10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018

OR

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)

001-37787 (Commission File Number)	46-0595918 (IRS Employer Identification No.)
One Glenlake Parkway Suite 1400 Atlanta, GA (Address of principal executive offices)	30328 (Zip Code)

(770) 379-2800

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA, 30346

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐   No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding as of March 31, 2018 was 92,941,484.

INDEX

		Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	6
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	36
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	37
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	37
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	37
ITEM 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	37
ITEM 5.	Other Information	37
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	38

1

Definitions

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018 (this “Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q” or this “Report”), the following abbreviations and terms have the meanings as listed below. Additionally, the terms “Cotiviti,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “Cotiviti Holdings” refers only to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and not to any of its subsidiaries. Unless and as otherwise stated, any references in this Quarterly Report to any agreement means such agreement and all schedules, exhibits and attachments in each case as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified to the date of filing this Quarterly Report.

2012 Plan: refers to the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

2016 Plan: refers to the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.

Adjusted EBITDA: refers to net income before depreciation and amortization, interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense, income tax expense (benefit), transaction-related expenses and other, stock-based compensation and the adjustment related to the original Medicare RAC contract.

2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K: refers to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018.

Affordable Care Act: refers to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010.

ASC: refers to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.

ASU: refers to Accounting Standards Update issued by the FASB.

CMS: refers to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the United States federal agency which administers Medicare and Medicaid.

Equity Plans: refers, collectively, to the 2012 Plan and the 2016 Plan.

EPS: refers to earnings per share.

ESPP: refers, collectively, to our U.S. and Non-U.S. employee stock purchase plans, which became effective January 1, 2017, and were approved by our stockholders on May 25, 2017.

Exchange Act: refers to the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

FASB: refers to the Financial Accounting Standards Board.

First Lien Credit Facilities: refers to the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and the $100.0 million Revolver under the Restated Credit Agreement.

First Lien Term A Loans: refers to the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million under our Restated Credit Agreement.

First Lien Term B Loans: refers to the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million under our Restated Credit Agreement.

First Lien Term Loans: refers, collectively, to the First Lien Term A Loans and the First Lien Term B Loans under our Restated Credit Agreement.

GAAP: refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

2

iHealth Technologies: refers to iHealth Technologies, Inc.

IT: refers to information technology.

LIBOR: refers to the London inter-bank offered rate.

Medicaid: refers to the means-tested United States government health care insurance program for people of all ages, jointly funded by state and federal governments and managed by the states. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created Medicaid by adding Title XIX to the Social Security Act of 1935.

Medicare: refers to the United States government health care insurance program providing health insurance to people age 65 and older, regardless of income or medical history, as well as people of all ages with disabilities and certain medical conditions. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created Medicare by adding Title XVIII to the Social Security Act of 1935.

Medicare RAC: refers to a Medicare Recovery Audit Contractor; we are one of the Medicare RACs for CMS under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program.

NYSE: refers to the New York Stock Exchange, on which our shares are listed under the symbol “COTV.”

Restated Credit Agreement: refers to the Amended and Restated First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2016, entered into by our subsidiary Cotiviti Corporation and certain other of our subsidiaries, as borrowers and/or guarantors, the lenders named therein, as lenders, and the agents named therein, pursuant to which the lenders agreed to provide the First Lien Credit Facilities comprising the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and the $100.0 million Revolver.

Revolver: refers to the $100.0 million first lien revolving credit facility under our Restated Credit Agreement.

RowdMap: refers to RowdMap, Inc., which we acquired on July 14, 2017.

RowdMap Acquisition: refers to the July 14, 2017 acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of RowdMap.

RSUs: refers to restricted stock units.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act: refers to the United States Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

SEC: refers to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities Act: refers to the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

SG&A: refers to selling, general and administrative.

Tax Act: refers to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted on December 22, 2017, which among other things, reduces the federal tax rate on U.S. earnings to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and moves from a global taxation regime to a modified territorial regime.

3

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “seek,” “plan,” “intend,” “believe,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “continue,” “likely,” “should” and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance.

Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. As a result, our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include regional, national or global political, economic, business, competitive, market and regulatory conditions and the following:

· system interruptions or failures, including cyber-security breaches, identity theft or other disruptions that could compromise our information;

· our inability to successfully leverage our existing client base by expanding the volume of claims reviewed and cross-selling additional solutions;

· our clients declining to renew their agreements with us or renewing at lower performance fee levels;

· our failure to innovate and develop new solutions for our clients;

· delays in implementing our solutions;

· our failure to maintain or upgrade our operational platforms;

· inability to develop new clients;

· improvements to healthcare claims and retail billing processes reducing the demand for our solutions or  rendering our solutions unnecessary;

· loss of a large client;

· early termination provisions in our contracts;

· our failure to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing;

· our inability to manage our relationships with information suppliers, software vendors or utility providers;

· our inability to protect our intellectual property rights, proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how;

· our inability to execute our business plans including our inability to manage our growth;

· our inability to successfully integrate and realize synergies from any future acquisitions or strategic partnerships;

· our inability to realize the book value of intangible assets;

· our being required to pay significant refunds to CMS under our Medicare RAC contracts or significant changes to the Medicare RAC program;

4

· declines in contracts awarded through competitive bidding or our inability to re-procure contracts through the competitive bidding process;

· our success in attracting and retaining qualified employees and key personnel;

· our inability to expand our retail business;

· fluctuations in our results of operations;

· our failure to maintain effective internal controls;

· litigation, regulatory or dispute resolution proceedings, including claims or proceedings related to intellectual property infringements or claims not covered by insurance;

· healthcare spending fluctuations;

· consolidation among healthcare payers or retailers;

· slow development of the healthcare payment accuracy market;

· negative publicity concerning the healthcare payment industry or patient confidentiality and privacy;

· significant competition for our solutions;

· risks associated with international operations;

· general economic, political and market forces and dislocations beyond our control;

· variations in our revenue between reporting periods due to timing issues;

· our failure to comply with applicable federal, state, local and international privacy, security and data laws, regulations and standards;

· changes in regulations governing healthcare administration and policies, including governmental restrictions on the outsourcing of functions such as those that we provide;

· changes in tax laws and rules or in their interpretation or enforcement;

· the timing and magnitude of shares purchased under our share repurchase program;

· risks related to our substantial indebtedness and holding company structure;

· volatility in bank and capital markets;

· provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation; and

· other risks identified in this Report, in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other reports filed by us with the SEC.

For the reasons described above, we caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements, which should also be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

5

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.   Consolidated Financial Statements

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	189,297	$	165,518
Restricted cash		13,941		11,383
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $17 and $176 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; and net of estimated allowance for refunds and appeals of $43,690 and $35,434 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		73,509		83,756
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		19,758		15,314
Total current assets		296,505		275,971
Property and equipment, net		81,684		77,340
Goodwill		1,251,549		1,251,364
Intangible assets, net		477,630		492,040
Other long-term assets		3,248		2,514
TOTAL ASSETS	$	2,110,616	$	2,099,229
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	19,563	$	18,000
Customer deposits		13,941		11,383
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses		30,259		25,906
Accrued compensation costs		28,006		42,725
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		9,367		61,607
Total current liabilities		101,136		159,621
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt		744,070		749,618
Other long-term liabilities		5,819		5,474
Deferred tax liabilities		88,900		83,048
Total long-term liabilities		838,789		838,140
Total liabilities		939,925		997,761
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized, 92,941,484 and 92,299,294 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)		93		92
Additional paid-in capital		948,247		933,710
Retained earnings		226,597		172,120
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(4,246)		(4,454)
Total stockholders' equity		1,170,691		1,101,468
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	2,110,616	$	2,099,229

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net revenue	$	219,034	$	160,133
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		58,092		56,288
Other costs of revenue		6,473		6,686
Total cost of revenue		64,565		62,974
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		35,180		24,693
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		18,766		16,879
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		53,946		41,572
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		7,242		5,575
Amortization of intangible assets		14,396		15,199
Transaction-related expenses		214		731
Total operating expenses		140,363		126,051
Operating income		78,671		34,082
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		9,177		8,421
Other non-operating (income) expense		(335)		(453)
Total other expense (income)		8,842		7,968
Income before income taxes		69,829		26,114
Income tax expense (benefit)		15,902		(861)
Net income	$	53,927	$	26,975
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		208		57
Change in fair value of derivative instruments		—		(62)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		208		(5)
Comprehensive income	$	54,135	$	26,970
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.58	$	0.30
Diluted		0.57		0.28

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

7

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	53,927	$	26,975
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Deferred income taxes		5,758		1,877
Depreciation and amortization		21,638		20,774
Stock-based compensation expense		8,646		2,083
Amortization of debt issuance costs		515		645
Accretion of asset retirement obligations		51		48
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		10,247		5,663
Other assets		(5,209)		(2,612)
Accrued compensation		(14,719)		(29,210)
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses		5,515		(841)
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		(52,240)		(774)
Other long-term liabilities		338		247
Other		249		(303)
Net cash provided by operating activities		34,716		24,572
Cash flows from investing activities:
Expenditures for property and equipment		(12,385)		(9,660)
Net cash used in investing activities		(12,385)		(9,660)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under equity plans		5,923		7,360
Repayment of debt		(4,500)		(4,500)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,423		2,860
Effect of foreign exchanges on cash and cash equivalents		25		51
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		23,779		17,823
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		165,518		110,635
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	$	189,297	$	128,458
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,030	$	649
Cash paid for interest		7,900		7,587
Noncash investing activities (accrued property and equipment purchases)		4,750		6,738

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

8

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” “Cotiviti” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of payment accuracy and analytics-driven solutions that help payers, other risk-bearing healthcare organizations and retailers achieve their business objectives. Through a combination of analytics, technology and deep industry expertise, our solutions create insights that unlock value from the complex interactions between clients and their stakeholders. We serve a majority of the top 25 U.S. healthcare payers and a majority of the top ten U.S. retailers.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by us following the rules and regulations of the SEC. In our opinion they reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, that are necessary to present fairly the results of interim periods. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted by such rules and regulations; however, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. Operating results for the periods presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or the entire fiscal year. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Restricted Cash

In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table reconciles cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635
Restricted cash		13,941		11,383		7,232		9,103
Customer deposits		(13,941)		(11,383)		(7,232)		(9,103)
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”) which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2018-02 during the first quarter 2018. As of March 31, 2018, we reclassified $550 from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods. We retrospectively adopted the

9

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

provisions of ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018. This guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Refer to “Restricted Cash” above for further information.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASC 606 and related amendments as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition in prior, current or future periods therefore there was no cumulative adjustment as a result of adoption. Refer to Note 3 for more information on revenue recognition.

Note 3. Revenue Recognition

Revenue

Revenue is comprised of services we provide in our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other operating segments under contracts that contain various fee structures, including performance fee based contracts and fixed fee arrangements. We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide a network efficiency solution to payers and providers as well as, on a limited basis, certain analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, with additional clients in Canada and the United Kingdom. Net revenue generated in the United States accounted for approximately 99% of total net revenue for each of the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we made the decision to exit our retail operations in the United Kingdom by the end of 2018.

10

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		%	2017		%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	133,923	61.2	$	77,516	48.4
Prospective claims accuracy		58,285	26.6		59,717	37.3
Other		8,163	3.7		2,570	1.6
Total Healthcare		200,371	91.5		139,803	87.3
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		18,663	8.5		19,674	12.3
Other		—	—		656	0.4
Total Global Retail and Other		18,663	8.5		20,330	12.7
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	100.0	$	160,133	100.0

Performance obligations – The unit of measure under ASC 606 is a performance obligation, which is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct or series of distinct goods or services to the client. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our contracts have either a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct, or have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple service offerings. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the contract’s transaction price can generally be readily allocated to each performance obligation based upon the selling price of each distinct service in the contract. In cases where estimates are needed to allocate the transaction price, we use historical experience and projections based on currently available information.

Retrospective and Prospective claims accuracy - Performance obligations for our retrospective and prospective claims accuracy solutions are satisfied at a point in time when our clients realize the economic benefits from our services. Our clients realize economic benefits when they take credits against their existing accounts payable based on when we identify cost savings, when they receive refund checks based on overpayments, or when they acknowledge payment reductions based on cost savings. Clients pay for our services once they realize the economic benefit. 

Other - Performance obligations for our other healthcare solutions are generally satisfied over time as the services are delivered. Clients generally pay once the services have been rendered, although certain clients, on a limited basis, pay in advance of the services being rendered in which case we record cash received as deferred revenue and recognize upon satisfaction of the performance obligation. 

Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements for revenue recognition, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record an estimate for refund liabilities as a reduction of revenue based on actual historical refund data by client type. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to accounts receivable or by cash payments to clients. We also calculate client specific refund liabilities in excess of the estimated historical refund liabilities when we determine additional amounts may ultimately be required to be returned to the client.

Under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program, in which we are one of the Medicare RACs for CMS, healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We currently have Medicare RAC contracts related to CMS Regions 2 and 3; our original Medicare RAC contract was related to the former CMS Region C. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate are probable of being returned to CMS following a

11

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

successful appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process. The liability is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Our original Medicare RAC contract with CMS expired on January 31, 2018. In connection with the expiration of the contract, we determined that we have no obligation to CMS with respect to any appeals resolved in the providers’ favor after the expiration date and, in addition, we have no obligation to CMS in connection with the hospital settlement processes as initiated by CMS. Refer to Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on the hospital settlement processes. Accordingly, we released $46,556 of the total $56,089 liability to revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The remaining estimated liability for refunds and appeals related to the original Medicare RAC contract of approximately $4,200 as of March 31, 2018 represents management’s best estimate of any appeals overturned prior to the expiration of the contract term.

For all refund and appeals liabilities, to the extent the amount to be returned to providers following a successful appeal process exceeds or is less than the amount recorded, revenue in the applicable period would be reduced or increased, respectively, by such amount. Any future changes to any of our client contracts may require different assumptions to be applied that could materially affect our revenue and estimated liability for refunds and appeals in future periods. We record periodic changes in refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue. The estimated liability for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which has already been received is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated allowance for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable is included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The table below presents the activity of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	35,434	$	41,020
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		61,607		62,539
Total balance at beginning of period, January 1		97,041		103,559
Provision		32,593		19,076
Refunds settled with client		(28,753)		(22,042)
Refunds recovered		(1,268)		(3,309)
Original Medicare RAC contract release of liability		(46,556)		-
Total balance at end of period, March 31	$	53,057	$	97,284
Less: estimated allowance for refunds and appeals		43,690		35,518
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	$	9,367	$	61,766

Costs to obtain and/or fulfill a contract

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract include costs incurred by an entity to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. A select group of employees are eligible for sales commissions, which are directly related to obtaining certain client contracts. We have recorded an asset related to the amount of commissions to be paid to employees in the future and a corresponding liability. The asset is amortized to expense over the life of the underlying contract and the liability is relieved as payments are made to the employees. As of March 31, 2018, there is approximately $545 included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, $463 included in other long-term assets and $1,003 included in accrued compensation costs on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to fees yet to be collected, based on historical losses adjusted for current market conditions, our clients’ financial condition, the amount of any receivables in dispute, the current receivables aging and

12

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

current payment patterns. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write-offs for all periods presented have not been significant.

Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. Unbilled receivables were approximately $65,402 and $62,294 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record any periodic changes in unbilled receivables as adjustments to revenue.

Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times during the year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. Unbilled receivables of this nature were approximately $4,472 and $4,958 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 4. Acquisition

On July 14, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding equity of RowdMap. Based in Louisville, Kentucky, RowdMap is a payer-provider, value-based analytics company that helps health plans and providers identify and reduce low-value care from inefficient and unnecessary services. We paid approximately $74,000 in cash, subject to certain adjustments and funded entirely with available liquidity.  We also issued an aggregate of 768,021 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of RowdMap in connection with their continued employment with us. Half of these shares are subject to continued employment and performance-based vesting requirements. The other half are subject to continued employment, with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the closing of the acquisition. We will record stock-based compensation expense related to this restricted stock ratably over the vesting period or to the extent it is probable the performance criteria will be achieved. This stock-based compensation expense will not be deductible for income tax purposes.  

As part of the RowdMap Acquisition, we allocated the purchase price to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities was recorded as goodwill.

Goodwill represents the value of acquired assembled workforce, specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies, none of which qualify as separate intangible assets. We believe these specialized processes and procedures will enhance our long history of innovation and help expand our solution offerings. We determined the estimated fair values of intangible assets acquired using estimates of future discounted cash flows to be generated by the business over the estimated duration of those cash flows. We based the estimated cash flows on our projections of future revenue, operating expenses, capital expenditures, working capital needs and tax rates. We estimated the duration of the cash flows based on the projected useful lives of the assets acquired. The discount rate was determined based on specific business risk, cost of capital and other factors.

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The purchase price allocation is preliminary and subject to change up to one year after the date of acquisition and could result in changes to the amounts recorded below. The preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition was as follows:

	July 14, 2017
Cash	$	4,107
Accounts receivable		2,526
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,212
Other long-term assets		12
Property and equipment		263
Intangible assets		19,510
Total identifiable assets acquired		27,630
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		4,491
Deferred tax liabilities		3,688
Total liabilities assumed		8,179
Net identifiable assets acquired		19,451
Goodwill		54,673
Net assets acquired	$	74,124

The $19,510 of acquired intangible assets include acquired software of $6,310  (5 year useful life) and customer relationships of $13,200  (5 year useful life).

For federal income tax purposes, the RowdMap Acquisition was treated as a stock acquisition. The goodwill and the intangible assets recognized are not deductible for income tax purposes.

In connection with the RowdMap Acquisition, a preliminary liability of $1,068 is included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018, for payments due to the former stockholders of RowdMap, some of whom are now our employees.

We recorded approximately $700 of transaction costs primarily related to professional services associated with the acquisition as transaction-related expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the year ended December 31, 2017.

The acquisition was not significant to our consolidated financial statements, therefore, pro forma results of operations related to this business acquisition have not been presented. The financial results of RowdMap have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition.

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment by major asset class for the periods presented consisted of the following:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Computer equipment	$	48,642	$	46,731
Software		69,962		67,511
Furniture and fixtures		11,284		9,199
Leasehold improvements		8,710		5,256
Projects in progress		11,934		10,295
Property and equipment, gross	$	150,532	$	138,992
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		68,848		61,652
Property and equipment, net	$	81,684	$	77,340

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

In December 2015, we purchased a perpetual software license, which is included in the software total above. We paid for this software over a two year period ended in January 2018. As such, there is approximately $3,351 included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017.

Total depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, including capitalized software costs, was $7,242 and $5,575 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Note 6. Intangible Assets

Intangible asset balances by major asset class for the periods presented were as follows:

									Weighted
	Gross						Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated				Carrying		Amortization
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Amount		Period
March 31, 2018:
Customer relationships	$	650,927	$	204,251	$	—	$	446,676	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		27,456		—		26,754	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,337	$	231,707	$	—	$	477,630	13.0	years
December 31, 2017:
Customer relationships	$	650,954	$	190,572	$	1,322	$	459,060	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		25,430		—		28,780	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,364	$	216,002	$	1,322	$	492,040	13.0	years

Amortization expense was $14,396 and $15,199 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of March 31, 2018 amortization expense for the next 5 years is expected to be:

Remainder of 2018	$	43,189
2019		57,585
2020		57,585
2021		53,262
2022		48,954

Note 7. Goodwill

Total goodwill in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $1,251,549 and $1,251,364 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were as follows:

			Global Retail
	Healthcare		and Other
December 31, 2017	$	1,202,444	$	48,920
Foreign currency translation		—		185
March 31, 2018	$	1,202,444	$	49,105

There was no impairment related to goodwill for any period presented.

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Note 8. Long‑term Debt

Long‑term debt for the periods presented was as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
First Lien Term A Loans	$	231,122	$	234,237
First Lien Term B Loans		539,322		540,585
Revolver		—		—
Total debt		770,444		774,822
Less: debt issuance costs		6,811		7,204
Less: current portion		19,563		18,000
Total long-term debt	$	744,070	$	749,618

The Restated Credit Agreement includes certain binding affirmative and negative covenants, including delivery of financial statements and other reports, maintenance of existence and transactions with affiliates. The negative covenants restrict our ability, among other things, to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, sell or otherwise dispose of assets or enter into a merger, pay dividends or repurchase stock. There is a required financial covenant applicable only to the Revolver and the First Lien Term A Loans, pursuant to which we agree not to permit our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement) to exceed 5.50:1.00 through September 2018, 5.25:1.00 through September 2019 and 5.00:1.00 through June 2021. In addition, the Restated Credit Agreement includes certain events of default including payment defaults, failure to perform affirmative covenants, failure to refrain from actions or omissions prohibited by negative covenants, the inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults and a change of control default. We were in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Restated Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments based upon our leverage ratio at the time payment is required and an annual excess cash flow calculation commencing with the year ended December 31, 2017. The mandatory prepayment is contingently payable in the second quarter of each year based on an annual excess cash flow calculation for the preceding year as defined within the Restated Credit Agreement. We were not required to make a mandatory prepayment during 2018. 

As of March 31, 2018, the aggregate maturities of long‑term debt (excluding any amounts that may become payable with respect to the aforementioned mandatory prepayment provision for annual excess cash flows) for each of the next five years are expected to be $13,500 for the remainder of 2018,  $24,250 in 2019,  $30,500 in 2020,  $183,625 in 2021 and $5,500 in 2022. 

Note 9. Derivative Instruments

We are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates on our long‑term debt. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in the 3‑month LIBOR through the use of interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. We are meeting our objective by hedging the risk of changes in cash flows related to changes in LIBOR by capping the interest on our floating rate debt linked to LIBOR to approximately 3%. We do not utilize derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $435,000 in notional debt outstanding related to these interest rate caps, which cover quarterly interest payments through September 2019. The notional amount decreases over time. Refer to Note 8 for more information regarding the debt outstanding related to these agreements. 

All of our outstanding interest rate cap contracts qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Cash flow hedge accounting treatment allows for gains and losses on the effective portion of qualifying hedges to be deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying transaction occurs, rather than recognizing the gains and losses on these instruments in earnings during each period they are outstanding. When the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt as described in Note 8 and the related

16

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

derivative contract settles, any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in interest expense. All cash flows related to our interest rate cap agreements are classified as operating cash flows.

The table below reflects the effect of our derivative instruments on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Interest expense	$	612	$	201

Any outstanding derivative instruments expose us to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements, but we do not expect that the counterparty will fail to meet their obligations. The amount of such credit exposure is generally the positive fair value of our outstanding contracts. To manage credit risks, we select counterparties based on credit assessments, limit our overall exposure to any single counterparty and monitor the market position of any counterparty.

The table below reflects quantitative information related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and where these amounts are recorded in our consolidated financial statements as of the period presented:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	577	$	951
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		908		979
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(2,367)		(2,440)

We record deferred hedge premiums which are being paid over the life of the hedge in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the related hedge ultimately settles and interest payments are made on the underlying debt. As of March 31, 2018, we have made payments of $4,357 related to these deferred premiums. We expect to pay an additional $2,038 in deferred premiums through 2019 related to our outstanding interest rate cap agreements which is reflected in the fair value of these derivatives in the table above.

Comprehensive income includes changes in the fair value of our interest rate cap agreements which qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in other comprehensive income (loss) for the periods presented related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1	$	(2,556)	$	(3,334)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax of $149 and $76, respectively		463		125
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $28 and $112, respectively		87		(187)
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU 2018-02		(550)		—
Balance at end of period, March 31	$	(2,556)	$	(3,396)

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Note 10. Fair Value Measurements

We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value whereby inputs are assigned a hierarchical level. The hierarchical levels are:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2: Observable prices, other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

The following table summarizes our financial instruments measured at fair value within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt	$	—	$	—	$	770,444	$	—	$	—	$	774,822
Interest rate cap agreements		—		1,485		—		—		1,930		—
Total	$	—	$	1,485	$	770,444	$	—	$	1,930	$	774,822

The fair value of our private debt is determined based on fluctuations in current interest rates, the trends in market yields of debt instruments with similar credit ratings, general economic conditions and other quantitative and qualitative factors. The carrying value of our debt approximates its fair value. Refer to Note 8 for more information on our long-term debt.

The fair value of the interest rate cap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected variable cash receipts that would occur if interest rates rose above the strike rate of the caps. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including period to maturity and remaining deferred premium payments, and uses observable market‑based inputs, including interest rates and implied volatilities. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rates. As such, the estimated fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 9 for more information on our interest rate cap agreements.

Note 11. Income Taxes

The following table presents our income tax provision and effective income tax rate: 

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018			2017
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	15,902		$	(861)
Effective income tax rate		22.8	%		(3.3)	%

Our effective income tax rate was 22.8% and (3.3)% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in income tax expense of $16,763 was primarily the result of an increase in pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2018, partially offset by a $2,600 tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. In addition, a valuation allowance of $191 was recorded to reflect the portion of the deferred tax asset

18

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

on state tax credits that is not more likely than not to be realized. The impact of these items relative to the pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 resulted in the increase to the effective tax rate. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2017, we recorded a $10,422 tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was impacted by this tax benefit relative to the pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act, reducing the federal tax rate on U.S. earnings to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and moves from a global taxation regime to a modified territorial regime. In accordance with SAB 118, we recognized the provisional tax impacts associated with the revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities and one-time transition tax on our unremitted foreign earnings and profits during the year ended December 31, 2017. As of March 31, 2018, we have not made any additional adjustments related to these items. Given the significant complexity of the Tax Act, anticipated guidance from the U.S. Treasury about implementing the Tax Act, and the potential for additional guidance from the SEC or the FASB related to the Tax Act, we will continue to evaluate the accounting for the tax effects related to the enactment of the Tax Act. Upon completion of our 2017 U.S. tax return, we will be able to conclude whether any further adjustments are required to our deferred tax liabilities, as well as the liability associated with the one-time mandatory tax. Any adjustments to these provisional amounts will be reported as a component of tax (benefit) expense in the reporting period in which any such adjustments are determined, which will be no later than the fourth quarter of 2018.

We file income taxes with the U.S. federal government and various states and foreign jurisdictions. We operate in a number of state and local jurisdictions and as such are subject to state and local income tax examinations based upon various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction.

Note 12. Earnings per Share

Basic EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, potentially dilutive outstanding shares consisted of equity incentive awards. Restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition was also included in the calculation of dilutive potential common shares for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Our potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options or vesting of RSUs and restricted stock. The dilutive effect of outstanding equity incentive awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. For all periods presented, all outstanding common stock consisted of a single class.

Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net income available to common stockholders	$	53,927	$	26,975
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		92,568,047		91,138,356
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards and restricted stock		2,683,927		3,766,874
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		95,251,974		94,905,230
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.58	$	0.30
Diluted		0.57		0.28

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Employee stock options, RSUs and restricted stock that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect is anti‑dilutive for the periods presented were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018	2017
Employee stock-based awards and restricted stock	911,052	361,566

Performance-based restricted stock of 40,954 shares were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as the vesting conditions were not probable of occurring.

Note 13. Stock‑Based  Compensation

Stock  Options

The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Equity Plans:

				Weighted
		Weighted		average
		average		remaining	Aggregate
	Outstanding	exercise price		contractual life	Intrinsic Value
	Options	per share		(Years)	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	4,574,607	$	13.89	6.65	$	85,138
Granted	593,766		34.70
Forfeited	(115,173)		18.69
Exercised	(611,104)		10.65
Expired	—		—
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	4,442,096	$	17.00	7.01	$	77,856
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2018	2,629,289	$	11.37	5.99	$	60,652

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between our estimated fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in‑the‑money options. The fair value per share of common stock was $34.44 as of March 31, 2018 based upon the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $14,664 and $33,482 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 

Restricted Stock  Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity under the 2016 Plan:

		Weighted
		average
		grant date fair value
	Number of Awards	per share
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	379,274	$	33.56
Granted	413,703		34.68
Forfeited	(12,587)		34.78
Vested and converted to shares	(48,845)		34.39
Nonvested at March 31, 2018	731,545	$	34.12
Expected to vest at March 31, 2018	731,471	$	34.12

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Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Restricted  Stock

We issued an aggregate of 768,021 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of RowdMap at a fair market value of $43.27 per share. Half of these shares are subject to continued employment and performance-based vesting requirements and, if achieved, will vest on the one year anniversary of the closing date of the RowdMap Acquisition. The other half are subject to continued employment with us, with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the closing of the RowdMap Acquisition.

Employee  Stock  Purchase  Plan

We have an ESPP, which became effective January 1, 2017, for U.S. and non-U.S. employees,  both of which have a series of six month offering periods, with a new offering period beginning on the first day of January and July each year. The ESPP was adopted by our Board of Directors in August 2016 and approved by shareholders in May 2017. Employees may contribute up to 10% of their pay towards the purchase of common stock via payroll deductions to a maximum of $10 per year, or $5 per offering period. Purchase dates occur on the last business day of Juneand  December of each year and shares are purchased at a 10% discount off the closing price on the NYSE on the date of purchase. Employees must hold the shares purchased for a minimum of 90 days.

The ESPP had 1,260,000 shares of our common stock initially reserved for issuance upon its inception. The reserve automatically increases each January by an amount equal to the lesser of 1,260,000 or approximately 1.5% of total common shares outstanding on the first day of January. A summary of ESPP share reserve activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Shares
Available for future purchases, beginning of period	1,197,306
Shares reserved for issuance	1,260,000
Common stock purchased	—
Available for future purchases, end of period	2,457,306

Stock  Compensation  Expense

We used the weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted for the periods presented as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018
Expected term (years)		6.25
Expected volatility		40.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		2.56	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	14.99

Total fair market value related to the restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition is $33,232 based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. For the time-based shares, stock-based compensation expense is being recorded ratably over the three year vesting period. For the performance-based shares, stock-based compensation expense will be recorded over the one year vesting period to the extent it is probable the performance criteria will be achieved. We recorded approximately $4,404 in stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018, related to the performance awards that we estimate are probable of achieving the performance criteria.

We recorded total stock‑based compensation expense of $8,646 and $2,083 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  As of March 31, 2018, we had total unrecognized compensation cost related to 3,270,139 unvested stock options and RSUs under the Equity Plans as well as restricted stock of $58,040 which we expect to

21

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

recognize over the next 2.6 years.

Note 14. Segment Information

Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by our Chief Operating Decision Maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing financial performance. We conduct our business through two reportable business segments: Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. Operating income is calculated as net revenue less operating expenses and is not affected by other expense (income) or by income taxes. Indirect costs are generally allocated to the segments based on the segments’ proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment. We do not allocate interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense or the provision for income taxes, since these items are not considered in evaluating the segment’s overall operating performance. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker does not receive or utilize asset information to evaluate performance of operating segments. Accordingly, asset related information has not been presented. Refer to Note 3 for operating segment net revenue by product type.

Our operating segment results for the periods presented were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	200,371	$	139,803
Global Retail and Other		18,663		20,330
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	$	160,133
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	74,774	$	31,161
Global Retail and Other		3,897		2,921
Consolidated operating income	$	78,671	$	34,082

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ITEM 2.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read together with the financial statements and the related notes of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited financial statements and the related notes included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements regarding the industry outlook, our expectations for the performance of our business, our liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risks and uncertainties described in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and in Part 1, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Overview

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” “Cotiviti” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of payment accuracy and analytics-driven solutions that help payers, other risk-bearing healthcare organizations and retailers achieve their business objectives. Through a combination of analytics, technology and deep industry expertise, our solutions create insights that unlock value from the complex interactions between clients and their stakeholders. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies, which resulted in approximately $3.4 billion in savings in 2017. We serve a majority of the top 25 U.S. healthcare payers and a majority of the top ten U.S. retailers.  We operate in two segments, Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

Our growth strategy for healthcare includes:

· expand within our existing client base by increasing the volume of claims we review with our solutions; expanding utilization across the depth and breadth of our solutions; and cross-selling our prospective and retrospective solutions.

· expand our client base;

· innovate to improve and develop new solutions to expand the scope of our services; and

· pursue opportunistic acquisitions and strategic partnerships in payment accuracy and adjacent markets.

As a result of the meaningful savings we deliver to our clients, we have increased our client base and strengthened our long-standing relationships over time with many of the leading healthcare payers in the United States. The average length of our relationships with our ten largest healthcare clients is over ten years. Additionally, we have substantially increased the annual savings captured by our healthcare clients over time.

We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail market. Retailers process and validate extremely high volumes of transactions with disparate suppliers on varying terms. We work with retail clients primarily in the United States, with additional clients in Canada and the United Kingdom, to realize their negotiated allowances, concessions, rebates and other incentives associated with merchandise procurement, logistics and other service transactions. In 2017, we generated over $550 million in savings for our retail clients. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we made the decision to exit our retail operations in the United Kingdom by the end of 2018.

For a further discussion of our two operating segments, (i) Healthcare and (ii) Global Retail and Other, refer to “—Our Segments” and Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Recent Developments – 2018 Highlights

· Our original Medicare RAC contract with CMS expired on January 31, 2018. As a result of this contract expiration, we released approximately $46.6 million in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals to revenue and we recorded $1.2 million in variable compensation costs associated with the release during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

· In February 2018, we received an upgrade to our corporate credit rating from Moody’s to Ba3 which reduced the applicable margin for our First Lien Term B Loans by 25 basis points.

Dollar Amount of Claims Reviewed

Revenue in our Healthcare segment in a given period is impacted by the dollar amount of claims we review for our clients, which impacts inaccurate payments that we identify for our clients and the amount of revenue we receive under our performance fee-based contracts. The dollar amount of claims that we review is driven by the scope of claims submitted to us by our clients. The dollar amount of inaccurate payments we identify is also dependent upon the type and number of our solutions used by our clients. As a result of our long-standing relationships with our clients, we have a steady, recurring revenue base.

In our Global Retail and Other segment, our revenue is dependent on (i) the amount of payments that we review for our retail clients and (ii) the timing of our payment reviews, which typically are completed on a batch processing basis following the lapse of a period of time after payment.

Healthcare Industry and General Economic Conditions

A majority of our business is directly related to the healthcare industry and is affected by healthcare spending and complexity in the healthcare industry, as follows:

· Healthcare Spending by Payers. Changing demographics, the shift to managed care plans within government healthcare and increased healthcare coverage may lead to an increase in healthcare spending by our payer clients. From 2006 to 2016, healthcare costs in the United States grew at a 4.5% CAGR to $3.3 trillion. According to CMS, healthcare costs are expected to continue to grow at an average annual rate of 5.6% through 2026 reaching $5.7 trillion. Our revenue is impacted by the expansion or contraction of healthcare coverage, spending and utilization, which directly affects the number of payments available for our review.

· Complexity in the Healthcare Industry. We believe reimbursement models will continue to become more complex as healthcare payers accommodate new markets and lines of business and as advancements in medical care increase the number of testing and treatment options available. As reimbursement models grow more complex and healthcare coverage increases, the complexity and number of claims may also increase, which could impact the demand for our payment accuracy solutions. Also, many of the changes promulgated by the Affordable Care Act, which may be repealed or restructured under the current administration, require implementing regulations that have not yet been drafted or have been released only as proposed rules. Such changes could have a further impact on our results of operations.

In addition, our Global Retail and Other segment is impacted by general economic conditions. For example, in a difficult economy, consumers may be willing to spend less and retailers may reduce their purchasing accordingly, thereby reducing their overall payments available for review. Alternatively, in an expanding economy, retailers may increase their purchasing to meet expected increasing demand resulting in increased payments subject to review using our solutions. 

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Components of Results of Operations

Net revenue

Our net revenue is generated from contracts with our clients. Our client contracts generally provide for performance fees that are based on a percentage of the inaccurate payments that we prevent through our prospective claims accuracy solutions or the payment recoveries received by our clients that use our retrospective claims accuracy solutions. We derive approximately 5% of our revenue on a “fee-for-service” basis whereby billing is based upon a flat fee or a fee per hour. Our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record an estimate for refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by client type. In such cases, we record any such refund as a reduction of revenue.

Historically, there has been a seasonal pattern to our healthcare revenue with the revenues in the first quarter generally lower than the other quarters and revenues in the fourth quarter generally being higher than the other quarters. Accordingly, the comparison of revenue from quarter to quarter may fluctuate and is dependent on various factors, including, but not limited to: a  reset of member liability; timing of special projects; implementation delays; timing of inaccurate payments being prevented or recovered; industry utilization trends; and the aforementioned seasonal considerations. Consequently, you should not rely on our revenue for any one quarter as an indication of our future performance. Additionally, we record an estimated liability for refunds and appeals which is subject to management’s assumptions. These assumptions may change from time to time and result in adjustments to revenue. Our adjustments of these estimates on a quarterly basis, to reflect actual results or updated expectations, have, generally not been material to our overall business, and have resulted in either a net increase or a net decrease in revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 we recorded $46.6 million related to the release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract, which expired on January 31, 2018.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue is comprised of:

· Compensation, which includes the total compensation and benefit-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees who provide direct revenue generating services to clients; and

· Other costs of revenue, which primarily include expenses related to the use of subcontractors and professional services firms, costs associated with the retrieval of medical records and facilities-related costs associated with locations that are used strictly for revenue generating activities. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Our SG&A expenses are comprised of:

· Compensation, which includes total compensation and benefit-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, for our employees who are not directly involved in revenue generating activities including those involved with developing new service offerings; and

· Other SG&A, which include all of our general operating costs. These costs include, but are not limited to, rent and occupancy costs for facilities associated with locations that are used for employees not serving in revenue generating roles, telecommunications costs, information technology infrastructure costs, software licensing costs, advertising and marketing expenses, costs associated with developing new service offerings and expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional services firms. SG&A expenses do not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

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Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment consists of depreciation related to our investments in property and equipment, including claims accuracy solutions software, as well as amortization of capitalized internal-use software and software development costs.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets includes amortization of customer relationships and acquired software.

Transaction-related expenses

Transaction-related expenses consist primarily of professional services and other expenses associated with our secondary offerings as well as certain corporate development activity.

Interest expense

Interest expense consists of accrued interest and related payments on our outstanding long-term debt as well as the amortization of debt issuance costs. Additionally, interest expense includes any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) when the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt and the related derivative contract settles.

Other non-operating (income) expense

Other non-operating (income) expense primarily consists of foreign exchange gains and losses. In addition, income received for certain sub-leases, interest income and realized gains and losses are included in other non-operating (income) expense.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of federal, state, local and foreign taxes based on earnings in multiple jurisdictions. Our income tax expense is impacted by the pre-tax earnings in jurisdictions with varying tax rates and any related foreign tax credits or deductions that may be available to us. Our current and future provision for income taxes will vary from statutory rates due to the impact of changes resulting from the enactment of the Tax Act, income tax incentives and holidays, certain non-deductible expenses, valuation allowances in certain countries, withholding taxes, excess tax benefits on the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units and other discrete items.

Stock-based compensation expense

We grant equity incentive awards to certain employees, officers and non-employee directors as long-term incentive compensation. As part of the RowdMap Acquisition, we issued restricted stock to certain employees. We recognize the related expense for these awards ratably over the applicable vesting period or as achievement of performance criteria become probable. Such expense is recognized in either cost of revenue or SG&A expenses based upon the function of the optionee. The following table shows the allocation of stock-based compensation expense among our expense line items for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
	(unaudited)
Cost of revenue	$	715	$	466
Selling, general and administrative expenses		7,931		1,617
Total	$	8,646	$	2,083

As of March 31, 2018, we had total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested service-based awards of $58.0 million, which we expect to recognize over the next 2.6 years. Stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes approximately $4.4 million related to the performance-based restricted stock

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issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition that we estimate is probable of achieving the performance criteria, of which approximately $4.3 million is included in SG&A expenses and $0.1 million is included in cost of revenue.

Foreign currency translation adjustments

The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar are translated into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates effective during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). We had upward foreign currency translation adjustments of $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The translation adjustments were the result of the weakening of the U.S. Dollar against the Canadian Dollar and British Pound over the corresponding period.

Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of related taxes

We are a party to interest rate cap agreements that hedge the potential impact fluctuations in interest rates may have on payments we make pursuant to our long-term debt. We had an insignificant net change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of related taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and a downward net change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of related taxes, of approximately  $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The changes were the result of fluctuations in three-month LIBOR.

How We Assess Our Performance

Adjusted EBITDA

We believe Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) is useful to investors as a supplemental measure to evaluate our overall operating performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a measurement to compare our operating performance to our peers and competitors. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before depreciation and amortization, interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense such as foreign currency transaction gains and losses, income tax expense (benefit), transaction-related expenses and other, stock-based compensation and the adjustment related to the original Medicare RAC contract. See the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding these adjustments. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it provides meaningful supplemental information about our operating performance and facilitatesperiod-to-period comparisons without regard to our financing methods, capital structure or other items that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing operating performance. By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, management believes we are enhancing investors' understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties as a supplemental measure of financial performance within our industry. In addition, the determination of Adjusted EBITDA is a similar measure in our First Lien Credit Facilities.

Adjusted EBITDA has important limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

· Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

· Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

· Although depreciation is a non-cash charge, the assets being depreciated will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;

· Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of stock-based compensation upon our results of operations;

· Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;

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· Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our income tax expense (benefit) or the cash requirements to pay our income taxes; and

· Other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
(in thousands)	(unaudited)
Net income	$	53,927	$	26,975
Depreciation and amortization		21,638		20,774
Interest expense		9,177		8,421
Other non-operating (income) expense(a)		(335)		(453)
Income tax expense (benefit)		15,902		(861)
Transaction-related expenses and other(b)		214		731
Stock-based compensation(c)		8,646		2,083
Original Medicare RAC contract adjustment(d)		(45,351)		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	63,818	$	57,670

^(a) Represents other non‑operating (income) expense that consists primarily of interest income and gains and losses on transactions settled in foreign currencies. Income received for certain sub‑leases is included herein.

^(b) Represents transaction‑related expenses primarily associated with our secondary offerings as well as certain corporate development activity.

^(c) Represents expense related to equity incentive awards granted to certain employees, officers and non‑employee directors as long‑term incentive compensation and restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition. We recognize the related expense for these awards ratably over the vesting period or as achievement of performance criteria become probable.

^(d) Represents the net impact of the release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals and related expense, under our original Medicare RAC contract, which expired on January 31, 2018. The gross revenue impact of $46,556 was previously recorded as a reduction to revenue in prior periods during the contract term.

Dollar Amount of Inaccurate Payments Prevented or Recovered

The majority of our net revenue consists of performance fees earned under our client contracts. A small portion (approximately 5%) of our revenue is derived on a “fee-for-service” basis whereby billing is based upon a subscription basis, flat fee or a fee per hour. Our performance fees generally represent a specified percentage of inaccurate payments that are either prevented prior to payment using our prospective claims accuracy solutions or recovered by our clients after they are identified using our retrospective claims accuracy solutions. For those clients where we identify any payment inaccuracies in advance of payment to the providers, the clients reduce the amount paid to the providers based upon the inaccuracies that we have identified. For those clients where we identify payment inaccuracies using our retrospective claims accuracy solutions after the client has made payment, clients generally recover claims either by taking credits against outstanding payables to healthcare providers or retail vendors, or future purchases from the related retail vendors, or receiving refund checks directly from those healthcare providers or retail vendors.

The dollar amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered in a given period is impacted by the dollar amount of claims or payments reviewed, the scope of claims or payments that we review, the success of our cross-selling efforts, our ability to retain existing clients and obtain new clients and our ability to enhance our existing solutions or create new solutions.

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We believe the dollar amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered is useful to measure our overall operating performance and how well we are executing on our client contracts.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations

As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations may not be comparable to our results of operations in future periods and our results of operations may not be directly comparable from period to period. Set forth below is a brief discussion of the key factors impacting the comparability of our results of operations.

Debt Refinancings, Repayments and Repricing

In connection with our various debt refinancings, we incurred significant debt issuance costs, primarily associated with the new indebtedness. These debt issuance costs are amortized utilizing the effective interest method over the associated life of the related indebtedness and recorded as interest expense. Unamortized debt issuance costs were $6.8 million as of March 31, 2018. 

In February 2018, we received an upgrade to our corporate credit rating from Moody’s to Ba3 which reduced the applicable margin for our First Lien Term B Loans by 25 basis points.

In April 2017, we entered into the First Amendment Agreement to our then outstanding Restated Credit Agreement, which, among other things, provided for lower applicable interest rates associated with the First Lien Term B Loan. As a result, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $3.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2017.

Medicare RAC Contract 

Our original Medicare RAC contract with CMS expired on January 31, 2018. In connection with the expiration of the contract, we determined that we have no obligation to CMS with respect to any appeals resolved in the providers favor after the expiration date and, in addition, we believe that we have no obligation to CMS in connection with the hospital settlement processes initiated by CMS. Refer to Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on the hospital settlement processes. As a result of this contract expiration, we released approximately $46.6 million in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals to revenue and we recorded $1.2 million in variable compensation costs associated with the release during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Stock-based compensation

As part of the RowdMap Acquisition, we issued restricted stock to certain employees. We recognize the related expense for these awards ratably over the applicable vesting period or as achievement of performance criteria become probable.    

Income tax expense (benefit)

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act, reducing the federal tax rate on U.S. earnings to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and moves from a global taxation regime to a modified territorial regime. 

Stock options result in an income tax benefit at the time of exercise and restricted stock units result in an income tax benefit at the time of vest. As a result, the timing and amount of stock option exercises and restricted stock units may result in significant changes in our effective tax rate and related income tax expense (benefit).

RowdMap Acquisition

On July 14, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding equity of RowdMap. Results of operations for RowdMap are included in the consolidated results of operations as of and subsequent to the date of acquisition.

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Our Segments

We report our results of operations in two segments, (i) Healthcare and (ii) Global Retail and Other. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide a network efficiency solution to payers and providers as well as, on a limited basis, certain analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, with additional clients in Canada and the United Kingdom. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we made the decision to exit our retail operations in the United Kingdom by the end of 2018.

We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. The cost of revenue for each segment is based on direct expenses associated with revenue generating activities of each segment. We allocate SG&A expenses and depreciation and amortization to each segment based on the segments' proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment as determined by management. The following table sets forth the net revenue and operating income for our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments for the periods presented (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
	(unaudited)
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	200,371	$	139,803
Global Retail and Other		18,663		20,330
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	$	160,133
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	74,774	$	31,161
Global Retail and Other		3,897		2,921
Consolidated operating income	$	78,671	$	34,082

The following table sets forth our segment net revenue and percentage of consolidated net revenue by product type for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		%	2017		%
	(unaudited)
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	133,923	61.2	$	77,516	48.4
Prospective claims accuracy		58,285	26.6		59,717	37.3
Other		8,163	3.7		2,570	1.6
Total Healthcare		200,371	91.5		139,803	87.3
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		18,663	8.5		19,674	12.3
Other		—	—		656	0.4
Total Global Retail and Other		18,663	8.5		20,330	12.7
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	100.0	$	160,133	100.0

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2017

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percentage
			Percentage of			Percentage of	Change
			Net Revenue			Net Revenue	Period to
(unaudited)	2018		(%)	2017		(%)	Period (%)
Net revenue	$	219,034	100.0	$	160,133	100.0	36.8
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		58,092	26.5		56,288	35.1	3.2
Other costs of revenue		6,473	3.0		6,686	4.2	(3.2)
Total cost of revenue		64,565	29.5		62,974	39.3	2.5
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		35,180	16.1		24,693	15.4	42.5
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		18,766	8.5		16,879	10.6	11.2
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		53,946	24.6		41,572	26.0	29.8
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		7,242	3.3		5,575	3.5	29.9
Amortization of intangible assets		14,396	6.6		15,199	9.5	(5.3)
Transaction-related expenses		214	0.1		731	0.4	(70.7)
Total operating expenses		140,363	64.1		126,051	78.7	11.4
Operating income		78,671	35.9		34,082	21.3	130.8
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		9,177	4.2		8,421	5.3	9.0
Other non-operating (income) expense		(335)	(0.2)		(453)	(0.3)	(26.0)
Total other expense (income)		8,842	4.0		7,968	5.0	11.0
Income before income taxes		69,829	31.9		26,114	16.3	167.4
Income tax expense (benefit)		15,902	7.3		(861)	(0.5)	NM
Net income	$	53,927	24.6	$	26,975	16.8	99.9

Net revenue

Net revenue was $219.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $160.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $58.9 million was the result of increased Healthcare segment revenue of $60.6 million, which includes $46.6 million related to the release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract, which expired on January 31, 2018, offset by a decrease in Global Retail and Other segment revenue of $1.7 million. See “−Segment net revenue and operating income.”

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue related to compensation was $58.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $56.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $1.8 million was primarily the result of approximately $1.2 million in variable compensation expense related to the release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract. Payroll related expense increased $0.3 million due to increased headcount and growth of our Healthcare segment. Stock-based compensation increased $0.2 million due to additional equity grants. Employee benefit costs increased approximately $0.1 million due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in the number of our employees.

Other costs of revenue were $6.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $6.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The decrease of $0.2 million was primarily the result of a decrease of approximately $0.6 million in professional and consulting fees as our current need to leverage external resources has been reduced. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in personnel-related costs of approximately $0.2 million due to an increase in the number of employees. Additionally, rent and occupancy increased approximately $0.2 million as a result of relocated and expanded facility locations.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses related to compensation were $35.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $24.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $10.5 million was primarily related to a $6.3 million increase in stock-based compensation due to additional equity grants including restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition. Payroll related expenses increased $3.2 million due to an increase in the number of employees to support our growing operations. Employee benefit costs increased approximately $1.0 million due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in the number of employees.

Other SG&A expenses were $18.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $1.9 million was primarily due to an increase of $1.0 million in software licensing costs. Professional and consulting fees increased $0.4 million as we have leveraged external resources and expertise. Rent and occupancy increased approximately $0.4 million as a result of relocated and expanded facility locations. 

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment was $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $5.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $1.6 million was due to continued investments in capital expenditures over the past year.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets was $14.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $15.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The decrease of $0.8 million was due to certain acquired software becoming fully amortized during 2017 and the impairment of intangible assets in 2017 related to our customer relationships as a result of the loss of a retail client in the United Kingdom partially offset by the addition of $19.5 million in intangible assets in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition.

Transaction-related expenses

Transaction-related expenses were $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily related to certain corporate development activity. Transaction-related expenses were $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 primarily associated with our secondary offerings as well as certain corporate development activity.

Interest expense

Interest expense was $9.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $8.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017.  The increase of $0.8 million was primarily due to an increase in LIBOR and a $0.4 million increase in interest expense related to our interest rate cap agreements. This increase was partially offset by the lower principal balance on our First Lien Term Loans as a result of scheduled principal payments over the past year.

Other non-operating income

Other non-operating income was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The decrease of $0.2 million was primarily due to foreign exchange gains related to our operations in India.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Income tax expense was $15.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to an income tax benefit of $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $16.8 million was primarily the result of an increase in pre-tax income, partially offset by a $2.6 million tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. In addition, a valuation allowance of $0.2 million was recorded to reflect the portion of the deferred tax asset on state tax credits that is not more likely than not to be realized. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was 22.8% as compared to (3.3)% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily due to the items noted above. During the three months

32

ended March 31, 2017, we recorded a $10.4 million tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was impacted by this tax benefit relative to the pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Segment net revenue and operating income

Healthcare segment net revenue was $200.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $139.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase of $60.6 million was primarily due to an increase of $56.4 million in retrospective claims accuracy revenue, which includes the $46.6 million release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract as well as the impact from improved conversions and strength in our clinical chart validation solutions. Other healthcare revenue increased $5.6 million primarily related to the impact of the RowdMap Acquisition. Prospective claims accuracy revenue decreased $1.4 million primarily due to membership and platform changes, clients exiting markets and the impact of certain delays in policy adoption as well as increased estimated refund liabilities driven by the ramping of new clients and changes in estimates based on new information received.

Global Retail and Other segment net revenue was $18.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The decrease of $1.7 million was primarily the result of large settlements in the first quarter of 2017. 

Healthcare segment operating income was $74.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $31.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase in operating income of $43.6 million was the result of an increase in net revenue noted above as well as a decrease of $0.4 million in other variable costs. This net increase in operating income was partially offset by an increase in compensation expense of $6.9 million related to an increase in the number of employees in our growing Healthcare segment and $1.2 million in variable compensation expense related to the release of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract. Stock-based compensation increased $6.5 million due to additional equity grants including the issuance of restricted stock in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition. Our ongoing investment in strategic initiatives contributed an additional $1.1 million in expense primarily related to an increase in software licensing costs. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $1.1 million due to our continued investments in capital expenditures.  Rent and occupancy increased approximately $0.6 million as a result of relocated and expanded facility locations.

Global Retail and Other segment operating income was $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase in operating income of $1.0 million was the result of the decrease of $2.3 million in compensation related expenses as a result of changes in our variable compensation plans and due to the retail segment becoming a smaller portion of our overall business resulting in a lower allocation of corporate expenses. Additionally, certain variable costs decreased $0.4 million. This net increase in operating income was partially offset by a decrease in revenue noted above. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity are our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash provided by operating activities and borrowings under our credit facilities. As of March 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $189.3 million and availability under the Revolver of $99.5 million. Our total debt principal outstanding was $773.0 million as of March 31, 2018.  

In February 2018, we received an upgrade to our corporate credit rating from Moody’s to Ba3 which reduced the applicable margin for our First Lien Term B Loans by 25 basis points.

Our principal liquidity needs have been, and we expect them to continue to be, debt service, capital expenditures, working capital and potential mergers and acquisitions. Our capital expenditures support investments in our underlying infrastructure to enhance our solutions and technology for future growth. Our capital expenditures were $12.4 million and $9.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase is primarily due to expenditures associated with enhancing our IT platform as well as new facility locations.  Our strategy includes the expansion of our

33

existing solutions and the development of new solutions, which will require cash expenditures over the next few years and will be funded primarily with cash provided by operating activities.

We believe that our cash flow from operations, availability under our First Lien Credit Facilities and available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for at least the foreseeable future. We anticipate that to the extent that we require additional liquidity, it will be funded through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the issuance of equity financings, or a combination thereof. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain this additional liquidity on reasonable terms, or at all. Additionally, our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations and fund our capital requirements are also dependent on our future financial performance, which is subject to general economic, financial and other factors that are beyond our control. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available from additional indebtedness or otherwise to meet our liquidity needs. If we decide to pursue one or more significant acquisitions, we may incur additional debt or sell additional equity to finance such acquisitions, which could possibly result in additional expenses or dilution.

Summary of Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
	(unaudited)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	34,716	$	24,572
Net cash used in investing activities		(12,385)		(9,660)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,423		2,860

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $34.7 million and $24.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2017 primarily was due to a $38.7 million increase in net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses, offset by approximately a $28.6 million decrease related to the effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses was approximately $90.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $52.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the release of $46.6 million in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract.

The effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities was a decrease of $56.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to an decrease of $27.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The most significant drivers contributing to this decrease relate to the following:

· changes in accounts receivable primarily driven by increased revenue and timing of collections. Accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, decreased $10.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to a decrease of $5.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017; 

· changes in accounts payable and accrued other expenses primarily driven by the timing of spend. Accounts payable and accrued other expenses increased $5.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to a decrease of $0.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017;

· changes in accrued compensation primarily driven by timing of payments and an increase in the number of employees. Accrued compensation decreased $14.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to a decrease of $29.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017; and

34

· the release of $46.6 million in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $12.4 million and $9.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2017 was due to an increase in capital expenditures primarily related to new facility locations and our ongoing investments, particularly as it relates to enhancing our information technology infrastructure and platforms to support our growing operations.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.4 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to $5.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $7.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Except for operating leases and certain letters of credit entered into in the normal course of business, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are likely to be material to investors.

Contractual Obligations

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to our contractual obligations as described in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In February 2018, we received an upgrade to our corporate credit rating from Moody’s to Ba3 which reduced the applicable margin for our First Lien Term B Loans by 25 basis points.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. There have been no significant changes in the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Available information

Our website address is www.cotiviti.com. Information that we furnish to or file with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and any amendments to, or exhibits included in, those reports or statements are available for download, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with or furnished to the SEC. From time to time, in addition to copies of all recent press releases, we also post announcements, updates, events, investor information and presentations on our website at http://investors.cotiviti.com as means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.

Reports and statements that we file with or furnish to the SEC, including related exhibits, are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, you may obtain and copy materials we furnish to or file with the SEC at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the

35

SEC’s public reference facilities may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may request copies of these documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC at its principal office at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549.

The contents of the websites referred to above are not incorporated into this filing. References to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

ITEM 3.   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk compared to the quantitative and qualitative disclosure about market risk described in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our First Lien Credit Facilities, which bear interest at variable rates. As of March 31, 2018, we had $773.0 million outstanding principal under our long-term debt and $435.0 million notional debt outstanding related to interest rate cap agreements. Based on our outstanding debt as of March 31, 2018, and assuming that our mix of debt instruments, interest rate caps and other variables remain the same, the annualized effect of a one percentage point change in variable interest rates would have an annualized pre-tax impact on our earnings and cash flows of approximately $7.4 million.

ITEM 4.   Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are effective at a reasonable assurance level in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. While our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of their effectiveness, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

36

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.   Legal Proceedings

None.

ITEM 1A.   Risk Factors

For a discussion of potential risks and uncertainties related to our Company and our business see the information in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. 

ITEM 2.   Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

In connection with the RowdMap Acquisition in July 2017, we issued an aggregate of 768,021 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of RowdMap in connection with their continued employment with us. Half of these shares are subject to continued employment and performance-based vesting requirements. The other half are subject to continued employment, with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the closing of the acquisition. These issuances were made in reliance on an exemption or exclusion from the registration requirements of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 3.   Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

ITEM 4.   Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.   Other Information

None.

37

ITEM 6.   Exhibits

See accompanying Exhibit Index for a list of the exhibits filed or furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibits
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.
**101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
**101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
**101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
**101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
**101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

*  Filed herewith.

** Submitted electronically with this Report.

38

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	COTIVITI HOLDINGS, INC.
Date: May 2, 2018	By:	/s/ BRADLEY A. FERGUSON
		Name:	Bradley A. Ferguson
		Title:	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

39

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, J. Douglas Williams, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2018	/s/ J. DOUGLAS WILLIAMS
	J. Douglas Williams Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Bradley A. Ferguson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2018	/s/ BRADLEY A. FERGUSON
	Bradley A. Ferguson Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31,  2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, J. Douglas Williams, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:    May 2, 2018

/s/ J. DOUGLAS WILLIAMS

J. Douglas Williams

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Bradley A. Ferguson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:   May 2, 2018

/s/ BRADLEY A. FERGUSON

Bradley A. Ferguson

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

XML

Document and Entity Information	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 shares
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001657197
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	92,941,484
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 189,297	$ 165,518
Restricted cash	13,941	11,383
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $17 and $176 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; and net of estimated allowance for refunds and appeals of $43,690 and $35,434 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	73,509	83,756
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	19,758	15,314
Total current assets	296,505	275,971
Property and equipment, net	81,684	77,340
Goodwill	1,251,549	1,251,364
Intangible assets, net	477,630	492,040
Other long-term assets	3,248	2,514
TOTAL ASSETS	2,110,616	2,099,229
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	19,563	18,000
Customer deposits	13,941	11,383
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses	30,259	25,906
Accrued compensation costs	28,006	42,725
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	9,367	61,607
Total current liabilities	101,136	159,621
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt	744,070	749,618
Other long-term liabilities	5,819	5,474
Deferred tax liabilities	88,900	83,048
Total long-term liabilities	838,789	838,140
Total liabilities	939,925	997,761
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized, 92,941,484 and 92,299,294 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)	93	92
Additional paid-in capital	948,247	933,710
Retained earnings	226,597	172,120
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,246)	(4,454)
Total stockholders' equity	1,170,691	1,101,468
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 2,110,616	$ 2,099,229

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 17	$ 176
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$ 43,690	$ 35,434
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	600,000,000	600,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	92,941,484	92,299,294
Common stock, shares outstanding	92,941,484	92,299,294

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Net revenue	$ 219,034	$ 160,133
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation	58,092	56,288
Other costs of revenue	6,473	6,686
Total cost of revenue	64,565	62,974
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation	35,180	24,693
Other selling, general and administrative expenses	18,766	16,879
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	53,946	41,572
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	7,242	5,575
Amortization of intangible assets	14,396	15,199
Transaction-related expenses	214	731
Total operating expenses	140,363	126,051
Operating income	78,671	34,082
Other expense (income):
Interest expense	9,177	8,421
Other non-operating (income) expense	(335)	(453)
Total other expense (income)	8,842	7,968
Income before income taxes	69,829	26,114
Income tax expense (benefit)	15,902	(861)
Net income	53,927	26,975
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	208	57
Change in fair value of derivative instruments		(62)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	208	(5)
Comprehensive income	$ 54,135	$ 26,970
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.58	$ 0.30
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.57	$ 0.28

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 53,927	$ 26,975
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Deferred income taxes	5,758	1,877
Depreciation and amortization	21,638	20,774
Stock-based compensation expense	8,646	2,083
Amortization of debt issuance costs	515	645
Accretion of asset retirement obligations	51	48
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	10,247	5,663
Other assets	(5,209)	(2,612)
Accrued compensation	(14,719)	(29,210)
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses	5,515	(841)
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	(52,240)	(774)
Other long-term liabilities	338	247
Other	249	(303)
Net cash provided by operating activities	34,716	24,572
Cash flows from investing activities:
Expenditures for property and equipment	(12,385)	(9,660)
Net cash used in investing activities	(12,385)	(9,660)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under equity plans	5,923	7,360
Repayment of debt	(4,500)	(4,500)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,423	2,860
Effect of foreign exchanges on cash and cash equivalents	25	51
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	23,779	17,823
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	165,518	110,635
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	189,297	128,458
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	1,030	649
Cash paid for interest	7,900	7,587
Noncash investing activities (accrued property and equipment purchases)	$ 4,750	$ 6,738

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Description of Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Description of Business

Description of Business

Note 1. Description of Business

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” “Cotiviti” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of payment accuracy and analytics-driven solutions that help payers, other risk-bearing healthcare organizations and retailers achieve their business objectives. Through a combination of analytics, technology and deep industry expertise, our solutions create insights that unlock value from the complex interactions between clients and their stakeholders. We serve a majority of the top 25 U.S. healthcare payers and a majority of the top ten U.S. retailers.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by us following the rules and regulations of the SEC. In our opinion they reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, that are necessary to present fairly the results of interim periods. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted by such rules and regulations; however, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. Operating results for the periods presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or the entire fiscal year. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Restricted Cash

In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table reconciles cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635
Restricted cash		13,941		11,383		7,232		9,103
Customer deposits		(13,941)		(11,383)		(7,232)		(9,103)
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”) which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2018-02 during the first quarter 2018. As of March 31, 2018, we reclassified $550 from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods. We retrospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018. This guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Refer to “Restricted Cash” above for further information.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASC 606 and related amendments as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition in prior, current or future periods therefore there was no cumulative adjustment as a result of adoption. Refer to Note 3 for more information on revenue recognition.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Note 3. Revenue Recognition

Revenue

Revenue is comprised of services we provide in our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other operating segments under contracts that contain various fee structures, including performance fee based contracts and fixed fee arrangements. We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide a network efficiency solution to payers and providers as well as, on a limited basis, certain analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, with additional clients in Canada and the United Kingdom. Net revenue generated in the United States accounted for approximately 99% of total net revenue for each of the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we made the decision to exit our retail operations in the United Kingdom by the end of 2018.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		%	2017		%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	133,923	61.2	$	77,516	48.4
Prospective claims accuracy		58,285	26.6		59,717	37.3
Other		8,163	3.7		2,570	1.6
Total Healthcare		200,371	91.5		139,803	87.3
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		18,663	8.5		19,674	12.3
Other		—	—		656	0.4
Total Global Retail and Other		18,663	8.5		20,330	12.7
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	100.0	$	160,133	100.0

Performance obligations – The unit of measure under ASC 606 is a performance obligation, which is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct or series of distinct goods or services to the client. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our contracts have either a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct, or have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple service offerings. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the contract’s transaction price can generally be readily allocated to each performance obligation based upon the selling price of each distinct service in the contract. In cases where estimates are needed to allocate the transaction price, we use historical experience and projections based on currently available information.

Retrospective and Prospective claims accuracy - Performance obligations for our retrospective and prospective claims accuracy solutions are satisfied at a point in time when our clients realize the economic benefits from our services. Our clients realize economic benefits when they take credits against their existing accounts payable based on when we identify cost savings, when they receive refund checks based on overpayments, or when they acknowledge payment reductions based on cost savings. Clients pay for our services once they realize the economic benefit. 

Other - Performance obligations for our other healthcare solutions are generally satisfied over time as the services are delivered. Clients generally pay once the services have been rendered, although certain clients, on a limited basis, pay in advance of the services being rendered in which case we record cash received as deferred revenue and recognize upon satisfaction of the performance obligation. 

Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements for revenue recognition, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record an estimate for refund liabilities as a reduction of revenue based on actual historical refund data by client type. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to accounts receivable or by cash payments to clients. We also calculate client specific refund liabilities in excess of the estimated historical refund liabilities when we determine additional amounts may ultimately be required to be returned to the client.

Under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program, in which we are one of the Medicare RACs for CMS, healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We currently have Medicare RAC contracts related to CMS Regions 2 and 3; our original Medicare RAC contract was related to the former CMS Region C. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate are probable of being returned to CMS following a successful appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process. The liability is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Our original Medicare RAC contract with CMS expired on January 31, 2018. In connection with the expiration of the contract, we determined that we have no obligation to CMS with respect to any appeals resolved in the providers’ favor after the expiration date and, in addition, we have no obligation to CMS in connection with the hospital settlement processes as initiated by CMS. Refer to Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on the hospital settlement processes. Accordingly, we released $46,556 of the total $56,089 liability to revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The remaining estimated liability for refunds and appeals related to the original Medicare RAC contract of approximately $4,200 as of March 31, 2018 represents management’s best estimate of any appeals overturned prior to the expiration of the contract term.

For all refund and appeals liabilities, to the extent the amount to be returned to providers following a successful appeal process exceeds or is less than the amount recorded, revenue in the applicable period would be reduced or increased, respectively, by such amount. Any future changes to any of our client contracts may require different assumptions to be applied that could materially affect our revenue and estimated liability for refunds and appeals in future periods. We record periodic changes in refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue. The estimated liability for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which has already been received is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated allowance for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable is included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The table below presents the activity of the estimated liability for refunds and appeals.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	35,434	$	41,020
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		61,607		62,539
Total balance at beginning of period, January 1		97,041		103,559
Provision		32,593		19,076
Refunds settled with client		(28,753)		(22,042)
Refunds recovered		(1,268)		(3,309)
Original Medicare RAC contract release of liability		(46,556)		-
Total balance at end of period, March 31	$	53,057	$	97,284
Less: estimated allowance for refunds and appeals		43,690		35,518
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	$	9,367	$	61,766

Costs to obtain and/or fulfill a contract

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract include costs incurred by an entity to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. A select group of employees are eligible for sales commissions, which are directly related to obtaining certain client contracts. We have recorded an asset related to the amount of commissions to be paid to employees in the future and a corresponding liability. The asset is amortized to expense over the life of the underlying contract and the liability is relieved as payments are made to the employees. As of March 31, 2018, there is approximately $545 included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, $463 included in other long-term assets and $1,003 included in accrued compensation costs on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to fees yet to be collected, based on historical losses adjusted for current market conditions, our clients’ financial condition, the amount of any receivables in dispute, the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write-offs for all periods presented have not been significant.

Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. Unbilled receivables were approximately $65,402 and $62,294 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record any periodic changes in unbilled receivables as adjustments to revenue.

Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times during the year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. Unbilled receivables of this nature were approximately $4,472 and $4,958 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Acquisition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Acquisition

Acquisition

Note 4. Acquisition

On July 14, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding equity of RowdMap. Based in Louisville, Kentucky, RowdMap is a payer-provider, value-based analytics company that helps health plans and providers identify and reduce low-value care from inefficient and unnecessary services. We paid approximately $74,000 in cash, subject to certain adjustments and funded entirely with available liquidity.  We also issued an aggregate of 768,021 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of RowdMap in connection with their continued employment with us. Half of these shares are subject to continued employment and performance-based vesting requirements. The other half are subject to continued employment, with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the closing of the acquisition. We will record stock-based compensation expense related to this restricted stock ratably over the vesting period or to the extent it is probable the performance criteria will be achieved. This stock-based compensation expense will not be deductible for income tax purposes.  

As part of the RowdMap Acquisition, we allocated the purchase price to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities was recorded as goodwill.

Goodwill represents the value of acquired assembled workforce, specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies, none of which qualify as separate intangible assets. We believe these specialized processes and procedures will enhance our long history of innovation and help expand our solution offerings. We determined the estimated fair values of intangible assets acquired using estimates of future discounted cash flows to be generated by the business over the estimated duration of those cash flows. We based the estimated cash flows on our projections of future revenue, operating expenses, capital expenditures, working capital needs and tax rates. We estimated the duration of the cash flows based on the projected useful lives of the assets acquired. The discount rate was determined based on specific business risk, cost of capital and other factors.

The purchase price allocation is preliminary and subject to change up to one year after the date of acquisition and could result in changes to the amounts recorded below. The preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition was as follows:

	July 14, 2017
Cash	$	4,107
Accounts receivable		2,526
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,212
Other long-term assets		12
Property and equipment		263
Intangible assets		19,510
Total identifiable assets acquired		27,630
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		4,491
Deferred tax liabilities		3,688
Total liabilities assumed		8,179
Net identifiable assets acquired		19,451
Goodwill		54,673
Net assets acquired	$	74,124

The $19,510 of acquired intangible assets include acquired software of $6,310  (5 year useful life) and customer relationships of $13,200  (5 year useful life).

For federal income tax purposes, the RowdMap Acquisition was treated as a stock acquisition. The goodwill and the intangible assets recognized are not deductible for income tax purposes.

In connection with the RowdMap Acquisition, a preliminary liability of $1,068 is included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018, for payments due to the former stockholders of RowdMap, some of whom are now our employees.

We recorded approximately $700 of transaction costs primarily related to professional services associated with the acquisition as transaction-related expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the year ended December 31, 2017.

The acquisition was not significant to our consolidated financial statements, therefore, pro forma results of operations related to this business acquisition have not been presented. The financial results of RowdMap have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition.

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Property and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment by major asset class for the periods presented consisted of the following:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Computer equipment	$	48,642	$	46,731
Software		69,962		67,511
Furniture and fixtures		11,284		9,199
Leasehold improvements		8,710		5,256
Projects in progress		11,934		10,295
Property and equipment, gross	$	150,532	$	138,992
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		68,848		61,652
Property and equipment, net	$	81,684	$	77,340

In December 2015, we purchased a perpetual software license, which is included in the software total above. We paid for this software over a two year period ended in January 2018. As such, there is approximately $3,351 included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017.

Total depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, including capitalized software costs, was $7,242 and $5,575 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Note 6. Intangible Assets

Intangible asset balances by major asset class for the periods presented were as follows:

									Weighted
	Gross						Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated				Carrying		Amortization
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Amount		Period
March 31, 2018:
Customer relationships	$	650,927	$	204,251	$	—	$	446,676	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		27,456		—		26,754	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,337	$	231,707	$	—	$	477,630	13.0	years
December 31, 2017:
Customer relationships	$	650,954	$	190,572	$	1,322	$	459,060	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		25,430		—		28,780	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,364	$	216,002	$	1,322	$	492,040	13.0	years

Amortization expense was $14,396 and $15,199 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of March 31, 2018 amortization expense for the next 5 years is expected to be:

Remainder of 2018	$	43,189
2019		57,585
2020		57,585
2021		53,262
2022		48,954

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Goodwill

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Goodwill

Goodwill

Note 7. Goodwill

Total goodwill in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $1,251,549 and $1,251,364 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were as follows:

			Global Retail
	Healthcare		and Other
December 31, 2017	$	1,202,444	$	48,920
Foreign currency translation		—		185
March 31, 2018	$	1,202,444	$	49,105

There was no impairment related to goodwill for any period presented.

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Long-term Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Long-term Debt

Long-term Debt

Note 8. Long‑term Debt

Long‑term debt for the periods presented was as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
First Lien Term A Loans	$	231,122	$	234,237
First Lien Term B Loans		539,322		540,585
Revolver		—		—
Total debt		770,444		774,822
Less: debt issuance costs		6,811		7,204
Less: current portion		19,563		18,000
Total long-term debt	$	744,070	$	749,618

The Restated Credit Agreement includes certain binding affirmative and negative covenants, including delivery of financial statements and other reports, maintenance of existence and transactions with affiliates. The negative covenants restrict our ability, among other things, to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, sell or otherwise dispose of assets or enter into a merger, pay dividends or repurchase stock. There is a required financial covenant applicable only to the Revolver and the First Lien Term A Loans, pursuant to which we agree not to permit our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement) to exceed 5.50:1.00 through September 2018, 5.25:1.00 through September 2019 and 5.00:1.00 through June 2021. In addition, the Restated Credit Agreement includes certain events of default including payment defaults, failure to perform affirmative covenants, failure to refrain from actions or omissions prohibited by negative covenants, the inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults and a change of control default. We were in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Restated Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments based upon our leverage ratio at the time payment is required and an annual excess cash flow calculation commencing with the year ended December 31, 2017. The mandatory prepayment is contingently payable in the second quarter of each year based on an annual excess cash flow calculation for the preceding year as defined within the Restated Credit Agreement. We were not required to make a mandatory prepayment during 2018. 

As of March 31, 2018, the aggregate maturities of long‑term debt (excluding any amounts that may become payable with respect to the aforementioned mandatory prepayment provision for annual excess cash flows) for each of the next five years are expected to be $13,500 for the remainder of 2018,  $24,250 in 2019,  $30,500 in 2020,  $183,625 in 2021 and $5,500 in 2022. 

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Derivative Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Note 9. Derivative Instruments

We are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates on our long‑term debt. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in the 3‑month LIBOR through the use of interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. We are meeting our objective by hedging the risk of changes in cash flows related to changes in LIBOR by capping the interest on our floating rate debt linked to LIBOR to approximately 3%. We do not utilize derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $435,000 in notional debt outstanding related to these interest rate caps, which cover quarterly interest payments through September 2019. The notional amount decreases over time. Refer to Note 8 for more information regarding the debt outstanding related to these agreements. 

All of our outstanding interest rate cap contracts qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Cash flow hedge accounting treatment allows for gains and losses on the effective portion of qualifying hedges to be deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying transaction occurs, rather than recognizing the gains and losses on these instruments in earnings during each period they are outstanding. When the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt as described in Note 8 and the related derivative contract settles, any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in interest expense. All cash flows related to our interest rate cap agreements are classified as operating cash flows.

The table below reflects the effect of our derivative instruments on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Interest expense	$	612	$	201

Any outstanding derivative instruments expose us to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements, but we do not expect that the counterparty will fail to meet their obligations. The amount of such credit exposure is generally the positive fair value of our outstanding contracts. To manage credit risks, we select counterparties based on credit assessments, limit our overall exposure to any single counterparty and monitor the market position of any counterparty.

The table below reflects quantitative information related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and where these amounts are recorded in our consolidated financial statements as of the period presented:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	577	$	951
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		908		979
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(2,367)		(2,440)

We record deferred hedge premiums which are being paid over the life of the hedge in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the related hedge ultimately settles and interest payments are made on the underlying debt. As of March 31, 2018, we have made payments of $4,357 related to these deferred premiums. We expect to pay an additional $2,038 in deferred premiums through 2019 related to our outstanding interest rate cap agreements which is reflected in the fair value of these derivatives in the table above.

Comprehensive income includes changes in the fair value of our interest rate cap agreements which qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in other comprehensive income (loss) for the periods presented related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1	$	(2,556)	$	(3,334)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax of $149 and $76, respectively		463		125
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $28 and $112, respectively		87		(187)
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU 2018-02		(550)		—
Balance at end of period, March 31	$	(2,556)	$	(3,396)

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Note 10. Fair Value Measurements

We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value whereby inputs are assigned a hierarchical level. The hierarchical levels are:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2: Observable prices, other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

The following table summarizes our financial instruments measured at fair value within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt	$	—	$	—	$	770,444	$	—	$	—	$	774,822
Interest rate cap agreements		—		1,485		—		—		1,930		—
Total	$	—	$	1,485	$	770,444	$	—	$	1,930	$	774,822

The fair value of our private debt is determined based on fluctuations in current interest rates, the trends in market yields of debt instruments with similar credit ratings, general economic conditions and other quantitative and qualitative factors. The carrying value of our debt approximates its fair value. Refer to Note 8 for more information on our long-term debt.

The fair value of the interest rate cap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected variable cash receipts that would occur if interest rates rose above the strike rate of the caps. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including period to maturity and remaining deferred premium payments, and uses observable market‑based inputs, including interest rates and implied volatilities. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rates. As such, the estimated fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 9 for more information on our interest rate cap agreements.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 11. Income Taxes

The following table presents our income tax provision and effective income tax rate: 

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018			2017
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	15,902		$	(861)
Effective income tax rate		22.8	%		(3.3)	%

Our effective income tax rate was 22.8% and (3.3)% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in income tax expense of $16,763 was primarily the result of an increase in pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2018, partially offset by a $2,600 tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. In addition, a valuation allowance of $191 was recorded to reflect the portion of the deferred tax asset on state tax credits that is not more likely than not to be realized. The impact of these items relative to the pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 resulted in the increase to the effective tax rate. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2017, we recorded a $10,422 tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was impacted by this tax benefit relative to the pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act, reducing the federal tax rate on U.S. earnings to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and moves from a global taxation regime to a modified territorial regime. In accordance with SAB 118, we recognized the provisional tax impacts associated with the revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities and one-time transition tax on our unremitted foreign earnings and profits during the year ended December 31, 2017. As of March 31, 2018, we have not made any additional adjustments related to these items. Given the significant complexity of the Tax Act, anticipated guidance from the U.S. Treasury about implementing the Tax Act, and the potential for additional guidance from the SEC or the FASB related to the Tax Act, we will continue to evaluate the accounting for the tax effects related to the enactment of the Tax Act. Upon completion of our 2017 U.S. tax return, we will be able to conclude whether any further adjustments are required to our deferred tax liabilities, as well as the liability associated with the one-time mandatory tax. Any adjustments to these provisional amounts will be reported as a component of tax (benefit) expense in the reporting period in which any such adjustments are determined, which will be no later than the fourth quarter of 2018.

We file income taxes with the U.S. federal government and various states and foreign jurisdictions. We operate in a number of state and local jurisdictions and as such are subject to state and local income tax examinations based upon various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction.

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Earnings per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Note 12. Earnings per Share

Basic EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, potentially dilutive outstanding shares consisted of equity incentive awards. Restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition was also included in the calculation of dilutive potential common shares for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Our potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options or vesting of RSUs and restricted stock. The dilutive effect of outstanding equity incentive awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. For all periods presented, all outstanding common stock consisted of a single class.

Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net income available to common stockholders	$	53,927	$	26,975
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		92,568,047		91,138,356
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards and restricted stock		2,683,927		3,766,874
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		95,251,974		94,905,230
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.58	$	0.30
Diluted		0.57		0.28

Employee stock options, RSUs and restricted stock that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect is anti‑dilutive for the periods presented were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018	2017
Employee stock-based awards and restricted stock	911,052	361,566

Performance-based restricted stock of 40,954 shares were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as the vesting conditions were not probable of occurring.

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Note 13. Stock‑Based  Compensation

Stock  Options

The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Equity Plans:

				Weighted
		Weighted		average
		average		remaining	Aggregate
	Outstanding	exercise price		contractual life	Intrinsic Value
	Options	per share		(Years)	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	4,574,607	$	13.89	6.65	$	85,138
Granted	593,766		34.70
Forfeited	(115,173)		18.69
Exercised	(611,104)		10.65
Expired	—		—
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	4,442,096	$	17.00	7.01	$	77,856
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2018	2,629,289	$	11.37	5.99	$	60,652

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between our estimated fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in‑the‑money options. The fair value per share of common stock was $34.44 as of March 31, 2018 based upon the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $14,664 and $33,482 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 

Restricted Stock  Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity under the 2016 Plan:

		Weighted
		average
		grant date fair value
	Number of Awards	per share
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	379,274	$	33.56
Granted	413,703		34.68
Forfeited	(12,587)		34.78
Vested and converted to shares	(48,845)		34.39
Nonvested at March 31, 2018	731,545	$	34.12
Expected to vest at March 31, 2018	731,471	$	34.12

Restricted  Stock

We issued an aggregate of 768,021 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of RowdMap at a fair market value of $43.27 per share. Half of these shares are subject to continued employment and performance-based vesting requirements and, if achieved, will vest on the one year anniversary of the closing date of the RowdMap Acquisition. The other half are subject to continued employment with us, with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the closing of the RowdMap Acquisition.

Employee  Stock  Purchase  Plan

We have an ESPP, which became effective January 1, 2017, for U.S. and non-U.S. employees,  both of which have a series of six month offering periods, with a new offering period beginning on the first day of January and July each year. The ESPP was adopted by our Board of Directors in August 2016 and approved by shareholders in May 2017. Employees may contribute up to 10% of their pay towards the purchase of common stock via payroll deductions to a maximum of $10 per year, or $5 per offering period. Purchase dates occur on the last business day of Juneand  December of each year and shares are purchased at a 10% discount off the closing price on the NYSE on the date of purchase. Employees must hold the shares purchased for a minimum of 90 days.

The ESPP had 1,260,000 shares of our common stock initially reserved for issuance upon its inception. The reserve automatically increases each January by an amount equal to the lesser of 1,260,000 or approximately 1.5% of total common shares outstanding on the first day of January. A summary of ESPP share reserve activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Shares
Available for future purchases, beginning of period	1,197,306
Shares reserved for issuance	1,260,000
Common stock purchased	—
Available for future purchases, end of period	2,457,306

Stock  Compensation  Expense

We used the weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted for the periods presented as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018
Expected term (years)		6.25
Expected volatility		40.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		2.56	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	14.99

Total fair market value related to the restricted stock issued in connection with the RowdMap Acquisition is $33,232 based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. For the time-based shares, stock-based compensation expense is being recorded ratably over the three year vesting period. For the performance-based shares, stock-based compensation expense will be recorded over the one year vesting period to the extent it is probable the performance criteria will be achieved. We recorded approximately $4,404 in stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018, related to the performance awards that we estimate are probable of achieving the performance criteria.

We recorded total stock‑based compensation expense of $8,646 and $2,083 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  As of March 31, 2018, we had total unrecognized compensation cost related to 3,270,139 unvested stock options and RSUs under the Equity Plans as well as restricted stock of $58,040 which we expect to recognize over the next 2.6 years.

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Segment Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Segment Information

Segment Information

Note 14. Segment Information

Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by our Chief Operating Decision Maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing financial performance. We conduct our business through two reportable business segments: Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. Operating income is calculated as net revenue less operating expenses and is not affected by other expense (income) or by income taxes. Indirect costs are generally allocated to the segments based on the segments’ proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment. We do not allocate interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense or the provision for income taxes, since these items are not considered in evaluating the segment’s overall operating performance. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker does not receive or utilize asset information to evaluate performance of operating segments. Accordingly, asset related information has not been presented. Refer to Note 3 for operating segment net revenue by product type.

Our operating segment results for the periods presented were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	200,371	$	139,803
Global Retail and Other		18,663		20,330
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	$	160,133
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	74,774	$	31,161
Global Retail and Other		3,897		2,921
Consolidated operating income	$	78,671	$	34,082

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by us following the rules and regulations of the SEC. In our opinion they reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, that are necessary to present fairly the results of interim periods. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted by such rules and regulations; however, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. Operating results for the periods presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or the entire fiscal year. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table reconciles cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635
Restricted cash		13,941		11,383		7,232		9,103
Customer deposits		(13,941)		(11,383)		(7,232)		(9,103)
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”) which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2018-02 during the first quarter 2018. As of March 31, 2018, we reclassified $550 from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods. We retrospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018. This guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Refer to “Restricted Cash” above for further information.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASC 606 and related amendments as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition in prior, current or future periods therefore there was no cumulative adjustment as a result of adoption. Refer to Note 3 for more information on revenue recognition.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635
Restricted cash		13,941		11,383		7,232		9,103
Customer deposits		(13,941)		(11,383)		(7,232)		(9,103)
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	189,297	$	165,518	$	128,458	$	110,635

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Revenue Recognition

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		%	2017		%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	133,923	61.2	$	77,516	48.4
Prospective claims accuracy		58,285	26.6		59,717	37.3
Other		8,163	3.7		2,570	1.6
Total Healthcare		200,371	91.5		139,803	87.3
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		18,663	8.5		19,674	12.3
Other		—	—		656	0.4
Total Global Retail and Other		18,663	8.5		20,330	12.7
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	100.0	$	160,133	100.0

Schedule of estimated liability for refunds and appeals

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	35,434	$	41,020
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		61,607		62,539
Total balance at beginning of period, January 1		97,041		103,559
Provision		32,593		19,076
Refunds settled with client		(28,753)		(22,042)
Refunds recovered		(1,268)		(3,309)
Original Medicare RAC contract release of liability		(46,556)		-
Total balance at end of period, March 31	$	53,057	$	97,284
Less: estimated allowance for refunds and appeals		43,690		35,518
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	$	9,367	$	61,766

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Acquisition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Acquisition

Schedule of estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed

	July 14, 2017
Cash	$	4,107
Accounts receivable		2,526
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,212
Other long-term assets		12
Property and equipment		263
Intangible assets		19,510
Total identifiable assets acquired		27,630
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		4,491
Deferred tax liabilities		3,688
Total liabilities assumed		8,179
Net identifiable assets acquired		19,451
Goodwill		54,673
Net assets acquired	$	74,124

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Property and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment by major asset class

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Computer equipment	$	48,642	$	46,731
Software		69,962		67,511
Furniture and fixtures		11,284		9,199
Leasehold improvements		8,710		5,256
Projects in progress		11,934		10,295
Property and equipment, gross	$	150,532	$	138,992
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		68,848		61,652
Property and equipment, net	$	81,684	$	77,340

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Intangible Assets

Intangible asset balances by major asset class

									Weighted
	Gross						Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated				Carrying		Amortization
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Amount		Period
March 31, 2018:
Customer relationships	$	650,927	$	204,251	$	—	$	446,676	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		27,456		—		26,754	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,337	$	231,707	$	—	$	477,630	13.0	years
December 31, 2017:
Customer relationships	$	650,954	$	190,572	$	1,322	$	459,060	13.5	years
Acquired software		54,210		25,430		—		28,780	6.8	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	709,364	$	216,002	$	1,322	$	492,040	13.0	years

Schedule of intangible asset amortization expense

Remainder of 2018	$	43,189
2019		57,585
2020		57,585
2021		53,262
2022		48,954

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Goodwill (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Goodwill

Schedule of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment

			Global Retail
	Healthcare		and Other
December 31, 2017	$	1,202,444	$	48,920
Foreign currency translation		—		185
March 31, 2018	$	1,202,444	$	49,105

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Long-term Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Long-term Debt

Schedule of long-term debt

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
First Lien Term A Loans	$	231,122	$	234,237
First Lien Term B Loans		539,322		540,585
Revolver		—		—
Total debt		770,444		774,822
Less: debt issuance costs		6,811		7,204
Less: current portion		19,563		18,000
Total long-term debt	$	744,070	$	749,618

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Derivative Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments

Schedule of derivative instruments

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Interest expense	$	612	$	201

Schedule of fair value and location of derivative instruments

	March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	577	$	951
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		908		979
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(2,367)		(2,440)

Schedule of changes in other comprehensive income related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of period, January 1	$	(2,556)	$	(3,334)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax of $149 and $76, respectively		463		125
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $28 and $112, respectively		87		(187)
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU 2018-02		(550)		—
Balance at end of period, March 31	$	(2,556)	$	(3,396)

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of financial instruments measured at fair value

	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt	$	—	$	—	$	770,444	$	—	$	—	$	774,822
Interest rate cap agreements		—		1,485		—		—		1,930		—
Total	$	—	$	1,485	$	770,444	$	—	$	1,930	$	774,822

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Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Income Taxes

Schedule of income tax (benefit) expense from continuing operations

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018			2017
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	15,902		$	(861)
Effective income tax rate		22.8	%		(3.3)	%

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Earnings per Share

Schedule of computation of basic and diluted earnings per share

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net income available to common stockholders	$	53,927	$	26,975
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		92,568,047		91,138,356
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards and restricted stock		2,683,927		3,766,874
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		95,251,974		94,905,230
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.58	$	0.30
Diluted		0.57		0.28

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from earnings per share

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018	2017
Employee stock-based awards and restricted stock	911,052	361,566

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Stock-Based Compensation

Summary of stock options outstanding, vested and exercisable

				Weighted
		Weighted		average
		average		remaining	Aggregate
	Outstanding	exercise price		contractual life	Intrinsic Value
	Options	per share		(Years)	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	4,574,607	$	13.89	6.65	$	85,138
Granted	593,766		34.70
Forfeited	(115,173)		18.69
Exercised	(611,104)		10.65
Expired	—		—
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	4,442,096	$	17.00	7.01	$	77,856
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2018	2,629,289	$	11.37	5.99	$	60,652

Summary of restricted stock units activity

		Weighted
		average
		grant date fair value
	Number of Awards	per share
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	379,274	$	33.56
Granted	413,703		34.68
Forfeited	(12,587)		34.78
Vested and converted to shares	(48,845)		34.39
Nonvested at March 31, 2018	731,545	$	34.12
Expected to vest at March 31, 2018	731,471	$	34.12

Summary of ESPP share reserve activity

	Shares
Available for future purchases, beginning of period	1,197,306
Shares reserved for issuance	1,260,000
Common stock purchased	—
Available for future purchases, end of period	2,457,306

Schedule of weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018
Expected term (years)		6.25
Expected volatility		40.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		2.56	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	14.99

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Segment Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Segment Information

Schedule of operating segment results

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2018		2017
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	200,371	$	139,803
Global Retail and Other		18,663		20,330
Consolidated net revenue	$	219,034	$	160,133
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	74,774	$	31,161
Global Retail and Other		3,897		2,921
Consolidated operating income	$	78,671	$	34,082

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 189,297	$ 165,518	$ 128,458	$ 110,635
Restricted cash	13,941	11,383	7,232	9,103
Customer deposits	(13,941)	(11,383)	(7,232)	(9,103)
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 189,297	$ 165,518	$ 128,458	$ 110,635

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recently Issued Accounting Standards - ASU 2014-09 (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
2018-02 | Early adoption
New Accounting Pronouncement, Early Adoption [Line Items]
Reclassification from AOCI	$ 550

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Revenue Recognition - (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 219,034	$ 160,133
Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals
Total liability expected to be released	56,089
Remaining estimated liability for refunds and appeals, Medicare RAC contract	4,200
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals at beginning of period	35,434	41,020
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals at beginning of period	61,607	62,539
Total balance at beginning of period	97,041	103,559
Provision	32,593	19,076
Refunds settled with client	(28,753)	(22,042)
Refunds recovered	(1,268)	(3,309)
Original Medicare RAC contract release of liability	(46,556)
Total balance at end of period	53,057	97,284
Less: estimated allowance for refunds and appeals at end of period	43,690	35,518
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals at end of period	9,367	61,766
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals
Capitalized contract cost, current included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	545
Other long-term assets
Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals
Capitalized contract cost, noncurrent included in other long-term assets	463
Accrued compensation cost
Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals
Liability	1,003
Accounts receivable
Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals
Unbilled receivables	65,402		$ 62,294
Unbilled receivables arising from deferred billing	4,472		$ 4,958
Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 219,034	$ 160,133
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	100.00%	100.00%
Product | Total net revenue | United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	99.00%	99.00%
Healthcare
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 200,371	$ 139,803
Healthcare | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 200,371	$ 139,803
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	91.50%	87.30%
Global Retail and Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 18,663	$ 20,330
Global Retail and Other | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 18,663	$ 20,330
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	8.50%	12.70%
Retrospective claims accuracy | Healthcare | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 133,923	$ 77,516
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	61.20%	48.40%
Retrospective claims accuracy | Global Retail and Other | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 18,663	$ 19,674
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	8.50%	12.30%
Prospective claims accuracy | Healthcare | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 58,285	$ 59,717
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	26.60%	37.30%
Other | Healthcare | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue	$ 8,163	$ 2,570
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	3.70%	1.60%
Other | Global Retail and Other | Product | Total net revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Consolidated net revenue		$ 656
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)		0.40%

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Acquisition - Consideration Transferred (Details) - RowdMap $ in Thousands	Jul. 14, 2017 USD ($) shares
Consideration transferred
Cash paid | $	$ 74,000
Common stock | Restricted Stock
Consideration transferred
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	768,021
Common stock | Restricted stock, performance-based
Consideration transferred
Percentage of total shares awarded	50.00%
Vesting period (in years)	1 year
Common stock | Restricted stock, time-based
Consideration transferred
Percentage of total shares awarded	50.00%
Percentage vesting each anniversary	33.30%
Vesting period (in years)	3 years

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Acquisition - Net Assets Acquired (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jul. 14, 2017
Preliminary allocation of the purchase price
Goodwill	$ 1,251,549	$ 1,251,364
RowdMap
Preliminary allocation of the purchase price
Cash			$ 4,107
Accounts receivable			2,526
Prepaid expenses and other assets			1,212
Other long-term assets			12
Property and equipment			263
Intangible assets			19,510
Total identifiable assets acquired			27,630
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			4,491
Deferred tax liabilities			3,688
Total liabilities assumed			8,179
Net identifiable assets acquired			19,451
Goodwill			54,673
Net assets acquired			$ 74,124

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Acquisition - Acquired Intangible Assets (Details) - RowdMap $ in Thousands	Jul. 14, 2017 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 19,510
Goodwill acquired, tax deductible amount	0
Acquired software
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 6,310
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	5 years
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 13,200
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	5 years

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Acquisition - Other Acquisition Related Disclosures (Details) - RowdMap - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Acquisition
Transaction costs		$ 700
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses | Former stockholders
Acquisition
Payable to related parties	$ 1,068

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Property and Equipment - Balances by Major Asset Class (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 150,532	$ 138,992
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	68,848	61,652
Property and equipment, net	81,684	77,340
Computer equipment
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	48,642	46,731
Software
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	69,962	67,511
Furniture and fixtures
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	11,284	9,199
Leasehold improvements
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	8,710	5,256
Projects in progress
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 11,934	$ 10,295

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Property and Equipment - Perpetual Software License (Details) - Perpetual software license - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2017
Recorded obligation
Remaining payment period	2 years
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses
Recorded obligation
License obligation		$ 3,351

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Property and Equipment - Depreciation and Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Property and Equipment
Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment	$ 7,242	$ 5,575

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Intangible Assets - Intangible Asset Balances by Major Asset Class (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Intangible assets with finite lives
Accumulated Amortization	$ 231,707	$ 216,002
Impairment		1,322
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Total intangible assets, gross	709,337	709,364
Net carrying amount	477,630	492,040
Connolly Trademark
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Gross Carrying Amount	4,200	4,200
Net carrying amount	$ 4,200	$ 4,200
Weighted average
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Amortization period	13 years	13 years
Customer relationships
Intangible assets with finite lives
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 650,927	$ 650,954
Accumulated Amortization	204,251	190,572
Impairment		1,322
Net carrying amount	$ 446,676	$ 459,060
Customer relationships | Weighted average
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Amortization period	13 years 6 months	13 years 6 months
Acquired software
Intangible assets with finite lives
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 54,210	$ 54,210
Accumulated Amortization	27,456	25,430
Net carrying amount	$ 26,754	$ 28,780
Acquired software | Weighted average
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Amortization period	6 years 9 months 18 days	6 years 9 months 18 days

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Intangible Assets - Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Intangible assets, net
Amortization expense	$ 14,396	$ 15,199

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Intangible Assets - Future Amortization (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Amortization expense for the next 5 years
Remainder of 2018	$ 43,189
2019	57,585
2020	57,585
2021	53,262
2022	$ 48,954

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Goodwill - Changes in carrying amount (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Beginning balance	$ 1,251,364
Ending balance	1,251,549
Healthcare
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Beginning balance	1,202,444
Ending balance	1,202,444
Global Retail and Other
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Beginning balance	48,920
Foreign currency translation and other	185
Ending balance	$ 49,105

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Goodwill - Impairment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Goodwill
Impairment related to goodwill	$ 0	$ 0

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Long-term Debt - Summary of Components (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Long-term debt components
Total debt	$ 770,444	$ 774,822
Less: debt issuance costs	6,811	7,204
Less: current portion	19,563	18,000
Total long-term debt	744,070	749,618
First Lien Term A Loans | Restated Credit Agreement
Long-term debt components
Total debt	231,122	234,237
First Lien Term B Loans | Restated Credit Agreement
Long-term debt components
Total debt	$ 539,322	$ 540,585

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Long-term Debt - Other Covenant Terms (Details) - Restated Credit Agreement - Maximum	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018
First Lien Term A Loans
Ratio requirements
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2018	5.50
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2019	5.25
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through June 2021	5.00
Revolver
Ratio requirements
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2018	5.50
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2019	5.25
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through June 2021	5.00

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Long-term Debt - Aggregate Maturities (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Aggregate maturities of long term debt
Remainder of 2018	$ 13,500
2019	24,250
2020	30,500
2021	183,625
2022	$ 5,500

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Derivative Instruments - Interest Rate Cap Contracts (Details) - Interest rate cap agreements - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Interest expenses | Cash flow hedge
Cash flow hedge activity
Expense recognized	$ 612	$ 201
Designated as Hedge
Interest rate derivatives
Notional amount	$ 435,000		$ 435,000
Designated as Hedge | LIBOR
Interest rate derivatives
Interest rate cap on floating rate debt (as a percent)	3.00%

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Derivative Instruments - Quantitative Information Related to Fair Value (Details) - Interest rate cap agreements - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months	$ (2,367)	$ (2,440)
Deferred hedge premiums paid and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	4,357
Expected additional payments of deferred premiums	2,038
Designated as Hedge | Other long-term liabilities
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Derivative liability	577	951
Designated as Hedge | Accounts payable and accrued other expenses
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Derivative liability	$ 908	$ 979

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Derivative Instruments - Changes in Other Comprehensive Income Related to Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Changes in other comprehensive income related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges
Balance at beginning of period	$ 1,101,468
Balance at end of period	1,170,691
Derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges
Changes in other comprehensive income related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges
Balance at beginning of period	(2,556)	$ (3,334)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax of $149 and $76, respectively	463	125
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $578 and $112, respectively	87	(187)
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU 2018-02	(550)
Balance at end of period	(2,556)	(3,396)
Other comprehensive income, tax effect
Reclassifications in earnings, tax	149	76
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, tax	$ 28	$ 112

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Level 2
Liabilities
Interest rate cap agreements	$ 1,485	$ 1,930
Total	1,485	1,930
Level 3
Liabilities
Long-term debt	770,444	774,822
Total	$ 770,444	$ 774,822

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 02, 2017	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income tax provision and effective tax rate
Income tax expense (benefit)		$ 15,902	$ (861)
Effective income tax rate (as a percent)	21.00%	22.80%	(3.30%)
Other information
Increase in income tax expense		$ 16,763
Tax benefit related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock		2,600	$ 10,422
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance		$ 191

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Earnings per Share - Basic and Diluted (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Basic and diluted earnings per share computation
Net income available to common stockholders	$ 53,927	$ 26,975
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock	92,568,047	91,138,356
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards and restricted stock	2,683,927	3,766,874
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS	95,251,974	94,905,230
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.58	$ 0.30
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.57	$ 0.28

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Earnings per Share - Awards Excluded from Diluted Calculation (Details) - Employee stock-based awards and restricted stock - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Anti-dilutive securities and other information
Stock-based awards excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	911,052	361,566
Restricted stock, performance-based
Anti-dilutive securities and other information
Share-based awards excluded because vesting conditions not satisfied	40,954

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Shares
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	4,574,607
Granted (in shares)	593,766
Forfeited (in shares)	(115,173)
Exercised (in shares)	(611,104)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	4,442,096		4,574,607
Vested and exercisable at end of period, exercisable (in shares)	2,629,289
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 13.89
Granted (in dollars per share)	34.70
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	18.69
Exercised (in dollars per share)	10.65
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share)	17.00		$ 13.89
Vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 11.37
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Outstanding	7 years 4 days		6 years 7 months 24 days
Vested and exercisable at end of period, exercisable (in years)	5 years 11 months 27 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding	$ 77,856		$ 85,138
Vested and exercisable at end of period, exercisable	60,652
Total intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 14,664	$ 33,482
Common stock
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Fair value per share (in dollars per share)	$ 34.44

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Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units Vesting and Activity (Details) - 2016 Plan - Restricted stock units	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 $ / shares shares
Shares
Nonvested at beginning of period (in shares) | shares	379,274
Granted (in shares) | shares	413,703
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(12,587)
Vested and converted to shares (in shares) | shares	(48,845)
Nonvested at end of period (in shares) | shares	731,545
Expected to vest at March 31, 2018 (in shares) | shares	731,471
Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 33.56
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	34.68
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	34.78
Vested and converted to shares (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	34.39
Nonvested at end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	34.12
Expected to vest at March 31, 2018 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 34.12

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Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock (Details) - Common stock - RowdMap	Jul. 14, 2017 $ / shares shares
Restricted Stock
Acquisition
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	768,021
Fair market value per share | $ / shares	$ 43.27
Restricted stock, performance-based
Acquisition
Percentage of total shares awarded	50.00%
Vesting period (in years)	1 year
Restricted stock, time-based
Acquisition
Percentage of total shares awarded	50.00%
Percentage vesting each anniversary	33.30%
Vesting period (in years)	3 years

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Stock-Based Compensation - Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - Employee Stock Purchase Plan $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Offering period	6 months
Contribution maximum percentage of pay	10.00%
Contribution maximum amount per year | $	$ 10
Contribution maximum amount per offering period | $	$ 5
Discount applied to closing price, percentage	10.00%
Holding period (in days)	90 days
Available for future purchases, beginning of year (in shares)	1,197,306
Shares reserved for issuance	1,260,000
Available for future purchases, end of year (in shares)	2,457,306
Minimum
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Threshold increase in number of shares reserved for issuance	1,260,000
Percentage of total common shares outstanding used as determination of threshold for increase in shares reserved for issuance	1.50%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Weighted Average Assumptions to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Details) - Stock options - Weighted average	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 $ / shares
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of stock options granted
Expected term (years)	6 years 3 months
Expected volatility (as a percent)	40.00%
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate	2.56%
Weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 14.99

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Stock-Based Compensation - Expense Recorded (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jul. 14, 2017	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense		$ 8,646	$ 2,083
Employee stock-based awards and restricted stock
Stock-based compensation expense
Period of recognition of unrecognized compensation cost		2 years 7 months 6 days
Restricted Stock
Stock-based compensation expense
Unrecognized compensation cost		$ 58,040
Stock options
Stock-based compensation expense
Unvested service-based stock options and RSU awards (in shares)		3,270,139
RowdMap | Restricted Stock
Stock-based compensation expense
Fair value of equity interests issued	$ 33,232
RowdMap | Restricted stock, time-based
Stock-based compensation expense
Vesting period	3 years
RowdMap | Restricted stock, performance-based
Stock-based compensation expense
Vesting period	1 year
Stock-based compensation expense		$ 4,404

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Segment Information - Operating Segment Results (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Segment information
Number of reportable segments | segment	2
Net revenue	$ 219,034	$ 160,133
Operating Income	78,671	34,082
Healthcare
Segment information
Net revenue	200,371	139,803
Operating Income	74,774	31,161
Global Retail and Other
Segment information
Net revenue	18,663	20,330
Operating Income	$ 3,897	$ 2,921