In June 2022, we acquired Bit Discovery, a leader in external attack surface management (EASM). Adding Bit Discovery's EASM capabilities to our solutions provides customers with a comprehensive view of their attack surface and helps identify and eliminate areas of risk. We acquired 100% of Bit Discovery's equity for $43.8 million in cash, net of cash acquired of $2.0 million, through a share purchase agreement.

In February 2022, we acquired Cymptom, a platform that proactively measures, maps and prioritizes probable attack paths, and enables security teams to preemptively focus response ahead of and during breaches. Through a share purchase agreement, we acquired 100% of Cymptom's equity in exchange for cash consideration, net of cash acquired, for $23.0 million.

In October 2021, we acquired Accurics. Accurics delivers cloud-native security for DevOps and security teams. This acquisition expanded our broader cloud strategy to include the holistic assessment and automated remediation of policy violations and breach paths before the infrastructure is provisioned and throughout its lifecycle. We acquired 100% of the equity in exchange for cash consideration of $160.0 million, net of cash acquired of $9.6 million.

In April 2021, we acquired Alsid, which expanded our product offerings to include active directory security. Active directory is the basis for managing user permissions across on-premises and hybrid cloud deployments and is foundational to the security of cloud workloads, security remote work, and adopting zero trust architectures. Through a share purchase agreement, we acquired 100% of Alsid's equity in exchange for cash consideration of $98.5 million, net of cash acquired of $3.3 million.


(in thousands)	Accurics		Alsid		Bit Discovery		Cymptom
Intangible assets	$	33,390	$	31,400	$	11,100	$	4,113
Goodwill	134,909		72,291		35,946		18,960
Other liabilities, net	(386)		(1,084)		(779)		(241)
Deferred tax (liabilities) assets, net	(7,937)		(4,118)		(2,460)		128
Total purchase price allocation	$	159,976	$	98,489	$	43,807	$	22,960

We are still finalizing the allocations of the purchase price, which may change as additional information becomes available related to income taxes for Bit Discovery.

Acquired intangible assets and their estimated useful lives at the date of acquisition are as follows:


	Accurics			Alsid			Bit Discovery			Cymptom
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Estimated Useful Life	Cost		Estimated Useful Life	Cost		Estimated Useful Life	Cost		Estimated Useful Life
Acquired technology	$	33,300	10 years	$	31,300	7 years	$	11,000	7 years	$	4,113	7 years
Trade name	90		2 years	100		1 year	100		1 year	—
Acquired intangible assets	$	33,390		$	31,400		$	11,100		$	4,113

The results of operations of Accurics, Alsid, Bit Discovery and Cymptom are included in our consolidated statements of operations from the applicable acquisition dates and were not material. Pro forma results of operations are not presented as they are not material to the consolidated statements of operations.

We recognized acquisition-related transaction costs, primarily in general and administrative expense, of $2.6 million, $6.9 million and $0.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.


(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	261,614
Acquired goodwill	54,906
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	316,520

The excess purchase consideration over the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The acquired goodwill reflects the synergies we expect from marketing and selling these new capabilities from Accurics, Alsid, Bit Discovery and Cymptom to our customers. The acquired goodwill is not tax deductible.


	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Acquired technology	$	97,037	$	(21,738)	$	75,299	$	81,924	$	(10,499)	$	71,425
Trade name	490		(413)		77		390		(279)		111
	$	97,527	$	(22,151)	$	75,376	$	82,314	$	(10,778)	$	71,536

Amortization of acquired intangible assets was $11.4 million, $6.4 million and $2.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022, our acquired intangible assets are expected to be amortized over an estimated weighted average period of 6.7 years.


(in thousands)
Year ending December 31,
2023	$	12,252
2024	12,175
2025	12,175
2026	11,990
2027	9,960
Thereafter	16,824
Total	$	75,376