceedings and/or enter into settlements with RBC Capital with respect to issues raised in various investigations. RBC Capital complies fully with its regulators in all investigations being conducted and in all settlements it reaches. In addition, RBC Capital is and has been subject to a variety of civil legal claims in various jurisdictions, a variety of settlement agreements and a variety of orders, awards and judgments made against it by courts and tribunals, both in regard to such claims and investigations. RBC Capital complies fully with all settlements it reaches and all orders, awards and judgments made against it.
RBC Capital has been named as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation including those described below, arising in connection with its activities. Certain of the actual or threatened legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. RBC Capital is also involved, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding RBC Capital’s business, including among other matters, accounting and operational matters, certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief.
RBC Capital contests liability and/or the amount of damages as appropriate in each pending matter. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly in cases where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages or where investigations and proceedings are in the early stages, RBC Capital cannot predict the loss or range of loss, if any, related to such matters; how or if such matters will be resolved; when they will ultimately be resolved; or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, might be. Subject to the foregoing, RBC Capital believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that the outcome of such pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition of RBC Capital.
On April 27, 2017, pursuant to an offer of settlement, a Panel of the Chicago Board of Trade Business Conduct Committee (“Panel”) found that RBC Capital engaged in EFRP transactions which failed to satisfy the Rules of the Chicago Board of Trade (the “Exchange”) in one or more ways. Specifically, the Panel found that RBC Capital traders entered into EFRP trades in which RBC Capital accounts were on both sides of the transactions. While the purpose of the transactions was to transfer positions between the RBC Capital accounts, the Panel found that the manner in which the trades occurred violated the Exchange’s prohibition on wash trades. The Panel found that RBC Capital thereby violated CBOT Rules 534 and (legacy) 538.B. and C. In accordance with the settlement offer, the Panel ordered RBC Capital to pay a $175,000 fine.
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On June 18, 2015, in connection with the Municipalities Continuing Disclosure Cooperation initiative of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the SEC commenced and settled an administrative proceeding against RBC Capital for willful violations of Sections 17(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“1933 Act”) after the firm self-reported instances in which it conducted inadequate due diligence in certain municipal securities offerings and as a result, failed to form a reasonable basis for believing the truthfulness of certain material representations in official statements issued in connection with those offerings. RBC Capital paid a fine of $500,000.
RBC Capital and certain affiliates were named as defendants in a lawsuit relating to their role in transactions involving investments made by a number of Wisconsin school districts in certain collateralized debt obligations. These transactions were also the subject of a regulatory investigation, which was resolved in 2011. RBC Capital reached a final settlement with all parties in the civil litigation, and the civil action against RBC Capital was dismissed with prejudice on December 6, 2016.
Beginning in 2015, putative class actions were brought against RBC Capital and/or Royal Bank of Canada in the U.S., Canada and Israel. These actions were each brought against multiple foreign exchange dealers and allege, among other things, collusive behavior in foreign exchange trading. Various regulators are also conducting inquiries regarding potential violations of law by a number of banks and other entities, including RBC Capital, regarding foreign exchange trading. In August 2018, the U.S. District Court entered a final order approving RBC Capital’s pending settlement with class plaintiffs. Certain institutional plaintiffs opted out of participating in the settlement and have brought their own claims. The Canadian class actions, one other U.S. action that is purportedly brought on behalf of different classes of plaintiffs, and an action filed in Israel remain pending. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of these investigations or proceedings or the timing of their resolution.
On April 13, 2015, RBC Capital’s affiliate, Royal Bank of Canada Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited (RBC Bahamas), was charged in France with complicity in tax fraud. RBC Bahamas believes that its actions did not violate French law and contested the charge in the French court. The trial of this matter has concluded and a verdict was delivered on January 12, 2017, acquitting the company and the other defendants and on June 29, 2018, the French appellate court affirmed the acquittals. The acquittals are being appealed.
Various regulators and competition and enforcement authorities around the world, including in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the U.S., are conducting investigations related to certain past submissions made by panel banks in connection with the setting of the U.S. dollar London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”). These investigations focus on allegations of collusion between the banks that were on the panel to make submissions for certain LIBOR rates. Royal Bank of Canada, RBC Capital’s indirect parent, is a member of certain LIBOR panels, including the U.S. dollar LIBOR panel, and has in the past been the subject of regulatory requests for information. In addition, Royal Bank of Canada and other U.S. dollar panel banks have been named as defendants in private lawsuits filed in the U.S. with respect to the setting of LIBOR including a number of class action lawsuits which have been consolidated before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaints in those private lawsuits assert claims against us and other panel banks under various U.S. laws, including U.S. antitrust laws, the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act, and state law. On February 28, 2018, the motion by the plaintiffs in the class action lawsuits to have the class certified was denied in relation to Royal Bank of Canada. As such, unless that ruling is reversed on appeal, Royal Bank of Canada is no longer a defendant in any pending class action. Royal Bank of Canada is still a party to the various individual LIBOR actions. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of these investigations or proceedings or the timing of their resolution.
Thornburg Mortgage Inc. (now known as “TMST”) and RBC Capital were parties to a master repurchase agreement executed in September 2003 whereby TMST financed its purchase of residential mortgage-backed securities. Upon TMST’s default during the financial crisis, RBC Capital valued TMST’s collateral at allegedly deflated prices. After TMST’s bankruptcy filing, TMST’s trustee brought suit against RBC Capital in 2011 for breach of contract. In 2015, TMST was awarded more than $45 million in damages. RBC Capital has appealed. The appeals court set a briefing schedule and simultaneously ordered the parties to participate in a mediation. The parties subsequently reached an agreement to settle the matter; a motion to approve the settlement was filed with the bankruptcy court on January 10, 2016 and granted on February 27, 2017.
On October 14, 2014, the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Court of Chancery”) in a class action brought by former shareholders of Rural/Metro Corporation, held RBC Capital liable for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty by three Rural/Metro directors, but did not make an additional award for attorney’s fees. A final judgment was entered on February 19, 2015 in the amount of US$93 million plus post judgment interest. RBC Capital appealed the Court of Chancery’s determination of liability and quantum of damages, and the plaintiffs cross-appealed the ruling on additional attorneys’ fees. On November 30, 2015, the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Chancery with respect to both the appeal and cross-appeal. RBC Capital is cooperating with an investigation by the SEC relating to this matter. In particular, the SEC contended that RBC Capital caused materially false and misleading information to be included in the proxy statement that Rural filed to solicit shareholder approval for the sale in violation of section 14(A) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14A-9 thereunder. On August 31, 2016, RBC Capital was ordered by the SEC to cease and desist and paid $500,000 in disgorgement, plus interest of $77,759 and a civil penalty of $2 million.
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Please see RBC Capital’s Form BD, which is available on the FINRA BrokerCheck program, for more details.
RBC Capital will act only as clearing broker for the Fund and as such will be paid commissions for executing and clearing trades on behalf of the Fund. RBC Capital has not passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this disclosure document. RBC Capital will not act in any supervisory capacity with respect to USCF or participate in the management of USCF or the Fund.
RBC Capital is not affiliated with the Fund or USCF. Therefore, neither USCF nor the Fund believes that there are any conflicts of interest with RBC Capital or its trading principals arising from its acting as the Fund’s FCM.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund. You should note that you may pay brokerage fees on purchases and sales of the Fund’s shares, which are not reflected in the table. Authorized Participants will pay applicable creation and redemption fees. See “Creation and Redemption of Shares—Creation and Redemption Transaction Fee,” page 85.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
| Fees and Expenses | ||||
| Management Fee(1) | 0.95 | % | ||
| Brokerage Fees | 0.70 | % | ||
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 1.65 | % | ||
| (1) | Based on amounts for the year ended December 31, 2018. The individual expense amounts in dollar terms are shown in the table below. |
| Management Fees | $ | 12,206 | ||
| Brokerage commissions | $ | 8,980 |
These amounts are based on the Fund’s average total net assets, which are the sum of daily total net assets of the Fund divided by the number of calendar days in the year. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund’s average total net assets were $1,284,877.
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The breakeven analysis below indicates the approximate dollar returns and percentage required for the redemption value of a hypothetical investment in a single share of the Fund to equal the amount invested twelve months after the investment was made. For purposes of this breakeven analysis, an initial selling price per share of $6.11 is assumed. In order for a hypothetical investment in shares to break even over the next 12 months, assuming a selling price of $6.11 per share, the investment would have to generate a 0.360% or $0.022 return. This breakeven analysis refers to the redemption of baskets by Authorized Participants and is not related to any gains an individual investor would have to achieve in order to break even. The breakeven analysis is an approximation only.
| Assumed initial selling price per share | $ | 6.11 | ||
| Management Fee (0.95%)(1) | $ | 0.058 | ||
| Creation Basket Fee (-0.04%)(2) | $ | (0.002 | ) | |
| Estimated Brokerage Fee (0.70%)(3) | $ | 0.041 | ||
| Interest Income (-1.222%)(4) | $ | (0.075 | ) | |
| Registration Fee (0.00%)(5) | $ | 0.00 | ||
| Amount of trading income (loss) required for the redemption value at the end of one year to equal the initial selling price of the share | $ | 0.022 | ||
| Percentage of initial selling price per share | 0.360 | % |
| (1) | The Fund is contractually obligated to pay USCF a management fee based on daily net assets and paid monthly of 0.95% per annum on average net assets. |
| (2) | Authorized Purchasers are required to pay a Creation or Redemption Basket fee of 0.04% for each order they place to create or redeem one or more baskets. An order must be at least one basket, which is 50,000 shares. This breakeven analysis assumes a hypothetical investment in a single share so the Creation Basket fee is $0.002 (0.04% * $6.11), but also reflects that USCF currently is waiving this transaction fee for all of the Fund’s Authorized Purchasers until further notice. This waiver of the transaction fee for all Authorized Purchasers may be discontinued by USCF upon prior notice to all of the Fund’s Authorized Purchasers. The transaction fee may be waived, reduced, increased or otherwise changed by USCF. |
| (3) | For more information on the Brokerage Fee, see “The Fund’s Fees and Expenses.” |
| (4) | The Fund earns interest on cash and cash equivalents held at the FCM and Custodian, treasuries, and money market funds at an estimated interest rate of 1.222% This is a blended rate based on the rate of interest earned on all of the foregoing as of December 31, 2018. The actual rate may vary. |
| (5) | The Fund is not responsible for the SEC registration fees and related expenses in connection with its initial registration of shares. Payment of SEC registration fees and expenses for subsequent offerings of shares will be paid by the Fund. |
There are present and potential future conflicts of interest in the Fund’s structure and operation you should consider before you purchase shares. USCF will use this notice of conflicts as a defense against any claim or other proceeding made. If USCF is not able to resolve these conflicts of interest adequately, it may impact the Fund’s and the Related Public Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives.
The officers, directors and employees of USCF do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. These persons are directors, officers or employees of other entities which may compete with the Fund for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to those other entities.
USCF has adopted policies that prohibit it and its principals, officers, directors and employees from trading futures and related contracts in which either the Fund or any of the Related Public Funds invests. These policies are intended to prevent conflicts of interest occurring where USCF or its principals, officers, directors or employees could give preferential treatment to their own accounts or trade their own accounts ahead of or against the Fund or any of the Related Public Funds.
USCF has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of the Fund, and this may allow it to act in a way that furthers its own interests which may create a conflict with your best interests. Shareholders have very limits voting rights, which will limit their ability to influence matters such as amendment of the Trust Agreement, change in the Fund’s basic investment policy, dissolution of the Trust, or the sale or distribution of the Fund’s assets.
USCF serves as the sponsor to the Trust, the Fund, and USOU, USCF is also the general partner or sponsor to the Related Public Funds, USCIFT. USCF may have a conflict to the extent that its trading decisions for the Fund may be influenced by the effect they would have on the other funds it manages.
In addition, USCF is required to indemnify the officers and directors of the Related Public Funds, if the need for indemnification arises. This potential indemnification will cause USCF’s assets to decrease. If USCF’s other sources of income are not sufficient to compensate for the indemnification, then USCF may terminate and you could lose your investment.
The officers, directors and employees of REX do not devote their time exclusively to the Fund. These persons are directors, officers or employees of other entities which may compete with the Fund for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to the Fund and to those other entities.
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REX has adopted policies that prohibit it and its principals, officers, directors and employees from trading futures and related contracts in which the Fund invests. These policies are intended to prevent conflicts of interest occurring where REX or its principals, officers, directors or employees could give preferential treatment to their own accounts or trade their own accounts ahead of or against the Fund.
Resolution of Conflicts Procedures
The Trust Agreement provides that whenever a conflict of interest exists between USCF or any of its affiliates, on the one hand, and the Trust, the Fund or any shareholders or any other person, on the other hand, USCF shall resolve such conflict of interest considering the relative interest of each party (including its own interest) and the benefits and burdens relating to such interests, any customary or accepted industry practices, and any applicable accepted accounting practices or principles.
Interests of Named Experts and Counsel
USCF has employed Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP to prepare this prospectus. None of Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP, any other law firm nor any other expert hired by USCF on behalf of the Trust and the Fund, to give advice on the preparation of this offering document has been hired on a contingent fee basis. None of them have any present or future expectation of interest in USCF, Marketing Agent, Authorized Participants, Custodian, Administrator or other service providers to the Trust and the Fund.
Ownership or Beneficial Interest in the Fund
As of the date of this prospectus USCF owns 40 shares of the Fund. In addition, as of such date, no directors nor executive officers of USCF own any shares of the Fund.
Fiduciary and Regulatory Duties of USCF
The general fiduciary duties which would otherwise be imposed on USCF (which would make its operation of the Trust as described herein impracticable due to the strict prohibition imposed by such duties on, for example, conflicts of interest on behalf of a fiduciary in its dealings with its beneficiaries), are replaced by the terms of the Trust Agreement (to which terms all shareholders, by subscribing to the shares, are deemed to consent).
Additionally, under the Trust Agreement USCF has the following obligations as a sponsor of the Trust:
| • | Devote to the business and affairs of the Trust such of its time as it determines in its discretion (exercised in good faith) to be necessary to conduct the business and affairs of the Trust for the benefit of the Trust and the shareholders; |
| • | Execute, file, record and/or publish all certificates, statements and other documents and do any and all other things as may be appropriate for the formation, qualification and operation of the Trust and for the conduct of its business in all appropriate jurisdictions; |
| • | Appoint and remove independent public accountants to audit the accounts of the Trust and employ attorneys to represent the Trust; |
| • | Use its best efforts to maintain the status of the Trust as a statutory trust for state law purposes and as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes; |
| • | Invest, reinvest, hold uninvested, sell, exchange, write options on, lease, lend and, to the extent permitted by the Trust Agreement, pledge, mortgage and hypothecate the assets of the Fund in accordance with the purposes of the Trust and this prospectus; |
| • | Have fiduciary responsibility for the safekeeping and use of the Trust’s assets, whether or not in USCF’s immediate possession or control; |
| • | Enter into and perform agreements with each Authorized Participant, receive from Authorized Participants and process properly submitted purchase orders, receive Creation Basket Deposits, deliver or cause the delivery of Creation Baskets to for the account of the Authorized Participant submitting a purchase order; |
| • | Receive from Authorized Participants and process, or cause the Marketing Agent to process, properly submitted redemption orders, receive from the redeeming Authorized Participants through the Depository, and thereupon cancel or cause to be cancelled, shares corresponding to the Redemption Baskets to be redeemed; |
| • | Interact with the Depository as required; |
| • | Delegate duties to one or more administrators, as USCF determines; and |
| • | Delegate duties to one or more commodity trading or other advisors, as USCF determines. |
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To the extent that, at law (common or statutory) or in equity, USCF has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating thereto to the Trust, the Fund, the shareholders or to any other person, USCF will not be liable to the Trust, the Fund, the shareholders or to any other person for its good faith reliance on the provisions of the Trust Agreement or this prospectus unless such reliance constitutes gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of USCF.
Under Delaware law, a beneficial owner of a statutory trust (such as a shareholder of the Fund) may, under certain circumstances, institute legal action on behalf of himself and all other similarly situated beneficial owners (a “class action”) to recover damages for violations of fiduciary duties, or on behalf of a statutory trust (a “derivative action”) to recover damages from a third party where there has been a failure or refusal to institute proceedings to recover such damages. In addition, beneficial owners may have the right, subject to certain legal requirements, to bring class actions in federal court to enforce their rights under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the SEC. Beneficial owners who have suffered losses in connection with the purchase or sale of their beneficial interests may be able to recover such losses from USCF where the losses result from a violation by USCF of the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws.
Under certain circumstances, shareholders also have the right to institute a reparations proceeding before the CFTC against USCF (a registered commodity pool operator), an FCM, as well as those of their respective employees who are required to be registered under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Private rights of action are conferred by the CEA. Investors in futures and in commodity pools may, therefore, invoke the protections provided thereunder.
The foregoing summary describing in general terms the remedies available to shareholders under federal law is based on statutes, rules and decisions as of the date of this Prospectus. As this is a rapidly developing and changing area of the law, shareholders who believe that they may have a legal cause of action against any of the foregoing parties should consult their own counsel as to their evaluation of the status of the applicable law at such time.
Under the Trust Agreement, USCF, the Trustee and their respective affiliates (collectively, “Covered Persons”) (i) shall have no liability to the Trust, to the Fund, or to any shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust or the Fund which arises out of any action or inaction of such Covered Person and (ii) shall not be personally liable for the return or repayment of all or any portion of the capital or profits of any shareholder or assignee thereof, in both cases, provided that such Covered Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interest of the Trust or the Fund and such course of conduct did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Covered Person. A Covered Person shall not be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any Administrator or other delegatee selected by USCF with reasonable care, provided, however, that the Trustee and its affiliates shall not, under any circumstances be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any Administrator or other delegatee or any other person selected by USCF to provide services to the Trust.
The Trust Agreement also provides that USCF (and any other Covered Person performing services on behalf of the Trust or the Fund, as applicable, and acting within the scope of USCF’s authority as set forth in the Trust Agreement) shall be indemnified by the Trust (or by the Fund separately to the extent the matter in question relates to a single fund or disproportionately affects a specific fund in relation to another fund) against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with its activities for the Trust or a fund, as applicable, provided that (i) USCF was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Trust or a fund, as applicable, and has determined, in good faith, that such course of conduct was in the best interests of the Trust or a fund, as applicable and such liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence, willful misconduct, or a breach of the Trust Agreement on the part of USCF and (ii) any such indemnification will only be recoverable from the assets of the Trust or of the Fund. All rights to indemnification permitted under the Trust Agreement shall not be affected by the dissolution or other cessation to exist of USCF, or the withdrawal, adjudication of bankruptcy or insolvency of USCF, or the filing of a voluntary or involuntary petition in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code by or against USCF.
USCF shall not be indemnified for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of the U.S. federal or state securities laws unless (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnitee and the court approves the indemnification of such expenses (including, without limitation, litigation costs), (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnitee and the court approves the indemnification of such expenses (including, without limitation, litigation cost) or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and related costs should be made.
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The payment of any indemnification shall be allocated, as appropriate, among the series funds in the Trust, including the Fund. The Trust and its series shall not incur the cost of that portion of any insurance which insures any party against any liability, the indemnification of which is prohibited under the Trust Agreement.
Expenses incurred in defending a threatened or pending civil, administrative or criminal action, suit or proceeding against USCF shall be paid by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding, if (i) the legal action relates to the performance of duties or services by USCF on behalf of the Trust or any fund, as applicable; (ii) the legal action is initiated by a party other than the Trust or any fund; and (iii) USCF undertakes to repay the advanced funds with interest to the Trust or any fund, as applicable, in cases in which it is not entitled to indemnification under the Trust Agreement.
In the event the Trust or any fund, as applicable, is made a party to any claim, dispute, demand or litigation or otherwise incurs any loss, liability, damage, cost or expense as a result of or in connection with any shareholder’s (or assignee’s) obligations or liabilities unrelated to the business of the Trust or any fund, as applicable, such shareholder (or assignees cumulatively) is required under the Trust Agreement to indemnify, defend, hold harmless and reimburse or such fund, as applicable, for all such loss, liability, damage, cost and expense incurred, including attorneys’ and accountants’ fees.
The Trustee will not be liable or accountable to the Trust or to any other person or under any other agreement to which the Trust is a party, except for the Trustee’s own gross negligence or willful misconduct. USCF also indemnifies the Trustee (in its capacity as Trustee and individually) and its successors, assigns, legal representatives, officers, directors, shareholders, employees, agents and servants from and against any and all liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, taxes (excluding taxes payable by the Trustee on or measured by any compensation received by the Trustee for its services hereunder or any indemnity payments received by the Trustee under the Trust Agreement), claims, actions, suits, costs, expenses or disbursements (including reasonable legal fees and expenses) in any way relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Trust, the execution, delivery and performance of any other agreements to which the Trust is a party or the action or inaction of the Trustee, except for expenses resulting from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of any of the indemnified parties.
According to applicable law, indemnification of USCF is payable only if USCF determined, in good faith, that the act, omission or conduct that gave rise to the claim for indemnification was in the best interest of the Trust and the Fund and the act, omission or activity that was the basis for such loss, liability, damage, cost or expense was not the result of negligence or misconduct and such liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by USCF, and such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of the assets of the Fund.
Provisions of Federal and State Securities Laws
This offering is made pursuant to federal and state securities laws. The SEC and state securities agencies take the position that indemnification of USCF that arises out of an alleged violation of such laws is prohibited unless certain conditions are met.
These conditions require that no indemnification of USCF or any underwriter for the Fund may be made in respect of any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws unless: (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the party seeking indemnification and the court approves the indemnification; (ii) such claim has been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the party seeking indemnification; or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the party seeking indemnification and finds that indemnification of the settlement and related costs should be made, provided that, before seeking such approval, USCF or other indemnitee must apprise the court of the position held by regulatory agencies against such indemnification. These agencies are the SEC and the securities administrator of the State or States in which the plaintiffs claim they were offered or sold interests.
Provisions of the 1933 Act and NASAA Guidelines
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the 1933 Act may be permitted to USCF or its directors, officers, or persons controlling the Trust and the Fund, the Trust has been informed that the SEC and the various State administrators believe that such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and the North American Securities Administrators Association, Inc. (“NASAA”) commodity pool guidelines and is therefore unenforceable.
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Management; Voting by Shareholders
The shareholders of the Fund take no part in the management or control, and have no voice in the Trust’s operations or business. USCF generally has the right to amend the Trust Agreement as it applies to the Trust provided that the shareholders have the right to vote only if expressly required under Delaware or federal law or rules or regulations of the exchange, or if submitted to the shareholders by USCF in its sole discretion. No amendment affecting the Trustee shall be binding upon or effective against the Trustee unless consented to by the Trustee in the form of an instruction letter.
Meetings of the Trust’s shareholders may be called by USCF and may be called by it upon the written request of shareholders holding at least 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or the Fund, as applicable. USCF shall deposit in the United States mail or electronically transmit written notice to all shareholders of the Fund of the meeting and the purpose of the meeting, which shall be held on a date not less than 30 nor more than 60 days after the date of mailing of such notice, at a reasonable time and place. Where the meeting is called upon the written request of the shareholders such written notice shall be mailed or transmitted not more than 45 days after such written request for a meeting was received by USCF. Any notice of meeting shall be accompanied by a description of the action to be taken at the meeting. Shareholders may vote in person or by proxy at any such meeting.
Any action required or permitted to be taken by shareholders by vote may be taken without a meeting by written consent setting forth the actions so taken. Such written consents shall be treated for all purposes as votes at a meeting. If the vote or consent of any shareholder to any action of the Trust, the Fund or any shareholder, as contemplated by the Trust Agreement, is solicited by USCF, the solicitation shall be effected by notice to each shareholder given in the manner provided in accordance with the Trust Agreement. The Trust Agreement provides that shareholders are deemed to have consented to any proposals recommended by USCF in the shareholder notice unless such shareholders timely object to the proposals. Therefore, a lack of a response by a shareholder will have the same effect as if that shareholder had provided affirmative written consent for the proposed action. USCF and all parties dealing with the Trust may act in reliance on such deemed activity.
The Trust will dissolve at any time upon the happening of any of the following events:
| • | The filing of a certificate of dissolution or revocation of USCF’s charter (and the expiration of 90 days after the date of notice to USCF of revocation without a reinstatement of its charter) or upon written notice by USCF of its withdrawal as Sponsor, unless (i) at the time there is at least one remaining Sponsor and that remaining Sponsor carries on the business of the Trust or (ii) within 90 days of such event of withdrawal all the remaining shareholders agree in writing to continue the business of the Trust and to select, effective as of the date of such event, one or more successor Sponsors. If the Trust is terminated as the result of an event of withdrawal and a failure of all remaining shareholders to continue the business of the Trust and to appoint a successor Sponsor as provided above within 120 days of such event of withdrawal, shareholders holding shares representing at least a majority (over 50%) of the NAV (not including shares held by USCF and its affiliates) may elect to continue the business of the Trust by forming a new statutory trust, or reconstituted trust, on the same terms and provisions as set forth in the Trust Agreement. Any such election must also provide for the election of a Sponsor to the reconstituted trust. If such an election is made, all shareholders of the Trust shall be bound thereby and continue as shareholders of the reconstituted trust. |
| • | The occurrence of any event which would make unlawful the continued existence of the Trust. |
| • | In the event of the suspension, revocation or termination of USCF’s registration as a commodity pool operator, or membership as a commodity pool operator with the NFA (if, in either case, such registration is required at such time unless at the time there is at least one remaining Sponsor whose registration or membership has not been suspended, revoked or terminated). |
| • | The Trust becomes insolvent or bankrupt. |
| • | The shareholders holding shares representing at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the net asset value (which excludes the shares of USCF) vote to dissolve the Fund, notice of which is sent to USCF not less than ninety (90) business days prior to the effective date of termination. |
| • | The determination of USCF that the aggregate net assets of the Fund in relation to the operating expenses of the Trust make it unreasonable or imprudent to continue the business of the Trust. |
| • | The Trust is required to be registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and USCF does not deem it advisable to register the Trust as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940. |
| • | DTC is unable or unwilling to continue to perform its functions, and a comparable replacement is unavailable. |
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The Trust and the Fund keep their books of record and account at the office of USCF located at 1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite 640 Walnut Creek, California 94596, or at the offices of the Administrator located at 50 Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts, 02110, or such office, including of an administrative agent, as it may subsequently designate upon notice. These books and records are open to inspection by any person who establishes to the Trust’s satisfaction that such person is a shareholder upon reasonable advance notice at all reasonable times during usual business hours of the Trust and the Fund.
The Trust keeps a copy of the Trust Agreement on file in USCF’s office which will be available for inspection by any shareholder at all times during its usual business hours upon reasonable advance notice. Pool participants will not be permitted to review records of proprietary accounts traded by USCF or its principles, or any policies related thereto.
Statements, Filings, and Reports to Shareholders
At the end of each fiscal year, the Trust will furnish to banks, broker dealers and trust companies (“DTC Participants”) for distribution to each person who is a shareholder at the end of the fiscal year an annual report containing the Trust’s audited financial statements and other information about the Trust and the Fund. USCF is responsible for the registration and qualification of the shares under the federal securities laws and federal commodities laws and any other securities and blue-sky laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction as USCF may select. USCF is responsible for preparing all reports required by the SEC, NYSE and the CFTC, but has entered into an agreement with the Administrator to prepare these reports as required by the SEC, the CFTC and NYSE on the Trust’s behalf.
The financial statements of the Trust will be audited, as required by law and may be directed by USCF, by an independent registered public accounting firm designated from time to time by USCF. The accountants’ report will be furnished by the Trust to shareholders upon request. The Trust will make such elections, file such tax returns, and prepare, disseminate and file such tax reports, as it is advised by its counsel or accountants are from time to time required by applicable statute, rule or regulation.
In addition to periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, all of which can be assessed on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or on the Fund’s website at http://www.uscfinvestments.com, the Trust pursuant to the Trust Agreement, will provide the following reports to shareholders in the manner prescribed below:
Annual Reports. Within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, USCF shall cause to be delivered an annual report containing the following:
| (i) | financial statements of the Trust, including without limitation, a balance sheet as of the end of the of the Trust’s fiscal year and statements of income, Trust’s equity and changes in financial position, for such fiscal year, which shall be prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America consistently applied and shall be audited by a firm of independent certified public accountants registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, |
| (ii) | a general description of the activities of the Trust during the period covered by the report, and |
| (iii) | a report of any material transactions between the Trust and USCF or any of its affiliates, including fees or compensation paid by the Trust and the services performed by USCF or any such affiliate for such fees or compensation. |
Quarterly Reports. Within 45 days after the end of each quarter of each fiscal year, USCF shall cause to be delivered, a quarterly report containing a balance sheet and statement of income for the period covered by the report, each of which may be unaudited but shall be certified by USCF as fairly presenting the financial position and results of operations of the Trust during the period covered by the report. The report shall also contain a description of any material event regarding the business of the partnership during the period covered by the report.
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Monthly Reports. Within 30 days after the end of each month, USCF shall cause to be delivered, a monthly report containing an account statement, which will include a statement of income (loss) and a statement of changes in NAV, for the prescribed period. In addition, the account statement will disclose any material business dealings between the Trust, USCF, commodity trading advisor, FCM, or the principals thereof that previously have not been disclosed in this prospectus or any amendment thereto, other account statements or annual reports.
The Trust will provide information to its shareholders to the extent required by applicable SEC, CFTC and NYSE requirements. An issuer, such as the Trust, of exchange-traded securities may not always readily know the identities of the investors who own those securities. The Trust and the Fund will post the same information described above on http://www.uscfinvestments.com.
The fiscal year of the Fund is the calendar year. USCF may select an alternate fiscal year.
Governing Law; Consent to Delaware Jurisdiction
The rights of USCF, the Trust, the Fund, DTC (as registered owner of the Fund’s global certificate for shares) and the shareholders are governed by the laws of the State of Delaware. USCF, the Trust, the Fund and DTC and, by accepting shares, each DTC Participant and each shareholder, consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Delaware and any federal courts located in Delaware. Such consent is not required for any person to assert a claim of Delaware jurisdiction over USCF, the Trust or the Fund.
Litigation and Claims
Within the past 5 years of the date of this prospectus, there have been no material administrative, civil or criminal actions against USCF, the Trust or the Fund, or any principal or affiliate of any of them. This includes any actions pending, on appeal, concluded, threatened, or otherwise known to them.
Legal Opinions
Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. has been retained to advise the Trust and the Sponsor with respect to the shares being offered hereby and has passed upon the validity of the shares being issued hereunder. Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP has provided the Sponsor with its opinion with respect to U.S. federal income tax matters addressed herein.
Experts
Spicer Jeffries LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the statements of financial condition of the Trust as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, including the schedule of investments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related statements of operations, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, that appear in the annual report on Form 10-K that is incorporated by reference. The financial statements of the Trust in the Form 10-K were included herein in reliance upon the report of Spicer Jeffries LLP dated March 26, 2019, given on its authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of the Fund, and the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Fund, as of the date hereof. In general, this discussion is applicable to a shareholder who holds its shares as a capital asset. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the income tax considerations applicable to an investment in shares. For example, we have not described tax consequences that may be relevant to certain types of shareholders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies, financial institutions, tax-exempt entities, insurance companies, persons holding shares as a part of a position in a “straddle” or as part of a “hedging,” “conversion” or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or holders of shares whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar. Furthermore, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code, and regulations (“Treasury Regulations”), rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be repealed, revoked or modified (possibly with retroactive effect) so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below.
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As used herein, the term “U.S. Shareholder” means a shareholder that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation or partnership created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (iv) a trust (X) that is subject to the supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more United States persons as described in section 7701(a)(30) of the Code or (Y) that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person. A “Non-U.S. Shareholder” is a holder that is not a U.S. Shareholder. If a partnership holds our shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our shares, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences.
USCF has received the opinion of Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP, counsel to the Trust, that, subject to the conditions, limitations and assumptions stated in this discussion, the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the Fund and to U.S. shareholders and Non-U.S. shareholders (as defined below) will be as described in the following paragraphs. In rendering its opinion, Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP has relied on the facts and assumptions described in this prospectus as well as certain factual representations made by the Trust and USCF. This opinion is not binding on the IRS. No ruling has been requested from the IRS with respect to any matter affecting the Fund or prospective investors, and the IRS may disagree with the tax positions taken by the Trust. If the IRS were to challenge the Trust’s tax positions in litigation, they might not be sustained by the courts.
EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS ADVISED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF AN INVESTMENT IN SHARES, AS WELL AS ANY APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN TAX CONSEQUENCES, IN LIGHT OF ITS PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
Tax Status of the Trust and the Fund
The Trust is organized and operated as a statutory trust in accordance with the provisions of the Trust Agreement and applicable Delaware law. Notwithstanding the Trust’s status as a statutory trust and the Fund’s status as a series of that trust, due to the nature of its activities, the Fund will be treated as a partnership rather than a trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, the trading of shares on NYSE will cause the Fund to be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under the Code, a publicly traded partnership is generally taxable as a corporation. In the case of an entity (such as the Fund) that is not registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, however, an exception to this general rule applies if at least 90% of the entity’s gross income is “qualifying income” for each taxable year of its existence. For this purpose, “qualifying income” is defined as including, in pertinent part, interest (other than from a financial business), dividends and gains from the sale or disposition of capital assets held for the production of interest or dividends. In addition, qualifying income includes any income that would satisfy the requirements of Code Section 851(b)(2), which includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale of stock or securities, net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership, and other income (including, but not limited to, gains from option, futures or forward contraction) derived with respect to its business of investment in securities. Further, in the case of a partnership a principal activity of which is the buying and selling of commodities (other than as inventory) or of futures, forwards and options with respect to commodities, “qualifying income” includes income and gains from commodities and futures, forwards, options and swaps and other notional principal contracts with respect to commodities. In connection with the opinion provided by Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP, the Trust and USCF have represented, among other things, the following to Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP:
| • | At least 90% of the Fund’s gross income for each taxable year will be derived from (i) income and gains from commodities (not held as inventory) or futures, forwards, options, swaps and other notional principal contracts with respect to commodities, and (ii) interest income; |
| • | The Fund is organized and will be operated in accordance with its governing documents and applicable law; and |
| • | The Fund has not elected, and the Fund will not elect, to be classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
Based in part on these representations, Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP is of the opinion that the Fund will be classified as a partnership that it is not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Fund’s taxation as a partnership rather than a corporation will require USCF to conduct the Fund’s business activities in such a manner that it satisfies the qualifying income exception on a continuing basis. No assurance can be given that the Fund’s operations for any given year will produce income that satisfies the requirements of the qualifying income exception. Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP will not review the Fund’s ongoing compliance with these requirements and will have no obligation to advise the Trust, the Fund or the Fund’s shareholders in the event of any subsequent change in the facts, representations or applicable law relied upon in reaching its opinion.
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If the Fund failed to satisfy the qualifying income exception in any year, other than a failure that is determined by the IRS to be inadvertent and that is cured within a reasonable time after discovery (in which case the Fund could be required to pay over amounts determined by the IRS), the Fund would be taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and would pay U.S. federal income tax on its income at regular corporate rates. In that event, shareholders of the Fund would not report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their returns. In addition, any distributions to shareholders would be treated as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Subject to holding period and other requirements, any such dividend would be a qualifying dividend subject to U.S. federal income tax at the lower maximum tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains. To the extent a distribution exceeded the Fund’s earnings and profits, it would be treated as a return of capital up to the amount of a shareholder’s basis in its shares and thereafter as gain from the sale of shares. Accordingly, if the Fund were to be taxable as a corporation, it would likely have a material adverse effect on the economic return from an investment in the Fund and on the value of the shares.
The remainder of this summary assumes that the Fund is classified for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a partnership that it is not taxable as a corporation.
U.S. Shareholders
Tax Consequences of Ownership of Shares
Taxation of the Fund’s Income. No U.S. federal income tax is paid by the Fund on its income. Instead, the Fund files annual partnership returns, and each U.S. Shareholder is required to report on its U.S. federal income tax return its allocable share of the Fund’s income, gain, loss, deduction and credit reported on the Fund’s partnership return. These items must be reported without regard to the amount (if any) of cash or property the shareholder receives as a distribution from the Fund during the taxable year. As a result, if, for example, the Fund recognizes ordinary income in the form of interest on Treasuries and other investments, and net capital gain from Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments for a taxable year, shareholders must report their share of these items regardless of whether the Fund makes any distributions to shareholders. Consequently, a shareholder may be taxed on income or gain recognized by the Fund but receive no cash distribution with which to pay the resulting tax liability or a distribution that is insufficient to pay such liability. Because USCF currently does not intend to make distributions, it is likely that, a U.S. Shareholder that is allocated income or gain from the Fund will be required to pay taxes on its allocable share of such income or gain from sources other than the Fund distributions.
Monthly Conventions for Allocations of the Fund’s Profit and Loss and Capital Account Restatement. Under Code section 704, the determination of a partner’s distributive share of any item of income, gain, loss, deduction or credit is governed by the applicable organizational document unless the allocation provided by such document lacks “substantial economic effect.” An allocation that lacks substantial economic effect nonetheless will be respected if it is in accordance with the partners’ interests in the partnership, determined by taking into account all facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangements among the partners. Subject to the discussion below, concerning certain conventions to be used by the Fund, allocations of the Fund income pursuant to the Trust Agreement should be considered as having substantial economic effect or as being in accordance with a shareholder’s interest in the Fund.
In situations where a partner’s interest in a partnership is sold or otherwise transferred during a taxable year, the Code generally requires that partnership tax items for the year be allocated to the partner using either an interim closing of the books or a daily proration method. The Fund allocates tax items using an interim closing of the books method under which income, gain, loss, deductions and credits are determined on a monthly “mark-to-market” basis, taking into account the Fund’s accrued income and deductions and gains and losses (both realized and unrealized) for the month. The tax items for each month during the taxable year will then be allocated among the holders of shares in proportion to the number of shares owned by them as of the close of business on the last trading day of the previous month (the “monthly allocation convention”).
Under the monthly allocation convention, an investor who holds a share as of the close of business on the last trading day of the previous month will be treated for purposes of making allocations as if it owned the share throughout the current month even if such investor disposes of such share during the current month. For example, an investor who buys a share on April 10 of a year and sells it on May 20 of the same year will be allocated all of the tax items attributable to May (because he is deemed to hold it through the last day of May) but will not be allocated any of the tax items attributable to April. The tax items attributable to that share for April will be allocated to the person who is the actual or deemed holder of the share as of the close of business on the last trading day of March.
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Under the monthly convention, an investor who purchases and sells a share during the same month, and therefore does not hold (and is not deemed to hold) the share at the close of business on the last trading day of either that month or the previous month, will receive no allocations with respect to that share for any period. Accordingly, investors may receive no allocations with respect to shares that they actually held, or may receive allocations with respect to shares attributable to periods that they did not actually hold the shares.
By investing in shares, a U.S. Shareholder agrees that, in the absence of new legislation, regulatory or administrative guidance, or judicial rulings to the contrary, it will file its U.S. income tax returns in a manner that is consistent with the monthly allocation convention as described above and with the IRS Schedule K-1 or any successor form provided to shareholders by the Trust.
In addition, for any month in which a Creation Basket is issued or a Redemption Basket is redeemed, the Fund generally will credit or debit the “book” capital accounts of its existing shareholders with any unrealized gain or loss, on the Fund’s assets. The capital accounts as adjusted in this manner will be used in making tax allocations intended to account for the differences between the tax basis and fair market value of assets of the Fund at the time new shares are issued or outstanding shares are redeemed (so-called “reverse Code section 704(c) allocations”). The intended effect of these adjustments is to equitably allocate among shareholders any unrealized appreciation or depreciation in the Fund’s assets existing at the time of a contribution or redemption for book and tax purposes.
USCF believes that application of the conventions described above is consistent with the intent of the partnership provisions of the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations and that the resulting allocations should have substantial economic effect or otherwise should be respected as being in accordance with shareholders’ interests in the Fund for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Code and existing Treasury Regulations do not expressly permit adoption of these conventions, although the monthly allocation convention described above is consistent with methods permitted under the applicable Treasury Regulations, as well as the legislative history for the provisions that require allocations to appropriately reflect changes in ownership interests. It is possible that the IRS could successfully challenge the Fund’s allocation conventions on the ground that they do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Code or Treasury Regulations, requiring a shareholder to report a greater or lesser share of items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit than if our conventions were respected. USCF is authorized to revise our allocation method to conform to the requirements of future Treasury Regulations.
The conventions used by the Fund in making tax allocations may cause a shareholder to be allocated more or less income or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes than its proportionate share of the economic income or loss realized by the Fund during the period it held its shares. This mismatch between taxable and economic income or loss in some cases may be temporary, reversing itself in a later period when the shares are sold, but could be permanent.
Section 754 election. The Fund intends to make the election permitted by section 754 of the Code, which election is irrevocable without the consent of the IRS. The effect of this election is that when a secondary market sale of shares occurs, the Fund adjusts the purchaser’s proportionate share of the tax basis of its assets to fair market value, as reflected in the price paid for the shares, as if the purchaser had directly acquired an interest in the Fund’s assets. The section 754 election is intended to eliminate disparities between a partner’s basis in its partnership interest and its share of the tax bases of the partnership’s assets, so that the partner’s allocable share of taxable gain or loss on a disposition of an asset will correspond to its share of the appreciation or depreciation in the value of the asset since it acquired its interest. Depending on the price paid for shares and the tax bases of the Fund’s assets at the time of the purchase, the effect of the section 754 election on a purchaser of shares may be favorable or unfavorable. In order to make the appropriate basis adjustments in a cost-effective manner, the Fund will use certain simplifying conventions and assumptions. In particular, all transfers of shares in the Fund will be deemed to take place at a price (the “single monthly price”) equal to the value of such share at the end of the Business Day during the month in which the transfer takes place on which the value of a share is lowest at close of the market. Adjustments to be made under Sections 734(b) and 743(b) of the Code will be made using the same monthly convention, including by reference to the single monthly price. It is possible the IRS will successfully assert that the conventions and assumptions applied are improper and require different basis adjustments to be made, which could adversely affect some shareholders.
Section 1256 Contracts. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Fund generally is required to us a “mark-to-market” method of accounting under which unrealized gains and losses instruments constituting “section 1256 contracts” are recognized currently. A section 1256 contract is defined as including, in relevant part: (1) a futures contract that is traded on or subject to the rules of a national securities exchange which is registered with the SEC, a domestic board of trade designated as a contract market by the CFTC, or any other board of trade or exchange designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, and with respect to which the amount required to be deposited and the amount that may be withdrawn depends on a system of “marking to market”; (2) a forward contract on exchange-traded foreign currencies, where the contracts are traded in the interbank market; (3) a non-equity option traded on or subject to the rules of a qualified board or exchange; (4) a dealer equity option; or (5) a dealer securities futures contract.. Section 1256 contracts held at the end of each taxable year are treated as if they were sold for their fair market value on the last business day of the taxable year (i.e., are “marked to market”). In addition, any gain or loss realized from a disposition, termination or marking-to-market of a section 1256 contract generally is treated as long-term capital gain or loss to the extent of 60% thereof, and as short-term capital gain or loss to the extent of 40% thereof, without regard to the actual holding period (“60 – 40 treatment”).
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Many of the Fund’s Oil Futures Contracts and some of its Other Oil-Related Investments will qualify as “section 1256 contracts” under the Code. Gain or loss recognized through disposition, termination or marking-to market of the Fund’s section 1256 contracts will be subject to 60 – 40 treatment and allocated to shareholders in accordance with the monthly allocation convention. Cleared swaps and other commodity swaps will most likely not qualify as section 1256 contracts. If a commodity swap is not treated as a section 1256 contract, any gain or loss on the swap recognized at the time of disposition or termination will be long-term or short-term capital gain or loss depending on the holding period of the swap.
Limitations on Deductibility of Losses and Certain Expenses. A number of different provisions of the Code may defer or disallow the deduction of losses or expenses allocated to shareholders by the Fund, including but not limited to those described below.
A shareholder’s deduction of its allocable share of any loss of the Fund is limited to the lesser of (1) the tax basis in its shares or (2) in the case of a shareholder that is an individual or a closely held corporation, the amount which the shareholder is considered to have “at risk” with respect to the Fund’s activities. In general, the amount at risk will be a shareholder’s invested capital. Losses in excess of the lesser of tax basis or the amount at risk must be deferred until years in which the Fund generates additional taxable income against which to offset such carryover losses or until additional capital is placed at risk.
Non-corporate taxpayers are permitted to deduct capital losses only to the extent of their capital gains for the taxable year plus $3,000 of other income. Unused capital losses can be carried forward and used to offset capital gains in future years. In addition, a non-corporate taxpayer may elect to carry back net losses on section 1256 contracts to each of the three preceding years and use them to offset section 1256 contract gains in those years, subject to certain limitations. Corporate taxpayers generally may deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, subject to special carryback and carryforward rules.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, otherwise deductible expenses incurred by noncorporate taxpayers constituting “miscellaneous itemized deductions,” generally including investment-related expenses (other than interest and certain other specified expenses), are not deductible. For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2026, such miscellaneous itemized deductions are deductible only to the extent they exceed 2 percent of the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income for the year. Although the matter is not free from doubt, we believe management fees we pay to USCF and other expenses we incur will constitute investment-related expenses subject to the miscellaneous itemized deduction limitation, rather than expenses incurred in connection with a trade or business, and will report these expenses consistent with that interpretation. In addition, for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2026, the Code imposes additional limitations on the amount of certain itemized deductions allowable to individuals with adjusted gross income in excess of certain amounts by reducing the otherwise allowable portion of such deductions by an amount equal to the lesser of:
| • | 3% of the individual’s adjusted gross income in excess of certain threshold amounts; or |
| • | 80% of the amount of certain itemized deductions otherwise allowable for the taxable year. |
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For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, noncorporate shareholders are entitled to a deduction (subject to certain limitations) equal to their “combined qualified business income.” “Combined qualified business income” for this purpose includes 20% of a noncorporate taxpayer’s “qualified publicly traded partnership income.” In general, “qualified publicly traded partnership income” includes a noncorporate taxpayer’s allocable share of “qualified items” of income, gain, deduction, and loss. A “qualified item” for this purpose is an item of income, gain deduction, or loss that is effectively connected with a US trade or business and includible income for the year. As discussed below, although the matter is not free from doubt, the Fund believes that the activities directly conducted by the Fund will not result in the Fund being engaged in a trade or business within in the United States. See “Non-U.S. Shareholders—Withholding on Allocations and Distributions” below. As a result, we do not anticipate that any of our items of income, gain, deduction, or loss will be reported as “qualified publicly traded partnership income” eligible for the deduction for “combined qualified business income.” “Qualified publicly traded partnership income” also includes any gain or loss from the sale of an interest in a partnership to extent attributable to “unrealized receivables” or “inventory” under section 751. (For a discussion of section 751, see “Tax Consequences of Disposition of Shares” below.) A noncorporate taxpayer that recognizes any gain or loss from the sale of an interest in the Fund that is attributable to “unrealized receivables” or “inventory” under section 751 should consult with such taxpayer’s tax advisor to determine whether any portion of such gain or loss constitutes “qualified publicly traded partnership income” eligible for the deduction for “combined qualified business income.”
A taxpayer is generally prohibited from deducting business interest to the extent that it exceeds the sum of (i) business interest income of such taxpayer, (ii) 30% of the adjusted taxable income of such taxpayer, plus (iii) the floor plan financing interest of such taxpayer. In the case of partnerships, this determination is made at the partnership level. To the extent that the business income of the partnership exceeds the amount necessary to absorb all of the partnership’s business interest, such excess amount is allocated to the partners as excess business income, which amount may be used against any business interest of the partner (but not any other partnerships). To the extent that the partnership has any disallowed business interest expense, such amount is allocated among the partners, reduces the partners’ outside basis in their partnership interests by their allocable shares, and is carried forward to future years. Such carry forward may only be used as a deduction to the extent that the partnership has excess business income in the future. In the event that a partner transfers a partnership interest with any excess business interest carry forward amounts, such amounts increase the partner’s basis in its partnership interest immediately before the transfer. Although it is not free from doubt, the Fund does not anticipate that it will be treated as engaged in a trade or business. As a result, the Fund does not anticipate that any portion of its interest expense (if any) will constitute business interest or that shareholders will be allocated any excess business income as a result of holding the Fund shares.
Non-corporate shareholders generally may deduct “investment interest expense” only to the extent of their “net investment income.” Investment interest expense of a shareholder will generally include any interest accrued by the Fund and any interest paid or accrued on direct borrowings by a shareholder to purchase or carry its shares, such as interest with respect to a margin account. Net investment income generally includes gross income from property held for investment (including “portfolio income” under the passive loss rules but not, absent an election, long-term capital gains or certain qualifying dividend income) less deductible expenses other than interest directly connected with the production of investment income.
To the extent that the Fund allocates losses or expenses to you that must be deferred or disallowed as a result of these or other limitations in the Code, you may be taxed on income in excess of your economic income or distributions (if any) on your shares. As one example, you could be allocated and required to pay tax on your share of interest income accrued by the Fund for a particular taxable year, and in the same year allocated a share of a capital loss that you cannot deduct currently because of the limitations discussed above. As another example, you could be allocated and required to pay tax on your share of interest income and capital gain for a year, but be unable to deduct some or all of your share of management fees and/or margin account interest incurred by you with respect to your shares. Shareholders are urged to consult their own professional tax advisors regarding the effect of limitations under the Code on their ability to deduct their allocable share of the Fund’s losses and expenses.
Tax Basis of Shares
A shareholder’s tax basis in its shares is important in determining (1) the amount of taxable gain it will realize on the sale or other disposition of its shares, (2) the amount of non-taxable distributions that it may receive from the Fund, and (3) its ability to utilize its distributive share of any losses of the Fund on its tax return. A shareholder’s initial tax basis of its shares will equal its cost for the shares plus its share of the Fund’s liabilities (if any) at the time of purchase. In general, a shareholder’s “share” of those liabilities will equal the sum of (i) the entire amount of any otherwise nonrecourse liability of the Fund as to which the shareholder or an affiliate is the creditor (a “partner nonrecourse liability”) and (ii) a pro rata share of any nonrecourse liabilities of the Fund that are not partner nonrecourse liabilities as to any shareholder.
A shareholder’s tax basis in its shares generally will be (1) increased by (a) its allocable share of the Fund’s taxable income and gain and (b) any additional contributions by the shareholder to the Fund and (2) decreased (but not below zero) by (a) its allocable share of the Fund’s tax deductions and losses and (b) any distributions by the Fund to the shareholder. For this purpose, an increase in a shareholder’s share of the Fund’s liabilities will be treated as a contribution of cash by the shareholder to the Fund and a decrease in that share will be treated as a distribution of cash by the Fund to the shareholder. Pursuant to certain IRS rulings, a shareholder will be required to maintain a single, “unified” basis in all shares that it owns. As a result, when a shareholder that acquired its shares at different prices sells less than all of its shares, such shareholder will not be entitled to specify particular shares (e.g., those with a higher basis) as having been sold. Rather, it must determine its gain or loss on the sale by using an “equitable apportionment” method to allocate a portion of its unified basis in its shares to the shares sold.
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Treatment of the Fund Distributions. If the Fund makes non-liquidating distributions to shareholders, such distributions generally will not be taxable to the shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes except to the extent that the sum of (i) the amount of cash and (ii) the fair market value (subject to certain exceptions and adjustments) of marketable securities distributed exceeds the shareholder’s adjusted basis of its interest in the Fund immediately before the distribution. Any cash distributions in excess of a shareholder’s tax basis generally will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of shares.
Tax Consequences of Disposition of Shares
If a shareholder sells its shares, it will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and its adjusted tax basis for the shares sold. A shareholder’s amount realized will be the sum of the cash or the fair market value of other property received plus its share of any the Fund debt outstanding.
Gain or loss recognized by a shareholder on the sale or exchange of shares held for more than one year will generally be taxable as long-term capital gain or loss; otherwise, such gain or loss will generally be taxable as short-term capital gain or loss. A special election is available under the Treasury Regulations that will allow shareholders to identify and use the actual holding periods for the shares sold for purposes of determining whether the gain or loss recognized on a sale of shares will give rise to long-term or short-term capital gain or loss. It is expected that most shareholders will be eligible to elect, and generally will elect, to identify and use the actual holding period for shares sold. If a shareholder fails to make the election or is not able to identify the holding periods of the shares sold, the shareholder may have a split holding period in the shares sold. Under such circumstances, a shareholder will be required to determine its holding period in the shares sold by first determining the portion of its entire interest in the Fund that would give rise to long-term capital gain or loss if its entire interest were sold and the portion that would give rise to short-term capital gain or loss if the entire interest were sold. The shareholder would then treat each share sold as giving rise to long-term capital gain or loss and short-term capital gain or loss in the same proportions as if it had sold its entire interest in the Fund.
Under Section 751 of the Code, a portion of a shareholder’s gain or loss from the sale of shares (regardless of the holding period for such shares), will be separately computed and taxed as ordinary income or loss to the extent attributable to “unrealized receivables” or “inventory” owned by the Fund. The term “unrealized receivables” includes, among other things, market discount bonds and short-term debt instruments to the extent such items would give rise to ordinary income if sold by the Fund. However, the short-term capital gain on section 1256 contracts resulting from 60 – 40 treatment, described above, should not be subject to this rule.
If some or all of a shareholder’s shares are lent by its broker or other agent to a third party — for example, for use by the third party in covering a short sale — the shareholder may be considered as having made a taxable disposition of the loaned shares, in which case —
| • | the shareholder may recognize taxable gain or loss to the same extent as if it had sold the shares for cash; |
| • | any of the Fund’s income, gain, loss or deduction allocable to those shares during the period of the loan will not be reportable by the shareholder for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and |
| • | any distributions the shareholder receives with respect to the shares under the loan agreements will be fully taxable to the shareholder, most likely as ordinary income. |
Shareholders desiring to avoid these and other possible consequences of a deemed disposition of their shares should consider modifying any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit the lending of their shares.
Information Reporting. The Trust will report tax information to the beneficial owners of shares and the IRS. Shareholders of the Fund are treated as beneficial owners for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, the Fund will furnish its shareholders each year with tax information on IRS Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), which will be used by the shareholders in completing their tax returns. The IRS has ruled that assignees of partnership interests who have not been admitted to a partnership as partners but who have the capacity to exercise substantial dominion and control over the assigned partnership interests will be considered beneficial owners for U.S. federal income tax purposes. On the basis of such ruling, except as otherwise provided herein, we will treat as a shareholder any person whose shares are held on their behalf by a broker or other nominee if that person has the right to direct the nominee in the exercise of all substantive rights attendant to the ownership of the shares.
Persons who hold an interest in the Fund as a nominee for another person are required to furnish to us the following information: (1) the name, address and taxpayer identification number of the beneficial owner and the nominee; (2) whether the beneficial owner is (a) a person that is not a U.S. person, (b) a foreign government, an international organization or any wholly-owned agency or instrumentality of either of the foregoing, or (c) a tax-exempt entity; (3) the number and a description of shares acquired or transferred for the beneficial owner; and (4) certain information including the dates of acquisitions and transfers, means of acquisitions and transfers, and acquisition cost for purchases, as well as the amount of net proceeds from sales. Brokers and financial institutions are required to furnish additional information, including whether they are U.S. persons and certain information on shares they acquire, hold or transfer for their own account. The nominee is required to supply the beneficial owner of the shares with the information furnished to the Fund. Penalties may apply for failure to report required information.
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Partnership Audit Procedures. The IRS may audit the U.S. federal income tax returns filed by the Fund. Partnerships are generally treated as separate entities for purposes of federal tax audits, judicial review of administrative adjustments by the IRS, and tax settlement proceedings. The tax treatment of partnership items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit are determined at the partnership level in a unified partnership proceeding rather than in separate proceedings with the shareholders.
The Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax on any “imputed understatement” of tax resulting from an adjustment as a result of an IRS audit. The amount of the imputed understatement generally includes increases in allocations of items of income or gains to any shareholder and decreases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any shareholder without any offset for any corresponding reductions in allocations of items of income or gain to any shareholder or increases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any shareholder. If the Fund is required to pay any U.S. federal income taxes on any imputed understatement, the resulting tax liability would reduce the net assets of the Fund and would likely have an adverse impact on the value of the shares. Under certain circumstances, the Fund may be eligible to make an election (a “Push-Out Election”) to cause the shareholders to take into account the amount of any imputed understatement, including any interest and penalties. The ability of a publicly traded partnership such as the Fund to make this election is uncertain. If the election is made, the Fund would be required to provide shareholders who owned beneficial interests in the shares in the year to which the adjusted allocations relate with a statement setting forth their proportionate shares of the adjustment (“Adjusted K-1s”). The shareholders would be required to take the adjustment into account in the taxable year in which the Adjusted K-1s are issued. The Code generally requires the Fund to designate one person as the “partnership representative” who has sole authority to conduct an audit with the IRS, challenge any adjustment in a court of law, and settle any audit or other proceeding. The Trust Agreement will appoint USCF as the partnership representative of the Fund.
Tax Shelter Disclosure Rules. In certain circumstances the Code and Treasury Regulations require that the IRS be notified of certain “reportable transactions” through a disclosure statement attached to a taxpayer’s U.S. federal income tax return. These disclosure rules may apply to transactions irrespective of whether they are structured to achieve particular tax benefits. They could require disclosure by the Trust or shareholders if a shareholder incurs a loss in excess of a specified threshold from a sale or redemption of its shares, or possibly in other circumstances. While these rules generally do not require disclosure of a loss recognized on the disposition of an asset in which the taxpayer has a “qualifying basis” (generally a basis equal to the amount of cash paid by the taxpayer for such asset), they apply to a loss recognized with respect to interests in a pass-through entity, such as the shares, even if the taxpayer’s basis in such interests is equal to the amount of cash it paid. In addition, significant penalties may be imposed in connection with a failure to comply with these reporting requirements. Investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of these reporting requirements to their specific situation.
Additional Tax on Investment Income. Individuals with income in excess of $200,000 ($250,000 in the case of married individuals filing jointly) and certain estates and trusts are subject to an additional 3.8% tax on their “net investment income,” which generally includes income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, and rents, and net capital gains (other than certain amounts earned from trades or businesses). The income subject to the additional 3.8% tax also includes income from businesses involved in the trading of financial instruments or commodities.
Tax-Exempt Organizations. Subject to numerous exceptions, qualified retirement plans and individual retirement accounts, charitable organizations and certain other organizations that otherwise are exempt from U.S. federal income tax (collectively “exempt organizations”) nonetheless are subject to the tax on unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Generally, UBTI means the gross income derived by an exempt organization from a trade or business that it regularly carries on, the conduct of which is not substantially related to the exercise or performance of its exempt purpose or function, less allowable deductions directly connected with that trade or business. If the Fund were to regularly carry on (directly or indirectly) a trade or business that is unrelated with respect to an exempt organization shareholder of the Fund, then in computing its UBTI, the shareholder must include its share of (1) the Fund’s gross income from the unrelated trade or business, whether or not distributed, and (2) the Fund’s allowable deductions directly connected with that gross income.
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UBTI generally does not include dividends, interest, or payments with respect to securities loans and gains from the sale of property (other than property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business). Nonetheless, income on, and gain from the disposition of, “debt-financed property” is UBTI. Debt-financed property generally is income-producing property (including securities), the use of which is not substantially related to the exempt organization’s tax-exempt purposes, and with respect to which there is “acquisition indebtedness” at any time during the taxable year (or, if the property was disposed of during the taxable year, the 12-month period ending with the disposition). Acquisition indebtedness includes debt incurred to acquire property, debt incurred before the acquisition of property if the debt would not have been incurred but for the acquisition, and debt incurred subsequent to the acquisition of property if the debt would not have been incurred but for the acquisition and at the time of acquisition the incurrence of debt was foreseeable. The portion of the income from debt-financed property attributable to acquisition indebtedness is equal to the ratio of the average outstanding principal amount of acquisition indebtedness over the average adjusted basis of the property for the year. The Fund anticipates that it will employ leverage as part of its investment strategy. As a result, the Fund anticipates that a portion of its income will constitute UBTI. In addition, an exempt organization shareholder that incurs acquisition indebtedness to purchase its shares in the Fund may have UBTI.
The federal tax rate applicable to an exempt organization shareholder on its UBTI generally will be either the corporate or trust tax rate, depending upon the shareholder’s form of organization. The Fund may report to each such shareholder information as to the portion, if any, of the shareholder’s income and gains from the Fund for any year that will be treated as UBTI; the calculation of that amount is complex, and there can be no assurance that the Fund’s calculation of UBTI will be accepted by the IRS. An exempt organization shareholder will be required to make payments of estimated U.S. federal income tax with respect to its UBTI.
Regulated Investment Companies. Interests in and income from “qualified publicly traded partnerships” satisfying certain gross income tests are treated as qualifying assets and income, respectively, for purposes of determining eligibility for regulated investment company (“RIC”) status. A RIC may invest up to 25% of its assets in interests in a qualified publicly traded partnership. The determination of whether a publicly traded partnership such as the Fund is a qualified publicly traded partnership is made on an annual basis. While the issue is not certain, the Fund does not expect to be treated a qualified publicly traded partnership.
Non-U.S. Shareholders
Generally, non-U.S. persons who derive U.S. source income or gain from investing or engaging in a U.S. business are taxable on two categories of income. The first category consists of amounts that are fixed, determinable, annual and periodic income, such as interest, dividends and rent that are not connected with the operation of a U.S. trade or business (“FDAP”). The second category is income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business (“ECI”). FDAP income (other than interest that is considered “portfolio interest”) is generally subject to a 30% withholding tax, which may be reduced for certain categories of income by a treaty between the U.S. and the recipient’s country of residence. In contrast, ECI is generally subject to U.S. tax on a net basis at graduated rates upon the filing of a U.S. tax return. Where a non-U.S. person has ECI as a result of an investment in a partnership, the ECI is subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 37% (39.6% for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025) for individual shareholders and a rate of 21% for corporate shareholders.
Withholding on Allocations and Distributions. The Code provides that a non-U.S. person who is a partner in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business during a taxable year will also be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business during that year. Classifying an activity by a partnership as an investment or an operating business is a factual determination. Under certain safe harbors in the Code, an investment fund whose activities consist of trading in stocks, securities, or commodities for its own account generally will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business unless it is a dealer is such stocks, securities, or commodities. This safe harbor applies to investments in commodities only if the commodities are of a kind customarily dealt in on an organized commodity exchange and if the transaction is of a kind customarily consummated at such place. Although the matter is not free from doubt, the Fund believes that the activities directly conducted by the Fund will not result in the Fund being engaged in a trade or business within in the United States. However, there can be no assurance that the IRS would not successfully assert that the Fund’s activities constitute a U.S. trade or business.
In the event that the Fund’s activities were considered to constitute a U.S. trade or business, the Fund would be required to withhold at the highest rate specified in Code section 1 (currently 37% (39.6% for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025)) on allocations of our income to individual Non-U.S. Shareholders and the highest rate specified in Code Section 11(b) (currently 21%) on allocations of our income to corporate Non-U.S. Shareholders, when such income is allocated or distributed. A Non-U.S. Shareholder with ECI will generally be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return, and the return will provide the Non-U.S. Shareholder with the mechanism to seek a refund of any withholding in excess of such shareholder’s actual U.S. federal income tax liability. Any amount withheld by the Fund will be treated as a distribution to the Non-U.S. Shareholder.
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If the Fund is not treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, a Non-U.S. Shareholder may nevertheless be treated as having FDAP income, which would be subject to a 30% withholding tax (possibly subject to reduction by treaty), with respect to some or all of its distributions from the Fund or its allocable share of the Fund’s income. Amounts withheld on behalf of a Non-U.S. Shareholder will be treated as being distributed to such shareholder.
To the extent any interest income allocated to a Non-U.S. Shareholder that otherwise constitutes FDAP is considered “portfolio interest,” neither the allocation of such interest income to the non-U.S. shareholder nor a subsequent distribution of such interest income to the Non-U.S. Shareholder will be subject to withholding, provided that the Non-U.S. Shareholder is not otherwise engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. and provides the Fund with a timely and properly completed and executed IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, or other applicable form. In general, “portfolio interest” is interest paid on debt obligations issued in registered form, unless the “recipient” owns 10% or more of the voting power of the issuer.
The Trust expects that most of the Fund’s interest income will qualify as “portfolio interest.” In order for the Fund to avoid withholding on any interest income allocable to Non-U.S. Shareholders that would qualify as “portfolio interest,” it will be necessary for all Non-U.S. Shareholders to provide the Fund with a timely and properly completed and executed Form W-8BEN W-8BEN-E, or other applicable form.
Gain from Sale of Shares. Gain from the sale or exchange of shares may be taxable to a Non-U.S. Shareholder if the Non-U.S. Shareholder is a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year. In such case, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% withholding tax on the amount of such individual’s gain. In addition, if the Fund is treated as being engaged in a U.S. trade or business, a portion of the gain on the sale or exchange will be treated as effectively connected income subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent that a sale of the Fund’s assets would give rise to effectively connected income. Although the transferee of a partnership interest is generally required to withhold 10% of the proceeds from the sale of a partnership interest acquired from a non-U.S. partner if any portion of the gain would be treated as effectively connected income, the IRS has issued a notice in which it has indicated that such withholding requirement will not apply to transferees of publicly traded partnership interests until the IRS and Treasury issue regulations implementing such provision. However, this does not relieve a non-U.S. shareholder from U.S. income tax on any gain treated as effectively connected income.
Branch Profits Tax on Corporate Non-U.S. Shareholders. In addition to the taxes noted above, any Non-U.S. Shareholders that are corporations may also be subject to an additional tax, the branch profits tax, at a rate of 30%. The branch profits tax is imposed on a non-U.S. corporation’s dividend equivalent amount, which generally consists of the corporation’s after-tax earnings and profits that are effectively connected with the corporation’s U.S. trade or business but are not reinvested in a U.S. business. This tax may be reduced or eliminated by an income tax treaty between the United States and the country in which the Non-U.S. Shareholder is a “qualified resident.”
Prospective Non-U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisor with regard to these and other tax issues unique to Non-U.S. Shareholders.
Backup Withholding
The Fund may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax (“backup withholding”) from all payments to: (1) any shareholder who fails to furnish the Fund with his, her or its correct taxpayer identification number or a certificate that the shareholder is exempt from backup withholding, and (2) any shareholder with respect to whom the IRS notifies the Fund that the shareholder has failed to properly report certain interest and dividend income to the IRS and to respond to notices to that effect. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be returned or credited against a taxpayer’s regular U.S. federal income tax liability if appropriate information is provided to the IRS.
Tax Agent
The beneficial owners who are of a type, as identified by the nominee through whom their Shares are held, that do not ordinarily have U.S. federal tax return filing requirements, collectively, Certain K-1 shareholders, have designated the Sponsor as their tax agent, or the Tax Agent, in dealing with the Trust. In light of such designation and pursuant to Treasury Regulation section 1.6031(b)-1T(c), as amended from time to time, the Trust will provide to the Tax Agent Certain K-1 shareholders’ statements as such term is defined under Treasury Regulation section 1.6031(b)-1T(a)(3), as amended from time to time.
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Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act Provisions
Legislation commonly referred to as the “Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act,” or “FATCA,” generally imposes a 30% withholding tax on payments of certain types of income to foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”) unless such FFIs (i) enter into an agreement with the U.S. Treasury to report certain required information with respect to accounts held by United States persons (or held by foreign entities that have United States persons as substantial owners), certain information, or (ii) reside in a jurisdiction that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement (“IGA”) with the United States to collect and share such information and comply with the terms of such IGA and any enabling legislation or regulations. The types of income subject to the tax include U.S.-source interest and dividends. The information to be reported includes the identity and taxpayer identification number of each account holder that is a U.S. person and transaction activity within the holder’s account. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, this legislation also imposes a 30% withholding on payments to foreign entities that are not FFIs unless the foreign entities certify that they do not have a greater than 10% U.S. owner or provide the withholding agent with identifying information on each greater than 10% U.S. owner. Depending on the status of a Non-U.S. Shareholder and the status of the intermediaries through which they hold their shares, Non-U.S. Shareholders could be subject to this 30% withholding tax with respect to distributions on their shares and proceeds from the sale of their shares. Under certain circumstances, a Non-U.S. Shareholder might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes.
Other Tax Considerations
In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, shareholders may be subject to other taxes, such as state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes, business franchise taxes, and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that may be imposed by the various jurisdictions in which the Fund does business or owns property or where the shareholders reside. Although an analysis of those various taxes is not presented here, each prospective shareholder should consider their potential impact on its investment in the Fund. It is each shareholder’s responsibility to file the appropriate U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign tax returns. Eversheds Sutherland (US) LLP has not provided an opinion concerning any aspects of state, local or foreign tax or U.S. federal tax other than those U.S. federal income tax issues discussed herein.
General
Most employee benefit plans and individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), or the Code, or both. This section discusses certain considerations that arise under ERISA and the Code that a fiduciary of: (i) an employee benefit plan as defined in ERISA; (ii) a plan as defined in Section 4975 of the Code; or (iii) any collective investment vehicle, business trust, investment partnership, pooled separate account or other entity the assets of which are treated as comprised (at least in part) of “plan assets” under the ERISA “plan assets” rules (“plan asset entity”) who has investment discretion should take into account before deciding to invest the plan’s assets in the Fund. Employee benefit plans under ERISA, plans under the Code and plan asset entities are collectively referred to below as “plans,” and fiduciaries with investment discretion are referred to below as “plan fiduciaries.”
This summary is based on the provisions of ERISA and the Code as of the date hereof. This summary is not intended to be complete, but only to address certain questions under ERISA and the Code likely to be raised by your advisors. The summary does not include state or local law.
Potential plan investors are urged to consult with their own professional advisors concerning the appropriateness of an investment in the Fund and the manner in which shares should be purchased.
Special Investment Considerations
Each plan fiduciary must consider the facts and circumstances that are relevant to an investment in the Fund, including the role that an investment in the Fund would play in the plan’s overall investment portfolio. Each plan fiduciary, before deciding to invest in the Fund, must be satisfied that the investment is prudent for the plan, that the investments of the plan are diversified so as to minimize the risk of large losses, and that an investment in the Fund complies with the terms of the plan.
The Fund and Plan Assets
A regulation issued under ERISA contains rules for determining when an investment by a plan in an equity interest of a statutory trust will result in the underlying assets of the statutory trust being deemed plan assets for purposes of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code. Those rules provide that assets of a statutory trust will not be plan assets of a plan that purchases an equity interest in the statutory trust if the equity interest purchased is a publicly-offered security. If the underlying assets of a statutory trust are considered to be assets of any plan for purposes of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, the operations of that trust would be subject to and, in some cases, limited by the provisions of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code.
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The publicly-offered security exception described above applies if the equity interest is a security that is:
| (1) | freely transferable (determined based on the relevant facts and circumstances); |
| (2) | part of a class of securities that is widely held (meaning that the class of securities is owned by 100 or more investors independent of the issuer and of each other); and |
| (3) | either (a) part of a class of securities registered under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act or (b) sold to the plan as part of a public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act and the class of which such security is a part is registered under the Exchange Act within 120 days (or such later time as may be allowed by the SEC) after the end of the fiscal year of the issuer in which the offering of such security occurred. |
The plan asset regulations under ERISA state that the determination of whether a security is freely transferable is to be made based on all the relevant facts and circumstances. In the case of a security that is part of an offering in which the minimum investment is $10,000 or less, the following requirements, alone or in combination, ordinarily will not affect a finding that the security is freely transferable: (1) a requirement that no transfer or assignment of the security or rights relating to the security be made that would violate any federal or state law; and (2) a requirement that no transfer or assignment be made without advance written notice given to the entity that issued the security.
USCF believes that the conditions described above are satisfied with respect to the shares of the Fund. USCF believes that the shares of the Fund therefore constitute publicly-offered securities, and the underlying assets of the Fund should not be considered to constitute plan assets of any plan that purchases shares.
Prohibited Transactions
ERISA and the Code generally prohibit certain transactions involving a plan and persons who have certain specified relationships to the plan. In general, shares may not be purchased with the assets of a plan if USCF, the clearing brokers, the trading advisors (if any), or any of their affiliates, agents or employees either:
| • | exercise any discretionary authority or discretionary control with respect to management of the plan; |
| • | exercise any authority or control with respect to management or disposition of the assets of the plan; |
| • | render investment advice for a fee or other compensation, direct or indirect, with respect to any monies or other property of the plan; |
| • | have any authority or responsibility to render investment advice with respect to any monies or other property of the plan; or |
| • | have any discretionary authority or discretionary responsibility in the administration of the plan. |
Also, a prohibited transaction may occur under ERISA or the Code when circumstances indicate that (1) the investment in shares is made or retained for the purpose of avoiding application of the fiduciary standards of ERISA, (2) the investment in shares constitutes an arrangement under which the Fund is expected to engage in transactions that would otherwise be prohibited if entered into directly by the plan purchasing the shares, (3) the investing plan, by itself, has the authority or influence to cause the Fund to engage in such transactions, or (4) a person who is prohibited from transacting with the investing plan may, but only with the aid of certain of its affiliates and the investing plan, cause the Fund to engage in such transactions with such person.
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Special IRA Rules
Individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) are not subject to ERISA’s fiduciary standards, but are subject to their own rules, including the prohibited transaction rules of Section 4975 of the Code, which generally mirror ERISA’s prohibited transaction rules. For example, IRAs are subject to special custody rules and must maintain a qualifying IRA custodial arrangement separate and distinct from the Fund and its custodial arrangement. If a separate qualifying custodial arrangement is not maintained, an investment in the shares will be treated as a distribution from the IRA. Second, IRAs are prohibited from investing in certain commingled investments, and USCF makes no representation regarding whether an investment in shares is an inappropriate commingled investment for an IRA. Third, in applying the prohibited transaction provisions of Section 4975 of the Code, in addition to the rules summarized above, the individual for whose benefit the IRA is maintained is also treated as the creator of the IRA. For example, if the owner or beneficiary of an IRA enters into any transaction, arrangement, or agreement involving the assets of his or her IRA to benefit the IRA owner or beneficiary (or his or her relatives or business affiliates) personally, or with the understanding that such benefit will occur, directly or indirectly, such transaction could give rise to a prohibited transaction that is not exempted by any available exemption. Moreover, in the case of an IRA, the consequences of a non-exempt prohibited transaction are that the IRA’s assets will be treated as if they were distributed, causing immediate taxation of the assets (including any early distribution penalty tax applicable under Section 72 of the Code), in addition to any other fines or penalties that may apply.
Exempt Plans
Certain employee benefit plans may be governmental plans or church plans. Governmental plans and church plans are generally not subject to ERISA, nor do the prohibited transaction provisions described above apply to them. These plans are, however, subject to prohibitions against certain related-party transactions under Section 503 of the Code, which are similar to the prohibited transaction rules described above. In addition, the fiduciary of any governmental or church plan must consider any applicable state or local laws and any restrictions and duties of common law imposed upon the plan.
No view is expressed as to whether an investment in the Fund (and any continued investment in the Fund), or the operation and administration of the Fund, is appropriate or permissible for any governmental plan or church plan under Code Section 503, or under any state, county, local or other law relating to that type of plan.
Allowing an investment in the Fund is not to be construed as a representation by the Trust, the Fund, USCF, any trading advisor, any clearing broker, the Marketing Agent or legal counsel or other advisors to such parties or any other party that this investment meets some or all of the relevant legal requirements with respect to investments by any particular plan or that this investment is appropriate for any such particular plan. The person with investment discretion should consult with the plan’s attorney and financial advisors as to the propriety of an investment in the Fund in light of the circumstances of the particular plan, current tax law and ERISA.
Registered Form
Shares are issued in registered form in accordance with the Trust Agreement. The Administrator has been appointed registrar and transfer agent for the purpose of transferring shares in certificated form. The Administrator keeps a record of all Shareholders and holders of the shares in certificated form in the registry (“Register”). USCF recognizes transfer of shares in certified form only if done in accordance with the Trust Agreement. The beneficial interests in such shares are held in book-entry form through participants and/or accountholders in DTC.
Book Entry
Individual certificates are not issued for the shares. Instead, shares are represented by one or more global certificates, which are deposited by the Administrator with DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for DTC. The global certificates evidence all of the shares outstanding at any time. Shareholders are limited to (1) participants in DTC such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies (“DTC Participants”), (2) those who maintain, either directly or indirectly, a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant (“Indirect Participants”), and (3) those who hold interests in the shares through DTC Participants or Indirect Participants, in each case who satisfy the requirements for transfers of shares. DTC Participants acting on behalf of investors holding shares through such participants’ accounts in DTC will follow the delivery practice applicable to securities eligible for DTC’s Same-Day Funds Settlement System. Shares are credited to DTC Participants’ securities accounts following confirmation of receipt of payment.
DTC
DTC has advised the Fund as follows: It is a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York and is a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities for DTC Participants and facilitates the clearance and settlement of transactions between DTC Participants through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of DTC Participants.
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The shares are only transferable through the book-entry system of DTC. Shareholders who are not DTC Participants may transfer their shares through DTC by instructing the DTC Participant holding their shares (or by instructing the Indirect Participant or other entity through which their shares are held) to transfer the shares. Transfers are made in accordance with standard securities industry practice.
Transfers of interests in shares with DTC are made in accordance with the usual rules and operating procedures of DTC and the nature of the transfer. DTC has established procedures to facilitate transfers among the participants and/or accountholders of DTC. Because DTC can only act on behalf of DTC Participants, who in turn act on behalf of Indirect Participants, the ability of a person or entity having an interest in a global certificate to pledge such interest to persons or entities that do not participate in DTC, or otherwise take actions in respect of such interest, may be affected by the lack of a certificate or other definitive document representing such interest.
DTC has advised the Fund that it will take any action permitted to be taken by a shareholder (including, without limitation, the presentation of a global certificate for exchange) only at the direction of one or more DTC Participants in whose account with DTC interests in global certificates are credited and only in respect of such portion of the aggregate principal amount of the global certificate as to which such DTC Participant or Participants has or have given such direction.
Inter-Series Limitation on Liability
Because the Trust was established as a Delaware statutory trust, each series established under the Trust will be operated so that it will be liable only for obligations attributable to such series and will not be liable for obligations of any other series or affected by losses of any other series. If any creditor or shareholder of any particular series asserts against the series a valid claim with respect to its indebtedness or shares, the creditor or shareholder will only be able to obtain recovery from the assets of that series and not from the assets of any other series or the Trust generally. The assets of each series will include only those funds and other assets that are paid to, held by or distributed to the series on account of and for the benefit of that series, including, without limitation, amounts delivered to the Trust for the purchase of shares in a series. This limitation on liability is referred to as the Inter-Series Limitation on Liability. The Inter-Series Limitation on Liability is expressly provided for under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, which provides that if certain conditions (as set forth in Section 3804(a)) are met, then the debts of any particular series will be enforceable only against the assets of such series and not against the assets of any other series or the Trust generally. In furtherance of the Inter-Series Limitation on Liability, every party providing services to the Trust, the Fund or USCF on behalf of the Trust or the Fund, will acknowledge and consent in writing to the Inter-Series Limitation on Liability with respect to such party’s claims.
The existence of a Trustee should not be taken as an indication of any additional level of management or supervision over the Fund. To the greatest extent permissible under Delaware law, the Trustee acts in an entirely passive role, delegating all authority for the management and operation of the Fund and the Trust to USCF. The Trustee does not provide custodial services with respect to the assets of the Fund.
Recognition of the Trust in Certain States
A number of states do not have “statutory trust” statutes such as that under which the Trust has been formed in the State of Delaware. It is possible, although unlikely, that a court in such state could hold that, due to the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary in such jurisdiction, the shareholders, although entitled under Delaware law to the same limitation on personal liability as stockholders in a private corporation for profit organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, are not so entitled in such state. To protect shareholders against any loss of limited liability, the Trust Agreement provides that each written obligation undertaken by USCF on behalf of the Trust or the Fund shall give notice that the obligation is not binding upon the shareholders individually but is binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund, and no resort shall be had to the shareholders’ personal property for satisfaction of such obligation. Furthermore, the Trust and the Fund indemnify all shareholders of the Fund against any liability that such shareholders might incur solely based on their status as shareholders of one or more shares (other than for taxes for which such shareholder is liable under the Trust Agreement).
What is the Plan of Distribution?
Buying and Selling Shares
Most investors buy and sell shares of the Fund in secondary market transactions through brokers. Shares trade on NYSE under the ticker symbol “USOD.” Shares are bought and sold throughout the trading day like other publicly traded securities. When buying or selling shares through a broker, most investors incur customary brokerage commissions and charges. Investors are encouraged to review the terms of their brokerage account for details on applicable charges.
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Marketing Agent and Authorized Participants
The offering of the Fund’s shares is a best efforts offering. The Fund continuously offers Creation Baskets consisting of 50,000 shares through the Marketing Agent, to Authorized Participants. Authorized Participants pay a transaction fee equal to 0.04% of total NAV of the Creation Baskets for each order they place to create or redeem one or more Creation Baskets. USCF pays the Marketing Agent a service fee in consideration of its provision of marketing services. Authorized Participants do not receive from the Fund, USCF or any of their affiliates any fee or other compensation in connection with the sale of shares. In no event may the aggregate compensation paid to the Marketing Agent and any affiliate of USCF for marketing and/or distribution-related services in connection with this offering exceed ten percent (10%) of the gross proceeds of this offering.
The offering of baskets is made in compliance with Conduct Rule 2310 of FINRA. Accordingly, Authorized Participants will not make any sales to any account over which they have discretionary authority without the prior written approval of a purchaser of shares.
The per share price of shares offered in Creation Baskets on any subsequent day will be the total NAV of the Fund calculated shortly after the close of NYSE on that day divided by the number of issued and outstanding shares of the Fund. An Authorized Participant is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares.
By executing an Authorized Participant Agreement, an Authorized Participant becomes part of the group of parties eligible to purchase baskets from, and put baskets for redemption to, the Fund. An Authorized Participant is not under any obligation to create or redeem baskets or to offer to the public shares of any baskets it does create.
As of February 28, 2019, the Trust had the following Authorized Participants: RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corp. and Virtu Americas LLC.
Because new shares can be created and issued on an ongoing basis, at any point during the life of the Fund, a “distribution,” as such term is used in the 1933 Act, will be occurring. Authorized Participants, other broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some of their activities may result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner that would render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the prospectus-delivery and liability provisions of the 1933 Act. For example, the initial Authorized Participant will be a statutory underwriter with respect to the initial purchase of Creation Baskets. In addition, any purchaser who purchases shares with a view towards distribution of such shares may be deemed to be a statutory underwriter. In addition, an Authorized Participant, other broker-dealer firm or its client will be deemed a statutory underwriter if it purchases a basket from the Fund, breaks the basket down into the constituent shares and sells the shares to its customers; or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply of new shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary market demand for the shares. In contrast, Authorized Participants may engage in secondary market or other transactions in shares that would not be deemed “underwriting.” For example, an Authorized Participant may act in the capacity of a broker or dealer with respect to shares that were previously distributed by other Authorized Participants. A determination of whether a particular market participant is an underwriter must take into account all the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer or its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that would lead to designation as an underwriter and subject them to the prospectus-delivery and liability provisions of the 1933 Act.
Dealers who are neither Authorized Participants nor “underwriters” but are nonetheless participating in a distribution (as contrasted to ordinary secondary trading transactions), and thus dealing with shares that are part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section 4(3)(C) of the 1933 Act, would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus-delivery exemption provided by Section 4(3) of the 1933 Act.
USCF intends any broker-dealers selling shares will be members of FINRA. Investors intending to create or redeem baskets through Authorized Participants in transactions not involving a broker-dealer registered in such investor’s state of domicile or residence should consult their legal advisor regarding applicable broker- dealer regulatory requirements under the state securities laws prior to such creation or redemption.
While the Authorized Participants may be indemnified by USCF, they are not entitled to receive a discount or commission from the Trust or USCF for their purchases of Creation Baskets.
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The Fund’s per share NAV is calculated by:
| • | Taking the current market value of its total assets; |
| • | Subtracting any liabilities; and |
| • | Dividing that total by the total number of outstanding shares. |
The Administrator calculates the NAV of each Fund once each NYSE trading day. The NAV for a normal trading day will be released after 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (“E.T.”). Trading during the Exchange’s Core Trading Session typically closes at 4:00 p.m. E.T. For futures contracts and options traded on exchanges the Administrator will use the closing or settlement price published by the applicable exchange or, in the case of a market disruption, the last traded price before settlement. In the case of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, the NYMEX closing price (determined at the earlier of the close of the NYMEX or 2:30 p.m. E.T.) for the contracts traded on the NYMEX will be used. Other investments’ values for purposes of determining the NAV for each Fund, including Treasuries, cash equivalents (other than money market funds), cleared and non-cleared swaps, forwards, options and swaps will be calculated by the Administrator using market quotations and market data, if available, or other information customarily used to determine the fair value of such investments as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. E.T. Money market funds will be valued at their end of day NAV. The Funds may hold cash in the form of U.S. dollars.
Third parties supplying quotations or market data may include, without limitation, information vendors, dealers in the relevant markets, end-users of the relevant product, brokers and other sources of market information. Other information customarily used in determining fair value includes information consisting of market data in the relevant market supplied by one or more third parties including, without limitation, relevant rates, prices, yields, yield curves, volatilities, spreads, correlations or other market data in the relevant market; or information of the types described above from internal sources if that information is of the same type used by a Fund in the regular course of business for the valuation of similar transactions. The information may include costs of funding, to the extent costs of funding are not and would not be a component of the other information being utilized.
In addition, in order to provide updated information relating to the Fund for use by investors and market professionals, NYSE will calculate and disseminate throughout the core trading session on each trading day an updated indicative fund value. The indicative fund value will be calculated by using the prior day’s closing per share NAV of the Fund as a base and updating that value throughout the trading day to reflect changes in the most recently reported trade price for the active light, sweet Oil Futures Contract on the NYMEX. The prices reported for the active Oil Futures Contract month are adjusted based on the prior day’s spread differential between settlement values for that contract and the spot month contract. In the event that the spot month contract is also the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, the last sale price for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is not adjusted. The indicative fund value share basis disseminated during NYSE core trading session hours should not be viewed as an actual real time update of the NAV, because the per share NAV is calculated only once at the end of each trading day based upon the relevant end of day values of the Fund’s investments.
The indicative fund value share basis disseminated during NYSE core trading session hours should not be viewed as an actual real time update of the NAV, because per share NAV is calculated only once at the end of each trading day based upon the relevant end of day values of the Fund’s investments.
The indicative fund value will be disseminated on a per share basis every 15 seconds during regular NYSE core trading session hours of 9:30 a.m. New York time to 4:00 p.m. New York time. The normal trading hours of the NYMEX are 9:00 a.m. New York time to 2:30 p.m. New York time. This means that there will be a gap in time at the end of each day during which the Fund’s shares are traded on the NYSE, but real-time NYMEX trading prices for oil futures contracts traded on the NYMEX are not available. During such gaps in time the indicative fund value will be calculated based on the end of day price of such Oil Futures Contracts from the NYMEX’s immediately preceding trading session. In addition, other Oil Futures Contracts, Other Oil-Related Investments and Treasuries held by the Fund will be valued by the Administrator, using rates and points received from client-approved third-party vendors (such as Reuters and WM Company) and advisor quotes. These investments will not be included in the indicative fund value.
NYSE will disseminate the indicative fund value through the facilities of CTA/CQ High Speed Lines. In addition, the indicative fund value will be published on NYSE’ website and will be available through on-line information services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.
Dissemination of the indicative fund value provides additional information that is not otherwise available to the public and is useful to investors and market professionals in connection with the trading of the shares of the Fund on NYSE. Investors and market professionals will be able throughout the trading day to compare the market price of the Fund and the indicative fund value. If the market price of the shares of the Fund diverges significantly from the indicative fund value, market professionals will have an incentive to execute arbitrage trades. For example, if the Fund appears to be trading at a discount compared to the indicative fund value, a market professional could buy shares of the Fund on NYSE and sell short oil futures contracts. Such arbitrage trades can tighten the tracking between the market price of the Fund and the indicative fund value and thus can be beneficial to all market participants.
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The USCF Funds Trust reserves the right to adjust the Share price of the Fund in the future to maintain convenient trading ranges for investors. Any adjustments would be accomplished through stock splits or reverse stock splits. Such splits would decrease (in the case of a split) or increase (in the case of a reverse split) the proportionate net asset value per Share, but would have no effect on the net assets of the Fund or the proportionate voting rights of shareholders or limited partners.
Creation and Redemption of Shares
The Fund creates and redeems shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets. The creation and redemption of baskets are only made in exchange for delivery to the Fund or the distribution by the Fund of the amount of Treasuries and/or cash represented by the baskets being created or redeemed, the amount of which is equal to the combined NAV of the number of shares included in the baskets being created or redeemed determined as of 4:00 p.m. New York time on the day the order to create or redeem baskets is properly received.
Authorized Participants are the only persons that may place orders to create and redeem baskets. Authorized Participants must be (1) registered broker-dealers or other securities market participants, such as banks and other financial institutions, that are not required to register as broker-dealers to engage in securities transactions described below, and (2) DTC Participants. To become an Authorized Participant, a person must enter into an Authorized Participant Agreement with USCF. The Authorized Participant Agreement provides the procedures for the creation and redemption of baskets and for the delivery of the Treasuries and any cash required for such creation and redemptions. The Authorized Participant Agreement and the related procedures attached thereto may be amended by the Fund, without the consent of any limited partner or Shareholder or Authorized Participant. Authorized Participants pay a transaction fee equal to 0.04% of total NAV of the Creation Baskets to the Fund for each order they place to create one or more Creation Baskets or to redeem one or more Redemption Baskets. The transaction fee may be waived, reduced, increased or otherwise changed by USCF. Authorized Participants who make deposits with the Fund in exchange for baskets receive no fees, commission or other form of compensation or inducement of any kind from either the Fund or USCF, and no such person will have any obligation or responsibility to USCF or the Fund to effect any sale or resale of shares.
Certain Authorized Participants are expected to be capable of participating directly in the physical crude oil market and the crude oil futures market. In some cases, Authorized Participants or their affiliates may from time to time buy or sell crude oil or Oil Interests and may profit in these instances. USCF believes that the size and operation of the crude oil market make it unlikely that an Authorized Participant’s direct activities in the crude oil or securities markets will significantly affect the price of crude oil, Oil Interests or the price of the shares.
Each Authorized Participant will be required to be registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and a member in good standing with FINRA, or exempt from being or otherwise not required to be registered as a broker-dealer or a member of FINRA, and will be qualified to act as a broker or dealer in the states or other jurisdictions where the nature of its business so requires. Certain Authorized Participants may also be regulated under federal and state banking laws and regulations. Each Authorized Participant has its own set of rules and procedures, internal controls and information barriers as it determines is appropriate in light of its own regulatory regime.
Under the Authorized Participant Agreement, USCF, and the Trust under limited circumstances, agree to indemnify the Authorized Participants against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the 1933 Act, and to contribute to the payments the Authorized Participants may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.
The following description of the procedures for the creation and redemption of baskets is only a summary and an investor should refer to the relevant provisions of the Trust Agreement and the form of Authorized Participant Agreement for more detail. The Trust Agreement is attached to this prospectus. The form of Authorized Participant Agreement is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See “Where You Can Find More Information” for information about where you can obtain the registration statement.
Creation Procedures
On any business day, an Authorized Participant may place an order with the Marketing Agent to create one or more baskets. For purposes of processing purchase and redemption orders, a “business day” means any day other than a day when NYSE or any futures exchange upon which a Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is traded is closed for regular trading. Purchase orders must be placed by 12:00 p.m. New York time or the close of regular trading on NYSE, whichever is earlier. The day on which the Marketing Agent receives a purchase order in satisfactory form and approves such order in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreement is referred to as the purchase order date.
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By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deposit Treasuries, cash or a combination of Treasuries and cash with the Trust, as described below. Prior to the delivery of baskets for a purchase order, the Authorized Participant must also have wired to the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the purchase order. Authorized Participants may not withdraw a creation request.
The manner by which creations are made is dictated by the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement. By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Participant agrees to (1) deposit Treasuries, cash, or a combination of Treasuries and cash with the Custodian of the Fund, and (2) if required by USCF in its sole discretion, enter into or arrange for a block trade, an exchange for physical or exchange for swap, or any other OTC transaction (through itself or a designated acceptable broker) with the Fund for the purchase of a number and type of futures contracts at the closing settlement price for such contracts on the purchase order date. If an Authorized Participant fails to consummate (1) and (2), the order shall be cancelled. The number and types of contracts specified shall be determined by USCF, in its sole discretion, to meet the Fund’s investment objective and shall be purchased as a result of the Authorized Participant’s purchase of shares.
Determination of Required Deposits
The total deposit required to create each basket (“Creation Basket Deposit”) is the amount of Treasuries and/or cash that is in the same proportion to the total assets of the Fund (net of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and other liabilities) on the purchase order date as the number of shares to be created under the purchase order is in proportion to the total number of shares outstanding on the purchase order date. USCF determines, directly in its sole discretion or in consultation with the Administrator, the requirements for Treasuries and cash, including the remaining maturities of the Treasuries and proportions of Treasuries and cash that may be included in deposits to create baskets. The Marketing Agent will publish an estimate of the Creation Basket Deposit requirements at the beginning of each business day. The amount of cash deposit required is the difference between the aggregate market value of the Treasuries required to be included in a Creation Basket Deposit as of 4:00 p.m. New York time on the date the order to purchase is properly received and the total required deposit.
Delivery of Required Deposits
An Authorized Participant who places a purchase order is responsible for transferring to the Fund’s account with the Custodian the required amount of Treasuries and/or cash by noon New York time on the second business day following the purchase order date. Upon receipt of the deposit amount, the Administrator will direct DTC to credit the number of baskets ordered to the Authorized Participant’s DTC account on the second business day following the purchase order date. The expense and risk of delivery and ownership of Treasuries until such Treasuries have been received by the Custodian on behalf of the Fund shall be borne solely by the Authorized Participant.
Because orders to purchase baskets must be placed by 12:00 p.m., New York time, but the total payment required to create a basket during the continuous offering period will not be determined until 4:00 p.m., New York time, on the date the purchase order is received, Authorized Participants will not know the total amount of the payment required to create a basket at the time they submit an irrevocable purchase order for the basket. The Fund’s NAV and the total amount of the payment required to create a basket could rise or fall substantially between the time an irrevocable purchase order is submitted and the time the amount of the purchase price in respect thereof is determined.
Rejection of Purchase Orders
USCF acting by itself or through the Marketing Agent shall have the absolute right, but shall have no obligation, to reject any purchase order or Creation Basket Deposit if USCF determines that:
| • | the purchase order or Creation Basket Deposit is not in proper form; |
| • | it would not be in the best interest of the shareholders of the Fund; |
| • | due to position limits or otherwise, investment alternatives that will enable the Fund to meet its investment objective are not available to the Fund at that time; |
| • | the acceptance of the purchase order or the Creation Basket Deposit would have adverse tax consequences to the Fund or its shareholders; |
| • | the acceptance or receipt of which would, in the opinion of counsel to USCF, be unlawful; or |
| • | circumstances outside the control of USCF, the Marketing Agent or the Custodian make it, for all practical purposes, not feasible to process Creation Baskets (including if USCF determines that the investments available to the Fund at that time will not enable it to meet its investment objective). |
None of USCF, the Marketing Agent or the Custodian will be liable for the rejection of any purchase order or Creation Basket Deposit.
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Redemption Procedures
The procedures by which an Authorized Participant can redeem one or more baskets mirror the procedures for the creation of baskets. On any business day, an Authorized Participant may place an order with the Marketing Agent to redeem one or more baskets. Redemption orders must be placed by 12:00 p.m. New York time or the close of regular trading on NYSE, whichever is earlier. A redemption order so received will be effective on the date it is received in satisfactory form and approved by the Marketing Agent (“Redemption Order Date”) in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreement. The redemption procedures allow Authorized Participants to redeem baskets and do not entitle an individual shareholder to redeem any shares in an amount less than a Redemption Basket, or to redeem baskets other than through an Authorized Participant.
By placing a redemption order, an Authorized Participant agrees to deliver the baskets to be redeemed through DTC’s book-entry system to the Fund not later than noon New York time on the second business day following the effective date of the redemption order. Prior to the delivery of the redemption distribution for a redemption order, the Authorized Participant must also have wired to USCF’s account at the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the redemption order. An Authorized Participant may not withdraw a redemption order.
The manner by which redemptions are made is dictated by the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement. By placing a redemption order, an Authorized Participant agrees to (1) deliver the Redemption Basket to be redeemed through DTC’s book-entry system to the Fund’s account with the Custodian no later than 3:00 p.m. New York time on the second business day following the effective date of the redemption order (“Redemption Order Date”), and (2) if required by USCF in its sole discretion, enter into or arrange for a block trade, an exchange for physical or exchange for swap, or any other OTC transaction (through itself or a designated acceptable broker) with the Fund for the purchase of a number and type of futures contracts at the closing settlement price for such contracts on the Redemption Order Date. If an Authorized Participant fails to consummate (1) and (2), the order shall be cancelled. The number and type of contracts specified shall be determined by USCF, in its sole discretion, to meet the Fund’s investment objective and shall be sold as a result of the Authorized Participant’s sale of shares.
Determination of Redemption Distribution
The redemption distribution from the Fund will consist of a transfer to the redeeming Authorized Participant of an amount of Treasuries and/or cash that is in the same proportion to the total assets of the Fund (net of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and other liabilities) on the date the order to redeem is properly received as the number of shares to be redeemed under the redemption order is in proportion to the total number of shares outstanding on the date the order is received. USCF, directly or in consultation with the Administrator, determines the requirements for Treasuries and cash, including the remaining maturities of the Treasuries and proportions of Treasuries and cash that may be included in distributions to redeem baskets. The Marketing Agent will publish an estimate of the redemption distribution per basket as of the beginning of each business day.
Delivery of Redemption Distribution
The redemption distribution due from the Fund will be delivered to the Authorized Participant on the second business day following the redemption order date if, by 3:00 p.m., New York time on such second business day, the Fund’s DTC account has been credited with the baskets to be redeemed. If the Fund’s DTC account has not been credited with all of the baskets to be redeemed by such time, the redemption distribution will be delivered to the extent of whole baskets received. Any remainder of the redemption distribution will be delivered on the next business day to the extent of remaining whole baskets received if USCF receives the fee applicable to the extension of the redemption distribution date which USCF may, from time to time, determine and the remaining baskets to be redeemed are credited to the Fund’s DTC account by 3:00 p.m., New York time on such next business day. Any further outstanding amount of the redemption order shall be cancelled. Pursuant to information from USCF, the Custodian will also be authorized to deliver the redemption distribution notwithstanding that the baskets to be redeemed are not credited to the Fund’s DTC account by 3:00 p.m., New York time on the second business day following the redemption order date if the Authorized Participant has collateralized its obligation to deliver the baskets through DTC’s book entry-system on such terms as USCF may from time to time determine.
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Suspension or Rejection of Redemption Orders
USCF may, in its discretion, suspend the right of redemption, or postpone the redemption settlement date, (1) for any period during which NYSE or any of the futures exchanges upon which a Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is traded is closed other than customary weekend or holiday closings, or trading on NYSE or such futures exchanges is suspended or restricted, (2) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which delivery, disposal or evaluation of Treasuries is not reasonably practicable, or (3) for such other period as USCF determines to be necessary for the protection of the shareholders. For example, USCF may determine that it is necessary to suspend redemptions to allow for the orderly liquidation of the Fund’s assets at an appropriate value to fund a redemption. If USCF has difficulty liquidating the Fund’s positions, e.g., because of a market disruption event in the futures markets or an unanticipated delay in the liquidation of a position in an over the counter contract, it may be appropriate to suspend redemptions until such time as such circumstances are rectified. None of USCF, the Marketing Agent, or the Custodian will be liable to any person or in any way for any loss or damages that may result from any such suspension or postponement.
Redemption orders must be made in whole baskets. USCF acting by itself or through the Marketing Agent may, in its sole discretion, reject any Redemption Order (1) USCF determines that the Redemption Order is not in proper form, (2) the fulfillment of which its counsel advises may be illegal under applicable laws and regulations, or (3) if circumstances outside the control of USCF, the Marketing Agent or the Custodian make it for all practical purposes not feasible for the shares to be delivered under the Redemption Order. USCF may also reject a redemption order if the number of shares being redeemed would reduce the remaining outstanding shares to 100,000 shares (i.e., two (2) baskets) or less.
Creation and Redemption Transaction Fee
To compensate the Fund for expenses in connection with the creation and redemption of baskets, an Authorized Participant is required to pay a transaction fee to the Fund equal to 0.04% of total NAV of the Creation Baskets to create or redeem baskets. The transaction fee may be waived, reduced, increased or otherwise changed by USCF. USCF shall notify DTC of any change in the transaction fee and will not implement any increase in the fee for the redemption of baskets until thirty (30) days after the date of notice.
Tax Responsibility
Authorized Participants are responsible for any transfer tax, sales or use tax, stamp tax, recording tax, value added tax or similar tax or governmental charge applicable to the creation or redemption of baskets, regardless of whether or not such tax or charge is imposed directly on the Authorized Participant, and agree to indemnify USCF and the Fund if they are required by law to pay any such tax, together with any applicable penalties, additions to tax and interest thereon.
Secondary Market Transactions
As noted, the Fund will create and redeem shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets. The creation and redemption of baskets are only made in exchange for delivery to the Fund or the distribution by the Fund of the amount of Treasuries and/or cash equal to the aggregate NAV of the number of shares included in the baskets being created or redeemed determined on the day the order to create or redeem baskets is properly received.
As discussed above, Authorized Participants are the only persons that may place orders to create and redeem baskets. Authorized Participants must be registered broker-dealers or other securities market participants, such as banks and other financial institutions that are not required to register as broker-dealers to engage in securities transactions. An Authorized Participant is under no obligation to create or redeem baskets, and an Authorized Participant is under no obligation to offer to the public shares of any baskets it does create. Authorized Participants that do offer to the public shares from the baskets they create will do so at per-share offering prices that are expected to reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the shares on NYSE, the NAV of the shares at the time the Authorized Participant purchased the Creation Baskets, the NAV of the shares at the time of the offer of the shares to the public, the supply of and demand for shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the Oil Futures Contract market and the market for Other Oil-Related Investments. Baskets are generally redeemed when the price per share is at a discount to the NAV per share. Shares initially comprising the same basket but offered by Authorized Participants to the public at different times may have different offering prices. An order for one or more baskets may be placed by an Authorized Participant on behalf of multiple clients. Authorized Participants who make deposits with the Fund in exchange for baskets receive no fees, commissions or other forms of compensation or inducement of any kind from either the Fund or USCF and no such person has any obligation or responsibility to USCF or the Fund to effect any sale or resale of shares. Shares trade in the secondary market on NYSE. Shares are expected to trade in the secondary market on NYSE. Shares may trade in the secondary market at prices that are lower or higher relative to their NAV per share. The amount of the discount or premium in the trading price relative to the NAV per share may be influenced by various factors, including the number of investors who seek to purchase or sell shares in the secondary market and the liquidity of the Oil Futures Contract market and the market for Other Oil-Related Investments. While the shares trade during the core trading session on the NYSE until 4:00 p.m. New York time, liquidity in the market for Oil Interests may be reduced after the close of the NYMEX at 2:30 p.m. New York time. As a result, during this time, trading spreads, and the resulting premium or discount, on the shares may widen.
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USCF will cause the Fund to transfer the proceeds of the sale of Creation Baskets to the Custodian or another custodian for use in trading activities. USCF will invest the Fund’s assets in Oil Interests. When the Fund takes short positions in Oil Interests that are exchange-traded, the Fund will be required to deposit typically 5% to 30% with the FCM on behalf of the exchange a portion of the value of the contract or other interest as security to ensure payment for the obligation under the Oil Interests at maturity. This deposit is known as initial margin. Counterparties in transactions in OTC contracts will generally impose similar collateral requirements on the Fund. USCF will invest the Fund’s assets that remain after margin and collateral is posted in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents. Subject to these margin and collateral requirements, USCF has sole authority to determine the percentage of assets that will be:
| • | held as margin or collateral with FCMs or other custodians; |
| • | used for other investments; and |
| • | held in bank accounts to pay current obligations and as reserves. |
Approximately 15% to 90% of the Fund’s assets have normally been committed as margin for commodity futures contracts. However, from time to time, the percentage of assets committed as margin may be substantially more, or less, than such range. Ongoing margin and collateral payments will generally be required for both exchange-traded and OTC contracts based on changes in the value of the Oil Interests. Furthermore, ongoing collateral requirements with respect to OTC contracts are negotiated by the parties, and may be affected by overall market volatility, volatility of the underlying commodity or index, the ability of the counterparty to hedge its exposure under the Oil Interests, and each party’s creditworthiness. In light of the differing requirements for initial payments under exchange-traded and OTC contracts and the fluctuating nature of ongoing margin and collateral payments, it is not possible to estimate what portion of the Fund’s assets will be posted as margin or collateral at any given time. The Treasuries, cash and cash equivalents held by the Fund will constitute reserves that will be available to meet ongoing margin and collateral requirements. All interest income will be used for the Fund’s benefit. USCF invests the balance of the Fund’s assets not invested in Oil Interests or held in margin as reserves to be available for changes in margin. All interest income is used for the Fund’s benefit.
An FCM, counterparty, government agency or exchange could increase margin or collateral requirements applicable to the Fund to hold trading positions at any time. Moreover, margin is merely a security deposit and has no bearing on the profit or loss potential for any positions held.
The assets of the Fund posted as margin for the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts or other exchange-traded futures contracts will be held in segregation pursuant to the CEA and CFTC regulations.
If the Fund enters into a swap agreement, it must post both collateral and independent amounts to its swap counterparty(ies). The amount of collateral the Fund posts changes according to the amounts owed by the Fund to its counterparty on a given swap transaction, while independent amounts are fixed amounts posted by the Fund at the start of a swap transaction. Collateral and independent amounts posted to swap counterparties will be held by a third party custodian.
Additional Information About the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts and the Fund’s Trading Program
The overall return on the Fund is generated by two components: (i) uncollateralized returns from the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts, and (ii) a daily fixed income return reflecting the interest earned on hypothetical 3-month Treasuries, calculated using the weekly auction rate for 3-Month Treasuries published by the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Table 1 below lists the Futures Exchange on which the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts is listed and quotation details. Table 2 lists the other exchange-traded futures contracts in which the Fund expects to invest.
TABLE 1
| Commodity | Designated Contract | Exchange | Commodity Symbol | Allowed Contracts | Units | Quote | |||||||
| Crude Oil | Light, Sweet Crude Oil | NYMEX | CL | Near Month and Next Month | 1,000 barrels | USD/barrel | |||||||
TABLE 2
| Commodity | Designated Contract | Exchange | Commodity Symbol | Allowed Contracts | Units | Quote | Max. Tenor | ||||||||
| Crude Oil | Light, Sweet Crude Oil | NYMEX | CL | All 12 Calendar Months | 1,000 barrels | USD/barrel | 12 | ||||||||
| Crude Oil | Light, Sweet Crude Oil | ICE | WTI | All 12 Calendar Months | 1,000 barrels | USD/barrel | 12 |
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This prospectus contains information you should consider when making an investment decision about the shares. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. None of the Trust, the Fund or USCF has authorized any person to provide you with different information and, if anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus is not an offer to sell the shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale of the shares is not permitted.
The information contained in this prospectus was obtained from us and other sources believed by us to be reliable.
You should disregard anything we said in an earlier document that is inconsistent with what is included in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. Where the context requires, when we refer to this “prospectus,” we are referring to this prospectus and (if applicable) the relevant prospectus supplement.
You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement is current as of any date other than the date on the front page of this prospectus or the date on the front page of any applicable prospectus supplement.
We include cross references in this prospectus to captions in these materials where you can find further related discussions. The table of contents tells you where to find these captions.
SUMMARY OF PROMOTIONAL AND SALES MATERIAL
The Fund uses the following sales material that it has prepared:
| • | The Fund’s website, http://www.uscfinvestments.com; and |
| • | The Fund Fact Sheet found on the Fund’s website. |
The materials described above are not a part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
USCF owns trademark registrations for USCF (U.S. Reg. No. 3638987) for “fund investment services,” in use since June 24, 2008, and USCF UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC & Design (U.S. Reg. No. 4304004) for “fund investment services,” in use since June 24, 2008. USCF relies upon these trademarks through which it markets its services and strives to build and maintain brand recognition in the market and among current and potential investors. So long as USCF continues to use these trademarks to identify its services, without challenge from any third party, and properly maintains and renews the trademark registrations under applicable laws, rules and regulations; it will continue to have indefinite protection for these trademarks under current laws, rules and regulations. USCF has been granted two patents Nos. 7,739,186 and 8,019,675, for systems and methods for an exchange traded fund (ETF) that tracks the price of one or more commodities.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
The Trust has filed on behalf of the Fund a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC under the 1933 Act. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement (including the exhibits to the registration statement), parts of which have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information about the Trust, the Fund, or the shares, please refer to the registration statement, which you may access online at www.sec.gov. Information about the Trust, the Fund, and the shares can also be obtained from the Fund’s website, http://www.uscfinvestments.com. The Fund’s website address is only provided here as a convenience to you and the information contained on or connected to the website is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus is part. The Trust is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and USCF will on behalf of the Trust and the Fund, file certain reports and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act. USCF will file an updated prospectus annually for the Fund pursuant to the 1933 Act. The reports and other information can be accessed online at www.sec.gov.
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STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus includes “forward-looking statements” which generally relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. All statements (other than statements of historical fact) included in this prospectus that address activities, events or developments that will or may occur in the future, including such matters as movements in the commodities markets and indexes that track such movements, the Fund’s operations, USCF’s plans and references to the Fund’s future success and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially. These statements are based upon certain assumptions and analyses USCF has made based on its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors appropriate in the circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments will conform to USCF’s expectations and predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the special considerations discussed in this prospectus, general economic, market and business conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory bodies, and other world economic and political developments. See “Risk Factors Involved with an Investment in the Fund” Consequently, all the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus are qualified by these cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that actual results or developments USCF anticipates will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected effects on, the Fund’s operations or the value of the Fund’s shares.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF CERTAIN INFORMATION
We are a reporting company and file annual, quarterly and current reports and other information with the SEC. The rules of the SEC allow us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents set forth below that have been previously filed with the SEC:
• Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 26, 2019.
Any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or in any other subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.
We will provide to each person to whom a prospectus is delivered, including any beneficial owner, a copy of these filings at no cost, upon written or oral request at the following address or telephone number:
USCF Funds Trust
Attention: John P. Love
1850 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Suite 640
Walnut Creek, California 94596
(510) 522-9600
We make our electronic filings with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports available on our website free of charge as soon as practicable after we file or furnish them with the SEC. The information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus, and our website address supplied above is intended to be an inactive textual reference only and not an active hyperlink to our website.
| 88 |
The Fund and USCF may collect or have access to certain nonpublic personal information about current and former investors. Nonpublic personal information may include information received from investors, such as an investor’s name, social security number and address, as well as information received from brokerage firms about investor holdings and transactions in shares of the Fund.
The Fund and USCF do not disclose nonpublic personal information except as required by law or as described in their Privacy Policy. In general, the Fund and USCF restrict access to the nonpublic personal information they collect about investors to those of their and their affiliates’ employees and service providers who need access to such information to provide products and services to investors.
The Fund and USCF maintain safeguards that comply with federal law to protect investors’ nonpublic personal information. These safeguards are reasonably designed to (1) ensure the security and confidentiality of investors’ records and information, (2) protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of investors’ records and information, and (3) protect against unauthorized access to or use of investors’ records or information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any investor. Third-party service providers with whom the Fund and USCF share nonpublic personal information about investors must agree to follow appropriate standards of security and confidentiality, which includes safeguarding such nonpublic personal information physically, electronically and procedurally.
A copy of USCF’s current Privacy Policy, which is applicable to the Fund, is provided to investors annually and is also available on the Fund’s website at http://www.uscfinvestments.com.
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In this prospectus, each of the following terms has the meaning set forth after such term:
1933 Act: The Securities Act of 1933.
1940 Act: Investment Company Act of 1940.
Adjusted K-1: a statement to investors who owned beneficial interests in the shares in the year to which the adjusted allocations relate setting forth their proportionate shares of the adjustment.
Administrator: Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
Authorized Participant: One that purchases or redeems Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets, respectively, from or to the Fund.
Backup Withholding: U.S. federal income tax that is required to be withheld.
BBH&Co.: Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts: The near month futures contract for light, sweet crude oil traded on the NYMEX unless the near month futures contract will expire within two weeks of the valuation day, in which case the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the next month futures contract for light, sweet crude oil traded on the NYMEX.
BNO: United States Brent Oil Fund, LP.
Board: USCF’s board of directors.
Business Day: Any day other than a day when any of the NYSE, the NYMEX or the New York Stock Exchange is closed for regular trading.
CEA: Commodity Exchange Act.
CFTC: Commodity Futures Trading Commission, an independent agency with the mandate to regulate commodity futures and options in the United States.
Cleared Swap Contract: A financial contract, whose value is designed to track the return on stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, or some other benchmark, that is submitted to a central clearinghouse after it is either traded OTC or on an exchange or other trading platform.
Code: Internal Revenue Code.
Commodity Pool: An enterprise in which several individuals contribute funds in order to trade futures contracts or options on futures contracts collectively.
Commodity Pool Operator or CPO: Any person engaged in a business which is of the nature of an investment trust, syndicate, or similar enterprise, and who, in connection therewith, solicits, accepts, or receives from others, funds, securities, or property, either directly or through capital contributions, the sale of stock or other forms of securities, or otherwise, for the purpose of trading in any commodity for future delivery or commodity option on or subject to the rules of any contract market.
Concierge: Concierge Technologies Inc., a company publicly traded under the ticker symbol “CNCG.”
CPER: United States Copper Index Fund.
Creation Basket: A block of 50,000 shares used by the Fund to issue shares.
Creation Basket Deposit: the total deposit required to create each basket.
Custodian: Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
| A-1 |
DCM: designated contract market.
DNO: United States Short Oil Fund, LP.
DTC: The Depository Trust Company. DTC will act as the securities depository for the shares.
DTC Participant: An entity that has an account with DTC.
ECI: income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business.
ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
Exchange Act: The Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Exchange for Related Position (EFRP): An off market transaction which involves the swapping (or exchanging) of an over-the-counter (OTC) position for a futures position. The OTC transaction must be for the same or similar quantity or amount of a specified commodity, or a substantially similar commodity or instrument. The OTC side of the EFRP can include swaps, swap options, or other instruments traded in the OTC market. In order for an EFRP transaction to take place, the OTC side and futures components must be “substantially similar” in terms of either value or quantity. The net result is that the OTC position (and the inherent counterparty credit exposure) is transferred from the OTC market to the futures market. EFRPs can also work in reverse, where a futures position can be reversed and transferred to the OTC market.
FDAP: amounts that are fixed, determinable, annual and periodic income, such as interest, dividends and rent that are not connected with the operation of a U.S. trade or business.
FCM: Futures Commission Merchant.
FFI: foreign financial institution.
FINRA: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers.
Fund: United States 3x Short Oil Fund
Futures Exchanges: NYMEX or other futures exchanges that trade the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract.
IGA: intergovernmental agreement.
Indirect Participants: Banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly.
IRA: individual retirement account.
IRS: U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
ISDA: International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.
LLC Agreement: USCF’s Sixth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement, dated as of May 15, 2015 (as amended from time to time).
Margin: The amount of equity required for an investment in futures contracts.
Management Directors: the four management directors that make up USCF’s board of directors.
Marketing Agent: ALPS Distributors, Inc.
NAV: Net asset value of the Fund.
NFA: National Futures Association.
NYSE Arca: NYSE Arca stock exchange.
| A-2 |
New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX): The primary exchange on which futures contracts are traded in the U.S. The Fund expects to invest primarily in futures contracts, and particularly in futures contracts traded on the NYMEX. The Fund expressly disclaims any association with the Exchange or endorsement of the Fund by the Exchange and acknowledges that “NYMEX” and “New York Mercantile Exchange” are registered trademarks of such Exchange.
Oil Futures Contracts: Futures contracts for crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, and other petroleum-based fuels that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures Europe or other U.S. and foreign exchanges.
Oil Interests: Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments.
Option: The right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a futures contract or forward contract at a specified price on or before a specified date.
OTC Derivative: A financial contract, whose value is designed to track the return on stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, or some other benchmark, that is traded OTC or off organized exchanges.
Position Limit Rules: CFTC’s proposed limits on speculative positions in certain physical commodity futures and option contracts and swaps that are economically equivalent to such contracts in the agriculture, energy and metals markets and rules addressing the circumstances under which market participants would be required to aggregate their positions with other persons under common ownership or control.
Other Oil-Related Investments: Other crude oil-related investments such as cash-settled options on Oil Futures Contracts, forward contracts for crude oil, and OTC transactions that are based on the price of crude oil, other petroleum-based fuels, Oil Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing.
Redemption Basket: A block of 50,000 shares used by the Fund to redeem shares.
Redemption Order Date: the date a redemption order is received in satisfactory form and approved by the Marketing Agent.
Register: the record of all Shareholders and holders of the shares in certificated form kept by the Administrator.
Related Public Funds: United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”); United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”); United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”); United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”); United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNG”); United States Oil Fund, LP (“USO”); United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”); United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”); the United States 3x Oil Fund (“USOU”).
REX: REX MLPshares, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of REX Shares, LLC.
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission.
Secondary Market: The stock exchanges and the OTC market. Securities are first issued as a primary offering to the public. When the securities are traded from that first holder to another, the issues trade in these secondary markets.
SEF: a swap execution facility.
Shareholders: Holders of shares.
Shares: Units representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the Fund.
Spot Contract: A cash market transaction in which the buyer and seller agree to the immediate purchase and sale of a commodity, usually with a two-day settlement.
Swap Contract: Swap transactions generally involve contracts between two parties to exchange a stream of payments computed by reference to a notional amount and the price of the asset that is the subject of the swap. Swap transactions that are not cleared through central counterparties are called “uncleared” or OTC swaps.
| A-3 |
Tracking Error: Possibility that the daily NAV of the Fund will not track, on an inverse leveraged basis, the performance of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contracts.
Treasuries: Obligations of the U.S. government with remaining maturities of 2 years or less.
UCCO: USCF Canadian Crude Oil Index Fund.
Trust: USCF Funds Trust.
Trust Agreement: The Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement of the Trust effective as of June 23, 2017.
UBTI: unrelated business taxable income.
UGA: United States Gasoline Fund, LP.
UHN: United States Diesel-Heating Oil Fund, LP.
UNG: United States Natural Gas Fund, LP.
UNL: United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP.
USAG: United States Agriculture Index Fund.
USCF: The sponsor of the Fund, United States Commodity Funds LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which is registered as a Commodity Pool Operator, who controls the investments and other decisions of the Fund and other Funds.
USCI: United States Commodity Index Fund.
USCIFT: United States Commodity Index Funds Trust.
USL: United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP.
USO: United States Oil Fund, LP.
USOD: United States 3x Short Oil Fund.
USOU: United States 3x Oil Fund.
Valuation Day: Any day as of which the Fund calculates its NAV.
Wainwright: Wainwright Holdings, Inc.
You: The owner or holder of shares.
| A-4 |
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS
| Item 13. | Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution |
Set forth below is an estimate (except as indicated) of the amount of fees and expenses (other than underwriting commissions and discounts) payable by the registrant in connection with the issuance and distribution of the shares pursuant to the prospectus contained in this registration statement.
| Amount SEC registration fee (actual) | $ | 57,950 | ||
| NYSE Listing Fee (actual) | $ | 7,500 | ||
| FINRA filing fees (actual) | $ | N/A | ||
| Blue Sky expenses | $ | N/A | ||
| Auditor’s fees and expenses (estimate) | $ | 25,000 | ||
| Legal fees and expenses (estimate) | $ | 60,000 | ||
| Printing expenses (estimate) | $ | 60,000 | ||
| Total | $ | 210,450 |
| Item 14. | Indemnification of Directors and Officers |
The Sponsor, the Trustee and their respective Affiliates (collectively, “Covered Persons”) shall have no liability to the USCF Funds Trust (the “Trust”), the United States 3x Short Oil Fund (the “Fund”), or to any shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust or the Fund which arises out of any action or inaction of such Covered Person if such Covered Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interest of the Trust or the Fund and such course of conduct did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Covered Person. A Covered Person shall not be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any administrator or other delegatee selected by the Sponsor with reasonable care, provided, however, that the Trustee and its affiliates shall not, under any circumstances be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any administrator or other delegatee or any other person selected by the Sponsor to provide services to the Trust.
The Sponsor shall be indemnified by the Trust (or by a series separately to the extent the matter in question relates to a single series or disproportionately affects a specific series in relation to other series) against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with its activities for the Trust or the Fund, as applicable, provided that (i) the Sponsor was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Trust or the Fund, as applicable and has determined, in good faith, that such course of conduct was in the best interests of the Trust or the Fund, as applicable and such liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence, willful misconduct, or a breach of the Trust’s Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement (“Trust Agreement”) on the part of the Sponsor and (ii) any such indemnification will only be recoverable from the assets of the applicable series. All rights to indemnification permitted provided for under the Trust Agreement shall not be affected by the dissolution or other cessation to exist of the Sponsor, or the withdrawal, adjudication of bankruptcy or insolvency of the Sponsor, or the filing of a voluntary or involuntary petition in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code by or against the Sponsor.
The payment of any indemnification shall be allocated, as appropriate, among the Trust’s series. The Trust and its series shall not incur the cost of that portion of any insurance which insures any party against any liability, the indemnification of which is prohibited under the Trust Agreement.
Expenses incurred in defending a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding against the Sponsor shall be paid by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding, if (i) the legal action relates to the performance of duties or services by the Sponsor on behalf of the Trust; (ii) the legal action is initiated by a party other than the Trust; and (iii) the Sponsor undertakes to repay the advanced funds with interest to the Trust in cases in which it is not entitled to indemnification.
In the event the Trust is made a party to any claim, dispute, demand or litigation or otherwise incurs any liability or expense as a result of or in connection with any unitholder’s (or assignee’s) obligations or liabilities unrelated to the Trust business, such unitholder (or assignees cumulatively) is required under the Trust Agreement to indemnify the Trust for all such liability and expense incurred, including attorneys’ and accountants’ fees.
| II-1 |
The Trustee will not be liable or accountable to the Trust or to any other person or under any other agreement to which the Trust is a party, except for the Trustee’s own gross negligence or willful misconduct. The Sponsor also indemnifies the Trustee and its successors, assigns, legal representatives, officers, directors, shareholders, employees, agents and servants from and against any and all liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, taxes, claims, actions, suits, costs, expenses or disbursements (including reasonable legal fees and expenses) in any way relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Trust, the execution, delivery and performance of any other agreements to which the Trust is a party or the action or inaction of the Trustee, except for to the extent resulting from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of any of the indemnified parties.
| Item 15. | Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities |
Not applicable.
| Item 16. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |
(a) Exhibits
* Filed Herewith.
(1) Incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214825) filed on June 27, 2017.
(2) Incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214825) filed on July 14, 2017.
(3) Incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214825) filed on July 17, 2017.
| II-2 |
| Item 17. | Undertakings |
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:
(i) If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C (§230.430C of this chapter), each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A (§230.430A of this chapter), shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.
(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:
The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424 (§230.424 of this chapter);
(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;
(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.
| II-3 |
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(c) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To send to the trustee at least on an annual basis a detailed statement of any transactions with the Sponsor or its affiliates, and of fees, commissions, compensation and other benefits paid, or accrued to the Sponsor or its affiliates for the fiscal year completed, showing the amount paid or accrued to each recipient and the services performed.
(2) To provide to the trustee the financial statements required by Form 10-K for the first full fiscal year of operations of the partnership.
| II-4 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-1 and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Walnut Creek, State of California, on April 30, 2019.
| United States 3x Short Oil Fund | ||||
| By: | United States Commodity Funds LLC as Sponsor | |||
| By: |
/s/ John P. Love | |||
| John P. Love President and Chief Executive Officer | ||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. The document may be executed by signatories hereto on any number of counterparts, all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ John P. Love | President and Chief Executive Officer | April 30, 2019 | ||
| John P. Love | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Stuart P. Crumbaugh | Chief Financial Officer | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Stuart P. Crumbaugh | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||
| * | Management Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Nicholas D. Gerber | ||||
| * | Management Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Andrew F Ngim | ||||
| * | Management Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Robert L. Nguyen | ||||
| * | Independent Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Peter M. Robinson | ||||
| * | Independent Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Gordon L. Ellis | ||||
| * | Independent Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Malcolm R. Fobes III |
* Signed by John P. Love pursuant a power of attorney signed by each individual on December 2, 2016.
SPICER
JEFFRIES LLP